# Patent

## Title
Method for simultaneously scrubbing cement kiln exhaust gas and

## Abstract

.Iadd.This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 06/568,458 filed Jan. 5, 1984, now abandned which is a reissue of U.S. Pat. No. 4,371,495. .Iaddend.

## Background
The invention described herein relates to nuclear reactors and more particularly to apparatus for controlling the reactivity during operations.

Conventional commercial nuclear power reactors contain fuel in a sufficient size and configuration which enables the reactor to continuously sustain a fission-type chain reaction. Initially, at start up, the amount of fuel in the reactor core is always greater than that needed for the chain reaction in order to obtain operation over a long time period and to compensate for fissile material burn-up and the generation of reaction products resulting from the fission process. Since the excess fuel produces more neutrons than needed to sustain the chain reaction, the excess neutrons must be controlled to maintain operation at a criticality point and thereby prevent the reactor from reaching an uncontrolled condition, conventionally, such control is primarily accomplished by absorbing neutrons in non-fissioning material and permitting the escape of others from the reactor. Axially movable control rods absorb neutrons and although the control rods may perform separate control shimming and safety functions, stationary rods of neutron absorbing material also may be utilized for absorbing the excess neutrons. Liquid moderating coolants such as water, or water containing boron, for example, also are used to assure reactor operation within prescribed ranges and under certain control conditions.

Neutrons generated by fission move at high velocities and therefore at different energy levels and fission in the reactor is primarily caused by neutron possessing thermal energies, i.e., neutrons at or near thermal equilibrium with the surrounding medium. Since light water reactors depend on thermal neutrons to produce the major portion of their fissions, it is important to moderate fast neutrons to bring them to engery levels more acceptable to the fissioning process. In a light water reactor, moderation is accomplished by utilizing ordinary water, circulating through the reactor core. At the beginning of life, at start-up when excess neutrons are thus generated, the moderating capabilities of the reactor can be lessened and this action will cause fewer neutrons born in fission to reach thermal energy. The neutrons which do not reach thermal energy are utilized to convert fissionable U238 to fissile Pu239. As the fissile material decreases during extended reactor operation, the amount of moderation can be increased to provide additional slowing of the neutrons and still sustain the required reactivity level. However, the apparatus and material needed to carry out changes in reactor moderation is costly, even it may provide a uniform or gradual change in the moderating material.

Briefly stated, in accordance with one aspect of the invention, gas-filled rods are incorporated in appropriate assemblies in the reactor so that at the beginning of core life, the moderation is a low level. As reactor operations proceeds, the gas-filled zirconium rods will increase in length and engage a spike on the bottom side of the top nozzle which pierces the upper end plug and permits the rod to fill with water. Since the water is of a different density than the gas, the moderation will increase thus permitting the use of a lower level of fuel enrichment for the same burn-up as reactors which utilize boron, for example, in the coolant for absorption purposes.

While the foregoing discussion identifies problems presently existing in the prior art together with a general description of how they may be overcome, it is believed the following disclosure of the preferred embodiment of the invention will be better understood by reference to the accompanying drawings wherein:

FIG. 1 is a view in elevation, partly in section, illustrating the design of a fuel assembly which incorporates features arranged to permit separate gas-filled rods to be pierced by a spear during reactor operation; and

FIG. 2 is an enlarged detailed view of the spear-rod arrangement as shown in FIG. 1.

Referring now to the drawings wherein like reference characters designate like or corresponding parts throughout the several views, there is shown in FIG. 1 a nuclear reactor fuel assembly including an array of fuel rods 12 held in spaced relationship with each other by grids 14 spaced along the fuel assembly length. Each fuel rod includes nuclear fuel pellets 16 and the ends of the rods are closed by end plugs 19, all in a conventional manner.

To control the fission process, a multiplicity of control rods 20 are reciprocally movable in control rod guide tubes or thimbles 22 located at predetermined positions in each selected fuel assembly in the reactor. The reactor includes a top nozzle 24 and a bottom nozzle 26 to which opposite ends of the control rod guide thimbles 22 are attached to form an integral assembly capable of being conveniently handled without damaging the assembly components.

As illustrated in FIG. 1, the nozzles are square in cross-section and the top nozzle comprises a housing 28 having an upper plate 30 spaced from an adapter plate 32. Assembly hold-down springs 34 attached to opposite sides of upper plate 30 are held in place by bolts 36 and are adapted to be compressed when the reactor upper core plate (not shown) is placed in position. The top nozzle further includes a rod cluster control assembly 37 comprising an internally threaded cylindrical member 38 having radially extending flukes or arms 40. A connector interconnects each control rod 20 with the arms, the arrangement being such that the rod cluster assembly moves the control rods vertically in the control rod guide thimbles to thereby control the fission process in the assembly, all in a well-known manner.

As indicated above, because of the excess fuel initially provided in the reactor core, surplus neutrons are both absorbed and allowed to escape from the core. In lieu of using a moderator in the core of a type which completely absorbs neutrons, such as boron, in the water coolant, and precludes them from causing fission in the fuel, this invention utilizes multiple tubes in the fuel assembly for moderation purposes. The tubes 50 which extend the length of the core are made of zircaloy and include a bottom end plug 52 welded or otherwise fixed in the zircaloy material. Unlike fuel rods which do not contact the bottom nozzle, tubes 50 contact the nozzle upper surface 54 and it thereby constitutes a stop against which the tube may bear while undergoing longitudinal expansion.

As shown in FIG. 2, the upper end plug 56 is of hollow design and at its top end includes a thin wall section 58 positioned immediately below a sharp pointed spike 60. The spike includes longitudinal grooves 62 and is anchored in the top nozzle plate by a nut 64 or by any other conventional fastening arangement.

When the tube 50 is being assembled, it is charged with helium or other gas to a pressure about the same as the fuel rods. Since it will have a density less than the liquid medium which it displaces, less moderation will be available at the beginning of life then with a system which utilizes boron or other neutron absoring material in the coolant. Therefore, with the same number of fissions occurring, i.e., at the same power level, essentially the same quantity of thermal flux will be produced as in a boron system but a higher quantity of fast neutrons. Since the excess neutrons are not captured by boron, they are at least partially absorbed in U238 in the fuel to produce Pu239 which is fissile. As the reactor criticality approaches the point where the thermal neutrons generated begin to become less than those being absorbed and escaping from the core, the tube 50 will have grown by expansion to the point where it is pierced by spike 60. Gas initially charged in the tube will escape through grooves 62 and water coolant accordingly will displace the gas in the rod as it fills with water. The additional moderation thus provided by the water will slow down fast neutrons to the thermal neutron speed range and thus have the effect of producing more thermal neutrons. Therefore as fuel burn-up progresses, the amount of moderation is increased by the additional water to provide the additional neutrons to sustain the reaction.

The advantages gained from this design is that the fuel is utilized to a greater degree, and since less moderation is required, a smaller pitch/diameter ratio of fuel rods may be used, or larger fuel rods may be used for a given fuel rod array in an assembly, the result being that more acceptable heat fluxes will be available.

It will be apparent the many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings. It therefore is to be understood that within the scope of the dependent claims the invention may be practiced other than as specifically described.

## Claims

bottom nozzles with fuel rods and control rod guide tubes interposed therebetween; extending substantially the full length of said assembly having its bottom end resting on the upper surface of said lower nozzle; its point directed downwardly toward the top of said gas-filled tube, the point on said spike and top of said rod being spaced a distance equal to the amount of the rod will expand during operation in a reactor, minus a distance sufficient for the spike to pierce the top of said tube and permit the gas therein to be displaced by water coolant circulating through the reactor..]. .[.2. The combination according to claim 1 wherein said rod is initially charged with a gas sufficient to prevent collapse thereof when exposed to the coolant pressure in the reactor..]. .[.3. The combination according to claim 1 wherein said plug in the top of gas-filled tube has an upper section sufficiently thin to be pierced by the spike as the rod expands in length..]. .[.4. The combinaton according to claim 1 wherein said spike has longitudinal grooves extending from approximately the tip of the point to where the full diameter of the spike commences to permit the escape of gas and ingressive coolant into the tube when it is pierced by said spike..]. .Iadd.5.  A nuclear reactor comprising: bottom nozzles with fuel rods and control rod guide tubes interposed between, said top nozzles having lower adaptor plates, and said bottom nozzles having upper surfaces; gas-filled tube having a bottom end and a top end, said gas-filled tube extending substantially the full length of said assembly and having said bottom end resting on said upper surface of said bottom nozzle, and said gas-filled tube comprising material which will axially expand during reactor operation; said top nozzle and having its point directed downwardly toward said top end of said gas-filled tube, the point on said piercing device and said top end of said gas-filled tube being spaced a distance equal to the amount said gas-filled tube will expand during operation in a reactor, minus a distance sufficient for said piercing device to pierce said top end of said gas-filled tube and permit the gas therein to be displaced by water coolant circulating through the reactor. .Iaddend. .Iadd.6.  The combination according to claim 5 wherein said gas-filled tube is initially charged with a gas sufficient to prevent collapse thereof when exposed to the coolant pressure in the reactor. .Iaddend. .Iadd.7. The combination according to claim 5 wherein said top end of said gas-filled tube comprises a plug, and said plug has an upper section sufficiently thin to be pierced by said piercing device as said gas-filled tube expands in length. .Iaddend. .Iadd.8. The combination according to claim 7 wherein said piercing device has longitudinal grooves extending from approximately the tip of said point to where the full diameter of said piercing device commences to permit the escape of gas and ingressive coolant into said gas-filled tube when it is pierced by said piercing device. .Iaddend. .Iadd.9. The combination according to claim 5 wherein said gas-filled tube comprises Zircaloy. .Iaddend.