FILED U.S. COURT OF AP P EALS E LEV EN T HC IRC U IT MARCH 25, 2008 THOMAS K. KAH

N CLERK [ DO NO T P UB L I S H]

I N THE UN I TE D STATE S C OU RT OF APPE ALS F O R T H E E L E V E N T H C IR C U IT

________________________ N o. 07- 14016 N on -A rgum entC al endar

________________________ D. C . Do c k e tNo . 0 5 - 0 1 2 7 6 - C V- OR L - 1 9 - J GG G L E N E . V A D I M S K Y , P la in tif f - A p p e lla n t, v ersu s C IT Y O F M E L B O U RN E , a m u n ic ip a l c o rp o r a tio n , O F F I C E R B R I A N T . D O H A N E Y , in h is in d iv id u a l c ap a c ity , D e f e n d a n ts - A p p e lle e s .

________________________ A pp ea l fr om the U ni t ed S t at es D i stri ctC ou rt f orthe M i ddl e D i s tr i c tof F l or i da

_________________________ ( M ar c h 25, 2008) B efo re B IR C H , P R Y O R , an d K R A V IT C H , C i rcu i tJu d g es.2

P E R C U R I A M: G l en E . V adi m sky app ea l s the deni al of hi s m ot i on s f or a di re ct ed verdi ct and for j ud gm entas a m att erof l aw and/ or a new tri al . F or the re as on s s t at ed b e lo w , w e a f

f irm th e d is tr ic t c o u r t.

B AC KG RO UN D On M a y 2 3 , 2 0 0 2 , Va d i ms k y a n d th r e e c o - wo rk e r s , J o n a th a n Ch a d ma n , Ed R ob i nson , and ano ther m an, w entt o the ho m e of J on athan’ s brother, N i chol as C hadm an, and h i s f

i ancé e, K erri W el ch, i n M el bo urne, F l ori da. T he co-w orkers h a d s p e n t th e e v e n in g to g e th e ra t ab a ra n d th e n a t aH o o te r s r e s ta u r a n t f o rd in n e r . V a di m s ky t e s t i f

i e d tha the w a s noti nt oxi c a t e d w he n he a rr i ve d a tthe hous e , but W e l c h t e s t i f

i e d tha ta l l f

ourappe a r e d drunk a nd w e r e a c t i ng be l l i ge r e nt l y . A f i ght brok e outbetw ee n N i chol as and Jon athan i n the fr on tya rd of the ho m e. W el ch t es t i fi ed thatshe di d n otse e V adi m sky part i ci pat e i n the fi gh t , bu tdi d see hi m get p u n c h e d in th e f

a c e , k n o c k e d u n c o n s c io u s , a n d th e n k ic k e d tw ic e in th e b a c k w h ile o n th e g r o u n d . W el ch di al ed 91 1 and re po rt ed thata group of peop l e w er e f i gh t i ng i n h er fr on tya rd and thaton e of them , l at erdet erm i ned t o b e R ob i nson , had k i cked i n h er f r ontdoor . S he s t a t e d tha tthe i ndi vi dua l s w e r e l e a vi ng the s c e ne i n the i rpi c kup tru c k , a n d p r o v id e d ad e s c r ip tio n o f th e v e h ic le a n d th e d ir e c tio n it w a s h e a d e d .3

M e l bourne pol i c e of

f i c e r s w e r e di s pa t c he d t o the s c e ne of the f i ght , know i ng onl y tha tadi s turba nc e ha d oc c urr e d w hi c h i nc l ude d the doorof ar e s i de nc e be i ng ki c ke d i n. O f

f i c e rS a ddof

a rr i ve d a tthe C ha dm a n/W e l c h hom e t o i nve s t i ga t e the di sturbance. A ft eri nt ervi ew i ng W el ch and o ther w i tness es , S addo f det erm i ned th atth e fi g h th ad i n v o l v ed n o th i n g m o re th an m i sd em ean o rs. S ad d o f al so d e te rm in e d th a t R o b in s o n a lo n e n e e d e d to b e d e ta in e d o n a c c o u n t o f th e p r o p e r ty dam age t o the do or. O n h i s w ayt o the ho use, O ff i ce r L ynch ob se rved a gree n F ord R anger pi c kup truc k f

i tt i ng the de s c r i pt i on f

r om the 911 di s pa t c h ope r a t orw i thi n am i l e of the sc ene, and h e s t op ped the vehi cl e. O ff i ce r D oh aney , i n a se para t e pol i ce vehi cl e, pu l l ed up behi nd O ff i ce r L ynch and the green pi ckup truck. O ff i ce r L ynch approached the dri ver’ s s i de of the vehi cl e a tthe sa m e t i m e D oh aneyapproached the pa s s e nge r ’ s s i de . L y nc h a nd D oha ne y obs e rve d tha tthe r e a rw i ndow of the truc k w a s s m a s he d, the dr i ve r ’ s nos e w a s bl e e di ng, a nd he c oul d s m e l l a l c ohol on th e d r iv e r ’s b r e a th . S o m e o f th e o c c u p a n ts w e r e y e llin g o b s c e n itie s a t th e o f f ic e r s . B ecau se th ere w ere fo u r o ccu p an t s o f th e tru ck an d o n l y tw o o ffi cers an d b ecau se a t th a t tim e L y n c h k n e w th a t th e r e h a d b e e n av io le n t d is tu rb a n c e p o s s ib ly i nv ol vi ng these peop l e, he w as af ra i d for hi s a nd D oh aney ’ s s af ety. L ynch th e r e f o r e e n a c te d th e M e lb o u rn e P o lic e D e p a r tm e n t’s e m e r g e n c y r a d io tr a f f ic4

p r o c e d u r e w h ic h p r o h ib ite d p o lic e r a d io c o m m u n ic a tio n f o ra ll o th e ro f

f ic e r s u n til L ynch det erm i ned thatthe si tuat i on atthe vehi cl e s t op w as un der c on trol and that he w ou l d n otneed t o cal l for a dd i t i on al as si st ance . A s O f f i c e rD oha ne y appr oa c he d the pa s s e nge rs i de f r om the r e a rof

the truck, V adi m sky e xi t ed the vehi cl e a nd began t o w al k aw ayfr om D oh aneyt ow ar d the f r ontof the ve hi c l e . I n the i rtr i a l t e s t i m oni e s , D oha ne y a nd V a di m s ky ga ve d if f e r e n t a c c o u n ts o f

w h a t h ap p e n e d n e x t. A cc ordi ng t o D oh aney , he i nstruct ed V adi m sky t o st ayby the truck and that he w as no tfr ee t o l ea ve. V adi m sky c on t i nu ed t o w al k aw ay , sw ore a tO ff i ce r D oha ne y a nd r e s ponde d, “ I don’ tha ve t o l i s t e n t o y ou. ” D oha ne y ga ve V a di m s ky m ore c om m ands t o st op , bu tV adi m sky neverst op ped. D oh aneythen p l ac ed V adi m sky i n an “ es cortho l d” and w al ked h i m t o the re arof the vehi cl e. D oh aney pl ac ed V adi m sky a gai nstthe truck so thathe coul d n otgetaw ay . W hen D oh aney r e l e a s e d V a di m s ky ’ s r i ghta rm t o s e e L y nc h’ s pr ogr e s s w i th the othe roc c upa nt s of th e v e h ic le , V a d im s k y tr ie d to b r e a k f r e e a n d D o h a n e y a g a in g r ab b e d h is r ig h t a rm . T h e y s tru g g le d to g e th e ra n d D o h a n e y g a v e s e v e r a l c o m m a n d s to V a d im s k y to

“ st op re si st i ng . ” V adi m sky c on t i nu ed t o ref use t o com pl y a nd D oh aneyi nform ed V a d i ms k y th a th e w a s u n d e ra rr e s t , t o o k V a d i ms k y t o th e g r o u n d , h a n d c u f f e d h i m, a nd pl a c e d hi m i n the ba c k of the pa tr ol c a r . D oha ne y a c know l e dge d be ndi ng5

V a di m s ky ’ s w r i s tw hi l e on the gr ound i n a“ pa i n c om pl i a nc e pr oc e dur e ” w hi c h he ad m i tt ed m ay cau se i n

j u ry an d p ai n i f th e su b

j ectresi st s. V adi m sky t es t i fi ed thathe go tou tof the truck w hen i tst op ped and began pa c i ng ba c k a nd f

or th, hol di ng hi s he a d. W he n O f f i c e rD oha ne y appr oa c he d a nd a s k e d h im to s ta n d s till, V a d im s k y c o m p lie d . O f f ic e rD o h a n e y th e n h e ld V a di m s ky ’ s r i ghta rm a ga i ns thi s ba c k a nd be ntV a di m s ky dow n a ga i ns tthe t i r e of the truc k. D oha ne y or de r e d V a di m s ky t o ge tdow n on the gr ound w hi c h V a di m s ky be l i e ve d he c oul d notdo w i thouthi tt i ng hi s he a d on the c a rdoor . W he n V a di m s ky he s i t a t e d, D oha ne y knoc ke d V a di m s ky ’ s l e gs outf r om unde rhi m a nd V a di m s ky fe l l t o the grou nd on t op of hi s l ef tarm and h i thi s hea d o n the grou nd . D oh aney then p i cked V adi m sky up, hand cuff ed hi m , and p l ac ed hi m i n the patrol ca r. A f t e rV a di m s ky w a s s e a t e d i n the pa tr ol c a ra nd the r e m a i ni ng oc c upa nt s of the truck w er e und ercontrol , the em er gency r adi o tra ff i c c on trol w as l i ft ed. Itw as on l y thatpo i ntthatS adoff w as abl e t o rea ch D oh aneyand L ynch and i nform them th a t n o f e lo n y h a d b e e n c o m m itte d a t th e C h a d m a n /W e lc h h o m e a n d th a t o n ly R ob i nson needed t o b e det ai ned further. A s a resu l to f th ese ev en t s, V ad i m sk y fi l ed su i ti n F l o ri d a st at e co u rtag ai n st th e C ity o f M elb o u rn e a n d O ff icerD o h an ey , as a n in d iv idu al. V ad im sk y’s c om pl a i nta l l e ge d f

a l s e i m pr i s onm e nt , m a l i c i ous pr os e c ut i on, ba tt e ry , a nd a426

U . S . C . § 1 98 3 cl ai m agai nstD oh aney . T he D ef endant s r em ov ed the ca se t o federa l c our tw he r e aj ury tr i a l w a s c onduc t e d. A tthe c l os e of e vi de nc e , V a di m s ky a nd th e D e f e n d a n ts e a c h f

ile d m o tio n s f

o rad ir e c te d v e r d ic t. T h e ju d g e d e n ie d b o th m ot i on s f

i nd i ng thatthere w as “ a di sput e of f ac tas t o w hether the pl ai nt i ff c om pl i e d w i th the of

f i c e r ’ s pos i t i on a nd or de r s ornot . ” A f t e rave r di c tf

orthe D ef endant s, V adi m sky f

i l ed a m ot i on re qu es t i ng j ud gm entas a m att erof l aw a n d /o ran e w tr ia l, w h ic h w a s d e n ie d . V a d im s k y th e n f ile d th is ap p e a l. STA N D A R D O F R EVI EW T hi s c our tr e vi e w s the de ni a l of am ot i on f

orj udgm e nta s am a tt e rof l a w de no vo , and w i l l re vers e the tri al court“ on l y i f the fa ct s a nd i nfer ence s poi ntov er w h e lm in g ly in f

a v o ro f o n e p a r ty , s u c h th a t r e a s o n ab le p e o p le c o u ld n o t a rr iv e a t a c ontr a ry ve r di c t . ” A c t i on M a r i ne , I nc . v. C ont i ne nt a l C a rbon I nc . , 481 F . 3d 1302, 13 09 (11th C i r. 20 07 ) ( i nt ernal ci t at i on om i tt ed). T he deni al of a m ot i on for anew tri al i s r evi ew ed for a n abu se of di sc re t i on , w i th p art i cul ardefe re nce w here , as h e r e , an e w tr ia l is d e n ie d a n d th e ju ry ’s v e r d ic t is le f t u n d is tu rb e d . I d . A ll r e a s onabl e i nf

e r e nc e s a r e dr a w n i n f

a vorof the j ury ’ s ve r di c t . U ni t e d S t a t e s v. C a s tr o , 8 9 F .3 d 1 4 4 3 , 1 4 5 0 ( 1 1 th C ir . 1 9 9 6 ) . W e r e v e r s e f in d in g s o f

f a c t o n ly if c l e a r l y e rr one ous . B i l l i ngs v. U N U M L i f e I ns . C o. of

A m e r i c a , 459 F . 3d 1088, 1 0 9 2 ( 1 1 th C ir . 2 0 0 6 ) .7 DI S CUS S I ON V a di m s ky doe s notc ont e s tthe pr opr i e ty of the s t op of

the ve hi c l e ; he c ha l l e nge s onl y the r i ghtof the pol i c e of

f i c e rt o de t a i n hi m , a s apa s s e nge r , dur i ng th e v e h ic le s to p . V a d im s k y c o n te n d s th a t n o r e a s o n ab le s u s p ic io n e x te n d e d to h im a s ap a s s e n g e r , a n d th a t h e w a s f r e e to le a v e w h e n th e p o lic e p u lle d o v e rth e tru c k . B e c a us e he s houl d ha ve be e n f r e e t o l e a ve unde rthe l a w , V a di m s ky ’ s a r gum e nt c o n tin u e s , O f

f ic e rD o h a n e y a c te d u n la w f u lly b y p r e v e n tin g h im f r o m le a v in g . A nd , there fore , V adi m sky s ho ul d n othave been arr es t ed for r es i st i ng O ff i ce r D oha ne y be c a us e by try i ng t o ke e p V a di m s ky by the ve hi c l e , D oha ne y w a s not ex ecu t i n g a l aw fu l d u ty. T he F ou rth A m endm entproh i bi t s “ un re as on abl e s ea rc hes a nd se i zure s. ” U . S . C o n st . A m en d . IV . G en eral l y, a search i s reaso n ab l e o n l y i f su p p o rt ed b y a w a rr a n t b a s e d o n p r o b ab le c a u s e . H o r to n v . C a lif o rn ia , 4 9 6 U .S . 1 2 8 , 1 3 3 ( 1 9 9 0 ) .

“ T he c our t s ha ve , how e ve r , f a s hi one d e xc e pt i ons t o the ge ne r a l rul e , r e c ogni z i ng thati n cert ai n l i m i t ed si tuat i on s the go vernm ent ’ s i nt er es ti n con du ct i ng a s ea rc h w i thoutaw a rr a ntm a y outw e i gh the i ndi vi dua l ’ s pr i va c y i nt e r e s t . ” U . S . v. G ordo n, 23 1 F . 3d 75 0, 75 4 (11 th C i r. 20 00 ). O ne such except i on i s a“ T erryst op . ” S e e T e rry v. O hi o, 392 U . S . 1 ( 1968) . U nde rT e rry , “ e ve n i n the abs e nc e of p r o b ab le c a u s e , p o lic e m a y s to p p e r s o n s a n d d e ta in th e m b r ie f ly in o r d e rto8

i nv es t i gat e are as on abl e s uspi ci on thatsuch pers on s a re i nv ol ved i n cri m i nal ac t i vi ty. ” U . S . v. P rui tt , 17 4 F . 3d 12 15 , 12 19 (11th C i r. 19 99 ). T o b e r ea sonabl e, the pol i c e of

f i c e rm us t“ be abl e t o poi ntt o s pe c i f i c a nd a r t i c ul abl e f

a c t s w hi c h, t aken t og ether w i th rat i on al i nfer ence s f rom tho se fa ct s, re as on abl y w arra ntthat i ntrus i on. ” T e rry , 392 U . S . a t21. R e a s onabl e s us pi c i on i s j udge d by the t ot a l i ty of the ci rc um st ance s. U ni t ed S t at es v. S ok ol ow , 49 0 U . S . 1, 8 (19 89 ). F l ori da l aw has c od i fi ed a s i m i l arrul e und eri t s “ S t op and F ri sk l aw . ” F l a. S t at . § 9 01 . 15 1; se e T i l l m an v. S t at e, 93 4 S o. 2d 12 63 , 12 73 (F l a. 20 06 ) ( no t i ng that the st andard for eval uat i ng the prop ri ety of ai nv es t i gat ory s t op by the po l i ce un der F l ori da l aw i s “ conson antw i th the ho l di ng i n T erryv. O hi o”). A tthe t i m e tha tO f

f i c e rD oha ne y appr oa c he d the gr e e n truc k, he he l d a r e a s o n ab le s u s p ic io n th a t a ll o c c u p a n ts o f th e g r e e n tru c k h a d b e e n in v o lv e d in vi ol entand cri m i nal ac t i vi ty a tthe C hadm an/W el ch ho use. S ee T erry , 39 2 U . S . at 21 -22 (no t i ng thatthe st andard of rea sonabl enes s of apart i cul arse i zure i s w hether

“ the fa ct s a vai l abl e a t

th e m o m en t

o f th e sei zu re [ w oul d] w a rr a ntam a n of r e a s o n ab le c a u tio n in th e b e lie f th a t th e a c tio n ta k e n w a s ap p r o p r ia te ” ) ( e m p h a s is added, i nt ernal qu ot at i on om i tt ed). O ff i ce r D oh aneyhad h ea rd fr om the po l i ce di s pa t c h tha tavi ol e nta l t e r c a t i on ha d oc c urr e d, a nd tha tthe s e pot e nt i a l vi ol e nt p e rp e tr a to r s h a d f

le d in atru c k m a tc h in g th e d e s c r ip tio n o f th e s to p p e d v e h ic le .9

O ff i ce r D oh aneyhad b ee n i nform ed thatthe fr on tdo or of a r es i dence had been kn ocked d ow n, i nd i ca t i ng thatperhaps abu rgl ary or other s er i ou s off ense had b ee n att em pt ed. A s he app roac hed the vehi cl e, O ff i ce r D oh aneyno t i ce d the brok en w i nds hi e l d a nd the bl e e di ng dr i ve r , w hi c h c ontr i but e d t o the r e a s onabl e s us pi c i on th a t th e v e h ic le o c c u p a n ts h a d b e e n in v o lv e d in c r im in a l a c tiv ity . T h is r e a s o n ab le s us pi c i on of

c r i m i na l a c t i vi ty j us t i f

i e d at e m por a ry s e i z ur e f orthe purpos e of q u e s tio n in g a n d in v e s tig a tio n . F lo r id av . R o y e r , 4 6 0 U .S . 4 9 1 , 4 9 8 ( 1 9 8 3 ) . O f f i c e rD o h a n e y d i d n o tl e a rn th a tth e d i s tu rb a n c e a tth e Ch a d ma n /W e l c h h o me w a s af ig h t, r a th e rth a n ab u r g la ry o ro th e rf e lo n y , n o rth a t R o b in s o n a lo n e s h o u ld be arre st ed, un t i l af

t erhi s i nt er ac t i on w i th V adi m sky. W hen D oh aneyencoun t er ed V a di m s ky , he s us pe c t e d tha ta l l oc c upa nt s of the c a rha d be e n i nvol ve d i n the i n ci d en t , an d th u s h e w as j u st i fi ed i n d et ai n i n g al l o ccu p an t s, i n cl u d i n g V ad i m sk y, un t i l he coul d i nv es t i gat e a nd det erm i ne w ho , i f a nyon e, had actual l y part i ci pat ed i n c r i m i na l a c t i vi ty . S e e U ni t e d S t a t e s v. C or t e z , 449 U . S . 411, 421- 22 ( 1981) ( n o tin g th a t r e a s o n ab le s u s p ic io n e x is te d to ju s tif y av e h ic le s to p to q u e s tio n a ll pa s s e nge r s r e ga r di ng pos s i bl e i l l e ga l i m m i gr a nts t a tus ) ; s e e a l s o C our s on v. M c M illia n , 9 3 9 F .2 d 1 4 7 9 , 1 4 9 3 ( 1 1 th C ir . 1 9 9 1 ) ( n o tin g th a t a n o f f ic e rju s tif

iab ly det ai ned d ri ver a nd pass engers w here he hel d rea sonabl e s uspi ci on thatal l three m ayhave been i nv ol ved i n cri m i nal ac t i vi ty a nd he needed t o w ai tfor bac k-up ).10

A s s u p p o r t f

o rh is a r g u m e n t th a t O f f ic e rD o h a n e yd id n o t h a v e ar ig h t to d e ta in h im , V a d im s k y p o in ts to F lo r id ac a s e la w in v o lv in g tr a f f ic s to p s w h e r e in F l ori da court s have hel d thatpass engers ar e f re e t o l ea ve the si t e of the st op . S ee W i l son v . S t at e, 73 4 S o. 2d 11 07 , 11 08 (F l a. A pp . 4th D i st . 19 99 ). T he U ni t ed S t at es S up re m e C ou rtca l l ed thi s i nt o q uest i on , ho w ever , i n B re nd l i n v . C al i forni a, w he r e i the l d tha tapa s s e nge ri s s e i z e d a tatr a f f i c s t op a nd s o m a y c ha l l e nge the c ons t i tut i ona l i ty of

the s t op i f

the pa s s e nge ra c qui e s c e d a nd r e m a i ne d on the s i t e of the s t op. — U . S . — , 127 S . C t . 2400, 2403 ( 2007) . B r e ndl i n a ddr e s s e d the i s s ue of w he the rapa s s e nge rw ho c hoos e s t o s t a y a tthe s t op ha s a c tua l l y be e n s e i z e d, ra ther than w hether the po l i ce offi ce r a ct ed perm i ss i bl y by r equi ri ng the pass enger t o st ay . B re nd l i n d i d n ot e, i n d i ct a, thati ti s “ re as on abl e f or pass engers t o exp ec t thata pol i ce offi ce r a tthe sc ene of a c ri m e, arre st , or i nv es t i gat i on w i l l no tl et pe opl e m ove a r ound i n w a y s tha tc oul d j e opa r di z e hi s s a f e ty . ” I d. a t2407 ( c i t i ng M a ry la n d v . W ils o n , 5 1 9 U .S . 4 0 8 ( 1 9 9 7 ) ) . W h e th e ro rn o t W ils o n v . S ta te su rv i v es B ren d l i n , D o h an ey’ s act i o n s are st i l l co n st i tu t i o n al l y p erm i ssi b l e b ecau se the offi ce r had a w el l -f

ou nd ed suspi ci on of V adi m sky’ s c ri m i nal ac t i vi ty a nd had r e a s on t o f

e a rf orhi s s a f e ty w he n V a di m s ky e xi t e d the ve hi c l e a nd be ga n w a l ki ng to w a r d th e f

r o n t o f th e v e h ic le . S e e W ils o n , 7 3 4 S o .2 d a t 1 1 1 1 ( lim itin g its ho l di ng t o sei zure s of “ som eone w ho i s notsuspec t ed of any vi ol at i on of the l aw11

and w ho do es no tpo se an art i cul abl e s uspi ci on of dang ert o o ff i ce r s af ety” ); se e a l s o S t a t e v. M c C l e ndon, 845 S o. 2d 233, 235- 36 ( F l a . A pp. 4th D i s t . 2003) (di st i ng ui shi ng W i l son w here there i s a n art i cul abl e r ea son t o d et ai n the pass enger for off i ce r s af ety) . O f f i c e rD oha ne y a l s o di d notvi ol a t e a ny of V a di m s ky ’ s r i ght s by a rr e s t i ng h im f o rr e s is tin g o ro b s tru c tin g ap o lic e o f f ic e rin th e e x e c u tio n o f

ala w f u l d u ty . W e have al re ady e st abl i shed thatO ff i ce r D oh aneyhel d a re as on abl e s uspi ci on that al l occupant s of the vehi cl e, i ncl ud i ng V adi m sky, had b ee n i nv ol ved i n cri m i nal a c tiv ity a n d th a t, th e r e f

o r e , O f f ic e rD o h a n e y a c te d la w f u lly in d e ta in in g V a d im s k y . B e c a us e D oha ne y w a s c onduc t i ng al a w f ul T e rry s t op, he a c t i ng l a w f ul l y by pur s ui ng V a di m s ky f

ortry i ng t o l e a ve the s t op. J a c obs on v. S t a t e , 476 S o. 2d 1282, 1287 ( F l a . 1985) . O f

f i c e rD oha ne y a l s o a c t e d l a w f ul l y by a rr e s t i ng V a di m s ky f or r e s i s t i ng a nd obs truc t i ng hi s l a w f ul e f f or t s t o de t a i n V a di m s ky . F l a . S t a t . § 843. 02 ( “ W hoe ve rs ha l l r e s i s t , obs truc t , oroppos e a ny of f i c e r. . . i n the l a w f

ul e xe c ut i on o f a n y le g a l d u ty . . . s h a ll b e g u ilty o f am is d e m e a n o ro f

th e f ir s t d e g r e e .” ) . V a di m s ky t e s t i f

i e d tha the c om pl i e d w i th e ve ry i ns truc t i on O f f i c e rD oha ne y ga ve h im a n d n e v e rr e s is te d . T h e ju ry v e r d ic t in f a v o ro f O f f ic e rD o h a n e y a n d th e C ity of M el bo urne, ho w ever , i nd i ca t es thatthe j ury f ou nd O ff i ce r D oh aneym ore c r e di bl e on thi s i s s ue . W e s e e no s ound ba s i s t o di s turb tha tf i ndi ng.12 CONCL US I ON F or the foregoi ng re as on s, w e AF F I RM the di s tr i c tc our t ’ s de ni a l of the m ot i on s f

or a di re ct ed verdi ctand for j ud gm entas a m att erof l aw and/ or a new tr ia l.