# Patent

## Title
Inhibitors of hepatitis C virus NS3 protease

## Abstract

The present invention discloses novel compounds which have HCV protease inhibitory activity as well as methods for preparing such compounds. In another embodiment, the invention discloses pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds as well as methods of using them to treat disorders associated with the HCV protease.

## Background
This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/065,572, filed Feb. 24, 2005, and claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application, Ser. No. 60/548,251 filed Feb. 27, 2004.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to novel hepatitis C virus (“HCV”) protease inhibitors, pharmaceutical compositions containing one or more such inhibitors, methods of preparing such inhibitors and methods of using such inhibitors to treat hepatitis C and related disorders. This invention additionally discloses novel compounds as inhibitors of the HCV NS3/NS4a serine protease.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a (+)-sense single-stranded RNA virus that has been implicated as the major causative agent in non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANBH), particularly in blood-associated NANBH (BB-NANBH) (see, International Patent Application Publication No. WO 89/04669 and European Patent Application Publication No. EP 381 216). NANBH is to be distinguished from other types of viral-induced liver disease, such as hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), delta hepatitis virus (HDV), cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), as well as from other forms of liver disease such as alcoholism and primary biliar cirrhosis.
Recently, an HCV protease necessary for polypeptide processing and viral replication has been identified, cloned and expressed. (See, e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 5,712,145). This approximately 3000 amino acid polyprotein contains, from the amino terminus to the carboxy terminus, a nucleocapsid protein (C), envelope proteins (E1 and E2) and several non-structural proteins (NS1, 2, 3, 4a, 5a and 5b). NS3 is an approximately 68 kda protein, encoded by approximately 1893 nucleotides of the HCV genome, and has two distinct domains: (a) a serine protease domain consisting of approximately 200 of the N-terminal amino acids; and (b) an RNA-dependent ATPase domain at the C-terminus of the protein. The NS3 protease is considered a member of the chymotrypsin family because of similarities in protein sequence, overall three-dimensional structure and mechanism of catalysis. Other chymotrypsin-like enzymes are elastase, factor Xa, thrombin, trypsin, plasmin, urokinase, tPA and PSA. The HCV NS3 serine protease is responsible for proteolysis of the polypeptide (polyprotein) at the NS3/NS4a, NS4a/NS4b, NS4b/NS5a and NS5a/NS5b junctions and is thus responsible for generating four viral proteins during viral replication. This has made the HCV NS3 serine protease an attractive target for antiviral chemotherapy. The inventive compounds can inhibit such protease. They also can modulate the processing of hepatitis C virus (HCV) polypeptide.
It has been determined that the NS4a protein, an approximately 6 kda polypeptide, is a co-factor for the serine protease activity of NS3. Autocleavage of the NS3/NS4a junction by the NS3/NS4a serine protease occurs intramolecularly (i.e., cis) while the other cleavage sites are processed intermolecularly (i.e., trans).
Analysis of the natural cleavage sites for HCV protease revealed the presence of cysteine at P1 and serine at P1′ and that these residues are strictly conserved in the NS4a/NS4b, NS4b/NS5a and NS5a/NS5b junctions. The NS3/NS4a junction contains a threonine at P1 and a serine at P1′. The Cys→Thr substitution at NS3/NS4a is postulated to account for the requirement of cis rather than trans processing at this junction. See, e.g., Pizzi et al. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci (USA) 91:888-892, Failla et al. (1996) Folding & Design 1:35-42. The NS3/NS4a cleavage site is also more tolerant of mutagenesis than the other sites. See, e.g., Kollykhalov et al. (1994) J. Virol. 68:7525-7533. It has also been found that acidic residues in the region upstream of the cleavage site are required for efficient cleavage. See, e.g., Komoda et al. (1994) J. Virol. 68:7351-7357.
Inhibitors of HCV protease that have been reported include antioxidants (see, International Patent Application Publication No. WO 98/14181), certain peptides and peptide analogs (see, International Patent Application Publication No. WO 98/17679, Landro et al. (1997) Biochem. 36:9340-9348, Ingallinella et al. (1998) Biochem. 37:8906-8914, Llinàs-Brunet et al. (1998) Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 8:1713-1718), inhibitors based on the 70-amino acid polypeptide eglin c (Martin et al. (1998) Biochem. 37:11459-11468, inhibitors affinity selected from human pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (hPSTI-C3) and minibody repertoires (MBip) (Dimasi et al. (1997) J. Virol. 71:7461-7469), cVHE2 (a “camelized” variable domain antibody fragment) (Martin et al.(1997) Protein Eng. 10:607-614), and α1-antichymotrypsin (ACT) (Elzouki et al.) (1997) J. Hepat. 27:42-28). A ribozyme designed to selectively destroy hepatitis C virus RNA has recently been disclosed (see, BioWorld Today 9(217): 4 (Nov. 10, 1998)).
Reference is also made to the PCT Publications, No. WO 98/17679, published Apr. 30, 1998 (Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated); WO 98/22496, published May 28, 1998 (F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG); and WO 99/07734, published Feb. 18, 1999 (Boehringer Ingelheim Canada Ltd.).
HCV has been implicated in cirrhosis of the liver and in induction of hepatocellular carcinoma. The prognosis for patients suffering from HCV infection is currently poor. HCV infection is more difficult to treat than other forms of hepatitis due to the lack of immunity or remission associated with HCV infection. Current data indicates a less than 50% survival rate at four years post cirrhosis diagnosis. Patients diagnosed with localized resectable hepatocellular carcinoma have a five-year survival rate of 10-30%, whereas those with localized unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma have a five-year survival rate of less than 1%.
Reference is made to WO 00/59929 (U.S. Pat. No. 6,608,027, Assignee: Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd.; Published Oct. 12, 2000) which discloses peptide derivatives of the formula:




Reference is made to A. Marchefti et al, Synlett, S1, 1000-1002 (1999) describing the synthesis of bicylic analogs of an inhibitor of HCV NS3 protease. A compound disclosed therein has the formula:




Reference is also made to W. Han et al, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chem. Lett, (2000) 10, 711-713, which describes the preparation of certain α-ketoamides, α-ketoesters and α-diketones containing allyl and ethyl functionalities.
Reference is also made to WO 00/09558 (Assignee: Boehringer Ingelheim Limited; Published Feb. 24, 2000) which discloses peptide derivatives of the formula:




where the various elements are defined therein. An illustrative compound of that series is:





Reference is also made to WO 00/09543 (Assignee: Boehringer Ingelheim Limited; Published Feb. 24, 2000) which discloses peptide derivatives of the formula:




where the various elements are defined therein. An illustrative compound of that series is:





Reference is also made to U.S. Pat. No. 6,608,027 (Boehringer Ingelheim, Canada) which discloses NS3 protease inhibitors of the type:




wherein the various moieties are defined therein.

Current therapies for hepatitis C include interferon-α (INFα) and combination therapy with ribavirin and interferon. See, e.g., Beremguer et al. (1998) Proc. Assoc. Am. Physicians 110(2):98-112. These therapies suffer from a low sustained response rate and frequent side effects. See, e.g., Hoofnagle et al. (1997) N. Enql. J. Med. 336:347. Currently, no vaccine is available for HCV infection.
Reference is further made to WO 01/74768 (Assignee: Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc) published Oct. 11, 2001, which discloses certain compounds of the following general formula (R is defined therein) as NS3-serine protease inhibitors of Hepatitis C virus:




A specific compound disclosed in the afore-mentioned WO 01/74768 has the following formula:





PCT Publications WO 01/77113; WO 01/081325; WO 02/08198; WO 02/08256; WO 02/08187; WO 02/08244; WO 02/48172; WO 02/08251; and pending U.S. patent application, Ser. No. 10/052,386, filed Jan. 18, 2002, disclose various types of peptides and/or other compounds as NS-3 serine protease inhibitors of hepatitis C virus. The disclosures of those applications are incorporated herein by reference thereto.
There is a need for new treatments and therapies for HCV infection. There is a need for compounds useful in the treatment or prevention or amelioration of one or more symptoms of hepatitis C.
There is a need for methods of treatment or prevention or amelioration of one or more symptoms of hepatitis C.
There is a need for methods for modulating the activity of serine proteases, particularly the HCV NS3/NS4a serine protease, using the compounds provided herein.
There is a need for methods of modulating the processing of the HCV polypeptide using the compounds provided herein.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In its many embodiments, the present invention provides a novel class of inhibitors of the HCV protease, pharmaceutical compositions containing one or more of the compounds, methods of preparing pharmaceutical formulations comprising one or more such compounds, and methods of treatment or prevention of HCV or amelioration of one or more of the symptoms of hepatitis C using one or more such compounds or one or more such formulations. Also provided are methods of modulating the interaction of an HCV polypeptide with HCV protease. Among the compounds provided herein, compounds that inhibit HCV NS3/NS4a serine protease activity are preferred. The present invention discloses compounds, or enantiomers, stereoisomers, rotamers, tautomers, diastereomers and racemates of said compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or ester of said compounds, said compounds having the general structure having the general structure shown in structural Formula 1:




FORMULA I
wherein:
R1 is H, OR8, NR9R10, or CHR9R10, wherein R8, R9 and R10 can be the same or different, each being independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl-, alkenyl-, alkynyl-, aryl-, heteroalkyl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl-, heterocyclyl-, arylalkyl-, and heteroarylalkyl;
A and M can be the same or different, each being independently selected from R, OR, NHR, NRR′, SR, SO2R, and halo; or A and M are connected to each other such that the moiety:




shown above in Formula I forms either a three, four, six, seven or eight-membered cycloalkyl, a four to eight-membered heterocyclyl, a six to ten-membered aryl, or a five to ten-membered heteroaryl;

E is C(H) or C(R);
L is C(H), C(R), CH2C(R), or C(R)CH2;
R, R′, R2, and R3 can be the same or different, each being independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl-, alkenyl-, alkynyl-, cycloalkyl-, heteroalkyl-, heterocyclyl-, aryl-, heteroaryl-, (cycloalkyl)alkyl-, (heterocyclyl)alkyl-, aryl-alkyl-, and heteroaryl-alkyl-; or alternately R and R′ in NRR′ are connected to each other such that NRR′ forms a four to eight-membered heterocyclyl;
and Y is selected from the following moieties:




wherein G is NH or O; and R15, R16, R17 and R18 can be the same or different, each being independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, or alternately, R15 and R16 are connected to each other to form a four to eight-membered cycloalkyl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl structure, and likewise, independently R17 and R18 are connected to each other to form a three to eight-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl;

wherein each of said alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl can be unsubstituted or optionally independently substituted with one or more moieties selected from the group consisting of: hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, thio, alkylthio, arylthio, amino, amido, alkylamino, arylamino, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, sulfonamido, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkylsulfonamido, arylsulfonamido, keto, carboxy, carbalkoxy, carboxamido, alkoxycarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonyloxy, alkylureido, arylureido, halo, cyano, and nitro.

The above-noted statement “A and M are connected to each other such that the moiety:




shown above in Formula I forms either a three, four, six, seven or eight-membered cycloalkyl, a four to eight-membered heterocyclyl, a six to ten-membered aryl, or a five to ten-membered heteroaryl” can be illustrated in a non-limiting matter as follows. Thus, for example, in the case where A and M are connected such that the moiety:





shown above in Formula I forms a six -membered cycloalkyl (cyclohexyl), Formula I can be depicted as:





One with ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that similar depictions for Formula I can be arrived at when A and M shown above in the moiety:




are connected to form a three, four, seven or eight-membered cycloalkyl, a four to eight-membered heterocyclyl, a six to ten-membered aryl, or a five to ten-membered heteroaryl.

The statement above: “alternately, R15 and R16 are connected to each other to form a four to eight-membered cycloalkyl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl structure, and likewise, independently R17 and R18 are connected to each other to form a three to eight-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl” means the following possibilities: (i) that R15 and R16 are connected to form a cyclic structure while R17 and R18 are not; and (ii) that R17 and R18 are connected to form a cyclic structure. The two possibilities are irrespective of each other.
In the above-noted definitions of R, R′, R2, and R3 preferred alkyl is made of one to ten carbon atoms, preferred alkenyl or alkynyl is made of two to ten carbon atoms, preferred cycloalkyl is made of three to eight carbon atoms, and preferred heteroalkyl, heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl has one to six oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, or phosphorus atoms.
The compounds represented by Formula I, by themselves or in combination with one or more other suitable agents disclosed herein, can be useful for treating diseases such as, for example, HCV, HIV, AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), and related disorders, as well as for modulating the activity of hepatitis C virus (HCV) protease, preventing HCV, or ameliorating one or more symptoms of hepatitis C. Such modulation, treatment, prevention or amelioration can be done with the inventive compounds as well as with pharmaceutical compositions or formulations comprising such compounds. Without being limited to theory, it is believed that the HCV protease may be the NS3 or NS4a protease. The inventive compounds can inhibit such protease. They can also modulate the processing of hepatitis C virus (HCV) polypeptide.


DETAILED DESCRIPTION
In an embodiment, the present invention discloses compounds which are represented by structural Formula 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or ester thereof, wherein the various moieties are as defined above.
In another embodiment, R1 is NR9R10, and R9 is H, R10 is H, or R14 wherein R14 is H, alkyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, alkyl-aryl, alkyl-heteroaryl, aryl-alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or heteroaryl-alkyl.
In another embodiment, R14 is selected from the group consisting of:




In another embodiment, R2 is selected from the group consisting of the following moieties:







In another embodiment, R3 is selected from the group consisting of:







wherein R31 is OH or O-alkyl; and
R32 is H, C(O)CH3, C(O)OtBu or C(O)N(H)tBu.
In an additional embodiment, R3 is selected from the group consisting of the following moieties:




In another embodiment, Y is selected from the following moieties:





wherein G is NH or O; and R15, R16, R17 and R18 can be the same or different, each being independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, or alternately, R15 and R16 are connected to each other to form a four to eight-membered cycloalkyl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl structure, and likewise, independently R17 and R18 are connected to each other to form a three to eight-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl;

wherein each of said alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl can be unsubstituted or optionally independently substituted with one or more moieties selected from the group consisting of: hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, thio, alkylthio, arylthio, amino, amido, alkylamino, arylamino, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, sulfonamido, alkyl, is aryl, heteroaryl, alkylsulfonamido, arylsulfonamido, keto, carboxy, carbalkoxy, carboxamido, alkoxycarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonyloxy, alkylureido, arylureido, halo, cyano, and nitro.

In an additional embodiment, G is NH.
In an additional embodiment, Y is selected from the group consisting of:




wherein Y31 is selected from the group consisting of:

















Y32 is selected from the group consisting of:




and Y12 is selected from the group consisting of H, CO2H, CO2Me, OMe, F, Cl, Br, NH2, N(H)S(O2)CH3, N(H)C(O)CH3, NO2, NMe2, S(O2)NH2, CF3, Me, OH, OCF3, and C(O)NH2 and Y33 is selected from the group consisting of:





In another embodiment, the moiety:





is selected from the following structures:











In an additional embodiment, the moiety:





is selected from the following structures:








In a still additional embodiment, the moiety:





is selected from the following structures:





In a further additional embodiment, R1 is NHR14, where R14 is selected from the group consisting of:





R2 is selected from the group consisting of the following moieties:








R3 is selected from the group consisting of the following moieties:





Y is selected from the group consisting of:





wherein Y31 is selected from the group consisting of:

















Y32 is selected from the group consisting of:




and Y12 is selected from the group consisting of H, CO2H, CO2Me, OMe, F, Cl, Br, NH2, N(H)S(O2)CH3, N(H)C(O)CH3, NO2, NMe2, S(O2)NH2, CF3, Me, OH, OCF3, and C(O)NH2 and Y33 is selected from the group consisting of:





and the moiety:








In a still additional embodiment, the present invention discloses compounds shown in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4, Table 5 and Table 6 later in this specification. Also shown in the Tables are the biological activities of several inventive compounds (as Ki* values). The range of Ki* in Tables 1-6 is defined as follows: A: <75 nM (nanomolar); B: 76-250 nM; and C: >250 nM.
Yet another embodiment of the invention discloses compounds in Table 7:







TABLE 7













 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 















In an additional embodiment, this invention discloses the following compounds:
















A still additional embodiment discloses the compounds in Table 8:







TABLE 8













 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 















As used above, and throughout this disclosure, the following terms, unless otherwise indicated, shall be understood to have the following meanings:
“Patient” includes both human and animals.
“Mammal” means humans and other mammalian animals.
“Alkyl” means an aliphatic hydrocarbon group which may be straight or branched and comprising about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms in the chain. Preferred alkyl groups contain about 1 to about 12 carbon atoms in the chain. More preferred alkyl groups contain about 1 to about 6 carbon atoms in the chain. Branched means that one or more lower alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl or propyl, are attached to a linear alkyl chain. “Lower alkyl” means a group having about 1 to about 6 carbon atoms in the chain which may be straight or branched. The term “substituted alkyl” means that the alkyl group may be substituted by one or more substituents which may be the same or different, each substituent being independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cyano, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkylthio, amino, —NH(alkyl), —NH(cycloalkyl), —N(alkyl)2, —N(alkyl)2, carboxy and —C(O)O-alkyl. Non-limiting examples of suitable alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl and t-butyl.
“Alkenyl” means an aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond and which may be straight or branched and comprising about 2 to about 15 carbon atoms in the chain. Preferred alkenyl groups have about 2 to about 12 carbon atoms in the chain; and more preferably about 2 to about 6 carbon atoms in the chain. Branched means that one or more lower alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl or propyl, are attached to a linear alkenyl chain. “Lower alkenyl” means about 2 to about 6 carbon atoms in the chain which may be straight or branched. The term “substituted alkenyl” means that the alkenyl group may be substituted by one or more substituents which may be the same or different, each substituent being independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl. aryl, cycloalkyl, cyano, alkoxy and —S(alkyl). Non-limiting examples of suitable alkenyl groups include ethenyl, propenyl, n-butenyl, 3-methylbut-2-enyl, n-pentenyl, octenyl and decenyl.
“Alkynyl” means an aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond and which may be straight or branched and comprising about 2 to about 15 carbon atoms in the chain. Preferred alkynyl groups have about 2 to about 12 carbon atoms in the chain; and more preferably about 2 to about 4 carbon atoms in the chain. Branched means that one or more lower alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl or propyl, are attached to a linear alkynyl chain. “Lower alkynyl” means about 2 to about 6 carbon atoms in the chain which may be straight or branched. Non-limiting examples of suitable alkynyl groups include ethynyl, propynyl, 2-butynyl and 3-methylbutynyl. The term “substituted alkynyl” means that the alkynyl group may be substituted by one or more substituents which may be the same or different, each substituent being independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl and cycloalkyl.
“Aryl” means an aromatic monocyclic or multicyclic ring system comprising about 6 to about 14 carbon atoms, preferably about 6 to about 10 carbon atoms. The aryl group can be optionally substituted with one or more “ring system substituents” which may be the same or different, and are as defined herein. Non-limiting examples of suitable aryl groups include phenyl and naphthyl.
“Heteroaryl” means an aromatic monocyclic or multicyclic ring system comprising about 5 to about 14 ring atoms, preferably about 5 to about 10 ring atoms, in which one or more of the ring atoms is an element other than carbon, for example nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, alone or in combination. Preferred heteroaryls contain about 5 to about 6 ring atoms. The “heteroaryl” can be optionally substituted by one or more “ring system substituents” which may be the same or different, and are as defined herein. The prefix aza, oxa or thia before the heteroaryl root name means that at least a nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atom respectively, is present as a ring atom. A nitrogen atom of a heteroaryl can be optionally oxidized to the corresponding N-oxide. Non-limiting examples of suitable heteroaryls include pyridyl, pyrazinyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridone (including N-substituted pyridones), isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, furazanyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, quinoxalinyl, phthalazinyl, oxindolyl, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinyl, imidazo[2,1-b]thiazolyl, benzofurazanyl, indolyl, azaindolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothienyl, quinolinyl, imidazolyl, thienopyridyl, quinazolinyl, thienopyrimidyl, pyrrolopyridyl, imidazopyridyl, isoquinolinyl, benzoazaindolyl, 1,2,4-triazinyl, benzothiazolyl and the like. The term “heteroaryl” also refers to partially saturated heteroaryl moieties such as, for example, tetrahydroisoquinolyl, tetrahydroquinolyl and the like.
“Aralkyl” or “arylalkyl” means an aryl-alkyl- group in which the aryl and alkyl are as previously described. Preferred aralkyls comprise a lower alkyl group. Non-limiting examples of suitable aralkyl groups include benzyl, 2-phenethyl and naphthalenylmethyl. The bond to the parent moiety is through the alkyl.
“Alkylaryl” means an alkyl-aryl- group in which the alkyl and aryl are as previously described. Preferred alkylaryls comprise a lower alkyl group. Non-limiting example of a suitable alkylaryl group is tolyl. The bond to the parent moiety is through the aryl.
“Cycloalkyl” means a non-aromatic mono- or multicyclic ring system comprising about 3 to about 10 carbon atoms, preferably about 5 to about 10 carbon atoms. Preferred cycloalkyl rings contain about 5 to about 7 ring atoms. The cycloalkyl can be optionally substituted with one or more “ring system substituents” which may be the same or different, and are as defined above. Non-limiting examples of suitable monocyclic cycloalkyls include cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and the like. Non-limiting examples of suitable multicyclic cycloalkyls include 1-decalinyl, norbornyl, adamantyl and the like, as well as partially saturated species such as, for example, indanyl, tetrahydronaphthyl and the like.
“Halogen” or “halo” means fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. Preferred are fluorine, chlorine and bromine.
“Ring system substituent” means a substituent attached to an aromatic or non-aromatic ring system which, for example, replaces an available hydrogen on the ring system. Ring system substituents may be the same or different, each being independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, alkylaryl, heteroaralkyl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkynyl, alkylheteroaryl, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, aralkoxy, acyl, aroyl, halo, nitro, cyano, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, alkylthio, arylthio, heteroarylthio, aralkylthio, heteroaralkylthio, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, —C(═N—CN)—NH2, —C(═NH)—NH2, —C(═NH)—NH(alkyl), Y1Y2N—, Y1Y2N-alkyl-, Y1Y2NC(O)—, Y1Y2NSO2—and —SO2NY1Y2, wherein Y1 and Y2 can be the same or different and are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, and aralkyl. “Ring system substituent” may also mean a single moiety which simultaneously replaces two available hydrogens on two adjacent carbon atoms (one H on each carbon) on a ring system. Examples of such moiety are methylene dioxy, ethylenedioxy, —C(CH3)2— and the like which form moieties such as, for example:




“Heterocyclyl” means a non-aromatic saturated monocyclic or multicyclic ring system comprising about 3 to about 10 ring atoms, preferably about 5 to about 10 ring atoms, in which one or more of the atoms in the ring system is an element other than carbon, for example nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, alone or in combination. There are no adjacent oxygen and/or sulfur atoms present in the ring system. Preferred heterocyclyls contain about 5 to about 6 ring atoms. The prefix aza, oxa or thia before the heterocyclyl root name means that at least a nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atom respectively is present as a ring atom. Any —NH in a heterocyclyl ring may exist protected such as, for example, as an —N(Boc), —N(CBz), —N(Tos) group and the like; such protections are also considered part of this invention. The heterocyclyl can be optionally substituted by one or more “ring system substituents” which may be the same or different, and are as defined herein. The nitrogen or sulfur atom of the heterocyclyl can be optionally oxidized to the corresponding N-oxide, S-oxide or S,S-dioxide. Non-limiting examples of suitable monocyclic heterocyclyl rings include piperidyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, lactam, lactone, and the like.
It should be noted that in hetero-atom containing ring systems of this invention, there are no hydroxyl groups on carbon atoms adjacent to a N, O or S, as well as there are no N or S groups on carbon adjacent to another heteroatom. Thus, for example, in the ring:




there is no —OH attached directly to carbons marked 2 and 5.

It should also be noted that tautomeric forms such as, for example, the moieties:




are considered equivalent in certain embodiments of this invention.

“Alkynylalkyl” means an alkynyl-alkyl- group in which the alkynyl and alkyl are as previously described. Preferred alkynylalkyls contain a lower alkynyl and a lower alkyl group. The bond to the parent moiety is through the alkyl. Non-limiting examples of suitable alkynylalkyl groups include propargylmethyl.
“Heteroaralkyl” means a heteroaryl-alkyl- group in which the heteroaryl and alkyl are as previously described. Preferred heteroaralkyls contain a lower alkyl group. Non-limiting examples of suitable aralkyl groups include pyridylmethyl, and quinolin-3-ylmethyl. The bond to the parent moiety is through the alkyl.
“Hydroxyalkyl” means a HO-alkyl- group in which alkyl is as previously defined. Preferred hydroxyalkyls contain lower alkyl. Non-limiting examples of suitable hydroxyalkyl groups include hydroxymethyl and 2-hydroxyethyl.
“Acyl” means an H—C(O)—, alkyl-C(O)— or cycloalkyl-C(O)—, group in which the various groups are as previously described. The bond to the parent moiety is through the carbonyl. Preferred acyls contain a lower alkyl. Non-limiting examples of suitable acyl groups include formyl, acetyl and propanoyl.
“Aroyl” means an aryl-C(O)— group in which the aryl group is as previously described. The bond to the parent moiety is through the carbonyl. Non-limiting examples of suitable groups include benzoyl and 1- naphthoyl.
“Alkoxy” means an alkyl-O— group in which the alkyl group is as previously described. Non-limiting examples of suitable alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy and n-butoxy. The bond to the parent moiety is through the ether oxygen.
“Aryloxy” means an aryl-O— group in which the aryl group is as previously described. Non-limiting examples of suitable aryloxy groups include phenoxy and naphthoxy. The bond to the parent moiety is through the ether oxygen.
“Aralkyloxy” means an aralkyl-O— group in which the aralkyl group is as previously described. Non-limiting examples of suitable aralkyloxy groups include benzyloxy and 1- or 2-naphthalenemethoxy. The bond to the parent moiety is through the ether oxygen.
“Alkylthio” means an alkyl-S— group in which the alkyl group is as previously described. Non-limiting examples of suitable alkylthio groups include methylthio and ethylthio. The bond to the parent moiety is through the sulfur.
“Arylthio” means an aryl-S— group in which the aryl group is as previously described. Non-limiting examples of suitable arylthio groups include phenylthio and naphthylthio. The bond to the parent moiety is through the sulfur.
“Aralkylthio” means an aralkyl-S— group in which the aralkyl group is as previously described. Non-limiting example of a suitable aralkylthio group is benzylthio. The bond to the parent moiety is through the sulfur.
“Alkoxycarbonyl” means an alkyl-O—CO— group. Non-limiting examples of suitable alkoxycarbonyl groups include methoxycarbonyl and ethoxycarbonyl. The bond to the parent moiety is through the carbonyl.
“Aryloxycarbonyl” means an aryl-O—C(O)— group. Non-limiting examples of suitable aryloxycarbonyl groups include phenoxycarbonyl and naphthoxycarbonyl. The bond to the parent moiety is through the carbonyl.
“Aralkoxycarbonyl” means an aralkyl-O—C(O)— group. Non-limiting example of a suitable aralkoxycarbonyl group is benzyloxycarbonyl. The bond to the parent moiety is through the carbonyl.
“Alkylsulfonyl” means an alkyl-S(O2)— group. Preferred groups are those in which the alkyl group is lower alkyl. The bond to the parent moiety is through the sulfonyl.
“Arylsulfonyl” means an aryl-S(O2)— group. The bond to the parent moiety is through the sulfonyl.
The term “substituted” means that one or more hydrogens on the designated atom is replaced with a selection from the indicated group, provided that the designated atom's normal valency under the existing circumstances is not exceeded, and that the substitution results in a stable compound. Combinations of substituents and/or variables are permissible only if such combinations result in stable compounds. By “stable compound” or “stable structure” is meant a compound that is sufficiently robust to survive isolation to a useful degree of purity from a reaction mixture, and formulation into an efficacious therapeutic agent.
The term “one or more” or “at least one”, when indicating the number of substituents, compounds, combination agents and the like, refers to at least one, and up to the maximum number of chemically and physically permissible, substituents, compounds, combination agents and the like, that are present or added, depending on the context. Such techniques and knowledge are well known within the skills of the concerned artisan.
The term “optionally substituted” means optional substitution with the specified groups, radicals or moieties.
The term “isolated” or “in isolated form” for a compound refers to the physical state of said compound after being isolated from a synthetic process or natural source or combination thereof. The term “purified” or “in purified form” for a compound refers to the physical state of said compound after being obtained from a purification process or processes described herein or well known to the skilled artisan, in sufficient purity to be characterizable by standard analytical techniques described herein or well known to the skilled artisan.
It should also be noted that any heteroatom with unsatisfied valences in the text, schemes, examples and Tables herein is assumed to have the hydrogen atom(s) to satisfy the valences.
When a functional group in a compound is termed “protected”, this means that the group is in modified form to preclude undesired side reactions at the protected site when the compound is subjected to a reaction. Suitable protecting groups will be recognized by those with ordinary skill in the art as well as by reference to standard textbooks such as, for example, T. W. Greene et al, Protective Groups in organic Synthesis (1991), Wiley, N.Y.
When any variable (e.g., aryl, heterocycle, R2, etc.) occurs more than one time in any constituent or in Formula 1, its definition on each occurrence is independent of its definition at every other occurrence.
As used herein, the term “composition” is intended to encompass a product comprising the specified ingredients in the specified amounts, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combination of the specified ingredients in the specified amounts.
Prodrugs and solvates of the compounds of the invention are also contemplated herein. The term “prodrug”, as employed herein, denotes a compound that is a drug precursor which, upon administration to a subject, undergoes chemical conversion by metabolic or chemical processes to yield a compound of Formula 1 or a salt and/or solvate thereof. A discussion of prodrugs is provided in T. Higuchi and V. Stella, Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems (1987) 14 of the A.C.S. Symposium Series, and in Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, (1987) Edward B. Roche, ed., American Pharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press, both of which are incorporated herein by reference thereto.
“Solvate” means a physical association of a compound of this invention with one or more solvent molecules. This physical association involves varying degrees of ionic and covalent bonding, including hydrogen bonding. In certain instances the solvate will be capable of isolation, for example when one or more solvent molecules are incorporated in the crystal lattice of the crystalline solid. “Solvate” encompasses both solution-phase and isolatable solvates. Non-limiting examples of suitable solvates include ethanolates, methanolates, and the like. “Hydrate” is a solvate wherein the solvent molecule is H2O.
“Effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” is meant to describe an amount of compound or a composition of the present invention effective in inhibiting the CDK(s) and thus producing the desired therapeutic, ameliorative, inhibitory or preventative effect.
The compounds of Formula 1 can form salts which are also within the scope of this invention. Reference to a compound of Formula 1 herein is understood to include reference to salts thereof, unless otherwise indicated. The term “salt(s)”, as employed herein, denotes acidic salts formed with inorganic and/or organic acids, as well as basic salts formed with inorganic and/or organic bases. In addition, when a compound of Formula 1 contains both a basic moiety, such as, but not limited to a pyridine or imidazole, and an acidic moiety, such as, but not limited to a carboxylic acid, zwitterions (“inner salts”) may be formed and are included within the term “salt(s)” as used herein. Pharmaceutically acceptable (i.e., non-toxic, physiologically acceptable) salts are preferred, although other salts are also useful. Salts of the compounds of the Formula 1 may be formed, for example, by reacting a compound of Formula 1 with an amount of acid or base, such as an equivalent amount, in a medium such as one in which the salt precipitates or in an aqueous medium followed by lyophilization.
Exemplary acid addition salts include acetates, ascorbates, benzoates, benzenesulfonates, bisulfates, borates, butyrates, citrates, camphorates, camphorsulfonates, fumarates, hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, hydroiodides, lactates, maleates, methanesulfonates, naphthalenesulfonates, nitrates, oxalates, phosphates, propionates, salicylates, succinates, sulfates, tartarates, thiocyanates, toluenesulfonates (also known as tosylates,) and the like. Additionally, acids which are generally considered suitable for the formation of pharmaceutically useful salts from basic pharmaceutical compounds are discussed, for example, by P. Stahl et al, Camille G. (eds.) Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts. Properties, Selection and Use. (2002) Zurich: Wiley-VCH; S. Berge et al, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (1977) 66(1) 1-19; P. Gould, International J. of Pharmaceutics (1986) 33 201-217; Anderson et al, The Practice of Medicinal Chemistry (1996), Academic Press, New York; and in The Orange Book (Food & Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. on their website). These disclosures are incorporated herein by reference thereto.
Exemplary basic salts include ammonium salts, alkali metal salts such as sodium, lithium, and potassium salts, alkaline earth metal salts such as calcium and magnesium salts, salts with organic bases (for example, organic amines) such as dicyclohexylamines, t-butyl amines, and salts with amino acids such as arginine, lysine and the like. Basic nitrogen-containing groups may be quarternized with agents such as lower alkyl halides (e.g. methyl, ethyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides and iodides), dialkyl sulfates (e.g. dimethyl, diethyl, and dibutyl sulfates), long chain halides (e.g. decyl, lauryl, and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides), aralkyl halides (e.g. benzyl and phenethyl bromides), and others.
All such acid salts and base salts are intended to be pharmaceutically acceptable salts within the scope of the invention and all acid and base salts are considered equivalent to the free forms of the corresponding compounds for purposes of the invention.
Pharmaceutically acceptable esters of the present compounds include the following groups: (1) carboxylic acid esters obtained by esterification of the hydroxy groups, in which the non-carbonyl moiety of the carboxylic acid portion of the ester grouping is selected from straight or branched chain alkyl (for example, acetyl, n-propyl, t-butyl, or n-butyl), alkoxyalkyl (for example, methoxymethyl), aralkyl (for example, benzyl), aryloxyalkyl (for example, phenoxymethyl), aryl (for example, phenyl optionally substituted with, for example, halogen, C1-4alkyl, or C1-4alkoxy or amino); (2) sulfonate esters, such as alkyl- or aralkylsulfonyl (for example, methanesulfonyl); (3) amino acid esters (for example, L-valyl or L-isoleucyl); (4) phosphonate esters and (5) mono-, di- or triphosphate esters. The phosphate esters may be further esterified by, for example, a C1-20 alcohol or reactive derivative thereof, or by a 2,3-di (C6-24)acyl glycerol.
Compounds of Formula 1, and salts, solvates, esters and prodrugs thereof, may exist in their tautomeric form (for example, as an amide or imino ether). All such tautomeric forms are contemplated herein as part of the present invention.
All stereoisomers (for example, geometric isomers, optical isomers and the like) of the present compounds (including those of the salts, solvates, esters and prodrugs of the compounds as well as the salts, solvates and esters of the prodrugs), such as those which may exist due to asymmetric carbons on various substituents, including enantiomeric forms (which may exist even in the absence of asymmetric carbons), rotameric forms, atropisomers, and diastereomeric forms, are contemplated within the scope of this invention, as are positional isomers (such as, for example, 4-pyridyl and 3-pyridyl). Individual stereoisomers of the compounds of the invention may, for example, be substantially free of other isomers, or may be admixed, for example, as racemates or with all other, or other selected, stereoisomers. The chiral centers of the present invention can have the S or R configuration as defined by the IUPAC 1974 Recommendations. The use of the terms “salt”, “solvate” “prodrug” and the like, is intended to equally apply to the salt, solvate and prodrug of enantiomers, stereoisomers, rotamers, tautomers, positional isomers, racemates or prodrugs of the inventive compounds.
Polymorphic forms of the compounds of Formula I, and of the salts, solvates, esters and prodrugs of the compounds of Formula I, are intended to be included in the present invention.
It is to be understood that the utility of the compounds of Formula 1 for the therapeutic applications discussed herein is applicable to each compound by itself or to the combination or combinations of one or more compounds of Formula 1 as illustrated, for example, in the next immediate paragraph. The same understanding also applies to pharmaceutical composition(s) comprising such compound or compounds and method(s) of treatment involving such compound or compounds.
The compounds according to the invention can have pharmacological properties; in particular, the compounds of Formula 1 can be inhibitors of HCV protease, each compound by itself or one or more compounds of Formula 1 can be combined with one or more compounds selected from within Formula 1. The compound(s) can be useful for treating diseases such as, for example, HCV, HIV, (AIDS, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), and related disorders, as well as for modulating the activity of hepatitis C virus (HCV) protease, preventing HCV, or ameliorating one or more symptoms of hepatitis C.
The compounds of Formula 1 may be used for the manufacture of a medicament to treat disorders associated with the HCV protease, for example, the method comprising bringing into intimate contact a compound of Formula 1 a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
In another embodiment, this invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising the inventive compound or compounds as an active ingredient. The pharmaceutical compositions generally additionally comprise at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier diluent, excipient or carrier (collectively referred to herein as carrier materials). Because of their HCV inhibitory activity, such pharmaceutical compositions possess utility in treating hepatitis C and related disorders.
In yet another embodiment, the present invention discloses methods for preparing pharmaceutical compositions comprising the inventive compounds as an active ingredient. In the pharmaceutical compositions and methods of the present invention, the active ingredients will typically be administered in admixture with suitable carrier materials suitably selected with respect to the intended form of administration, i.e. oral tablets, capsules (either solid-filled, semi-solid filled or liquid filled), powders for constitution, oral gels, elixirs, dispersible granules, syrups, suspensions, and the like, and consistent with conventional pharmaceutical practices. For example, for oral administration in the form of tablets or capsules, the active drug component may be combined with any oral non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable inert carrier, such as lactose, starch, sucrose, cellulose, magnesium stearate, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, talc, mannitol, ethyl alcohol (liquid forms) and the like. Moreover, when desired or needed, suitable binders, lubricants, disintegrating agents and coloring agents may also be incorporated in the mixture. Powders and tablets may be comprised of from about 5 to about 95 percent inventive composition.
Suitable binders include starch, gelatin, natural sugars, corn sweeteners, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, sodium alginate, carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol and waxes. Among the lubricants there may be mentioned for use in these dosage forms, boric acid, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride, and the like. Disintegrants include starch, methylcellulose, guar gum and the like.
Sweetening and flavoring agents and preservatives may also be included where appropriate. Some of the terms noted above, namely disintegrants, diluents, lubricants, binders and the like, are discussed in more detail below.
Additionally, the compositions of the present invention may be formulated in sustained release form to provide the rate controlled release of any one or more of the components or active ingredients to optimize the therapeutic effects, i.e. HCV inhibitory activity and the like. Suitable dosage forms for sustained release include layered tablets containing layers of varying disintegration rates or controlled release polymeric matrices impregnated with the active components and shaped in tablet form or capsules containing such impregnated or encapsulated porous polymeric matrices.
Liquid form preparations include solutions, suspensions and emulsions. As an example may be mentioned water or water-propylene glycol solutions for parenteral injections or addition of sweeteners and pacifiers for oral solutions, suspensions and emulsions. Liquid form preparations may also include solutions for intranasal administration.
Aerosol preparations suitable for inhalation may include solutions and solids in powder form, which may be in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier such as inert compressed gas, e.g. nitrogen.
For preparing suppositories, a low melting wax such as a mixture of fatty acid glycerides such as cocoa butter is first melted, and the active ingredient is dispersed homogeneously therein by stirring or similar mixing. The molten homogeneous mixture is then poured into convenient sized molds, allowed to cool and thereby solidify.
Also included are solid form preparations which are intended to be converted, shortly before use, to liquid form preparations for either oral or parenteral administration. Such liquid forms include solutions, suspensions and emulsions.
The compounds of the invention may also be deliverable transdermally. The transdermal compositions may take the form of creams, lotions, aerosols and/or emulsions and can be included in a transdermal patch of the matrix or reservoir type as are conventional in the art for this purpose.
The compounds of the invention may also be administered orally, intravenously, intranasally or subcutaneously.
The compounds of the invention may also comprise preparations which are in a unit dosage form. In such form, the preparation is subdivided into suitably sized unit doses containing appropriate quantities of the active components, e.g., an effective amount to achieve the desired purpose.
The quantity of the inventive active composition in a unit dose of preparation may be generally varied or adjusted from about 1.0 milligram to about 1,000 milligrams, preferably from about 1.0 to about 950 milligrams, more preferably from about 1.0 to about 500 milligrams, and typically from about 1 to about 250 milligrams, according to the particular application. The actual dosage employed may be varied depending upon the patient's age, sex, weight and severity of the condition being treated. Such techniques are well known to those skilled in the art.
Generally, the human oral dosage form containing the active ingredients can be administered 1 or 2 times per day. The amount and frequency of the administration will be regulated according to the judgment of the attending clinician. A generally recommended daily dosage regimen for oral administration may range from about 1.0 milligram to about 1,000 milligrams per day, in single or divided doses.
Some useful terms are described below:
Capsule—refers to a special container or enclosure made of methyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohols, or denatured gelatins or starch for holding or containing compositions comprising the active ingredients. Hard shell capsules are typically made of blends of relatively high gel strength bone and pork skin gelatins. The capsule itself may contain small amounts of dyes, opaquing agents, plasticizers and preservatives.
Tablet—refers to a compressed or molded solid dosage form containing the active ingredients with suitable diluents. The tablet can be prepared by compression of mixtures or granulations obtained by wet granulation, dry granulation or by compaction.
Oral gel—refers to the active ingredients dispersed or solubilized in a hydrophillic semi-solid matrix.
Powder for constitution refers to powder blends containing the active ingredients and suitable diluents which can be suspended in water or juices.
Diluent—refers to substances that usually make up the major portion of the composition or dosage form. Suitable diluents include sugars such as lactose, sucrose, mannitol and sorbitol; starches derived from wheat, corn, rice and potato; and celluloses such as microcrystalline cellulose. The amount of diluent in the composition can range from about 10 to about 90% by weight of the total composition, preferably from about 25 to about 75%, more preferably from about 30 to about 60% by weight, even more preferably from about 12 to about 60%.
Disintegrant—refers to materials added to the composition to help it break apart (disintegrate) and release the medicaments. Suitable disintegrants include starches; “cold water soluble” modified starches such as sodium carboxymethyl starch; natural and synthetic gums such as locust bean, karaya, guar, tragacanth and agar; cellulose derivatives such as methylcellulose and sodium carboxymethylcellulose; microcrystalline celluloses and cross-linked microcrystalline celluloses such as sodium croscarmellose; alginates such as alginic acid and sodium alginate; clays such as bentonites; and effervescent mixtures. The amount of disintegrant in the composition can range from about 2 to about 15% by weight of the composition, more preferably from about 4 to about 10% by weight.
Binder—refers to substances that bind or “glue” powders together and make them cohesive by forming granules, thus serving as the “adhesive” in the formulation. Binders add cohesive strength already available in the diluent or bulking agent. Suitable binders include sugars such as sucrose; starches derived from wheat, corn rice and potato; natural gums such as acacia, gelatin and tragacanth; derivatives of seaweed such as alginic acid, sodium alginate and ammonium calcium alginate; cellulosic materials such as methylcellulose and sodium carboxymethylcellulose and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose; polyvinylpyrrolidone; and inorganics such as magnesium aluminum silicate. The amount of binder in the composition can range from about 2 to about 20% by weight of the composition, more preferably from about 3 to about 10% by weight, even more preferably from about 3 to about 6% by weight.
Lubricant—refers to a substance added to the dosage form to enable the tablet, granules, etc. after it has been compressed, to release from the mold or die by reducing friction or wear. Suitable lubricants include metallic stearates such as magnesium stearate, calcium stearate or potassium stearate; stearic acid; high melting point waxes; and water soluble lubricants such as sodium chloride, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium oleate, polyethylene glycols and d'l-leucine. Lubricants are usually added at the very last step before compression, since they must be present on the surfaces of the granules and in between them and the parts of the tablet press. The amount of lubricant in the composition can range from about 0.2 to about 5% by weight of the composition, preferably from about 0.5 to about 2%, more preferably from about 0.3 to about 1.5% by weight.
Glident—material that prevents caking and improve the flow characteristics of granulations, so that flow is smooth and uniform. Suitable glidents include silicon dioxide and talc. The amount of glident in the composition can range from about 0.1% to about 5% by weight of the total composition, preferably from about 0.5 to about 2% by weight.
Coloring agents—excipients that provide coloration to the composition or the dosage form. Such excipients can include food grade dyes and food grade dyes adsorbed onto a suitable adsorbent such as clay or aluminum oxide. The amount of the coloring agent can vary from about 0.1 to about 5% by weight of the composition, preferably from about 0.1 to about 1%.
Bioavailability—refers to the rate and extent to which the active drug ingredient or therapeutic moiety is absorbed into the systemic circulation from an administered dosage form as compared to a standard or control.
Conventional methods for preparing tablets are known. Such methods include dry methods such as direct compression and compression of granulation produced by compaction, or wet methods or other special procedures. Conventional methods for making other forms for administration such as, for example, capsules, suppositories and the like are also well known.
Another embodiment of the invention discloses the use of the inventive compounds or pharmaceutical compositions disclosed above for treatment of diseases such as, for example, hepatitis C and the like. The method comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of the inventive compound or pharmaceutical composition to a patient having such a disease or diseases and in need of such a treatment.
In yet another embodiment, the compounds of the invention may be used for the treatment of HCV in humans in monotherapy mode or in a combination therapy (e.g., dual combination, triple combination etc.) mode such as, for example, in combination with antiviral and/or immunomodulatory agents. Examples of such antiviral and/or immunomodulatory agents include Ribavirin (from Schering-Plough Corporation, Madison, N.J.) and LevovirinTM (from ICN Pharmaceuticals, Costa Mesa, Calif.), VP 50406TM (from Viropharma, Incorporated, Exton, Pa.), ISIS 14803TM (from ISIS Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, Calif.), HeptazymeTM (from Ribozyme Pharmaceuticals, Boulder, Colo.), VX 497TM (from Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Mass.), ThymosinTM (from SciClone Pharmaceuticals, San Mateo, Calif.), MaxamineTM (Maxim Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, Calif.), mycophenolate mofetil (from Hoffman-LaRoche, Nutley, N.J.), interferon (such as, for example, interferon-alpha, PEG-interferon alpha conjugates) and the like. “PEG-interferon alpha conjugates” are interferon alpha molecules covalently attached to a PEG molecule. Illustrative PEG-interferon alpha conjugates include interferon alpha-2a (RoferonTM, from Hoffman La-Roche, Nutley, N.J.) in the form of pegylated interferon alpha-2a (e.g., as sold under the trade name PegaSySTM), interferon alpha-2b (IntronTM, from Schering-Plough Corporation) in the form of pegylated interferon alpha-2b (e.g., as sold under the trade name PEG-IntronTM), interferon alpha-2c (Berofor AlphaTM, from Boehringer Ingelheim, Ingelheim, Germany) or consensus interferon as defined by determination of a consensus sequence of naturally occurring interferon alphas (InfergenTM, from Amgen, Thousand Oaks, Calif.).
As stated earlier, the invention includes tautomers, rotamers, enantiomers and other stereoisomers of the inventive compounds also. Thus, as one skilled in the art appreciates, some of the inventive compounds may exist in suitable isomeric forms. Such variations are contemplated to be within the scope of the invention.
Another embodiment of the invention discloses a method of making the compounds disclosed herein. The compounds may be prepared by several techniques known in the art. Illustrative procedures are outlined in the following reaction schemes. The illustrations should not be construed to limit the scope of the invention which is defined in the appended claims. Alternative mechanistic pathways and analogous structures will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
It is to be understood that while the following illustrative schemes describe the preparation of a few representative inventive compounds, suitable substitution of any of both the natural and unnatural amino acids will result in the formation of the desired compounds based on such substitution. Such variations are contemplated to be within the scope of the invention.
For the procedures described below, the following abbreviations are used:

    THF: Tetrahydrofuran
    DMF: N,N-Dimethylformamide
    EtOAc: Ethyl acetate
    AcOH: Acetic acid
    HOOBt: 3-Hydroxy-1,2,3-benzotriazin-4(3H)-one
    EDCl: 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride
    NMM: N-Methylmorpholine
    ADDP: 1,1′-(Azodicarbobyl)dipiperidine
    DEAD: Diethylazodicarboxylate
    MeOH: Methanol
    EtOH: Ethanol
    Et2O: Diethyl ether
    DMSO: Dimethylsulfoxide
    HOBt: N-Hydroxybenzotriazole
    PyBrOP: Bromo-tris-pyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate
    DCM: Dichloromethane
    DCC: 1,3-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
    TEMPO: 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy
    Phg: Phenylglycine
    Chg: Cyclohexylglycine
    Bn: Benzyl
    Bzl: Benzyl
    Et: Ethyl
    Ph: Phenyl
    iBoc: isobutoxycarbonyl
    iPr: isopropyl
    tBu or But: tert-Butyl
    Boc: tert-Butyloxycarbonyl
    Cbz: Benzyloxycarbonyl
    Cp: Cylcopentyldienyl
    Ts: p-toluenesulfonyl
    Me: Methyl
    HATU: O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate
    DMAP: 4-N,N-Dimethylaminopyridine
    BOP: Benzotriazol-1-yl-oxy-tris(dimethylamino)hexafluorophosphate
    PCC: Pyridiniumchlorochromate
    KHMDS: Potassium Hexamethyldisilazide or Potassium bis(trimethylsilylamide)
    NaHMDS: Sodium Hexamethyidisilazide or Sodium bis(trimethylsilylamide)
    LiHMDS: Lithium Hexamethyldisilazide or Lithium bis(trimethylsilylamide)
    10% Pd/C: 10% Palladium on carbon (by weight).
    TG: Thioglycerol

General Schemes for Preparation of Target Compounds



Compounds of the present invention were synthesized using the general schemes (Methods A-E) described below.
Method A
Deprotection of the N-Boc functionality of 1.01 under acidic conditions provided the hydrochloride salt 1.02 which was subsequently coupled with N-Boc-tert-leucine under peptide coupling methodology to afford 1.03. N-Boc deprotection followed by treatment with appropriate isocyanate gave the urea 1.05. Hydrolysis of the methyl ester provided the acid 1.06. Peptide coupling of the acid 1.06 with the appropriate P1-P′ primary amide moiety afforded the hydroxyl amide 1.07. Oxidation (Moffaft oxidation or related process—see, T. T. Tidwell, Synthesis, 1990, 857), or Dess-Martin Periodinane—J. Org. Chem., (1983) 48, 4155) resulted in the target compound 1.08.







Method B

Peptide coupling of the acid 1.06 with the appropriate P1-P′ secondary amide moiety afforded the hydroxyl amide 1.09. Oxidation (Moffatt or Dess-Martin's) resulted in the target compound 1.10.




Method C

In another variation, peptide coupling of the N-Boc-P2-P3-acid 1.17 with the appropriate P1-P′ amide moiety afforded the hydroxyl amide 1.11. Oxidation (Moffatt or Dess-Martin Periodinane) resulted in the keto amide 1.12. Deprotection of the N-Boc functionality gave the hydrochloride salt 1.13. Treatment with a suitable isocyanate (or isocyanate equivalent) resulted in the target compound 1.14.




Method D

In yet another variation, the hydrochloride salt 1.13 was converted to the 4-nitrophenyl carbamate 1.15 by reaction with 4-nitrophenyl chloroformate. Subsequent treatment with an amine (or amine hydrochloride salt) of choice provided the target compound 1.14.




Method E

In yet another variation, the dipeptide hydrochloride salt 1.03 was converted to the 4-nitrophenyl carbamate as described above. Treatment with an amine (or amine hydrochloride salt) of choice provided the urea derivative 1.05. Hydrolysis and further elaboration as described in Methods A/B provided the target compounds 1.14.




Preparation of P1-P′ Moieties

Preparation of Intermediates 10.11 and 10.12

Step 1.





A stirred solution of ketimine 10.01 (50 g, 187.1 mmol) under N2 in dry THF (400 mL) was cooled to −78° C. and treated with 1 M solution of K-tBuO (220 mL, 1.15 equiv.) in THF. The reaction mixture was warmed to 0° C. and stirred for 1 h and treated with bromomethyl cyclobutane (28 mL, 249 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 48 h and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in Et2O (300 mL) and treated with aq. HCl (2 M, 300 mL) The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 5 h and extracted with Et2O (1 L). The aqueous layer was made basic to pH  ̃12-14 with NaOH (50% aq.) and extracted with CH2Cl2 (3×300 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO4), filtered, and concentrated to give the pure amine (10.02, 18 g) as a colorless oil.
Step 2.




A solution of the amine 10.02 (18 g, 105.2 mmol) at 0° C. in CH2Cl2 (350 mL) was treated with di-tert-butyldicarbonate (23 g, 105.4 mmol) and stirred at rt. for 12 h. After the completion of the reaction (TLC), the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was dissolved in THF/H2O (200 ml, 1:1) and treated with LiOH.H2O (6.5 g, 158.5 mmol) and stirred at room temperature for 3 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the basic aqueous layer was extracted with Et2O. The aqueous layer was acidified with conc. HCl to pH ̃1-2 and extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO4), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to yield 10.03 as a colorless viscous oil which was used for the next step without any further purification.
Step 3.




A solution of the acid 10.03 (15.0 g, 62 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (250 mL) was treated with BOP reagent (41.1 g, 93 mmol), N-methyl morpholine (27 mL), N,O-dimethyl hydroxylamine hydrochloride (9.07 g, 93 mmol) and stirred overnight at rt. The reaction mixture was diluted with 1 N aq. HCl (250 mL), and the layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with CH2Cl2 (3×300 ml). The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO4), filtered and concentrated in vacuo and purified by chromatography (SiO2, EtOAc/Hex 2:3) to yield the amide 10.04 (15.0 g) as a colorless solid.
Step 4.




A solution of the amide 10.04 (15 g, 52.1 mmol) in dry THF (200 mL) was treated dropwise with a solution of LiAlH4 (1M, 93 mL, 93 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h and carefully quenched at 0° C. with a solution of KHSO4 (10% aq.) and stirred for 0.5 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with aq. HCl (1 M, 150 mL) and extracted with CH2Cl2 (3×200 mL), The combined organic layers were washed with aq. HCl (1 M), saturated NaHCO3, brine, and dried (MgSO4). The mixture was filtered and concentrated in vacuo to yield 10.05 as a viscous colorless oil (14 g).
Step 5:




A solution of the aldehyde 10.05 (14 g, 61.6 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (50 mL), was treated with Et3N (10.73 mL, 74.4 mmol), and acetone cyanohydrin (10.86 g, 127.57 mmol) and stirred at room temperature for 24 hrs. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and diluted with aq. HCl (1 M, 200 mL) and extracted into CH2Cl2 (3×200 mL). The combined organic layer were washed with H2O, brine, dried (MgSO4), filtered, concentrated in vacuo and purified by chromatography (SiO2, EtOAc/Hex 1:4) to yield 10.06 (10.3 g) as a colorless liquid
Step 6.




Methanol saturated with HCl*, prepared by bubbling HCl gas through CH3OH (700 ml) at 0° C., was treated with the cyanohydrin 10.06 and heated to reflux for 24 h. The reaction was concentrated in vacuo to yield 10.07, which was used in the next step without purification. * Alternatively 6M HCl prepared by addition of AcCl to dry methanol can also be used.
Step 7.




A solution of the amine hydrochloride 10.07 in CH2Cl2 (200 mL) was treated with Et3N (45.0 mL, 315 mmol) and Boc2O (45.7 g, 209 mmol) at −78° C. The reaction mixture was then stirred at room temperature overnight and diluted with HCl (2 M, 200 mL) and extracted into CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO4) filtered, concentrated in vacuo and purified by chromatography (EtOAc/Hex 1:4) to yield hydroxy ester 10.08.
Step 8.




A solution of methyl ester 10.08 (3 g, 10.5 mmol ) in THF/H2O (1:1) was treated with LiOH.H2O (645 mg, 15.75 mmol) and stirred at rt. for 2 h. The reaction mixture was acidified with aq HCl (1 M, 15 mL) and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dried in vacuum to afford 10.09 in quantitative yield.
Step 9




A solution of the acid 10.09 (from above) in CH2Cl2 (50 mL) and DMF (25 mL) was treated with NH4Cl (2.94 g, 55.5 mmol), EDCl (3.15 g, 16.5 mmol), HOOBt (2.69 g, 16.5 mmol), and NMM (4.4 g, 44 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 d. The solvents were removed under vacuo and the residue was diluted with aq. HCl (250 mL) and extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers were washed with aq. saturated NaHCO3, dried (MgSO4) filtered concentrated in vacuo to obtain 10.10, which was used as it was in the following steps. (Alternatively 10.10 can also be obtained directly by the reaction of 10.06 (4.5 g, 17.7 mmol) with aq. H2O2 (10 mL), LiOH.H2O (820 mg, 20.8 mmol) at 0° C. in 50 mL of CH3OH for 0.5 h.).
Step 10.




A solution of 10.10 obtained in the previous step was dissolved in 4 N HCl in dioxane and stirred at rt. for 2 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo to give the intermediate 10.11 as a solid, which was used without further purification.
Step 11.




The required intermediate 10.12 was obtained from compound 10.09 using essentially the procedures described above in Steps 9, 10 with appropriate reagents.
Preparation of Intermediate 11.01
Step 1




To a solution of 4-pentyn-1-ol, 11.02 (4.15 g; Aldrich) was added Dess-Martin Periodinane (30.25 g; Aldrich) and the resulting mixture was stirred for 45 min. before the addition of (tert-Butoxycarbonylmethylene)triphenylphosphorane (26.75 g; Aldrich). The resulting dark reaction was stirred overnight, diluted with EtOAc), washed with aq. sodium sulfite. sat. aq. NaHCO3, water, brine and dried. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography using 1% EtOAc in hexanes as eluent to give the desired compound, 11.03 (3.92 g). Some impure fractions were also obtained but set aside at this time.
Step 2




Using the alkene 11.03 (1.9 g) in n-propanol (20 ml; Aldrich)), benzyl carbamate (4.95 g; Aldrich) in n-propanol (40 ml), NaOH (1.29 g) in water (79 ml), tert-butyl hypochlorite (3.7 ml), (DHQ)2PHAL (0.423 g; Aldrich)) in n-propanol (37.5 ml), and potassium osmate:dehydrate (0.1544 g; Aldrich) and the procedure set forth in Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl (1998), 35, (23/24), pp. 2813-7 gave a crude product which was purified by silica gel column chromatography using EtOAc:Hexanes (1:5) to give the desired amino alcohol 11.04 (1.37 g, 37%) as a white solid.
Step 3




To the ester 11.04 (0.700 g) was added 4M HCl in dioxane (20 ml; Aldrich) and the resulting mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature overnight. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure to give the acid 11.05 (0.621 g) as a white solid.
Step 4




BOP reagent (3.65 g; Sigma) followed by triethylamine (3.45 ml) were added to a dichloromethane (20 ml) solution of the carboxylic acid 11.05 (2.00 g) and allyl amine (0.616 ml) at room temperature and the resulting mixture was stirred overnight. The reaction mixture was partitioned between EtOAc and 10% aq. HCl. The organic phase was separated, washed with sat. aq. sodium bicarbonate, water, dried (magnesium sulfate). The crude reaction product was purified by silica gel column chromatography using (EtOAc:Hexanes; 70:30) as eluent to provide the desired amide 11.01 (1.73 g) as a viscous yellow oil.
Preparation of Intermediates 12.03 and 12.04
Step 1




Compound 12.01 was converted to the required material 12.02 using essentially the procedures described for Intermediate 10.11, Steps 3-8.
Step 2




Compound 12.02 was converted to the required intermediate 12.03 using essentially the procedures described for Intermediate 10.11, Steps 9, 10.
Step 3




Compound 12.02 was converted to the required intermediate 12.03 using essentially the procedures described for Intermediate 10.12, Step 11.
Preparation of Intermediate 13.01
Step 1




To a stirred solution of 1-nitrobutane, 13.02 (16.5 g, 0.16 mol) and glyoxylic acid in H2O (28.1 g, 0.305 mol) and MeOH (122 mL) at 0° C.-5° C., was added dropwise triethylamine (93 mL, 0.667 mol) over 2 hrs. The solution was warmed to room temperature, stirred overnight and concentrated to dryness to give an oil. The oil was then dissolved in H2O and acidified to pH=1 with 10% HCl, followed by extraction with EtOAc. The combined organic solution was washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated to dryness to give the product 13.03 (28.1 g, 99% yield).
Step 2




To a stirred solution of compound 13.03 (240 g, 1.35 mol) in acetic acid (1.25 L) was added 10% Pd/C (37 g). The resulting solution was hydrogenated at 59 psi for 3 hrs and then at 60 psi overnight. The acetic acid was then evaporated and azeotroped 3 times with toluene, then triturated with MeOH and ether. The solution was then filtered and azeotroped twice with toluene to afford 13.04 as an off white solid (131 g, 0.891 mol, 66%).
Step 3




To a stirred solution of the amino acid 13.04 (2.0 g, 13.6 mmol) in dioxane (10 mL) and H2O (5 mL) at 0° C., was added 1N NaOH solution (4.3 mL, 14.0 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 10 minutes, followed by addition of di-t-butyldicarbonate (0.110 g, 14.0 mmol) and stirred at 0° C. for 15 minutes. The solution was then warmed to room temperature, stirred for 45 minutes and kept at refrigerator overnight and concentrated to dryness to give a crude material. To the solution of this crude material in EtOAc (100 mL) and ice, was added KHSO4 (3.36 g) and H2O (32 mL) and stirred for 4-6 minutes. The organic layer was then separated and the aqueous layer was extracted twice with EtOAc and the combined organic layer was washed with water, brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated to dryness to give the product 13.05 as a clear gum (3.0 g, 89% yield).
Step 4:




Compound 13.05 was converted to the required intermediate 13.01 using essentially the procedures described for Intermediate 10.12, Step 11.
Preparation of Intermediate 14.01
Step 1




Compound 14.02 was converted to the required material 14.03 using essentially the procedures described for Intermediate 13.01, Steps 1-3.
Step 2




Compound 14.03 was converted to the required intermediate 14.01 using essentially the procedures described for Intermediate 10.12, Step 11.
Preparation of Intermediate 15.01
Step 1




To a suspension of silver nitrite (9 g, 58.5 mmol) in diethyl ether (25 mL) at 0° C. was added a solution of 4-iodo-1,1,1-trifluorobutane, 15.02 (10 g, 42.0 mmol) in diethyl ether (25 mL) slowly through an addition funnel (approx. 15 min). The resulting mixture was vigorously stirred at 0° C. and warmed to rt. After 50 h, the solid material was filtered off through a celite pad. The resulting diethyl ether solution was concentrated in vacuo to give 15.03 as colorless oil, which was used without further purification.
Step 2




Compound 15.03 was converted to the required material 15.04 using essentially the procedures described for Intermediate 13.01, Steps 1-3.
Step 3




Compound 15.04 was converted to the required intermediate 15.01 using essentially the procedures described for Intermediate 10.12, Step 11.
Preparation of Intermediate 16.01




The acid 16.02 (Winkler, D.; Burger, K., Synthesis, 1996, 1419) is processed as described above (preparation of Intermediate 10.12) to give the expected intermediate 16.01
PREPARATION OF P2/P3-P2 MOIETIES
Preparation of Intermediate 20.01




The amino ester 20.01 was prepared following the method of R. Zhang and J. S. Madalengoitia (J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 330), with the exception that the Boc group was cleaved by the reaction of the Boc-protected amino acid with methanolic HCl. (Note: In a variation of the reported synthesis, the sulfonium ylide was replaced with the corresponding phosphonium ylide).
Preparation of Intermediate 20.04
Step 1




A solution of commercial amino acid Boc-Chg-OH, 20.02 (Senn chemicals, 6.64 g, 24.1 mmol) and amine hydrochloride 20.01 (4.5 g, 22 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (100 mL) at 0° C. was treated with BOP reagent and stirred at rt. for 15 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo, then it was diluted with aq. 1 M HCl and extracted into EtOAc (3×200 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with saturated NaHCO3 (200 mL), dried (MgSO4), filtered and concentrated in vacuo, and chromatographed (SiO2, EtOAc/Hex 3:7) to obtain 20.03 (6.0 g) as a colorless solid.
Step 2:




A solution of methyl ester 20.03 (4.0 g, 9.79 mmol) in THF/H2O (1:1) was treated with LiOH.H2O (401 mg, 9.79 mmol) and stirred at rt. for 3 h. The reaction mixture was acidified with aq. HCl and concentrated in vacuo to obtain the required intermediate, free acid 20.04.
Preparation of Intermediate 20.07
Step 1




A solution of Boc-tert-Leu 20.05 (Fluka, 5.0 g 21.6 mmol) in dry CH2Cl2/DMF (50 mL, 1:1) was cooled to 0° C. and treated with the amine salt 20.01 (5.3 g, 25.7 mmol), NMM (6.5 g, 64.8 mmol) and BOP reagent (11.6 g, 25.7 mmol). The reaction was stirred at rt. for 24 h, diluted with aq. HCl (1 M) and extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers were washed with HCl (aq, 1 M), saturated NaHCO3, brine, dried (MgSO4), filtered and concentrated in vacuo and purified by chromatography (SiO2, Acetone/Hexane 1:5) to yield 20.06 as a colorless solid.
Step 2




A solution of methyl ester 20.06 (4.0 g, 10.46 mmol) was dissolved in 4M HCl in dioxane and stirred at rt. for 3 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo to obtain the amine hydrochloride salt, 20.07 which was used without purification.
Preparation of Intermediate 21.01:
Step 1:




To a stirred solution of N-Boc-3,4-dehydroproline 21.02 (5.0 g, 23.5 mmol), di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (7.5 g, 34.4 mmol), and 4-N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (0.40 g, 3.33 mmol) in acetonitrile (100 mL) at room temperature was added triethylamine (5.0 mL, 35.6 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred at this temperature for 18 h before it was concentrated in vacuo. The dark brown residue was purified by flash column chromatography eluting with 10-25% EtOAc/hexane to give the product 21.03 as a pale yellow oil (5.29 g, 84%).
Step 2:




To a stirred solution of the dehydroproline derivative 21.03 (10.1 g, 37.4 mmol), benzyltriethylammonium chloride (1.60 g, 7.02 mmol) in chloroform (120 mL) at room temperature was added 50% aqueous sodium hydroxide (120 g). After vigorously stirred at this temperature for 24 h, the dark mixture was diluted with CH2Cl2 (200 mL) and diethyl ether (600 mL). After the layers were separated, the aqueous solution was extracted with CH2Cl2/Et2O (1:2, 3×600 mL). The organic solution was dried (MgSO4) and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography using 5-20% EtOAc/hexane to afford 9.34 g (71%) of 21.04 as an off-white solid.
Step 3:




The solution of 21.04 (9.34 g, 26.5 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (25 mL) and CF3CO2H (50 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 4.5 h before it was concentrated in vacuo to give a brown residue, 21.05 which was used in Step 4 without further purification.
Step 4




Concentrated hydrochloric acid (4.5 mL) was added to a solution of the residue 21.05 from Step 3 in methanol (70 mL) and the resulting mixture was warmed to 65° C. in an oil bath. After 18 h, the mixture was concentrated in vacuo to give a brown oil 21.01, which was used further without purification.
Preparation of Intermediate 22.01
Step 1




Potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (158 ml of a 0.5M solution in toluene; 79 mmol) was added to a stirred suspension of cyclopropyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (33.12 g; 86.4 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (130 ml) and the resulting orange mixture was stirred under an atmosphere of nitrogen at room temperature for a period of 1 h., before the addition of the aldehyde 22.02 (9.68 g; 42.2 mmol) in THF (8 ml). The reaction was then refluxed under an atmosphere of nitrogen for a period of 2 h. After cooling, methanol, diethyl ether and Rochelles salt were added. The organic phase was separated, washed with brine, dried and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude reaction product was purified by silica gel column chromatography using EtOAc-hexane (1:99) to EtOAc-hexane (5:95) to provide the alkene 22.03 (8.47 g) as a yellow oil.
Step 2




A solution of 1M HCl in MeOH/MeOAc was prepared by adding 14.2 ml of acetyl chloride dropwise into cold methanol and diluting the resulting solution to 200 ml at room temperature.
The carbamate 22.03 (9.49 g; 37.5 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (12 ml) and added to 1M HCl in MeOH/MeOAc (150 ml) while cooled in an ice bath. The resulting mixture was maintained at this temperature for 1 h., then the ice bath was removed and stirring continued overnight at room temperature. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure to yield a yellow oil which was used in the next step without purification.
The yellow oil was dissolved in a mixture of THF (30 ml) and MeOH (20 ml) and treated with triethylamine (15 ml; 108 mmol) until the solution was pH=9-10. After placing in an ice bath, the mixture was treated with N-Boc-Gly-OSu (11.22 g; 41 mmol). The ice bath was withdrawn and the reaction stirred at room temp. for 1 h. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography using methanol (1-3%) in dichloromethane providing the desired amide 22.04 (9.09 g).
Step 3




The alcohol 22.04 (9.09 g; 33.6 mmol) was dissolved in acetone (118.5 ml) and treated with 2,2-dimethoxypropane (37.4 ml; 304 mmol) and BF3:Et2O (0.32 ml; 2.6 mmol) and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for a period of 5.5 h The reaction solution was treated with a few drops of triethylamine and the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography using 5-25% EtOAc in hexanes to provide the N,O-acetal 22.05 (8.85 g).
Step 4




The carbamate 22.05 (8.81 g; 28.4 mmol) was dissolved in acetonitrile (45 ml) and the solution was cooled to −40° C. under an atmosphere of nitrogen. Pyridine (6.9 ml; 85.3 mmol) followed by nitrosium tetrafluoroborate (6.63 g; 56.8 mmol) were added and the resulting reaction mixture maintained below 0° C. until TLC indicated that no starting material remained (approx. 2.25 h.). Pyrrolidine (20 ml; 240 mmol) was added and the cooling bath was withdrawn and stirring was continued at room temperature for 1 h. and then the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. The residue was quickly passed through a pad of silica gel to provide a yellow oil.
The yellow oil was dissolved in anhydrous benzene (220 ml) and palladium acetate (0.317 g; 1.41 mmol) was added before heating the resulting mixture to reflux, under an atmosphere of nitrogen for a period of 1.5 h. After cooling, the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the dark residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography using EtOAc-hexane (1:4) to provide the I) the trans-pyrrolidinone 22.06 (1.94 g) followed by ii) the cis-pyrrolidinone 22.07 (1.97 g).
Step 5




Freshly prepared 1M HCl in MeOAc/MeOH (10 ml; as described above) was added to the N,O-acetal 22.06 and stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography using 0-4% MeOH in dichloromethane as eluent to provide the desired alcohol 22.08 (1.42 g), a yellow oil.
Step 6




To a solution of the lactam 22.08 (1.29 g; 8.44 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (55 ml) was added lithium aluminum hydride (2.40 g; 63.2 mmol) and the resulting mixture was refluxed for 8 h. After cooling, water, followed by 15% aq. NaOH were added and the resulting mixture was filtered through celite and the solid was washed thoroughly with THF and MeOH. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue redissolved in dichloromethane, dried and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide the pyrrolidine, used without purification.
Hunigs base (4.5 ml; 25.8 mmol) was added to a mixture of N-Boc-L-tert-Leu-OH (1.76 g; 7.6 mmol), The crude pyrrolidine and HATU (2.89 g; 7.6 mmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (50 ml) at −60° C., under an atmosphere of nitrogen. The resulting reaction was allowed to come to room temperature slowly, overnight. EtOAc was added and the yellow solution was washed with dil. aq. HCl, sat. aq. sodium bicarbonate, water, brine. The organic layer was dried and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography using EtOAc:hexanes (1:3) to give the desired amide 22.09 (2.00 g).
Step 7




The alcohol 22.09 (2.00 g; 5.67 mmol) was dissolved in acetone (116 ml) and cooled in an ice bath for 10 min. This solution was then added to a cooled Jones reagent (14.2 ml; approx 2 mmol/ml) and the resulting mixture was stirred at 5° C. for 0.5 h and the cooling bath was removed. The reaction was stirred for a further 2 h. at room temp., before adding to sodium sulfate (28.54 g), celite (15 g) in EtOAc (100 ml). Isopropanol (15 ml) was added after 1 min and then stirred for a further 10 min. and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure, providing a brown oil which was dissolved in EtOAc. This solution was washed with water, 3% aq. citric acid, brine, dried and concentrated to provide the desired carboxylic acid 22.01 (1.64 g) as a white solid.
Preparation of Intermediate 23.01
Step 1:




To the mixture of ester 23.02 (6.0 g) and molecular sieve (5.2 g) in anhydrous methylene chloride (35 mL) was added pyrrolidine (5.7 mL, 66.36 mmoL). The resulting brown slurry was stirred at room temperature under N2 for 24 h, filtered and washed with anhydrous CH3CN. The combined filtrate was concentrated to yield the desired product, 23.03.
Step 2:




To a solution of the product 23.03 from proceeding step in CH3CN (35 mL) was added anhydrous K2CO3, methallyl chloride (2.77 g, 30.5 mmoL), Nal (1.07 g, 6.7 mmoL). The resulting slurry was stirred at ambient temperature under N2 for 24 h. 50 mL of ice-cold water was added followed by 2N KHSO4 solution until pH was 1. EtOAc (100 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred for 0.75 h. Combined organic layer was collected and washed with brine, dried over MgSO4, and evaporated to yield the desired product, 23.04.
Step 3:




The product 23.04 from the preceding step (2.7 g, 8.16 mmoL) was dissolved in dioxane (20 mL) and treated with freshly prepared 1N LiOH (9 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature under N2 for 20 h. The reaction mixture was taken in EtOAc and washed with H2O. The combined aqueous phase was cooled to 0° C. and acidified to pH 1.65 using 1N HCl. The turbid mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2×100 mL). Combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried over MgSO4, and concentrated to give the desired acid, 23.05 (3.40 g).
Step 4:




To a suspension of NaBH(OAc)3 (3.93 g, 18.5 mmoL) in CH2Cl2 (55 mL) was added a solution of product 23.05 from preceding step in anhydrous CH2Cl2 (20 mL) and acetic acid (2 mL). The slurry was stirred at ambient temperature for 20 h . Ice cold water (100 mL) was added to the slurry and stirred for 1⁄2 hr. Organic layer was separated, filtered, dried and evaporated to yield the desired product, 23.06.
Step 5:




To a solution of the product 23.06 from preceding step (1.9 g) in MeOH (40 mL) was treated with excess of CH2N2/Et2O solution and stirred for overnight. The reaction mixture was concentrated to dryness to yield a crude residue. The residue was chromatographed on silica gel, eluting with a gradient of EtOAc/hexane to afford 1.07 g of the pure desired product, 23.07.
Step 6:




To a solution of product 23.07 from preceding step (1.36 g) in anhydrous CH2Cl2 (40 mL) was treated with BF3. Me2O (0.7 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 20 h and quenched with sat. NaHCO3 (30 mL) ad stirred for 1⁄2 hr. Organic layer was separated and combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried over MgSO4, concentrated to give crude residue. The residue was chromatographed on silica gel eluting with a gradient of EtOAc/hexane to afford 0.88 g of the desired compound, 23.08.
Step 7:




To a solution of the product 23.08 (0.92 g) from preceding step in MeOH (30 mL) was added 10% Pd/C (0.16 g) at room temperature and hydrogenated at ambient temperature under 1 atm. Pressure. The reaction mixture was stirred for 4 h and concentrated to dryness to yield the desired compound, 23.01.
PREPARATION OF P3 MOIETIES
Preparation of Intermediate 50.01
Step 1




To a solution of 50.02 (15 g) in MeOH (150 mL) was added conc HCl (3-4 mL) and the mixture was refluxed for 16 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated. The residue was taken in diethyl ether (250 mL) and washed with cold saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, and brine. The organic layer was dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated to afford the methyl ester 50.03 (12.98 g) which was carried forward without further purification.
Step 2




The methyl ester 50.03 from above was dissolved in methylene chloride (100 mL) and cooled to −78° C., under nitrogen atmosphere. DIBAL (1.0 M solution in methylene chloride, 200 mL) was added dropwise over 2 h period. The reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature over 16 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. and MeOH (5-8 mL) was added dropwise. A solution of aqueous 10% sodium potassium tartarate (200 mL) was slowly added with stirring. Diluted with methylene chloride (100 mL) and separated the organic layer (along with some white precipitate). The organic layer was washed with 1 N HCl (250 mL), brine (200 mL), dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated to provide the alcohol 50.04 (11.00 g) as a clear oil.
Step 3




The alcohol 50.04 from above was dissolved in methylene chloride (400 mL) and cooled to 0° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. PCC (22.2 g) was added in portions and the reaction mixture was slowly warmed to room temperature over 16 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with diethyl ether (500 mL) and filtered through a pad of celite. The filtrate was concentrated and the residue was taken in diethyl ether (500 mL). This was passed through a pad of silica gel and the filtrate was concentrated to provide the aldehyde 50.05 which was carried forward without further purification.
Step 4




The aldehyde 50.05 from above was converted to the desired material 50.01 using essentially the method of Chakraborty et. al (Tetrahedron, 1995, 51(33), 9179-90).
PREPARATION OF SPECIFIC EXAMPLES FROM TABLE 1
Example I
Preparation of Compound of Formula 4010




Part I: Preparation of intermediate 4010.06








To a −20° C. solution of Amine 4010.01 (10 g, 72 mmol) prepared following the method of R. Zhang and J. S. Madalengoitia (J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 330) in DCM (200 mL) was added HATU (1.05 equiv, 28.8 g), Boc-L-Tert Leucine (Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, Wis., 1.1 equiv, 79.2 mmol, 18.3 g) and DIPEA (0.2 mol, 40 mL). Reaction was stirred for 24 h then was diluted with EtOAc and washed with NaHCO3. Organic layer was washed with citric acid then brine. Organic layer was dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated under vacuo. The residue 4010.03 (72 mmol) was dissolved in Acetone (1.2 L) at 0° C. Then, 5 equiv of Jones reagent (138 mL, 360 mmol,. prepared by dissolving 91 g of Chromium trioxide in 70 mL of conc, H2SO4 and diluted to 300 mL) were added. After 45 min, no starting material was detected by TLC. Isopropanol (40 mL) was added and 500 mL of EtOAc. The green solution was filtered off through a pad of celite and the filtrate concentrated to dryness. The residue was diluted with 10% sodium carbonate and extracted with Et2O. The aqueous layer was then acidified to pH=2 with HCl 3.0 N and extracted with EtOAc (3 times 200 mL). Organic layer was dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated under vacuo. to yield 21.55 g of intermediate 4010.04.
Step2:




To a −20° C. solution 4010.04 (10.4 g, 28 mmol) in DCM (300 mL) was added HATU (1.05 equiv, 29.4 mmol, 11.2 g), amine salt 12.03 (1.0 equiv, 28 mmol, 5.48 g, prepared as described in Preparation of intermediates, preparation of P1-P′ moieties). After 10 min at −20° C., DIPEA (3.6 equiv, 100 mmol, 17.4 mL) was added. Reaction was stirred at this temp for 16 h. After 16, the reaction was diluted with EtOAc and washed successively with NaHCO3, citric acid (10% w/w) and brine. Organic layer was dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated under vacuo. to yield: 14 g of intermediate 4010.05.
Step3:




Et3N (3 equiv., 5.2 mmol, 0.72 mL) is added to a mixture of crude 4010.05 (1.06 g, 1.73 mmol theoretical) and EDCl (4 equiv., 6.92 mmol, 1.33 g) in EtOAc (12 mL) at RT. After addition, DMSO (4.5 mL) was slowly charged. This was followed by addition of methanesulfonic acid (3.6 equiv, 6.22 mmol, 0.4 mL) with temperature between 20 and 30° C. The reaction was agitated for 1 h. After 1 h, TLC shows reaction completed. At 0° C., a chilled mixture of EtOAc (12 mL) and iced water (2 mL) was added. After 2 minutes, the biphasic mixture was allowed to settle and the layers were separated. The upper organic layer was washed with H2O and brine. Organic layer was dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated under vacuo. The residue was purified by HPFC, 25+M, 15% to 60% (EtOAc) in Hexanes. Purification provided (0.6 g) of ketoamide. To a RT solution ketoamide (0.6 g) was added 25 mL of a 4.0 N HCl solution in Dioxane. Reaction was stirred at RT for 1 h to observe completion then concentrated to about 5 mL and diluted with Heptanes and Ether.(10 mL each). The resulting white precipitate was filtered off and dried under a N2 flow to provide 0.49 g (81% yield) of intermediate 4010.06.
Part II: Preparation of intermediate 4010.10




Step 1:





PhMgBr (2.5 equiv, 40 mL) was added @ −78° C. to a Et2O (200 mL) solution of commercially available Weinreb amide 4010.07 (Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, Wis., USA, 12 g, 46 mmol). After 2 h, reaction was quenched by addition of HCl 1.0 N, diluted with EtOAc and washed with brine, dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated under vacuo. The residue was purified by HPFC Biotage 75+S, 2% (EtOAc) to 8% (EtOAc) in Hexane. 3.76 g of 4010.08 were obtained.
Step2:




To 4010.08 (1.93 g, 6.9 mmol) was added 5 mL of 4M HCl (in Dioxane). The reaction was stirred at RT for 50 min and concentrated to dryness to get 1.29 g of product 4010.09.
Step3:




To a 0° C. solution of phosgene (6.3 mL) in CH2Cl2 (50 mL) and NaHCO3 (sat.) (50 mL) was added 4010.09 (1.29 g, 6 mmol). The mixture was stirred at RT for 2.5 h then separated. Organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 (anhydrous) and concentrated under vacuum to half volume with cooling bath. Diluted it to 20 mL with CH2Cl2 to get 4010.10 as a 0.3M solution in CH2Cl2.
Part III: Preparation of Compound of Formula 4010 of Table 1




Following general method C: To a 0° C. solution of amine 4010.06 (20 mg, 0.045 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (2 mL) was added isocyanate 4010.10 (2 equiv., 0.3 mL) then DIPEA (0.035 mmol, 0.06 mL). The reaction was stirred at RT for 1.2 hrs then diluted with EtOAc and washed with sat. NH4Cl and Brine. Organic layer was dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated to dryness. Residue was purified by plate with 40% acetone in hexane to get 12.7 mg of product 4010 (46% yield); LCMS: (610.1: M+1), (632: M+Na).
HCV inhibitors 4028, 4031, 4062, 4082, 4102, 4109, 4110, 4119, 4120, 4151, 4152, 4153, 4154, 4163, 4165, 4176, 4184 and 4201 described in Table 1 were prepared using intermediate 4010.10.
Example II
Preparation of Intermediate of Formula 4035.01, 4044.01, 4048.01, 4052.01, 4055.01, and 4076.01




Isocyanates 4035.01, 4044.01, 4055.01, 4048.01 and 4076.01 were prepared according the procedure outlined in preparative example I by replacing in step1 the commercially available (L)-Valine N,O-Dimethylhydroxyl amide with the corresponding tert-Leucine, cyclohexylglycine, spirocyclohexylglycine, cyclobutylglycine, homovaline, cyclopentylglycine respectively. N,O-Dimethylhydroxyl amide were prepared from commercially N-Boc amino acids following the procedure outlined in step1 of preparative example of compound of formula 4032.
HCV inhibitors 4035, 4042, 4044, 4048, 4051, 4052, 4055, 4076, 4126, 4141 and 4147 described in Table 1 were prepared using intermediates 4005.01, 4035.01, 4048.01, 4052.01, 4055.01, and 4076.01 according to the general procedures described before.
Example III
Preparation of Intermediate of Formula 4011.01, 4079.01 and 4097.01




Isocyanates 4011.01, 4079.01 and 4097.01 were prepared according the procedure outlined in preparative example I by replacing in step1 the Phenylmagnesium bromide by the commercially available Benzylmagnesium chloride and Phenethylmagnesium chloride with (L)-Valine N,O-Dimethylhydroxyl amide or (L)-Homovaline N,O-Dimethylhydroxyl amide or tert-Leucine N,O-Dimethylhydroxyl amide.
HCV inhibitors 4011, 4068, 4079 and 4097 described in Table 1 were prepared using intermediates 4011.01, 4079,01 and 4097.01 according to the general procedures described before.
Example IV
Preparation of Intermediates of Formula 4012.01




X=F, Cl, Br, CF3, OMe, OPh, OCH2Ph, Me, NMe2, SMe ortho, meta and para position

R=(L)-Valine, (L)-tert-Leucine, (L)-Cyclhohexylglycine

Isocyanates of type 4012.01 were prepared according the procedure outlined in preparative example I by replacing in step1 the Phenylmagnesium bromide by the corresponding commercially available ortho, meta or para-substituted Phenyl Grignard reagents (as an example but not limited to: X=F, Cl, Br, CF3, OMe, OPh, OCH2Ph, Me, NMe2, SMe) with (L)-Valine N,O-Dimethylhydroxyl amide or with the corresponding tert-Leucine and cyclohexylglycine N,O-Dimethylhydroxyl amide. HCV inhibitors 4012, 4027, 4029, 4045, 4064, 4071, 4075, 4083, 4088, 4090, 4094, 4100, 4104, 4113, 4121, 4122, 4130, 4136, 4140, 4157, 4160 and 4177 described in Table 1 were prepared using intermediates 4012.01 according to the general procedures described before.
Example V
Preparation of Intermediate of Formula 4017.01, 4078.01, 4095.01, 4041.01, 4175.01 and 4190.01




Amine salts 4017.01, 4041.01, 4078.01, 4095.01 and 4175.01 were prepared according the procedure outlined in preparative example I step1 and step2 by replacing in step1 the Phenylmagnesium bromide by the corresponding Magnesium bromide Pyridine that were reacted with the corresponding (L)-Valine N,O-Dimethylhydroxyl amide or (L)-Homovaline N,O-Dimethylhydroxyl amide or (L)-tert-Leucine N,O-Dimethylhydroxyl amide or (L)-Cyclohexylglycine N,O-Dimethylhydroxyl amide. The corresponding 2, 3 and 4 Magnesium bromide Pyridine were prepared according Queguiner and all, Tetrahedron, 2000, 56, 1349-1360. For the amine salt 4190.01, 2 magnesium bromide pyridine was reacted with aldehyde 4190.02 and alcohol 4190.03 was oxidized to pyridine ketone 4190.04 according scheme 4190.01.




HCV inhibitors 4017, 4022, 4041, 4065, 4078, 4095, 4096, 4101, 4168, 4170, 4172, 4176, 4190, 4199 and 4205 described in Table 1 were prepared using amine salts 4017.01, 4041.01, 4078.01, 4095.01, 4175.01 and 4190.01 and corresponding isocyanates or 4-nitrophenyl carbamate following method D of General Schemes for Preparation of Target Compounds.
Example VI
Preparation of Intermediates of Formula 4021.01, 4026.01, 4069.01 and 4098.01




R=(L)-Valine, (L)-tert-Leucine, (L)-Cyclhohexylglycine

Isocyanates of type 4021.01, 4026.01, 4069.01 and 4098.01 were prepared according the procedure outlined in preparative example I by replacing in step1 the Phenylmagnesium bromide by the known lithio-furan, thiazole, thiophene and oxazole that were reacted with the corresponding (L)-Valine N,O-Dimethylhydroxyl amide or (L)-Homovaline N,O-Dimethylhydroxyl amide or (L)-tert-Leucine N,O-Dimethylhydroxyl amide or (L)-Cyclohexylglycine N,O-Dimethylhydroxyl amide.
HCV inhibitors 4021, 4024, 4026, 4034, 4069, 4073, 4077, 4098, 4106, 4117, 4148, 4158, 4159, 4171, 4174, 4181, 4185, 4189, 4191, 4208 and 4209 described in Table 1 were prepared using intermediates of formula 4021.01, 4026.01, 4069.01 and 4098.01 according to the general procedures described before.
Scheme VII
Preparation of Compound of Formula 4019.01, 4013.01, 4037.01, 4057.01,  4060.01 and 4048.01




To a −10° C. solution of BocCyclohexylGlycine (10 g, 36 mmol) in DCM (130 mL) was added N,O-Dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (3.7 g, 37.8 mmol), NMM (4.2 is mL, 37.8 mmol) and EDCl (7.3 g, 37.8 mmol) portionwise in 15 minutes. The reaction was stirred at this temperature for 1 h then HCl (1N, 55 mL) was added. Reaction was extracted with DCM (2 times 50 mL) and combined organic layers was washed with NaHCO3sat then brine. Organic layer was dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated to dryness to provide 4019.02 as a viscous oil (10.8 g).
Step2:




To 4019.02 (1.1 g, 3.66 mmol) in Ether (40 mL) was added Cyclopropylmagnesium Bromide (22 mL, 3 equiv, 0.5M in THF) at 0° C. The reaction was warmed up to RT after 5 min was stirred at RT for when the reaction was quenched by the addition of 1N HCl. Reaction was diluted with EtOAc and washed with brine. The organic layer was dried over MgSO4 filtered and concentrated to dryness. The residue was purified by HPFC Biotage 25+S, 3% (EtOAc) to 13% EtOAc in Hexane to get 4019.03 (0.676 g, 66% yield).
Step3:




Isocyanate 4019.01 was prepared following steps 2 and 3 of preparative example I. lsocyanates of Formula 4013.01, 4037.01, 4057.01, 4060.01 and 4048.01 were prepared as described above by replacing in step2 (L)-Cyclohexylglycine N,O-Dimethylhydroxyl amide by (L)-Valine N,O-Dimethylhydroxyl amide or (L)-Homovaline N,O-Dimethylhydroxyl amide or (L)-tert-Leucine N,O-Dimethylhydroxyl amide or (L)-Cyclopentylglycine N,O-Dimethylhydroxyl amide or (L)-Cyclobutylglycine N,O-Dimethylhydroxyl amide,
HCV inhibitors 4013, 4016, 4018, 4019, 4023, 4032, 4033, 4037, 4039, 4040, 4048, 4057, 4060, 4066, 4074, 4084, 4086, 4091, 4092, 4093, 4099, 4103, 4105, 4111, 4114, 4123, 4129, 4131, 4132, 4133, 4135, 4138, 4139, 4144, 4149, 4150, 4155, 4156, 4161, 4164, 4167, 4169, 4173, 4186, 4187, 4192, 4193, 4195, 4197, 4200, 4204, 4206 and 4207 described in Table 1 were prepared using intermediates of formula 4019.01, 4013.01, 4037.01, 4057.01, 4060.01 and 4048.01 according to the general procedures described before.
Example VIII
Preparation of Intermediates of Formula 4036.01, 4043.01 and 4112.01




Isocyanates of Formula 4036.01, 4043.01 and 4112.01 were prepared according the procedure outlined in preparative example I with Phenylmagnesium bromide, tert-Butyl lithium and Cyclopropylmagnesium bromide by replacing in step1 the (L)-Valine N,O-Dimethylhydroxyl amide by the prepared homo-spirocyclohexylglycine N,O-Dimethylhydroxyl amide 4036-02 prepared as follow:
Step1:




Ester 4036.05 was prepared according T. Suzuki, Chem.Pharm. Bull. 46(7) 1116-1124 (1998) from methylenecyclohexane 4036.03 (3.5 g, 36.4 mmol) and chlorosulfonyl isocyanate (1.03 equiv, 37.625 mmol, 3.3 mL) followed by treatment with sulfuric acid. 4.7 g of colorless oil 4036.04 were obtained.

Step2:





To a RT solution of 4036.05 (1 g, 3.71 mmol) in dioxane (10 mL) was added (Boc)2O (1.1 equiv, 4 mmol, 0.9 g) then NaHCO3sat followed by K2CO3 to reach Ph=9. After 18 h, reaction was extracted with Et2O. Organic layer was washed with successively with citric acid (10% w/w) and brine. Organic layer was dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated under vacuo. to provide 1 g of 4036.06.

Step3:





To a RT solution of 4036.06 (5 g, 18.4 mmol) in Dioxane (30 mL) was added 30 mL (1.5 equiv) of 1.0 LiOH. After 5 h, reaction was diluted with Et2O and extracted. H2O layer was acidified to Ph=1.5 with 1 N HCl and extracted wit EtOAC. Organic layer was washed with brine and dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated under vacuo to provide 4.75 g of 4036.07.

Step4:





To a 0° C. solution of 4036.07 (12.6 mmol, 3.25 g) in DCM 35 mL was added HCl. HN(OMe)Me (1.05 equiv, 13.23 mmol, 1.27 g) and NMM (1.05 equiv, 13.23 mmol, 1.5 mL). EDCl was added portionwise (1.05 equiv, 13.23 mmol, 2.54 g) over 10 min. When reaction completed, HCl 1.5 N was added (50 mL) and reaction was extracted with EtOAc, washed with Brine, dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated under vacuo to yield: 3.5 g of 4036.02.
HCV inhibitors 4036, 4043, 4061, 4067, 4080, 4112 and 4115 described in Table 1 were prepared using intermediates of formula 4036.01, 4043.01 and 4112.01 according to the general procedures described before.
Example IX
Preparation of compound of Formula 4025




To amide 4019.02 (0.8 g, 2.66 mmol) in ether (50 mL) was added isopropenylmagnesium Bromide (Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, Wis., USA 19 mL, 9.5 mmol, 3.6 equiv) at 0° C. The reaction was warmed up to RT after 5 min and stirred at RT for 3 hrs then quenched by the addition of 1N HCl. reaction was diluted with EtOAc and washed with brine. The organic layer was dried over MgSO4 filtered and concentrated down. The residue was purified it by HPFC with 10% EtOAc in hexane to get 0.304 g of product 4025.01 (Yield=40.6%).

Trimethylsulfoxonium iodide (237 mg, 1.08 mmol) was added in one portion to a suspension of NaH i(43 mg, 1.08 mmol, 60% in oil) in DMF at RT and stirred for 30 min under N2. The reaction mixture was cooled to −30° C. A solution of ketone 4025.01 (304 mg, 1.08 mmol) in 1 mL DMF was added dropwise to the mixture and stirred at −30° C. ̃0° C. for 2 hrs then 3 mL of H2O was added dropwise at −20° C. to the reaction mixture. Reaction was diluted with EtOAc. and organic layer was washed with aq. NH4Cl, H2O and brine. Organic layer was dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated down. The residue was purified it by HPFC with 0 ̃1% EtOAC in CH2Cl2 to give 176 mg of ketone 4025 (Yield=54%). Optical Rotation: [alpha]=+87.12 (c=7.5 mg/2 mL, 20° C., CHCl3).

Isocyanate 4025.03 was prepared according the procedure described in step3 of Preparative Example VII (scheme VII).

HCV inhibitors 4025, 4053 and 4127 described in Table 1 were prepared using intermediate of formula 4025.03 according to the general procedures described before.

Example X
Preparation of Compound of Formula 4179




HCV inhibitors 4179 described in Table 1 was prepared according the Scheme X above using intermediate of formula 4179.01 prepared according the procedure describe below.

Step1:





To a mixture of (S)-hydroxyisovaleric acid (4.4 g, 37 mmol), dimethylamine hydrochloride (3.0 g, 37 mmol), and 1-hydroxy-1H-benzotriazole (5 g, 37 mmol) in THF (20 mL) was added diisopropylethylamine (6.4 mL, 37 mmol) dropwise at −20 C then dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (8 g, 39 mmol) was added at once, and the mixture was stirred at RT overnight. After 18 hours, the formed precipitate was filtered off and washed with EtOAc. the combined filtrates were concentrated in vacuo and residue was purified by biotage 75+S column (35% EtOAc/Hex). to yield 5.3 g of amide 4179.03.

Step2:





To 4179.03 (1.5 g, 10 mmol) in dry THF (30 mL) was added phenylmagnesium bromide (10 mL, 3.0M in Ether) at 0 C. The reaction was warmed up to RT gradually. and stirred at RT overnight then was quenched by the addition of 1 N HCl, diluted with EtOAc and washed with brine. The organic layer was dried over MgSO4. purified by HPFC biotage 25+M with 15-25% EtOAc in Hex. to yield 1.6 g of 4179.04.

Step3:





To chloroformate 4179.05 in CH2Cl2 at 0 C was added dropwise a solution of 4179.04 (0.8 g, 4.5 mmol) and pyridine (0.5 mL). The reaction was warmed up to 40 C with hot water and stirred for 1.5 hr then diluted with EtOAc, washed with sat. NaHCO3, CuSO4, and brine. dried over MgSO4, filtered, concentrated and purified by column biotage 25+S (40-60% EtOAc/Hex.) to yield 580 mg of 4179.01.
All other HCV inhibitors reported in Table 1 can be prepared according procedures described above in examples I to VIII.







TABLE 1







KETONES










Cmpd


Ki*


#
Table 1: Ketones
MW
Range





4010




610
A


 


4011




624
A


 


4012




640
A


 


4013




588
A


 


4016




574
A


 


4017




625
A


 


4018




615
A


 


4019




628
A


 


4020




626
A


 


4021




617
A


 


4022




611
A


 


4023




614
A


 


4024




658
A


 


4025




628
A


 


4026




616
A


 


4027




624
A


 


4028




636
A


 


4029




653
A


 


4030




631
A


 


4031




651
A


 


4032




652
A


 


4033




656
A


 


4034




695
A


 


4035




650
A


 


4036




650
A


 


4037




588
A


 


4038




626
A


 


4039




642
A


 


4040




640
A


 


4041




689
A


 


4042




688
A


 


4043




630
A


 


4044




624
A


 


4045




640
A


 


4046




622
A


 


4047




616
A


 


4048




586
A


 


4051




664
A


 


4052




624
A


 


4053




692
A


 


4054




576
A


 


4055




636
A


 


4056




590
A


 


4057




588
A


 


4058




588
A


 


4059




599
A


 


4060




600
A


 


4061




644
A


 


4062




648
A


 


4063




616
A


 


4064




628
A


 


4065




651
A


 


4066




654
A


 


4067




668
A


 


4068




638
A


 


4069




600
A


 


4070




548
A


 


4071




656
A


 


4072




641
A


 


4073




657
A


 


4074




588
A


 


4075




644
A


 


4076




638
A


 


4077




631
A


 


4078




611
A


 


4079




638
A


 


4080




658
A


 


4081




588
A


 


4082




624
A


 


4083




668
A


 


4084




634
A


 


4085




630
A


 


4086




682
A


 


4087




631
A


 


4088




668
A


 


4089




588
A


 


4090




693
A


 


4091




602
A


 


4092




674
A


 


4093




656
A


 


4094




640
A


 


4095




611
A


 


4096




625
A


 


4097




652
A


 


4098




601
A


 


4099




670
A


 


4100




690
A


 


4101




639
A


 


4102




638
A


 


4103




602
A


 


4104




716
A


 


4105




643
A


 


4106




644
A


 


4108




590
A


 


4109




652
A


 


4110




650
A


 


4111




654
A


 


4112




614
A


 


4113




625
A


 


4114




588
A


 


4115




670
A


 


4117




645
A


 


4118




604
A


 


4119




598
A


 


4120




646
A


 


4121




716
A


 


4122




681
A


 


4123




662
A


 


4124




616
A


 


4125




644
A


 


4126




664
A


 


4127




642
A


 


4128




688
A


 


4129




696
A


 


4130




678
A


 


4131




616
A


 


4132




702
A


 


4133




658
A


 


4134




669
A


 


4135




614
A


 


4136




653
A


 


4137




618
A


 


4138




616
A


 


4139




656
A


 


4140




721
A


 


4141




652
A


 


4143




604
A


 


4144




722
A


 


4145




659
A


 


4146




616
A


 


4148




631
A


 


4149




616
A


 


4150




630
A


 


4151




668
A


 


4152




624
A


 


4153




650
A


 


4154




624
A


 


4155




684
A


 


4156




588
A


 


4157




667
A


 


4158




685
A


 


4159




644
A


 


4160




702
A


 


4161




644
A


 


4162




632
A


 


4163




637
A


 


4164




660
A


 


4165




662
A


 


4166




546
A


 


4167




602
A


 


4168




639
A


 


4169




682
A


 


4170




639
A


 


4171




699
A


 


4172




625
A


 


4173




628
B


 


4174




673
B


 


4175




653
B


 


4176




646
B


 


4177




706
B


 


4178




650
B


 


4179




611
B


 


4180




618
B


 


4181




631
B


 


4182




622
B


 


4183




636
B


 


4184




610
B


 


4185




687
B


 


4186




604
B


 


4187




576
B


 


4188




578
B


 


4189




642
B


 


4190




637
B


 


4191




659
B


 


4192




590
B


 


4193




632
B


 


4194




622
B


 


4195




642
B


 


4196




604
B


 


4197




658
B


 


4198




646
B


 


4199




657
B


 


4200




698
B


 


4201




662
B


 


4203




660
C


 


4204




620
C


 


4205




665
C


 


4206




724
C


 


4207




684
C


 


4208




701
C


 


4209




647
C









PREPARATION OF SPECIFIC EXAMPLES FROM TABLE 2
Example XI
Preparation of Compound of Formula 4289 and 4294




Step1:

To a RT solution of Ketone 4010.01 prepared in step 1 of preparative example III (2 mmol, 554 mg) in Pyridine (10 mL) was added O-methylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (2 equiv, 4 mmol, 334 mg). The resulting mixture was heated to 50° C. for 18 hr. After 18 h, TLC showed no starting material and a slightly less polar product and the reaction was concentrated under vacuo to remove pyridine. The resulting white slurry was dissolved in DCM and washed with HCl 1.0 N (10 mL). DCM layer was then washed with aqueous CuSO4sat and brine. Organic layer was dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated under vacuo. The residue was purified by HPFC Biotage 25+M. HPFC, 3% (EtOAc) to 12% (EtOAc) in Hexane, Purification provided 2 isomers 4289.01 and 4294.01 in a 80/20 E/Z ratio.

Step2

To 4294.01(60 mg) in CH2Cl2 (3 mL) under N2 was added TFA (1 mL) at RT. The reaction was stirred at RT for 20 min and was concentrated to dryness and placed under high vacuum overnight. 40 mg of product 4294.02 was obtained.

Identical procedure was applied to the other isomer 4289.01 to produce amine salt 4289.02.

Step3:

HCV inhibitors 4294 and 4289 in table 2 were prepared using amine salts 4294.02 and 4289.02 and corresponding isocyanates or 4-nitrophenyl carbamate following method D of General Schemes for Preparation of Target Compounds.

Example XII
Preparation of Compound of Formula 4291.02, 4297.02 and 4290.02




Amines salts of Formula 4291.02, 4297.02 and 4290.02 were prepared according step 1 and 2 of preparative example XI by replacing O-methylhydroxylamine hydrochloride by methylhydroxylamine hydrochloride and ketone 4010.01 by the corresponding (L) Cyclohexylglycine ketone 4019.03 of preparative example VII and the corresponding (L) Valine ketone.

HCV inhibitors 4290, 4291, 4292, 4293, 4295, 4297 and 4298 in table 2 were prepared using amine salts 4291.02, 4297.02 and 4290.02 and the corresponding isocyanates or 4-nitrophenyl carbamate following method D of General Schemes for Preparation of Target Compounds:








TABLE 2







Oximes










Cmpd


Ki*


#

MW
Range





4289




639
A


 


4290




629
A


 


4291




589
B


 


4292




629
B


 


4293




603
B


 


4294




639
B


 


4295




603
B


 


4296




667
B


 


4297




643
B


 


4298




643
B









PREPARATION OF SPECIFIC EXAMPLES FROM TABLE 3
Example XIII
Preparation of Compound of Formula 4488




Step 1:





To a RT solution of Boc-1-amino-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid 4488.01 (3 g, 13.38 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (30 mL) was added Benzyl alcohol (3 equiv, 4 mL), DMAP (1.01 equiv, 1.65 g) and DCC (1.0 M solution in DCM, 1.01 equiv, 13.5 mL). The reaction was stirred at RT for 48 h. The insoluble material was removed by filtration and crude was concentrated to dryness. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (5% to 10% EtOAc in Hexanes, Biotage 40M). Purification furnished 4488.02 (3.64 g). (M+H)=334.

Step2:





To a RT solution of 4488.02 (3.6 g, 10.8 mmol) was added 100 mL of a 4.0 N HCl solution in Dioxane. Reaction was stirred at RT for 1 h then 18 h to observe completion. After 18 h, reaction was diluted with Heptanes and Et2O and the precipitate was filtered off and rinsed with Et2O and dried under a N2 flow. Reaction yielded 2.6 g of 4488.03 as a white powder.

Step3:





To a 0° C. solution of 4488.03 (2.5 mmol, 666 mg) in CH2Cl2 (25 ml) and NaHCO3sat (20 mL) was added Phosgene (2 equiv, 20% in PhMe, 2.5 mL). The reaction was warmed-up to RT and stirred for 2 hours. The organic phase was separated and was then dried over anhydrous MgSO4 and concentrated to half volume under vacuum with cooling bath. The solution was then diluted to 25 mL and used as a 0.1 M solution of 4488.04.

Step4:





To a 0° C. solution of amine 4488.05 prepared following general method C (60 mg, 0.135 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (5 ml) was added DIPEA (8 equiv., 1.08 mmol, 0.2 mL) and isocyanate 4488.04 (3 equiv., 0.406 mmol, 4 mL). The reaction was warmed-up to RT and stirred for 2 hours. Reaction was diluted with EtOAc and washed successively with citric acid (10% w/w) and brine. Organic layer was dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated under vacuo. The residue was purified by preparative plate using 40% Acetone in Hexane as eluant. Purification furnished 32 mg of product HCV inhibitor 4488. (M+H)=667.

Example XIV
Preparation of Compound of Formula 4303




All tert-Butyl esters included in Table 3 were prepared according the following procedure. Commercially available amino tert-Butyl ester hydrochloride like (but mot limited to) (L)-cyclohexylglycine, (L)-Valine, (L)-tert-Leucine tert-Butyl ester hydrochloride were reacted with phosgene as outlined in step 3 of preparative example XIII to produce the corresponding isocyanate (4303.01 was prepared from commercially available (L)-Valine tert-Butyl ester hydrochloride). Isocyanates were reacted with various amines like 4303.01 prepared following general method C to produce HCV inhibitors like 4303 listed in Table 3.

All other HCV inhibitors listed in Table 3 were prepared according procedure described in Preparative Example XIII by replacing in step 1 benzyl alcohol with other commercially available alcohols (primary, secondary and tertiary) and Boc-1-amino-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid 4488.01 with other commercially amino acid like (but mot limited to) (L)-cyclohexylglycine, (L)-Valine or (L)-tert-Leucine.








TABLE 3







Esters










Cmpd


Ki*


#

MW
Range





4300




684
A


 


4301




644
A


 


4302




646
A


 


4303




606
A


 


4304




670
A


 


4305




644
A


 


4306




618
A


 


4307




606
A


 


4308




618
A


 


4309




634
A


 


4310




672
A


 


4311




658
A


 


4312




660
A


 


4313




660
A


 


4314




666
A


 


4315




654
A


 


4316




632
A


 


4317




646
A


 


4318




680
A


 


4319




630
A


 


4320




658
A


 


4321




638
A


 


4322




644
A


 


4323




616
A


 


4324




675
A


 


4325




646
A


 


4326




658
A


 


4327




592
A


 


4328




652
A


 


4329




604
A


 


4330




660
A


 


4331




660
A


 


4332




618
A


 


4333




630
A


 


4334




668
A


 


4335




661
A


 


4336




620
A


 


4337




640
A


 


4338




668
A


 


4339




646
A


 


4340




618
A


 


4341




692
A


 


4342




632
A


 


4343




604
A


 


4344




660
A


 


4345




721
A


 


4346




602
A


 


4347




670
A


 


4348




684
A


 


4349




670
A


 


4350




666
A


 


4351




672
A


 


4352




680
A


 


4353




720
A


 


4354




707
A


 


4355




694
A


 


4356




680
A


 


4357




687
A


 


4358




604
A


 


4359




632
A


 


4360




632
A


 


4361




642
A


 


4362




723
A


 


4363




706
A


 


4364




680
A


 


4365




687
A


 


4366




590
A


 


4367




588
A


 


4368




634
A


 


4369




668
A


 


4370




674
A


 


4371




658
A


 


4372




632
A


 


4373




648
A


 


4374




694
A


 


4375




661
A


 


4376




660
A


 


4377




592
A


 


4378




720
A


 


4379




658
A


 


4380




632
A


 


4381




686
A


 


4382




684
A


 


4383




648
A


 


4384




632
A


 


4385




682
A


 


4386




668
A


 


4387




618
A


 


4388




620
A


 


4389




634
A


 


4390




709
A


 


4391




735
A


 


4392




640
A


 


4393




721
A


 


4394




701
A


 


4395




668
A


 


4396




592
A


 


4397




658
A


 


4398




608
A


 


4399




708
A


 


4400




680
A


 


4401




706
A


 


4402




674
A


 


4403




672
A


 


4404




662
A


 


4405




656
A


 


4406




686
A


 


4407




660
A


 


4408




634
A


 


4409




632
A


 


4410




590
A


 


4411




654
A


 


4412




606
A


 


4413




658
A


 


4414




620
A


 


4415




662
A


 


4416




648
A


 


4417




694
A


 


4418




666
A


 


4419




660
A


 


4420




680
A


 


4421




658
A


 


4422




646
A


 


4423




618
A


 


4424




618
A


 


4425




682
A


 


4426




672
A


 


4427




712
A


 


4428




646
A


 


4429




647
A


 


4430




656
A


 


4431




702
A


 


4432




736
A


 


4433




656
A


 


4434




676
A


 


4435




704
A


 


4436




709
A


 


4437




633
A


 


4438




648
A


 


4439




682
A


 


4440




686
A


 


4441




632
A


 


4442




646
A


 


4443




698
A


 


4444




648
A


 


4445




672
A


 


4446




700
A


 


4447




630
A


 


4448




656
A


 


4449




721
A


 


4450




674
A


 


4451




680
A


 


4452




696
A


 


4453




680
A


 


4454




668
A


 


4455




708
A


 


4456




688
A


 


4457




674
A


 


4458




688
A


 


4459




646
A


 


4460




686
A


 


4461




700
A


 


4462




686
A


 


4463




618
A


 


4464




654
A


 


4465




684
A


 


4466




632
A


 


4467




646
A


 


4468




646
A


 


4469




616
A


 


4470




678
A


 


4471




654
A


 


4472




690
A


 


4473




730
A


 


4474




618
A


 


4475




660
A


 


4476




670
A


 


4477




678
A


 


4478




660
A


 


4479




688
A


 


4480




708
A


 


4481




644
A


 


4482




710
A


 


4483




662
A


 


4484




768
A


 


4485




676
A


 


4486




732
A


 


4487




734
A


 


4488




666
A


 


4489




634
A


 


4490




680
A


 


4491




668
A


 


4492




702
A


 


4493




726
A


 


4494




698
A


 


4495




690
A


 


4496




688
A


 


4497




652
A


 


4498




748
A


 


4499




654
A


 


4500




654
A


 


4501




616
A


 


4502




692
A


 


4503




682
A


 


4504




746
A


 


4505




658
A


 


4506




632
A


 


4507




670
A


 


4508




646
A


 


4509




672
A


 


4510




684
A


 


4511




704
A


 


4512




702
A


 


4513




630
A


 


4514




694
A


 


4515




769
A


 


4516




626
A


 


4517




631
A


 


4518




695
A


 


4519




694
A


 


4520




684
A


 


4522




666
A


 


4523




766
A


 


4524




660
A


 


4525




646
A


 


4526




686
A


 


4527




721
A


 


4528




656
A


 


4529




707
A


 


4530




735
A


 


4531




646
A


 


4532




646
A


 


4533




618
A


 


4534




626
A


 


4535




708
A


 


4536




680
A


 


4537




701
A


 


4538




721
A


 


4539




692
B


 


4540




680
B


 


4541




692
B


 


4542




654
B


 


4543




614
B


 


4544




680
B


 


4545




640
B


 


4546




708
B


 


4547




706
B


 


4548




780
B


 


4549




794
B


 


4550




722
B


 


4551




646
B


 


4552




734
B


 


4553




668
B


 


4554




700
B


 


4555




654
B


 


4556




706
B


 


4557




734
B


 


4558




688
B


 


4559




634
B


 


4560




660
B


 


4561




675
B


 


4562




668
B


 


4563




683
B


 


4564




654
B


 


4565




605
B


 


4566




614
B


 


4567




690
B


 


4568




680
B


 


4569




701
B


 


4570




684
B


 


4571




635
B


 


4572




628
B


 


4573




682
B


 


4574




724
B


 


4575




710
B


 


4576




682
B


 


4577




690
B


 


4578




646
B


 


4579




710
B


 


4580




660
B


 


4581




657
B


 


4582




702
B


 


4583




682
B


 


4584




682
B


 


4585




714
B


 


4586




722
B


 


4587




634
B


 


4588




640
B


 


4589




680
B


 


4590




718
B


 


4591




726
B


 


4592




654
B


 


4593




694
B


 


4594




617
B


 


4595




790
B


 


4596




766
B


 


4597




710
B


 


4598




688
B


 


4599




652
B


 


4600




660
B


 


4601




668
B


 


4602




624
B


 


4603




640
B


 


4604




674
B


 


4605




707
B


 


4606




659
B


 


4607




674
B


 


4608




710
B


 


4609




660
B


 


4610




697
B


 


4611




694
B


 


4612




702
B


 


4613




674
B


 


4614




708
B


 


4615




692
B


 


4616




674
B


 


4617




634
B


 


4618




660
B


 


4619




662
B


 


4620




670
B


 


4621




704
B


 


4622




668
B


 


4623




682
B


 


4624




631
B


 


4625




680
B


 


4626




668
B


 


4627




680
B


 


4628




722
B


 


4629




658
B


 


4630




709
C


 


4631




718
C


 


4632




666
C


 


4633




654
C


 


4634




654
C


 


4635




710
C


 


4636




724
C


 


4637




690
C


 


4638




660
C


 


4639




648
C


 


4640




707
C


 


4641




666
C


 


4642




668
C


 


4643




722
C


 


4644




591
C


 


4645




730
C


 


4646




648
C


 


4647




660
C


 


4648




646
C


 


4649




672
C


 


4650




648
C


 


4651




756
C


 


4652




800
C


 


4653




576
C


 


4654




714
C


 


4655




682
C


 


4657




680
C


 


4658




668
C


 


4659




824
C


 


4660




648
C


 


4661




742
C


 


4662




662
C


 


4663




694
C


 


4665




782
C


 


4666




626
C









PREPARATION OF SPECIFIC EXAMPLES FROM TABLE 4
Example XV
Preparation of Compound of Formula 4700




To a solution of ester 4488 of table 3 (28 mg, 0.042 mmol) in ethanol (5 ml) was added 10% Pd/C catalyst (20% w/w, 6 mg). The resulting suspension was hydrogenated until thin layer chromatography indicated complete consumption of the starting material ( ̃3 hrs). The catalyst was removed by filtration through a pad of celite and washed with EtOAc. The combined filtrate and washings were evaporated under vacuum to dryness to provide the desired product 4700 (25 mg). (M+H)=576.

Example XVI
Preparation of Compound of Formula 4703




To ester 4309 of table 3 (70 mg) was 5 mL of HCOOH (98%). The reaction was stirred at RT until thin layer chromatography indicated complete consumption of the starting material ( ̃2 hrs). The volatiles were evaporated under vacuum to dryness to provide the desired product 4703 (62 mg). (M+H)=578.

All other HCV inhibitors of Table 4 were prepared according procedure described in preparative examples XV and XVI above.








TABLE 4







Carboxylic Acids










Cmpd


Ki*


#

MW
Range





4700




576
A


 


4701




632
A


 


4702




619
A


 


4703




577
A


 


4704




624
A


 


4705




679
A


 


4706




638
A


 


4707




602
A


 


4708




564
A


 


4709




636
A


 


4710




590
A


 


4711




590
A


 


4712




588
A


 


4713




562
A


 


4714




606
A


 


4715




668
A


 


4716




578
A


 


4717




598
A


 


4718




564
A


 


4719




578
A


 


4720




654
A


 


4721




558
A


 


4722




668
A


 


4723




578
B


 


4724




534
B


 


4725




536
B


 


4726




572
B


 


4727




564
B


 


4728




604
B


 


4729




564
B


 


4730




548
C









PREPARATION OF SPECIFIC EXAMPLES FROM TABLE 5
Example XVII
Preparation of Compound of Formula 4888




To a RT solution of 4700 (Table 4) of preparative example XV (0.02 g, 0.035 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (2 mL) was added Benzylamine. HCl (1.2 equiv, 0.042 mmol, 6 mg), HATU (1.2 equiv, 0.042 mmol, 16 mg) then DIPEA (5 equiv, 0.175 mmol, 0.031 mL). The reaction was stirred RT for 2 hours then was diluted with EtOAc and washed successively with citric acid (10% w/w), NaHCO3 and brine. Organic layer was dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated under vacuo. The residue was purified by preparative plate using 40% Acetone in Hexane as eluant. 4 mg of desired product 4888 were obtained. (M+H)=665.

HCV inhibitors 4801 to 4917 of Table 5 have been prepared using the procedure described in example XVII.

Example XVIII
Preparation of Compound of Formula 4800




Part I: Preparation of Intermediate of Formula 4800.05





To a −20° C. solution of Boc-L-Valine 4800.01 (1.1 g, 5 mmol) in DCM (20 mL) was added HATU (1.2 equiv, 6 mmol, 2.3 g), DIPEA (5 equiv, 25 mmol, 4.4 mL) then Benzene sulfonamide (1.1 equiv, 5.5 mmol, 0.86 g). Reaction was stirred at this temp for 48 h. The reaction was diluted with EtOAc and washed successively with citric acid (10% w/w), NaHCO3 and brine. Organic layer was dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated under vacuo. Recrystallization occurred with a mixture on DCM and MeOH. 600 mg of white crystals (4800.02) were obtained with 1.5 g of oily residue. The 600 mg were used in the next step.

4.0 N HCl Dioxane (25 mL) was added to 4800.02 (600 mg). Reaction was stirred at RT until no starting material was detected by TLC (2 h). Then, Et2O was added and the resulting white powder was filtered off and dried under a N2 flow to yield=0.46 g (1.57 mmol) of 4800.03.

To a 0° C. solution of isocyanate 4800.04 (prepared as described in step 3 of preparative example XIII by replacing Boc-1-amino-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid 4488.01 of step 1 by Boc-L-Tert-Leucine, 0.7 mmol, 3.5 mL) in CH2Cl2 (2 ml) was added 4800.03 (180 mg, 0.61 mmol) then DIPEA (1.1 equiv., 0.7 mmol, 0.122 mL). The reaction was warmed-up to RT and stirred over the week-end. After 48 h, reaction was concentrated to dryness and the oily residue was purified by HPFC Biotage 25+S, 50% to 100% EtOAc in Hexane. Purification provided 110 mg of 4800.05.

To a solution of 4800.05 (0.11 g, 0.219 mmol) in EtOAc (5 ml) was added 10% Pd/C catalyst (15% w/w, 16 mg). The resulting suspension was hydrogenated until thin layer chromatography indicated complete consumption of the starting material ( ̃3 hrs). The catalyst was removed by filtration through a pad of celite and washed with EtOAc. The combined filtrate and washings were evaporated under vacuum to dryness to provide the desired product 4800.06 (85 mg).

Part II: Preparation of Intermediate of Formula 4800.08





To a −20° C. solution of acid 4800.07 (prepared following the method of R. Zhang and J. S. Madalengoitia (J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 330), 5.1 g, 20 mmol) in DCM (200 mL) was added HATU (1.05 equiv, 21 mmol, 8 g), amine salt 12.03 (prepared as described in Preparation of intermediates, preparation of P1-P′ moieties, 1.0 equiv, 20 mmol, 3.893 g). After 10 min at −20° C., DIPEA (5 equiv, 100 mmol, 17.4 mL) was added, and reaction was stirred at this temp for 16 hrs then the reaction was diluted with EtOAc and washed successively with NaHCO3, citric acid (10% w/w) and brine. Organic layer was dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated under vacuo. Purification Biotage 75+M (3.5 l of 1/1 Hex/EtOAC) then 100% EtOAc. provided 12 g of a light brown oil that was used directly in the following step. To a RT solution of this crude oil (12 g) was added 100 mL of a 4.0 N HCl solution in Dioxane. Reaction was stirred at RT for 1 h to observe completion then diluted with Heptanes and concentrated to dryness under vacuo to furnish 10.4 g of dark brown oil 4800.08 that was used directly for the preparation of compound of formula 4800.09.

Part III: Preparation of Compound of Formula 4800:





To a −20° C. solution of 4800.06 (85 mg, 0.2 mmol) in DCM (50 mL) was added HATU (1.2 equiv, 0.24 mmol, 92 mg), crude amine salt 4800.08 (1.2 equiv, 0.24 mmol, 80 mg). After 10 min at −20° C., DIPEA (5 equiv, 1 mmol, 0.22 mL) was added. Reaction was stirred at this temperature for 18 h then reaction was diluted with EtOAc and washed successively with citric acid (10% w/w) and brine. Organic layer was dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated under vacuo. 250 mg of crude 4800.09 were obtained. (M+H)=691.

To a 0° C. solution of crude 4800.09 (0.25 g, 0.2 mmol) in DMSO/PhMe (12 mL) was added EDCl (10 equiv, 1 mmol, 400 mg) and Dichloroacetic acid (5 equiv, 1 mmol, 0.08 mL). The reaction was warmed-up to RT gradually and stirred at this temperature. After 4 h, reaction was diluted with water and the 2 phases were separated. Organic layer was washed with sat. Na2S2O3 (2 TIMES), NaHCO3 and brine. Organic layer was dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated under vacuo. The residue was purified by HPFC Biotage 12 S, 2% to 6% MeOH in DCM. Purification furnished 35 mg of compound of formula 4800.







TABLE 5







Amides










Cmpd


Ki*


#

MW
Range





4800




689
A


 


4801




693
A


 


4802




694
A


 


4803




605
A


 


4804




619
A


 


4805




667
A


 


4806




605
A


 


4807




631
A


 


4808




645
A


 


4809




679
A


 


4810




591
A


 


4811




631
A


 


4812




617
A


 


4813




679
A


 


4814




695
A


 


4815




696
A


 


4816




712
A


 


4817




591
A


 


4818




633
A


 


4819




631
A


 


4820




681
A


 


4821




681
A


 


4822




712
A


 


4823




605
A


 


4824




577
A


 


4825




563
A


 


4826




631
A


 


4827




633
A


 


4828




577
A


 


4829




631
A


 


4830




645
A


 


4831




617
A


 


4832




674
A


 


4833




781
A


 


4834




706
A


 


4835




619
A


 


4836




631
A


 


4837




619
A


 


4838




659
A


 


4839




617
A


 


4840




617
A


 


4842




633
A


 


4843




728
A


 


4844




665
A


 


4845




632
A


 


4846




617
A


 


4847




603
A


 


4848




617
A


 


4849




619
A


 


4850




633
A


 


4851




617
A


 


4852




633
A


 


4853




603
A


 


4854




631
A


 


4855




765
A


 


4856




619
A


 


4857




591
A


 


4858




605
A


 


4859




617
A


 


4860




665
A


 


4861




603
A


 


4862




734
A


 


4863




653
A


 


4864




647
A


 


4865




671
A


 


4866




699
A


 


4867




659
A


 


4868




687
A


 


4869




603
A


 


4871




738
A


 


4872




591
A


 


4873




647
A


 


4874




671
A


 


4875




645
A


 


4876




619
A


 


4877




695
A


 


4878




687
A


 


4879




673
A


 


4880




659
A


 


4881




647
A


 


4882




667
A


 


4883




695
A


 


4884




661
A


 


4885




646
A


 


4886




679
A


 


4887




733
A


 


4888




665
A


 


4889




699
A


 


4890




659
A


 


4891




655
A


 


4892




677
A


 


4893




750
A


 


4894




655
A


 


4895




615
A


 


4896




631
A


 


4897




629
A


 


4898




659
A


 


4899




645
A


 


4900




731
A


 


4901




685
A


 


4902




645
A


 


4903




613
A


 


4904




754
B


 


4905




661
B


 


4906




535
B


 


4907




705
B


 


4908




679
B


 


4909




721
B


 


4910




715
B


 


4911




645
B


 


4912




679
B


 


4913




563
B


 


4914




693
C


 


4915




734
C


 


4916




603
C


 


4917




719
C









Example XIX
Preparation of General Intermediates of Tables 6.1, 6.2 and 6.3




Part I: Preparation of Intermediate of Table 6.1





(Heterocyclyl)Methyl Chlorides
5-(Dimethylaminomethyl)furfuryl chloride was prepared from commercially available 5-(dimethylaminomethyl)furfuryl alcohol (Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, Wis., USA) as reported (II Farmaco, Ed. Sci., 1982, 37, 398).
2-, 3-, And 4-picolyl chlorides were prepared from the commercially available hydrochloride salts (Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, Wis., USA) by partitioning them with cold 2.5 N NaOH and ether, drying the ether extract with MgSO4, and concentrating the solution in a 15° C. water bath, all immediately before use.
2-Chloromethylfuran was prepared from SOCl2 in Et2O as reported (JACS, (1928), 50, 1955). 3-chloromethylfuran was prepared similarly, except a solution of alcohol and pyridine was added to a solution of SOCl2 to prevent excessive formation of sulfonate diester. In both cases distillation was necessary to effect rearrangement of the initial chlorosulfonate isolate. Both distilled halides were immediately stored in ether ( ̃1 M) with a little solid K2CO3 at −20° C. These solutions were stable for at least 24 hours.
2- And 3-chloromethythiophene were prepared using the same procedures as for 2- and 3-chloromethylfuran, except distillation was not necessary, since the chlorosulfonates transformed spontaneously under the reaction conditions. The dried extract solutions were rapidly suction-filtered through silica gel pads to effect sufficient purification. The filtrates were stored cold, and concentrated carefully immediately before use.
Methyl [2-(4-Pyridylmethyl)Cyclohexane]Carboxylate




A solution of 20 mL of 2 M LDA/THF-heptane (Acros Chemical Co.) in 50 mL of THF was cooled to −70° C., and 6 g of methyl cyclohexanecarboxylate 17018 was added drop wise at <−60° C. After an additional 0.5 hr stirring at −70° C., 5.1 g of 4-picolyl chloride in 40 mL ether was added drop wise at <−60° C. The temperature was then allowed to rise slowly to room temperature over 2 hr, and stirred an additional 2 hr. The reaction was quenched in a cold mixture of 200 mL 20% aqueous KH2PO4 and 5 mL 12 N HCl, the mixture was extracted with EtOAc, the extract was washed with brine, and then dried with MgSO4. The mixture was filtered, the filtrate was evaporated, the residue was evaporated twice from xylene, and the final residue was chromatographed on silica gel (1:4 Et2O—CH2Cl2) to obtain 3.0 g of an amber oil 17020 (30%): H1-NMR (CDCl3) δ 8.46 (d, 2H, Δv=6.0), 6.98 (d, 2H, Δv=6.0), 3.62 (s, 3H), 2.79 (s, 2H), 2.05 (m, 2H), 1.7-1.2 (mm, 8H).
Methyl [2-(Heteroarylmethyl)Cyclohexane]Carboxylates
The procedure of the preceding example was applied to the aryl methyl chlorides to afford the corresponding substituted cyclohexanecarboxylates as summarized in the following Table 6.1.











TABLE 6.1









Product H1-NMR


Starting
Chromatography


(CDCL3) δ (Δv in


halide
system
Yield
Product
Hz)










17021
1:3 Et2O—CH2Cl2to 1:1 acetone-CH2Cl2
31



17028
8.45(d of d, 1H,Δv1=4.8, Δv□=1.8),7.35(d of t, 1H,Δv1=7.8, Δv2=1.8),7.18(d of d, 1H,Δv1=7.8, Δv2=4.8),3.62(s, 3H), 2.79(s, 2H), 2.1(m,2H), 1.7-1.2(mm,8H)


 





17022
1:3 Et2O—CH2Cl2to 1:1 acetone-CH2Cl2
58



17029
8.50(br d, 1H,Δv=4.5, 7.55(t+,1H, Δv1=7.6,Δv2=1.8), 7.10(d ofd+, Δv1=7.6,Δv2=4.5, Δv3=nd),7.01(d, Δv=7.6),3.64(s, 3H), 2.98(s, 2H), 2.1(m,2H), 1.7-1.2(mm,8H)


 





17023
Rapid silica padfiltration in 1:1hexane-toluene
52



17030
7.28(br d, 1H,Δv=1.8, 6.26(d ofd, 1H, Δv1=3.0,Δv2=1.8), 5.97(d,1H, Δv=3.0), 3.66(s, 3H), 2.83(s,2H), 2.05(m, 2H),1.7-1.2(mm, 8H)


 





17024
Short column,EtOAc to acetoneNone: extracted atpH 5.0 aftersaturating aqueouswith NaCl
30



17031
6.05(d, 1H,Δv=3.0), 5.89(d,1H), 3.66(s, 3H),3.40(s, 2H), 2.81(s, 2H), 2.23(s,6H), 2.05(m, 2H),1.7-1.2(mm, 8H)


 





17025
Rapid silica padfiltration in 1:1hexane-toluene
81



17032
7.34(m, 1H), 7.18(br s, 1H), 6.17(brs, 1H), 3.65(s 3H),2.62(s, 2H), 2.1(m, 2H), 1.7-1.2(mm, 8H)


 





17026
4:96 Et2O-hexane
75



17033
7.11(d+, 1H,Δv=5.1), 6.91(d ofd, 1H, Δ1v=5.1,Δv2=3.6), 6.72(d ofd, 1H, Δ1v=3.6,Δv2=0.9), 3.67(s3H), 3.04(s, 2H),2.1(m, 2H), 1.7-1.2(mm, 8H)


 





17027
3:97 Et2O-hexane
53



17034
7.20(d of d, 1H,Δv1=5.0, Δv2=3.0),6.89(br s, 1H),6.80(d of d, 1H,Δv1=5.0, Δv2=1.5),3.63(s 3H), 2.83(s, 2H), 2.1(m, 2H),1.7-1.2(mm, 8H)









Part II: Preparation of Intermediates of Table 6.2:

Preparative Example 17035
Preparation of Intermediate of Formula 17035
[2-(4-Pyridylmethyl)Cyclohexane]Carboxylic Acid




A solution of 3.4 g ester 17020 of the previous example in 20 mL of dioxane was treated with 30 mL of 1 N aqueous LiOH, and the mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 6 hr. The mixture was quenched in ice-water, extracted with ether, and the cold aqueous was slowly acidified to pH 4 with 3 N HCl. The precipitate was filtered, washed with water, and dried to leave 2.8 g (58%) product acid 17035: H1-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 8.42 (d, 2H), 7.08 (d, 2H), 2.73 (s, 2H), 1.9-1.1 (mm, 10H). A portion was crystallized from EtOH: mp: 240-242° C.; elemental analysis confirmed: CHN. Same procedure was applied for the preparation of intermediates 17036 and 17037 of table 6.2.
[1-(Heteroarylmethyl)Cyclohexane]Carboxylic Acids
The procedure of the preceding example was applied to the esters (17038, 17039, 17040, 17041, 17042) from Table 6.2 except that the acidified aqueous extract (pH 3.5-4.0) was extracted with EtOAc, after saturating with NaCl in the case of the two pyridyl products 17036 and 17037. The extract was evaporated to leave the product acids. Portions were crystallized for analysis as summarized in the following Table 6.2.













TABLE 6.2








Product H1-NMR
crystal-




Starting

Yield
(CDCL3)
lization
mp


ester
Product
%
δ ((ppm); Δv in Hz
solvent
(° C.)
Elemanal







17028



17036
31
8.42(br s, 2H), 7.57(d+,1H, Δv1=7.5, Δv2=1.8),7.27(d of d, 1H, Δv1=7.5,Δv2=2.7), 2.83(s, 2H),2.1(m, 2H), 1.7-1.2(mm, 8H)
CH3CCl3-cyclohexane
155-7
CHN


 


17029



17037
58
8.62(d, 1H, Δv=5.1),7.70(t+, 1H, Δv1=7.5,Δv2=1.8), 7.22(m, 2H),3.10(s, 2H), 2.1(m, 2H),1.6-1.3(mm, 8H)
EtOH-(i-Pr)2O
137-8
CHN


 


17030



17038
52
7.29(br s, 1H), 6.27(dof d, 1H, Δv1=3.0,Δv2=1.8), 6.05(d, 1H,Δv=3.0), 2.90(s, 2H),2.0(m, 2H), 1.7-1.2(mm,8H)
na
oil
CH


 


17031



17039
30
6.47(d, 1H, Δv=3.0),6.08(d, 1H, Δv=3.0),4.14(s, 2H), 2.84(s,2H), 2.77(S, 6H), 2.1(m, 2H), 1.7-1.1(mm,8H)
CH3CCl3-cyclohexane
133-5
na


 


17032



17040
81
7.34(br s, 1H), 7.22(brs, 1H), 6.22(br s, 1H),2.67(s, 2H), 2.0(m, 2H),1.7-1.2(mm, 8H)
na
oil
CH


 


17033



17041
75
7.14(d of d, 1H, Δv1=5.2,Δv2=1.0), 6.93(d of d,1H, Δv1=5.2, Δv2=3.6),6.80(d+, 1H, Δv1=3.6,Δv2=nod2), 3.083(2H),2.1(m, 2H), 1.7-1.2(mm, 8H)
cyclohexane-hexane/−10° C.
64-71
CH


 


17034



17042
53
7.22(d of d, 1H, Δv1=5.0,Δv2=2.5), 6.96(d+, 1H,Δv1=2.5, Δv2=nod), 6.89(d of d, 1H, Δv1=5.0,Δv2=1.2), 2.89(2H)
cyclohexane
72-74
CH





Note 1lit. value = 71-73° C. (J. Chem. Res. Miniprint, 1981, 4, 1043-1056).


Note 2nd = not determined; insufficient resolution.


Note 3lit. value = δ 3.08(v.s.).






Part III: Preparation of Intermediates of Table 6.3:

Preparative Example 17043
Preparation of Intermediate of Formula 17043
1-(4-Pyridylmethyl)Cyclohexyl Isocyanate




A mixture of 0.5 g of the carboxylic acid 17035 described above, 0.5 mL diphenylphosphoryl azide, and 25 mL toluene was heated at 110° C. for 0.75 hr. The cooled mixture was placed on a column of silica gel and rapidly eluted with EtOAc-hexane (2:3) to afford 0.39 g of the title compound as an oil, which was used soon after preparation. The product 17043 was stored in 1 M CH2Cl2 solution for brief periods. H1-NMR (CDCL3) δ 8.3 (br s, 2H), 7.17 (d, J=5.4, 2H), 2.78 (s, 2H), 1.8-1.1 (m, 10H).

General Example Table 6.3
1-(Heteroarylmethyl)Cyclohexyl Isocyanates
The procedure of the preceding example 17043 was applied to the acids of Table 6.2 to obtain the isocyanates 17048, 17049, 17050, 17051, 17052, 17053 and 17054 shown in Table 6.3.










TABLE 6.3








chroma-


Starting
Isocyanate
Yield
tography


acid
Product
%
solvent







17036



17048
75
EtOAc-hexane(2:3)


 


17037



17049
82
EtOAc-hexane(2:3)


 


17038



17050
68
Et2O-hexane(1:9)


 


17039



17051
29
notchroma-tographed


 


17040



17052
21
Et2O-hexane(1:9)


 


17041



17053
78
Et2O-hexane(1:9)


 


17042



17054
74
Et2O-hexane(1:9)









HCV inhibitors 4921, 4922, 4923, 4927, 4933, 4938, 4939, 4940, 4941, 4944, 4946, 4947, 4955, 4962, 4965, 4966 of Table 6 were prepared using isocyanates 17043, 17048, 17049, 17050, 17051, 17052, 17053 and 17054 shown in table 6.3 according the general procedure described before.
Example XX
Preparation of General Intermediates 4948.01 Used in the Preparation of HCV Inhibitor 4948, 49494972, 4973 of Table 6 According the General Procedure Describe Before




Step 1





Step 1: Compound 4948.02 (2.5 g, 10 mmol) was taken in dioxane (30 mL). Lawesson's reagent (2.23 g, 5.5 mmol, STENCH) was added and the reaction mixture was heated at 60° C. for 2 hrs under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature over 3.5 hr period, while stirring. The reaction mixture was then concentrated. Saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (50 mL) was added to the residue and extracted with chloroform (2×). The combined chloroform layer was concentrated to afford 2.8 g of 4948.03 which was used without any purification.




Step 2: Preparation of bromoacetaldehyde: Bromoacetaldehyde diethylacetal (2 mL) was added to concentrated HCl (2.4 mL) and heated at 60° C. for 30 min. This mixture was then cooled to 10° C. DMF (30 mL) was added followed by powdered molecular sieves (one spatula). The solution was decanted and used immediately as described below.

A solution of bromoacetaldehyde in DMF prepared as above was added to 4948.03 (1.4 g, from Step 1) and heated at 60° C. for 5 hrs. At this time the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate (50 mL) and washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate (100 mL). The organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer was further extracted with ethyl acetate (50 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with water (100 mL), brine (100 mL), dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography using 12/88 EtOAc/hexanes which afforded 964 mg of intermediate that was taken up in 33% hydrogen bromide in acetic acid (10 mL). This mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hr. Diethyl ether (100 mL) was added which resulted in a white precipitate. Filtration followed by washing with diethyl ether (2×) provided 4948.01 as a white solid in quantitative yield.

Example XXI
Preparation of General Intermediates 4925.01 Used in the Preparation of HCV Inhibitor 4925, 4926, 4928, 4929, 4952, 4959, 4968 of Table 6 According the General Procedure Describe Before




Step 1





To a solution of methylcyclohexanecarboxylate 4925.03 (2.54 mL, 17.68 mmol) in THF (100 mL) at −78° C. was added LDA (2.0M in hexanes/THF/ethylbenzene, 17.68 mL, 35.36 mmol) under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was maintained at that temperature for 30 min. Then a solution of the aldehyde 4925.02 (2.0 g, 17.68 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added dropwise. The temperature was slowly brought to 10° C. over 1.5 hr. TLC indicated complete consumption of starting materials. The reaction was quenched with saturated ammonium chloride solution/brine (200 mL) and extracted with diethyl ether (2×). The combined ether layer was dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated. Purification of the residue by flash chromatography using 23/77 EtOAc/hexanes afforded 2.72 g of the required material, 4925.04.
Step 2




To a solution of 4925.04 (1.02 g, 4.0 mmol) in THF (30 mL) was added thiocarbonyl diimidazole (1.78 g, 10.0 mmol). The mixture was refluxed under nitrogen atmosphere for 5 hrs. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with diethyl ether, washed with saturated ammonium chloride solution, dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated. Purification of the residue by flash chromatography using 20/80 to 30/70 EtOAc/dichloromethane afforded 1.3 g of the required material, 4925.05.
Step 3




Compound 4925.05 (1.27 g, 3.48 mmol) was taken in toluene (40 mL). To this were added AIBN (2,2′-Azobisisobutyronitrile, 57 mg, 0.348 mmol) and TBTH (tri-n-butyl tin hydride, 1.87 mL, 6.96 mmol) under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was refluxed overnight (16 hrs). At this time the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and quenched with aqueous 1N HCl (100 mL). It was then extracted with diethyl ether (100 mL). The organic layer was washed with 1N HCl (100 mL), dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated. Purification of the residue by flash chromatography using 8/92 EtOAc/dichloromethane afforded 400 mg of the required material, 4925.05.
Step 4




To a mixture of compound 4925.05 (478 mg, 2.0 mmol) in dioxane (5 mL) and water (5 mL) was added solid potassium hydroxide (336 mg, 6 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at 80° C. for 2 hrs and 100° C. for 3 hrs. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, concentrated and quenched with aqueous 1N HCl. The aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane, dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated to afford 390 mg of the required material, 4925.06 LC-MS: 226 (M+H).
Step 5




The acid 4925.06 (390 mg, 1.73 mmol) was taken in toluene (10 mL). Triethylamine (0.27 mL, 1.9 mmol) and DPPA (Diphenylphosphoryl azide, 0.42 mL, 1.94 mmol) were then added. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 5 hrs and cooled to room temperature. This resulted in the formation of the isocyanate 4925.01 which was used further as a 0.173 M solution in toluene.
Example XXII
Preparation of Isocyanate 4953.01 Used in the Preparation of HCV Inhibitor 4953 of Table 6




Step 1





PhMgBr (2.5 equiv, 40 mL) was added @ −78° C. to a Et2O (200 mL) solution of commercially available Weinreb amide (Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, Wis., USA, 12 g, 46 mmol). After 2 h, reaction was quenched by addition of HCl 1.0 N, diluted with EtOAc and washed with brine, dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated under vacuo. The residue was purified by HPFC Biotage 75+S, Seg1: 2% B to 2% B, Linear, 320 mL/Seg2: 2% B to 8% B, Linear, 3200 mL/Seg3: Hold 8% for 5CV(1600 mL). 3.76 g of 4953.02 were obtained.

Step 2





To a 0° C. solution of 4953.02 (1.5 g, 5.4 mmol) in MeOH (100 mL) was added NaBH4 (5 equiv, 27 mmol, 1.02 g). Reaction was warmed-up to RT and stirred until thin layer chromatography indicated complete consumption of the starting material ( ̃0.5 hr). Reaction was stopped by addition of HCl 1.0 N and extracted with EtOAc. Organic layer was dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated under vacuo. The residue was purified by HPFC Biotage 25+S, Seg1: 3% B, Linear, 120 mL/Seg2: 3% B to 12% B, Linear, 1200 mL/Seg3: Hold10% for 240 mL. Purification furnished 1.35 g of 4953.03.

Step 3





To a solution of N2 flushed solution of 4953.03 (1.35 g, 4.8 mmol) in MeOH (50 ml) was added 10% Pd/C catalyst (0.5 g). The resulting suspension was hydrogenated for 18 h. The catalyst was removed by filtration through a pad of celite and washed with EtOAc. The combined filtrate and washings were evaporated under vacuum to dryness to provide after purification the desired product 4418 (85 mg) and recovered 4953.04.

Step 4





4953.04 (28 mg, 0.10 mmol) was treated with 4.0 N HCl solution in Dioxane described previously to deliver quantitatively 4953.05.
Step5




4953.05 (28 mg, 0.10 mmol) was treated with phosgene as described previously to deliver 4953.01 that was used as described before to prepare HCV inhibitor 4953 of Table 6.

Example XXIII
Preparation of Isocyanate 4950.01 Used in the Preparation of HCV Inhibitor 4950 of Table 6




Step 1





To a −25° C. solution of ketone 4953.02 prepared in step 1 of preparative example XXII (2.77 g, 10 mmol) in THF (50 mL) was added TMSCH2MgCl (1.0M in Et2O, 2 equiv, 20 mmol, 20 mL). The temperature was slowly raised to 0° C. and stirred for 1 h, quenched with H2O (5 mL) and diluted with EtOAc. The reaction mixture was washed with NH4Cl sat and brine. Organic layer was dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated under vacuo. To a 0° C. solution of the above crude in THF (50 mL) was added KHMDS (2.7 equiv, 0.5M in PhMe, mmol, 54 mL). The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1.5 h then RT for 3 hr then quenched with saturated NH4Cl and diluted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated under vacuo. purification via HPFC, 40+S, Seg1: Hold 2% B, Linear, 60 mL/Seg2: 2% B to 8% B, Linear, 600 mL/Seg3: Hold 8% B, Linear, 300 mL. 0.5 g of 4950.02 were isolated.

Step 2





To a rt solution of 4950.02 (100 mg, 0.36 mmol) in DCM 3 mL was added 1 mL of TFA. Reaction turned yellow immediately. After 10 min, TLC showed no starting material and reaction was diluted with Hexanes and concentrated to dryness. The resulting yellow oil was placed under high vacuum overnight and analyzed by NMR. 109 mg of 4950.03 were obtained.

Step 3





A DCM (5 mL) solution of TFA salt 4950.03 (109 mg, 0.36 mmol) was added to a 0° C. solution of saturated aqueous NaHCO3 (5 mL) and Phosgene (2 equiv, 0.72 mmol, 0.36 mL). Rapid stirring was set immediately and the ice-cooled reaction mixture was stirred for 2 hours at high speed. After 2 hours, the organic phase (lower) was separated and was then dried over anhydrous MgSO4 and concentrated to half volume under vacuum with cooling bath. Dilute to 3.6 mL (0.1 M solution in DCM of 4950.01) that was used as described before to prepare HCV inhibitor 4950 of Table 6.

Example XXIV
Preparation of Isocyanate 4942.01 Used in the Preparation of HCV Inhibitor 4942 of Table 6




Step 1





To a 0° C. solution of DAST (2 equiv, 40 mL) in DCM (290 mL) was added a solution 4-cyclohexanone carboxylic Acid Ethyl Ester 4942.02 (25 g, 147 mmol) in DCM (100 mL) dropwise over 20 min. the mixture was allowed to stir at RT overnight. H2O (50 ml) was then added carefully (CAUTION: STRONG EXOTHERM). The mixture was basified to PH 5 (takes a great amount of time, watch out for violent acid-base reaction) with saturated NaHCO3. Finally, aqueous layer was removed by extraction and organic layer was washed with saturated NaHCO3 without any problem. Aqueous layer was back extracted with EtOAc and both combined organic layers were dried over MgSO4, filtered and the solvent removed by evaporation under reduced pressure to yield crude 4942.03 (29.33 g) as a dark red oil.

Step 2





To a −78° C. solution of ethyl ester 4942.03 (20 mmol, 3.84 g) in THF (25 mL) was added 1.0 equiv of LDA (10 mL). Addition of LDA produced a light yellow color. After 15 min, Benzyl bromide (1.1 equiv, 22 mmol, 2.61 mL) was added dropwise. Reaction color turned gold immediately. Reaction was then gradually warmed-up to rt overnight. Reaction was stopped by addition of Sat. aqueous NH4Cl. Reaction was diluted with EtOAc and layers were separated. Washed with NaHCO3, then brine. Organic layer was dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated under vacuo. Purification via HPFC, 40+S, Seg1: Hold 5% B, Linear, 60 mL/Seg2: 5% B to 20% B, Linear, 600 mL/Seg3: Hold 20% B, Linear, 300 mL. 0.915 g of 4942.04 was isolated.

Step 3





To a solution of 4942.04 (0.8 g, 2.8 mmol) in EtOH/H2O (36 mL/4 mL) was added KOH (10 equiv, 28 mmol, 1.57 g). The reaction was brought to reflux until completion. 48 h reflux was necessary to observe completion. Diluted with Et2O and basified to Ph=9 with saturated NaHCO3. Et2O layer was discarded to remove non carboxylic acid material. Aqueous layer was acidified to Ph=1 with HCl 1.0N and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated under vacuo. 535 mg of a light orange solid were isolated as 4942.05.

Step 4





Acid 4942.05 (335 mg, 1.314 mmol) in Toluene (10 mL) was treated as described previously to afford isocyanate 4942.01 that was used as described before to prepare HCV inhibitor 4942 of Table 6.

Example XXV
Preparation of Isocyanate 4954.01 Used in the Preparation of HCV Inhibitor 4954 of Table 6




To a solution of 50.2 mg of compound 4954.02 (Adam, Waldemar; Baeza, Jaime; Liu, Ju-Chao, Journal of the American Chemical Society (1972), 94(6), 2000-6) in toluene (4.0 mL) was added DPPA (0.06 mL) and Et3N (0.037 mL). The reaction mixture was heated at 110° C. for 40 min, cooled and washed with Satd. NaHCO3, dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated to afford isocyanate 4954.01. The crude obtained was used without purification to prepare as described before HCV inhibitor 4954 of Table 6.











TABLE 6





cmpd


Ki*


#

MW
range







4921




623
A


 


4922




628
A


 


4923




628
A


 


4925




629
A


 


4926




643
A


 


4927




649
A


 


4928




670
A


 


4929




684
A


 


4930




660
A


 


4931




658
A


 


4933




649
A


 


4934




664
A


 


4935




690
A


 


4936




620
A


 


4937




664
A


 


4938




654
A


 


4939




637
A


 


4940




654
A


 


4941




649
A


 


4942




658
A


 


4943




652
A


 


4944




623
A


 


4945




652
A


 


4946




661
A


 


4947




665
A


 


4948




617
A


 


4949




603
A


 


4950




608
A


 


4951




640
A


 


4952




711
A


 


4953




596
A


 


4954




596
A


 


4955




649
A


 


4956




636
A


 


4957




648
A


 


4958




698
A


 


4959




657
A


 


4960




636
A


 


4962




625
B


 


4964




610
B


 


4965




621
B


 


4966




611
B


 


4967




834
B


 


4968




669
B


 


4969




638
B


 


4970




726
B


 


4971




690
B


 


4972




645
B


 


4973




631
B


 


4974




742
B


 


4975




679
B


 


4976




694
B


 


4977




754
B


 


4978




723
B


 


4979




665
B


 


4980




702
B


 


4981




652
B


 


4982




754
B


 


4983




788
B









The present invention relates to novel HCV protease inhibitors. This utility can be manifested in their ability to inhibit the HCV NS2/NS4a serine protease. A general procedure for such demonstration is illustrated by the following in vitro assay.
Assay for HCV Protease Inhibitory Activity:
Spectrophotometric Assay: Spectrophotometric assay for the HCV serine protease can be performed on the inventive compounds by following the procedure described by R. Zhang et al, Analytical Biochemistry, 270 (1999) 268-275, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. The assay based on the proteolysis of chromogenic ester substrates is suitable for the continuous monitoring of HCV NS3 protease activity. The substrates are derived from the P side of the NS5A-NS5B junction sequence (Ac-DTEDVVX(Nva), where X=A or P) whose C-terminal carboxyl groups are esterified with one of four different chromophoric alcohols (3- or 4-nitrophenol, 7-hydroxy-4-methyl-coumarin, or 4-phenylazophenol). Illustrated below are the synthesis, characterization and application of these novel spectrophotometric ester substrates to high throughput screening and detailed kinetic evaluation of HCV NS3 protease inhibitors.

Materials and Methods:

Materials: Chemical reagents for assay related buffers are obtained from Sigma Chemical Company (St. Louis, Mo.). Reagents for peptide synthesis were from Aldrich Chemicals, Novabiochem (San Diego, Calif.), Applied Biosystems (Foster City, Calif.) and Perseptive Biosystems (Framingham, Mass.). Peptides are synthesized manually or on an automated ABI model 431A synthesizer (from Applied Biosystems). UVNIS Spectrometer model LAMBDA 12 was from Perkin Elmer (Norwalk, Conn.) and 96-well UV plates were obtained from Corning (Corning, N.Y.). The prewarming block can be from USA Scientific (Ocala, Fla.) and the 96-well plate vortexer is from Labline Instruments (Melrose Park, Ill.). A Spectramax Plus microtiter plate reader with monochrometer is obtained from Molecular Devices (Sunnyvale, Calif.).
Enzyme Preparation: Recombinant heterodimeric HCV NS3/NS4A protease (strain 1a) is prepared by using the procedures published previously (D. L. Sali et al, Biochemistry, 37 (1998) 3392-3401). Protein concentrations are determined by the Biorad dye method using recombinant HCV protease standards previously quantified by amino acid analysis. Prior to assay initiation, the enzyme storage buffer (50 mM sodium phosphate pH 8.0, 300 mM NaCl, 10% glycerol, 0.05% lauryl maltoside and 10 mM DTT) is exchanged for the assay buffer (25 mM MOPS pH 6.5, 300 mM NaCl, 10% glycerol, 0.05% lauryl maltoside, 5 μM EDTA and 5 μM DTT) utilizing a Biorad Bio-Spin P-6 prepacked column.

Substrate Synthesis and Purification: The synthesis of the substrates is done as reported by R. Zhang et al, (ibid.) and is initiated by anchoring Fmoc-Nva-OH to 2-chlorotrityl chloride resin using a standard protocol (K. Barlos et al, Int. J. Pept. Protein Res., 37 (1991), 513-520). The peptides are subsequently assembled, using Fmoc chemistry, either manually or on an automatic ABI model 431 peptide synthesizer. The N-acetylated and fully protected peptide fragments are cleaved from the resin either by 10% acetic acid (HOAc) and 10% trifluoroethanol (TFE) in dichloromethane (DCM) for 30 min, or by 2% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in DCM for 10 min. The combined filtrate and DCM wash is evaporated azeotropically (or repeatedly extracted by aqueous Na2CO3 solution) to remove the acid used in cleavage. The DCM phase is dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated.

The ester substrates are assembled using standard acid-alcohol coupling procedures (K. Holmber et al, Acta Chem. Scand., B33 (1979) 410-412). Peptide fragments are dissolved in anhydrous pyridine (30-60 mg/ml) to which 10 molar equivalents of chromophore and a catalytic amount (0.1 eq.) of para-toluenesulfonic acid (pTSA) were added. Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC, 3 eq.) is added to initiate the coupling reactions. Product formation is monitored by HPLC and can be found to be complete following 12-72 hour reaction at room temperature. Pyridine solvent is evaporated under vacuum and further removed by azeotropic evaporation with toluene. The peptide ester is deprotected with 95% TFA in DCM for two hours and extracted three times with anhydrous ethyl ether to remove excess chromophore. The deprotected substrate is purified by reversed phase HPLC on a C3 or C8 column with a 30% to 60% acetonitrile gradient (using six column volumes). The overall yield following HPLC purification can be approximately 20-30%. The molecular mass can be confirmed by electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy. The substrates are stored in dry powder form under desiccation.
Spectra of Substrates and Products: Spectra of substrates and the corresponding chromophore products are obtained in the pH 6.5 assay buffer. Extinction coefficients are determined at the optimal off-peak wavelength in 1-cm cuvettes (340 nm for 3-Np and HMC, 370 nm for PAP and 400 nm for 4-Np) using multiple dilutions. The optimal off-peak wavelength is defined as that wavelength yielding the maximum fractional difference in absorbance between substrate and product (product OD—substrate OD)/substrate OD).

Protease Assay: HCV protease assays are performed at 30° C. using a 200 μl reaction mix in a 96-well microtiter plate. Assay buffer conditions (25 mM MOPS pH 6.5, 300 mM NaCl, 10% glycerol, 0.05% lauryl maltoside, 5 μM EDTA and 5 μM DTT) are optimized for the NS3/NS4A heterodimer (D. L. Sali et al, ibid.)). Typically, 150 μl mixtures of buffer, substrate and inhibitor are placed in wells (final concentration of DMSO≦4% v/v) and allowed to preincubate at 30° C. for approximately 3 minutes. Fifty μls of prewarmed protease (12 nM, 30° C.) in assay buffer, is then used to initiate the reaction (final volume 200 μl). The plates are monitored over the length of the assay (60 minutes) for change in absorbance at the appropriate wavelength (340 nm for 3-Np and HMC, 370 nm for PAP, and 400 nm for 4-Np) using a Spectromax Plus microtiter plate reader equipped with a monochrometer (acceptable results can be obtained with plate readers that utilize cutoff filters). Proteolytic cleavage of the ester linkage between the Nva and the chromophore is monitored at the appropriate wavelength against a no enzyme blank as a control for non-enzymatic hydrolysis. The evaluation of substrate kinetic parameters is performed over a 30-fold substrate concentration range ( ̃6-200 μM). Initial velocities are determined using linear regression and kinetic constants are obtained by fitting the data to the Michaelis-Menten equation using non-linear regression analysis (Mac Curve Fit 1.1, K. Raner). Turnover numbers (kcat) are calculated assuming the enzyme is fully active.

Evaluation of Inhibitors and Inactivators: The inhibition constants (Ki) for the competitive inhibitors Ac-D-(D-Gla)-L-I-(Cha)-C-OH (27), Ac-DTEDVVA(Nva)-OH and Ac-DTEDVVP(Nva)-OH are determined experimentally at fixed concentrations of enzyme and substrate by plotting vo/vi vs. inhibitor concentration ([I]o) according to the rearranged Michaelis-Menten equation for competitive inhibition kinetics: vo/vi=1+[I]o/(Ki(1+[S]o/Km)), where vo is the uninhibited initial velocity, vi is the initial velocity in the presence of inhibitor at any given inhibitor concentration ([I]o) and [S]o is the substrate concentration used. The resulting data are fitted using linear regression and the resulting slope, 1/(Ki(1+[S]o/Km), is used to calculate the Ki value. The Ki* values of some of the inventive compounds are shown in Table 8:









TABLE 8






Ki*


structure
(nM)




















5


 






8


 






15


 






13


 






22


 






30


 






40


 






14


 






13


 






7


 






9


 






30


 






13


 






51


 






17


 






5


 






10


 






4.3









While the present invention has been described with in conjunction with the specific embodiments set forth above, many alternatives, modifications and other variations thereof will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. All such alternatives, modifications and variations are intended to fall within the spirit and scope of the present invention.

## Claims

1. A compound, or enantiomer, stereoisomer, rotamer, tautomer, diastereomer and racemate of said compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or ester of said compound, said compound having the general structure shown in Formula I:




wherein:
R1 is H, OR8, NR9R10, or CHR9R10, wherein R8, R9 and R10 can be the same or different, each being independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl-, alkenyl-, alkynyl-, aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl-, heterocyclyl-, arylalkyl-, and heteroarylalkyl; or R10 is R14 wherein R14 is H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, alkyl-aryl, alkyl-heteroaryl, aryl-alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or heteroaryl-alkyl;
A and M can be the same or different, each being independently selected from R, OR, NHR, NRR′, SR, SO2R, and halo; or A and M are connected to each other such that the moiety:





shown above in Formula I forms either a three, four, six, seven or eight-membered cycloalkyl, a four to eight-membered heterocyclyl, a six to ten-membered aryl, or a five to ten-membered heteroaryl;
E is C(H) or C(R);
L is C(H), or C(R);
R, R′, R2, and R3 can be the same or different, each being independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl-, alkenyl-, alkynyl-, cycloalkyl-, heterocyclyl-, aryl-, heteroaryl-, (cycloalkyl)alkyl-, (heterocyclyl)alkyl-, aryl-alkyl-, and heteroaryl-alkyl-; or alternately R and R′ in NRR′ are connected to each other such that NRR′ forms a four to eight-membered heterocyclyl;
and Y is selected from the following moieties:





wherein G is NH; and R15, R16, R17 and R18 can be the same or different, each being independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, or alternately, R15 and R16 are connected to each other to form a four to eight-membered cycloalkyl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl structure, and likewise, independently R17 and R18 are connected to each other to form a three to eight-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl;
wherein each of said alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl can be unsubstituted or optionally independently substituted with one or more moieties selected from the group consisting of: hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, thio, alkylthio, arylthio, amino, amido, alkylamino, arylamino, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, sulfonamido, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkylsulfonamido, arylsulfonamido, keto, carboxy, carbalkoxy, carboxamido, alkoxycarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonyloxy, alkylureido, arylureido, halo, cyano, and nitro.

2. The compound of claim 1, wherein R1 is NR9R10, and R9 is H, R10 is H, or R14 wherein R14 is H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, alkyl-aryl, alkyl-heteroaryl, aryl-alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or heteroaryl-alkyl.

3. The compound of claim 2, wherein R14 is selected from the group consisting of:

4. The compound of claim 1, wherein R2 is selected from the group consisting of the following moieties:

5. The compound of claim 1, wherein R3 is selected from the group consisting of:






wherein R31 is OH or O-alkyl; and
R32 is H, C(O)CH3, C(O)OtBu or C(O)N(H)tBu.

6. The compound of claim 1, wherein R3 is selected from the group consisting of the following moieties:

7. The compound of claim 1, wherein the moiety:




is selected from the following structures:

8. The compound of claim 7, wherein the moiety:




is selected from the following structures:

9. The compound of claim 8, wherein the moiety:




is selected from the following structures:

10. The compound of claim 1, R1 is NHR14, where R14 is selected from the group consisting of:




R2 is selected from the group consisting of the following moieties:







R3 is selected from the group consisting of the following moieties:




Y is selected from the group consisting of:




wherein Y31 is selected from the group consisting of:















Y32 is selected from the group consisting of:





and Y12 is selected from the group consisting of H, CO2H, CO2Me, OMe, F, Cl, Br, NH2, N(H)S(O2)CH3, N(H)C(O)CH3, NO2, NMe2, S(O2)NH2, CF3, Me, OH, OCF3, and C(O)NH2 and Y33 is selected from the group consisting of:




and the moiety:

11. A pharmaceutical composition comprising as an active ingredient at least one compound of claim 1.

12. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 11 for use in treating an infection of HCV.

13. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 12 additionally comprising at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

14. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 13, additionally containing at least one antiviral agent.

15. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 14, additionally containing at least one interferon.

16. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 15, wherein said at least one antiviral agent is ribavirin and said at least one interferon is α-interferon or pegylated interferon.

17. A compound exhibiting HCV protease inhibitory activity, or enantiomer, stereoisomer, rotamer, tautomer, diastereomer and racemate of said compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or ester of said compound, said compound being selected from the compounds of structures listed below:

18. A pharmaceutical composition for treating an infection of HCV, said composition comprising therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds in claim 17 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

19. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 18, additionally containing at least one antiviral agent.

20. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 19, additionally containing at least one interferon or PEG-interferon alpha conjugate.

21. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 20, wherein said at least one antiviral agent is ribavirin and said at least one interferon is α-interferon or pegylated interferon.

22. A compound of claim 1 in purified form.