IMBSIR 75-949

NIST

PUBLICATiONSl

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS

OF THE

NATIONAL MEASUREMENT SYSTEM

Raymond C. Sangster

Technical Report in connection with the

IBS Study of the National Measurement System

1972-1975

Office of the Deputy Directer

Institute for Basic Standards

National Bureau of Standards

Boulder, Colorado 80302

-QC —

100

U55

1977

July 1977

NBSIR 75-949

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS

OF THE

NATIONAL MEASUREMENT SYSTEM

Raymond C. Sangster

Technical Report in connection with the

IBS Study of the National Measurement System

1972-1975

Office of the Deputy Directer

Institute for Basic Standards

National Bureau of Standards

Boulder, Colorado 80302

July 1977

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary

Sidney Harman, Under Secretary

Jordan J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Acting Director
FOREWORD

The concept of a National Measurement System has, for many years,

provided a useful focus for the considerations important to physical

measurements in our technology intensive economy. Dr. R. D. Huntoon,

in his October 6, 1967, article in Science , emphasized the basis for a systems viewpoint in interrelated measurements activities and the idea

has continued to evolve. Today, we think of the U.S. National Measurement

System in terms of all the intellectual, functional and institutional

activities which enter into measurements throughout our society. Moreover, we seek to understand more completely the structural nature of this

system and its architectural needs.

There have been a number of approaches to the study of our national

system for physical measurements. The present series of studies was initiated in 1972 by Dr. Ernest Ambler, then Director of the Institute

for Basic Standards. It was Dr. Ambler's purpose to organize the essential information necessary for the effective management of NBS resources

and to promote the direct interaction between IBS staff members and the

communities of users they serve.

This document reflects the results of the intensive studies carried

out during the period from 1972 - 1975. It is one of a series of 27 reports describing various aspects of these studies; most of these

are now in print and available from NBS or the National Technical

Information Service. It is important to recognize that the National

Measurement System is extremely complex having widely distributed elements

and impacts. The detailed analysis of this system is well beyond the

state-of-the-art of econometric modeling, and therefore, any study, no matter how intensive, is necessarily incomplete. Nevertheless, the

information which is now in hand provides an important addition to our capability for planning and implementing the programs of IBS. It also

represents a growing foundation upon which we can continue our efforts

to build a more effective structure.

A. 0. McCoubrey

Director, Institute for Basic Standards

National Bureau of Standards

June 1977

ii
PREFACE

The 1972-75 Study of the National Measurement System by the NBS Institute

for Basic Standards has been a massive effort involving many people in all

divisions of the Institute. The Study was organized around a central coordinator

and a group of "National Measurement System Study representatives". The initial

central coordinator was Dr. James R. Seed, a Presidential Interchange Executive

from Dow Chemical Company, on temporary assignment to the National Bureau of

Standards. Dr. Seed carried the project through to the generation of a complete

set of comprehensive reports on the structure and operation of the various portions of the System, in December 1973. In August 1974, I took over the central

coordinator position, and worked with the Study representatives from the divisions

of the Institute, to round out the pattern of the Study and to develop the final

reports for the different areas of measurement interest.

During this 1972-75 Study, a substantial amount of insight was developed into

the structure and functions of that System. This insight is the subject matter of

this report. The report proper describes the technical and institutional infrastructures of the System, the international context in which it operates, and the

basic impacts and trends of the System. The balance of this document contains

appendices and an extended bibliography, which provide detail regarding specific

aspects of the System.

No report of this sort could be generated without many hours spent at the

typewriter. This one would not exist without the competent and unstinting

efforts of my secretaries and everyone else whom they could obtain to support

them, and I wish to thank them, one and all: Carol Ciufolo, M'Srty Tyner,

Pamela Killian, Angela DiGiallonardo, Sheila Aaker, Sue Randolph, Nancy Mills,

Kay Stephenson, Shirley Deeg, and Dorries Schaffner.

We trust that the availability of this document will be useful to many

readers who need only an overview of the results of our Study of the National

Measurement System. For those who want more detailed information about any

part of this study, we have provided a "Report Request Card" at the back of

this document, which can be used to request the specific reports wanted.

Raymond C. Sangster

July 1977

iii
CONTENTS

FOREWORD ii PREFACE iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1

1 . INTRODUCTION , 3 1.1 Background 3 1.2 Functions of Measurement ...... 3 1.3 Process of Measurement ...... 5 1.4 Concept of a National Measurement System . . 5 1.5 Structure of This Report .

"

' ' 6

2. ELEMENTS OF THE SYSTEM '.. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '.'. '. '.[ '. '. '. '. 7 2.0 Model of the System *

,

' 7 2.1 Measurement Quantities, Units and Standards 7 2.2 Technical Infrastructure 9 2.2.1 Documentary Specifications 11 2.2.2 Measurement Instrumentation 13 2.2.3 Reference Data ........ 17 2.2.4 Reference Materials 20 2.2.5 Predictive Methods ....... 22 2.2.6 Fundamental Constants 22 2.2.7 Science and People 23 2.3 Realized Measurement Capabilities 25

2.4 Institutional Infrastructure 25

2.4.1 Standardization Institutions 25 2.4.2 The Instrumentation Industry 29 2.4.3 State and Local Offices of Weights and Measures 29 2.4.4 Standards and Testing Laboratories and Services 33 2.4.5 Regulatory Agencies 35

2.4.6 The National Bureau of Standards 37 2.4.6.1 The Present--Scope of NBS Services 37 2.4.6.2 Alternate Sources for Services Provided by NBS 39 2.4.6.3 NBS Funding and Staffing 41 2.4.6.4 Evaluation Panels and Visiting Committee 43

2.5 The Measurements Market Place: The Direct Measurements Transactions Matrices 43

3. THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT 45

4. IMPACT AND TRENDS OF MEASUREMENT SYSTEM 47 4.1 Impact of Measurements 47 4.1.1 Functional, Technological, and Scientific Applications 47 4.1.2 Economic Considerations 48

4.2 Trends of the National Measurement System 49

4.2.1 Increased Complexity of the National Measurement System 49

4.2.2 Increased Integration of the National Measurement System 52 4.2.3 Improved Quality Control in the National Measurement System 52 4.2.4 Improved Information Resources for the National Measurement System . . 53 4.2.5 Automation of Measurements 54 4.2.6 Metrication 55 4.2.7 Science 56

5. SUMMARY 57 APPENDIX A. MEASUREMENT SYSTEM INTERACTION DIAGRAMS 59 APPENDIX B. INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS 68 APPENDIX C. NBS NATIONAL MEASUREMENT REFERENCE STANDARD ARTIFACTS, INSTRUMENTS AND FACILITIES 70 APPENDIX D. NATIONAL STANDARD REFERENCE DATA SYSTEM PUBLICATIONS 74 APPENDIX E. U.S. PRIVATE ORGANIZATIONS REPRESENTED IN NBS REFERENCE COLLECTION OF

STANDARDS 79 APPENDIX F. STATE AND LOCAL WEIGHTS AND MEASURES ACTIVITY SUMMARY (EXCERPTS) 1974-75. 83 APPENDIX 6. DIRECTORY OF STANDARDS LABORATORIES AND CAPABILITIES 88 APPENDIX H. NBS CALIBRATION ACTIVITY SUMMARY FOR FISCAL YEAR 1975 95 APPENDIX J. USERS OF NBS OUTPUTS, 1970-75 100

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DOCUMENTS 105

AUTHOR INDEX 132

iv
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Chart of measurement quantities 4 Figure 2. Egyptian Royal Cubit 6 Figure 3. Flow diagram of the National Measurement System 9 Figure 4. The modernized metric system - SI base and supplementary units 10

Figure 5. Standards of physical measurement 12

Figure 6. Krypton-86 lamp in its cryostat 16

Figure 7. Cesium-beam atomic clock 16

Figure 8. Schematic of an atomic beam clock 16

Figure 9. Experimental realization of the candela 16

Figure 10. Josephson Junction standard voltage source . 16

Figure 11. Photoelectric interferometric comparator 18

Figure 12. Automated Y-factor mm-wave noise measurement system 18

Figure 13. Deadweight machine 18

Figure 14. Proving rings 18

Figure 15. Temperature measurement sensors 20

Figure 16. Location of measurement and control instrumentation companies 27

Figure 17. Measuring, analysis & control instrumentation industries expenditures

& sales 28

Figure 18. Instruments show variable trends 30

Figure 19. Location of weights & measures governmental jurisdictions & personnel ... 32

Figure 20. Location of members of National Conference of Standards Laboratories ... 33

Figure 21. Air Force measurements standards system 34

Figure 22. Army calibration system traceability chart 34

Figure 23. United States Navy temperature calibration chain 36

Figure 24. Energy Research and Development Administration National Measurement

System Subsystem 36

Figure 25. Other agency funding sources 41 Figure 26. Composition of staff 41 Figure 27. Model of the international measurement system 45

Figure 28. International coordination of measurement standards 46

Figure 29. Composition of U.S. labor force, 1860-1980 50

Figure B-1. Metric conversion card 69

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Functions of measurements 5 Table 2. Traverse of the National Measurement System Model 8

Table 3. Measurement instrumentation categories and suppliers 14

Table 4. Calibration chain example: tire inflation pressure 15

Table 5. Primary fixed points on International Practical Temperature Scale IPTS-68 . 20

Table 6. Table of Contents from catalog of NBS standard reference materials .... 21 Table 7. Realized measurement capabilities 26

Table 8. 1974 Profile, instruments for measurement, analysis and control 30

Table 9. Instruments for measurement, analysis and control: projections 1974-80 . . 30

Table 10. Medical and dental instruments and supplies: projections 1974-80 .... 30

Table 11. 1974 Profile--X-ray apparatus and tubes 30

Table 12. Outline of Contents of NBS Handbook 44, U.S. Specifications, Tolerances,

and other Technical Requirements for Commercial Weighing and Measuring

Devices 31 Table 13. National Conference on Weights and Measures--Titles of non-routine sessions,

1 970-75 31 Table 14. Federal regulatory agencies 37

Table 15. NBS funding by program 41 Table 16. Direct measurements transactions matrix for IBS Study of the National

Measurement System 42

Table 17. Direct measurements transactions matrix for outputs of NBS 44

Table B-1. SI base units 68

Table B-2. SI supplementary units 68

Table B-3. SI prefixes 68

Table B-4. Examples of SI derived units expressed in terms of base units 68

V
LIST OF TABLES (CONTINUED)

Table B-5. Examples of SI derived units formed by using supplementary units 68

Table B-6. SI derived units with special names 68

Table B-7. Units used with International System 69 Table B-8. Units used with International System whose values in SI units are

found experimentally 69 Table B-9. Units to be used with International System for a limited time 69 Table H-1. Calibration data for NBS by state 95

Table H-2. Summary of calibration data for FY-75 96

Table J-1. Direct Users of NBS Outputs--Governmental 100

Table J-2. Direct Users of NBS Outputs--SIC Major Groups 1-32 101 Table J-3. Direct Users of NBS Outputs--SIC Major Groups 33-49 ! . ] ! 102

Table J-4. Direct Users of NBS Outputs--SIC Major Groups 50-89 103

yi
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE NATIONAL MEASUREMENT SYSTEM

Raymond C. Sangster

Institute for Basic Standards

National Bureau of Standards

July 1977

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The National Measurement System consists

of all of the activities and mechanismsintellectual and operational, technical and

institutional--used to provide physical mea- surement data to allow the creation of the

objective, quantitative knowledge required

by our society. This report describes the

structural and functional aspects of the

System.

Measurement is necessary in conduct of

the life of the individual, pursuit of science,

operations of society, and employment of

technology. Measurements allow human beings

to describe, predict, communicate, decide,

control, and react in dealing with the physical universe. The process of measurement

requires intellectual comprehension of the

phenomenon, quantity, or property to be measured; definition of a reference unit in

terms of which the measurement will be made;

existence of a means of comparing the unknown

to be measured with the reference unit; establishment of a physical reference standard

which embodies the measurement unit; agreement within the human community on all

aspects of the measurement process; and

mechanisms to enforce honesty and clarity

in measurements.

Our model of tne National Measurement System involves five structural levels.

I . Conceptual System of measurement

phenomena, quantities, units, and definitions.

II. Basic Technical Infrastructure to provide tools, techniques, and agreements

that allow the conceptual system to be

reduced to practice.

III. Realized Measurement Capabilities,

abilities to measure specific quantities to known accuracies under defined conditions.

IV. Dissemination and Enforcement Net- work, institutions that disseminate realized

measurement capabilities to users and enforce

their use.

V. End-use Measurements.

The base phenomena or quantities to be

measured include length, mass, time, electric

current, temperature, amount of substance.

and luminous intensity. Many subsidiary units are derived from the basic units. The United

States uses both the customary "English" sys- tem of units and the modernized metric system, SI.

The technical means required to make mea- surements include both physical hardware and

intellectual software. Software aspects include documentary specifications and standards, descriptions of measurement techniques,

educational materials, reference data, predictive methods, and the basic recorded knowledge of science. Hardware aspects include

basic artifact standards, transfer and working

standards, reference materials, and measure- ment instruments.

Documentary standards and specifications

in the broad sense include international

treaties and conventions; Federal and state

constitutions; Feaeral , state and local laws

and ordinances; engineering standards; and

procurement specifications.

Suitable instrumentation is an indispensable element in any measurement process.

Both physical apparatus and the techniques

by which it can produce the desired results

must be available.

When a given aspect of matter, material,

or fabricated product is sufficiently stable,

well defined, and of wide enough interest,

measurement data that characterize it can become useful as reference data. Existence

of reference data takes a substantial load

off the operational measurement system,

since it eliminates much repetitive measurement. Measurements of unknown systems are often performed by comparison with known

systems, using reference data. Such data

may also be used to calibrate measurement

equipment. Further, properties of materials

may be used to define the measurement process

itself, as in use of properties of water to define the temperature scale.

Reference materials complement and supplement reference data in the Measurement

System. Their function is very similar to that of reference standards, and for some

1
phenomena, such as density, the reference

standards are reference materials.

In some measurement circumstances, the

volume of data needed may be so large, or the experimental circumstances so inaccessible, that it is not physically or economically feasible to measure all of the desired data. Predictive methods--models of the

phenomena being measured--then become an essential element of the Measurement System.

The central core of the Measurement Sys- tem consists of knowledge or science and of

the people who employ it. In some newer measurement fields, there is no further

institutional infrastructure.

The institutional elements of the system

include the documentary specifications and

standardization organizations, the instrumentation industry, central measurement standards authorities, state and local offices of

weights and measures, standards and testing

laboratories and services, and technical

regulatory agencies.

Institutions that produce documentary

standards operate at levels from the international to the individual company or local

governmental unit. Major relevant bodies are

the International Organization for Standardization, International Electrotechnical Commission, American National Standards Institute, American Society for Testing and Materials, Department of Defense, and General

Services Administration.

Over 5000 U.S. companies are known to pro- duce measurement instrumentation. The instrumentation industry was at an $8 billion level

in 1974 and has been predicted to grow to $15 billion in 1980.

Legal responsibilities for enforcement of

justice in the use of weights and measures in our domestic commercial marketplaces lie with

the state and local offices of weights and measures; the National Conference of Weights

and Measures Is the central coordinating unit.

Its paid staff and executive secretariat are employees of the NBS Office of Weights and Measures.

Standards and testing laboratories and

services provide physical standardization

services to specific portions of the National Measurement System. The most highly developed institutional structures are in the

military services. The National Conference

of Standards Laboratories provides a central

forum for this portion of the measurement

system. NBS provides its central secretariat.

Promulgation, enforcement, compliance, and

adjudication with respect to the regulatory

actions of technical regulatory agencies re- quire a substantial measurement base and com- prise a significant portion of the System,

making the regulatory agencies the newest re- cognizable institutional structural element

of the System.

The National Bureau of Standards is the

principal authoritative central measurement

standards institution in the United States.

Its calibration and related measurement ser- vices provide access to the national standards

of physical measurement; it operates the

National Standard Reference Data System and

provides Standard Reference Materials; it

provides coordination services to the System

through the Offices of Weights and Measures

and Measurement Services, and through the

Standards and Applications Division, the Office of International Standards, and the Office of International Relations; and it pro- vides a variety of information services.

The U.S. National Measurement System is embedded in and is part of an international

measurement system, for which the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM)

is the central institution.

The major trends of our National Measure- ment System are toward increased complexity,

increased integration, improved quality control, improved information resources, automation, metrication, and an expanded scientific

base. The increasing complexity of our society is reflected in the Measurement System.

Increased integration of the System is required

to improve its ability to provide most econ- omically and effectively the needed measurement data. Improved quality control of the

measurement process, through such mechanisms

as the NBS Measurement Assurance Programs, is needed to control complexity and effect integration. Automation is vastly expanding the

technical power of the System. Passage of

the Metric Conversion Act of 1975 recognizes

a major trend in the System, which will have

a permanent impact on this country. The scientific developments of the past quarter

century have nearly put us in a position to realize the goals of the founders of the

metric system, namely a universal system

for physical measurements founded on natural

law and a single constant of nature.

2
1 . INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

The ability to measure is part of the

basic fabric of human society [2] t. Regulation by law of weights and measures used in

commercial transactions dates back far into

antiquity [136,3,10,16,17,29,61,73,79,236].

With the maturing of the science-based phases

of the later industrial revolution around

the end of the nineteenth century, governmental participation in the field of measure- ment expanded in the major industrial countries to cover many areas of science and

technology relevant to the mass production

of goods and services [46]. During the past

decade or so, still another major governmental involvement in the field of measurements

has grown out of the rapid expansion of governmental regalation of our economy in areas

such as health and safety and consumer and

environmental protection.

The National Bureau of Standards was es- tablished in 1901. An oft-quoted statement

by the House Committee on Coinage, Weights

and Measures gives the flavor of the context

in which the Bureau was created:

"It is therefore the unanimous opinion of

your committee that no more essential aid

could be given to manufacturing, commerce,

the makers of scientific apparatus, the

scientific work of Government, of schools,

colleges, and universities than by the

establishment of the institution proposed

in this bill." [46]

The Bureau was established as the source of national standards for physical measurements and their custodian. In carrying out

this role, it seems fair to say that NBS over the years has developed a more comprehensive view of the role of measurements in our society than any other organization in

this country.

About fifteen years ago. Dr. R. D. Huntoon

and others in the National Bureau of Standards began to formalize their understanding

of the measurement activities in this country

around the concept of a "national measurement

system" [56,82,15,24,34,38,40,43-45,47,48,52,

54,55,58,59,65,111,221,222]. In 1972, Dr. Ernest Ambler, then Director of the NBS Institute for Basic Standards, initiated an extensive Institute-wide study of the national

measurement system, to accomplish an acrosst Numbers in brackets refer to the references

listed in the Bibliography at the end of

this report.

3

the-board analysis of the entire scope of

Institute measurement and dissemination concerns. The approach to the study involved

analysis of the totality of the physical

measurements performed in this country to answer the question of the quality of the

measurements being made by the system and

whether NBS dissemination procedures are adequate for its needs [133,134,144]. This

is one of the reports of the results of that

study.

The overall study was subdivided into a series of "microstudies" of specific measure- ment fields (see fig. 1). In addition, a macroeconomic study was performed of measurements in our economy [327,173,200,218]. The

overall design and specific findings of the

study have been presented in a Final Surmiary

Report [307]. Individual reports are being

issued for the microstudies and other aspects

of the total study [254,263,269,282.294,295,

298-305,312,313,317-28]. Readers interested

in a total overview or any of the specific areas studies, are invited to use the request

card bound in the back of this document to obtain the reports desired. There will be no systematic attempt made here to summarize

the contents of these other reports.

The purpose of this report is to describe

the structural and functional aspects of the

national measurement system as a whole. Its content has been derived inductively from

analysis of the reports from the different

specialized study areas and from reading of

the literature in this field. The intent is to assemble in one document in a unified

fashion material that is otherwise found only

in a multitude of sources. The author's con- tribution has been that of compilation, analysis, integration, and organization. He is

indebted to the many sources cited in the

Bibliography for establishment of the facts

and observations upon which this report is

founded.

1.2 Functions of Measurements

The functions of measurements include all

ill of the uses made by human beings of

<nowledge of the physical universe. Mea- surement is necessary in the conduct of

life of the individual, in the pursuit of

science, in the operations of society, and

in the employment of technology.

Measurements allow human beings

to describe,

to predict,

to cotmiunicate,

to decide,

to control

,

to react,

in dealing with the physical universe. Of

this set of six descriptors, two are most
COMMON HEASUREMIHT OUHHTIIUS

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23. SURFACE PROPERTIES

Zi IONIZING RAOIATION

Chart of Miaturamint Quantities

ind SttKM AwM MMMriPwnt SukiyitMts cvwnd by dw IBS Study of the National Measurement System

1972-75

SUPPLfMfNTAWY M i

Figure 1. Chart of measurement quantities.

4>
Table 1. Functions of measurements.

SCIENCE

To Describe

Q To Predict

I—

002 To Communicate Q

ZD° To Decide

To Control

PERSONAL

Knowledge

Prediction of

Future

Human

Communication

SOCIAL

EFFICIENCY

Data Bases,

Maps & Charts

Public Planning

& Forecasting

Property Ownership

& Political Boundaries

Decision Making Adjudication, Equity in Trade

(Action Selection) & Taxation, Payment of Wages

Action Initiation Regulation & Policing

TECHNOLOGY

IMPLEMENTATIQi^l

Resource Location

Engineering Design

Interchangeabi 1 i ty

Quality Assurance

Process Control

To React Hazard Warning Hazard Warning Fault Diagnosis

fundamental: To communicate and to decide.

In the broadest sense of the words, to com- muniaate can encompass communication to both the self and others, regarding past,

present or future. Similarly, to decide

can encompass both selection among alternate

courses of action and maintaining a selected

course of action or reacting in a predetermined fashion when faced with alternatives.

The functions of measurements are sum- marized in table 1, the development of

which will be described in section 4.

1.3 Process of Measurement

The process of mea number of different a most fundamental , i s prehension and defini

quantity, or property

travail involved here once the issues have

measurement process h But in new fields of

issue of just what to difficult than learni

measurement.

surement involves a ctivities. First and

the intellectual com- tion of the phenomenon,

to be measured. The

is often soon forgotten

been resolved, and the

as become habitual

science, resolving the measure is often more

ng how to make the

Second, it is necessary to define a vefeTence unit in terms of which the mea- surement will be made. Expressing the

i^esults of a measurement in terms of a number requires answering the question,

"Number of what?" The reference units may

be naturally occurring, such as a day, or man-made, such as an hour.

Third, there must be a means of comparing

the phenomenon, quantity, or property to be

measured with the reference unit. For some purposes, such as determining the number of

days on the trail or the number of people

in the tribe, this can be achieved by simple

counting of natural units. For other purposes, such as determining the number of

hours until dawn, more elaborate methods

are needed.

The third activity often leads naturally

to the fourth, the establishment of a physical reference standard which embodies the

measurement unit. The cubit may have been

defined in terms of the dimensions of the

Pharaoh's body, but there was no way that

the Pharaoh himself could be used directly

to make the measurements needed for building

a pyramid. Hence, a physical reference

standard was derived from the basic definition and used to control the ancient Egyptian

construction industry (fig. 2).

Individual resolution of the issues sur- rounding these four preceding aspects of

measurement will allow an individual to obtain for himself the quantitative knowledge

that he needs as an isolated human being,

whether it be for the conduct of his personal

life or the pursuit of the interests of sci- ence. However, when he proceeds to relate

his measurements to those of other human

beings he finds that something more is needed,

namely agreement within the human community

on the definitions of what is to be measured

and the units of measurement, and the mea- surement process in general. This fifth

aspect of the measurement process requires

social mechanisms to create and record agreement on the previous four aspects of measurement, so that communication among individuals

in society is possible.

Measurements are used for more than purely

personal, scientific, or communication
EGYPTIAN ROYAL CUBIT OF AMENHETEP 1 (C1550 B C )

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I — 5?1 » mm. = 20.63 lnch« —

Figure 2. Egyptian Royal Cubit. Five thousand years ago, the Egyptians laid the foundation

for all this is embraced by modern linear dimensional control. They produced the first master

standard of linear measurement, the Cubit, meaning forearm. This standard was equivalent to the length of the forearm of the Pharaoh, about 20.63 inches long, and was known as the Royal

Cubit. This master was subdivided by scribed lines which divided the cubit into two spans, six

palms and 24 digits or finger breadths. The digits, in turn, were divided into halves, thirds,

quarters, and down to sixteen parts. The Royal Cubit Master was made of black granite and

placed in the custody of the royal architect. "Working" cubit sticks made of wood were duplicated from the Royal Cubit and used by artisans in building the Great Pyramid, tombs, and

temples [32].

reasons. From time immemorial, goods and

services have exchanged hands on the basis

of physical measurements. From equally

ancient times, cheating and confusion have

existed. Both are resented. Societies

react to suppress them. These reaction

mechanisms to enforce honesty and clarity

in measurement constitute a sixth major

aspect of the measurement process.

1.4 Concept of a National Measurement System

In 1967, Dr. R, D. Huntoon wrote [56]:

"Concurrently with the growth and industrialization of this nation, there has developed within it a vast, complex system of

measurement which has made possible the

very growth that brought the system into

being. This National Measurement System

stands today as one of the key elements

in a world-wide measurement system that

links all major nations together in a consistent, compatible network for com- munications and trade."

Today, we understand the U.S. National

Measurement System to comprise all of the

activities and mechanisms--intel lectual and

operational, technical and institutional--

used by this country to produce the physical

measurement data needed to create the objective, quantitative knowledge required by our society.

The use of the term system in the phrase

"the national measurement system" is appropriate. There is a high degree of functional

interdependence among the different elements

of the system, and the interactions are

numerous, subtle, and complex. The fact that

many occur in an automatic or quiet fashion

tends to obscure the reality of their existence.

Historically, the word system has been

used in discussions of measurements since

at least as early as the days of Thomas

Jefferson [1] and John Quincy Adams [2].

Often, the word has been applied to the array

of units and reference standards used for

measurement purposes. On the other hand,

both the Congressional directive to Adams

and his response involved what we today would

describe as a systems approach to analysis of

the measurement activities in this nation.

The National Measurement System is conceptually similar in nature to a number of other

social systems that provide to the individual

and to society at large the means for achieving individual and collective goals. In this case, the goals are support to the acquisition

of new knowledge of the physical universe, and

the benefits that can come from application

of such knowledge.

1.5 Structure of This Report

In the next section, a model of the National

Measurement System is presented, followed by

a discussion of its component parts, with

special emphasis on the technical and institutional infrastructural elements. The international measurement system is summarized in section 3, and section 4 discusses the current

status and trends of the U.S. national system.

Appendices contain background information

about the component elements of the system.
2. ELEMENTS OF THE SYSTEM

2.0 Model of the System

The model of the National Measurement

System developed by induction from interim

microstudy reports prepared in December 1973

[177-197] and from previous literature on this subject [56,82,15,43,44,47,54,65,172]

can be considered to have five major levels:

I. The intelZectvuil foundation is the

conceptual system that defines the measure- ment quantities and units.

II. The basic technical infrastructure

provides the tools and techniques and agreements that allow the conceptual system to be

reduced to practice.

III. Realized measurement capabilities - the ability to measure specified quantities

to known precisions and accuracies under

defined circumstances - form the heart of

the measurement system. Levels I and II are meaningful only as they result in realized

measurement capabilities. Levels IV and V can achieve no more than these capabilities

allow.

IV. The dissemination and enforcement

network exists to make the realized measurement capabilities available to the ultimate

users and to enforce the adequacy of their

use where this is called for by law or accepted practice. This network provides

the institutional infrastructure of the system. Since one function of the national

measurement system is to allow compatibility

in international commerce, both national and

international institutions are relevant.

V. The ultimate level in the system consists of the end-use measurements made and

used in the "measurements market-place". It

is this level that all other elements in the

system exist to support.

Figure 3 is a flow diagram version of the

model of the National Measurement System

used in this report. Many different paths

can be traced through this model to show the

interrelationships of the different functional elements. Table 2 describes one such

traverse. Sections 2.1 through 2.5 below

discuss the five major levels of this model.

Other approaches to diagramming the

National Measurement System exist. Appendix

A contains examples of charts resulting from

one such approach in current use in NBS [314].

2.1 Measurement Quantities, Units, and

Standards

The measurement system of the United States

is founded upon one basic conceptual system of

measurement phenomena, quantities and properties, and two systems of measurement units,

the "Customary" system based on old English

measurement units, and the modernized metric

system, the Systeme International (abbreviated

SI) (see fig. 4 and App. B) [232,15,24,66,1,2,

7,9,13,17,27,28,39,41 .42,57,73,79,118,199,219.

236,260].

Standards are maintained by the international and national standards laboratories

for only a limited selection of all of the

useful measurement quantities. For the numerous derived quantities, whether or not standards are maintained depends upon a number of factors.

(1) The utility of the standard. For example, standards of volume are maintained,

but not standards of area. Area can be determined more accurately by a series of linear

and angular measurements than it could be

determined by comparison of an unknown area with a reference area. Therefore, while

measurement of area, e.g., of land, is of

great importance, an area standard is of little

practical value. In contrast, while volume

can be and sometimes is determined by length

and geometrical measurements, volumes can be

determined far more accurately, as a rule, by

comparison of an unknown volume with a precisely standardized one. Further, volume has

great technical and commercial importance--

among other things, measurement of volume is

often used as a surrogate for measurement of mass or amount of matter. The combination

of importance and precision of measurement

makes volumetric standards among the most

important of all derived standards.

(2) Some quantities are not easily sus- ceptible of embodiment in a physical standard,

speed or velocity for instance. Physical

realization of a standard for speed is a conceivable, but not an attractive idea.

Since distance and time can both be measured

with exceedingly high precision, there is usually little or no attractiveness in the

idea of establishing a reference standard for

speed. The value of the speed of light is,

of course, an important and exceptional case.

(3) Some quantities simply are not needed

urgently enough to justify the economic cost

of developing and maintaining a physical

reference standard. In the radio frequency

and microwave spectrum, for instance, absolute power calibrations may be needed at a wide variety of frequencies, but economic

constraints prevent the construction of absolute reference standards for every frequency
Table 2. Traverse of the National Measurement System Model.

The NATIONAL MEASUREMENT SYSTEM consists of a

I. CONCEPTUAL SYSTEM of measurement

phenomena, quantities, and units,

II. BASIC TECHNICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

A. Science and knowledge, as recorded

in publications.

B. Documentary Specifications System of

international agreements, laws, engineering standards, mil specs, etc.

C. Instrumentation System of artifact

stds. and meas. tools and techniques.

D. Reference data, or

E. Reference materials,

which is implemented by a

that consists of a number of elements

built around a central core of

What to measure, how, when, and why

is established and recorded by the

Physical realization and implementation

is achieved by the

which can be applied to specific physical

systems or materials to generate

III. REALIZED MEASUREMENT CAPABILITY for

specified ranges of quantities, subject

to certain conditions and accuracies.

IV. DISSEMINATION AND ENFORCEMENT NETWORK

A. People, often organized in professional

societies, who acquire knowledge by education and from instrumentation suppliers.

which in turn become supporting elements of

the technical infrastructure, to create a

B. Central Standards Authorities,

C. State and Local Offices of Weights

and Measures and equivalent agencies;

D. Standards, Calibration, and Testing

Laboratories and Services;

E. Regulatory Agencies.

ORGANIZATIONAL INPUT-OUTPUT TRANSACTIONS

in the Measurements Marketplace,

A. Costs

B. Suppliers with certain capabilities

C. Users with certain needs,

D. Ultimate Benefits

This measurement capability is used by a

which employs

These people work in an institutional

framework, which consists of

such as the National Bureau of Standards;

plus

plus other

The end effect of all these structural

elements is support to the

whereby useful measurements are delivered

at certain

by

to

who realize the

of the National Measurement System.
of Interest. Instead, standards are con- structed for a limited number of key frequencies, and measurements at intermediate

frequencies are made by interpolation.

Figure 5 displays an array of the physical

measurement standards of the type maintained

by NBS. Appendix C lists the physical refer- ence standards maintained by NBS.

Application of this basic conceptual system of measurement quantities, units, and

standards to the real world of useful measurements requires a number of connecting elements

in the National Measurement System. For present purposes, these can be most easily sorted

into two categories, those that belong to a technical infrastructure and those belonging

to the institutional infrastructure. The

technical infrastructure comprises all of the

technical means or tools needed, the institutional infrastructure contains all of the

organizations required to make these tools

adequately available at the point of end use.

2.2 Technical Infrastructure

The technical means or tools required to make measurements include both physical hard- ware and intellectual software, e.g., both

measurement instrumentation and instruction

manuals. The software aspects include documentary specifications, descriptions of mea- surement techniques, educational materials,

reference data, and the basic recorded knowledge of science. Hardware aspects include

transfer and working standards, reference

materials, and measurement instruments.

Since the software and hardware are functionally inseparable, the discussion will focus

on the technical "tool" aspects of the structural elements of figure 3, handling both the

software and hareware aspects together. The

institutional aspects of these same elements

will be discussed shortly.

KNOWLEDGE PUBLICATIONS

SCIENCE PREDICTIVE METHODS

FUNDAMENTAL CONST.

CONCEPTUAL

SYSTEM

MEASUREMENT

PHENOMENA QUANTITIES

UNITS DEFINITIONS

DOCUMENTARY SPECIFICATION

SYSTEM

REFERE

DAT

NCE

A

REFERE MATER I NCE ALS

PHYSICAL STDS TECHNIQUES

INSTRUMENTS

EDUCATION

PEOPLE

PROF SOCIETIES

REALIZED MEASUREMENT

CAPABILITIES

RANGES PRECISION ACCURACY ENVIRONMENT

INSTRUMENTATION

INDUSTRY

REGULATORY AGENCIES

STATE & LOCAL OFFICES OF WEIGHTS & MEASURES

STANDARDS & TESTING

LABORATORIES

& SERVICES

NBS OTHER CENTRAL STANDARDS AUTHORITY

INSTITUTIONS

T

CONCEPTUAL rOUNDATION

II . BASIC TECHNICAL

INFRASTRUCTURE

III. REALIZED MEASUREMENT CAPABILITIES

IV. DISSEMINATION

& ENFORCEMENT

NETWORK

END- USE MEASUREMENTS

THE MEASUREMENTS

MARKET-PLACE

SUPPLIERS

& USERS

COSTS & BENEFITS

V. END-USE MEASUREMENTS

Figure 3. Flow diagram of the National Measurement System.

9
10
2.2.1 Documentary Specifications

Our measurement system both supports and

is supported by a documentary specifications

system [109,6,88,95,99,121 ,128,139,224,251

,

129,279]. The field of documentary specifications and standardization (broadly interpreted) interfaces with the field of metrology

and measurement standards in a number of ways:

a. The international basis of the national measurement system is established by an international treaty.

b. The legal basis of the national mea- surement system is established by the U.S.

Constitution and by federal, state, and

local laws and ordinances.

c. Engineering standards exist which

specify various measurement definitions,

instruments, procedures, and processes, i.e.,

there are engineering standards which apply

directly to specification of aspects of the

field of metrology itself.

d. Many engineering standards specify

test methods, which require metrological

capability for their implementation.

e. Many engineering standards are dimensional, design, or process standards, which

use convenient multiples of basic measurement

units in use in a country as the specified

dimensional, design, or process factors.

f. Specifications used in procurement and

quality control are often very similar to engineering standards, in that they involve

or require test methods, which depend on metrological capabilities, and they are phrased

in terms of locally accepted measurement units.

Some examples of kinds of documentary

standards and specifications upon which the

operations of portions of the national mea- surement system is based include:

A. The Constitution of the United States

"The Congress shall have the power... To coin

money, regulate the value thereof, and of

foreign coin, and fix the standard of

weights and measures" (art. 1, sect. 8).

B. International Treaties and Conventions

The Convention of the Metre of May 20, 1875,

established the metric system as the international language for physical measurements. It created the international machinery for implementation and evolution of this system. The

Convention was ratified by the United States

on May 28, 1878. Currently, 43 nations adhere

to it. [250,9,57,232]

The International Organization for Legal

Metrology (OIML, from its French initials) Is

a treaty organization not under the United

Nations, which was established in 1955. The

United States joined it in August 1972. It

is concerned for the most part with standards

for instruments and measurement techniques

involved in legal determinations of quantity

and quality. The decisions of the organization have the character of recommendations,

not the force of law. However, members of

the organization are morally obligated to implement these decisions as far as possible,

and this moral obligation is taken seriously.

C. Laws

"Act of 28 July 1866 (14 Stat. 339)—An Act

to authorize the Use of the Metric System

of Weights and Measures.

"Be it enacted. . .That from and after the

passage of this act it shall be lawful

throughout the United States of America

to employ the weights and measures of

the metric system; and no contract or dealing, or pleading in any court, shall

be deemed invalid or liable to objection

because the weights or measures expressed

or referred to therein are weights or measures of the metric system."

"Act of 3 March 1901, 31 Stat. 1449 (Public

Law 177-56 Congress )--An Act to establish

the National Bureau of Standards."

" 15 U.S.C. 272. Functions of the Secretary

The Secretary of Commerce is authorized

to undertake the following functions:

(a) The custody, maintenance, and development of the national standards of measurement, and the provision of means and methods

for making measurement consistent with

those standards, including the comparison

of standards used in scientific investigations, engineering, manufacturing, commerce,

and educational institutions with the

standards adopted or recognized by the

Government.

(b) The determination of physical constants

and properties of materials when such

data are of great importance to scientific

or manufacturing interests and are not to

be obtained of sufficient accuracy elsewhere.

(c) The development of methods for testing

materials, mechanisms, and structures, and

the testing of materials, supplies, and

equipment, including items purchased for

use of Government departments and independent establishments.

(d) Cooperation with other' governmental

agencies and with private organizations

in the establishment of standard practices,

incorporated in codes and specifications.

(e) Advisory service to Government agencies

on scientific and technical problems.

(f) Invention and development of devices

to serve special needs of the Government "
International metre and international kilogram

of 1889 (life-size front views).

Standards of length, mass, and capacity provided

States under Congressional resolution of 1836.

One ohm resistance standards.

Figure 5. Standards of physical measurement.

12
D. Administrative Regulations

Mendenhall Order of April 5, 1893 [46]:

"...The Office of Weights and Measures,

with the approval of the Secretary of the

Treasury, will in the future regard the

International Prototype Metre and the

Kilogramme as fundamental standards, and

the customary units-- the yard and the

pound—will be derived therefrom in ac- cordance with the Act of July 28, 1866."

E. State and Local Laws and Ordinances

NBS Handbook 44 [119] is the basic model

code that is adopted as the weights and measures law of 50 states, Puerto Rico, and the

District of Columbia. The National Conference of Weights and Measures is responsible

for the decisions regarding changes in this

Handbook.

F. Engineering Standards

An Engineering Standard is "an engineering

practice established by authority or mutual

agreement and described in a document, to assure dimensional compatibility, quality of

product, uniformity of evaluation procedures,

or uniformity of engineering language. Ex- amples are documents prescribing screw thread

dimensions, chemical composition and mechanical properties of steel, dress sizes, safety

standards for motor vehicles, methods of test

for sulphur in oil, and codes for highway

signs." [109, p. 12] Engineering standards

may cover materials, items, features of items,

processes, codes, symbols, type designations,

definitions, nomenclature, test, inspection,

packaging and preservation methods and ma- terials, define and classify defects, and

standardize the marking of material, items,

parts, and components of equipment, etc. About 25 percent of the internationally

recommended engineering standards in 1969

focused on dimensional specifications,

about 15 percent were quality standards,

45 percent dealt with methods of test, and

about 15 percent were descriptive standards.

Measurement units are important in dimensional specifications since sizes are usually simple multiples or submultiples of

the customary measurement units employed in

a particular country. The measurement pro- cess, but not the measurement language, is

important in quality specifications and

methods of test [109, p. 3].

Engineering standards function in procurement through the medium of specifications. Standards per ee disclose or describe

the technical features of an item in terms

of what it is and what it will do; in con- trast, the speaifioation for the same item

describes it in terms of the requirements

for procurement. As an example of the relationship of specification to standards, a specification for spark plugs would reference

the screw thread standard to ensure the interchangeability of that feature of spark plugs

produced by different manufacturers. By

referencing other documents, additional

essential interchangeability features and

performance characteristics can be established, or they can be established by the

text or figures, as appropriate.

There are thousands of commercial and

industrial standards in existence. A basic

reference source is NBS Special Publication

329, An Index of U.S. Voluntary Engineering

Standards [95]. This work and its supplements [139,251] contain more than 30,000

permuted titles covering standards, specifications, test methods and recommended practices published by over 360 technical societies,

professional organizations and trade associations. The General Services Administration

Index of Federal Specifications and Standards

[280] is the basic compendium in its field.

It includes over 40,000 specifications and

standards.

Between them, the two major international

standards bodies (ISO and lEE-see sect. 4)

have published through 1974 approximately

2800 Recommendations. It is generally

agreed that in a highly industrialized

society the total need of national and

international standards is of the order of

15,000 to 20,000 [99,109].

2.2.2 Measurement Instrumentation

The heart of any measurement operation is

appropriate instrumentation [19,201,218,237,

286]. This is the only element in the technical infrastructure of the measurement system that must always be present in any mea- surement operation if it is to be successful.

The instrumentation categories listed in

the annual Guide to Scientific Instruments

[272] and in the 1976 Buyer's Guide issue of

Instruments and Control Systems [274] have

been analyzed and sorted [328]. The goal was

to achieve a level of aggregation that approximates the measurement categories of the

national measurement system study microstudies

(see Fig. 1), one that would be optimally

useful in understanding the product output of

the instrumentation industry.

13
Table 3. Measurement instrumentation categories and suppliers.

Instrumentation Category

Numbers of:

Counting (non-nuclear)

Time

Surface area, porosity, finish

Surface properties

Volume

Level (1 iquid, et al

Mass, macroscopic (weights, balances ) Mass, atomic & molecular

Density

Force & work

Torque & balancing

Shock & impact

Mechanical properties of solids

Mechanical properties of liquids ....

Acceleration, linear & angular

Velocity & speed

Fluid flow

Leaks

Vacuum

Pressure Temperature

Heat & heat flow

Thermodynamic properties

Vibration

Acoustics & noise

Seismology & sonar Ultrasonics

Electricity

Magnetism

Electromagnetics (rf & microwave). . . . Laser quantities

Optical refl ect/ refract/ polar/scattering

Radiometry & photometry

Spectrophotometry & colorimetry

Densitometry

X-rays

Nuclear radiation . Humidity & moisture

Oxygen

Other gases

Aqueous ions

Chemical composition/properties, other . Air & water quality & pollution*

Biomedical phenomena*

Boiler, furnace, & combustion instr.*

Building environment & appliance control^

Geophysics, environmental, & astronomy*

Ordnance & fire control*

Process control*

Tel ecommuni cations*

Transportation equipment*

Sampl ing*

Data acquisition systems*

Telemetry

Unspecified or ambiguous or very broad

*entries not classifiable TOTALS:

in categories above

(code categories in:

)

/endors SIC Codes oL 1 trilL e i nb T,/ cum, jyOual i t

[3281 [141-2 1461 r3291

575 17 12 3 5 652 40 29 3 1

, 566 . . . . 18 . . . . 9 . ... 5 . . . . 7 1161 119 60 12 150

99 1 5 2 4 60 . . . . 2 . . . . 16 . • • • • • <. . 1 385 49 22 295 6 4 3 194 18 31 1 65 26

. 126 . . . . 5 . . . . 8 . ... 4 . . .. . 3 193 5 10 1 7 169 6 4 7 67 2 1 415 10 35 8 32

. 76 . . . . 2 . . . . 16 . ... 4 . . , 110 3 4 1 2 131 5 3 3 566 26 19 6 3

. 138 . . . . 2 . . . . 4 . ... 1 . . . . 2 162 1 2 2 1 565 22 29 4 5 883 25 47 6 n

106 2 5 3 2

. 67 . . . . . . . . 13 . ... 3 . . ,• • 233 1 4 1 6 283 2 13 2

• 5 44 6 4 2

. 99 . . . . 3 . . . . 10 . • • • • • 1. . 7 1633 105 67 20 47 135 3 15 1 5

. 897 . . . . 30 . . . . 26 . ... 8 . . ,, . 27 32 2 4 185 23 26 4 2 480 25 41 3 4 323 5 78 3 8

. 125 . . . . . . . . 7 . . • . • <, . 2 175 10 27 1 6

, 253 . . . . 27 . . . . 59 . . . . 2 . . , 323 9 12 4 10

141 1 20 282 4 25 2 4 169 9 47 4 1

. 353 . . . . 8 . . . . 74 . . . . 2 . . . . 4 473 5 11 9 2 188 20 50 1 120 12 2 66 16 269 11 1 1 1 2

4'i 1 379 16 3 1 256 2 1

. 184 . . . . 46 . . . . 1 . . . . 4 . . ., . 1 69 11 2 448 2 3 3

, 201 . . . . 2 . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . 226 13 1 \ 3_ 5332 847 1060 160 397

14
The main instrumentation categories and

an approximate count of the number of supplier companies for each category are displayed in table 3. Note that all measurement

instrumentation categories are accounted for,

whether or not they were covered during the

1972-75 study by the NBS Institute for Basic

Standards; indeed, some are outside either

the mission or the technical competence of

this Institute. Further, there is some redundancy built into this analysis; specifically, category W "multiparameter measurements" includes instrumentation that could

be classified under earlier categories in

the sequency, if adequately detailed data were available. Table three also indicates

the numbers of specific product categories

appearing in the two sources cited, which

were aggregated to establish each of the

major instrumentation categories.

The final column of numbers in table three

defines the counts of Standard Industrial

Classification (SIC) measurement product

categories which were obtained from analysis

of the following sources [328]: U.S. Bureau

of Census, Alphabetic List of Manufactured

Products , 1963 Census of Manufacturers; Alphabetic List of Manufactured Products (1967

SIC Basis), 1972 Census of Manufacturers [142];

Numerical List of Manufactured Products (New

(1972) SIC Basis), 1972 Census of Manufacturers [146]; and Office of Management and Budget, Standard Industrial Classification

Manual , 1972 [141],

In the language that has grown up with

the computer field, measurement instrumentation involves both hardware and software.

Both physical apparatus and the techniques

by which it can produce the desired results

must be available. Therefore, in this discussion, physical instrumentation and mea- surement techniques will be handled as part

of the same subsystem.

The most basic level of physical instrumentation and techniques is that involved

in realizing the conceptual definitions of

the measurement units. Next is that required

to disseminate or transfer the realized units

so that they are accessible for reference

purposes to those involved in making useful

measurements. Finally, there is the working

level of instrumentation and techniques

which produce the end-use measurement data.

The instrumentation system begins with the

equipment and techniques needed to realize

the seven base SI units. Of these only one,

the kilogram, is defined by an artifact. The

others are all defined in terms of physical

phenomena or processes, and are realized by

physical instrumentation.

A Krypton-86 lamp by means of which the

metre is today realized is sketched in figure 6. One of the primary national frequency standards is shown in figure 7. A schematic diagram of its operating principles is given in

figure 8. Figure 9 is a diagram of the experimental realization of the candela, the unit

of luminous intensity. A standard voltage

reference source is pictured in figure 10

(the volt, while not a base unit, is one commonly maintained for reference standard

purposes).

Realization of a base unit in a central

laboratory is but a first step. In general,

the working standards and instruments at the

point of end-use-measurement cannot be directly

compared against the prototype reference

standards or instruments. For one thing,

there are simply too many of them. For another thing, the implied intensity of use of the prototype standards is not compatible

with maintaining the stability that is one of their most essential features. So,

transfer standards, instrumentation, and

techniques are required, that allow the

connection to be made between the ultimate

reference standards and the working end-use

instrumentation.

Table 4. Calibration chain example: tire inflation pressure [301]

Operator

You and I You and I Tire gage manufacturer

Tire gage manufacturer

Tire gage manufacturer

Pressure gage manufacturer

Pressure gage manufacturer

Pressure gage manufacturer

National Bureau of Standards

Required

Object/Instrument Accuracy

Tire 1 psi

Tire gage -3 psi

bench standard (Bourdon) .1 psi

working standard (Bourdon) .03 psi

plant standard (piston gage) .01 psi

instrument sold C piston gage) 100 ppm

working standard (piston gage) 70 ppm

plant standard (piston gage) 50 ppm

NBS primary standard 30 ppm

(controlled clearance piston gage)

15

Accuracy Lost

In Transfer

factor 3 factor 3 factor 3 factor 3

30 ppm

20 ppm

20 ppm
Figure 6. Krypton-86 lamp in its cryostat.

TRANSITION —REGION —

DIRECTION OF (CAVITY) DIRECTION OF

MAGNETIC FIELD OSCILLATING MAGNETIC FIELD

CESIUM

SOURCE

0

FIELD

DEFLECTING MAGNET

2

/

DETECTOR

DEFLECTING MAGNET

FROM OSCILLATOR

Figure 8. Schematic of an atomic beam clock,

LIGHT EMITTED HERE

CAVITY

FREEZING PLATINUM

INSULATING MATERIAL

Figure 7. Cesium-beam atomic clock,

Figure 9. Experimental realization of

the candela.

Figure 10. Josephson junction

standard voltage source

16
Transfer standards must be stable, portable devices, capable of being compared with

the reference standards or instrumentation

at a central laboratory and with working

standards or instrumentation at a number of

remote locations. Since, in many cases, a hierarchy of comparisons may be made, with

different accuracy requirements at different

steps, different kinds of transfer standards

may be appropriate at the different steps.

The calibration chain example of table 4 illustrates these points [304].

The calibration of a transfer standard

may be against a reference standard which

is a physical object very similar to the

one being calibrated. This is typically

the case for mass. There is no essential

difference in kind between the prototype

kilogram and mass transfer standards

("weights") or many ultimate end-use mass

standards, such as the sets of weights

used in chemical laboratories.

In other cases, the transfer standard may

be of a very different nature from the ref- erence standard, as in the case of voltage

where a bank of standard electrochemical

cells is the traveling transfer standard

which is compared against the national

Josephson junction reference standard. In intermediate cases, the transfer and ref- erence standards may operate on the same physical principle, but be substantially

different in design and appearance.

The instrumentation used to compare ref- erence and transfer standards displays an even wider variation in nature than do the

standards themselves. Precision balances

are used in the case of mass. Elaborate

optical instrumentation (fig. 11) is used

in the case of length. Complex measuring

and comparison systems are used in the

case of millimeter wave noise power (fig.

12). Multi -story dead-weight machines

(fig. 13) are used to transfer a gravitational force calibration to a proving ring

(fig. 14) or load cell which may be only

a few inches on a side.

The instrumentation used for end-use mea- surement and control purposes is even more

diverse [328]. Just the members of aategories of instruments listed in various

buyers' guides is staggering: over 150 for

Instmments and Cantvol Systems [274] and over 1050 for Science [272]. Over 840 SIC

measurement product categories have been

identified for the manufacturing industries

and more than 200 for non-manufacturing

industries [328].

2.2.3 Reference Data

One basic function of measurement instrumentation and techniques is to enable the

characterization of the properties of matter

and materials and of a whole array of fabricated products ranging in complexity from

"parts" to "devices" to "equipment" to "subsystems" to "systems". When a given

aspect of matter, a given material or a given fabricated product is sufficiently

stable, sufficiently well defined, and of

wide enough interest, the measurement data

that characterize that aspect of matter,

material, or fabricated product can become

useful as reference data. The existence of

reference data takes a substantial load off

other aspects of the measurement system.

Once these data have been established and

made widely available, it is no longer nec- essary to remeasure the relevant aspects of

matter, materials, or fabricated objects

every time information is needed about their

properties.

The National Standard Reference Data System was established in 1963 by the Federal

Council for Science and Technology, as a Federal agency with responsibility to compile,

evaluate and disseminate data for the

American technical community to use [50,84,

137,267]. The National Bureau of Standards

was requested to assume administrative responsibility for this System. The ability of NBS

to carry out the program was enhanced by

passage of legislation by Congress specifically

authorizing this program [84,267]. "Standard

Reference Data" have been defined to be critically evaluated, quantitative information

relating to a property of a definable substance or system. In practice, this means

that the program is not concerned with substances of complex or variable composition,

for example, concrete, most commercial alloys,

or most cormiercial polymers. Similarly, if

the property under consideration is sensitive

to the presence of unknown impurities or unknown structural features, that property

is not included within the scope of the formal Standard Reference Data system.

Since the data evaluation must necessarily be done by a specialist, and since these

experts are located in laboratories all over the country, the National Standard Reference

Data System is conducted as a decentralized

set of data centers and related activities.

Within the National Bureau of Standards, a small program management office coordinates

the various activities, allocates funds to individual projects, and takes appropriate

action to ensure that produces of the system

are adequately available to the technical

community in the United States.

17
Figure 14. Proving rings.
Products of the standard reference data centers include: Classified bibliographies

Indexed bibliographies State-of-the-art reports

Critical reviews Compilations of property data Compilations of critically evaluated data

on properties and functions derived

from data Correlations of observations with theory Compilations of computed properties or functions used in interpretation of experiments.

Appendix D tabulates the published output

of the National Standard Reference Data

System.

A byproduct of the standard reference data program has been an increase in scientific measurement discipline. During some of the early data studies, it became apparent that perhaps only one paper out of five in a given

field could be used as a source of data. For

the rest, either the measurement methods used

or the printed descriptions were too vague or unreliable to allow the data published in the paper to be used. Substantially, this meant

that perhaps 80 percent of the apparently

relevant literature was of no value. As a result of the standards set by the publications from the standard reference data system,

this situation has significantly improved. The emphasis in the preceding discussion

on standard reference data is not intended

to deprecate the importance of reference

data of lower precision and more transitory

character. The vast bulk of our national engineering activities, particularly in civil engineering, structural engineering, and con- struction, depends upon the existence of a large body of engineering data concerning

the properties of materials and a wide variety

of fabricated products. Further, every table of specifications for a commercial product is

a table of reference data about that product.

The function of the measurement system in generating reference data is obvious. The

fact that such "reusable" data can take a major load off of the routine operations of

the measurement system is almost as obvious.

Less obvious are the roles that reference

data play as a major structural element in the measurement system itself. These roles

come in several varieties.

(1) It is often possible to measure the properties of an "unknown" specimen with greater precision or greater ease by com- parison of its properties with that of a

known material, than it is to measure these properties in an absolute sense. This re- quires that reference data be available concerning the "known" reference material.

An example is the sorting of mineral specimens

into different density ranges based on their

sinking or floating in a series of liquids

of known densities.

(2) The known properties of readily avail- able reference materials may be used to cali- brate measurement instrumentation. For example, air bubbled through water held at a known tem- perature can be used to generate a known humidity

atmosphere, for the calibration of humidity meters. This application requires that the reference data regarding water vapor pressure versus temperature

be available.

(3) The properties of materials may be used to define the measurement process itself. Units for four of the base SI quantities are defined in this manner: temperature, for which the kelvin is defined in terms of the triple point of water; the candela, which depends upon the luminosity of molten plati- num at its freezing point; and length and time, which are defined in terms of data re- garding certain atomic transitions. However,

it is in the International Practical Temperature Scale (see table 5) in which the inter- play between reference data, reference materials,

and the foundations of the measurement system

becomes most dramatically apparent. Temperature is defined in theoretical thermodynamic terms, with the size of the unit defined by one arbitrary fixed point,

the triple point of water, where ice, water,

and pure water vapor coexist in equilibrium.

However, theory alone is not very useful for determining how hot it is. It has to be embodied in established data and hardware. The International Practical Temperature

Scale is such an embodiment. Reference data

have been established for a number of mate- rials, which data represent the closest approximation that is currently feasible to applying

the absolute thermodynamic theory to the determination of the temperatures of real materials under defined conditions. These

data are then used to establish a practical temperature scale. Use of this practical temperature scale allows enhanced precision

in day-to-day temperature determinations.

If the practical scale is ever revised because

of achievement of greater precision in the reference data base, these revisions can also

be applied to measurements made with the current scale, so that their accuracy is further improved.

19
Table 5. Primary fixed points on Interna

State

thermodynamic zero of temperature

equilibrium hydrogen triple point

equilibrium hydrogen,

p

= 33,330.6 n/m^

equilibrium hydrogen boiling point

neon boil ing point

oxygen triple point

oxygen boiling point

water triple point

water boil ing point

zinc freezing point

silver freezing point

gold freezing point

ional Practical Temperature Scale IPTS-68.

68^ '

0 -273.15

I o .o\ -259. 34

17.042 -256.108

20.28 -252.87

27.102 -246.048

54.361 -218.789

90.188 -182.962

273.16 0.01 373.15 100.00

692.73 419.58

1235.08 961 .93 1337.58 1064.43

Figure 15 tells a similar story [158].

Only the optical pyrometers (radiation detection) temperature measuring instruments depend

upon absolute physical proeprties that are substantially independent of the particular

materials used, as are the length of a meter

bar or the mass of a kilogram standard. The

rest— thermocouples, resistance thermometers,

thermistors, mercury-glass thermometers, and

bimetallic devices--depend for their functioning directly upon material properties that

vary widely from substance to substance. In some cases, such as mercury-glass or bimetallic thermometers, devices are usually individually calibrated so that the user has no need to be aware of the reference data re- garding material properties. For others,

especially thermocouples and resistance thermometers, the user may be reading an electrical

value and converting it into temperature by

consulting a table of reference data for the

material system that he is employing.

SIANOARO SENSORS

OPTICAL PYHOMETEfl

Pt|Rhl-Pt THERMOCOUPLE

PRACTICAL SENSORS

ERMISTORS itMERCURY

GLASS. BIMETALLIC

PI RESISTANCE THERMOMETER

THERMOCOUPLES

Figure 15. Temperature measurement sensors

2.2.4 Reference Materials

Reference materials represent another facet

of the national measurement system [240,83,87,

111,131,235,241], one both distinct from and

closely related to reference data. Reference

materials complement and supplement reference

data. The very concept of reference material

implies the existence of reference data regarding that material, and many kinds of reference

data describe properties of substances that

could be used as reference materials.

Taken in its broadest sense, the word material can include any physical object. Reference

materials may be materials of measured composition, measured properties, or measured dimensions, or materials that when acted upon pro- duce specific and measured effects. From this

point of view, there are few physical reference

standard or measurement techniques that do not involve reference materials, and some physical

reference standards, such as those for density,

are reference materials.

Some reference materials, such as highly

pure water or high purity hydrogen, can be prepared by the user. Others can be pur- chased from commercial sources. However, the

uncertainties associated with preparing and

characterizing reference materials are sufficiently great that there is a substantial

need for standard reference materials (SRM's)

prepared and characterized in the most definite

possible manner. The National Bureau of

Standards and other national standards laboratories often function as sources for such

standard reference materials [240] (see table 6).

20
Table 6. Table of Contents from catalog of NBS standard reference materials [252],

mi

GENERAL INFORMATION 1

PREPARATION AND AVAILABILITY OF STANDARD

REFERENCE MATERIALS: Ordering, Terms,

Domestic Shipments, Foreign Shipments ... 1

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION STANDARDS 10

Steels (chip form): plain carbon, low

alloy, high alloy, stainless, tool ... 10 Steels (granular form) 13 Steels (solid form): special ingot irons

and low alloy, stainless, specialty,

high-temperature alloys, tool 14 Steelmaking Alloys 19 Cast Irons (chip form) 20

Cast Steels, White Cast Irons, Ductile Irons and Blast Furnace Irons (solid forms) . . 21 Nonferrous Alloys (chip form): aluminum,

cobalt, copper, lead, magnesium, nickel,

nickel oxide, selenium, tin, titanium,

zinc, zirconium 22 Nonferrous Alloys (solid form): copper,

lead, nickel, tin, titanium, zinc,

zirconium 24 Gases in Metals 28

High-Purity Metals 29 Electron Probe Microanalytical Standards . 29 Primary, Working, and Secondary Standard

Chemicals • 31 Microchemical Standards 31 Clinical Laboratory Standards 32 Biological Standards 32 Environmental Standards: analyzed gases, analyzed liquids, analyzed solids, per- meation tubes, trace elements in fossil

fuels 33 Forensic Standards 35

Hydrocarbon Blends 35 Metallo-Organic Compounds 36 Fertilizers 36 Ores 37 Cements 38

Minerals, Refractories, Carbides, & Glasses 38

Trace Element Standards 40

Nuclear Materials: Special nuclear materials (plutonium assay, plutonium isotopic, uranium assay, uranium isotopic). Neutron density standards, Fission track

glass standards 41 Isotopic Reference Standards 43

PHYSICAL PROPERTY STANDARDS 44

Ion activity Standards: pH standards, pD . 44 standards, ion selective electrodes ... 44 Mechanical and Metrology Standards: coating

thickness, glass, elasticity, density,

polymer 45 Heat Standards: Superconductive thermometric fixed point devices. Freezing points

(defining fixed points, determined reference

points). Melting points, Calorimetry (combustion, solution, heat source, enthalpy

and heat capacity). Differential thermal

analysis, Vapor pressure. Thermal conductivity. Thermal expansion. Thermocouple

materials 51

mi

Magnetic Standards: magnetic susceptibility 54 Optical Standards: Spectrophotometry

(color standards for spectrophotometric

tristimulus integrator systems, glass

filters, liquid filters, quartz cuvette),

Thermal emittance. Reflectance,

Refractive ind ex b5 Radioactivity Standards: Alpha-particle

standards; Beta-particle and gamma-ray

gas standards; Alpha-particle, beta-particle, gamma-ray, and electron-capture

solution standards; Contemporary standard

for carbon-14 dating laboratories;

Environmental standards; Low energy

photon sources; Gamma-ray "point-source"

standards; Radium gamma-ray solution

standards; Radium solution standards for

radon analysis; Radioactivity standard

reference materials currently not in

stock 58 Metallurgical 61 Mossbauer 61 X-ray Diffraction 61 Permittivity 62

Reference Fuels 62 Resistivity 62

ENGINEERING TYPE STANDARDS 63

Standard Rubber and Rubber-Compounding

Materials 63 Reference Magnetic Tapes 63 Sizing Standards: glass spheres for

particle size, turbidimetric and fineness

(cement) 64 Color Standards: the ISCC-NBS centroid color

charts; paint pigment; light-sensitive

papers; light-sensitive plastic chips . . 64 X-ray and Photographic Standards 65

Surface Flammability Standards 65

Smoke Density Chamber Standards 65 Water Vapor Permeance 66 Internal Tearing Resistance Paper 66 Tape Adhesion Testing standard 66

RESEARCH MATERIALS: High-Purity Materials,

SEM Resolution Test Specimen, Phosphors . . 67

GENERAL MATERIALS: Hydrogen in Steel, Nickel

and Vanadium in Residual Oil, Absorbent

Clay (ASTM D2007) 68

COMPUTER PROGRAMS FOR METRIC CONVERSION ... 68

OTHER SERVICES OF THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS: Calibration and Test Services,

Standards Information Services, Standard

Reference Data, Technical Publications. . . 69

GUIDE FOR REQUESTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIALS 72

INDEXES

Alphabetical Index 73 Numerical Index to SRM Certificates .... 80

21
The 1975 NBS price list for Standard

Reference Materials lists some 892 items [275].

Of these, over 650 are bulk materials, whose

utility and properties are either substantially unaffected by or can be readily calculated after subdivision. An example of the

former is SRM 43^^ Zinc, freezing point standard, and of the latter, SRM 4963 Radium

solution standard, 50 yg Ra. Approximately 100 more can be described as "two-dimensional" bulk materials, such as glass optical filters or specimens with coatings of various kinds. Another seventy or so are of value for physical properties that depend upon specimen dimensions, such as thermal

expansivity or conductance, emittance, and magnetic susceptance, or else involve properties

that limit the ability to subdivide the materials useful ly--such as those associated with

single crystal specimens or samples of beads.

The remaining 50 or so standard reference

materials are basically physical reference

standards as discussed earlier in this report.

About half are radiation sources, in the gray

area between "materials" and "devices." The

rest are physical measurement standards or devices, or even computer software packages,

made generally available to the public through

the SRM marketing mechanism. Examples include

SRM's 932 Quartz cuvette for spectrophotometry;

933 and 934 Clinical laboratory thermometers;

1001 X-ray step tablet; 1010a Microcopy test

chart; 1600 Tape, magnetic, secondary standard,

cassette; and 2106 ISCC-NBS color charts.

The significant point for present purposes

is that measurement instrumentation, measurement techniques, physical reference standards,

standard reference materials, and standard

reference data form a continuum in the technical infrastructure of the measurement system. Each element complements and supplements

all of the others, and any or all may be needed in any given measurement situation.

2.2.5 Predictive Methods

One more element needs to be added to the

technical infrastructure continuum of the

previous paragraph, namely predictive methods,

i.e., theoretical models which will alow

prediction of measurement results for cir- cumstances in which the volume of experimental measurement data needed is so large or the experimental conditions so inaccessible,

that it is not technically or economically

feasible to actually generate measurement

data. These models are useful for both

extrapolation and interpolation [322].

While predictive methods could be shown as

a separate structural element (see fig. 3) in the formal model of the measurement system,

they are at this time encompassed as part of

the block labelled "science."

22

2.2.6 Fundamental Constants

In all of our fundamental theories there are a certain few parameters which characterize the fundamental particles and interactions

that we find in nature. These are the fundamental physical constants [12,39,93,112,205].

The precise determination of the numerical

values of these constants has long been and

remains one of the principle objectives of

experimental science, and one of the greatest

driving forces toward increased accuracy and

precision in the measurement system. These

parameters are the quantitative link between

our most basic theories and the physical reality that we wish them to describe. The pro- gress of our understanding of the physical

world is therefore very much intertwined with

the advance of the art of precision measurement

and its application to the determination of

the fundamental constants. There is an essential connection between

the fundamental constants and our choice and

definition of the base units in our scheme of

physical measurement. Moreover, scientific

invention and discovery continue to provide

us with new opportunities for strengthening

these connections.

Ideally, we want our measurement system

to be based on aspects of nature that are invariant with time and place and that can be

reliably and independently reproduced in different laboratories. We want the measurement

system to be independent of reference to artifacts whose continued existence and long- term stability is a matter of fundamental un- certainty. The fundamental constants appear

to be the true invariants of nature, and therefore represent the ideal basis for a measurement system.

In fact, both length and time are now defined in terms of atomic transitions, and are therefore conceptually closely connected

with the fundamental constants related to these transitions. The volt is now maintained

by use of the relationship between voltage

phenomena in superconducting tunnel junctions

and electromagnetic frequencies, the proportionality factor involving the fundamental

constant, 2e/h. The definition of the candela

involves the fundamental constant relating

temperature and the emission of radiant energy.

The fundamental constants are often used

to calculate desired quantities from measurements actually made of some other quantities.

This is particularly true in the case of

length, where the speed of light is often

used to convert time interval measurements

into length measurements. Examples include

laser ranging of the moon and terrestrial

surveying, radar and radionavigation systems.
Similarly, the most precise method of realizing a known force consists of utilizing the

action of the terrestrial gravitational field

on a known mass. This requires precise knowledge of the local acceleration of gravity,

determined in an absolute manner by means of

measurements of length and time. The fundamental Newtonian gravitational constant enters

into determinations by earth scientists of the mass, mean density, and mass distribution of

the earth.

As our measurement capabilities evolve,

it is becoming apparent that it may become

desirable to define certain fundamental

constants as fixed numbers relating what were

previously independent units. In particular,

it is becoming technically feasible to define

the speed of light as an arbitrary number

(in the last several decimal places), so that

one standard could serve as either the time

standard or the length standard, with the

relation between time and length being the

defined constant c. Doing so could allow

the limitations in convenience, stability,

precision, and accuracy of the present

Krypton length standard to be avoided, and

could eliminate some current aspects of

confusion in relating length measurements

based on the transit time of light and

those based on the wavelength of specific

spectroscopic lines.

It is possible to determine certain fundamental constants by basically independent and

different measurement paths, involving substantially different combinations of measurement units. Intercomparison of the resulting

independent values can provide insight not

only into the precision with which the con- stants themselves are known, but also into

the consistency and accuracy of realization

of the different measurement units.

Precision determination of the fundamental

constants often requires close access to the

national measurement reference standards. As

a result, the national reference standards

laboratories, such as NBS, often can play a unique role in this field of science: as custodians of national measurement standards,

they can perform experiments in this field

that are not practical in other laboratories,

and, indeed, performance of such scientific

research is one of the obligations that these

laboratories have to the world of science.

The forcing-factor effect of this kind of

research often leads to improvements in meas- urement methods that can then be applied

quite widely. A current NBS example involves

the improvement of silicon density standards

in order to allow a higher precision determination of Avogadro's number. These silicon

density standards appear adequate to meet all

foreseeable density standard needs for years

to come, and represent a solution to the longstanding inadequacies associated with the use of water for this purpose (inadequacies due

in large part to the basic variability in the

isotopic composition of water).

The fundamental constants thus play a subtle but key role in the measuremtnt system.

They enter into the definition of the basic

conceptual system, they are of substantial importance in the realization of measurement ca- pabilities, and as one of the most demanding

areas of scientific measurement, they are a driving force for advances in the state of

the measurement art. In principle, an additional structural element could be added to figure 3, labelled fundamental constants.

For present purposes, however, it seems adequate

simply to handle them as part of the central

scientific portion of the system.

2.2.7 Science and People

The central core of the measurement

system consists of knowledge or science and

of the people who employ it. In newly

developing or simple measurement areas,

this element often suffices to hold the system

together quite adequately, without the need

for any formal technical or institutional

infrastructures

The necessary structural elements of this

portion of the system are substantially the same in kind as for any technical field.

Publication mechanisms are needed to record

and disseminate knowledge. Academic education and training are necessary. Professional societies support these activities.

The only structural element that may be some- what unexpected is the heavy education and

training role played by the instrumentation

industry in connection with its sales efforts;

for many aspects of the measurement system, the

primary burden of providing such education

and training as does exist, is borne by the

instrumentation industry.

Historically, metrology and mathematics

(and logic) developed in parallel to meet

basic human needs. Civil engineering came

into existence for similar reasons, and was inseparably connected with applied

mathematics and metrology. Mathematical,

metrological , engineering, and craftsmanship capabilities interacted with each

other through the ages, each enhancing the

others. The rise of experimental science

at the end of the Middle Ages drew upon

them heavily. The development of experimental science and the new fields of engineering became the driving force for the

23
evolution of metrology from its ancient

weights-and-measures-and-clocks role into

a comprehensive ability to characterize quantitatively the physical world around us. Today, iiietrology, science, engineering,

and technology form a highly interdependent

knowledge complex. Advances on the frontiers

of science result from or depend upon ad- vances in measurement capabilities. Ad- vances in measurement capabilities result

from exploitation of advances in science,

engineering, and technology.

Among recent developments in science

and technology that are of major importance

in metrology are the following:

(1) The development of nuclear trans- mutation and isotope separation technology

during World War II allowed the production

of the isotopically pure electrical discharge light sources that have allowed the

redefinition of the meter from being based

on a physical artifact to being based on a wavelength of light.

(2) The development of microwave technology during World War II led to the development of microwave resonance techniques

that have led to the definition of the

second in terms of an atomic transition.

Furthermore, unlike the case of length

measurements for which the absolute atomic

definition of the meter is physically

realized in only a very few laboratories

around the world, atomic clocks and frequency standards are eminently practical

devices in wide use.

(3) The development of computer technology based on semiconductor phenomena is allowing man to be replaced as a vital link

in the measurement observation and calculation process. It is making possible

measurement capabilities that man could

never achieve with his unaided observational

and cal culational powers.

(4) The laser is profoundly changing the

physical basis for many measurements. Laser

ranging on retrofl ectors placed on the moon

is allowing experimental determination of the

drift of the continents. Laser and computer

controlled machine tools are drastically

changing the field of precision machining.

Capabilities in precision spectroscopy have

been increased by orders of magnitude.

(5) The superconducting tunnel junction

("Josephson junction") is providing links be- tween frequency measurements and other basic

phenomena, which suggests that some day frequency may be the only basic measurement parameter. Today, the U.S. national legal voltage standard is based upon the Josephson

effect. Temperature can be determined and

controlled in a similar manner. Length can already be defined more precisely through the

speed of light in terms of the time or frequency standard, than it can be defined directly. There is promise that mass and the

mole can be related to length by definition

of the kilogram in terms of the number of atoms of silicon contained in a given volume

of a highly perfect crystal of semiconductor

grade silicon. Luminous intensity is cur- rently based on length and temperature measurements .

Today, every scientific, technical, en- gineering, or trade society or association

has an interest in the quantities, units,

and methods of measurement. A number of

professional societies and trade associations exist directly as part of and in support of the measurement system; among

them are: -American Society for Quality Control

-American Watchmakers Institute

-American Watch Workers Union

-Gasoline Pump Manufacturers Association

-Instrument Society of America

-Metric Association, Inc. -National Conference on Weights and Measures

-National Conference of Standards

Laboratories

-National Committee on Radiation

Protection and Measurement

-Precision Measurements Association

-Scale Manufacturers Association

-Scientific Apparatus Makers Association

The measurement system is critically

dependent upon the adequacy of the knowledge possessed by those making the measurements. As a result of this dependence,

much negative leverage potential exists in the system; lack of knowledge leads to poor measurements plus lack of awareness of

their poor quality. The poor measurement

data can result in misinformation, erroneous conclusions, and mistaken actions.

The educational system in the field of

measurements consists of a widely diffused

collection of coincidental efforts plus a very small number of focussed programs. In elementary education, measurement skills

are taught as a coincidental adjunct of the

teaching of science. Metrology as such,

is taught in only a very few formally defined programs in this country.
2.3 Realized Measurement Capabilities

The pivotal level in the whole measurement

system is that of realized measurement capabilities [19,20,22,24-27,33,36,37,41,51,66,67,

72,86,94,119,140]. The capabilities of end

users and of the dissemination and enforcement network institutions rest upon, exploit,

and apply a specific, achieved, limited, mea- surement capability. Inversely, the conceptual and technical inf rastructural levels

have meaning only as they lead to an actual

capability to measure, and as one moves from

the basic conceptual and technical levels out

into the field of making useful measurements,

limitations in measurement capabilities steadily increase.

The primary limitations of measurement ca- pabilities can be stated in terms of the

ranges over which a parameter can be measured;

of precision or repeatability of a measurement; of accuracy of measurement, the degree

of agreement with a theoretical "absolute"

truth; of environmental sensitivity of all

of the above, with special emphasis on ad- verse conditions; and of cost, of the equipment or measurement, in money and in time.

The vastness of this subject--gi ven the

large number of measurement quantities studied and the fact that many discussions of it

have been published by NBS and others in the

past--renders it unprofitable to attempt any

extensive summary of realized measurement

capabilities in this report. Table 7 is presented to give an indication of the best that

can be done in fields of measurement of interest now. Achieved measurement precisions

and accuracies range from a few parts in 10^3

for time and frequency to approximately one percent in such fields as radiometry and

photometry.

2.4 Institutional Infrastructure

The institutions (organizations) that

currently play a major role in the national

measurement system are the documentary standardization institutions and the instrumentation industry in support of the technical

infrastructure, the central measurement standards authorities in support of all aspects

of the system, the state and local offices

of weights and measures in the enforcement

of honest weights and measures in commercial

transactions, the standards and testing

laboratories and services in dissemination

of industrial technological measurement ca- pabilities, and the technical regulatory

agencies in connection with regulations

requiring measurements for their establishment and enforcement.

2.4.1 Standardization Institutions

Standardization institutions operate at the international, national, industrial,

technical, company, and local governmental

levels. With few exceptions, these organizations in the United States are non-governmental, and the standards issued are used

voluntarily by industry and government [88,

99,109,121,128,129,291,308].

The main international body in the area of industrial and commercial standards is the (non-treaty) International Organization

for Standardisation (ISO) whose main function is to develop international cooperation

in standardization activities. ISO is com- prised of national standardization bodies

from 69 countries. Its prime objective is to promote the development of world-wide

standards with a view of facilitating international exchange of goods and services.

From the work of thousands of technical ex- perts around the world emerge the ISO Recommendations, which serve to promote freer

international trade by helping to reduce the

differences between various national standards. lEC, the International Eleatroteahniaal Commission, became affiliated with

ISO in 1947 and today has 41 member countries.

There are also regional organizations.

The Pan American Standards Commission

(COPANT) operates in the Western Hemisphere.

The International Commission on Rules for

Approval of Electrical Equipment (CEE), the

Economic Commission for Europe (ECE), and

the Committee for the Coordination of European Standards in the Electrical Field

(CENEL) are concerned with standardization

in Europe.

In the field of metrology, the General

Conference of Weights and Measures promotes

international standardization of the scientific or basic technical aspects of the

field, while the International Organization

for Legal Metrology promotes Standardization

of the legal aspects of metro 1 ogy-- 1 aws

,

instruments, procedures (see section 3).

At the national level, the United States

has a single standards organization that

coordinates the development and publication

of industrial and commercial standards, known

as the American National Standards Institute

(ANSI). Its principal function is to act as

a clearing-house to coordinate the work of

standards development in the private sector,

which is currently being carried on by some

four hundred different organizations (see

Appendix E). Through its procedures, timely

development of standards is made possible,

duplication and overlap are minimized and a

25
Table 7. Realized nieasurement capabilities.

Estimated

Measurement Quantity ^ Accuracy

Time and frequency:

NBS-5 1-2 X 10

( Parts per uni t

13

-7

1 X 10 2.5 nm

-6

Commercial Cs beam devices 1 x 10 Length

Kr-86 lamp, NBS 1-2 x 10"° NBS end-std. calib.: 25 cm 3 x 10

1 mm 3 x 10 Geodetic surveying

Surface Finish: Mass

International comparisons 2-3 x 10_

Class M laboratory weights 5x10

Commercial test weights 1x10

Volume: Laboratory use 5 x 10 Density: NBS 5 x 10 Force:

_5 NBS deadweight standards, 2 x 10_g

corrected for air buoyancy 1x10^

Working calibration standards 5 x 10 Vibration: NBS 1 x 10"^

-4

-4

-6

Fluid Flow:

Air flow, NBS 1.5 x 10

Pipelines, liquid and gas 1-3 x 10_

Water, open conduits 5 x 10 Pressure

NBS standards 3-6 x 10" Military maintenance stds. 1x10

Temperature:

Water triple point 1 x 10_

Commonly used sensors 1 x 10

to 5 X 10'

Humidity:

NBS 1 X 10_

Commercial humidity meters 1x10

-3

-2

-4

-6

-3

Moisture: In grain

Thermodynamic properties

of fluids:

Cryogenics:

up to 2 X 10

1 X 10' to 5 X 10'

-1

-2 Pressure transducerscommercial 5-^0 X 10_2

Tempera ture--commercial 10 to 10_2

FI0W--NBS research facility 1 x 10

Measurement Quantity

Electricity

DC voltage, NBS RMS voltage, 10 kHz, NBS Capacitance, NBS Resistance, NBS Electromagnetics

Impedance

Attenuation

Phase delay

Power

Vol tage

Noise

Field Strength

Estimated

Accuracy

(Parts per unit)

1 X 10"

2 X 10"

1 X 10

8 X 10

-7

1 X 10

to 2 X 10"

10" 5-10 X 10

-3

-3

. 1-10 X 10 T 10'^ to 2 X 10"!

5-300 X 10"£

3-20 X 10 Medical Ultrasonics;

Acoustics

power 5 X 10"

Sound pressure, NBS Noise exposure, commercial

Radiometry and photometry:

NBS Field workers

Spectrophotometry:

Transmittance, NBS

Reflectance, NBS

Far ultraviolet radiometry:

Detectors, NBS Sources, NBS

10 3-30 X 10

1-5 X 10' 5-10 X

10'

-3

-2

3 X 10

5 X 10

-4

-3

6-10 X 10 5-10 X 10

-2-2

Optics

Resolution limits

Optical density

Lens diopters, NBS Lasers

Frequencies, NBS Power and energy, NBS

1000 lines per mm

5 X 10'^

10"^

10'^° to 10"^

1-7 X 10"^

Physical properties of atoms and molecules:

Energy levels 5 X 10

to 1 X 10"

-12

Atomic hyperfine separation 1, ^X 10,w_2

3-20 X 10

13 Cross sections, electrons

Cross sections, atoms/ions 1-2 x 10 Oscillator strengths 1-5 x 10 Electron drift velocity 5 x 10

-1

-3

Surface composition: 0.1% of an atomic layer

0.1 ym lateral resolution

_2

Ionizing radiation: NBS 1-5 x 10

26
neutral forum is provided to consider and

identify the need for standards. Through its

recognition by such international and non- treaty standardsization bodies as ISO, lEC,

and COPANT, as the National Standards body

of the USA, ANSI serves as the focal point

for organizing USA participation in international standardization.

Standards for materials are the province

of American Society for Testing and Materials

(ASTM) . All ASTM technical committees are directed to submit all standards under their

jurisdiction for adoption by the American

National Standards Institute as national

standards

A major example of industry standards

becoming international standards is found

in those of the American Petroleum Institute,

API [298]. The principal activities of this

Institute are simplification, standardization

and improvement of equipment and methods used

by the petroleum industry. As a result of

the work of API, the American petroleum industry standards have become world-wide standards. As part of this API standardization

system, NBS maintains the API Grand Master

Gages against which essentially all hardware

unique to this industry is ultimately checked,

worl d-wide.

The Federal Government is also a major

contributor of standards and specifications.

-Its specifications for purchasing are only

mandatory for the federal government, but

many, such as military specs, are adapted

for industrial use. The Department of Defense's (DOD) "De- fense Standardization Program" provides

uniform definitions of the technical require- ments for parts, equipment, and systems in which the various elements of the DOD have

a common interest. The principal product

of this program has been the development of

nearly 40,000 specifications and standards

defining the technical requirements of the

DOD. It couples the enormous Defense

Department budget, approximately 100 billion

dollars, directly to the National Measurement

System, since it requires that the length,

density, capacity, electrical values, and

other physical properties of every item be

traceable to the national artifacts at NBS

via industry's quality control system.

The General Services Administration [280]

issues five types of Federal Standards for

items employed by the Federal Government:

1) Supply Standards

2) Test Method Standards

3) Material Standards

4) Engineering Standards

5) Procedural Standards.

The National Bureau of Standards has long

been interested in promoting documentary

standardization as well as uniform physical measurements. Its role has been that of a central catalytic agent and monitor of the

standardization efforts of the nation.

Alaska 0 Hawaii 1

Figure 16. Location of measurement and control instrumentation companies.

27
MEASURING, ANALYSIS AND CONTROL INSTRUMENTATION INDUSTRIES

EXPENDITURES AND SALES

lAII Figures m Percent) MAJOR CUSTOMER

INDUSTRIES

MAJOR SUPPLIER

INDUSTRIES

Pe'ceni ol Measuring, Analysis, and Conirol Inslrumenlaiion Induswies Edpendilures

Percent ol Measuring, Analysis, and Control Insifumentaiion Indiisuies Sales

Minui Suiipliefs and Ciistijiiief s Alliiuiii U\i PfiLtnidijts Nul Slii;

See InTiuduilinn lur Fullri E iilaiidliuii

','j.t'.i b ^ffd'. t>' El nnomii Analysiv Bnri?a.) yl Do-ni.'Mu Cnrnintftr iFigure 17. Measuring, analysis and control instrumentation industries

expenditures and sales [237].

28
2.4.2 The Instrumentation Industry

The product scope of the instrumentation

industry has been discussed in section 2.2.2

and summarized in table 3. The number of

companies in this industry is large. Over

4000 companies (or divisions or subsidiaries

of large corporations) are known to NBS as sources of measurement instruments. The geographical distribution of these organizations

is shown in figure 16. Most of these companies are small. Some

are corporate giants. There appears at least

in a preliminary look at the industry to be

less economic eoncentration in it than in any other high technology field. This appears

to be due to the wide variety of instruments

needed and the multitude of highly specialized

economic niches available for small, competent

companies. Indeed, some of the leading organizations in precision measurement instrumentation are small businesses by current industrial standards.

A study in some depth of this industry is currently in progress as part of the continuing study by NBS of the national measurement

system; this study is the source of table 3 [328]. Data from another Department of Com- merce look at this industry [237] are shown

in figures 17-18 and tables 8-11,

2.4.3 State and Local Offices of Weights

and Measures

The legal responsibilities for enforce- ment of justice in the use of weights and measures in our domestic commercial marketplaces lie with the state and local offices

of weights and measures (see figure 19)

[13,28,46,119,202-4,212,284]. These agencies

combine a basic technical capability, a regulatory function, and a police investigative and citation authority.

The National Conference of Weights and Measures is the central coordinating body

for the operating agencies in this field.

Its paid staff and executive secretariat

are provided by the NBS Office of Weights

and Measures. The mission of this conference is quoted in the box on this page [202].

A prime function of this organization is the promotion of a uniform set of weights

and measures laws in this country. The

vehicle in which the model code is embodied

is NBS Handbook 44 [119] (see table 12).

The current working interests of the Conference

and its members can be seen by consideration

of the conference titles covered during six recent years (table 13).

Historically, weights and measures officials acted as "sealers" who put their seal of approval for accuracy on the length,

weight, and volume measures used in commercial transactions. As the evolution of

science and technology increased the scope

of the substances involved in commercial

transactions, such as through the provision

of water, gas and electricity by the public

utilities, the scope of the weights and measures official also increased.

Weights and measures officials also have

historically been involved in matters of tax- ation. The most obvious point of contact has been in the customhouse at a port of entry

for imported goods. Customs duties based on the amount of goods imported require measurement of those goods. Inconsistencies among

customhouses and lack of agreement between

The Mission of

The National Conference on Weights and Measures is

(a) to provide a national forum for the discussion of all questions

related to weights and measures administration as carried on by

regulatory officers of the States, Commonwealths, Territories,

and Possessions of the United States, their political subdivisions,

and the District of Columbia;

(b) to develop a consensus on model weights and measures laws and

regulations, specifications, and tolerances for commercially-used

weighing and measuring devices, and testing, enforcement, and

administrative procedures;

(c) to encourage and promote uniformity of requirements and methods

among weights and measures jurisdictions; and

(d) to foster cooperation among weights and measures officers themselves and between them and all of the many manufacturing, industrial, business, and consumer interests affected by their official

activities.

29
Table 8. 1974 Profile, instruments for measurement, analysis and control [237]

JO 1 1 OOL. 1 oOCl. ^f!T9

1 , jy 1 c , UDU ooU 9 9nzi ouu

791 SIo 71 /

1

1 9Q Dec. HO L Ho 79/ C 7n/ u L \J Fynnrt"; a nprrpnt of nrndurt shiompnts 17 35.5 5.4 21 .9 17.2

Imports as a percent of apparent consumption _ 4.4 6.4 n.a

9.3 21 .8 Con)pound annual average rate of growth 1967-74 (percent)

Value of product shipments (current dollars) 4.8 4.8 6.0 8.1 6.1 Value of exports (current dollars) 4.2 12.7 8.1 14.4 22.0

Value of imports (current dollars) __ 12.2 25 n.a. 20.2 19.8

Employment -1 .0 1 .3 1 .4 1 .7 0 Table 9. Instruments for measurement, analysis and control: projections 1974-80

(value of shipments in millions of dollars) [237]

SIC Percent Percent Code Industry 1974 J"^^^^^^ 1980 Increasi

1973-74 1974-80

3811 Engineering and Scientific Instruments 1 ,391 13 2,500 10 3 3823,24,29 Measuring and Controlling Instruments. 2,060 11 3,400 8 7 3822 Automatic Environmental Controls 880 5 1 ,500 9 3 3825 Instruments to Measure Electricity 2,204 20 5,000 14 6 3832 Optical Instruments and Lenses 800 23 1 ,500 11 0 Table 10. Medical and dental instruments and supplies: projections 1974-80l

(value of shipments in millions of dollars) [237]

SIC Code

Industry 1974 Percent

Increase 1973-74

1980 PercentIncrease 1974-80^

Value of industry shipments--total 3,960 11 6,880 9.6

3693 X-ray apparatus and tubes 550 13 1 ,060 11.6

3841 Surgical and medical instruments 1,145 12 2,045 10.0

3842 Surgical appliances and supplies _ 1,760 10 2,840 8.3

3843 Dental equipment and supplies 505 12 935 12.8

1 2 Estimated by Bureau of Domestic Commerce. Compound annual rate of growth, n.a. = not available

Table 11. 1974 Profile -- X-ray apparatus

and tubes [237]

SIC Code 3693

Value of industry shipments ($M) 550

Number of establishments 98 Total employment (thousands) 13 Exports as a percent of product

Shi pments 32.

Imports as a percent of apparent

consumption 24.6

Compound annual average rate of

growth 1967-74 (percent):

Value of product shipments

(current dol lars) 13.2

Value of exports

(current dollars) 19.9

Value of imports

(current dollars) 25.0

Employment ^-0

Major producing areas North Central

Region

Instruments show variable trends

Billions of dollars (Ratio scale) 30

20

7

65F

Figure 18. Instruments show variable

trends. [237]

30

iL 1 . , : . \ 196? 1968 1969 1970 1971 197? 1973 1974 1975
merchant and customs officials cause frictions

Indeed, it was such problems that stimulated

the earliest systematic look in the United

States at the National Measurement System

and the first steps to correct the obvious

deficiencies [1,2].

Table 12. Outline of Contents of NBS Handbook

44, U.S. Specifications, Tolerances, and

Other Technical Requirements for Commercial

Weighing and Measuring Devices [119]

Introduction:

1 . Source

2. Purpose

3. Handbook Amendments

4. Replacement Sheets

5. System of Paragraph Designation

6. Classification of Requirements

7. Using the Handbook

Fundamental Considerations:

1. Uniformity of Requirements

2. Tolerances for Commercial Equipment

3. Testing Apparatus

4. Inspection of Commercial Equipment

5. Correction of Commercial Equipment

6. Rejection of Commercial Equipment

7. Tagging of Equipment

8. Records of Equipment

9. Sealing of Equipment

10. Rounding Off Numerical Values

Individual Codes:

General

Scales

Belt-Conveyor Scales

Weights

Liquid-Measuring Devices

Vehicle-Tank Meters Liquified Petrolwum Gas Li suid-Measuri ng Devices

Liquified Petroleum Gas Vapor-Measuring

Devices

Cryogenic Liquid-Measuring Devices

Liquid Measures

Vehicle Tanks Used as Measures

Farm Milk Tanks

Measure-Containers

Milk Bottles

Graduates

Linear Measures Fabric-Measuring Devices

Wire and Cordage-Measuring Devices

Taximeters

Odometers

Timing Devices

Dry Measures

Berry Baskets and Boxes

Appendix

General Tables of Weights and Measures

Today, with the prevalence of the sales

tax for many commercial transactions, the

adequacy of measurements for tax purposes covers many commodities undreamed of two hundred years ago. Equity in taxation,

ratner than equity in trade, has in some cases been the primary stimulus for expansion of the weights and measures enforce- ment aspect of the National Measurement

System, and has even been a primary driving

force for substantial innovations in metrology at the National Bureau of Standards. The

story of cryogenic flow-metering of liquid

nitrogen is an outstanding example [269].

Table 13. National Conference on Weights and

Measures--Titles of non-routine sessions,

1970-75 [96,126,145,211,253,292]

1975: New Measurement Partnerships & Opportunities

Meeting with Consumers

National & International Standards

1974: Metric Conversion

Metric Plans, Programs and Problems

Net Weight--Pol icy and Procedures

1973: Measures for Progress

Universal Product Code in the Grocery

Industry

Digital Designs in Weighing Systems

Dynamic Weighing in the Railroad Industry

Gasoline Measurement and Marketing

Weighting on the Mail Net Quantity--Direction and Determinations

Management Assistance for Weights and Measures Progress

New Approach in Weights and Measures Operations: Pilot Program and Development

of Dallas Department of Consumer Affairs

Consumer Protection in Minnesota

1972: Forum on Liaison for the Benefit of

Clients and Consumers

Forum on Managing to Keep Pace with the

Consumer Movement

Forum on Consumer Concerns in the Marketplace

Forum on Technological Developments to Aid

Consumers

1971: Forum on Management

Forum on Merchandising

Forum on Measurement

1970: Forum on Packaging and Labelling

Forum on Weighing Technology

Forum on Measuring Technology

Forum on Organization and Management

31
Figure 19. Location of weights and measures governmental jurisdictions and personnel

[212,284]

WHAT IS NCSL?

NCSL is a continuing, nonprofit laboratory-oriented organization to promote cooperative efforts toward solving the common problems faced by standards laboratories in their organization and operation. It was established in 1961 under the sponsorship

of the National Bureau of Standards. Its membership consists of academic, scientific, industrial, commercial, or governmental laboratories concerned with the measurement of physical quantities, the calibration of standards and instruments, and the

development of standards of practice. It provides liaison with technical societies,

trade associations and educational institutions interested in these activities.

NCSL pursues its goals through joint voluntary action in:

1. Holding conferences, workshops, seminars, and meetings for presentation of

papers and discussions pertaining to technical and managerial problems,

operating practices, and policies for standards laboratories.

2. Collecting and disseminating information about current practices for the

organization, operation, and evaluation of measurement standards and calibration laboratories.

3. Preparing and disseminating source material and recommendations for pre- ferred technical procedures and operating practices.

4. Providing a medium of interchange of information relative to deficiencies

or advances in calibration techniques and laboratory instrumentation.

5. Collecting, analyzing, and disseminating pertinent statistical information

related to the scope, growth trends, operation, and management of measurement standards and calibration activities.

6. Assisting measurement standards and calibration laboratories in arranging

measurement agreement audits.

32
state weights and measures officials have

been expanding their scope in other respects,

also. One of these is a simple extension of

their historical role, in the field of pre- packaged goods. By providing an offielal,

legal, ac^eepted weights and measures quality

control function to local manufacturers, as for instance to a local brewer, or to a candy bar manufacturer, these manufacturers

can gain nation-wide acceptance of their

products as containing true weight or volume,

so that their products do not have to undergo weights and measures inspections in every state or every local jurisdiction. The eco- nomic benefits to the consumer, to the manu- facturer (every sample taken for weights and measures inspection costs him money), and to the taxpayers in all of the states, are obvious

The most notable example of expansion of

scope is into the broad areas of consumer

protection. The weights and measures field

is one in which governments have always

acknowledged their consumer protection res- ponsibilities, at least in theory, although

often not too effectively in practice. With

the recent surge in governmental activity in consumer protections, weights and measures

offices both have expanded their concept of

their traditional role, and have formed the

nuclei of new departments of consumer pro- tection. Creation of the Dallas Department

of Consumer Affairs is a striking example

[211]. All parties involved appear to have

benefitted (except those merchants perhaps

intent upon defrauding the public): the con- sumer, the honest merchant and manufacturer,

the city administration, the consumer pro- tection interests, the weights and measures

staff, weights and measures enforcement per

sg, and the taxpayer, since the case is persuasive that he is getting more for his tax dollar after this expansion in scope than

before.

Appendix F contains excerpts from recent

annual reports by weights and measures officials, selected to give the flavor of the

full scope of their activities today.

2.4.4 Standards and Testing Laboratories

and Services

Standards and testing laboratories and

services provide physical standardization

services to specific portions of the National

Measurement System. Standards or calibration

laboratories are a specialized type of testing

laboratory, which tests measurement equipment

and renders reports on its functioning (calibration reports); they may also undertake

preventive or restorative maintenance [19,

49,75,140,223-4,277,293,309]. Testing laboratories pgr sg are sources of final end-use

measurement data on the items that they test. There is a third distinct category of institution here, that can be described as a standards

sewise prototypes for this category are the

service organizations that keep the clocks

at airport terminals showing the right time

[177].

The National Conference of Standards Laboratories (NCSL) is the central organization in the standards lab field [277,309]. Its mission is described in the box on page 32. NBS provides the central secretariat for this

organization. Figure 20 shows the locations

of NCSL members.

Figure 20. Location of members of National Conference of Standards Laboratories.

33
NATIONAL nUREAU

OF

STAilDARDS

AIR FORCE MEASUREMENT STANDARDS

LABORATORY (AFMSL)

NEWARK AIR FORCE STATION, OHIO

1?9 EACH PRECISION MEASUREMENT EQUIPMENT

LABORATORIES (PMELS)

LOCATED IJORLDWIDE

USER CALIBRATION ACTIVITIES

USAF ORGANIZATIONAL, INTERMEDIATE & DEPOT UNITS: OTHER

LOCAL DOD AND FEDERAL AGENCY ORGANIZATIONS)

Figure 21. Air Force measurements standards system.

ARMY CALICRATION SYSTEM TRACEABILITY CHART

NATIONAL BUREAU

OF STANDARDS

1

1

1

1

1

1

AR

STAN( LABOR

MYARDS

ATORY

I QMIWWA

PARTIAL PRIMARY

LAB

CAMP OKINAWA

CARROLL SECD

KOREA LAB SECD LAB

SCHWANHEIM

SECD

LAB

SCHWANHEIM

TRF TEAMS

AUGSBURG

SECD

LAB

AUGSBURG

TRF TEAMS

INTERNAL MISSION

AREA

MISSION

TRF TEAMS

COMMANDS, AGENCIES & UEFOTS

WITH

INTERNAL MISSIONS

ONLY

95TH SER CO (CALIBR)

(ARMY) HtP, LAB

9STH SER CO

TRF TEAMS

LEXINGTON

SECD

LAB

TOBYHANNA

SECD

LAB

INTERNAL MISSION

AREA MISSION

TRF TEAMS

AREA AREA AREA

INTERNAL MISSION INTERNAL MISSION INTERNAL MISSION

MISSION TRF TEAMS MISSION TRF TEAMS MISSION TRF TEAMS

NBS SUPPORT PROGRAMMED AND rONTPOIlFD BY AMCC (AMCR 700-9) Figure 22. Army calibration system traceability chart.

34
The most highly developed standards laboratory networks are in the Department of Defense

(DOD). These laboratories are arranged in a formal hierarchy, with the National Bureau of

Standards being the topmost unit in the DOD hierarchical chain. The structures for the

three armed services and the Energy Research

and Development Agency (ERDA) are shown in figures 21-24-. In the case of ERDA, most or all of the member laboratories are run by private contractors

The procurement specifications of the

Department of Defense require that all comparisons of equipment construction and

performance with the specifications be

based upon measurements "traceable" to the

National Bureau of Standards. As a result,

the aerospace and ordnance companies typically have well established standards

laboratories that are fully equivalent to those in the military itself. A number of

these organizations are of a very high

professional caliber, able at least in limited areas, to match NBS fully in applied

metrological science.

The major instrumentation companies have

highly qualified standards laboratories, as an intrinsic requirement for doing business.

A number of independent standards labs also

exist, providing service to all comers for

a fee. High-technology companies, particularly in communications and electronics,

tend to have standards laboratories. However, a significant number of these laboratories are associated with educational

institutions and some of the older industrial technologies. Appendix G contains a summary of the known standards laboratories

as recognized by NCSL and a check-list description of their capabilities.

Historically, the standards laboratories

have operated completely independently of the state and local offices of weights and measures. However, in some states, notably

California, recognition is developing of the

existence of a state measurement system that

includes many governmental interests in addition to those of the traditional weights

and measures field, such as in the areas of

health and safety associated with nuclear

power plants, medicine, and occupational

hazards. Recognition is developing that the

standards laboratories within the state can play a significant role as part of the state measurement systems. Needed talents often

already exist, and do not have to be created

anew.Another trend that will increasingly affect

the organizations working in this field is that

toward establishment of formal laboratory

accreditation systems. The Department of

Commerce has recently instituted a National

Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program,

in response to pressures both domestic and

international in origin [283,308,310,311].

One manifestation of the domestic pressures

has been repeated proposals in Congress of

legislation to establish compulsory laboratory

accreditation programs. The basic phenomenon

at work is the growing feeling that neither

our national interests nor those of international trade can tolerate continuation of the cur- rent state of affairs in which there is no reliable way to ascertain the degree of

reliability of measurement, calibration, or test data generated by calibration and

testing laboratories. As discussed below

in section 4.2, the increasing complexity

and degree of integration of human society,

both nationally and internationally, means

that confusion is becoraing increasingly intolerable regarding the validity of the basic

measurement data about the physical universe

which is needed to allow our industrial

society to function. Some sort of laboratory

accreditation system appears to be one unavoidable answer to these concerns.

2.4.5 Regulatory Agencies

With the development of modern technology

and the increase in the complexity of society, more and more regulatory roles have

been assumed by the formal governmental structure. The Interstate Commerce Commission (established in 1887) represented the first major

move in the U.S. to regulate through governmental action a natural monopoly, run by the

private sector, based on innovations in technology. The Food and Drug Administration

(established in 1907) extended the concept

of governmental regulation to include formal

protection of the interests of the public

and consumers from the pressures of a caveat

errpvor and laissez faire marketplace. Actions

during the 1960's extended the Federal govern- ment regulatory role in areas such as the

protection of the environment and of

workers from occupational hazards.

Table 14 lists many of the Federal reg- ulatory agencies, aside from those of a purely financial or traditional law-enforce- ment nature. Some, such as the Food and

Drug Administration, the Environmental Pro- tection Agency, and the Nuclear Regulatory

Commission, work in highly technical fields

and need a particularly high level of both

general technical and measurement competence.

All of them, from time to time, require

significant precision in difficult measurements to do their jobs

35
NAVY CALIBRATION LABS U.S. NAVY CONTRACTORS

TYPE II LABS ALAMEDA, POMONA, INDIANAPOLIS, NEWPORT, NORFOLK,

OAHU, PENSACOLA

TYPE I

METROLOGY ENGINEERING CENTER

POMONA, CALIFORNIA

EASTERN STANDARDS LABORATORY

WASHINGTON, D.C.

WESTERN STANDARDS LABORATORY

SAN DIEGO

NBS

IPTS

Figure 23. United States Navy temperature calibration chain.

NATIONAL MEASUREMENT SYSTEM SUBSYSTEM

LAS VEGAS PANTEX

BURLINGTON

MOUND

)9.7 MILLION EXPENDED TO MAINTAIN

MEASUREMENT TRANSFER CAPABILITIES

ROCKWELL INTERNATIONAL

Atomics Internat'l Di*.

KANSAS CITY DIV.

TOTAL EXPENDITURES OF

SUBSYSTEM: $1.29 BILLION

Figure 24. Energy Research and Development Administration National Measurement System

Subsystem.

36
Table 14. Federal regulatory agencies.

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms

Civil Aeronautics Board

Coast Guard

Consumer Product Safety Commission

Environmental Protection Administration

Federal Aviation Administration

Federal Communications Commission

Federal Power Commission

Federal Trade Commission

Food and Drug Administration

Interstate Commerce Commission

Hning Enforcement and Safety Administration

National Highway Traffic Safety Admin.

Nuclear Regulatory Commission

Occupational Safety and Health Admin.

Securities and Exchange Commission

Actions of the regulatory agencies have

a mojor impact on the measurement system,

since pvomulgation of regulations requires

a measurement capability that allows the

necessary knowledge to be obtained and sound

decisions to be made in such areas as the

feasibility of enforcement; enfovQement by

the regulator requires comparison of actual

conditions with the prescriptions of the

regulations, and this often requires measurement; aomplianae by the regulatee similarly

requires an ability to measure; and adjudioation requires measurements that will

stand up in court.

2.4.6 The National Bureau of Standards

The National Bureau of Standards is the

primary authoritative central measurement

standards institution in the United States

[13,38,46,52,80,81 ,94,1 1 5-6,127,1 32,217,242,

261,273,286,288,289]. However, our ultimate

central standards authority, both by treaty

and by domestic decision, is a supranational

organization, the International Bureau of

Weights and Measures (BIPM from the initials

of its French name) [250] (see section 4.).

Domestically, only three other organiaztions today have a significant national meas- urements standards role in the areas of physical measurement covered by the current study:

The U.S. Naval Observatory is responsible for

establishing astronomical time of day [294].

The Geological Survey provides a central calibration service for aerial cameras [301].

The Coast Guard is effectively the central

measurements standards authority with respect

to tankships for liquified natural gas [269].

2.4.6.1 The Present--Scope of NBS Services

The National Bureau of Standards provides:

(1) The central basis for the U.S. National Measurement System, for physical,

material, and technological measurements,

and coordination of that system with those

existing internationally.

(2) Standards for Federal use and involve- ment with computer science and technology.

(3) Technological innovation in selected

fields (e.g., building technology, electronics

and cryogenics)

(4) Direct technical assistance to other

agencies, public and private.

(5) Technical (especially measurement)

responsiveness to national needs (e.g., fire

safety, general public health and safety,

environmental quality, energy, national

defense)

(6) Scientific leadership in missionrelated areas.

(7) Reimbursable measurement services

(e.g., calibrations, measurement assurance

programs, consulting).

(8") Technical data, including standard

reference data.

(9) Standard reference materials.

(10) Coordination of and support to measurement-related or standardization

activities at the state and local levels

or in the private sectors, or in the developing countries (working with other Federal

government agencies).

(11) Technical information services,

including education and general consultation

and advice.

Item (1), of course, pervades this whole

report. Items (2) and (3) go beyond its scope. Other items need further discussion

at this point.

A. Measurement Services

The most basic and indespensabl e services

that the National Bureau of Standards pro- vides to the National Measurement System

are the calibration and related measurement

services that provide to the system access

to the national standards of physical measurement. These services are described in

a "catalog", NBS Special Publication 250,

"Calibration and Test Services of the National Bureau of Standards" [94]. Briefly, they can

be summarized here as:

Cal ibration services

Measurement Assurance Program

Consultation and advice

Other

37
NBS has established reference standards

not only for the SI base units but also for

many derived quantities and their multiples

and submultiples (see Appendix C). Such

reference standards, or equivalent working

standards, are used to calibrate laboratory

and plant standards for other organizations.

Accuracy is maintained by stability checks,

by comparison with the standards of other

national and international laboratories, and

by exploration of alternative techniques as a means of reducing possible systematic error.

Cal ibrations by NBS in its laboratories

for many types of instruments and ranges of

physical quantities are described in the

itemized service schedules of Special Publication 250 [271] (see Appendix H, NBS Calibration Activity Summary). Upon request, special

measurements not listed in SP 250 may be

made. These might involve unusual physical

quantities, upper or lower extremes of range,

higher levels of accuracy, fast response

speeds, short durations, broader ranges of

associated parameters, or special environmental conditions.

Measurement assurance programs are oriented toward calibration of a client's complete

measurement system, not simply the calibration of a particular instrument or standard

[130]. Typically, such a program involves pro- vision to the client of an "unknown" check

standard, which the client then proceeds to calibrate, using his equipment and personnel.

By analysis of the data generated during such

processes, NBS can provide the client information regarding the performance of his total

measurement system for the measurement

quantity involved.

In a similar program NBS assists in the

evaluation of state and local weights and measures laboratories.

In areas of its special competence, NBS offers consulting and advisory services on various problems related to measurement, e.g., details of design and construction, operational aspects, unusual or extreme conditions,

methods of statistical control of the measurement process, automated acquisition of laboratory data, and data reduction and analysis

by computer. Suggestions will be offered on measurement techniques and on other sources

of assistance on calibration or measurement

problems when the Bureau's own equipment and

personnel are unable to undertake requested

work.

Other services include:

(1) Tests of measuring instruments to determine compliance with specifications or claims when the evaluation is critical in

national scientific or technical operations

and when suitable facilities are not available elsewhere.

(2) Referee tests in important cases when

clients are unable to agree upon the method

of measurement, the results of tests, or the

interpretation of these results.

(3) Educational courses and seminars. To enhance the competence of standards laboratory personnel, NBS at irregular intervals

conducts several group seminars on the pre- cision measurement of specific types of

physical quantities. Training is provided for

weights and measures personnel in the states.

(4) Standard time and frequency broadcasts .

B. Technical data

Ready-made, usable measurement results

constitute the second most vital channel of

support to the physical measurement system,

and a vital mode of suuport for the whole

range of science and technology in this

country.

The objective of the National Standard Ref- erence Data System is to provide a base of

reliable data on physical and chemical pro- perties required in industry, universities,

and government R and D institutions [50,84]'.

The program operates through a series of

projects at NBS and elsewhere in which data are retrieved from the world literature,

evaluated by experts, reconciled as necessary,

and prepared for publication. The primary

output consists of tables of evaluated data

and critical data reviews published on a reg- ular basis in the Journal of Physical and

Chemical Reference Data and other channels.

The annual output of evaluated data is typically 1500-2000 pages, representing the distillation of the useful quantitative results

from 5000-10,000 individual experimental

investigations. Other output includes bibliographies and data indexes, translations of

Russian data compilations, and computer pro- grams for handling data in various formats.

In addition, data are supplied in response

to specific inquiries, both for isolated

property values and for more extensive com- pilations directed at a particular application (see Appendix D) [137,267].

C. Standard Reference Materials

Most uses of reference materials lie in

the areas of chemical and material measurements that are outside of the scope of the

physical measurements considered in this

report. However, as noted in section 2.2.4,

reference materials are an integral and es- sential part of the national system for

physical measurements. The aspects of the

38
NBS Standard Reference Material program that

are of particular importance to the areas of

physical measurements of primary interest in this study were adequately discussed in that

section .

D. Coordination Services

As the central agency in the U.S. National

Measurement System, NBS provides a number of

services which serve to coordinate that system. The oldest of these, antedating the

establishment of NBS, is the Office of Weights

and Measures [46].

The role of the NBS Office of Weights and Measures is to provide leadership and those

technical resources that will assure accuracy

of the quantities and quantity representations in all commercial transactions for all buyers and sellers in the United States, and

to promote a uniform national weights and measures system [203]. In fulfilling its mission, the Offices of Weights and Measures en- gages in a wide range of activities. Foremost

is the assistance offered to the States in

the following areas:

Laws and Regulations

Standards and Laboratories

Testing Equipment and Procedures

Measurement Studies

Packaging Practices

Technical Training

Information Dissemination

Conferences and Meetings

Tne NBS Office of Measurement Service s provides similar support to the standards and

calibration laboratories of the nation, and

manages the calibration services program of

the NBS Institute for Basic Standards [94].

The Standards and Applications Division of

the NBS Institute for Applied Technology pro- vides a central focal point for domestic

standardization activities, while the Office

of International Standards under the Associate Director for Information Programs pro- vides a similar function in the international field [261]. Together, they serve as the focal points for contact and control for

NBS participation with national and international standards organizations. They provide access to the Standards Information Center,

which is a library of more than 85,000

standards. They publish general and specific indices of engineering and related

standards. They handle inquiries from gov- ernmental agencies and industry on the

availability and source of international,

national, foreign national, industry, state,

and federal governmental standards. The

Office of International Standards represents

the U.S. officially with the International

Organization for Legal Metrology.

The Office of International Relations co- ord i na teFTiBT'~Tntirr>aHonFrTn^^

and serves as a focal point for NBS support

to the measurement systems abroad, especially

those of the developing nations [121,261].

E. Information Services

Technical information is a principle prod- uct of the National Bureau of Standards [261].

The basic goal of the technical information ser- vices program is to ensure that the results

of work at NBS are provided, through appropriate media, to all interested users and to disseminate other information to which NBS

has access because of its central role in the national measurement system and its par- ticipation in the development of science and

technology. The activities which NBS con- ducts in pursuit of this goal include the

following:

Documentation, reference, and general

information services.

Operation of specialized technical information centers closely associated with

laboratories working in specialized

fields.

Organization of, and provision of, facilities for symposia, technical meetings,

and specialized training courses. Research and development in information

sciences

Provision of consulting and advisory

services by members of the NBS technical

staff.

2.4.6.2 Alternate Sources for Services

Provided by NBS

Historically, the National Bureau of

Standards has served the Nation by performing three primary roles, related respectively to:

I. Measurements

II. Standardization

III. Technological development

These will be discussed in inverse order.

As a rule, many alternative sources exist

today for NBS in the field of technological

development . Industrial research matured

following World War II and today is fully

capable of developing virtually all of the

technology needed by industry. Industry

is enlightened and motivated to do what

it needs. Governmental research has also

matured since World War II, and similar

statements are valid here, also.
The NBS role in technology development became

much more sharply focussed with the reorganization of the Bureau following the Baker report

in 1953 on the proper role of the National Bureau of Standards. Historically, it is clear

that the Bureau's early major involvement

in industrial and technological research was necessary for the times (the first 30 years of

this century) and for three major wars. With

the Baker report and the transfer from NBS of

major involvement in military technology in

1953, the issue was effectively settled that,

as a general rule, there are satisfactory

alternate sources to NBS in fields of technological development [46]

In the field of standardization , the

primary actual or potential alternate sources

to NBS for the services it renders are the

Department of Commerce's Office of Product

Standards, the American National Standards

Institute and its affiliated organizations,

the non-profit research institutes, the

universities, and the professional societies.

NBS has far from a monopoly in this field.

Its role continues, because the subject

of standardization has a close functional con- nection with the field of physical measurements, and the high technology end of the

field clearly benefits from being associated

with an active, high technology organization

that is neutral among the competing technological and commercial interests.

In the field of measurements , as a rule

no effective alternative sources exist. If NBS did not exist, it would have to be invented. These points are best made service

area by service area:

(a) Calibration services . At the

highest level, there is no alternative

source, without reinventing one or more National Bureaus of Standards, since only one agency can have custody of the national

physical reference standard for a given

quantity. Any other approach would be

equivalent to a decision that we should

have two Supreme Courts. At more routine levels, there are many

alternative sources of supply, (see

Appendix G), and there could be more, if

economic barriers could be overcome. The

present trend toward measurement assurance

programs, self-calibration techniques, laboratory accreditation, and the like should serve

to make alternatives to the Bureau's calibration services more viable. This trend may

not lessen the total Bureau work load in the

measurement services area, but it will con- vert it from providing routine services to an active quality control operation, which

will be far more challenging intellectually

and far more effective in assuring the nation

the measurement system that it needs.

(b) Technical data . The Bureau has two major roles here, generation of technical

data and management of the Standard Reference

Data Program. The alternative sources of

technical data are many, primarily the

universities, the non-profit research

institutes, the industrial laboratories,

and other governmental laboratories. The

NBS role in data generation is restricted

to the fields of data that cannot be obtained

with adequate precision elsewhere and for

which the NBS measurement expertise is particularly relevant.

Management of the National Standard

Reference Data System was entrusted to NBS only after it had become apparent that

private sector agencies could no longer

adequately handle the job, and that there was no more effective alternative governmental agency available. In principle, the

job could be given back to the National

Academy of Sciences/National Research

Council, or to the National Science Foundation. Much of the work is, of course, done

on contract by organizations independent of

NBS. On the other hand, the philosophy of

precision that dominates NBS is essential

in this program, and it would appear that

the program could not benefit by being placed

in another agency.

(c) Standard Reference Materials . In principle, private organizations could pro- vide the standard reference materials needed

by this country. Some, in fact, are supplied

now by commercial vendors and many are pre- pared commercially and then analyzed and

certified by NBS. Often, however, alternative sources for operating this program

would suffer from the lack of immediate

access to national standards and the large

pool of materials measurement expertise that

exists in NBS, and from a lack of a tradition of precision.

(d) Coordination Services . It is hard

to see alternative sources to NBS except

by reinventing NBS. The NBS role historically has been to be a catalytic agent,

bringing organizations into existence, and

then withdrawing as they become selfperpetuating. The National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements is an outstanding example of an organization

created by NBS that today has only minor

ties to it.

40
(e) Technical information services;

direct technical assistance to other

agencies, public and private; and technical

provide long-term working capital for invest- ment in equipment, standard reference material

inventories, and similar purposes. The fund

is regenerated by depreciation charges and by

the sale of standard reference materials.

The NBS annual operating budgets are funded

from three sources: direct appropriation by

Congress, reimbursement for routine services,

and funds transferred from other agencies,

public of private, to cover the costs of special technical services. In FY 75, the approximate percentages from the three sources were

55%, 6%, and 39';. The primary sources of the

transferred funds for recent years are shown

in figure 25. The FY 75 budget is given in table 15. The NBS staffing pattern is displayed

in figure 26 [261]. HUD

CPSC ERDA Figure 25. Other agency funding sources.

Er>gineers

Administrative

Clerical Secretarial Figure 26. Composition of staff.

responsiveness to national needs . When

such work is dominantly based upon measurement expertise or other direct mission

competence uniquely possessed by NBS,

there are, by definition, no reasonable

alternative sources. When this work bears

no close connection with NBS measurement

expertise (or other unique mission competence, in fields outside the scope of this

study), then there are usually many potentially satisfactory alternative sources. Similarly, when such work offers a unique

opportunity for NBS to become Intimately

aware of real -life measurement problems,

it is of unique value to NBS. When it

simply exploits NBS' capabilities and does not regenerate them in any significant

sense, it is of little, no, or negative

value to NBS.

2.4.6.3 NBS Funding and Staffing

NBS funds come from the following four

primary sources:

(1) The working capital fund, which

is augmented from time to time by Congressional appropriations.

(2) Congressional appropriations for

annual operating budgets.

(3) Funds transferred from other

agencies, public or private, to cover non-routine technical services.

(4) Funds that reimburse NBS for the costs of its normal, "advertised", routine

technical services.

The NBS working capital fund is used to

Table 15. NBS funding by program (amount In millions) [261]. Appropri

Reimburseations ments Total

Program Area $ % S % $

Provide a National System for Physical Measurement 24.5 40 11.4 25 35 9 Provide Services to Improve Use of Materials 16.0 26 9.6 21 25 6 Provide Services to Improve the Application of Technology 10.7 21 19.0 ' 37 29 7 Experimental Technology Incentives Program (ETIP) 2.7 5 2 7 Improve the Application of Computer Technology 5.1 8 4.7 10 9 8 Supporting Nontechnical Services for Other Agencies 2.9 7 2 9

TOTAL, NBS, FY 1975 (Actual) 59.0 100 47.6 100 106 6 1

'Includes $2.1 million transferred to NBS for work supported by the National Fire Prevention

and Control Administration, which NBS performs under Section 18 of the Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1974.

41
Table 16. Direct measurements transactions matrix for IBS Study of National Measurement System.

DIRECT EASUREMENTS

TRANSACTIONS

MATRIX FOR NATIONAL SYSTEM

OF PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS

(March 197b)

U

S

ER

S

KNOWLEDGE

COMMUNITY

—

(Science,

Education,

Prof,

Soc.

t.

Publ

. )

^ —I ^

^ 5

*^ 5 0 1^ ^ 5

^ 0

2

DOCUMENTARY

0.

STANDARDS

ORGANIZATIONS

0

^ a- .-0 k- e:

t7> Q ^

4

B

55

QTritP

,.S.

NATIONAL

STANDARDS

AUTHORITIES

0 5.

iri uyi 0 «i

7

00:^

cc III 0 ct tyi -- 0 ^ c

in _)8

3. 1

Q. 3 0 0

9

73 0

10

^

-.- ILJ .o

.t ej <o > =- — 0 ^-J

11

STATE

i

LOCAL

;3

GOV'T

AGENCIES

(exc.

nWM's

K

Reo.

Aq.

,

3 Q C 0 cE !/ z: or t/-

13

P

^ 0 CQ

~* ^ on

ij " <t

EC a:

rD ^ 0

14

CONSTRUCTION

(SIC

Div.

C)

- S

ij _i 0 -- (\j 0 UJ l-J 0 Q.

16

CHEM/PETROL/RUBBER/

STONE/CLAY/GLASS.

.

.

,

_

(SIC

2S-30._32)

_

'

PRIMARY

4

FAS.

S

METAL

PRODUCTS

(SIC

33-34,

391,

mAchInErV

S

EXCEPT

ELECTRICAL

(SIC

Major

Gp

35)

ELECTRIC

AND

g

ELECTRONIC

EQPMT

(SIC

Major

Gp

36)

TRANSPORTATION

EQUIPMENT

(SIC

Major

Gp

37)

TRANSPOtiTATION

!

~

PUBLIC

UTILITIES

(SIC

Div.

E)

TRADE/INS/FIN/REAL

K

EST/PERS

SVCS/PRINT

(SIC

F-H,

bal

I,

27

HEALTH

SERVICES

*

(SIC

Major

Gp

80)

K

GENERAL

PUBLIC

1 nNOWLEOCE

SUPPLIERS

COMMUNITY \ [Science. Education,

Pi'of . Soc. ,^ Publ

.

; INTERNATIONAL METROLOGICAL ORGANIZATIONS

4 1 3 1

1

3 1

]

2 1

1

4 1 4 2

1 1

2 1 2

1

3 1 2

2

3 i 3

1

3 2

3

2

2

1

1

2 2

1 21 1 1

1

3 1 2

1

3 1 7

1

J 1

1

3 2

1

3 1 3

1

2 1 2

2

3 1

1

1

2 1

1

1

2 2

1

1 2 1

1

1

3 1 3

1

3 1

2

2 2

1

1

3 I 3

2

1

3 1

1

1

3 1

)

3 2

2

1

3 1

13 1 5 Z

1

2 1

13 r

4

1

3 1

2

]

2

1 1 3^"1"

2

2

1

3 DOCUMENTARY STANDARDU'ATIO

ORGANIZATIONS

N

N

3S)

3 2

1

i r

1

5—

T

2 1

1

1

?—

?

3

1

3 T

1

3 1

3 2

2 r

2

1

2

2 1 2

1

2 1 2 1 2

1

2 1

4 INSTRUMENTATIO

INDUSTRY

, Sic Ma ior Go

?—

r

5—

r

5

3 T

2^

3 1 2 7 1 2

1

3 1 3 2

4

3 1

2

3 13 1 3 4

1 .

1

3 1 5

1 w5

2

3 1 5

1

3 1 5 23 1 5

1

3 2 4

?

3 1 4

2

5

6 OTHER U.S. NATIONAL STANDARDS

3 1 3

1

1

3 13 r 3 1 3 3 3

3 1 4

,1

3 1 4 1 [3 1 2 3

2 ' 1

3 2

2

1

3 3 1 3 22 1

1

2 1 2

2

4 1 2

1

.

1

2 2

1

1

2 2 '4 2 2 : 2

2 1 2

1

3 1 2

1

4 1 2

1

4 2

2

2

4 3

1 2

4 3 2

2

2 1

1

1 3 1 3 I

1

1

1 1 1

2

j2

i 7 mm^,— .•, MEASURES lOUM'si

3 1

1 1 1

1 R

4 1

1 R

;i

2 1

3 1

1

1

3 1

2

3 1

1

2

4

3

1

4 1

1

1 S STANDARDS .1; TESTING

^^gORATOR I ES AND iiR\ ICES

2 1

1

1

2 12 1 2 3

1 1 R

3 1

2 R

3 1 3

1

2 1

2

3 1

1

3 1

1

3

1

1 1

2 1 2

1

3 1 23

1

3 1

1

3 1 3

1

3 2 2

2

3 1

1

1

3 2

2

2 9 REGJLA'ORY

AGENC I ES lexcl. OWM's)

3 1

1 2 '31312 2

2 2 R

3 2

2 R

3 1 2

2 R

3 2

1

2 1

1

1 R

3 1

2 R

1 R

2 1

2 R

4 2

2

1 R

4 1

1 2 R

4 2

1 R

3 1 2

1 R %

'

1 R

4 I

1 R

3 2

1 R

3 1

2 R

3 1

2 R

3 1 2

2 R

4 2

2

3 R

3 1

2 R

10 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

vevcl. Stds. Labs) 32: 3 13 1 2 2 3 2 1 2 R

2 1 3

1 R

3 1 3

1 R

1

3 T

7

3 1 2

1

2 1

1

1

1

2 1

1

1 R

3 1 2

1 R

3 1 2 R3 1 4

2 R

3 1 4

2 R

2 1

2 R

2 R

1 R

11 CIVILIAN FEDERAL

Stds . Labs S Reg. Ag.

)

3 1' 2 12 1 2 2 2

1 ,2 2

3 1

1

1 .

2 2

2 ^_ _

2 1

2 1

3 1 L2 1 2

1

2 1

]

2

2

1 ;-

]

2 2

2 2

3

2

1

3 1

1

3 1

2

3 1

1

4 1

1

1 2

2

12 STATE S LOCAL

.jOVERNMENT AGENCIES

lexc. OWM's S Reg. Ag.

)

1 1 1 R

2 r

1

1 R

1 1 1 r: r

1 1

1

7

5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

13 INDUSTRIAL

TRADE ASSOCIATIONS

2 1132 12 1 2

1 , ^2 ,2

2 1

2

3 1

1 1

1

2 1 2

2

2 1

1

1 ^2 2

?—

r

1 1 1

2 1

1

1

2 1

1

2 1

1

2 1

1

1

1 1 1

14 1GRICULTURE,F0RE5TRV

FISHING; MINING

vSIC Div. A S B)

' 2 1

1 1 1

1

.

.

2 2

R

1

' 1 R R

1 2

2

5 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1

CONSTRUCTION

;SIC Div. C)

1 ; 1 1

1 I'

1 R1 1 R, R

1 1 1 1 6 1 R1 1 1

1

\

1

16 FOOD.'TOB/TEXTILE/ -PPAREL/LBR/FURN/PAPER/

LEATHER (SIC 20-26, 31

)

3 13 2

1

' } 1

1 2 R

3

2'

1 2 R

2

2 1 R R

3 1

] 2

1 1

3 1

2

1 1

2 1

1

1 R

1 R R

1 R1 2

17 CHEM.'PETROL/RUBBER/ PLASTICS/STONE/CLAY/

GLASS (SIC 28-30, 32)

2 1, 2 12 1 2 ' 1 2 2

t i '2 1

3

2'

2 2

.2

1 1

1

2 2

2

2

2 1 '2 2

1 2

1 2

1

2 1

1

1

2 ' 1 1

2 1 6

1

1 1 1 1 1

i 1

1

1

18 PRIMARY & FAB. "ETAL PRODUCTS

.SIC 33-34, 391

)

2 1' 3 3 1

1 i 2 2

1

' ' "

3 2

1 , 2 R

3

1 1 R

3 1 2 2

1

2 ' 1 1

3 1 62 1

1

3 2 1 1

1 19 .MACHINERY, EXCEPT ELECTRICAL

SIC Maior Gp 35)

2 1| 3 13 1 111 2 2

3 2 R 1 .2

1 1 1

3 13 1

1 , 1

1

1

2

2

2 1 1 1 2

3—

r

2 3

2 2 1

20 ELECTRIC AND

,SIC Maior Gp 36) 31! 3 13 1 2 2 32 2 2

3 1 2

2

3 1 2

2

3 1

1 2

3 1 !3 1 3 ; 2

1 12

3 1 2

1

1 1 1 1 1 2

3 1

J

3 2 2

3

2 1 2

2 2

2 2

21 'PA.'iSPORTATION

EQiJIP.'^ENT SIC Major Gp 37)

2 1 '2131

2 2 2

1 1 I R

2 1 2

2 R

2 1 2

1 R

2 1 2'

2 1 2

2

2 1 2

1

2 1

1

3

1 1 1

2 1

1 1 1 n

2 1

1

1

2 1 3 2

2

3 1 6

1

3

2

1

1 1

22 'SiNSPOSTATlSN S =jBL1C UTILITIES

iSlC Civ. E!

2 1 2 12 1 2 2 2

1 , 2 1 R

2 13 1 2 1 2 R'22 1

1 2

1 R \'

2

2

2 1 2

2

2 1 1 1 1

1 2

1 T—T

6

1

2 1

3 1 4

1 23 'RADE/nS/FIN/REAL

ES'/OESS SV:S/PRINT-PUB

r-n, 3al . 1 , 27)

1 1 2

, R

3 1

1

1 R

2 1 R R1 1 ]1 1 2 2 2 1 2 7 1 6

HEALTH SERVICES

'SIC Major Gp 30)

1

1

1 2

R

4 2

2

3 R

1 R

1 1 1 1 1

1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 2

25

>:'.EPAL PL'BLIC 1 2

1 rI r

2 1

1 Rl

1 R 1

2 1

1 2 R

1 R

1 R1 R

1 R1 R1 R

1 R R R

1 R

2

R

2 R1 R

2 1 7

1

KEY TO MATRIX ENTRIES

C - IMPORTANCE OF TRANSA CT IONS

1 = Purely convenience

2 = Strongly desirable

3 = No real alternatives

4 = Essential

B - RATE OF CHANGE

SUPPLIERS

N = Declining

0 = Stable

2 = Growing

4 = Growing explosively

R = Flow of requi rements info' dominates

P

- (IN)ADEQUACY OF SERVICES

No improvements needed

Could be improved

Marginal

Serious deficiencies

Out of control

- MAGNITUDE OF TRANSACTIONS

0 = Trivial

1 = Minor

2 = Moderate

3 = Important

4-7 = Major

42
2.4.6.4 Evaluation Panels and Visiting

Commi ttee

The National Bureau of Standards has a long-established mechanism for evaluation

of its programs, which consists of an array

of evaluation panels managed by the National

Academy of Sciences. Normally, these panels are continuing institutions, with rotating

membership, the normal term being three years,

each panel corresponding to an NBS divisionlevel organizational unit. Institute-level

panels include the chairmen of all of the

Institute's division-level panels.

The evaluation panels have been involved

with the National Measurement System Study

from its beginning. Panel members have re- viewed the reports of this study.

A Visiting Committee was established by

the NBS Organic Act, for the purpose of evaluating the work of the Bureau, reporting to the responsible cabinet-level officer. The

evaluation panels have no such legal standing,

nor any legal connections with the Visiting

Committee. Nevertheless, clearly established

communication channels exist between the two mechanisms, so that systematic observations by

evaluation panels can and do get channeled

directly to the Secretary of Commerce.

2.5 The Measurements Market-Place : The

Direct Measurements Transactions Matrices

The fifth level in the national measurement

system model consists of the "measurements market place" in which the end-use measurement

activities occur. The technique that has

been chosen for displaying these activities

is a measurement transactions matrix, which

displays the direct interactions among the

various suppliers and users of measurement

information, data, goods, and services [302].

The following categories appear to encompass all of the kinds of goods and services

that are involved in these transactions:

A. End-use measurement data

B. Reference data

C. Other measurement services (e.g., calibrations or time & frequency broadcasts)

D. Reference materials

E. Measurement instrumentation and its

associated software

F. Measurement how-to information

G. Measurement requirements specifications (e.g., laws, regulations,

documentary standards)

H. Measurement needs information

I. Money to pay for the above.

Attention was focused on the functional information, goods, and services involved in the

transactions. The last item, money, was ignored as a direct entry in these matrices.

All institutional sectors of the system

have been included in the transactions matrices.

so that only part of a matrix describes end- use measurements. Every defined sector is entered as both a supplier and a user, so that the flow of measurement needs information from the users to the suppliers of mea- surement goods and services can be entered.

The diagonal elements define the measurement

goods and services generated within a given sector that are consumed by that same sector,

either within a given organization or by others;

these diagonal elements contain the vast bulk

of the measurements made in our society.

For simplicity, zeros have been suppressed

in the matrices, so that a blank data entry

location means zero, with the following ex- ception: When the only data entry is for the

central magnitude quantity, the blank entries

for all of the other numerically coded quan- tities mean simply that no estimates have been

made for them.

Table 16 is the master supplier-user matrix

for the whole system, as seen by this study

of the National f>teasurement System. Table

17 summarizes NBS ouputs to the various user sectors in the fields of physical measurement

covered by this 1972-75 study of the National

f'leasurement System.

The supplier-user sectors have been adequately identified in table 16. Sectors 1-9 and 13 are primary supplier sectors, and sectors

1,4, and 9-25 are primary users. Sectors 4 and 14-24 are based on Standard Industrial

Classification (SIC) Codes [141]. These codes

are used in a straightforward fashion, except

that: Major group 39 "miscellaneous manu- facturing industries" activities are informally associated with those non-miscellaneous

groups most nearly similar technically.

Standard sector 23 includes only those parts

of SIC division I not elsewhere accounted for. SIC 27, printing and publishing, is grouped

in sector 23 with the technically similar

activities of division I; SIC division J, public administration, is covered in the

various governmental sectors. A yes- no summary of the users of NBS services has

also been developed (see Appendix J)..

There is a rather inevitable bias in the

transactions matrices that probably magnifies

the apparent importance of the user sectors with which the NBS Institute for Basic Stan- dards is most familiar. All approaches

indicate that the Government sectors are

of first-rank importance. From here on, the

indicators diverge. The high technology industries that are major users of NBS services,

and that place major demands on innovation in the measurement system, show up high in these

matrices, even though their absolute expenditures on measurements are a minor part of the

country's total [173,200,218]. In contrast,

such areas as retail and wholesale trade that

expend trmendous sums in measurement-related

activities, make only modest demands on NBS for service.

43
Table 17. Direct measurements transactions matrix for outputs of NBS.

DIRECT MEASUREMENTS

TRANSACTIONS

MATRIX FOR

0(ITPUTS OF

i.BS

u

s

ER

S

KNOWLEDGE

COMMUNITY

^(Science,

Education,

Prof.

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OF FLUIDS

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1 KEY TO MATRIX ENTRIES

C - IMPORTANCE OF TRANSACT IONS

1 = Purely convenience

2 = Strongly desirable

3 = No real alternatives

4 = Essential

B - RATE OF CHANGE

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2 = Marginal

3 = Serious deficiencies

4 = Out of control

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0 = Stable

2 = Growing

4 = Growing explosively

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Blank = 0

44
3. THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT

The U.S. National Measurement System is part of an international measurement system

The international system exists primarily to carry compatibility in measurements beyond

national borders, and also functions as a mechanism for sharing of information and of

effort to reduce the burdens borne by individual measurement systems or laboratories.

Figure 27 displays a model of the Inter- national Measurement System structure. The

model includes

- the national measurement systems (N-i , N^..),

- the supranati onal sector where everything is common to all nations and national interest

is completely suppressed (central circle),

- the " co-nati onal " portion that represents

cooperative efforts for their mutual benefit

by groups of national measurement systems

(intermediate band),

- the " bilateral " portion of the system which

represents one-to-one relations between

national measurement systems acting in their frank self-interest (outer band).

The supranational portion represents

organizations and people (including some international civil servants) that are the source of agreements, definitions, and

physical reference standards which are unique,

accepted by all, non-political in nature and

wnich act as the central tie point for the

acnievement of compatibility of all measurement systems. National systems (notably

national standards laboratories) contribute

their efforts and inputs to this portion by,

for example, participation in working groups

or submission of draft documents and ideas.

Once internationally accepted definitions

and standards related to the SI base quantities are made available, it is possible for a national laboratory to generate independently

the derived units of measurement. An example

of such a unit is the milliwatt (power) at

10 GHz (a microwave frequency). The same process is followed within other national measurement systems to arrive at almost the same units; small errors in fabrication or measurement and variations in techniques

employed make inevitable small but often

significant differences. One of the main

functions of the "ao-national" portion of the

international measurement system is to identify these differences, find their bases,

and, where possible, reconcile them. Any

number of national measurement systems

(usually through their national standards

laboratories) can usefully participate in any standards coordination and evaluation effort.

The international dissemination of information concerning measurement techniques

and new results in measurement research also

"CO NAItoiiti" 1 ]

Figure 27. Model of the international

measurement system D90].

falls substantially into the "co-national"

portion of the international measurement

system. National laboratories can profit

considerably in many areas from each other's

experience and outputs because they often

have the only efforts within their own countries to reach certain measurement and

standards objectives. In this respect a real community of specialized technical

interest often lies only in the "co-national"

area and is virtually absent within any one national measurement system.

The "bilateral" portion of the international measurement system probably involves

many more different activities than either

the supranational or the "co-national".

Many of these are small or one-time affairs,

some are quite substantial. Included are

the flow of information between one national

system and another, and of measuring instru- ments and manufactured products with measurement content, and of labor by measurements

people. The flows may be unidirectional,

often truly bilateral, and sometimes multilateral as the result of a concatenation of

bilateral interactions.

The information flow is typically in the

form of technical papers, reports, plans, or data. A second important channel is the

visitor to or from another system and the

guest-worker who comes from one system into

the other. Attendance at the national technical meetings in one system by scientists

from another is a third channel. Some of

these mechanisms are based on formal bilateral agreements, many are entirely ad hoc

and based on personal contacts.

45
The export of iDeasuring instruments pro- duced within one system to another is a very

important component of the international

measurement system. The measurement systems

of some smaller nations depend almost com- pletely on this mechanism, but even the

technologically advanced nations often use each other's instruments.

Measurements on high technology products

manufactured for export also form part of

tne international measurement system. The

point is the question of satisfying the specifications and standards of the importing

national measurement system with measurements

made in the exporting system.

Mutual support in the "bilateral" area

tends to take the form of cooperative mea- surement research projects in which different

nations contribute what they can toward a common objective. Contributions are normally

not identical

Competition in the international measurement system is somewhat harder to document.

Still, it exists, especially in the area of

international engineering standards where

nations vie with each other to have their

national standards adopted as international

standards. In the field of physical stan- dards, national standards laboratories sometimes compete to produce an output first or best and others seek to catch up or copy. One reason for this is that the reputation

and image of a national measurement laboratory

are important because they reflect on the

technological capability of the nation to produce sophisticated instruments and products

that will be internationally sought.

The International Bureau of Weights and Measures was established by the Convention

of the Metre, of May 20, 1875. It is located

in a tiny international enclave, at Sevres,

France, near Paris. The initial essential

mission of the international bureau was to construct and preserve the definitive stan- dard meter and kilogram, to compare them with

the national standards which were to be furnished to the various countries, and to improve procedures of measuring in order to advance progress in all fields of metrology.

In subsequent years, assignments of BIPM extended into other areas such as thermal,

electric, photometric and ionizing radiation

fields. Today, it functions to advance the most basic parts of the conceptual and technical infrastructures of the international

measurement system, and promotes coordination

and harmony among the measurement systems of

the different nations of the world.

The supreme authority governing the

International Bureau of Weights and Measures

is the General Conference of Weights and

46

CCPM: CtNtRAL CONrERENCE Of HEIGHTS AND MEASURES

CIPM: INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

!;iPM: INTERNATIONAL BUREAU OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Figure 28. International coordination of

measurement standards [71].

Measures (CGPM). It consists of delegates

from all of the countries belonging to the

Convention of the Metre and meets at least

every six years. The International Com- mittee of Weights and Measures, composed of

eighteen members, acts for CGPM between

conferences to look after scientific and

administrative matters. A series of consultative committees have been established under

the International Committee, each charged

with a particular field of measurement, each

drawing on the leading experts in the world

in its field (see fig. 28.).

Other supra-national organizations function in specialized parts of the international measurement system. In particular, BIPM shares responsibility in the area of time

and frequency with BIH, the International

Time Bureau, which is also located near Paris.

In the field of legal metrology, the area covered by the offices of weights and measures

in this country, the primary international

coordinating body is OIML, the International

Organization for Legal Metrology.

The International Organization for Stan- dardization (ISO) and International Electrotechnical Commission (lEC), although primarily

documentary standardization bodies, also have

a significant effect on the international physical measurements system. Other, more specialized bodies have an even more direct role. In particular, the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements develops documentary standards that are of major importance

in defining the international radiation measure- ment system. All of the major international

technical organizations have substantial effects

on the international measurement system: the

International Unions of Pure and Applied Physics

and Pure and Applied Chemistry, the International

Telecommunications Union and its consultative

committees; the International Scientific Radio

Union (URSI); and others.
4. IMPACT AND TRENDS OF MEASUREMENT SYSTEM

4.1 Impact of Measurements

4.1.1 Functional, Technological, and

Scientific Applications

This subject was touched upon in a general fashion in section 1., Funatione of

Measurement. Table 1 presented there is

the outline for the present discussion.

The functions of measurements, including

those in science and technology, involve

all of the uses made by human beings of

knowledge of the physical universe. Since

science deals with the advancement of knowledge, the uses of measurements in that field

set a pattern often followed in other fields. For this reason, it is useful to observe the

functions of measurement in scientific activities, as an initial entry into the general

subject.

Science consists of the human mechanisms

for acquiring knowledge in an organized

fashion, and of the organized body of

knowledge thus acquired.

The most basic use of measurement by

science is to desorihe what is or was. Understanding is built upon these descriptions.

The utility of science, and the ultimate

test of any understanding developed by it,

depends upon an ability to predict what

will be. Predictions of the future are based upon measurements of the past and

present.

Science originates with the individual.

It becomes significant to the race when

communicated. Measurements provide a language to Qorwmnicate the knowledge and

understanding developed by science.

The development of science does not pro- ceed on a purely random basis. Measurements provide knowledge that allows the

scientist to deoide among alternate courses

of action.

Scientists plan courses of action, some of which may be very elaborate. Control of

the preplanned process is essential. Meas- urements are used to aontrol.

Science studies the uncontrollable as well as the controllable. When the uncon- trolled does occur, the scientist must be

prepared to respond, to react. Measurement

of what is, allows the scientist to react,

when the events he is seeking do occur.

The uses of measurements in the world of

science are, then:

to describe,

to predict,

to communicate,

to decide,

to control

,

to react,

in dealing with what is, was, or will be in the physical universe. This set is believed

to be complete.

Of this set of six descriptors, two are most fundamental: To communicate and to decide. In the broadest sense of the words,

these can encompass the other four. Never- theless, it seems useful for most purposes

to restrict the meanings of "to communicate"

and "to decide" to the narrower meanings

implicit in the discussion above, and to use the total set of six infinitives for

most purposes when discussing the functions

of measurements.

It is now instructive to consider the ap- plication of these six infinitives to the areas of personal life, society, and technology.

In the personal life of the individual,

the infinitive "to describe" can be trans- lated into the noun, knowledge: "My auto- mobile weighs a nominal 3630 pounds and gives

me 19 miles per gallon at 55 miles per hour".

The individual is also concerned with

prediction of the future: "Our porch thermometer reads 2 degrees above freezing now,

at 6 p.m. The weather is clear and windstill. It is sure to freeze tonight."

Some of the simplest cornmunications

between individuals depends upon the availability of a measurement capability: "What

time is it?"

Many decisions depend upon measurement

data: "Should I take time to stop to get gas?"

Our personal actions are often determ^we^- - initiated— measurements. "The

alarm clock just went off."

We use measurements to warn us of the occurrence of uncontrolled, unplannable

events: "The oil pressure gage just dropped

to zero. I'd better stop and find out what's wrong."

Measurement activities also play many

roles in contributing to the efficiency and

fairness of our society.

The "to describe" dimension shows up in the use of measurements to develop data

bases for social use, such as in all kinds

of maps and charts, e.g., those used for

navigation in the coastal waterways.

47
Many aspects of public planning and

foiVi-'astiny are heavily dependent upon measurement activities. The meteorological

data generation system is one of the largest

formal measurement subsystems in our society,

and it exists to provide a basis for weather

prediction.

Communication applications of measurements

pervade all of the social applications, by

the very definition of the word "social".

Perhaps the purest form of communication

occurs in the use of measures to define

Imd ownership and political boundaries.

Just as cormiunication aspects tend to show up everywhere in the social uses of

measurements, so do the decision dimensions

of measurements. Perhaps the purest occurrence of the decision dimension occurs in the use of measurements in the judicial

process: "You will pay to this woman the

damages prescribed by the jury, because it has concluded that the evidence of the mea- surements shows that you were indeed driving in a reckless and negligent manner and

that you were responsible for the accident

in which she was seriously injured."

Closely related are equity in trade and

taxation, and the payment of wages (and the

like) on a time basis.

Measurements are used for policing and for

regulation in our society. "Pull over. You were doing 70 miles per hour in a 55 mile per hour zone." Measurements are used for hazard warning:

"Take cover'. Weather radar has picked up tornado funnels advancing on us at 25 miles

per hour!"

The same set of six basic functions of

measurement show up in the implementation

of technology. It is convenient to use a single i ndustry--petroleum--as a source of

specific examples.

To describe finds its purest embodiment,

perhaps, in the area of resource location,

such as geophysical prospecting for oil. To predict translates into such terms as engineering design, as in the design of

liquified natural gas tankers.

To communicate can translate into interchangeability, as in the fact that the

threads on oil drilling hardware are interchangeable for equipment originating any- where in the free world.

To decide can be correlated with quality assurance function: "Is this lot of gasoline of an acceptable octane rating?

To control translates directly into process control, as in refinery operations.

To respond or react can be translated

into fault diaanosis. as in detecting the

existence of and locating leaks in pipelines.

The significance of measurements varies

among the different fields of science and

technology. The descriptive/observational

fields of science--such as anatomy and

taxonomy in biology historically, at least,

have made few demands on the measurement

system. Such observational fields as astron- omy have made immense demands on the system.

Experimental physical science is founded

upon a measurement capability. Today, there

are very few frontiers in any field of science

that are not dependent in a major way on the

existence and advancement of precision mea- surement capabilities. Resolution of detailed

problems even in taxonomy, for instance, may

today depend upon precision biochemical mea- surements.

In the field of technology, the older

areas such as leather tanning and brick

manufacturing make few exacting demands on the measurement system. While one of the

oldest of all--metal working--makes some

of the most exacting demands, it is the newer physical technologies that usually

pose the most difficult measurement requirements--electronics and nucleonics, to name

two outstanding examples.

4.1.2 Economic Considerations

The National Measurement System is part of

the information sector of our economy [225,

316]. It cuts across all other economic and

technological systems in our society. Every sector of our economy owns measuring instruments, employs labor for the purpose of

making measurements, and uses the results of

measurement activities. Every technology,

every means of production, depends upon mea- surement activities of one sort or another

[47,98].

In the broadest sense of the phrase, the

national measurement system consists of all of the mechanisms used by our society to obtain the objective, quantitative knowledge

needed for its functioning. However, for

present purposes, two major categories of

quantitative knowledge are excluded: Knowledge

of the kind of subjective human phenomena that

can be determined quantitatively only by such means as polling or voting, and those quantitative determinations of subjective value that

are made by the fiscal pricing system or some analog or substitute for it. Operationally,

we are here dealing only with the national

system for quantitative physical measurements.

The national system for physical measurements plays a pervasive role in our economy.

It accounts for perhaps 6 percent of our gross

national product [173,200,218]. It is a significant consumer of economic resources. It generates essential economic benefits [307,327].

48
The system deals with both public and

private goods. The private goods aspects include the overwhelming majority of the costs. The cost of a butcher weighing out meat is clearly a private expense between seller and

buyer. The cost of measurements made during

the production of an automobile engine is clearly a private cost to the auto manufacturer. The cost and benefits of a piece of

measurement instrumentation reside with the

purchaser who needs, controls, and uses the

instrument.

Public goods aspects of the measurement

system can be characterized as market

enabling, market failure, and public market.

The market enabling aspects of the system

relate to the fact that it is essential both

in enabling our markets and in allowing the

production of many of the goods traded in

them. Few markets as we know them could exist without the measurement system. And this

system does not exist as a matter of spon- taneous creation, any more than does our present monetary system. Actions are re- quired to generate and maintain an infra- structure for the system, which actions benefit the whole society in such a manner that

there is no feasible way to recover costs other than by taxation, which means governmental action.

Market failure aspects can come in from

several directions. The classical one is that markets usually fail to provide adequate

incentive to the sellers to promote social

efficiency and to alleviate social frictions

in commercial transactions. The rule of the

unregulated market place is caveat emptor,

"let the buyer bewarel" The public goods

aspect of fair weights and measures overrides

the private goods drive on the part of the

sellers to cheat when they think they can get away with it. Another aspect of market failure stems from the importance of the information part

of the national measurement system infra- structure. Since much of this information

either usually cannot be retained as the

exclusive property of the originator, or has

such public goods aspects to it that it should

not be so appropriated, the economy will tend

to underinvest in the development of such

information unless a public subsidy is pro- vided.

The publia market aspects come from the

fact that the national measurement system

functions to deliver information needed for

many governmental regulatory, decisionmaking, or operational purposes. The uses of such information may be either coincident49

ally or inherently public. The use by the

military of measurement information in the

maintenance of its equipment inventory is no different in kind than similar uses in the

private sector. On the other hand, measures

of the quality of air throughout a metropolitan region inherently have primarily a public

goods value, at least at this time.

On any time scale that we wish to consider,

a measurement system is a "must" for the functioning of our human society, just as is a monetary or a transportation system. If through some means any of these systems should

be seriously disrupted, major social disruptions would result, that would (and do) re- quire prompt corrective action. It is of

little usefulness to try to establish in an absolute quantitative sense the value of such

"musts.

How much of any of these systems--measurement, monetary, transportation--is optimum,

is quite another question, and for such questions the concepts of marginal economics can

be applied, albeit not necessarily easily [76].

Economic "externalities" and other complications are often involved. When costs and

benefits are not neatly localized and clearly

calculable, cost/benefit analyses and decisions

become difficult.

Detailed economic discussions are inappropriate here. Such questions are dealt with

in other reports in this series [307,327].

4.2 Trends of the National Measurement

System

The major trends of the system can be described under the following headings:

Increased complexity

Increased integration

Improved quality control

Improved information resources Automation

Metrication

Science

4.2.1 Increased Complexity of the National

Measurement System

The confluence of three major driving

forces inevitably dictates that the measurement system will increase in complexity, in all dimensions. Its total scope will widen.

Its internal structure will grow. Its meaning for society will expand.

The three major driving forces are (a) the

ever-increasing scope of science and technology, (b) the development of the information economy, and (c) the challenge of mas- tering the ever-growing complexity of our
society as a whole. Implications for the

measurement systems of the first factor are discussed frequently in this report and do not

need elaboration at this point. The latter

two factors, however, require some discussion

here.

The Information Economy . Figure 29 sum- marizes an analysis of the American economy

performed by Mr. Mark Porat while at the

Institute for Communication Research of Stanford University L225,316]. Briefly, Mr. Porat adopted a not unusual concept, namely that

there was a significant component of the American economy that could best be described by

the term "Information Sector", and then set out to see just how important this sector was

to the economy. He proceeded to look at what

r-. jrSc: actually do, rather than what their

jiKiar.Lzaticns are thought to do. The question

was, what is the ultimate significant output

from this particular kind of job? Outputs were

classified into four categories:

(1) Provision of data, information, or knowledge, or of physical products whose only

real value lies in the data, information, or knowledge that they transmit or allow to be

created

(2) Provision of physical services, such

as restaurant meals, health care, or most

transportation.

(3) Provision of manufactured products

whose utility is inherent in the product as

a physical object and not in any use of the

product to transmit or generate data, information, or knowledge, including products

resulting from the extraction of resources

from the earth and oceans.

(4) The provision of food and other pro- ducts of agriculture and fishing.

The major conclusions that follow from

Mr. Porat' s analysis of the data is that the

much-heralded explosion in recent years of

the service sectors of the economy is all concentrated in the information sector except

for a small net effect due to the large in- crease in the health-care sector. Further,

approximately half of all American workers

are found in the information sector, a fraction so large that a saturation effect

appears to be taking place: the economy

simply can't afford any more (see figure 29).

The National Measurement System is, of course, inherently part of the information

sector of the economy. Since the information

sector depends for its operation upon the

availability of raw data, and the measurement

system is one of the major sources of raw data, the measurement system has probably

IIIlMi .lir, I

I lUMr Al i'Vll|<lll I'.)

I'lll . II 'II .1 IIVll I

'

J I I L

Figure 29. Composition of U.S. labor force,

1860-1980 .

shared some of the growth of the information

sector during the last 10-15 years. Of more importance are the effects of the interaction

of the newer information technologies--

automatic data processing, in particular--

with the measurement system, and of the

inevitable pressures toward economy and

efficiency and complexity that are implied

by "saturation" of the economy with information sector workers. At the very least,

such pressures will increase the importance

of an ability of the measurement system to deliver exactly the data needed when it is needed, with exactly the required quality,

no more, no less. Doing so inevitably in- creases aspects of complexity of the

measurement system.

Social complexity . The need to manage

the ever-growing complexity of our society

is probably the greatest single driving

force affecting the measurement system today.

The general factors involved here were discussed by Daniel E. Noble in 1971 during a symposium entitled "The next twenty years--the

promise and the challenge." The following

is quoted from his paper, "The Challenge of

Intelligent Decision-Making [97]:

"I suggest to you that our present permeating

sense of alienation, confusion, and frustration should have been expected. There

should be no mystery about the exponential growth curve we have been following...,

or about the stagnation, frustration,

and confusion which result when the curve

flattens out and we find ourselves in an environmental state of equilibrium

brought about by the saturation of the

growth-supporting forces. While the

saturation includes limitations upon the

availability of power and resources, the

primary factor is the degradation of the

quality of control and decision-making
induced by the saturation of our information processing facilities. The

crowding into the cities with the attendant prodigious rise in interdependance

and interaction among all of the systems,

subsystems and the people, the rise of

high speed transportation, high speed

printing systems, and high speed com- munications systems of all kinds, and

the information inundation which makes

it impossible to select from the flood

the relevant information needed for our decision-making processes, all contribute to the saturation of our 'communications' channels.

"In other words, we have created a very

high information 'noise level' and the

noise level in turn fosters alienation,

frustration, confusion, and the stagnation of effective decision-making pro- cesses.... 'vie have overloaded the information processing capabilities of our brains and of our filing cabinetmemory systems and procedural structures,

so that we are suffering from a very

high 'noise level' in all of the social,

political, and economic areas of our culture.... We have three choices:

1) we can continue in a state of confusion... down to disaster; 2) we may

adjust to a static state of equilibrium...; 3) we can use our brains and

marshal all the forces of science and

technology to desaturate our culture and,

by the introduction of new step-function

forces of change, create a fresh new exponential growth curve which will re- vitalize our total cultural growth over

the next fifty years...

"We may characterize the industrial revolution as a major concentration upon the

development of muscle power extension

systems of all kinds. These muscle power

extension developments, which created

machinery for heavy work, for intricate

work, and for redundant work, also cre- ated high speed transportation, communications, printing, and distribution sys- tems of prodigious efficiency. The

emphasis was upon orders-of-magni tude

increase in man's muscle power, muscle

efficiency, and labor productivity. The

cultural configurations changed sharply

from a farming economy to an industrial

economy, and from rural living to urban

living. ..

"Education has been the key to the expansion

of the new power of the individual and to the new freedom of choice for the individual but, admittedly, an opposing force

has been constantly increasing in its

limiting negative effect upon the individual freedom of today. This force

(the real villain of the pieced which,

with some poetic license, might be called

'complexity', has been increasing steadily

in nearly all areas of our cultural oat- terning until the organizational structures and procedural systems erected to combat complexity are in danger of becoming self-defeating. They have become so procedurally complex that they control the

people who are supposed to be controlling

the functioning of the system

"We are now faced with the increasingly important job of rescuing man from the very

complexities he has created. Since the

primary cause of the present dilemma is the low speed, low efficiency and poor

productivity of man's information pro- cessing systems, we must make monumental

use of high speed electronic brain extension systems. As man has revolutionized

his environmental structures through the

application of muscle power extension

systems, so in the next fifty-year period,

he must revolutionize his total culture

(including the social, economic, and political elements) through the application

of brain extension systems....

"Without the introduction of radically new techniques for processing information,

our modern culture is headed for saturation, stagnation, and collapse; it will

perish under the weight of its own rising complexity. As the man/machine

symbiotic muscle power relationship has

prodigiously extended man's labor efficiency, so the introduction of electronic

brain extension systems will extend man's capacity for processing information and

enable him to rationalize the flood of

information that now confuses our decisionmaking efforts. A new brain extension

culture must supplant the muscle extension

cul ture. ..."

The implication of Dr. Noble's thesis

for the National Measurement System is simply that our culture can no longer

afford the complexity introduced by poor, inadequate, or excessive measurements.

The measurement system provides the foundation of data about the physical universe

•^hat allows the industrial system and

..ociety to function. Confusion about these

data introduces confusion and complexity

at the most fundamental level. The over- whelming social driving force for reduction of social complexity means that con- fusion in the physical measurements data

base will become increasingly intolerable.

We must have the data we need, with the

reliability we need. We can no longer afford

to guess about the validity and adequacy of

our fundamental data.

51
4.2.2 Increased Integration of the

National Measur-enient System

Increased integration of the measurement

system is essential to improve its ability

to provide most economically and effectively

the measurement data required by our society.

While integration itself implies an increase

in complexity, it can on the net reduce com- plexity if it brings enough order out of chaos

in a sufficiently simple manner.

Three primary arenas exist for integration

of the measurement system. In the federal

government, vast new areas of measurement

responsibility have developed during a very

few years, in the newer regulatory areas relating to health, safety, and protection

of the environment. New needs have arisen

in the older economic areas, as a result of

the increased pressure of international

standardization, a recurring balance of pay- ments deficit, lagging productivity in the

economy, and general economic malaise. How- ever, the benefits of pooling measurements

needs and of responding in an integrated manner are only casually perceived by the

agency managers involved, for the most part.

A new initiative similar to the National

Conference of Weights and Measures or the

National Conference of Standards Laboratories

could be in order, perhaps a Federal Council on Measurement Operations. A moderate extension

of current NBS efforts could lead to the

creation of such a coordinating group.

The second arena exists at the state level,

where the state governments are becoming aware

of the substantial expansion of state regulatory measurement activities and of the benefits of approaching all of the formal measure- ment system involvements of the state govern- ment in an integrated manner. Historically,

state and local governments functioned only

at the commercial weights and measures level.

Today, they are also functioning in the

fields of environmental pollution control

and of health and safety, particularly in connection with the regulation of the use of

ionizing radiation and in the enforcement of

occupational safety and health. Increasing

miscellaneous needs also arise, such as the

calibration of radar speed measuring instru- ments for state highway patrol use. The State of California has taken a lead

in moving toward integration of its state measurement system, by the establishment of

a Measurements Advisory Committee with the

responsibility of looking at and formalizing

the existence of a California State Measure- ment System."*" This Measurement Advisory

Committee includes representatives from industry, the cities, and the state government.

It meets only for action. Some results to date

have included moves to allow private standards laboratories to undertake calibrations

for the state and local weights and measures operations on a fee basis; the motivation was simply to tap into well established expertise

that already existed in the state, with es- tablished ties to NBS. Not surprisingly,

this committee early uncovered numerous duplications of effort. On the other hand,

it early became clear that it was essential

to avoid any appearance of having the offices

of weights and measures take over the measure- ment regulatory functions of other depart- ments of the state government. In California the interested departments include

agriculture, health, transportation, water

resources control, and others. Functions of

the Advisory Committee include looking at "exotic" areas, new needs, and identification

of problems. It provides a clearing-house

for measurement science R and D and for

inventorying measurement needs and expertise.

It is finding that people from the different

agencies and localities can be inspired to work together, and that its own job is immensely satisfying to its members.

Similarly, the explosion in the need for

measurements for technological regulationsuggests that a "National Conference on Regulatory Metrology" could well be in order. This

would involve state. Federal, and local governmental agencies, private industries, and

private public interest groups.

4.2.3 Improved Quality Control in the

National Measurement System

Improvement of the quality of any operation

requires determination of the quality of its

output and of feedback of this information to those responsible for the output. Historically,

except in the weights and measures enforce- ment field, few mechanisms existed in the

national measurement system to permit quality assurance or control with respect to its functioning. The orientation of NBS was to make it possible for good measurements to be made by

the end-use levels of the system, but little

was done to assure that adequate measurements wore in fact made, or even to provide mechanisms to allow anyone to know what quality was

in fact being achieved, much less control it.

Today, improvements in the quality of the

output of the national measurement system

are being pursued along two lines. One is ^Unpublished presentation by W.F. Cowan

at a Workshop on Study and Improvement of

State Measurements Systems, NBS, G&ithersburg,

Md., Jan 14-15, 1975.

52
the historical orientation of enabling

good measurements to be made. Specific

programmatic efforts in this area include

laboratory accreditation programs; extension

of the concept of measurement traceability

to NBS; and provision of new calibration

services, standard reference materials, and

standard reference data. All of these

establish a potential for the production of

good measurements, but they do not establish

Assurance Program. If the results are inadequate, a participant can effect the changes

needed in his measurement system until adequacy

is achieved [130].

Measurement audit packages perform functions similar to the measurement assurance

programs. These packages are designed to test

the measurement abilities of the technicians

and laboratories involved. They consist of a that good end-use measurements are in fact mada col 1 ection of hardware whose properties are

The second approach is a true quality

control approach of determining the quality

of the output and feeding it back to the

input. It includes the NBS-sponsored Mea- surement Assurance Programs ( MAP's) [130]

the measurement audit packages used by the

Department of Defense [91], cooperation by state offices of weights and measures with

manufacturers of pre-packaged commodities

to assure the measurements quality of their

products, and shifts in the operating philosophy of the state and local offices of

weights and measures.

The Measurement Assurance Program concept

originated over ten years ago as a "selfcalibration program" in the mass measure- ment area [52]. The term "self-calibration" meant that a user who has an instrument re- quiring calibration will arrange to do it

himself using a technique provided by the

central laboratory. Self-cal ibration was

seen then to have obvious advantages of

providing an evaluation of the users' measurement techniques as well as his instru- ments. In late 1965 it was decided to develop a self-calibration program in the mass measurement area as a pilot study. By 1967,

it was evident that a considerable amount of

innovation was required, in philosophy as well as in procedural detail. Philosophically, this self-calibration program required

NBS to consider the ability of the organization to use its own standards, and to face

up to the fact that it might not know what

an NBS calibration really meant at the point

of end use. It became obvious that lack of

attention to the problems of demonstrating

measurement consistency independent of location (an automatic by product of self-calibration) was a failure to assume responsibility for the role of standards in our society.

In 1970, the quality assurance aspects of

this"iel f-cal ibration" program came to the

fore, and the term "measurement assurance

program" was coined to describe the expanding

program in this field. An NBS Measurement

Assurance Program provides to its participants

standards, techniques, and data analysis ser- vices which allow the participants to know how

known to the auditor but not the audi tee. The deftness and precision with thich the

auditee is able to determine the properties measures his measurement competence [91].

The expansion of scope of state and local

weights and measures operations into cooperation with manufacturers in assuring the meas- urement quality of pre-packaged goods has been

discussed earlier in section 2.4.3. There

has been a parallel shift in philosophy to transfer of the burden of measurement re- sponsibility from the inspecting agency to the measurer. In 1962 a law became effective in the State of Wisconsin which contained a provision that allowed weights and measures officials to test devices as often as necessary

to obtain compliance with the law [96]. It removed the mandatory provision for placing

seals on approved devices and left such marking or sealing up to the discretion of the

weights and measures official. Under this

law, a "Selective Testing Program" was implemented to return to the user the responsibility of selecting, maintaining, and using his

weighing and measuring equipment correctly.

As one part of the program, the weights and measures officials collect statistics for

many of the devices tested. These

statistics tell which retailers are doing a good job and which ones a poor one in maintaining their equipment. As a result, en- forcement efforts can be focused where they

will do the most good, and the retailers doing

a good job are rewarded by being able to put

their resources where they are producti ve--in

maintaining their equipment in good condition

--rather than in dealing with the weights and measures officials on a frequent basis.

4.2.4 Improved Information Resources for the

National Measurement System

One major internal result of the National

Measurement System study has been a broad awareness of the need of more "how-to" measurement

information at all levels of the system. In field after field, it became apparent that

NBS could increase the system effectiveness

more by the generation of such publications

well their measurement processes work under the than by almost any technical iniprovements in conditions prevailing during the Measurement its own laboratories. Development of such

53
publications is underway in a number of areas. Notable are the "metrology guides" of the Electromagnetics Division, two of which have so far

been issued [214,215], the "self-study manual"

[285] being developed in the field of radiometry

and photometry, and the "user's manual" published by the Time and Frequency Division [315]. A long range goal of the NBS Institute for Basic

Standards is a "National Measurement System"

series of books which will contain factual and

how-to information about all aspects of the

system.

4.2.5 Automation of Measurements

The application of automatic data taking

and processing techniques to the field of

measurement is having a revolutionary

impact. Briefly, the machine is augmenting

man's brain power in the field of measurements,

along the lines discussed philosophically

by Dr. Noble in his essay cited in section 4.2.1.

The measurement process is no longer limited

by the limitations of man's brain: its ability

to get bored, to get confused, to make un- predictable mistakes, its difficulty in dealing

with simultaneous compl exi ty--many different

things or too much all at once. The most significant impact of automation occurs when it augments man or goes beyond his limitations.

Among the obvious benefits of automation

of the measurement process are speed (simply

doing what a person has previously done or could

reasonably do, only faster) and cost (often

a direct result of speed). Somewhat less obvious are reliability (the machine can be inherently more reliable than man, and it can

be inherently easier to reliably monitor that

reliability), and the machine's ability to master complexity in memory processes and computation: The machine can remember complex

correction conditions and complex data re- duction instructions and apply these reliably,

rapidly, at low cost, in a manner that a human

being finds impractical ly difficult. Further,

then is the machine's adaptive capabliity: it can determine in real time the appropriate

corrections and computational processes for the

measurement being made. In addition the

machine is able to make inherently better mea- surements than a man can ever make, simply

because it can do so many things so fast, that

drift effects that have long plagued precision

measurements either simply vanish or can be

determined and corrected out.

In a similar vein, the computation can follow

the transients of the measurement process and

extrapolate to a steady state, without having

to wait for the steady state to exist. Im- plicit in all of this latter discussion is the fact that the machine can contvol the

measurement process in real time, to optimize

that process and its results. The machine

controls the measurement process, senses the

raw measurement data, computes meaningful

data output, and feeds back the results into

the control function to optimize the ultimate

product.

The ultimate revolutionary impact of

automation on the measurement system is due

to the synergistic or compounding effect of

all of the advantages that the "brainmachines" offer. Any one by itself may be

of relatively minor importance, but the net effect of the whole array is truly astounding. Another approach to the same point can

be gotten by following the logic that says that a man can do anything that a computer

can do, it just normally takes a little longer, and he is more likely to make (obscure)

mistakes, and he has to spend some time cor- recting his mistakes. This is true, but ultimately, the argument breaks down ("a man

can do anything a computer can") because it

takes so much time and energy to correct the

mistakes made in correcting the mistakes made

in correcting the mi stakes .. .made in the

original computation, that no man or group

of men can work long enough to get the job

done in the massive, complex calculations that

computers make in minutes today. When this

phenomenon is tied in with the problems of

drift in the measurement process, it becomes

clear that machines can in fact make measurements that an unaided man can never do.

Often, automation (computers)

has been employed in the measurement process

as simply a replacement for man, and only

a few of the ultimate benefits have been

achieved. However, major exceptions exist:

A. In the mid-1960's, computer controlled

X-ray crystallography machines became available that could do in hours and days the work

that previously took weeks and months.

B. Automated radio-frequency and micro- wave measurement techniques are allowing

measurements to be made that were previously

impossible. The machines can make measurements so rapidly at a given frequency, and

apply all necessary correction factors, that

is is now possible to obtain measurement

results as a function of frequency with the

data points spaced closely enough to reveal

many new features of equipment performance,

with each datum point possessing an accuracy

equal to the best of the old, laborious,

manual single-frequency measurements. An- other way to state this point is to note that it is now possible to obtain the equivalent of "swept" measurements (data taken

while the frequency is being continuously

changed) without any sacrifice of precision

54
or accuracy relative to fixed frequency measurements. On the purely economic side,

these machines are allowing far more information to be obtained about devices being

calibrated than with the previous manual

techniques, far more rapidly, at a lower

total cost.

C. The NBS automated noise-factor meas- urement techniques developed a few years ago illustrate another major benefit of automation: Because measurements could now be made

in hours and days that formerly took weeks

and months, the creativity of the scientists

working in this area was unleashed. Ideas

that were formerly dismissed without experimentation--because it would simply take too long to try them out and cost too much--can

now be tested in hours or days--and they cere tested. Thus automation is not a depressant

to creativity, it is a powerful stimulant.

D. Numerically controlled machine tools

and automated factories using tham provide

another example. Because dimensional instructions can be developed by computer and

fed to the machines by computer, the whole

production process can be (and has been in some cases) revolutionized. Limitation of

the number of different varieties of product

produced is no longer essential to productivity. Every job can be a custom job, with

very little or no increase in cost. The

measuring equipment automatically measures

the dimensions appropriate for the job, and

the product gets made.

E. On a "trivial" or primitive scale,

automation has been with us in the measure- ment field for decades, in the form of control instrumentation that senses the environment, compares the result with a control

setting, and then automatically takes the

action that it has been set to do.

4.2.6 Metrication

As the U.S. Metric Study [98,99-110,113] and

developments since 1971 clearly show [226,231,

234,238,245,248,281,290], a major trend in the U.S. measurement system is toward substantially increased use of the metric system.

In the words of the report of that study [98]:

"Many times in the last two centuries, the Con- gress considered the merits of adopting the

metric system as America's primary language

of measurement. Each time, action was postponed, often because the metric system was not then in use by our major trading partners abroad. Now, with every other major

nation converted to metric or committed to conversion , this obstacle has been removed.'

"The U.S. Metric Study concludes that eventually the United States will join the rest of

the world in the use of the metric system as the predominant common language of measurement. Rather than drifting to metric

with no national plan to help the sectors

of our society and guide our relationships abroad, a carefully planned tran- stiton in which all sectors participate

voluntarily is preferable."

"The basis for the conclusion that the

U.S. will eventually be metric lies in the

findings of the Study that America is already metric in some respects; that we

are becoming more so; and the that the

great majority of businessmen, educators

and other informed participants in the

Study reported that increased use of the

metric system is in the best interests of

America. They also believe that it is better for the nation to move to metric by

plan rather than by no plan at all."

"On the basis of all the factors that were

considered, the Study concludes that it

would be best for the nation to change to metric under a coordinated program that

provides for flexibility and encourages the

various sectors of society to deal with

their particular problems voluntarily.

Within this framework, these sectors v-^ould work out their own timetables and programs,

dovetailing them with those of other sectors."

In his letter of transmittal to the Congress,

the Secretary of Commerce recommended [98]:

"-That the United States change to the In- ternational Metric System deliberately

and carefully;

-That this be done through a coordinated

national program;

-That the Congress assign the responsibility for guiding the change, and anticipating the kinds of special problems described in the report, to a central coor- dinating body responsive to all sectors of our society;

-That within this guiding framework, detailed plans and timetables be worked out

by these sectors themselves;

-That early priority be given to educating

every American schoolchild and the public at large to think in metric terms; -That immediate steps be taken by the Con- gress to foster U.S. participation in international standards activities;

_That in order to encourage efficiency and

minimize the overall costs to society,

the general rule should be that any changeover costs shall "lie where they

fall";

-That the Congress, after deciding on a plan for the nation, establish a target

55
date ten years ahead, by which time the

U.S. will have become predominantly,

though not exclusively, metric;

-That there be a firm government commitment

to this goal .

Congress responded to these recommendations by passing two pieces of legislation [281

290]. The Education Amendments of 1974, P.L. 93-380 authorized a Metric Education Program

to be managed by the U.S. Office of Education.

The Metric Conversion Act of 1975, P.L. 94-

168, declared "a national policy of coordinating the increasing use of the metric sys- tem in the United States," and established

"a United States Metric Board to coordinate

the voluntary conversion to the metric system."

Aside from the fundamental fact of metric

conversion itself, the main impacts on the

measurement system of metrication appear to be the following:

A. A substantial emphasis on metrology

and metrication in education , primarily at

the elementary, vocational, and continuing

adult educational levels. As a result of

the focus on metvication, there will also

be a renewed emphasis on metrology per se. Today, metrology is dominantly a stepchild in the educational system of arithmetic, the vocational arts and the sciences.

If the leaders in metrological education

can have a significant influence on the

general educators and publishers as they

respond to the needs of education for

metrication, then the whole educational

basis of the measurement system could be

profoundly strengthened.

B. Publ icity about metrication can also

be highly supportive of the essential role of

the measurement system. The national awareness

of the important role of measurements can be

substantially increased. The awareness at the

measurement-related worker level almost inevitably will be increased.

C. Housecleaning : As a result of

metrication, many obsolete tools, instruments, practices, and procedures will be

swept away and replaced, where appropriate,

with a metric version.

D. Instrumentation : A minor but significant increase in the sales volume of

the instrumentation industry should occur,

as any inherently essential new metric

instrumentation is bought and as marginally

obsolete "customary unit" equipment is retired somewhat earlier than would otherwise have happened. However, the major

impact would appear to be in the repair,

maintenance, and recalibration service

industry in the instrumentation field,

where it appears that the work force may

need to expand substantially in order to handle the task of converting useful

existing equipment from reading in customary

units to reading in metric units. A side

benefit of this expanded service effort is that the total array of instrumentation

in the field is likely to be in better

working order at the end of any formal

changeover period than it is at the

beginning, simply because more of it will

have received much more thorough attention

during this process.

It is important to note that the only

measurement units affected directly by

metrication are length, mass, temperature, and

their derivatives. Time, electrical, photometric, and chemical units are not directly

affected. Therefore, not all parts of the

instrumentation industry will be affected by

metrication.

Costs and benefits are hard to assess quantitatively. Clearly, the conversion will not be made without some costs, at least the

mental effort of planning the conversion.

Clearly, also, the measurement system will be

stronger after the conversion.

4.2.7 Science

As discussed in sections 2.2.6 and 2.2.7,

scientific developments during the past 35 years have put us in a position to nearly

realize the dream of the founders of the metric system, of a universal system for physical

measurements founded on natural law, fundamental constants, and a single material con- stant of nature. The single material constant

would be a microwave transition of the cesium

atom. The key developments include:

Microwave technology, essential for the

cesium frequency standard.

Nuclear science and technology, and the

ability to create monoisotopic chemical

species.

The laser.

Superconductivity, especially the superconducting tunnel junction (Josephson junction).

Semiconductor science and technology, with

special emphasis on high purity silicon.

Computer and "brain-power extension"

technologies.

It appears that all of the essential scientific components for a "new metrology" are

in hand, and that the next quarter century

will be devoted to completing and solidifying

the revolution that began over a quarter of a century ago.

56
5. SUMMARY

Measurement is essential for obtaining

objective knowledge about the physical universe. We use this knowledge for communication and control in many aspects of our

lives: on the personal level, in science and

technology, in industry and commerce, in governmental regulation. The measurement

data used by our society are generated by the

National Measurement System, which comprises

the totality of the activities and mechanisms

employed for this purpose. These activities

and mechanisms can be usefully discussed as either technical or institutional: It takes

both tools and people working in an organized fashion to get the job done. The technical tools include the basic conceptual sys- tem of measurement quantities, units and

standards; physical standards, instrumentation and operating instructions; reference

data and reference materials; documentary

agreements concerning all of the above; and

a basic core of knowledge or science. The

institutional mechanisms in this country include the National Bureau of Standards, state

and local offices of weights and measures,

standards and testing laboratories and ser- vices, governmental regulatory agencies, documentary standardization institutions, and

the instrumentation industry. All of these

depend upon a central core of competent,

educated people. The major trends of the

system are toward increased complexity, increased integration, improved quality control, improved information resources, automation, metrication, and consolidation of a major metrological revolution based on the

scientific developments of the past 35 years.

57

APPENDIX A. MEASUREMENT SYSTEM INTERACTION DIAGRAMS

These charts are a simplified picture of how NBS

actions affect users' problems in physical measurements, through various agencies and institutions.

Each series for one techical area is typically composed of four charts

(1) FIELD PROBLEMS — in square boxes -- meas- urement problems as users see them -- and USERS -- in ovals -- identified user groups with an economic

or safety stake in the solution of the problems.

(2) MEASUREMENT DISSEMINATION/CALIBRATION HIERARCHY. Arrows proceeding downward indicate the flow

of instruments and services, from instrument manufacturers to measurement laboratories, to their use

on the problems. Crossing these arrows are boxes

which illustrate NBS impacts such as calibration

services, measurement assurance programs (MAP's),

standard reference materials (SRM's), and maintenance of base standards.

(3) VOLUNTARY/DOCUMENTARY STANDARDS SYSTEM. Arrows proceeding upward from user groups depict the

flow of aspirations and technical expertise through

industrial and professional associations, to the

standards-writing groups. The output of these

(larger arrows) flows to international bodies, or into adoption by regulatory agencies. Key NBS memberships and leverage points are indicated in boxes.

(4) REGULATORY/MANDATORY CONTROL SYSTEM. Downward arrows go from regulatory agencies to the

problems which they regulate, or from mandatory

control groups to the area in which work is impermissible without their sanction. Important NBS functions, needed for implementation or compliance,

are highlighted in boxes.

The total NBS impact for any technical area is the sum of all the "NBS-impact" boxes for the last

three kinds of charts. In most cases, this impact

is too detailed to present well in a single chart.

For present purposes, charts have been selected

from the total set available [314] to depict the

interactions for the six SI base quantities whose

units are maintained by the NBS Institute for Basic

Standards, plus ionizing radiation. These charts

are a result of the first pass by this Institute at

using these concepts to describe its program, and are expected to evolve into more definitive forms

with future iterations.

MEASUREMENT

DISSEMINATION/CALIBRATION HIERARCHY B.I. P.M.

INSTRUMENT

MFRS.

NBS PRIMARY

STANDARD

NBSCALIBRATIONS.MAPS

MEASUREMENT

LABS

NBS SRMS.MAPS.METHODS.SEMINARS.PUBLICATIGNS

FIELD PROE

, LEMS

VOLUNTARY/DOCUMENTARY STANDARDS SYSTEM

DOCUMENTARY OUTPUT

NATIONAL & INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS WRITING BODIES NBS

committee

chairmen , members

,NBS"T I membersi

INDUSTRIAL &

PROFESSIONAL

ASSOCIATIONS

DEMANDS AND TECHNICAL INPUT

USER GROUPS

REGULATORY/MANDATORY CONTROL SYSTEM

NBS TECHNICAL PROGRAMS

AFFECT

FIELD PROBLEMS SUCH AS

CUSTODY UNIFORMITY ENERGY HEALTH & TRANSFER IN MANU

NEEDS SAFETY

FACTURING

WITH

USER GROUPS SUCH AS

REGULATORY

OR MANDATORY

GROUPS

STATUTORY

OR MANDATORY

CONTROL

NBS Impacts

on the Control Mechanisms

r 1 1 FIELD PROBLEMS ON WHICH CONTROL IS EXERCISED

59
Narrative for the Interaction Diagrams for Time and Frequency

The major fie ld problems are shown in the central block of the "measurement dissemination" diagram. :''nk- d.in is of concern to almost everyone.

Telephone companies receive some 5 billion calls

per year for the time, and NBS some 2 million.

iuii\\j.iti\vi can be a 1 i fe-and-death matter for approximately 5000 U.S. ships and boats

depending upon it as a primary means of navigation,

and many more use it for backup. Precision fredemands are steadily growing, in such areas

as control of the electric power distribution system and the functioning of sophisticated telecommunications systems. Military demands are the

prime driving force for Improved position-location

s^.c^r.—.s. System design goals of 10 foot accuracy

translate into 10 nanosecond time measurements.

Loran and Omega systems are currently operational,

and initial phases of the multi-billion dollar

Global Positioning System are underway.

Major user groups are shown In the ovals at the

bottom of the measurement dissemination diagram.

The ^.eneral public uses coarse time-of-day information for setting household clocks and personal

watches. Most of these clocks maintain their

accuracy because the electric power companies watch

their frequency rather closely. The electric power

jy-:panies need accurate time and frequency information themselves to control power flow in their systems. As a result of the boom in the solid-state

watch business, jewelers now need to check and service watches with rate accuracies of better than a part per million--for this they need NBS services,

and many do use WWV. Telecommunications, historically a primary demand area for accurate frequency,

is still one for commercial broadcasters, ham radio

operators, and some of the newest areas of telephony. Tra?tsportation uses this technology for

navigation and position location, and for scheduling. Both commercial airliner and FAA control center station clocks are set with reference to WWV, as often as each eight-hour shift. Private

aircraft are beginning to use electronic navigation systems, and the boat owner is a continuing

user. The military has always been a key figure

in time and frequency measurement systems, with

needs in such areas as accurate position location

and precisely synchronized "time-ordered communication systems." Astronomy, the original supplier

of precise time data, is not often a user. Other parts of science and technology are also

key users; for Instance, seismologists use WWVB

signals to date events In remotely located strongmotion sensors, and the NASA space program depends

heavily on accurate time and frequency.

Measurement Hierarchy : The final authority in the world for time is the International Time Bureau (BIH) , which uses input from atomic clocks

and frequency standards operating In various labs

all over the world. NBS uses an ensemble of commercial atomic clocks and two primary frequency

standards to maintain time scales which both support BIH and also serve as references for NBS dissemination services. Of these services, the most well-known are the radio stations WWV and WWVB in Colorado and WWVH in Hawaii. These radio

stations serve a very large number of users directly, and an even greater number indirectly, through

commercial telephone time-of-day services or through standards laboratories which, for example,

calibrate TV broadcast frequencies. NBS also

calibrates routinely the TV network color subcarrler, and commercial equipment to use this calibrated signal Is readily available. The NBS telephone service has been previously mentioned. The

U.S. Naval Observatory has a large bank of atomic

clocks, used to provide input to BIH and dissemination services to the military; It steers the phase

of certain military and navigation broadcasts and

provides time-of-day announcements on certain Navy

stations. Because of the close coordination and

cooperation between NBS and USNO, the NBS services

are totally acceptable within the military and are endorsed by USNO as important to the DoD in efficiently meeting military time and frequency require- ments . Voluntary Standards Structure . The center of

control is the CCIR [International Radio Consultative Committee). The CCIR is formally only

advisory to the International Telecommunications

Union (ITU) under the U.N. In practice, the CCIR

resolutions have virtually the force of International law in that no country goes counter to these resolutions. Thus, this system, while formally voluntary, is operating so powerfully as to be almost not "voluntary". This situation reflects

the fact that time and frequency are so Important

internationally that close coordination and coop- eration are in everyone's best Interest. NBS is well represented on the CCIR. Mandatory Standards . The Department of Trans- portation is the enforcing authority of the Uniform Time Act. The FCC regulates most of the

telecommunications system, and depends upon NBS for accurate frequency information. The internationally accepted definitions of time, time

Interval, and frequency are handled by the organizations of the treaty of the meter. NBS participates on the Consultative Committee for the

Definition of the Second (CCDS). Within the DoD,

the U.S. Naval Observatory is the central authority

for precise time and frequency matters.

50
TIME b FREQUENCY

MEASUREMENT DISSEMINATION

NBS

WWV/WWVH

NBS Primary Stds. r»ne & Ff«|uenCY

B.I.H. (Time scale]

WWVB.TV

COMMERCIAL TaEPHONE TIME

OF DAY

STDS. UBS STATE,

MILITARY, COMMERCIAL

U.S. Nav.Obs.

Omega, GPS

TIME OF DAY CELESTIAL ELECTRONIC

-5x10* cab/yr NAVIGATION PRECISION POSITION LOCATION

LSxID* cafc/yr -5.000 Prime use FREQUENCY SEVERAL BILUON

to NBS -ISjnO Bwk-up DOLLARS

TIME & FREQUENCY VOLUNTARY STANDARDS SYSTEM

URSI lAU CCIR

Control of Broadcasting

Stations

International Interoperability

of Systems

Definrtion of

Uniform -Time

Scales

TIME {f FREQUENCY

MANDATORY SYSTEM

DOT FCC ITU

1 Treaty ! of

1 Meter { DOD

1

Loran C Omega, GPS

TIME OF DAY CELESTIAL ELECTRONIC

-5x10' cafc/yr NAVIGATION PRECISION POSITION LOCATION

I.SxIO* calls/yr -5.000 Prime use FREQUENCY SEVERAL BILLION

to NBS -15,000 Back-up DOLLARS

TIME AND FREQUENCY GLOSSARY

B. I. H. - Bureau Internation

WWV, WWVH, WWVB - NBS broadca

TV - NBS precision monitoring

carrier frequencies

U. S. Nav. Obs. - U. S. Naval

Washington, D. C. Loran C - low frequency navig

Omega - world-wide long-range

GPS - proposed global positio

satel 1 ites

ITU - International Telecommu

URSI - International Radio Sc lAU - International Astronomi

CCIR - International Radio Co IEEE - Institute of Electrica

Engineers

DOT - Department of Transport

FCC - Federal Communications

DOD - Department of Defense

CCDS - Comite Consultatif pou Seconde (technical comnitt

B. I. H.)

al de 1

' Heure

St stations

of TV network color

Observatory,

ation system

navigation system

ning system, using

nications Union

ientific Union

cal Union

nsultative Committee

1 and Electronic

ation

Commi ssion

r la Definition de

ee supportive of

61
LENGTH AND DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENTS

FIELD PROBLEMS AND USERS

LENGTH AND DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENTS DOCUMENTARY STANDARDS

!-

I ANSI Adoption of ISO Metric Threads

GAUGE MFRS.

QUALITY CONTROL LABS

LENGTH AND DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENTS MEASUREMENT DISSEMINATION

CIRP

INSTRUMENT

MFRS. TOOL MFRS.

Planned NBS SRWs,

MAP'S NBS 3-D Machine Methods

and Calibrations

MICRQCIRCUIT

LINE WIDTH NUMERICAL TOOLED MEASURE MACHINING OPTICS MENTS

API

API USERS

Value Added; $485 B

Gauge Shipmei

$1,2 B

LENGTH AND DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENTS GLOSSARY

CIRP - International Institute for Production

Engineering Research

BIPM - Bureau International des Poids et Mesures

C.C.M. - Comite Consultatif du Metre (advisory to BIPM) SRM - Standard Reference Material MAP - Measurement Assurance Program

API - American Petroleum Institute

GSA - General Services Administration

ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials

ANSI - American National Standards Institute

ISO - International Standards Organization

MACSMB - a senior policy committee of ANSI

62
MASS b FORCE VOLUNTARY-DOCUMENTARY SYSTEM

I ST*TE b

I lOUL bMUSUSES

I DEPTSMASS AND FORCE GLOSSARY

ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials

ANSI - American National Standards Institute

ISO - International Standards Organization

ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers

NCWM - National Conference of Weights and Measures

OIML - International Organization of Legal "atrology

NAVLAP - National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditat^-cn

Program

OWM - Office of Weights and Measures

ERDA - Energy Research and Development Administration

NRC - Nuclear Regulatory Commission

63
TEMPERATURE

FIELD MEASUREMENT PROBLEMS AND USERS

CLINICAL

TESTING

GENERAL PUBIIC'

PATIENT

] PROCESS 'HOSTILE& FAST SCIENTIFIC THERMO THERMO HIGH TEMP. MEASURE USES t METRY METRY SPECIALTIES MENTS CRYOGENICS ^ k ^ \

^

MEDICAL

DEVICE

MfflS

(MAJOR NATIONAL ^ PROGRAMS J

TEMPERATURE

MEASUREMENTS CALIBRATION HIERARCHY

Sales of Instruments and Services

SCIENTIFIC USES & CRYOGENICS

ANNUAL WOLUME

$90 M n IhemiomelBts H21 M in EqiqvTiBii

TEMPERATURE

VOLUNTARY STANDARDS SYSTEM

Mandatory Groups

Stds. for Thermometer

Classes, e.g. RTD's

iNBScollaboration

TEMPERATURE

MANDATORY STANDARDS

MandBtory Groups

(Contemplated)

NBS repr. on commitleB b

tracealile-lo-NBS requiiemenl

I MEDICAL &~

ICLINICAL UBS

CLINICAL

TESTING

PATIENT THERMO- METRY

PROCESS HOSTILE* FAST SCIENTIFIC THERMO- HIGH TEMP. MEASURE- USES & METRY SPECIALTIES MENTS CRYOGENICS

TEMPERATURE GLOSSARY

ICWM - International Committee of Weights and Measures (supervisory to BIPM) CCT - Comite Consultatif de Thermometrie - (advisory

to ICWM) IPTS - International Practical Temperature Scale MAP - Measurement Assurance Program

SRM - Standard Reference Material

CAP - College of American Pathologists

FDA - Food and Drug Administration

OIML - International Organization of Legal Metrology

NRC - Nuclear Regulatory Committee

ERDA - Energy Research and Development Administration

ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials

ANSI - American National Standards Institute

ISO-IEC - International Standards OrganizationInternational Electrotechnical Commission

NCCLS - National Committee for Clinical Laboratory

Standards

Am. Assn. CI. Chem. - American Association for

Clinical Chemistry

AAMI - American Association for Medical

Instrumentation

ISA - Instrument Society of America

IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronic

Engineers

SAMA - Scientific Apparatus Makers Association

RTD - Resistance Thermometer Device

P.S. - Pilot Secretariat

64
ELECTRIC POWER

FIELD PROBLEMS Cr USERS

INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS

ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES

VOLUNTARY-DOCUMENTARY SYSTEM

ADVANCED ELECTRIC TRANSMIS- POWER

SION b REVENUE

DISTRIBUTION METERING

INDUSTRIAL PROCESS CONTROL

QUALITY CONTROL OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS & PRODUCTS

TESTING ft

I maintenance! DEFENSE

ELECTRONIC IBEOUIREMENTS SYSTEMS I

ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES

MEASUREMENT DISSEMINATION

BIPM/C.C.E.

X NBS Bast Standanb

Typ. Absolute Ampere ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENT

MFRS.

NBS Instrument Design

Typ. Portatile Josephson Volt

NBS Calilintion Services

UTILITY LABS.

ADVANCED ELECTRIC TRANSMIS- POWER

SION tt REVENUE

DISTRIBUTION METERING

INDUSTRIAL

Et COMMERCIAL UBS.

NBS/NCSL Maps b Methods

INDUSTRIAL PROCESS CONTROL

QUALITY CONTROL OF

ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

b PRODUCTS

TESTING Et MAINTENANCE

OF I DEFENSE

ELECTRONIC IREQUIREMENTS SYSTEMS I

lEC

IEEE

'

'

1 Chwnwi ANSI C-12 [

Cheimiiii/Tedi. Comm. G-IM ^

ANSI Code for

Eltctricily Mttiring

Capital Power

Spending Consumed

S7B/yr = S60B/yr (ERDA & EPRI T&D Budgets = *85M/yr

$26B of Test Equipment

Industrial Market = $1 IB

Electronics

in 1976

DoD Spends S85M/vr to Calibrate $1.8B

of Test Equipment ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES

REGULATORY CONTROL

NBS/BRH

Standards for X-ray Voftage Dividan

ADVANCED ELEaRIC TRANSMIS- POWER

SION b REVENUE

DISTRIBUTION MrERING

I DEFENSE

ELECTRONIC REQUIREMENTS SYSTEMS I

ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES GLOSSARY

EPRI - Electric Power Research Institute

ERDA - Energy Research and Development

Admi ni stration

BIPM - Bureau International des Poids et Mesures

C.C.E. - Comite Consultatif d ' Electrici te (adv. BIPM) W.H.M. - Watthour Meter

MAP - Measurement Assurance Program

NCSL - National Conference of Standards Laboratories

DOD - Department of Defense

IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronic

Engineers

ANSI - American National Standards Institute

lEC - International Electrotechnical Commission

Tech, Comm. A-IM - Technical Committee of the IEEE Group in Instrumentation and Measurement

EIA - Electronics Industry Association

SAMA - Scientific Apparatus Makers' Association

ISA - Instrument Society of America

ASNT - .American Society for Non-Destructive Testing

AIA - Aerospace Industries Association

EEI - Edison Electrical Institute

NEMA - National Electrical Manufacturers' Association

EPA - Environmental Protection Administration

NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration

OIML - International Organization of Legal Metrology

FDA - Food and Drug Administration

OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration

PCB - Polychlorobiphenyl (insulatinn fluid)

BRH - 'bureau of Radiologal Health

CCG - Department of Defense Calibration Coordination

Group

65
RADIOMETHY

FIELD PROBLEMS PLUS USERS RADIOMETRY MEASUREMENT DISSEMINATION

BIPM CCPR NBS CANDELA

PROPOSAL

NBS PRIMARY STDS

DoD-CCG LABS

INDUSTRIAL LABS /COMMERCIAL

STDS LABS

/ /

1 NBS CALIBj ^ NBS STDS. SRMS, METHODst::::--.^

uvin RADIOMETRY

ir LASERS

LAMP

RADIANCE H IRRADIANCE

SAFETY REREaORS

H GLASS TRANSMIT

TANCE

FINISHED PRODUaS

RADIOMETRY VOLUNTARY STANDARDS SYSTEM

RADIOMETRY

LASER AND ULTRAVIOLET EXPOSURE

RADIOMETRY

REGULATORY SYSTEM

DoD CPSC1LS?sa

U.S Dain. FDA OSHA d EPA |nasa

SPACE

SCIENCE b

REMOTE

SENSING

uv

PROCESSING MEDICAL b

b SOLAR OCCUPATIONAL ENERGY EXPOSURE

DEVICES

ATMOSPHERIC

TRANSMISSION b SOLAR

IRRADIANCE

RADIOMETRY GLOSSARY

UV - Ultraviolet

IR - Infrared BIPM - International Bureau of Weights and Measures

CCPR - Comite Consultatif de Photometrie et Radiometrie (consultative to BIPM)

DOD-CCG - Department of Defense Calibration Coordination Group

BRH - Bureau of Radiological Health

NIOSH - National Institute of Occupational Safety

and Health

NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration

iSRM's - Standard Reference Materials

CORM - Council for Optical Radiation Measurements

CLE. - International Commission on Illumination

ANSI - American National Standards Institute

ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials

TAPPI - Trade Association of the Pulp and Paper

Industry

MCCA - Manufacturers Council on Color and Appearance

OSA - Optical Society of America

IRIS - Infrared Information Symposium

LTEC - Lamp Testing Engineers' Conference

lERI - Illumination Engineering Research Institute

LIA - Laser Institute of America

CPSC - Consumer Product Safety Commission

DOT/NHTSA - Department of Transportation/National

Highway Safety Administration

OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration

EPA - Environmental Protection Administration

BACER - Biological and Climatic Effects Research

Program

66
MEDICAL RADIATION USERS MEDICAL RADIATION: REGULATORY SYSTEM

RADIATION THERAPY. X-RAY, GAMMA.ELECTRON

b NEUTRON

DIAGNOSTIC b

DENTAL

RADIOLOGY

NUCLEAR

MEDICINE

RADIATION PERSONNEL MONITORING

GENERAL PUBLIC

65% OF POPULATION

AFFECTED ANNUALLY

HOSPITALS.

CLINICS, OFFICES

300,000 INDIVIDUALS MONITORED

MEDICAL RADIATION MEASUREMENT CALIBRATION

MEDICAL RADIATION: DDCUMENTARY STANDARDS SYSTEM

T ASTR I ^

h RSHA "I

I AAPM [

ISO lEC ICRU

1 1 W f}\ "'^ IV C\ 1 NBS

EPA

\7

Standards for Govemtnert Agencies

Radiation Protection

(EC-OIMl mnlanl

fof dosmotTY ADA SNM

CAP

RRS

HPS

RADIOPHAflMA

CEUTICAL MFRS.

OSHA

RADIATION THERAPY: X-RAY, GAMMA,ELECTRON b NEUTRON

NBS/BRH Co 60 MAP

RADIATION PERSONNEL MONITORING

MEDICAL RADIATION GLOSSARY

BIPM - International Bureau of Weights and Measures

C.C.E. M.R.I. - Comite ConsuUatif pous les Etalons

de Mesure des Rayonnements lonizants (advisory

to BIPM)

MAP'S - Measurement Assurance Programs AAPM - American Association of Physicists in Medicine

SRM - Standard Reference Material AIF - Atomic Industrial Forum

HPSSC - Health Physics Society Standards Committee

CAP - College of American Pathologists

ISO - International Standards Organization

lEC - International Electrotechnical Commission

ANSI - American National Standards Institute

ICRU - International Commission on Radiation Units

and Measurements

ICRP - International Commission on Radiological

Protection

NCRP - National Council on Radiation Protection

and Units

ACR - American College of Radiology

ASTR - American Society of Therapeutic Radiologists

RSNA - Radiological Society of North America

OIML - International Organization for Legal Metrology

EPA - Environmental Protection Administration

ADA - American Dental Association

SNM - Society for Nuclear Medicine

RRS - Radiation Research Society

HPS - Health Physics Society

Nucl . Reg. Comm. - Nuclear Regulatory Commission

FDA - Food and Drug Administration

Bur. Med. Devices - Bureau of Medical Devices

BRH - Bureau of Radiological Health

Bur. Drugs - Bureau of Drugs

OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration

(Department of Labor)

MAP'S - Measurement Assurance Programs

Co60 - Cobalt 60 (gamma-ray Radiotherapy Source)

67
APPENDIX B. INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) [219]

Table B-1 . SI base units

Quantity Name Symbol

1 engtn meter m mass ki 1 ogram

t i me second s electric current ampere A thermodynamic temperature kel vin K amount of substance mole mol

luminous intensity candela cd

Table B-2. SI supplementary units

Quantity

plane angle

solid angle

Name radian

steradian

Symbol

rad

sr

Table B-3. SI prefixes

Factor Prefix Symbol Factor Prefix Symbol

ioi2 tera T

10-1 deci d 10^ giga G 10-2 centi c

lo'^ mega 10"^ mi 1 1 i m

10- kilo k 10-^ micro

10^ hecto h 10-5 nano n 10^ deka da 10-12

10-1^

10-12

pico

femto atto

Pf

a

Table B-4. Examples of SI derived units expressed

in terms of base units

Quantity

area volume

speed, velocity

acceleration

wave number

density, mass density

concentration (of

amount of substance)

activity (radioactive)

specific volume

1 umi nance

Name

square metre

cubic metre metre per second metre per second squared

1 per metre

kilogram per cubic metre mole per cubic metre

1 per second

cubic metre

per kilogram

candela per square metre

Symbol

m

m3

m/s

m/s2

m-1

kg/m^

mol/m"

s-1

n?/kg

cd/m^

Table B-5. Examples of SI derived units formed by

using supplementary units

Quantity

angular velocity

angular acceleration

radiant intensity

radiance

Name radian per second

radian per second

squared watt per steradian

watt per square metre steradian W-m

Symbol

rad/s

rad/s^

W/sr

^•sr-l

Table B-6. SI derived units with special names

Quanti ty Name Symbol

Expression

in terms of

other units

frequency hertz Hz force newton N pressure, stress pascal Pa N/m^

energy, work, quantity of heat joule J N-m power, radiant flux watt W J/s

quantity of electricity,

electric charge

coulomb C A-s

electric potential, potential

difference, electromotive force

volt V W/A

capacitance farad F C/V

electric resistance ohm il V/A

conductance Siemens S A/V

magnetic flux weber Wb V-s

migr,et-!c flux density tesla T Wb/m

inductance henry H Wb/A

liir-.-;>cu'. flux lumen Im

i 1 1 uminance lux Ix

Expression

in terms of

SI base units

s-1

m- kg- s-2

-1 , -2 m -kg-s

2 , -2 m -kg-s

2 , -3 m -kg-s

s-A

2 -3 .-1 m -kg-s -A 2,-1 4.2

m -kg -s-A

m2.kg.s--^-A-2

-2,-1 3 n2 m -kg -s -A m2.kg-s-2.A-l

kg.s-2.A-l

2 , -2 „-2 m • kg- s -A cd-sr (a) m -cd-sr (a)

In tnis expression the steradian (sr) is treated as a base unit.

6B
Table B-7. Units used with International System

Name Symbol

minute min

hour h day d degree o minute ' second "

litre 1 tonne t

1

1

1 d

1 °

1

' 1"

1 1

1 t

min

h

Value in SI unit

60 s 60 min = 3 600 s 24 h = 86 400 s (tt/ISO) rad

(1/60)° = (t/10 800) rad

(1/60)' = (^/648 000) rad

1 dm3 =

103 kg

10-3 m3

Table B-8. Units used with International System

whose values in SI units are found experimentally

Name electronvolt

unified atomic mass unit

astronomical unit

parsec

Symbol

eV

u (see def'n c) pc

Definitions

(a) 1 electronvolt is the kinetic energy

acquired by an electron in passing through a potential difference of 1 volt in vacuum;

1 eV = 1.602 19 X 10-T9 j approximately.

(b) The unified atomic mass unit is equal to the

fraction 1/12 of the mass of an atom of nuclide

''^C; 1 u = 1.660 53 X 10-2/ approximately.

(c) This unit does not have an international symbol; abbreviations are used, for example AU in English. The astronomical unit is the length of

the radius of the unperturbed circular orbit of a body with negligible mass moving round the Sun with sidereal angular velocity of 0.017 202 098 950 "The rad is a special unit employed to express

radian per day of 86 400 ephemeris seconds. In the system of astronomical constants of the Inter- national Astronomical Union the value adopted for

it is: 1 AU = 149 600 )^ 1Q6 m

(d) 1 parsec is the

distance at which 1 astronomical unit subtends an angle of 1 second of arc; v/e thus

have approximately,

1 pc = 206 265 AU

= 30 857 X 1012 m.

Table B-9. Units to be used with International

System for a limited time

Name

nautical mile"* knot

oangstrom

are hectare

barn2

bar

standard

atmosphere

gal3

curie^

rontgen^

rad^

Symbol

0A

aha

bbar

atm

Gal

CiRrad

Value in SI units

1 nautical mile = 1 852 m

1 nautical mile per hour = (1852/3600) m/s

1 A = 0.1 nm = 10"^° m

1 a = 1 dam2 = lo2 m2

1 ha = 1 hm2 = 104 m2

1 b = 100 fm2 = 10-28

1 bar = 0.1 MPa = 10

1 atm = 101 325 Pa

m

5 Pa

1 Gal

1 Ci =

1 R =

= 1 cm/s2 = 10-2 1^/52 3.7 x 10^0 s"^ 2.58 X 10-^ C/kg

1 rad = 10"^ J/kg

iThe nautical mile is a special unit employed in marine and aerial navigation to express distances.

2The barn is a special unit employed in nuclear

physics to express effective cross sections.

^The gal is a special unit emp'ioyed in geodesy & geophysics to express acceleration due to gravity.

^The curie is a special unit employed in nuclear

physics to express activity of radionuclides.

^The rontgen is a special unit employed to express exposure of X or v radiations.

absorbed dose of ionizing radiations. When there

is risk of confusion with the symbol for radian,

rd may be used as symbol for rad.

Figure B-1 . Metric

conversion card [228],

L S DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

N«iion»lBurtiaolSi.jid«rd. NBS Specul Publicilion 345 «»shiDpon. a C- 20 234 R«i«-d No»etnber 1972 METRIC CONVERSION CARD

Approximilg Converaionj

10 Mrtnc Measures

Symbol Vhea You Know Multiply by To Find Symbol LENGTH

— Symbol

in

ftydmi

iDcbes

ferl yards

miles

*J.5 30

0.9

1.6

centir.ieters centimeters meters

Itilomelers

cm

cmm

km AREA

in' wsquare inches square feet

6.5 0.09

square centimeters cm'

square meters m'

yd* mi*square yards square miles

acres

0.8 2.6 04

square melen

square kilometers becUres

m'km'

hi MASS (weiRhi)

oz

lb ounces pounds

short Ions (20001b)

2S

0.45

0.9

grams

kilograms

tonnes

gkg

t VOLUME

Tbsp

fioz

teaspoons lablespoom

fluid ounces

5

15 30

milliliten

milliliters

milliliters

ml

ml

ml

c cups 0.24 liters 1 pt pirns 0.47 liters 1 qif«i

ft"

quarts

gallons cubic feet

0.95

3.8 0.03

liters

liters cubic meters

1

1m*

yd' cubic yards 0.76 cubic meters m' TEMPERATURE (exact) Fahrenheit 5/9 lifter Celitus 'C

temperature Bubtractitig 321

temperature

ii 0 |«,

1' 'I 'M 1

'

M • to iM »0 1

1

ApproximalF Conversions from Metric Measures

You hCpo* Multipl>b> To Find Symbol '

mm millimeters cm centimeters m meters m meter? km kilometers

LENGTH

0.04

0.4

3.3

1.1 0.6

inches

inches

feet yards

miles AREA

cm' square centimeters 0.16 m' square meters 1.2 km* square kilometers 0.4 ha hectares! 10.000 m*) 2.5

square inches in' square yards yd' square miles mi*

acres

grams

kilograms

tonnes (1000 kg)

MASS

22

1.1

ounces pounds

short tons

ml

1

I

1

milliliters

liters litera

liters cubic meters

cubic meters

VOLUME

0.03 fluid ounces fl 02

2.1 pinu pt 1.06 quarts qt 0.26 gallons gal 35 cubic feel ft* 1.3 cubic yards yd* TEMPERATl'RE (gxact)

Celsius 9/5 (then Fahrenheit temperature add 32) temperature

For Mle br ibe Superiniiodeot of Documeots. U.S. Gov- emm«nt Priotins Ofice, WtsblDfftoa. D.C. 30402 (Order by SD Calaloc No. CIS.IO: 36S/2). Price lOt.

*1 in = 3.54 cm (exactlv). For other euct coo«ersions and more detailed tablet, see NBS Mbc. Pub) 286. UniU

ol Weigbri &od UetsuTM, Price 13.25. SD Catalof No.

ClS.lO: 286.

irUS. GOVERN»*EhT PRrNHNG OmC£ 1972 0-*9B-*SO

I -!

£ ;

69
APPENDIX C. NBS NATIONAL MEASUREMENT REFERENCE STANDARD ARTIFACTS, INSTRUMENTS & FACILITIES

C. 1 . Time and Frequency

Frequency standards: NBS-4 and NBS-6.

Time standard: NBS clock ensemble.

Standards services:

Television calibration

Telephone

Radio station broadcasts: WWV, WWVB,

WWVH, WWVL (experimental)

Services available:

Time of day - voice, BCD code

One-second ticks

Standard frequencies

Carrier: 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20,

25 MHz Audio: 100, 440, 500, 600 Hz

UTl corrections

C.2. Length & Related Dimensional Measurements '

C.2.1 Absolute standards

He! ium lamps (3)

Cadmium lamps (2)

' > Mercury lamps (2)

Lamb-dip stablized He-Ne lasers (4)

Iodine-stabilized He-Ne laser (1) Zeeman split stabilized He-Ne lasers (5)

C.2.2 Multidimensional comparator: Moore 5Z

C.2.3 End standards

Steel gage blocks:

4 8-piece sets, 5-20 inches

1 8-piece set, 125-500 mm

2 120/121-piece sets, 0.01-4 inches

2 121/122-piece sets, 0.5-100 mm

- 1 28-piece set, 0.01-0.09 inch

1 18-piece set, 0.0101-0.019 inch

1 18-piece set, 0.0501-0.059 inch

1 4-piece set, 1-4 inches

1 10-piece set, 0.20001-0.2001 inch

2 88-piece sets, 0.05-4 inches

Chrome carbide gage blocks:

1 18-piece set, 0.0501-0.059 inch

1 4-piece set, 1-4 inches

Tungsten carbide gage blocks:

1 82-piece set, 0.05-4 inches

Cervit gage blocks:

2 81-piece sets, 0.05-4 inches

Step blocks: 1

C.2.4 Line standards

Prototype meter bar

60 m bench standard, for steel tapes

C.2.5 American Petroleum Institute thread

gages

Cable drilling connections: 14 Rotary connection gages: 38 Extreme line casing plugs: 9

C.2.6 Angle standards

Angle blocks: Set NBS-25 (16) Set NBS-7 (16)

Polygons: 1 12-5ided

Indexing tables: 2 7-inch

Angle generator: 1, range 1000 seconds

Pentaprisms: 2

C.2.7 Other dimensional standards

60° Thread wires: 2 sets of 51 60° Metric thread wires: 2 sets of 29

29° Acme best wires: 2 sets of 22 29° Acme flush: 1 set of 22 29° Acme worm flush: 1 set of 22 Gear wires: 1.44 series, set of 13

1 .68 series , set of 23

1 .728 series, set of 22

1 .92 series, 2 sets of 26

Ball plates: 2 Plug gages: 2 sets of 16, 0.05 or 1/16

to 1 inch.

Ring gages: 5 masters, 0.125-1 inch

Optical flats: 9 masters, 3-16 inches

Balls (spheres): 2 sets of 31, 1/16-1 inch

1 set of 25, 1-25 mm

C.3. Surface Finish

Computerized surface roughness measuring instrument (re ANSI B46.1).

C.4. Mass

Prototype kilograms K4 and

Ni chrome kilograms N, and N2 10,000, 20,000, and 30,000 lb stainless

steel disc weights

C. 5. Volume

1, 5, 30, 50, and 100 gallon provers

C.6. Density

Silicon single crystals (4)

Master hydrometers (about 250)

tin Spring 1976

70
C. 7. Force

7 deadweight machines for applied

forces from 44.5 N to 4.45 MN

Load cells, 4.45 (3) and 13.3 (4) MN capacity, extend force standards

range to 53.4 MN

C.8. Vibration

Vibration exciters, 2 Hz to 10 KHz (3)

Interferometer (1)

C.9. Shock

Shock accelerometer comparator,

50-5000 g peak, 0.5-40 ms half sine

C.IO. Fluid Flow

C.10.1 Air flow facilities, velocity

Dual test section wind tunnel, 82 m/s

max, 45.7 m/s max. with adjustable

pressure gradient

Low velocity wind tunnel, 0.05-15 m/s

Unsteady flow wind tunnel, 27.4 m/s,

fluctuations 0.1-25 Hz at max. amplitude of 50% mean flow

C.IO. 2 Air flow facilities, volume flowrate

Constant volume collection tank,

1400 1/s max. at 100 kPa and 20°C

Bell type prover, 0.1-25 1/s at 100 kPa at 20"'

Mercury sealed piston provBr, 1-250 ml/s

at 100 kPa and 20'C

C.IO. 3 Water flow facilities, velocity

Open-circuit water tunnel, 2.5 m/s max.

C.10.4 Water flow facilities, volume and mass flowrates

Tilting open channel, 280 1/s max. Collection in weight tank, 630 kg/s max.

C.IO. 5 Liquid hydrocarbon flow facilities,

mass flowrate

Collection in weight tanks, 12.5 and

100 kg/s max.

C.IO. 6 Cryogenic fluid flow metering

facil ities

Atmospheric gases - liquid No and A: 0.00126-0.0126 mVs, at 0.0125-1 .9MPa,

64-114 K. Liquified Natural Gas: 0.00126-0.0126

mVs, at 100 kPa-1.38 MPa, 80-150 K

C. 1 1 . Pressure

Controlled clearance piston gages:

7x10^ - 3x109 Pa, 0.2% F.S. accuracy

3x108 _ 4x108 Pa, 0.01%

3x1 0^ - 3x108 Pa, 0.006%

1x105 - 4x106 Pa, 0.003%

2x108 - 1x10^ Pa, 0.02% (under con- struction)

Piston and die: 1x10^ - 5xl09, ]%

Hg melting line: 1x10^ - 7xl08, 0.04%

Hg U-tube manometer: IxlO'* - 2x10^,

0.003%

Vacuum-backed piston gage: 2x10^- 1x10^,

0.003%

Ultrasonic Hg manometer: 1x10"^ - IxlO"*,

0.05% (tent.)

Ultrasonic oil manometer: 1x10-^ - 1x10^,

0.1% (tent.)

IR laser interferometric manometer:

1x10'* - 3x105, 0.0005% (under con- struction)

C.12. Temperature

Triple point of water cells (12)

Platinum resistance thermometers (12)

Platinum-rhodium thermocouple thermometers (6)

Freezing point cells: gold, silver,

zinc, tin (3 each)

Superconducting fixed point devices (2)

C.13. Humidity

Primary standard: gravimetric hygro- meter

Precision generators: Two-pressure;

two-temperature (low frost-point)

C.14. Electricity

C.14.1 Resistance

Thomas (NBS) one-ohm standard

resistors (5) At 10"5 ohm: Commercial high current

standards--! Wolfe, 1 Reichsanstal

At 10"* ohm: 1 Wolfe, 1 Reichsanstal

At 10"3 ohm: 1 Wolfe, 1 Reichsanstalt

At 10"2 ohm: 3 Reichsanstalt

At 10"! ohm: 3 Reichsanstalt

At 10° ohm: 2 Reichsanstalt, 1 Thomas

(NBS) standard resistor

C.14. 2 Precision apparatus

2 Universal ratio sets, commercial,

NBS-specif ied

1 Dunfee-Dziuba (NBS) volt ratio standard

Two-stage (NBS) inductive voltage divider

One-stage (commercial) inductive voltage

divider

71
C.14.3 Impedance

Cutkosky (NBS) calculable capacitor

C.14.4 Voltage

Denenstein-Finnegan (NBS) AC Josephson

effect apparatus

C.14.5 AC-DC transfer standards

12 single-junction Evanohm thermoelements, commercial, NBS specified

2 multi-junction Evanohm thermoelements,

commercial, NBS specified

C.14.6 Transformers

Voltage: Petersons (NBS) high voltage

current comparator bridge

Current: 2 Souders (NBS) two-stage

transformers

C.14.7 High voltage and energy

3 Park (NBS) D.C. high voltage dividers

Hillhouse (NBS) high voltage capacitor

C.15. El ectromagnetics

Impedance: 21 precision coaxial air

transmission lines

Reflection coefficient: 8 precision

waveguide sections (4-40, 55-65 GHz)

30 MHz attenuator

30 MHz phase shaft reference standard

Set of 6 microcalorimeters for power,

10 MHz - 75 GHz Sampling oscilloscope (20 ps transition

time), for pulse generator and 2-port

network transition times, and impulse

generator spectrum amplitude

Pulse delay: precision, adjustable,

coaxial air transmission line

Waveform of voltage and current: reference waveform generator

(100 ps transition time)

Thermal noise sources: Coaxial: 3 MHz at 77 K

3 MHz at 373 K 30-60 MHz at 77 K 30-60 MHz at 373 K

1 GHz tunable at 77 K

1 GHz tunable at 373 K 10 MHz - 12 GHz at 77 K Waveguide: 8-13 GHz at 1200 K 12-18 GHz at 1200 K 50-75 GHz at 1200 K 2.6-4 GHz at 692 K Electric field strength: 2 dipole

antennas, 30-400 & 300-1000 MHz Magnetic field strength: 10 cm loop

antenna, 30 Hz-30 MHz

Material properties, 1 MHz - 10 GHz:

2 quartz test rods

1 quartz test disk

1 glass test rod

1 glass test disk

Antenna measurement facilities:

15 and 60 m extrapolation ranges,

for gain and polarization,

0.5-75 GHz Near field scanning range, for radiation pattern, polarization, and

gain, 1-75 GHz Automatic network analyzer facility,

for power, attenuation, and complex

impedance, 100 MHz - 18 GHz

C.16. Medical Ultrasonics

Total beam power calorimeter

Set of 5 standard transducers

C. 1 7. Acoustics

2 WE type 640 AA microphones

Acoustic anechoic chamber

Acoustic reverberation chamber

C.18. Radiometry and Photometry

Gold point blackbody (3)

Variable temperature blackbodies

(1 each, 100-600°C and -50 to 100°C)

Facility for International Practical

Temperature measurements above 1064°C

' Facility for automated spectral calibrations (PASCAL, spectral radiance

and spectral irradiance measurements)

Cryogenic blackbody calibration facility

Luminous intensity standard lamps

(NBS 839 group - 8 lamps)

Luminous flux standard lamps (NBS 526

group - 5 lamps)

Photodetector characterization facility

Electrically-based radiant power measuring instrument

C.19. Spectrophotometry

Reference transmittance spectrometer

Directional incidence, hemispherical

collector

Retroreflectance reference instrument

Gloss measurement instrument

C.20. Far Ultraviolet Radiometry

Standard sources: Synchrotron radiation (SURF)

Plasma blackbody

Hydrogen wal 1 -stabil ized arc Deuterium lamps (4)

Standard detectors:

Windowless photodiodes (5)

Windowed diodes (8) Ion chamber
C.21. Optics

Inverse square bar

Transmission transfer densitometers (2)

Reflection densitometer

Wavefront shearing interferometer

Scanning microdensitometers (4)

C.22. Lasers

C series calorimeter

Kl series calorimeter

K2 series calorimeter

Q series calorimeter

BB series calorimeter

C.23. Ionizing Radiation

Free air (3) and cavity (set of 8)

ionization chambers for x-rays and

137Cs, 50Co

Graphite calorimeters (2) for high

energy electrons

Thin-film calorimeter for intense

photon fields

Rad i urn- beryl 1 i urn photo-neutron source

Cal ifornium-252 spontaneous fission

neutron source

Thermal neutron flux density standard

P-2 ionization chamber for high energy

photon fluence

Faraday cage for high energy electron

beam current measurement

Monoenergetic neutron beam facility

Cobalt-60 irradiation facility

Cesium-137 irradiation facility

Intermediate-energy standard neutron

field (ISNF)

Uranium-235 fission neutron spectrum

standard field

Response-energy calibrated ionization

chambers and solid state detectors

for radioactivity (12)

SUMMATION:

Approximately 2200 items

of 170 different types,

for about 90 different quantities.

73
APPENDIX D. NATIONAL STANDARD REFERENCE DATA SYSTEM PUBLICATIONS.

A kev-word-in-context technique has been employed in generating the list below, to provide

rapid, illustrative access to the substantive content of the publications of the National

Standard Reference Data System available in the spring of 1976. To avoid excess length, this

list has been abridged from a comprehensive list, by choosing only one entry for each bibliographic item.

The sources of the publications, of use in identifying them on the formal publication

lists, are shown in abbreviated form in parenthesis following the permuted title listings.

The key to the abbreviations is this:

ASM: American Society for Metals

COM: A translation from the Russian

ICRA: International Copper Research Associati on JCPDS: Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction

Standards

JPCRD: Journal of Physical & Chemical Reference Data JPCRD-S: Supplement to the Journal of Physical & Chemical Reference Data

JR: JILA Report

LBL: Berkeley Particle Data Group, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory

NBSIR: NBS Internal Report

NBSM: NBS Monograph

NBSTN: NBS Technical Note NSRDS-NBS: NSRDS-NBS Series

Activity Coefficients of Strong Electrolytes

in Aqueous Solutions from 0 to 100°C.

Theoretical Mean (NSRDS-NBS 24)

Activity Coefficients of Uniunivalent Electrolytes in Water at 25°C. Osmotic Coefficients and Mean (JPCRD 15)

Air and Air Components. Thermophysi cal Properties of (TT70-50095)

Air and Its Components. Thermophysical Properties of Liquid (TT69-55092)

Alcohols. Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Aliphatic (JPCRD-Sl)

Ammonia as an Ideal Gas. Thermodynamic Properties of (NSRDS-NBS 19)

Argon from the Triple Point to 300 K at Pres- sures to 1000 Atmospheres. Thermodynamic

Properties of (NSRDS-NBS 27)

Astrophysical Interest. Partial Grotrian

Diagrams of (NSRDS-NBS 23)

Atmospheric Chemistry. Chemical Kinetic and

Photochemical Data for Modelling (NBSTN

865)

Atmospheric Chemistry. Survey of photochemical and Rate Data for Twenty-Eight Reactions of Interest in (JPCRD 27)

Atomic Spectra, Atomic Energy Levels and Multiplet Tables Si II, Si III, Si IV. Selected Tables of (NSRDS-NBS 3, Sec. 1) Atomic Spectra, Atomic Energy Levels and Multiplet Tables, Si I. Selected Tables of

(NSRDS-NBS 3, Sec. 2) Atomic Spectra, Atomic Energy Levels and Multiplet Tables C I, C II, C III, C IV, C V, C VI. Selected Tables of (NSRDS-NBS

3, Sec. 3)

Atomic Spectra, Atomic Energy Levels and MultiDlet Tables, N IV, N V, N VI, N VII. Selected Tables of (NSRDS-NBS 3, Sec. 4)

Atomic Spectra, Atomic Energy Levels and Multiplet Tables, N I, N II, N III. Selected

Tables of (NSRDS-NBS 3, Sec. 5)

Atomic Spectra, Atomic Energy Levels and Multiplet Tables, H I, D, T. Selected Tables

of (NSRDS-NBS 3, Sec. 6) ^ Atomic Spectra in the Range 15 A to 25000 A. Reference Wavelengths from (JPCRD 56)

Band Gaps in Elemental and Binary Compound

Semiconductors and Insulators. Compilation of Energy (JPCRD 22)

Bimolecular Gas Reactions. Tables of (NSRDSNBS 9)

Binding Energies in Atomic Negative Ions. (JPCRD 68)

Bond Dissociation Energies in Simple Molecules. (NSRDS-NBS 31)

Calcium, A Critical Data Compilation. Atomic

Transition Probabilities, Vol. II. Sodium

Through (NSRDS-NBS 22)

Carbon Monoxide between 1060 and 1900 A. Atlas

of the Observed Absorption Spectrum of

(JPCRD 4)

Carbon Monoxide. The Band Spectrum of (NSRDSNBS 5) Carbonates. High Temperature Properties and

Decomposition of Inorganic Salts, Part 2 (NSRDS-NBS 30)

Charge Exchange. Theory of (Wiley)

Collision Cross Sections at Low Energies - A Critical Review. Total Electron-Atom (RMP)

Collision Integrals and Second Virial Coefficients for the (m,6,8) Intermolecular Potential Function. Tables of (NSRDS-NBS 47)

Combustion Products, Vol. 1, Computation

Methods. Thermodynamic and Thermophysical

Properties of (TT74-50019)

74
Combustion Products, Vol. II, Oxygen-Based

Propel! ants. Thermodynamic and Thermophysical Properties of (TT74-50032)

Combustion Products, Vol. Ill, Oxygen- and

Air-Based Propel 1 ants. Thermodynamic and

Thermophysical Properties of (TT75-50007)

Copper and Copper Alloys, Part I. Volume and

Surface Self-Diffusion in Copoer. Diffusion

in (JPCRD 36)

Copper and Copper Alloys, Part II. CopperSilver and Copper-Gold Systems. Diffusion

in (JPCRD 52)

Copoer and Copper Alloys, Part III. Diffusion

in Systems Involving Elements of the Groups

lA, IIA, IIIB, IVB, VB, VIB, and VIIB. Diffusion in (JPCRD 61)

Copper and Some of Its Binary Alloys. Selected

Thermodynamic Values and Phase Diagrams for

(ICRA)

Copper and Its Inorganic Compounds. Thermodymanic Properties of (ICRA)

Cooper. Elastic Properties of Metals and Al

loys, II (JPCRD 57)

Critical Points. An Analysis of Coexistence

Curve Data for Several Binary Liquid Mix- tures Near Their (JPCRD 31)

Critical Region of Magnetic Solids. Analysis

of Specific Heat Data in the (JPCRD 18) Cross Section Data, Part I. Compilation of Low Energy Electron Collision (JR-6)

Cross Section Data, Part II. Compilation of Low Energy Electron Collision (JR-7) Cross Section Data, Part III: Total Scattering;

Differential Elastic Scattering, Low Energy

Electron-Collision (AD)

Cross Section Data for Atoms, Atomic Ions,

and Diatomic Molecules: I. Experimental

Data. Electron Impact Ionization (RMP)

Cross Section Data for Modeling Gas Discharge

Lasers. Compilation of Electron Collision

(JR-13) Cross Sections at Low Energies - A Critical

Review. Total Electron-Atom Collision (RMP) Cross Sections. Atomic Form Factors, Incoherent Scattering Functions, and Photon Scattering (JPCRD 67)

Cross Sections, Attenuation Coefficients, and

Energy Absorption Coefficients from 10 keV

to 100 Gev. Photon (NSRDS-N3S 29) Cross Sections for Molecules of Astrophysical

and Aeronomic Interest. Critical Review of

Ultraviolet Photoabsorption (NSRDS-NBS 38)

Crystal Data, Determinative Tables, Third

Edition, Volume 1. Organic Compounds.

(NBS/JCPDS)

Crystal Data, Determinative Tables, Third

Edition, Volume 2. Inorganic Compounds.

(NBS/JCPDS)

Crystal Structure Transformations in Binary

Halides. (NSRDS-NBS 41)

Crystal Structure Transformations in Inorganic

Nitrites, Nitrates and Carbonates. (NSRDS- NBS 53)

Crystal Structure Transformations in Inorganic

Sulfates, Phosphates, Perchlorates , and

Chromates (NSRDS-NBS 56)

Dielectric Constant of Inorganic Solids. Com- pilation of the Static (JPCRD 28)

Diffusion Coefficients. Gaseous (JPCRD 1) Dipole Moments for Molecules in the Gas Phase.

Selected Values of Electric (NSRDS-NBS 10)

Elastic Properties of Metals and Alloys. I. Iron, Nickel, and Iron-Nickel Alloys.

(JPCRD 34)

Electric Conductivity of Ferroelectrics.

(TT70-50180)

Electrolytic Conductance and Conductances of

the Halogen Acids in Water (NSRDS-NBS 33)

Electron Impact on Atoms and Diatomic Molecules. Resonances in (NSRDS-NBS 50)

Electron in Alcohols. Selected Specific Rates

of Reactions of the Solvated (NSRDS-NBS 42)

Electron. Selected Specific Rates of Reactions

of Transients from Water in Aqueous Solution, I. Hydrated (NSRDS-NBS 43)

Electron, Supplemental Data. Selected Specific

Rates of Reactions of Transients from Water

in Aqueous Solution. Hydrated (NSRDS-NBS

43, Supplement)

Electron Swarm Data. A Survey of (JPCRD 69)

Electrons in Dielectric Liquids. Drift Mobilities and Conduction Band Energies of Ex- cess (NSRDS-NBS 58)

Energy Levels as Derived from the Analyses of

Optical Spectra, Vol. I. 'H to "Y; Vol.

II. ^*Cr to "Nb; Vol. III. '^Mo to "La,

'^Hf to »'Ac. Atomic (NSRDS=NBS 35)

Ethylene on Metallic Catalysts. Hydrogenation

of (NSRDS-NBS 13)

Evaporation and Condensation Coefficients of

Simple Substances. Selected Values of

(JPCRD 3) Ferroelectrics. Electric Conductivity of

(TT70-50180)

Freon-22. Thermophysical Properties of (TT70-

50178)

Fundamental Constants. The 1973 Least-Squares

Adjustment of the (JPCRD 37)

Hardness Data. Handbook of (TT70-50177)

Heats of Combustion and Heats of Formation of

Organic Compounds Containing the Elements

C, H, N, 0, P, and S. Selected Values of

(JPCRD 6)

Heavy Particle Collisions. Dissociation in (Wiley)

Heavy Particle Collisions. Excitation in (Wiley)

Heavy Water, Thermophysical Properties. (TT70-

50094)

Helium (*He I). Energy Levels of Neutral

(JPCRD 26)

Helium 4 from 2 to 1500 K at Pressures to

10' Pa. Thermodynamic Properties of

(JPCRD 40)

Helium. Thermodynamic and Thermophysical Properties of (TT70-50096)
High-Pressure Calibration: A Critical Review

(JPCRD 55)

High Pressures. Behavior of the Elements

at (JPCRD 55)

High Temperature Properties and Decomposition

of Inorganic Salts, Part 1. Sulfates

(NSRDS-NBS 7)

High Temperature Properties and Decomposition

of Inorganic Salts, Part 2. Carbonates

(NSRDS-NBS 30)

High Temperature Properties and Decomposition

of Inorganic Salts, Part 3. Nitrates and

Nitrites (JPCRD 11

High Temperature Properties and Decomposition

of Inorganic Salts, Part 4. Oxy-Salts of

the Halogens (JPCRD 51

Hydrogen Atom. Selected Specific Rates of

Reactions of Transients from Water in Aqueous Solution, II (NSRDS-NBS 51)

H-Atom Transfer in the Liquid Phases: Chlorine

Atom, Alkyl, Trichloromethyl , Alkoxy, and

Alkylperoxy Radicals. A Critical Review of

(JPCRD 58)

Hydrogen. Properties of Liquid and Solid

(TT70-50179)

Hydroxyl Radical. A Critical Review of the

Gas-Phase Reaction Kinetics of the

(JPCRD-6)

Hydroxyl Radical in Aqueous Solutions. Reac- tivity of the (NSRDS-NBS 46)

Impact Excitation of Atoms. Electron

(NSRDS-NBS 25)

Impact Ionization Cross-Section Data for

Atoms, Atomic Ions, and Diatomic Molecules:

I. Experimental Data. Electron (RMP)

Impact. Theory of the Ionization of Atoms by

Electron (RMP)

Index to NSRDS Data Compilations. Property

(NSRDS-NBS 55)

Infrared Reference Spectra. Coblentz Society

Evaluated; Vol. 6, 1000 Spectra; Vol. 7,

1000 Spectra; Vol. 8, 1000 Spectra; Vol.

9, 1000 Spectra; Vol. 10, 1000 Spectra;

Vol. 11, 1000 Spectra; Cumulative Coblentz

Indices

Ion-Molecule Reactions (Wiley)

Ionization of Atoms by Electron Impact. Theory

of the (RMP)

Ionization Potentials and Ionization Limits

Derived from the Analyses of Optical

Spectra. (NSRDS-NBS 34)

Ionization Potentials, Appearance Potentials

and Heats of Formation of Gaseous Positive

Ions. (NSRDS-NBS 26)

Ionization Potentials for Lanthanide and

Actinide Atoms and Ions. Ground Levels and

(JPCRD 54) Ions. Ionization Potentials, Appearance Po- tentials and Heats of Formation of Gaseous

Positive (NSRDS-NBS 26)

Iron, Fe I through Fe XXVI. Energy Levels of

(JPCRD 64)

KfN Interactions - A compilation. (LBL-55)

Methane. Thermophysical Properties of Gaseous

and Liquid (TT70-50097)

Microwave Spectra of Molecules of AstroDhysical Interest, 1. Formaldehyde, Forma- mide, and Thioformaldehyde. (JPCRD 14)

Microwave Spectra of Molecules of Astrophysical Interest, II. Methylenimine.

(JPCRD 17)

Microwave Spectra of Molecules of Astrophysical Interest, III. Methanol. (JPCRD 23)

Microwave Spectra of Molecules of Astrophysical Interest, IV. Hydrogen Sulfide.

(JPCRD 24)

Microwave Spectra of Molecules of Astrophysical Interest, V. Water Vapor. (JPCRD 45)

Microwave Spectra of Molecules of Astrophysical Interest, VI. Carbonyl Sulfide and

Hydrogen Cyanide. (JPCRD 46)

Microwave Spectra of Molecules of Astrophysical Interest, VII. Carbon Monoxide,

Carbon Monosulfide, and Silicon Monoxide.

(JPCRD 47)

Microwave Spectra of Molecules of Astrophysical Interest, VIII. Sulfur Monoxide.

(JPCRD 48)

Microwave Spectral Tables, Diatomic Molecules.

(NBSM70-I)

Microwave Spectral Tables, Line Strengths of

Asymmetric Rotors. (NBSM70-II)

Microwave Spectral Tables, Polyatomic Molecules with Internal Rotation. (NBSM70-III)

Microwave Spectral Tables, Polyatomic Molecules without Internal Rotation.

(NBSM70-III)

Microwave Spectral Tables, Spectral Line

Listing (NBSM70-V)

Microwave Spectral Tables I. Diatomic Molecules. (JPCRD 53)

Molecular Energies and Properties. Compendium

of ab-initio Calculations of (NBSTN 438)

Molten Salts: Vol. 1. Electrical Conductance,

Density, and Viscosity Data. (NSRDS-NBS 15)

Molten Salts: Vol. 2, Section 1. Electrochemistry of Molten Salts: Gibbs Free Energies

and Excess Free Energies from EquilibriumType Cells. (NSRDS-NBS 28)

Molten Salts: Vol. 2, Section 2. Surface Ten- sion Data. (NSRDS-NBS 28)

Molten Salts: Volume 3, Nitrates, Nitrites,

and Mixtures, Electrical Conductance,

Density, Viscosity, and Surface Tension

Data. (JPCRD 10)

Molten Salts : Volume 4, Part 1. Fluorides

and Mixtures, Electrical Conductance,

Density, Viscosity, and Surface Tension

Data. (JPCRD 41

Molten Salts: Volume 4, Part 2. Chlorides

and Mixtrues, Electrical Conductance,

Density, Viscosity, and Surface Tension

Data. (JPCRD 71

Multiplet Table of Astrophysical Interest,

Revised Edition, Part I. Table of Multiplets; Part II. Finding List of All Lines

in the Table of Multiplets. A (NSRDS-NBS 40)
Multiplet Tables, C I, C II, C III, C IV,

C V, C VI. Selected Tables of Atomic

Spectra, Atomic Energy Levels and

(NSRDS-NBS 3, Sec. 3) Multiplet Tables, H I, D, T. Selected Tables

of Atomic Spectra, Atomic Energy Levels

and (NSRDS-NBS 3, Sec. 6)

Multiplet Tables, N I, N II, N III. Selected

Tables of Atomic Spectra, Atomic Energy

Levels and (NSRDS-NBS 3, Sec. 5) Multiplet Tables, N IV, N V, N VI, N VII. Selected Tables of Atomic Spectra, Atomic

Energy Levels and (NSRDS-NBS 3, Sec. 4)

Muliplet Tables, Si I. Selected Tables of

Atomic Spectra, Atomic Energy Levels and

(NSRDS-NBS 3, Sec. 2)

Multiplet Tables, Si II, Si III, Si IV. Se- lected Tables of Atomic Spectra, Atomic

Energy Levels and (NSRDS-NBS 3, Sec. 1) National Standard Reference Data System Plan

of Operation (NSRDS-NBS 1

Neon, Argon, and Xenon 136 in the 1.2-4.0

Aim Region. First Spectra of (JPCRD 33)

Nitrogen Including Liquid and Vapor Phases

from 63K to 2000K with Pressures to 10,000 Bar. Thermodynamic Properties of _ (JPCRD 39) NN and ND Alteration - A Compilation. (LBL-58)

NN and ND Interactions (above 0.5 GeV/c) - A Compilation. (UCRL-20000/NN)

Nucleation of Liquids from the Vapor. Se- lected Values of Critical Supersaturation

for (JPCRD 2)

Osmotic Coefficients and Mean Activity Coefficients of Uniunivalent Electrolytes in Water at 25°C. (JPCRD 15)

Oxygen (O'P) with Organic Compounds in the

Gas Phase. Rate Constants for the Reac- tions of Atomic (JPCRD 32)

Oxygen Species. Gas Phase Reaction Kinetics

of Neutral (NSRDS-NBS 20)

Oxygen. The Spectrum of Molecular (JPCRD 8)

Parahydrogen from the Triple Point to 100 K at Pressures to 340 Atmospheres. Thermodynamic and Related Properties of (NBSM-94)

Particle Properties. Review of (LBL-100) n-Pentane and Methane-n-Pentane. Phase Be- havior in Binary and Mul ti component Systems at Elevated Pressures: (NSRDS-NBS 32) tN Partial -Wave Amplitudes. (UCRL-20030/^N)

tN Two-Body Scattering Data I. A User's Guide

to the Lovelace-Almehed Data Tape. (LBL-63)

T+p, TT+n, and ir+d Interactions - A Compilation; Parts I and II. (LBL-53)

Radiation Chemistry of Ethanol : A Review of

Data on Yields, Reaction Rate Parameters,

and Spectral Properties of Transients.

(NSRDS-NBS 48)

Radiation Chemistry of Gaseous Ammonia. The

(NSRDS-NBS 44)

Radiation Chemistry of Nitrous Oxide Gas. Primary Processes, Elementary Reactions,

and Yields. (NSRDS-NBS 45)

77

Radiation. Yields of Free Ions Formed in Liquids by (NSRDS-NBS 57)

Radiolysis of Methanol: Product Yields, Rate Constants and Spectroscopic Parameters of

Intermediates. (NSRDS-NBS 54) Rate Constants for the Reactions of Atomic

Oxygen (O'P) with Organic Compounds in the Gas Phase. (JPCRD 32) Rate Constants for Various Gas Phase Reactions. Evaluated Chemical Kinetic

(JPCRD 19) Rate Constants of Gas Phase Reactions, Ref- erence Book. (COM 72-10014)

Re-entry Flow Fields in the Atmosphere. A Review of Rate Constants of Selected

Reactions of Interest in (NBSTN 484)

Rotational Energy Levels and Rotational Line

Intensities in Diatomic Molecules. The

Calculation of (NBSM-115)

Rotor: Transformation Coefficients from Symmetric to Asymmetric Bases and Expectation

Values of P7, P" P7. Tables for the Rigid

Asymmetric ^ ^ ^ (NSRDS-NBS 12)

Silicate Systems, Vol. I. Binary Systems,

Second Revised Edition. Handbook of Phase

Diagrams of (TT71-50040)

Silicate Systems, Vol. II. Metal -Oxygen Com- pounds in Silicate Systems, Second Revised.

Handbook of Phase Diagrams of (TT71-50041)

Space Groups and Lattice Complexes (NBSM-134)

Spectra of Neon, Argon, and Xenon 136 in the

1.2-4.0 /urn Region. First (JPCRD 33)

Superconductive Materials. Properties of Se- lected (NBSTN 724)

Superconductive Materials - 1974 Supplement.

Properties of Selected (NBSTN 825)

Surface Ionization. (TT70-50148)

Surface Tension of Pure Liquid Compounds.

The (JPCRD 13)

Surfactant Systems. Critical Micelle Concentrations of Aqueous (NSRDS-NBS 36)

Thermal Conductivity of Selected Materials.

(NSRDS-NBS 8)

Thermal Conductivity of Selected Materials,

Part 2. (NSRDS-NBS 16)

Thermal Conductivity of the Elements.

(JPCRD 7) Thermal Conductivity of the Elements: A Com- prehensive Review. (JPCRD-S2)

Thermal Properties of Aqueous Uniunivalent

Electrolytes. (NSRDS-NBS 2) Thermochemical Tables, Second Edition. JANAF

(NSRDS-NBS 37)

Thermochemical Tables, 1974 Supplement. JANAF

(JPCRD 50)

Thermochemical Tables, 1975 Supplement. JANAF

(JPCRD 60)

Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of

Ethylene and Propylene. (NBSIR75-763)

Thermodynamic Properties and Isomerization

of n-Butane and Isobutane. Ideal Gas (JPCRD 70)

Thermodynamic Properties of Binary Alloys.

Selected Values of the (ASM)
Thermodynamic Properties of Copper, Silver,

and Gold from 0 to 300K. Critical Analysis

of the Heat-Capacity Data of the Literature and Evaluation of (NSRDS-NBS 18)

Thermodynamic Properties of Eight Chloroand Fluoromethanes. Ideal Gas (JPCRD 42)

Thermodynamic Properties of Ethane and Propane. Idea Gas (JPCRD 30)

Thermodynamic Properties of Ethylene and Pro- pylene. Ideal Gas (JPCRD 62)

Thermodynamic Properties of Geological Sub- stances. Handbook of (TT73-53051

Thermodynamic Properties of Ruthenium, Rhodium, Palladium, Iridium, and Platinum

from 0 to 300K. A Survey of the Literature Data on Osmium. Critical Analysis of

Heat-Capacity Data and Evaluation of

(JPCRD 44)

Thermodynamic Properties of Six Chi oroethanes

Ideal Gas (JPCRD 43)

Thermodynamic Properties of Six Fl uoroethanes

Ideal Gas (JPCRD 65)

Thermodynamic Properties of the Eight Bromoand lodomethanes. Ideal Gas (JPCRD 66)

Thermodynamic Properties of the Elements.

Selected Values of the (ASM)

Thermodynamic Properties, Table for the First

Thirty-four Elements in the Standard Order

of Arrangement. Selected Values of Chemical (NBSTN 270-3)

Thermodynamic Properties, Tables for Elements

35 through 53 in the Standard Order of

Arrangement. Selected Values of Chemical

(NBSTN 270-4)

Thermodynamic Properties, Tables for Elements

54 through 61 in the Standard Order of

Arrangement. Selected Values of Chemical

(NBSTN 270-5)

Thermodynamic Properties, Tables for the Lan- thanide (Rare Earth) Elements (Elements 62 through 76 in the Standard Order of Ar- rangement.) Selected Values of Chemical

(NBSTN 270-7)

Thermodynamic Properties, Tables for the Alkaline Earth Elements (Elements 92 through

97 in the Standard Order of Arrangement).

Selected Values of Chemical (NBSTN 270-6)

Thermophysical Properties of Gases and Liquids, No. 1 (TT69-55091)

Thermophysical Properties of Matter and Substances, Volume 2. (TT72-52001 ) Thermophysical Properties of Matter and Substances, Volume 3. (TT73-52009)

Thermophysical Properties of Matter and Substances, Volume 4. (TT73-52029)

Transition Metal Oxides, Crystal Chemistry,

Phase Transition, and Related Aspects.

(NSRDS-NBS 49)

Transition Probabilities for Ba I and II. Critically Evaluated (NBSTN 474)

Transition Probabilities for Forbidden Lines

of the Iron Group Elements. (A Critical

Data Compilation for Selected Lines.)

Atomic (JPCRD 20) .

Transition Probabilities for Scandium and

Titanium (A Critical Data Compilation of

Allowed Lines). Atomic (JPCRD 63)

Transition Probabilities, Vol. I, Hydrogen

Through Neon. Atomic (NSRDS-NBS 4)

Transition Probabilities, Vol. II, Sodium

Through Calcium, A Critical Data Compilation. Atomic (NSRDS-NBS 22)

Unimolecul ar Reactions. Kinetic Data on Gas Phase (NSRDS-NBS 21)

Vibrational Data of Atomic and Molecular Ions Doped in Alkali Halide Crystals. Electronic

Absorption and Internal and External

(NSRDS-NBS 52)

Vibrational Frequencies, Consolidated Volume

I. Tables of Molecular (NSRDS-NBS 39)

Vibrational Frequencies, Part 5. Tables of

Molecular (JPCRD 5)

Vibrational Frequencies, Part 6. Tables of

Molecular (JPCRD 21

Vibrational Frequencies, Part 7. Tables of

Molecular (JPCRD 25)

Vibrational Frequencies, Part 8. Tables of

Molecular (JPCRD 49)

Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity Coefficients for Dense Gaseous and Liquid' Argon , Krypton, Xenon, Nitrogen and Oxygen.

The (JPCRD 59)

Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity Coefficients of Dilute Argon, Krypton, and

Xenon. The (JPCRD 35)

Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity Coefficients of Dilute Nitrogen and Oxygen. The

(JPCRD 38)

Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity Coefficients of Gaseous and Liquid Fluorine. The

(JPCRD 16)

X-Ray Emission Spectra of Metallic Solids:

Critical Review of Selected Systems. Soft

(JPCRD 29)

X-Ray Wavelengths and X-Ray Atomic Energy

Levels (NSRDS-NBS 14) YN Reactions. A Compilation of (UCRL-20000/YN)
APPENDIX E. U.S. PRIVATE ORGANIZATIONS REPRESENTED IN NBS REFERENCE COLLECTION OF STANDARDS [291 ]

Acoustical & Board Products Association

Acoustical Society of America

Adhesive & Sealant Council

Air-Conditioning & Refrigeration Institute

Air Diffusion Council

Air Moving & Conditioning Association, Inc. Air Pollution Control Association

Air Transport Association of America

Alumina Ceramic Manufacturers Association

The Aluminum Association

American Alliance for Health, Physical

Education & Recreation

American Academy of Pediatrics

American Association of Advertising Agencies

American Association of Cereal Chemists

American Association of Hides, Skins and

Leather Merchants

American Association of Medical Milk

Commissions, Inc. American Association of Petroleum Geologists

American Association of Poison Control Centers

American Association of State Highway and

Transportation Officials

American Association of Textile Chemists and

Colorists

American Bankers Association

American Bleached Shellac Manufacturers

Association

American Boat & Yacht Council, Inc. American Boiler Manufacturers Association

American Bottled Water Association

American Bureau of Shipping

American Chemical Society

American Concrete Institute

American Concrete Paving Association

American Conference of Governmental

Industrial Hygienists

American Congress on Surveying and Mapping

American Crystal lographic Association

American Dehydrators Association

American Dental Association

American Die Casting Institute, Inc. American Dry Milk Institute, Inc. American Feed Manufacturers Association, Inc. American Fishing Tackle Manufacturers

Association

American Foundrymen's Society, Inc. American Gas Association

American Gear Manufacturers Association

American Gem Society

American Gum Importers Laboratories, Inc. American Home Lighting Institute

American Industrial Hygiene Association

American Institute of Architects

American Institute of Baking

American Institute of Chemical Engineers

American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. American Institute of Timber Construction

American Insurance Association

American Iron & Steel Institute

American Ladder Institute

American Leather Chemists Association

American Library Association

American National Standards Institute, Inc. American Nuclear Society

American Oil Chemists' Society

American Paper Institute

American Petroleum Institute

American Pharmaceutical Association

American Plywood Association

American Public Health Association, Inc. American Public Works Association

American Railway Engineering Association

American Society for Nondestructive Testing

American Society for Quality Control

American Society for Testing & Materials

American Society of Agricultural Engineers

American Society of Brewing Chemists

American Society of Cinematographers

American Society of Electroplated Plastics

American Society of Enologists

American Society of Heating, Refrigeration 81 Airconditioning Engineers

American Society of Lubrication Engineers

American Society of Mechanical Engineers

American Society of Photogrammetry

American Society of Safety Engineers

American Society of Sanitary Engineering

American Sod Producers Association

American Speech & Hearing Association

American Spice Trade Association

American Stone Importers Association

American Textile Machinery Association

American Textile Manufacturers Institute, Inc. American Trucking Associations, Inc. American Vacuum Society, Inc. American Water Works Association, Inc. American Wax Importers and Refiners

Association, Inc. American Welding Society, Inc. American Wood-Preservers' Association

American Wood Preservers Bureau

Anti -Friction Bearing Manufacturers

Association, Inc. Archery Manufacturers Organization

Architectural Aluminum Manufacturers

Association

Architectural Woodwork Institute

Asbestos Textile Institute

Asphalt Emulsion Manufacturers Association

Asphalt Roofing Manufacturers Association

Associated Air Balance Council

Associated Cooperage Industries of America,

Inc

Associated General Contractors of America

Associated Locksmiths of America, Inc.

79
Associated Master Barbers and Beauticians

of America

Association for the AdvanceiDent of Medical

Instrumentation

Association of American Feed Control

Officials, Inc. Association of American Railroads

Association of Bedding and Furniture Law Officials

Association of Edison Illuminating Companies

Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers

Association of Iron & Steel Engineers

Association of Official Analytical Chemists

Association of Official Seed Analysts

Association of Petroleum Re-Refiners

Audio Engineering Society, Inc. Baking Industry Sanitation Stds. Committee

Barley and Malt Institute

Barre Granite Association

Battery Council International

Bicycle Manufacturers Association of America

Billiar Congress of America

Biological Stain Commission

Book Manufacturers' Institute

Brass and Bronze Ingot Institute

Brick Institute of America

Builders Hardware Manufacturers Association

Building Officials & Code Administrators, Inc. Building Owners & Managers Association

International

California Redwood Association

Can Manufacturers Institute

Canvas Products Association, International

Cast Bronze Bearing Institute

Cast Iron Soil Pipe Institute

Caster & Floor Truck Manufacturers

Association

Ceilings & Interior Systems Contractors

Association

Cemented Carbide Producers Association

Chain Link Fence Manufacturers Institute

Chemical Specialities Manufacturers

Association

Chlorine Institute, Inc. Coffee Brewing Center

Commercial Refrigerator Manufacturers

Association

Composite Can S Tube Institute

Compressed Air & Gas Institute

Compressed Gas Association, Inc. Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute

Construction Industry Manufacturers

Association

Construction Specifications Institute

Contractors Pump Bureau Conveyor Equipment Manufacturers Association

Cooling Tower Institute

Cooper Development Association

Cordage Institute

Corn Refiners Association

Cosmetic, Toiletry & Fragrance Association,

Inc

Crane Manufacturers Assoc. of America, Inc.

Cultured Marble Institute

Dairy S Food Industries Supply Association,

Inc

Diamond Core Drill Manufacturers Association

Diaper Service Accreditation Council

Diesel Engine Manufacturers Association

Door & Hardware Institute

Door Operator & Remote Control Manufacturers

Association

Dry Color Manufacturers Association

Edison Electric Institute

Electrical Apparatus Service Association, Inc. Electronic Industries Association

Entomological Society of America

Essential Oil Association of the USA, Inc. Expanded Shale, Clay, & Slate Institute

Expansion Anchor Manufacturers Institute

Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association

Facing Tile Institute

Factory Mutual System

The Fertilizer Institute

Fibre Box Association

Fir and Hemlock Door Association

Flat Glass Marketing Association

Flax Development Committee

Floor & Vacuum Machinery Manufacturers

Association

Fluid Controls Institute, Inc. Forging Industry Association

Gas Processors Association

General Aviation Manufacturers Association

Glass Tempering Association

Gravure Technical Association, Inc. Grocery Manufacturers of America, Inc. Gummed Industries Association

Gypsum Association

Gypsum Roof Deck Foundation

Hardwood Dimension Manufacturers Association

Hardwood Plywood Manufacturers Association

Hearing Aid Industry Conference, Inc. Heat Exchange Institute

Helical Washer Institute

Hoist Manufacturers Institute

Home Ventilating Institute

Hydraulic Institute

Hydronics Institute

Illuminating Engineering Society

Indiana Limestone Institute of America, Inc. Industrial Fasteners Institute

Industrial Silencer Manufacturers Association

Industrial Gas Cleaning Institute, Inc. Industrial Perforators Association

Industrial Truck Association

Institute of Electrical and Electronics

Engineers, Inc. Institute of Environmental Sciences

Institute of High Fidelity, Inc. Institute of Makers of Explosives

Institute of Printed Circuits

Institute of Scrap Iron & Steel, Inc. Institute of Traffic Engineers

Instrument Society of America

Insulated Power Cable Engineers Association
International Air Transport Association

International Association of Plumbing and

Mechanical Officials

International Association of Wall and

Ceiling Contractors

International Commission on Radiation Units

and Measurements

International Conference of Building Officials

International Fabricare Institute

International Mobile Air Conditioning

Association, Inc. International Municipal Signal Association

International Nonwovens and Disposables

Association

International Society for Terrain-Vehicle

Systems, Inc. Investment Casting Institute

Joint Industrial Council

Juvenile Products Manufacturers Assoc., Inc. Laundry & Cleaners Allied Trade Association

Lead Industries Association

Library Binding Institute

Linen Supply Association of America

Magnetic Materials Producers Association

Manufactured Housing Institute

Manufacturers Standardization Society of the

Valve & Fittings Industry

Manufacturing Chemists' Association

Maple Flooring Manufacturers Association

Marking Device Association

Material Handling Institute

Mechanical Power Transmission Association

Metal Building Manufacturers Association

Metal Cookware Manufacturers Association

Metal Ladder Manufacturers Association

Metal Lath Association

Metal Powder Industries Federation

Metal Tube Packaging Council of North America

Mill Mutual Fire Prevention Bureau

Monorail Manufacturers Association

Mo-Sai Institute

MTM Association for Standards & Research Narrow Fabrics Institute

National Accreditation Council for Agencies

Serving the Blind & Visually Handicapped

National Agricultural Chemicals Association

National Association of Architectural

Metal Manufacturers

National Association of Broadcasters

National Association of Chain Manufacturers

National Association of Corrosion Engineers

National Association of Food Chains

National Association of Furniture

Manufacturers, Inc. National Association of Glue Mfrs., Inc. National Association of Hosiery Manufacturers

National Association of Insect Electrocutor

Manufacturers

National Association of Metal Name Plate

Manufacturers

National Association of Pattern Manufacturers

National Association of Pipe Coating

Appl icators

National Association of Plastic Fabricators

National Association of Plumbing-HeatingCooling Contractors

National Association of Recyling Industries,

Inc

National Association of Relay Manufacturers

National Association of Rocketry

National Association of Store Fixture Mfrs.

National Association of Wiping Cloth Mfrs.

National Audio-Visual Association

National Automatic Merchandising Association

National Barrel and Drum Association

National Board of Boiler & Pressure Vessel

Inspectors

National Building Granite Quarries

Association, Inc. National Cable Television Association

National Cargo Bureau, Inc. National Clay Pipe Institute

National Coil Coaters Association

National Committee for Clinical Laboratory

Standards

National Concrete Masonry Association

National Cottonseed Products Association

National Council on Radiation Protection & Measurements

National Crushed Stone Association

National Education Association

National Electrical Contractors Assoc., Inc. National Electrical Manufacturers Association

National Elevator Industry

National Environmental Systems Contractors

Association

National Fertilizer Solutions Association

National Fire Protection Association

National Flexible Packaging Association

National Fluid Power Association

National Forest Products Association

National Hardwood Lumber Association

National Industrial Leather Association

National Institute of Oilseed Products

National Knitted Outerwear Association

National Lime Association

National Lubricating Grease Institute

National Machine Tool Builders Association

National Micrographics Association

National Model Railroad Association, Inc. National Oak Flooring Mfrs. Association, Inc. National Operating Committee for Standards

in Athletic Equipment

National Paper Box Association

National Particleboard Association

National Pest Control Association

National Printing Ink Research Institute

National Ready Mixed Concrete Association

National Retail Merchants Association

National Rifle Association of America

National Roofing Contractors Association

National Sanitation Foundation

National School Supply & Equipment Association

National Silo Association

National Soft Drink Association

National Solid Wastes Management Association

81
National Soybean Processors Association

National Standards Association

National Swimming Pool Institute

National Terrazzo & Mosaic Association, Inc. National Wholesale Hardware Association

National Pallet & Container Association

National Woodwork Manufacturers Association

Northeastern Lumber Manufacturers Assn., Inc. Northern Hardwood & Pine Mfrs. Assn., Inc. Northern Textile Association

Optical Manufacturers Association, Inc. Packaging Institute, Inc. Paper Converters Association

Paperboard Packaging Council

Perlite Institute, Inc. Photographic Society of America

Pipe Fabrication Institute

Plastics Pipe Institute

Plumbing & Drainage Institute

Porcelain Enamel Institute, Inc. Portland Cement Association

Power Saw Manufacturers Association

Pressure Sensitive Tape Council

Prestressed Concrete Institute

Pulverized Limestone Association

Rack Manufacturers' Institute

Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics

Railway Tie Association

Recording Industry Association of America, Inc. Red Cedar Shingle & Handsplit Shake Bureau Redwood Inspection Service

The Refractories Institute

Resilient Floor Covering Institute

Resistance Welder Manufacturers' Association

Rubber Manufacturers Association

Rubber Reclaimers Association, Inc. Salt Institute

Scaffolding & Shoring Institute

Scale Manufacturers Association

Scientific Apparatus Makers Association

Screen Manufacturers Association

Sealed Insulating Glass Manufacturers Assn. Sheet Metal & Air Conditioning Contractors

National Association, Inc. Snowmobile Safety S Certification Committee

Society for Technical Communication

Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. Society of Die Casting Engineers, Inc. Society of Motion Pictures & Television

Engineers

Society of Naval Architects & Marine

Engi neers Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc. Southern Building Code Congress International

Southern Cypress Manufacturers Association

Southern Forest Products Association

Southern Pine Inspection Bureau Speciality Equipment Manufacturers Assoc. Specialty Wire Association

Spring Manufacturers Institute

Sprinkler Irrigation Association

Stained Glass Association of America

Steel Bar Mills Association

Steel Deck Institute

Steel Door Institute

Steel Founders' Society of America

Steel Joist Institute

Steel Structures Painting Council

Steel Tank Institute

Steel Window Institute

Stucco Manufacturers Association

Sump Pump Manufacturers Association

Technical Association of the Pulp & Paper

Industry

Test Boring Association, Inc. Tile Council of America

Tire & Rim Association, Inc. Tire Retreading Institute

Truck Body & Equipment Association

Truck Trailer Manufacturers Association

Truss Plate Institute, Inc. Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Assn., Inc. Ultrasonic Industry Association, Inc. Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc.

U. S. Department of Commerce

U. S. Golf Association

United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc.

U. S. Tennis Court & Track Builders Assn. Vacuum Cleaner Manufacturers Association

Vacuum Wood Preservers Institute

Variable Resistive Components Insitute

Vehicle Equipment Safety Commission

Water Pollution Control Federation

Water Quality Association

Water Systems Council

Welded Steel Tube Institute West Coast Lumber Inspection Bureau Western Wood Moulding & Millwork Producers Western Wood Products Association

Wire Reinforcement Institute

Wood & Synthetic Flooring Institute of America

Wooden Box Institute

Woodworking Machinery Manufacturers of America

Writing Instrument Manufacturers Assn., Inc. Zinc Institute

82
APPENDIX F. STATE AND LOCAL WEIGHTS AND MEASURES ACTIVITY SUMMARY (EXCERPTS), 1974-1975

[256]

Arkansas .

A two-month study program was conducted

with moisture meters at public grain elevators

beginning November 1, 1974. After extensive

field work the following conditions were

found: outdated charts, poor environmental

conditions, inaccurate weighing devices

(approximately 90 percent were adjusted), and

failure to use temperature corrections. All of tne preceding are detrimental to correct

and accurate moisture determination. Therefore, in addition to moisture meters, charts,

operating procedures, and scales are checked.

Scales were adjusted when official testing

began January 3, 1975.

Coloraao .

*Je initiated and implemented testing of

tuning forks used with the Doppler radar gun for traffic speed control. Mr. David Allan,

Time and Frequency Division, NBS-Boulder,

Colorado, gave us expert advice in procedure

testing. The basic principle of operation of tnese guns is that the radar signal reflected

from a moving vehicle is shifted in frequency

by an amount directly proportional to the

speed of the venicle relative to the radar

gun. Ae nave tested all of the Colorado

Hignway Patrol equipment and equipment in several of our larger cities.

NBS-Boulder recommended an equipment con- figuration that would be relatively easy to set up, operate, and reassemble (also inexpensive at $400 to $500); yet, with sufficient accuracy, it is traceable to the

primary frequency referenced and operated by

iJBS-Boul der. You may readily see assistance

in court cases when tuning forks are certified

Florida .

This nas been a Dig year for our computerized nonfood package inspection program. Se- lective testing of these types of packages has

revealed some rather large scale snortages in certain areas. Our inspections indicated

over one-half million pounds of charcoal had

been snipped into Florida that was short

weight, mucn of it oy more than 10 percent.

We also found large quantities of antifreeze/engine coolant to be snort measure. These products were withheld from sale and

required to oe returned to tne packagers.

Tney were tnen replaced by tne packagers on

a one-for-one basis with packages inspected

at our metrology laboratory in Tallahassee

before distribution. This operation turned

out to be very costly for the packagers and very time consuming for our Bureau of

Weights and Measures personnel. Our packages inspection program always receives

good coverage in the press; and because of

the amounts involved, more than usual

prominence was given to stories about

tnese two items in all news media.

Our taximeter testing program, which we started several years ago, has proven very effective. The majority of taxi companies

now maintain their meters in reasonably

good condition, and we find few serious

violations. We now have accurately laid out test courses for checking these meters

in all major cities of Florida which have

taxi fleets. Our testing of odometers on rental cars and trucks is also quite

effective, although we occasionally find

a new model whose odometer is grossly out

of tolerance, apparently because of being

equipped witn improper gears. We have

recently had to reject more than 80 percent

of two models tested of a popular brand of

rental car for overregistration. . .

As chairman of the iJational Conference

on Wei gilts and Measures this year, over one hundred presentations on the metric system

were made in Florida, as well as other

states. These include appearances before

professional and technical societies,

civic clubs, women's organizations, scnool

groups, as well as newspaper interviews,

television shows and discussions with

members of Congress. It is our sincere

hope that the 94th Congress will enact metric legislation committing this country

to planned voluntary conversion programs. Weights and measures officials will have a large responsibility in providing an orderly transition in the marketplace from

the customary system of measurement to the

metric system. We can play a major part in helping to educate the consuming public to understand this system and appreciate the

value of making the conversion.

Georgia.

A heavy count of non-consumer goods has

been getting "stop sale" flags and the

commodities have been returned to the

processors--parti cul arly because of snort weignt or short fill. Items include salt

blocks, feeds, fertilizers, seeds, pesti33
cides, detergents for sprays, and packaged

nails. Some items involved package counts

of several tfiousand bags or boxes. A review

of packaging systems has been instituted on tnese and otiier items of commerce to help

keep packaging problems to a minimum.

Indiana .

vie are pleased also with the success of our Moisture Testing Device Program. Approximately 1,600 devices have been inspected

tiiis past year. Of this number, approximately 10 percent have been condemned.

Juring the past summer, a special project

of testing gasoline pump meters was initiated

witn the employment of three college students.

Tnis program was found to be very significant

due to the number of pumps that had not been

tested for several years and were found to be

in a deplorable state. The special project

nas Degun again tnis spring with the use of

four CETA employees the Division has employed

to continue the testing of gasoline pump meters.

Kansas .

In public relations activities, our annydrous ammonia safety program took on new aspects. Stress was put on an educational

program for dealers, farmers, and transport

trucking industries in regard to the two hazardous products of propane and anhydrous

ammonia. The anhydrous ammonia program which

we innerited in 1958 now takes over half of

the office time of the Division along with

the increasea night educational programs and

daily inspections and complaints.

Tne Division has had more court cases involving weights and measures personnel and

the laboratory this past year. Short weight

packaging cases were won on the ability of

the inspectors to prove equipment and test weights and measures were accurate. Field

men had to prove their ability and background

in training for the work. A presentation of

certificates, as provided by the Office of

Weights and Measures, National Bureau of

Standards, showing proof of training was necessary. Traceability was the major factor

in completing one of the nighway overload

cases in McPherson County, Kansas.

Massachusetts .

Current legislation being considered will

give the Division of Standards and municipal

weights and measures officials the authority

to examine and test the operation of auto- mated electronic retail checkout systems.

Such authority will extend to systems

whether there is a scale involved or not. Legislative concern was directed to the

fact that there should be a monitoring

agency to make inspections from time to time to determine whether the advertised

or posted price was in agreement with that

programmed in the computerized checkout

system. This legislation will provide the

necessary authority for weights and measures officials to make such inspections.

The Division of Standards is in the

process of acquiring a new combination

motor-method and research-method octane machine to be utilized in the enforcement

of statutes relating to the Motor Fuel Sales Act. This new unit will replace a research-method unit which has been used

for many years and must necessarily be

reti red.

Missouri .

New program emphasis has been given to the bait-and-switch operation. Legal

action has been taken against six operations,

resulting in four being closed. Fine

cooperation has existed between the Weights

and Measures Division and the Attorney

General ' s Office.

An additional change in program emphasis

is taking place on a joint effort basis

between the Division of Water Safety and

the Weights and Measures Division. All marinas on our lakes are being inspected

on accuracy of the petroleum dispensers

and inspection of petroleum in storage

tanks. We will completely inspect some 572

marinas during May, June, July, August,

and September 1975.

Nebraska .

There are two problems that stand out as challenges for the Division. One is the

problem of high-shrink packaged products.

A great deal of time is being spent on research of these various products with

cooperation from the industries involved.

The second challenge is in the area of

uniformity between our neighboring states. The more involved a state becomes in the

weights and measures field, the more

obvious it is that we must work together

to eliminate a problem existing in our State which may also be existing in a neighboring state or any other state in the nation. This is a difficult task due

to the different laws and regulations in each state.
New Jersey .

Investigations of complaints involving

faulty water meters disclosed that thousands

of utility-type water and electric meters are under our weights and measures jurisdiction.

Data is being compiled as to the total number

of meters, types, and sizes so that a test program can be formulated.

Initial type approval tests conducted on four manufacturers' parking meters have not yet been completed, pending manufacturing

changes and the possibility of code changes

to be considered at the 60th National

Conference on Weights and Measures.

The investigation of one complaint uncov- ered large scale short measure deliveries of

gasoline to schools, municipal garages, and

police departments. This was accomplished by tne drivers riding with the tickets in the meters and charging for the last drop for the

total deliveries. Two men are facing criminal action in addition to 31 weights and measures violations.

The lumber enforcement section has uncov- ered a scheme where at least four lumber

dealers were substituting southern yellow

pine for other designated species, resulting

in overcharges of at least 10 percent. There

is nothing inherently wrong with yellow pine;

however, it is a much cheaper product.

There are at least three current investigations being conducted with federal and state investigative agencies involving short measure deliveries on contracts of federallyfunded programs, one of which is a school

lunch program.

New Mexico .

A concerted effort was made this past

winter to test all construction material

hopper scales in the State. As with all new programs, tnere was some resistance; but most of the ready-mix concrete, sand, and

gravel dealers welcomed our inspection.

Rejections ran as high as 50 percent on first

inspection in some areas of the State. Major

problems involved maintenance of equipment.

Most objections raised were on the supposedly

restrictive tolerances applied to sand and

gravel scales.

Jewelers' scales represent another area of

increased activity. These scales, at trading

posts as well as jewelry stores, are used to buy and sell turquoise, silver, gold, and otner materials used to make handmade jewel ry. Rejection rates were very low for these

balances and scales compared to other types

of weighing devices.

Package checking activities were extended

to two new areas: large packages, such as pet foods, livestock feed, and garden sup- plies; and petroleum products, especially

motor oil. The initial round on large

packages uncovered many violations in short

fill and labeling. Subsequent inspections

found many of these problems corrected.

Short fill on motor oil was often found,

but not consistently. In other words,

quantity control seems to be an area of

managerial concern in some firms but not in others.

Vi rgi nia .

OUTSTANDING COURT CASES : Top management

of a tobacco warehouse in southwest Virginia

was found guilty of improper record keeping

and for taking more tobacco than represented.

Each party was fined $113.75 and ordered to pay six farmers for the 145 lbs of tobacco

they were shortweighted. Similar charges

against the weigher are still pending, but cannot be heard since the defendant is in jail in another state.

A court case against a Richmond beef

company was terminated in Virginia's favor

when the judge ordered forfeiture of the

$300 bond and issued an attachment for the

manager's arrest.

Top management of a large supermarket

chain was convicted and fined $1,000 plus

$6.25 court costs on one charge and was fined $1,000 for each of six additional

charges. However, the charges were sus- pended for one year, providing no further

violations are found.

A warrant was issued against a service

station manager for pouring water into

antifreeze. Laboratory tests indicated

that the antifreeze being sold by this

station contained approximately 33 percent

water. The judge found the defendant

guilty and fined him $25 plus $6.25 court

costs.

OTHER HIGHLIGHTS : Since Virginia discontinued calibrating vehicle compartments,

we have encouraged industries to provide

the necessary facilities for performing this

service. During the past year another

company began calibrating tank compartments.

This makes three private businesses now in Virginia that are performing tank calibrations according to the requirements as set forth in National Bureau of Standards

85
Handbook 44. We train personnel performing

these calibrations and make spot checks to determine if they are following recognized

methods as well as performing accurate calibrations.

WORLD'S LARGEST SUBMARINE SANDWICH : On Sunday, March 16, 1975, Inspector G. W. Diggs

certified the world's largest submarine sandwich. The sandwich, made by the University of

Ricnmond's Student Union, was 796 feet long

and weighed 1,370 pounds. The certification

was necessary for recognition in the "Guiness

Book of World Records."

Wasnington .

Our participation in the third Tri -State

Weignts and Measures Training Seminar was the

nighliglit of our training efforts this year. Tne seminar, with Lyman Holloway of Idaho as host and Richard A. Smitli of the National Bureau of Standards as training officer, was

a very positive meeting. Representatives of area scale firms provided the technical aspect

of the day devoted to weighing devices. John

Larsen, president of Petroleum Dynamics, Inc. of Los Angeles, provided the technical aspect

in the measuring field. Harry Couden from

the Oakland office of Safeway gave us a com- prehensive overview on prepackaging. It is anticipated that we will make this venture an annual event with an attempt to establish the

toird week in March each year as our meeting

date.

One of the interesting surveys in which we participated was that covering cedar shingle

and shake products which is a rather extensive industry in our area. We found that the

shingle aspect of the industry seemed to be well organized, well supervised, and basically

witnout problems. The shake industry, how- ever, was fraught with problems to the point

that the industry welcomed our activities in cneckineasuri ng and inspection at the shake

mill level. Our survey resulted in a definite improvement in quality and quantity, as well as serving as a stimulus for better

inspection on the part of the inspector

serving under the auspices of the industry.

Wi sconsi n .

The third year of the LP-vapor meter program indicates a significant increase in compliance. The larger companies have

obtained test equipment to begin their own test program, while others have undertaken

extensive replacement of meters. Test meters

are adjusted in the laboratory and a complete

training session is given to company personnel

on tne proper testing and adjusting of meters.

The successful prosecution of an LP-gas

company has strengthened this enforcement

program.

Ventura County, California .

VARIABLE FREQUENCY OF INSPECTION : This

program, reported on at the 1973 National

Conference on Weights and Measures, is now

in full operation. We now have only 5 inspectors checking devices compared to 7 before. Next year will see us reduce this

by 1 more. We have not experienced any decline in devices found out of compliance

with the less frequent inspection.

COMPLAINTS : Weights and measures com- plaints are running 17 percent ahead of last year. In the past 5 years complaints have

increased by about 200 percent. This

dramatic increase is due to newspaper publicity and our educational programs. More consumers are becoming aware of the Depart- ment and the help it can give. Also, con- sumers today are tired of many fraudulent

practices in the marketplace, service

stations, and other stores and are quicker

to file a complaint. Complaints received

by the Consumer Affairs Division are showing the opposite trend and are down 9 per- cent from last year, which is also due to newspaper publicity and our educational

programs. Consumers know how to handle

their complaints now and are more knowledgeable in avoiding problem areas. Dollar

savings are 36 percent ahead of last year

and over $75,000 has been returned to con- sumers since the Division's inception.

Washtenaw County, Michigan .

During this past year, this Department

has instituted ten cases in the courts. Of

these cases only two resulted in guilty

pleas, proving that nothing comes easy any

more. One case against a corporation for

false advertising has been resolved in a court judgment of guilty. Another case against an oil company for possession and

operation of an illegal device has also

resulted in a judgment of guilty. Four cases are still not resolved by the

courts. Two are felonies, one in which the

president of a small meat processing corporation jumped a $2,000 bond and headed west. When efforts to reach him in Bakersfield,

California, failed, it was learned that he went to Mexico. One unfinished case concerns

the failure of a coin operated car wash to post a sign for the return of money when

equipment fails to operate. This case has

caused some confusion in the process as it

86
invokes Handbook 44 and its tie-in with the

Michigan law. The judge, at first, was under

the impression that this was a federal regu- lation formulated by federal bureaucrats who

had sprung it on the unsuspecting and uninformed business community. He was ready

to dismiss the case on advice of defense

counsel when we were able to convince him

that his suspicions were wrong and that the

National Conference on Weights and Measures

is, in fact, a wholly democratic commitment

by state and local officials.

Birmingham, Alabama

We are now keeping a percentage record of

package condemnations in all our prepack

stores. This enables us to concentrate on the stores with the highest percentage records

with follow-up inspections. To date, this

procedure has worked very well. This enables

us to keep our Division inspectors in the area where they are most needed. We are also trying this method of inspection in the testing

of motor fuel dispensers.

Dallas, Texas .

The second program involves a new test purchasing program; purchasing advertised

products from the retail food stores, with

the stores' main offices then buying the

products back. We feel this is a very unique

program in that we have the full cooperation

and backing of the food industry. We agreed

with management that we would give the stores

the first opportunity to correct any discrepancies we might uncover. If they failed to correct the discrepancy, then we would take

the necessary steps to insure compliance

under tne law. Under tnis program we can purchase any item advertised through any

media at any time. We then record the findings as to overcharges, items not available

although advertised, misleading price tags,

etc. At the end of the day we return all purchased items to a central location and

receive our reimbursement. The management is contacted and the results are discussed.

Since the inception of this program we have

cut down the complaints of overcharging at the checkout counters, misrepresenting prices,

and advertising products tnat are unavailable.

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania .

NEWSWORTHY ITEMS : The Indiana State Depart- ment of Weights and Measures shares some billing in this unusual matter of short measure in

a liquid commodity sold to certain members of

a profession. The investigation confirmed

the complaint for the 16-fluid ounce product;

it was found to have shortages from 1/8 to 1/4 fluid ouncel Thus, the users of the

commodity could not really give tne recipient a full measure of . . . embalming fluid.

87
APPENDIX G. DIRECTORY OF STANDARDS LABORATORIES AND CAPABILITIES

[309]

This section charts the various calibration capabilities of members and other participating standards laboratories. The information for this section has been transcribed from

the questionnaires received from the participating laboratories through February 1976 and

should not be construed as an endorsement or rating of the individual laboratories by

either THE NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF STANDARDS LABORATORIES (NCSL), or THE NATIONAL BUREAU

OF STANDARDS (NBS).

The laboratories are listed in zip code order.

Availability of calibration services is indicated by (0) when limited to parent organization only, (F) when calibration is generally available on a fee basis, and (N) indicates

calibration on a no-fee basis (the latter group consists of some State Weights and Measures

Laboratories). In the first column, the asterisk (*) indicates that the laboratory is a member of NCSL.

CD

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"7 4 2 F RAYTHEON CCVPANY 0 1778 0 0 0 0 G 0 RCA 0 I 80 I 0 0 0 0 0 yANCiB cc. 01 803 F I-CNEYWELL INC. 01 803 F F F *MC«C*AVE ASSOCIATES, INC. 0 1803 0 0 0 n 0 0 0 0 o

*fiAYT)-ECN CCNPANY 01810 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 LMV. OF LO*ELL RESEARCH FOUND 01 854 F F F F F F F TRANSITRCN ELECTRONIC CORP. 01880 0 0 0 0 0 0 *AVCC CORP. 01 887 F F F F F F F F F F F F F F *FC;^«CRC CO. 02035 F F F F F F F F

RAYTHEON COW 02062 F •STCNE + WEESTER ENGINEERING CO 02 107 0 0 0 0 0 G G o O G 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 «C^AFLES STARK CRAPEP LABCRATOR 02 1 39 0 0 0 0 0 RAYTHEON COMPANY 02 154 F r F HEVhLETT PACKARD CC. 02 154 F

CEnERAL DYNAMICS CCPPORATIQN 02 169 ITEK CCFP. 02 1 73 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 G 0 EFPLEY LAECRATCRY, INC. 02840 F F F •RAYTHEON CCVPANY 02671 F F F F F F (- F KCLLSWAN I NST . CO

03053 0 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

•SANOFfiS ASSOCIATES. INC. 03060 F F F F F F F F F F F EATH IRON XCPKS CORP. 04530 0 C 0 *FRtCISICN INSPECTION INC. 06051 F F

• CCMrlLSTICN ErJGINEERING INC. 06095 0 O 0 0 0 0 0 G 0 •PRATT & »FITMFY AIRCRAFT 06 108 0 D 0 Q 0 0 G 0 n 0 O G O c 0 0 0 0 0

•CFNEPAL DYNAMICS CCRFCRATION 06 340 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 *WCrPE bPFCIAL TCCL CO.. INC. 06607 0 0 •FERKIN FLMER CORP. 068 10 0 0 0 c 0 r 0 o 0 o G HARPEL. INC. 06855 0 •INCAL SERVICE CCRP. 06902

88
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CAPITAL MAGNETIC PRODUCTS 06906 0 0 0 C 0 0 0 0 Q 0 G KFL INDUSTRIES, INC. 07005 0 0 0 ELANCHETTE TOOL + GAGE MFG. CO 070 12 F F F r ITT —DEFENSE COMMUNICATIONS 01 07014 0 0

* ITT--A V ICMCS OIVISICN 07014 0 0 0 0 0 0 *LOCKHE£C ELECTRONICS CO., INC. 0706 1 F F F F F F F F F F F F CRANETZ ENGINEERING LABS. INC. 07080 0 hONEYWELL INC. 07090 F F F F XESTCN INSTRUMENTS. INC. 07 1 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o Q *CCDI CORF. 074 1 0 F •SINGER COMPANY 07424 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 eENCIX CCRPCRATICN 07608

RCA 0a057 0 0 0 c 0 *E*EETMAN CALIBRATION SERVICES 08109 F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F METTLER INSTRUMENT CCRFOPATION 08520

RCA 08540 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 r) RCA SOLIC STATE DIVISION 08876 o 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 COX CCMPANY 10003 0 0 0 0 0 MLSSCN ELECTRICAL LABORATORY, 10 0 13 F F ELECTRICAL TESTING LABCRATORIE 1002 1 F F F F F F F F F F F F F JULIE PESEAPCH LAB. 10 023 Q 0 ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENT SERVICE, 10 550 F F F F F SPERRY GYROSCOPE 11020 Q 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Q TURNER EALANCES AND WEIGl-TS 1 I 040 GRUMMAN AEROSPACE CORP. 11714 F F F F F F F F F F F F F GENERAL ELECTRIC CCMPANY 12345 GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY 13201 F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F NIAGARA MOHAWK POWER CORP. 13202 Q 0 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Q Q SPEFPY RAND CORP. 13 501 0 0 0 0 0 0 C 0 EENCIX CCRPCRATICN 13838 LNICN CARelCE CCRPCRAT ION 14 150 F F F F F F F EASTMAN KCOAK COMPANY I 4650 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 0 EASTMAN KCDAK CCMPANY 14650 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WEST INGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORPORAT I 5230 0 0 o 0 o O c o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 *£ST I NGhOUSE ELECTRIC COMPANY 1 5235 0 0 C 0 0 0 0 CANNON INSTRUMENT CCMPANY 16801 AMF , 1 NC

17 105 0 0 0 0 o 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HAMILTON TECHNCLCGY, INC. 1 7604 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 GAGE LAB CCFPQRATtON 190O6 F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F CLIFTCN FRECISION 190 18 Q O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o CENERAL ELECTRIC 19 10 1 0 0 C 0 0 o o 0 0 AMERICAN INSTRUMENT SERVICE, I 19 12 3 F F F F F F F F HCNEYHELL I NC

19406 F F F F EMERSCN ELECTRIC CO. 19440 F F AMERICAN ELECTRONIC LABS., INC 19 446 F F F F F F F F LEEDS + NOPThRUP COMPANY 1 9454 F F F F FLD ASSOCIATES 19454 BIODLE. JAMES G. COMPANY 19462 F COMSAT LAPCBATCRIES 20734 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 FAIRCHILC SPACE + ELECTRONICS 20767 F F F F F F F F F F F F

89
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LAKE CENTER INCUS. 55987 0 0 c 0 o *MO*EST CAGE LAeCRATORY 60 00 7 F F F F RANK FPECIStON INDUSTRIES. INC 6001 8 0 NCTCPCLA. INC. 60 172 0 0 o 0 ARGCNNE NATICNAL LAPCRATCRY 60639 0 0 o

I£T RESEARCf- INSTITUTE 60616 F F F F F HESTERN ELECTRIC COMPANY 60623 o 0 0 o 0 O 0 o O HONEYWELL INC. 60634 F F F F F eCOONNELL OCUGLAS COPP. 63 166 F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F •EENDIX CORPORATION

*BEECH AIBCRAFT CORPORATION 67 20 1 0 O 0 0 0 o 0 O 0 0 O 0 0 BEECH AIRCRAFT CORP. 6720 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 eCEING COMPANY 6721 0 F F F F F F F F F F F F F BOCKkELL INTERNATIONAL - TULSA 74151 F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F TUCKER ELECTRONICS COMPANY 75040 F F F COLLINS PADIO COMPANY 75080 F F F F GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY 75220 F F F F F SCHLUMBERGER WELL SERVICES 77001 0 0 O 0 0 O RUSKA INSTRUMENT CCRFQRATION 77036 F F F hCNEYWELL INC. 77042 F F F LCCKhEEC ELECTRONICS CO.. INC. 77058 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 0 G O 0 O TEXAS METROLOGY LAB. 73701 F TRACCfi, INC. 78721 0 0 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 D O 0 Rf-CCES-CKCOS LABORATORIES 78724 F F F F F *I»ASCN + HANGER-SILAS MASON CO. 79177 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CNEYWELL INC. 80217 F F F F CCLCfiADC ENGINEERINC EXPERIMEN 80302 F ROCKWELL INTERNATIONAL 80401 0 0 0 0 0 C o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 l-EWLETT PACKARD CO. 80537 F F AEROJET NUCLEAR COMPANY 8340 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 ^tRCULES INC. 84 044 0 0 o o o o 0 n SPERRY RAND CORP. 84 1 16 0 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 THICKCL CORP. 84302 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HONEYWELL INC. 85017 F F F F GARRETT CCRFORATION 85034 0 0 0 Q 0 0 0 0 0 D 0 SANDIA LABS 87115 F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F LOCKHEED ELECTRONICS CO. I NC

8800 I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 EG+G INC. 89 101 F F F F F F F F F F F F F QUALITY CONTROL COMPANY 90004

t-CNEYWELL INC. 90040 F F F F F F HUGHES AIRCRAFT COMPANY 90230 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C o 0 0 0 O 0 POCKWELL INTERNATIONAL 90241 XEROX CCRPCPATICN 90245 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 NCRTHFOF COPP. 90 250 0 0 Q 0 0 0 0 0 o o 0 VCLUMETSICS <50301 F F F F

GENERAL ELECTRIC IN STRUM EN T AT I 90 30 1 F F F F F GAUGE REPAIR SERVICE 90304 F o MCCONNELL OCUGLAS CORPORATION 90846 0 0 0 c 0 0 0 O O o o 0 CALIFCRMA INSTITUTE OF TECHNO 91 103 0 Q 0 0 O 0 0 0 0 o BELL + HCWELL ELECT. + INSTR. 91 109 0 0 0 0 o G 0

91
ION >-

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LABORATORIES ZIP lELECT ELECT ELEC TIME

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AUTON

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RADIO!

TFLECYNE SYSTEMS CO. <5 1 22* F F F F F F F F F F »LITTCN GUIDANCE + CCNTKOL SYST <3 1 364 0 0 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 CERTIFIED SERVICES <5 I 40 6 F F F F F F F •LITTON SYSTEMS, INC. 91409 o 0 0 0 »^ATIC^AL ASTRO LABS., INC. <5 1 £05

• LCCKHE E C-C AL I FCRM A COMPANY <9 1 520 F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F »AEPCJ?T ELECTROSYSTEMS COMPANY 9 1 702 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 O 0 0 CFNEPAL CYNAM ICS/POMCNA DIVISI 9 1766 F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F TELEDYNE RYAN AERONAUTICAL 92 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 *CENERAL DYNAMICS CCRPORATION 92 136 F F F F F F GENERAL DYNAMICS CCRFORATICN 92 1 38 F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F CELESCC INOLSTRIES. INC. 92626 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 0 AEROJET 'AM.F ACTUR I NG CO. 92631 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 EECKMAN INSTRUMENTS. INC. 92634 F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F NCDGNNELL DCUGLAS ASTRONAUTICS 92647 F F F F F F F F F F F F F F

* AERCSUTfiCN 1 C- FCRO CCFPCRATION 92663 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 *ENOE VCG 92675 F ROCKWELL INTERNATIONAL 92803 F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F DALMC VICTOR COMPANY 94002 F p F F F F F F FAIRCHILD CAMERA AND INSTRUMEN 94 04 2 0 0 Q 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 FEWLETT PACKARD CO. 94043 F F F A«FEX CCFPCRATION 94063 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HEWLETT PACKARD CD. 94086 F LCCKHEEO MISSILES AND SPACE CO 94088 F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F *EST INGFOUSE ELECTRIC CCRFORAT 94088 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

VAP IAN 94303 F F F F F F F F F F F F F F •FE*LETT PACKARD CC. 94304 F FE*LETT PACKARD CO. f 94304 F HEWLETT PACKARD CC

9*3 04 F F F F F F F <ATK I hS- JCHNSCN CO. 94304 KAISER AERCSPACE + ELECTRONICS 94 306 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

» S YSTRCN -DCNNER 94518 0 0 0 0 HONEYWELL INC. 94 5 45 F F F F LMVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 94550 0 0 0 E-H RESEARCH LABORATORY, INC. 94604 F HEWLETT PACKARD CO. 95050 F F F F F •HCNEYWELL INC. 95110 F F F F F HEWLETT PACKARD CC

9 5 401 F TELETEK ENTERPRISES, INC. 95670 F F F F F F F TEKTRONIX, INC. 97077 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ELECTRO-SCIENTIFIC INDUSTRIES, 97229 F JOHN FLUKE HFG, CO.. INC. 98043 F F F HCNEYWELL INC. 98 109 F F F F BOEING COMPANY 98124 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ATLANTIC RICHFIELD HANFORO CO. 99352 0 0 0

92
GOVERNMENT LABORATORIES

0 SERVICE TO PARENT ORGANIZATION ONLY

F CALIBRATION SERVICES AVAILABLE ON A FEE BASIS

N CALIBRATION SERVICES AVAILABLE ON A NO FEE BASIS

LABORATORIES ZIP 5 <£ S

o Q a

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CePAHTMEKT CF NATICNAL DEFENCE

*NAVAL UNDER»ATER SYSTEMS CENTE OZSaO

*FCfiT SMOOTH NAVAL SMIFYARO 03801

•U.S. ARMY ELECTRONICS COMMAND 07-'03 *tE« CUMBERLAND ARMY DEPOT 17070 *NAVY EASTERN STDS LAB 20374 •DEPARTMENT CF DEFENSE 20755

*l-AfiRY DIAMOND LABS. AMXDC-EDG- 20783 NCAA/NOIC 20852

U.S. NAVAL SURFACE xEAPONS CEN 20910 NAVAL AIR REWORK FACILITY 370 23511 NCRFOLK NAVAL SHIPYARD 23709

*L.S. MARINE CORPS 31704

TYPE II STANDARDS LABORATORY 32508 •LNDERKATER SOUND REFERENCE OIV 32806

*NAS A/ I N-WSO-A 32899

•L.S. ARMY METRO + CALIB CENTER 35809 NASA 35812 •TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY 37*01 •NATIONAL CCEANCGRAPHIC INSTR. 39520 •AEOOSPACE GLITANCE + METROLOGY 43055 CEPARTMENT CF THE ARMY 47250

L.S. ARMY RCCK ISLAND ARSENAL 61603

•NASA JOHNSON SPACE CENTER 77058

•LSN METRCLCCY ENGINEERING CENT 91766

•NAVAL AIR CEoORK FACILITY 9*301 •U.S. eONNEVILLE POWER ADMIN. 98660

STATE LABORATORIES

WASSACHLSETTS . COMMONWEALTH OF 02108

0330 1 04330

05602 06115

NEW HAMPSHIRE BUREAU OF »TS + MAINE DEFT CF AGRICULTURE

VERMONT OEPT OF AGRICULTURE CCNNECTICUT STATE OFFICE BLDG

NEW JERSEY STATE 08625 PENNSYLVANIA, COMMONWEALTH OF 17120

CEL. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 19901 MARYLAND DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 20746 VIRGIN!' DEFT CF AGRICULTURE + 23219

NORTH CARCLINA DEPT OF AGPICUL 27611

S. C. DEFT CF AGRICULTURE 29211 GEORGIA DEPT CF AGRICULTURE 30050

ALA. DEFT CF AGRICULTURE + I NO 36109 TENNESSEE DEPT CF AGRICULTURE 37 204

0 O

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93
STATE LABORATORIES

0 SERVICE TO PARENT ORGANIZATION ONLY

F CALIBRATION SERVICES AVAILABLE ON A FEE BASIS

N CALIBRATION SERVICES AVAILABLE ON A NO FEE BASIS

<_3

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LABORATORIES ZIP

KENTUCKY DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 40601

INDIANA DIV OF WEIGHTS + MEASU 46206 NICHIGAN CEPT OF AGRICULTURE 48913 *ISCCNSIN DEPT OF AGRICULTURE 53705 MNNESOTA CEPT OF PUBLIC SERVI 55403

NORTH DAKOTA PUBLIC SERVICE CC 58501 ILLINOIS DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 62706

MSSOUfil DEPT OF AGRICULTURE 65701 KANSAS DEPT OF AGRICULTURE 66612 ARKANSAS WEIGHTS + MEASURES LA 72209

OKLAHOMA STATE DEPT. OF AGRICU 73105 CCLORAOC DEFT OF AGRICULTURE 80211 KYOVING DEPT OF AGRICULTURE 82001

IDAHO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUR 83701 LTAH CEPT OF AGRICULTURE 84107

NEVADA CEPT OF AGRICULTURE 89501 BUREAU CF WEIGHTS + MEASURES 95814

hAWAII. STATE DEPARTMENT OF AG 96814

CREGCN AGRICULTURE DEPT 97310

ALASKA STATE 99503

94
APPENDIX H. NBS CALIBRATION ACTIVITY SUMMARY FOR FISCAL YEAR 1975 [255,271J.

Table H-1. Calibration data for NBS by state

Publ ic Government Total

^L/ U 1 1 L Cr\ 1 1 n + Tnc -t- Count LOS u

Al abama 10 $ 1 ?fi7 4) I / 1 , 000 97n t 1 79 fiTT Al aska 0 n nu nu u Ar i zona 43 u n to 1/1 /I Arkansas 0 0 n nu u

Cal i forn i a 613 237 805 48 37 ?84 UD 1 07c CIO, nfiQ uoy

Col orado 101 33,242 Ql fl

1 Uo Jt , 1 D^- Connecti cut 116 41 4fi3 n u 1 1 D Del awa rp 2 c. UU n u District Columbia 17 7 ,283 8nOU 48HO , 7nn / UU Q7 i^t; no -J Fl or i da 81 1 344 11 ao 8 /177 QQ J ,0^ 1 Georgi a 40 1 \J 3 U 1 O 1 OHU AT1

i D , jDo

Hawai i 1 1 50 n nu

1

1 1 DU Idaho 4 1 333 0u nu 1 , 0 JO

11 1 i noi s 44 14,066 A 11 5 11 74/ t 1 0 , C^\J

Indiana 40 1 1 3S7 1 dl 7 4.1 1 1 77Z1 Iowa 4 1 ,063 0 0 4 1 , uo 0 Ka n s a s 5 nu nu

c0 7 c;n

/ oU Kentuc ky 20 5 ,632 03 , fian uou y 5 0 1 6 Loui s i ana 12 6,1 92 n n 1 ? 1 Q9

Mai ne 5 752 0 n •J 7R? / 0^ Maryl and 113 81 ,531 30 27 69? 143 IDQ 9?'i. Massachusetts 1 97 63 040 7 c. J

*T*-r / ?n4 fiR DO 4R7 , H-O / M1 1 i1 rV' h1 1 i1 Q aU n1 1 63 1 6 838 nu 0U D J

1 fi OTP 1 0 ,oOo

Mi nnp<;n1"r^ 87Of 37 387 n nu R7 •37 '3«7 0/ , 00/ M i ^ *s i i n n i Q 3 41fi 3o 11 ?^ H , 4 yo

Mi «^ n 1 J r

82 30 fiQfl n n a? OU30 ,oyu fion Mn1 lu n1 1 tL a n1 1 CI n nu n nu u Nph rfl k fl 1 1C U 1 O N U 1 RJ , JO38Q^ n nu 1 R 0 , Ooy

lie MpuflV u Hu fla

At c 9vn 0 1 47 "3

1 ,4/0

Npw new HflmnchiK*P iiaiii|Joii 1 1 c p; 78n nu nu 9fi fi 7fin 0 , / OU Npw IICW Jpr^pv UCi J CJr 166 37 ,575 46 21 ? fi? 41 7 Npw Mp y i rn o\j dlt 3tin

1 , JJU 3 00

Npw York ooc 1 3Q ?fi7 nu nU

Nnv^th rflrnlinfl •57 0c RQ 11 7/ ftn? 9 ouo

Nn>"fh 1 1U 1 Lll Dfllcntfl u a N U (... u 0c 1 UO nu n r>c 1 R'^ Ohi n PDA 71/ 1 ,'t'tU ^^n 1 3C nk 1 A hriiTia 1 7 O , 03 1 1 ODU 1 0 Q^

'^1 1

) 0 1 1 Ov^prinn \Ji U 1 1 1 c 7 771 1 0 Q ?ni

n nu nu nu n PpnnQ\/l rciiii^jr uflni fl

1 vail 1 o Q4 8fi8 11 ?ftd -/U ) uuo

PiiPK'I'n Rim 1 n n 1 11 11 0u RhnHp TclflnH u 1 8 8Q? n nu 21 8 8Q?

OUULIi ^nii'hh rLfQIUI fl 1 i n fl Ilia CO fi fi?Q nu nu 9^ U 5 u t. 7 South Dfl kntfl 0 0 0 0 0 Tennessee 69 32,125 1 89 70 32,214 Texas 130 36,379 49 13,597 179 49,976

Utah 12 5,024 3 1 ,273 1 5 6,297 Vermont 5 974 0 0 5 974

Vi rginia 48 10,071 25 19,785 73 29,856

Washi ngton 47 40,891 4 1 ,717 51 42,608

West Virginia 7 1 ,943 0 0 7 1 ,943

Wisconsin 26 5,793 0 0 26 5,793

Wyomi ng 2 208 0 0 2 208

Unzipped Entries 32 12,325 3 13,481 35 25,806

TOTALS 3,330 1,234,844 797 542,812 4,127 1 ,777,656

95
Table H-2. Summary of calibration data for FY-75. 1.6 Flatness, Straightness & Roundness 20^ 5.1

Item

1 . 1 Mass, Volume and Density

1.1 A Mass measurement services

I.IB Calibration of reference stds

of mass (individual weights

or weight sets) I.IC Mass Measurement Assurance

Program

I.ID Railroad track scales

I.IG Volume meas. services

I.IH Calibration of reference std

volumetric apparatus

I.IP Density meas. services

I.IQ Density determinations of

liquids or solids

I.IR Reference std hydrometers

1 . 2 Office of Weights and Measures

1.2A Special weights & measures

services

1.2B Weights & measures calibration

(LP gas provers, class F weights , etc.

1.2C Device prototype testing (for

compliance to handbook 44)

1.3 Length

No. Cost

103 37.9

53 21.7

6 2.3

20 6.3

20 6.3

4 1.3

1 .3A

1 .3B

1 .3C

1 .3D

1 .3E

1 .3H

1 .3J

1 .3K

1 .3M

1 .3N

1 .3R

Special length meas. services

Linear thermal expansion--sol ids

Calibration of gage blocks

Gage block thermal expansion

Gage block comparator stylus

tip radius

Line stds--40 in. or less long

Tapes--steel or invar

Surveying instruments--other

Sieves

Haemacytometers

Precision circles

1 .4 Length & Diameter Dimensional

Metrology

1 .4A End stds of length

1.4B Step gage stds of length--

up to 40 inches

1 .4C Plug gages

1.4D Measuring wires for threads

and gears

1.4E Spherical diameter stds--balls

1.4F Internal diam. stds--ring gages

1 . 5 Complex Stds of Length & Diameter

1.5A Plain conical plug & ring gages

1.5B Threaded plug & ring gages

1.5C API threaded plug & ring gages

1 . 5D Master gears

1.5E Length & diameter calipers

1.5F Micrometer screws, dial micrometers

1.5G Penetration needles

1.5H Polariscope tubes

1.5J Two dimensional gages

153 92.9

2 1 .0

84 73.9

(new FY76)

(new FY76)

9 5.9

49 8.3

5 1.7

27 15.1

5 4.4

1 0.5

4 2.4

16 7.3

1 0.5

51 19.7

1 0.7

1 0.1 38 16.0

3 1.2

8 1 .7

(new FY76)

1.6A Optical reference planes--flats 12 3.8

1.6B Surface plates & straight edges 1 0.2

1.6F Roundness stds 3 0.6

1.6G Roundness calibration specimens 3 0.6

1.6H Roundness measurements 1 0.1

1.7 Angular 15^ 7J^

1.7A Angle gage blocks 10 5.8

1.7B Optical polygons 2 1.0

1.7C Angle calipers & step mirrors

1.7D Wedges 2 0.3

1.7E Cylindrical & machinist squares 1 0.1 1.7F Rotary & indexing tables

1.7G Autocol 1 imating telescopes

1 .7H Angle generators

1 .8 Surface Texture 19 13.0

1 .8A Instrument calibration specimens 1 1.8B Surface roughness measurements 18

1 .9 Image Optics and Photography 8

1 .9A Refractive index

1.9B Optical lens evaluation

1 .9C Step tables

1.9D Microscopy resolution test charts

1 .9E Lens test

1.9J Special microdensitometer meas. I 1.9K&L Photographic edge calibrations I 1.9M Photographic sinusoidal calib.

2 . 1 Acoustic Measurements

2.1A Acoustical meas. services

2.1BC&D Microphone WE type 640 AA

or equivalent

2.1H&I Earphones

2.2 Vibration Measurements

,new 'new

'new

11

1

13

0.2

12.8

2.2

1.8

0.4

FY76)

FY76)

FY76)

5.6

0.1

5.6

47 42.1

2.2A Vibration meas. services

2.2BCD&E Vibration pickups

2.2F Shock pickups

2.3 Humidity Measurements

2.3A Humidity meas. services

2.3B&C Dewpoint hygrometers automatic

2.3D&E Dewpoint hygrometers manual

2.3F Electric hygrometer

2.3G Coulometric hygrometer

2.3H Aspirated hygrometer

2.31 Pneumatic bridge hygrometer

2.4 Engineering Mechanics

2.4A Engineering mechanics meas. services

2.4B&C Services of staff members

3 44

11

2.4

39.7

13.1

3.8

0.5

14

1 13

2.4

0.3

2.1

2.5 Calibration of Force Transducers 265 134.

2.5AB&C 100-25,000 Ibf 135 60.8

2.5DE&F 25,001-112,000 Ibf 86 42.9

2.5GH&I 112,001-300,000 Ibf 33 22.6

2.5JK&L 300,001-1,000,000 Ibf 11 8.5

2.5M 1 ,000,001-12,000,000 Ibf

96
Item No. Cost

7 Fluid Quantity & Flow Rate Meters 33 53,,1

2. 7A Flow rate meas. services 2 6,,0 2. 7r Liouid Quantitv meter 10 1 1

, 3 2. 7D Flow rate meter (direct reading) 13 17!.0

2. 7E Flow rate meter (orifice,

nn77lpc l;^nn*n^it" "FT nw pIt ^ Q Q. J

8 Hydraul i cs 3 0,,8

2. 8A Hydraul ic meas. services

2. SB Water current meters 3 0,,8

9 Aerodynamics 24 18,,6

2. 9A Aerodynamic meas. services 8 12,,8

2. 9B Air speed instruments 16 5,,7 2. 9C Pitot-static tubes

1 Resistance Measurements (Electric) 439 87,,1

3. lA Special resistance meas. services

3. IB Resistance Meas. Assurance Prog. 5 2,,2 Standard resistors:

3. IC 4 terminal, Thomas types, 1 ohm 97 14,.7 3. IDE&F 4 terminal, decimal multiples

of 1 ohm 153 30,.6 3. IG&H 2 terminal, ' "

" 73 12.,4 3. 11 Four terminal, other 1 0,,1

"30 • IJ Two terminal, other 2 n r.

3. IKL&M Multiple megohm, 10° ohm up 51 14,,9 3. IN&O Temperature coefficient data

3. IP Pressure coefficient, Thomas-type

3., IQR&S For current meas. (shunts) 54 10,,1 3. IT Adjustable low resistance std 3 1 ,,5

2 Precision Apparatus (Electrical) 86 IL.9_

3. 2A&B Decade variable resistors 1 0.,8 3.,2C Hamon devices 1 0.,3 3.,20 High resistance transfer device

3..2E Precision Wheatstone bridges 1 0,,8

3,. 2F Thermometer bridges 3 3,,1 3,,2G Double ratio set ratio device 1 0,,9

3,, 2H Kelvin ratio box, plug type 3 1 ,,0

3,,2IJ&K Ratio device--resisti ve decade voltage divider 16 5.,6

3., 2L&M Direct reading ratio sets 1 0,,4 O <. 2N0&P Potentiometers 18 1 n 1 C

3,, 2Q&R Inductive voltage dividers 14 3,,4

3,, 2ST&U Fixed dc voltage dividers 27 5,,4

3,,2V&W Silsbee type divider

3,, 2X&Y Measurement Assurance Programs

for dc voltage ratio

3 Impedance Measurements (Electric) 185 39,.5

3,. 3A Special inductance & capacitance meas. services 1 0,.1 3 . 3B Capacitance Meas. Assur. Prog. 1 0 .8 3 . 3CiD Inductors, fixed, self

or mutual 174 36,,4 Standard capacitors:

3 .3EF&G Fixed, 3-terminal 3 1 .0

3 .3H&I Variable or decade 6 1 .3 3 .3J Fixed, fused silica dielectric

4 Voltage Measurements 263 55 .8

3,,4A Special voltage meas. services 4 1 .2

3,.4B Volt transfer program 13 9 .4

3,.4C&D Std cell calibrations 184 40,.8

3..4E Pt thermometer temp, determination of cells in air enclosures, 1 0,

3,.4F Std cell calib., unsaturated

std cell 36 3,.4

•30

.H-uncii ouiiu bLaLc VUlUayc

reference sources 5 0,,3

3,,4J&K Special handling 20 0,,6

5 Electrical Instruments (AC-DC) 102 26,,6

3,.5A Special dc meas. services 1 0,,1 3J ,. ODLaU Krio dC-QC XranSTcr SLQ QP , 1 3,, 5F Ac-dc wattmeters 2 0. 4

3,, 5H 4-terminal ac resistors 1 0. 1

6 Instrument Transformers & Comparators 89 41 . 7

3,.6A Special ac meas. services 18 25. 6

3,,6BCD&E Voltage transformers,

ratio & phase angle 18 2. 2

3,.6G Voltage transformer comparators 2 0. 9

ratio & phase angle 43 10. 7

3,. 6W&X Current transformer comparator 8 2. 2

7 High Voltage & Energy Measurements 103 26. 2

3,,7A Specialized high voltage

meas. services 9 4. 6

3,,7B Resistors a resistive dividers 6 1

2

3,.7D Watthour meters : Measurement

Assurance Program

3,.7EFGH&J Watthour meters 81 19. 7

3,,7KLM&N Kilovoltmeters 6 0. 6

3.,70 High voltage capacitors & capacitance bridges 1 0. 1 3,.7P Kerr electro-optical, pulsevoltage-measuring systems

J .• / \^ A~ I ay Miciuiiiiicbj jJUiic vuiLayc

measuring systems

3,.71 High voltage field calibrations

8 Magnetic Measurements 46. 4,

3.8A Magnetic meas. services

3,,8BC&D Normal induction 2 0.,4

3.,8E&F Demagnetization 1 0.,1 3,,8G&H Permeability 1 0.,1 3..8J&K Magnetic materials, core loss 6 0.,4

3.,8L&M Magnetic materials.

ac permeability 1 0.,1 3,,8P&Q Magnetic testing apparatus 3 0,,1 3,,8R&S Area turns of a search coil 2 0.,1 3,.8T&U Flux meter calibrations 8 0.,5

3,,8V Calibration of a std magnet 21 2,,6

3,,8W Solenoids & Helmholz coils 1 0,,2

9 Dielectric Measurements

3.9A Dielectric constant & dissipation factor

97
Item No. Cost 4 ~ m

4.0 ELECTROMAGNETICS: METROLOGY AT RADIO,

MICROWAVE AND LASER FREQUENCIES

1 Attenuation (RF & Microwave) 184 116.,1

4. lA Special calibrations 18 20.,3 4. IB&C Coaxial fixed attenuators 92 43.,4 4. lEF&G Coaxial variable attenuators 3 3.,1 4. IH Waveguide below-cutoff (piston)

attenuators 53 33..4 4. II&J Coaxial fixed directional

couplers

4. 1 K&L Coaxial variable directional

couplers

4. IM Fixed rectangular waveguide

attenuators 2 1

.3 4. IN Variable rectangular waveguide

attenuators 16 14..7 4. 10 Wideband attenuation or gain

of coaxial networks ( new FY76)

2 Fields (EM) & Antennas 38 47..2

4. 2A Special calibrations 16 40.,0 4.,2BC&D Field strength receivers 12 1 . c

. D

4..2E Loop antennas 3 1

,9

4.,2F Dipole antennas 7 3,.6

4,, 2G Antenna gain

4.,2H Antenna polarization

3 Impedance (RF & Microwave) 206 86,.5

4.,3A Special calibrations 16 16,.1 4., 3B Capacitance meas., 2 terminal 7 1

.4

4,,3C Capacitance meas., 3 terminal 33 7,.8

4..3D Inductance meas. (high Q) 31 18,.1 4,.3E Resistance meas. (low Q) 1 0,.2

4..3F Q-standards 77 7,.3

4,.3G&H Coaxial impedance (magnitude,

phase angle, VSWR, reflection coeff . , phase angle) o o ci 9 .7 4 .21 Reflection coefficient of coaxial terminations (magnitude) 2 1 .2 4 . 2J Reflection coefficient of rect- angular waveguide reflectors

(mismatches) (magnitude only) n 13 .2

4,.3K&L Reflection coefficient of non- reflecting rectangular wave- guide ports & matched loads

(magnitude only) 6 11 .4

.4 Laser Parameters

4

7 4.4A Special calibrations

4.4B Measurement Assurance Programs

for power and energy

4 . 5 Material Properties (Electromagnetic)

4.5A Special calibrations

4.5BCDE&G Permittivity measurements

4.5H Saturation magnetization std

ref. spheres of Fe & Ni

6 Noise Temperature (Effective) 21 35.1

4. 6A Special calibrations 5 8.9

4. 6B&C Coaxial noise generators 6 9.0

4. 6D&E Rectangular waveguide noise sources 11 17.1

7 Phase Shift (RF & Microwave) 9 13.3

4. 7A Special calibrations

4.,7B Fixed coaxial phase shifter

4.,7CD&E Variable coaxial phase shifter 4 3.7

47F Coaxial delay lines

4.,7G Variable reactangular waveguide

phase shifters 5 9.6

4.,7H Pulse time delay (new FY76)

8 Power (RF & Microwave) 273 247.9

4., 8A Special calibrations 76 76.1

4..8B Coaxial bolometer units 70 70.6

4..8C Coaxial bolometer-coupler units 31 20.2

4.,8DE&F Rectangular waveguide

bolometer units 46 50.2

4.,8G&H Rectangular waveguide bolometer-coupler units 16 11.5

4..81 Coaxial peak pulse power meters 13 9.1

4..8J Coaxial S waveguide pulse power meters at 8 2-12 4 GHz 18 7.8

4. 8KAI fnaxial RF calorimeters X RF power meters 3 2.4

9 Voltage (RF & Microwave) 438 111.7

4,.9A Special calibrations 52 29.6

4,. 9B Attenuator-thermoelement

vol tmeters 12 5.1

4.. 9C Thermal voltage converters 230 45.2

4,, 9D RF mill ivol tmeters & RF signal sources

4,. 9E RF micropotentiometers 144 31 .8

4,, 9F Coaxial peak pulse voltmeters

4 .9G Coaxial peak pulse generators

4,, 9H Impulse generator spectrum

amol Lulls' 1 i1 tude V ^ V V- (new FY76)

f\4 ,.91 Pulse generator risetime (new r I / 0

4 .90 Low pass filter risetime (new FY76)

. 1 Frequency Measurements 9 1 U. 1

5 . lA Special time/frequency meas. 9 10.1

5 .IB Frequency meas., 5 & 10 MHz

,0 CRYOGENICS

,1 Laboratory Thermometers 211 80.6

7 . lA Thermometry services 28 53.5

7 . IBCDE&F Laboratory thermometers 142 23.1

7 , IG Calorimeter thermometers 7 1 .4 7 . IH Beckmann thermometer 7 2,2

7 .11 Preliminary examination 19 0.2

7 . IJ Additional copy of report 8 0.1

98
I tem INO

Lost

(k$)

L.? Th oKTnnr" n 1 1 n 1 oc X, T h ovmn p r\i i n 1 o Materials 194 33 .6

11 t ? A Thpy^mnrni inlp rnPri^ Qppx/irPQ Q0 0,.4

7/ <t ?RC—\J Tvnp ijr|-/C *N^ rfll"ih k^ai IU> Vj> 1"LllCilllU^lJUUIC hpv^mn rni i n 1 p qiV \ 14,.1 7 ?r T\/np R \/Q "f" hpv^mnmi J p 1 p 1 ? 1,,5

7 ^ ?nAF Tvnp R uc 1" hp KTnn rn 1 1 nl p Q0 1

.0

7 ?F R^QP rnp1";^ 1 \/c 1"hpy"rnnrniinl p 1i 0,.1 7 IIICiIIIU^-UUpiC lilOUCi Id lb Leo LCU a^UlllOL 3p3Tnc'h Pf- rL 1"UflCiMIUCIC^wLI h pv^mnp 1 Pi" 1" K'l r c1"H IL> oLU in 1..7 7 ?H rnrnn^nQon r^ilih npp no i n 1" Q0 0,.9

7

/ «.t.I\l_ull JijM T\/np \ ^ UQ mpl";^ 1 "Fv^ppyinn irhc J O Vo. MlcUal liccz.liiy pLo L J 10,.4 7 ?M^tn P^y^^^h^ p nn f pn 1" 1 nmp"i"

Q0 0.,5

7 ,£.r\oai v^uiiifJai louii vs. Liici iiiuc i

Lrf IL bLUj WILlI iL rcblbU

Ctrl^C a n r* o +"LMCi h ov"mnmo+' lllUlltcrLci o 3..0

7., 2U Type T thermocouple 3 0,.1

Doc'ic'hsnr'P Thp v^mnmo'l" o

rxtro 1 b LuFlUc 1 ilCl MIUIMCtCl D 0 1 34,,7

7.. 3A Resistance thermometry

lllcab . oci V ILco 0

L 2..2 7 '^Riir 1 nnn ctom PPT 1

23,,1 7 ,0U'5n P^ilnv*"! UulUi IIHcLi mo ^Y'\clU "hv/no ty pt: PPT r r\ 1 7 ?FAF r;^n^ijlp tvnp PRT 1 i 9,.2

7 ouocii '^fiJiH r\uuiLiuiiui Arlrlitinnfll rnnipc uupicb ui v^pnnvhc icpui lo 7 0,.3

7 , OU rtcabUicillcllU MboUrQlH-C riUyiulM

7 , or ucrinall lUMi r cb 1 b LdilLc Lilci lllUlilcLcr capsule type

4 Radiation Thermometry 56 25..9

7,, 4A Radiation thermometry meas.

bc r V 1 Lcb 7 , U

7 i'tUV^L/OII- dRfDJ^iF Ontir;!! \J\j \, \ \^<X \ n\/rnmptprQ YJ 1 U1 i 1 C L C 1 b 0?11 15.,7 7., 4F&G Ribbon f i 1 ament- 1 amp 18 7..2

c Raci(" Udbilw PaH'inmo't'y^'i/^ PaT ihv^a'l'nnnc rxdUIUIIICUil^ UuliUiuLIUlIb 36.,6

7 .DM KdUIUIilcLr IL lllcdb . bcr V 1 Lcb •5 3..4 7 .joL-OiU ojJcL.Cidi iduidiii^c bi/U.)

r lUUUll 1 1 IdlllcllU Idllip ? 3..4 7 ^nprt T7K(\ Ctrl hi 7\cVV\C\(\\i 7 .Junoii RPHJiT ^nP(~"l"y*Al uucuLtGi iy*y^3HiAnrp iiiauidiii^c QtH b . ^ niiay*'f"7— LjUdi halnnon I Id 1 uy CI 1 lamn lamp 11 nu 17..4

7 ,Ouoti\ iirau. btUj OJ ui iht- iiiw/ l-iii 11 nu

000

, d

7 RY o|JcL.Lrdi ^nprt/^^l v^aH'ianr'P iduidiiv^c bUdMuarUy ct^nrlAV^H ^''7 deuterium arc lamp 5 4..1

5 Rfl ^ i r Phntnmpf ri r Pr^lihrritinn^ 24 12.,8

7 ,UM rflULUMicLr lU illcdb. bciVll-Cb 2.,6 7 .UOLfOtu LUIIllIIUUb lllLCIIb 1 Ljr b LU • j inn bJ tiinnQ't'pn lamn 7 3,.3 7 .OL-Oir odiiic 5 juu w UU 1 1 y b cci 1 iaiii|j q D ,, c

7 finJi<H ^Amp 1 nnn W tunn^tpn 1 ;^mn 1,,5

7,.6IJKL&M Luminous flux stds 1 0,.2

7 r\d(JlUMltrLi IL. cx rilULUliitrui 1^ Gage Calibrations 18 9,^

7 , 1 n. irrdUidiiLc Ui L\jo * 1 iiiii iiiic ui Hn "frnm 1 nw nrp<^<;iirp Ha Ismn

7/ 7Rrj?in Pnlnv^ + pmnPK'3 1" iiv^p tH

7ku i1 rwpi 1 wcijr\j hPr^rnn uduk^un l^mn 1 uiiip 8 5,.4

7 ./L. 7F liinrinntic L-L!l[!lilUUb "fliiv I lUA cl'Hc bUUb) nrin Mllll. lamnc lullipb « 4,.0

7 , 1 V LUiMiriuub uircLLiuiidi Liaiibiiiiu tance std, opal glass 2 0,.5

7.8 Spectrophotometric Standards 22 4.5

7.8A Spectrophotometric meas. services 8 2.1 7.8B Spectral transmittance std,

cobalt blue glass 1 0.2

7.8C Same, copper green glass

7.8D Same, carbon yellow glass

7.8E Same, selenium orange glass

7.8FG&H Wavelength std, didymium glass 2 0.3

7.81 Same, holmium oxide glass 6 1.3

7.8JK&L Vitrolite white glass std

of diffuse reflectance 5 0.6

7.9 Pressure & Vacuum Measurements 30 26.

7.9A Special pressure & vacuum

meas. services 21 17.0

7.9B Deadweight piston gages 9 9.6

7.9C Controlled clearance piston gages

7.9D Mercurial barometer or manometer

7.9E Pressure gages & transducers

7.9F Pressure transfer std perf. test

7.9N Vacuum gages

1

1 Neutron Sources

-7l_

/I o

, L

8,, lA Special meas. services

8,.IB&C Emission rate in MnS04 bath 3 3.,3 8,. IH Thermal neutron dosimeters

QO .•IP Neutron irradiation of foils n4 U . Q

. O

2 Radioactivity 29 9j

8..2A Radioactivity meas. services

& tests 6 1

,5 8

, 2d Radium rD 1

,6 8., 2C&D Gamma-ray emitting samples 7 2.,3 8,.2HI&J Alpha-particle emitting sample 6 2..7 8,,2K Polonium-210 sources 1 0,,2 8,.2P&Q Beta-particle emitting samples 3 0.,8

3 X- & Gamma-Ray Meas. Instruments 105 45,,6

8,, 3A Special meas. services 2 0,,3 8,.3B&C Calib. factor for cavity

lUil IZd L lUM LildlllUc:! c u 14,,8

8,.3D&E Correction factor for electrometer + ionization chamber 72 29.,7 8,.3F&G Gamma-ray irradiation of

passive dosimeters 5 0,,8

4 Gamma-Ray Sources 5 0:li

8,,4A Special meas. services 1

• 0.,2 8,,4B 0.1 to 3 microroentgen per

second at one meter 1 0,,2 8,,4C 3 to 20 " 3 0.2

8,,4D 20 to 60 " " "

5 Dosimetry in High-Energy Electron

Beams 34 7,

8,. 5A Special meas. services

8,, 5B&C 4 ferrous-ferric dosimetes 34 7.,2

1 Computer Science 2 L1

9,.lA&B Magnetic disk calibration 2 1.,3

2 Engineering Tests

9.3 Interlaboratory Testing Programs

99

TOTALS 4127 1777.7
APPENDIX J. USERS OF NBS OUTPUTS, 1970-75

NOIiViaVb 9NIZIN0I ^

S3iih3d0yd 33VJans ?3 S3in0310W « SWOiW CM JO •dOad IVDISAHd

sa3s\/3

SDIidO cCM Ayiswoiava

i3ioiAvyiin avj ^

Ayi3W0i0Hd0yi03dS o£ Aai3W010Hd ^

« Adl3W0ia\/d -

soiisnoDv

sDiNOsvdnn ivdiqhw

SDIi3N9VW0di3313

AiI3Ibl3313

S3IN390AyO

SQinU JO

"dObd 3IW\/NAaOWa3Hi

3dnisiow ? AiiaiwnH

3dniva3dN3i

3anss3yd

M01J ainu

33dOJ

AiISN3a

? '3WmOA 'SSVW HSINIJ 33Vdyns

>I30HS S NOIiVaaiA

SlN3W3dnsV3W 'NSWia

13d ? Hi9N31

A3N3nD3ad S 3WIi -

a0i33S

lN3W3ailSV3w

S_ QJ OJ =

on c

I

X X X X

XX X X X X

X X X X X

X X X X X X

XXX

X X X X

X X X X

XXX

X X X X

XX X

X X XXX

X X X X

X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X XX X X X X X X CD X X X X X X X X X X X X X

XX X X X X X X X <=1- X X X

X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X

X X X X

X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X

+J 1— >> c

S- u o oo I—

(O UJ 0) o c i t- > \—

7'

s_ LU +-> OJ s: s_ JZ E LU cu +-> ZI o OJ s- Cd 31 D_ Ol l-J E CC cn ro CC c UJ t3

LU x: CC c (D O (/I o s- o CC i- o LU >, LU s: a +-> E Ll_ o OJ oO 1 +-> cu 1 XI OJ c_> -l-J cu =C -M

(/I LU o a 4-1 zn UJ o 1 S- -C c l/l u M a CC CC

LU 1 cC o UJ +J >l 1 o ra l-J >> o re E ^ e CD LU O H- LU =1 1 3 ro |+- +-> UJ 1 c c o +-> E C Q- o E O o oo o > o O cc: 1— uu 1 S- o OJ Q <D Ol X- 1 OJ o +-> 00 c O -C LU CC O _l

LjJ ZT Q_ 1 o lA LU oa 4-> ^- o cn LU O E cc 1 <^- cC o i cj -u Ol l-> CJ3 LU ZD a: o OO CO CO fO fO <—> Ci_ -o =) OO fO 01 c^J o 3 u la <.J CC z Ci3 Ll_ O LU E 2Z O) oo =C 1—1 LU oo on cc oo LU 00 +-> CC Li- >,CC -r- s_ +-> 1— LU

=! o s: 4-> LU <_) c +-> OD LjJ w 1— o 1— 2: CC > o 00 s- > +-> LU ra z in

UJ ai s: <: Ll_ ZD o. d: r— oo CQ ct cC o LU o M CU s_ oo <_> eu o >, s_ 1/1 cs zz LU h— > oo LU o LU a i +J 3 =1 fO ZD CC 1— d: (_> o CC o Q D- 0) u 4-J cu <u cC 1 —I o o 1— m o (_> Q LU -o U S_ ^ _l oo 1— LU u -IJ c to 1— c/1 ct

=t +-> u oa OJ t/i +-) (-0 o oS Ol _J o > - U- Ll_ Ll_ Ll. o U_ C Li. U_ U- U- cu U- CC o fO > (D 3 ro r— E CC C/1 1—. X

oo Q <C Ll_ o o O zn. Ol c: Ci3 O •1- O O O O +-> o s_ +-> s_ cz u CD> 1T3 -a ZD (—

UJ ce o ro h- +-> E <o > CL 00 cu o in cu •I-' ct CJ TD czr z 1— =c CO h- 1— O) 1— <D 1 s_ 1— 1— h- 1— 1— +-I ct 1— QJ cu oo s- CC cu CO (O LU ZD =t LU 2: O o ct Q c 00 2: oa ^ 2: C/1 2: LU s_ CC E cu cu o 00 Li_ u o 1— 00 _1 > LU LU O LU u LU ra =) LU LU LU LU LU LU a 0) c CC ra S_ 00 Q- c Ll. CC oa c_) oo oo •=£ s: e: o in oS o >,s: SI s: e: o fO s_ E >> o ra c ra CO <T3 o LU h- I— 1— 1— Ll_ o zc cni— 1— 1— 1— O) s_ h- LU :3 1. s_ o cu OJ • s_ 1 LU Q Dd <_) ZD q: >i • o CC Qi: -M <u Cl^ D. 00 s_ cu r— C oo <u t— X LU tr> <_> =£ cC l-J cl s_ > 1— O +-> +-> 1— CC Ol et car CC CC o CC LU OJ > c +-> !-> o c -t-l oo l-J CC hh- a LU O- D- fa O- fO o_ O rn a. D- C D- Q- D- CL c Ol D- o o c cu CD zs <u • cu =£ ra h- 1—

o X LU LU zr LU Z LU Li- z: 7^ LU LU UJ LU LU LU LU U- LU LU LU CD zz z 1— => > ZD oo CJ o LU Q Q Q Q a Q C3 o oZD

C\J CO . CM ro CM CM ro ^ If) CO oo CTi o ca O Q LU Ll_ m s: Zr CD Q.

X X XXX

X X XX

X X X X

X XX

X X X X

X ,— X

X =!- X

X CMo

100
Table J-2. Direct users of NBS Outputs--SIC Major Groups 1-32

If \Ff; IX'TPUTS

i

S 1

f ill

"

VIBRATION

S

SHOCK

s

1 is i

5

1

7 8

1

9

i

II

11

i

i

12

1

13

1

1

1

i

I Ij

11 8

1

i

1 [: r -

L

:: ' r. =:-E5"--. -is^IiiG: 4

4

4 : 4 z

2

. 2

. 1

1 2

2

3 ^ 3 2 3

. :

•

, : A LTi rsiic—CRflPS 10.32 IC Ifi

•i-irilTl'liil. PfiOO—LIYESTOCK

- L-.^.j], SEP, ICES

10.4! !0

SO

— - —

51 — _

; ":^r:M. tiMi^a. : ::

X X

: - : 11,31

32.89

11 11.21

39 a'

11.21 11.2! SI, 8!

-.".T-.TiLL:; re ^.eJ

:.:-^KC coisraiCT::-. 22

11.20 23 n 1! - :?£c:.;l ~a-'E •.— -:-"s 11

X

,

: :• ='fSe'-.-ec:/r,-;s - .sse-.acles

: : ,

?,3

\ \ 7,3 7,8

->;r- --ary PrtMticts

-z -- :

6

L-r- Msc. =^socs - --.-iz ;-::-cts 2 9

,

X

1

: TUTiu -lu. PPcicTs 95.95 96 X

X 60

Vi ;=?;r-L cthes ~ji-!i.e p^u.cts ?i

._•-= - ,.ccc ==.x.:"3 3;.-; 39

91,

9!

!£ F-jT^-Es 14.22 31.42

fifE- allie; FPai.:Ts 11.31

I 11

:i LE-'Trf: - LEATHER PFtauCTS

=:- '- - ... suo

4.9 s

!

-

V- '- '

-

-- -' - .- .

,_ . -.- d-i^nais - 5/ntret cs \.2

6.9

1,4

X I

«

X X

X

3 .= 1.3,4

5

3

! H-X)!

J

!

: - _ :i's

2 1 9

2 1.2

9

3

50 11.92 11

IJ

:' ---t^r^ - "VS.. PL/''!' I _5^^u. 11,69

79 31,79 7?

! n.ji 21 73 ,1.2, H 7:

:: Entries In tile horizixital -fieadiiig- ro« are froc transsctions matrices: see table 17 for ke.. -u re'S "-:

.: first 2 or 3 are in left-land coluon. the balance in the table. X indicates Oat all codes in cate^orf are rele.act.

101
Table J-3. Direct users of NBS Outputs— SIC Major Groups 33-49.

DIRECT ll-^'fiS OF NBS OUTPUTS

g

i

is

5

s

553

S

g

i i

,HASS.

VOLUME.

»

DENSm i

1

1

i

1

1

g

1

1

e

c

1

0 u- 11

11 = E8

tl i

3

i

%

3(EDICAL

ULTRASONICS j

s

iS

II

1

i

-FAR

ULTRAVIOLET

"RADIOHETRY 3 1

PHYSICAL

PROPERTIES

tSOF

ATOMS

*

MOLECULES

SSURFACE

PROPERTIES 2

1

i

STANDARD lfi%STRIAL CLASSIFICATION

CODE AND SHORT TITLE PRIMARY AND FABRICATED

;iETAL PRODUCTS 4 1 1 2 1 3 1 1 4 3-T

3

:

4 3

4 s

33 -RIfiARY METAL INDUSTRIES

331 EUst Furnace + Basic Steel frod 332 Iron + Steel Foundries

X 3.5.6 2.5.6 —!—

2 2 7 2

333 Primary Nonferrous Metals

334 Secondary Nonferrous Metals

335 Nonferrous Pollirq + DrawinQ

2.S

1 X

X -¥- 3 3?f Nonferrous Foundries

?39 ^isc. Primary Metal Products

1 X

X 8 ;

3J F;.ERICATED metal PRODUCTS

j-;i ,'letal Cans Shipping Container; 34C Cut 1 erv . Hand Tool s + Hardware

X T

X

343 PlufT-bing + Heating, Exc. Elect.

344 Fabricated Structural Metal Prod

3 1.3.9 1 1 3 3 3 3

3

X 3

346 fletal Forgings and Stampings

348 O^d*^ Services

, nec

t X

1 9

349 Misc. Fabricated Metal Products

39 fISC. t'ANUFACTUftlNf, INDUSTRIES

4.7.8 3.5 4.8 4.8

391 Jewelry, Silvervare,+ Plated Ware

393 Musical Instruments

riACHKiERY. EXCEPT ELECTRICAL 1—

{SIC Major Group 35)

3 1 4 1

2 1

1

2 1 2

1

1 32

2 3 r

2 1 1 1 r—

2

35 -IflCHIUERY. EXCEPT ELECTRICAL

351 Engines and Tiirbines 352 FarF and Garden Machinery

1 X 13

1 1 1 .9 1 X

jEj Construction + Related Machiro-y Metalviorking Machinery

1.3.7

X

1

1

1 .6

1

1.4

1,2

1 1 3 —-- -

3bt General Industrial Machinery

357 Office + Computing Machines

X 2.4.91-4

6 7.8.93,6

1

13.4.6 5.6.8

2-4,9

2

3 3.9 3,8

3

8

3 3

3 1 3

359 Misc. /'achinery, Exc.Electrical 9 2 i

ELECTRIC AND ELECTRONIC

EQUIPMENT

(SIC Maior Group 36)

I T-r

3 r-r1 1 2 T—2 1 T-T3 r-?

1 3 3

!

2 r-r

4 r-r2 i

4 ! 45 i } 4 3 2 ,25 i

2

36 ELECTRIC AND ELECTRONIC EQUIP.

361 Electric Distributing Equipment

36^ Electrical Industrial Apparatus

, 2 X X 2 X 2

363 Household Appliances

364 Electric Lighting + Wiring Equip

365 °adio * TV Receiving Equipment

1 .2.4 4

3 4.5 1,2,4 !5.3.4

1

1 2.4 1.6.8

«

1 .6

1 .

1

' 1

1 24-9

36f Communication Equipment

3C7 Electronic Components -t-Accessor 3€9 Misc. Electrical Equip > Sup.

2

1

2

1 .3.9 9

19 1.2

IJ.4.9

X X 4 1 .4-9

X

1 .3=9 2

2 X 3.4

3 1 9 TRAflSPORTATION EQUIPMENT

(SIC Major Group 37) 1 T—3 N

rr-T

^ 2

J 1

1 2

1 2 2 4

1

?—

3 X

T—

2 5—1 li

2 1 3 i3 1 33 2

3 J

2 1 3 2

2 3 2 i

4

4

3 2

3 22

3 37 TRANSPORTATION EOUIPHENT

371 ''otor Vehicles + Equipment V2 Aircraft and Parts <

X

X

X —

TX

X

X

X X X 1 .4

X X

X

X

X 37? Ship + 8oat Building -• Repairing

374 Railroad Equipment

375 Motorcycles, Bicyles, + Parts

X

X

X

;

X

X

X X

X

1 X

X

X

37e Guided Missiles, Space Vehicles

375 :'isc. Transportation Equipment

X X

5 5

X

5

X X X 1 X

2

X X X

INSTRUMENTS + RELATED PRODUCTS

(SIC Major Group 38) T-T

3 T-r1

2 2 22 1

1 2

1

3 3 3 T

4 "

2 3

3 2

3—

3

3 1 3 2 T-r

3 2

J—

4

3 T-T

4

1

^—

1 i

5—

3 4

T—

4

2

T—

2 J—

2 2

3 J—

4 7—

2

2

5—

2 2

1—

3 ;a INSTRUMEflTS * RELATED PRODUCTS

381 Encineerinq + Scientif tc Instrum

3£^ Measuring + Controlling Devices

X 3,4,9

X

X

4 3,9

X i3.4 .9X

3

X 2.3.9 2.3,913

X 4.5X 3.5X 5.9

X X 1 X X 2.5.9

X

3

1

^93 Optical Instruments and Lenses

384 Medical Instruments + Supplies

3SE Ophthalmic Goods

X

1 X

2 1 1 1.3

X 1.3X

1

X

3

X X

1 2

3Pfi Photographic Equifnent, + Sup . 337 '.latches. Clocks and Watchcases

X

X

X XX

X X y 1

TRANSPORTATION +

pilfii.if itTTLITIE^ (SIC Division £)

3 1

1 r-2I

1 ?

2 1 3

4 1 4

2 1 2 i—2 2

2

2 1 33 1 4 J4 3

3 2 3

1

2 5

1 4

2 1 3 3

4 3

4 i

40 PAILflOAO TRANSPORTATION 10 10 10, 10

i ^

1

41 LOCAL AND IfJTERURBAN PASSEIIGER TRANSIT 70 70 11.21 40

iZ TPbCKING AND WAREHOUSING 10 10.21 10.31

43 U.S. POSTAL SERVICE X X X X X

44 '.JATEP TPMSPOPTATION n .20 63 11 11.20

41 .54

'

1

i'. TRANSPORTATION BY AIP

112182

32 11 83 82.83

11 .82 S311 .21 82

82 11 .21 11

*.C PIPE LIt;£S, EXCEPT NATURAL GAS

X X

20

fl7 TCffiSPOPTATIO'l SERVICES 82

C. f/pMm/IICATIGi; 11 ,21 32.33

11 11 ,21 32.33 11.21 11 X X

4, I.Lff.TPlf , f.r- * SANITARY SERV.

11 20 " 20 11.20 20 22.23

32 11.2030.52

11 20 20 20

102
Table J-4. Direct users of NBS Outputs—SIC Major Groups 50-89.

DIRECT USERS OF NBS OUTPUTS 1

1

1

—lo: X

"

VIBRATION

S

SHOCK

1

4

i

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5

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6

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7 B 9

1

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ST--;UARO INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION

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3

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64

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10.86 43 63.78 65.86

^: WWIESALC TRADE-- NONDURABLE GOODS 40.50

61

s r.Lunnr, wterials •

r.Ai:K:. sipplies

C.E.SEiaiL fEPCHANDISE STORES

, 1'

11,51

11 X — i i rOOC STOSES X

1

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StPVICE STATIONS

11,21

91

41

1 ,

.1

•

1

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f7 FURNITURE * HCITE FURNISHINGS

STCRES

fS EATIJiG Al:C DRINKING PLACES 12

1—1

'

5? ;'ISCELLAIIEOUS RETAIL 44

1

«r BANKIIiC

1— fl CREDIT AGENCIES OTHER THAN BANKS X

1 SECURITY. CCW4-100ITY BROKERS + SEFiICES

•

C3 l.'SUPAI.CE CARRIERS 31 X 20.31

INSURAIXE AGEirrs, BROKERS *

SERVICE

1 fS REAL ESTATE \— H CCf^BINEO REAL ESTATE, INSURANCE.

ETC.

1 67 HCIOING - IliVESTItENT OFFICES

\

' \—

70 HOTELS OTHER LODGING PLACES

7Z PERSONAL SERVICES

73 BUSINESS SERVICES 91 ,92 97 91,92

97 91.97

91,92

97,99 91.97 91.97 91.97 91.97 91 91.97 91 91 X 91.97

27 PPINTINC AND PUBLISHING 53,93

53,54 93,95

21 .31 41 41,53 51 ,52 93 21.31

T. AUTO REPAIR, SERVICES • GAPJUIES 49

. _ -_

76 fISC. REPAIR SERVICES

31 .99 94 29 22

78 MOTION PICTURES

79 AMUSD'Eirr » RECREATION SERVICES

'

1

;i LEGAL SERVICES

11.22

'3 SOCIAL SERVICES

1 34 f^SEUI'S. BOTANICAL.

ZOOLnr.l'jL G("Dt:iS

11 11 .21

?.f- ^•el.t^-- : --.-.::;-ions (exc. :-;'r,ess - professional}

99 31

i 2£ PRIVATE HOUSEHOLDS X

19 I'lSCELLAl.EnijS SERVICES 11 22 jl1,22 11.22 11.22

99 22 11 11 22 22

'EALT^ SCPVICES

CI'. ''Jjor Group f.O]

2 2 2 2

N

1 3 1

2 I 2

2

1

3 2

1 2

2 3

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71

71 ' X 11 .60

81 60,71 Tr?T

' 50.60 71 60 71.72

rrrr

50.60

71 ,91

103

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DOCUMENTS

This section of this report is a combination of three sections originally prepared for

separate purposes, namely, the References section for the report proper, a Bibliography sec- tion which listed in chronological order all of the significant background materials accumulated or noted during the course of the 1972-75 NBS Study of the National Measurement System,

and a Swvmary of Baakground Documents section which summarized the essential content and impact of some of the more important items contained in the Bibliography. The Bibliography

IS the author's personal compilation of the source materials that he wishes to list as part

of the permanent archival record of this project. As such, it includes many items that are

of only limited availability, especially some of the NBS internal working documents that are now available only in fragmentary forms.

Items are listed in chronological order. A cross-referenced, alphabetized author index

follows the bibliographic entries. The sources for abbreviations of journal citations are

the Chemical Abstracts Service Source Index (American Chemical Society, Chemical Abstracts

Service, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 1975) and the NBS Manual for Scientific

and Technical Communications (U.S. Dept. Commerce--Nat . Bur. Stand, June 1969, rev June 1971)

[1] Jefferson, Thomas, Secretary of State, Plan for establishing uniformity in the coinagr^ weights, and measures of the United States, Report of the First Congress, second session,

No. 15, pp. 13-30 (July 4, 1790), published in American State Papers . Class X, Miscellaneous, V. I, p. 13 (Gales and Seaton, Washington, D.C., 1834).

Purpose : Response to request of 15 January 1790 by House of Representatives "to prepare and report a proper plan or plans for establishing uniformity in the

currency, weights, and measures of the United States."

Approach : (1) Technology assessment of means of achieving uniform weights and measures.

(2) Survey of weights and measures system in current use in the United States.

(3) Correspondence with England and France.

(4) Construction of two alternative scenarios for future U.S. measurement

system.

Findings : (1) Decision by the U.S. should be postponed pending resolution of similar

concerns in England and France.

(2) The second (pendulum) rod is the preferred invariable natural standard

of length: "a uniform cylindrical body of iron, of such length, as, in latitude

45°, in the level of the ocean, and in a cellar, or other place, the temperature

of which does not vary throughout the year, shall perform its vibrations, in small and equal arcs, in a period of one second of mean time."

(3) "To render uniform and stable the system that we already possess [basically

that of England] [requires] ... 1st, That the present measures of length be re- tained, and fixed by an invariable standard. 2d, That the measures of surface

remain as they are.... 3d, That the unit of capacity, now so equivocal, be

settled at a medium and convenient term, and defined by the same invariable measures of length. 4th, That the more known terms in the two kinds of weight be

retained, and reduced to one series.... And 5th, That the quantity of pure silver in the money unit be expressed in parts of the weights so defined." A minute change in the weight of silver in the recently established decimal coin- age system is recommended, so "that this, as the unit of coin, will link in system with the units of length, surface, capacity, and weight, whenever it shall

be thought proper to extend the decimal ratio through all these branches."

(4) As an alternative, a completely decimal system of weights and measures

is proposed, which is based on the second rod being set equal to exactly five

(new) feet, the new foot being experimentally equal to 11.744736 present inches.

Effects : The report was used as a basis for deliberation by a series of Congressional

committees. The first, in 1791, opted for delay. The second, in 1792, opted

for adoption of Jefferson's decimal system. The third recommended adoption of

revision of the English system; a bill passed the House in May 1796 but died in the Senate. Difficulties in seeing a way through the technical perplexities

inherent in the problem are probably the primary reason for the lack of Congressional action, despite repeated urgings by President Washington and urgent

requests from the States for action to relieve the existing confusion in com- mercial transactions.

105
Adams, John Quincy, Secretary of State, Report of the Secretary of State upon weights

and measures, 245 pages (J. D. Moore, Feb. 22, 1821), published in American State Papers , Class X, Miscellaneous, v. II, p. 656 (Gales and Seaton, Washington, D.C., 1834).

Purpose : Response to Senate resolution of March 3, 1817, to prepare and report to the

Senate "a statement relative to the regulations and standards for weights and measures in the several states, and relative to proceedings in foreign countries,

for establishing uniformity in weights and measures, together with such propositions relative thereto, as may be proper to be adopted in the United States."

Approach : (1) "Natural philosophy" of weights and measures.

(2) Development of the history of weights and measures from the earliest times,

especially in England.

(3) Systematic consideration of the three major points defined in the Senate

resol ution.

Findings : (1) "While decimal arithmetic for the purposes of computation shoots spon- taneously from the nature of man and of things, it is not equally adapted to the numeration, the multiplication, or the division, of material substances,"

so that it is not inherently obvious that a decimal measurement system is fully

desirable.

(2) The power of the legislator is limited by the extent of his territories

and the numbers of his people, and is limited over time. He has neither power over the facts of nature nor the will of his subjects. He is liable to enact

laws in this field inadequate to their purpose and inconsistent with one another.

(3) "Such was originally the system of English weights and measures and such

is it now in its ruins."

(4) "If that universal uniformity, so desirable to human contemplation, be

an obtainable perfection, it is now obtainable only by the adoption of the new French system of metrology, in all its important parts.... This system...

whether destined to succeed, or doomed to fail, will shed unfading glory upon the age in which it was conceived, and upon the nation by which its adoption

was attempted, and has in part been achieved." "...the establishment of such a system so obviously tends to that great result, the improvement of the physical,

moral, and intellectual condition of man upon earth; that there can be neither

doubt nor hesitation in the opinion, that the ultimate adoption, and universal

though modified application of that system, is a consummation devoutly to be

wi shed.

(5) "But where is the steam engine of moral power to stem the stubborn tide

of prejudice, and the headlong current of inveterate usage?"

(6) "A single and universal system can be finally established only by a general convention, to which the principal nations of the world shall be parties,

and to which they shall all give their assent."

(7) "Of all nations of European origin, ours is that which least requires

any change in the system of their weights and measures. With the exception of

Louisiana, the established system is, and always has been, throughout the Union,

the same.

(8) "A particular statement of the regulations of the several states relative to weights and measures, is subjoined to this report, in the appendix."

(9) Substantial inconsistencies exist among the several states in the mea- surement standards that are in use, and in the measurement capabilities that

they possess.

(10) "In the exercise of the authority of Congress, with a view to the

general uniformity of weights and measures, there are four different courses of

proceeding which appear to be practicable: 1. To adopt, in all its essential

parts, the new French system of weights and measures.... 2. To restore and

perfect the old English system of weights, measures, moneys, and silver coins

3. To devise and establish a system by adaptation of parts of each system to the principles of the other. 4. To adhere, without any innovation whatever, to our existing weights and measures, merely fixing the standard."

(11) "The substitution of an entire new system of weights and measures, instead

of one long established and in general use, is one of the most arduous exercises

of legislative authority. There is indeed no difficulty in enacting and promulgating the law; but the difficulties of carrying it into execution are always

great, and have often proved insuperable. Weights and measures may be ranked

among the necessaries of life, to every individual in human society. They enter

into the economical arrangements and the daily concerns of every family. They

106
are necessary to every occupation of human industry; to the distribution and

security of every species of property; to every transaction of trade and commerce;

to the labors of the husbandman; to the ingenuity of the artificer; to the

studies of the philosopher; to the researches of the antiquarian; to the navigation

of the mariner, and the marches of the soldier: to all the exchanges of peace,

and all the operations of war. The knowledge of them, as in established use, is among the first elements of education, and is often learnt by those who learn

nothing else, not even to read and write. This knowledge is rivetted in the

memory by the habitual application of it to the employments of men throughout

life. Every individual, or at least every family, has the weights and measures

used in the vicinity, and recognized by the custom of the place. To change all this at once, is to affect the well being of every man, woman, and child in the

community.... Were the authority of Congress unquestionable to set aside the

whole existing system of metrology, and introduce a new one, it is believed that

the French system has not yet attained that perfection which would justify so extraordinary an effort of legislative power at this time."

(12) "The restoration of the old English... system... would require an exercise of authority no less transcendant than the introduction of the French

system.

(13) Pursuing the third alternative seems to have little practical value.

(14) While our current system of weights and measures can certainly be improved, it would not be wise to do this unilaterally, independently of Great

Britain, France, and Spain. To most effectively pursue the ultimate objectives

implicit in the charge from Congress, "it is supposed to be most congenial to the end, to attempt no present change whatever in our existing weights and measures; to let the standards remain precisely as they are; and to confine the

proceedings of Congress at this time to authorizing the Executive to open those

communications with the European nations..., and to such declaratory enactments

and regulations as may secure a more perfect uniformity in the weights and measures now in use throughout the Union. The motives are four:" a. We cannot

afford to lose the present uniformity with Great Britain, b. The present system

possesses virtues that we should not lightly sacrifice, c. French experience

proves "that binary, ternary, duodecimal, and sexagesimal divisions are as necessary in the practical use of weights and measures, as the decimal divisions

are convenient for calculations resulting from them; and that no plan for introducing the latter can dispense with the continued use of the former." d. "The

only material improvement, of which the present system is believed to be sus- ceptible, would be restoration of the identity between weights and silver coins,"

and it would not be worthwhile to give up our new coinage system to get this

advantage.

(15) "In the mean time, should Congress deem it expedient to take immediate

steps... the act of Congress should embrace the following objects: 1. To declare what are the weights and measures to which the laws of the United States

refer as the legal weights and measures of the Union. 2. To procure positive

standards... of the yard, bushel, wine and beer gallons, troy and avoirdupois

weights; to be deposited in such public office at the seat of government as may

be thought most suitable. 3. To furnish the executive authorities of every

state and territory with exact duplicates of the national standards 4. To require, under suitable penal sanctions, that the weights and measures used at

all the custom-houses, and land surveys, and post offices, and, generally, all the offices under the authority of the United States, in the execution of their

laws, should be conformable to the national standards. 5. To declare it penal

to make or to use, with intent to defraud, any other weights and measures than

such as shall be conformable to the standards." "In fixing... a definition of

the foot, its exact proportion to the standard metre of France should be

declared." "The proportion of the troy and avoirdupois pounds to the kilogramme

might be... declared in like manner."

(16) That the French system is worthy of the acceptance of the nations of

the world, "is believed to be beyond question. But opinion is the Queen of the

world; and the final prevalence of this system beyond the boundaries of France's power must await the time when the example of its benefits, long and practically

enjoyed, shall acquire that ascendancy over the opinions of other nations which

gives motion to the springs and direction to the wheels of power. Respectfully submitted, John Quincy Adams."

107
Effects : There was no immediate reaction on the part of Congress to the Adams report. On May 29, 1830, the Senate adopted the following resolution:

" Rt'sol Lh\} , That the Secretary of the Treasury be directed to cause a comparison

to be made of the standards of weights and measures now used at the principal

custom-houses of the United States, and report to the Senate at the next session of Congress."

This resolution marked the beginning of Federal aation in this field.

[3] Hallock, W. , and Wade, H. T. , The Evolution of Weights and Measures and the Metric

System (Macmillan Co., New York, N.Y., 1906).

^4] Measurements for the Household, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Circ. 55, 149 pages (Aug. 1915).

^5] Functions, standards, purpose (one page statement), Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) (1917).

,6] Whitney, A. W., The place of standardization in modern life (Central Executive Council,

Inter American High Commission, Washington, D.C. , 1924).

[7] Jones, S. A., Weights and measures in Congress. Historical summary covering the period

of the Continental Congress to and including the adoption of the joint resolutions of 1836

and 1838, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Misc. Publ . M122 (Mar. 1936).

[8] Briggs, L. J., The national standards of measurement, Ind. Stand., 227 (Sept. 1939).

[9] Moreau, H. , The genesis of the metric system and the work of the International Bureau

of Weights and Measures, J . Chem. Educ. 30, 3-20 (Jan. 1953).

Purpose : Definitive discussion of subject, published in scholarly journal.

Approach : Historical description of field, institutions, and technical efforts.

Findings : A definitive and concise history of the origins and activities of one of the

oldest international institutions.

Ap praisal

A key reference document for those needing such a concise summation.

[10] Perry, J., The Story of Standards (Funk and Wagnalls, New York, N.Y., 1955).

[11] McNish, A. G., Dimensions, units, and standards, Phys. Today, 19-25 (Apr. 1957).

[12] Huntoon, R. D. , and McNish, A. G., Present status of research on physical constants,

Nuovo Cimento, Suppl . 6, Ser. X., 146-84 (Jan. 1957).

[13] Smith, R. W. The Federal Basis for weights and measures, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.),

Circ. 593, 23 pages (June 1958).

Purpose : A historical review of Federal legislative efforts, statutes, and administrative

action in the field of weights and measures in the United States. Approach : Updating, expansion, and systemization of material contained in earlier NBS publications on this subject, especially NBS Misc. Publ. 64 and 122 by Louis A. Fischer and Sarah Ann Jones, respectively.

Findings : A connected and reasonably comprehensive story of the Federal contribution to the legislative basis for weights and measures administration in the United States. Effects : A ready response to the continuing demand on NBS for information on various

phases of weights and measures administration.

[14] McNish, A. G., Classification and nomenclature for standards of measurement, IRE Trans.

Instrum. W^, 371-8 (Dec. 1958).

[15] McNish, A. G., The basis of our measuring system, Proc. IRE 47, 636-43 (May 1959).

Purpose : Description of current status and opportunities for improvement of physical

standards which form the basis of our system for making physical measurements. Approach : Historical survey; discussion of use of physical constants as standards.

Findi ngs : (1) "We see a transition taking place now from a system based on man-made

standards to a system based mainly on physical constants...."

(2) "The prototype standards seem to need little improvement. The advances

that we must make in our metrology are in extension of the range over which

accurate measurements can be accomplished. Particularly, we need techniques to measure accurately new quantities and new aspects of old quantities to meet the

requirements of our expanding technology."

Ap praisal : This is the first major publication in the train of thinking at NBS that has

led directly to this present study of the National Measurement System.

[16] Bendick, J., How Much and Mow Many, The Story of Weights and Measures (McGraw-Hill,

New York, N.Y. , 1960).

108
[17] Irwin, K. G., Romance of Weights and Measures, 144 pages (Viking Press, New York, N.Y.,

1960).

Purpose : Description of the basic evolutionary history connecting our current weights

and measures with their root sources, stripped of as much of the transient effects

of accidental and regional eccentricities as possible. Correlation of the history

of weights and measures with the general history and social conditions of different eras and nations.

Approach : Intense research into original sources and a very humanistic way of presenting

the results.

Findings : The measurement systems of the ancient Middle East--Egypt, Phoenicia, and

Babylon--were oriented to the purposes of peace and commerce, and formed a substantially uniform and rationalized decimal system, in its fullest development conceptually quite similar to today's metric system. Greece introduced

the pace and the foot into this system, for military purposes, and in the

process of doing so destroyed the decimal simplicity of the earlier system. Rome followed Greece. The Goths acquired the old Phoenician system. When the Goths

conquered the Roman empire, the measurement system fragmented as different paths were followed in reconciliation of the Gothic and Roman systems. The Angles,

Saxons, and Danes imported the simple Gothic system into England. The Normans brought in the French-Roman system. Our current customary system evolved from

the marriage of the two. Meanwhile, the French started all over again with the

metric system, which is coming to dominate the world.

Apprai sal : A very fascinating story, not told elsewhere to my knowledge. I would like

to see an independent verification of Irwin's interpretations.

[18] The 1960 Conference on Standards and Electronic Measurements, IRE Trans. Instrum. 1-9 , No. 2 (Sept. 1960).

[19] Lance, H. W. , The Nation's electronic standards program: Where do we now stand?,

IRE Trans. Instrum. I^, 94-100 (Sept. 1960).

[20] McNish, A. G. , and Cameron, J. M. , Propagation of error in a chain of standards,

IRE Trans. Instrum. 1^9, 101-4 (Sept. 1960).

[21] A special report on measurement standards, ISA J 8, No. 2, 38-75 (Feb. 1961).

[22] Hachey, L. E., Better measurements through user feedback, ISA J 8, No. 2, 60-63

(Mar. 1961).

[23] The Old Market, site of "first standard system of weights and measures," picture postcard from St. Augustine, Fla. (mailed 1961).

[24] Huntoon, R. D. , Standards for the future, preprint. Annual Spring Conference, American

Standards Association and Standards Engineers Society, Boston, Mass., 18 pages (May 24-25,

1962).

Purpose : Technological forecasting in the measurement standards field, for the guidance

of attendees at 1962 standardization conference.

Approach : Trend extrapolation.

Findings : (1) Precision of measurement will continue to be of overriding importance

and there will be a continuing demand to push it ahead on all fronts.

(2) The goal that the unit of measurement for physical quantities of the same kind should be the same, will be approached but not reached until the

pace of progress diminishes greatly.

(3) The shrinking world will bring into being in the not too distant future

the goal that all who are to be engaged in the cooperative process of making

measurements and exchanging data should agree to the same unit and all should

use it. (4) The five basic quantity system with its units will continue for some

time, with units for all other quantities defined in an independently reproducible way from them.

(5) In the next decade we may see the number of units established on our independent basis decreased to 3 or possibly 2, but we will continue to consider

five physical quantities with their units as basic.

(6) We must hope for progress toward uniformity of approach to the problem

of using standards which are more precisely intercomparable than they can be

related to the unit definitions.

109
(7) We will see more and more of our standards tied to nuclear, atomic, or molecular properties.

(8) Advances in instrumentation and measurement brought about by discoveries

such as the Mossbauer effect and lasers will permit the definition of all units

in terms of arbitrary assignment of values to fundamental constants.

(9) The whole system will tend toward its inherent goals of simplicity,

uniformity, and consistency.

(10) National standards laboratories will become free of the job of calibration and concentrate almost entirely upon development and dissemination of

instrumentation and procedures which will put every major laboratory on a sound

independent basis. The extensive problem of traceability will essentially

di sappear

Ap praisal : This paper almost but did not quite coin the phrase National Measurement

System . The last conclusion today seems overstated.

[25] Selby, M. C, et al., A program to provide information on the accuracy of electrical

measurements, Proc. IEEE 51, 569-74 (April 1963).

[26] Eisenhart, C, Realistic evaluation of the precision and accuracy of instrument calibration systems, J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), 67C (Eng. and Instr.), No. 2, 161-87

(April-June, 1963).

[27] McNish, A. G. , Fundamentals of measurement, Electro-Technology (Beverly Shores, Indiana),

113-28 (May 1963).

Purpose : A basic tutorial paper. Approach : Examination of historical concepts of measurement and the evolution of various

measurement systems and techniques. The discussion covers both primary and derived

quantities, precision and accuracy, physical constants, and the keystone position

of centralized standards laboratories.

FindingsImplicit in the statements above.

Ap praisal : A basic tutorial paper.

[28] Judson, L. V., Weights and measures of the United States, a brief history, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Misc. Publ . 247, 30 pages (Oct. 1963).

Purpose : Partial satisfaction of the continuing demand for information about the origins

of the metrological standards of the United States on the part of students, educators, authors, government officials, and the general public.

A pproach : Revision and updating of an earlier paper by Louis A. Fischer, NBS Misc. Publ. 64. Findings : An historical account of the subject matter, plus a description of current and

historical standards of mass and length now in the possession of NBS. Ap prai sal : A strictly hardware and "museum" oriented paper.

[29] White, L. T. , Jr., The medieval roots of modern science and technology, from Book,

Perspectives in Medieval History, Ed. K. F. Drew and F. S. Lear (Univ. Chicago Press,

Chicago, 111., 1963); reprinted in Book, The Economic Development of Western Europe, v. I, The Middle Ages and the Renaissance, Ed. W. Scoville and C. LaForce, pp. 60-75 (D. C. Heath

and Co., Lexington, Mass., 1969).

[30] Lescure, W. J., Preliminary inventory of the records of the National Bureau of Standards

(record group 167), General Services Administration, National Archives and Records Services,

The National Archives (Oct. 1964).

[31] Man and his measures--the weights and measures mural, brochure, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.),

(undated--1965?).

[32] Egyptian Royal Cubit of Amenhotep I, single page, unattributed (undated--1965?)

[33] Huntoon, R. D., and Wildhack, W. A., Planning for better measurement accuracy, ISA J 12,

No. 1, 57-60 (Jan. 1965).

[34] Huntoon, R. D., Our measurement system and its future. Res. Dev. 16, No. 1, 16-21

(Jan. 1965).

[35] Huntoon, R. D. , Role of laboratory measurement in physics teaching at the high school

and college level, talk presented to Chesapeake section of the American Association of

Physics Teachers (April 10, 1965).

[36] Wildhack, W. A., Powell, R. C, and Mason, H. L., Accuracy in measurements and calibrations, 1965, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 262, 151 pages (June 1965).

[37] Powell, R. C, Accuracy in electrical and radio measurements and calibrations, 1965,

Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 262-A, 93 pages (June 1965).

110
[38] Huntoon, R. D., Role of NBS in the National Measurement System, internal NBS memorandum,

to list (Aug. 24, 1965).

[39] Astin, A. V. , Away from arbitrary man-made standards toward a system based on physical constants. Res. Dev. 16, No. 10, 68-69 (Oct. 1965).

[40] Scientists discuss NBS role in the national measurement system, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.),

press release, TRG-6441 , 5 pages (Oct. 5, 1965).

[41] Huntoon, R. D., Status of the national standards for physical measurement. Science 1 50 , 169-78 (8 Oct. 1965).

[42] McNish, A. G. , Measurement standards. Int. Sci . Technol . , 58-66 (Nov. 1965).

[43] Huntoon, R. D., The basis of our measurement system, Physics Teacher 4, 113-20

(Mar. 1966).

[44] Eskite, W. H., Jr., Studies of the national measurement system, final report on Depart- ment of Commerce Science and Technologu Fellowship Program assignment, NBS internal working

document (July 1 , 1 966)

Purpose : Assisting the Director of the Institute for Basic Standards in developing

further the concept of the National Measurement System.

Findings : (1) Definition of the functional relationships between the organizations

that make up the National Measurement System from the system's point of view,

and the intellectual activities that govern their functioning.

(2) Identification, description, and definition of the users of the system

as a group.

(3) Identification, description, and definition of specific users of the

output of the system and of their problems in a quantitative fashion.

(4) Recommendations for future studies of the system.

(5) Provision of more meaningful data to management for decision making

where programs interact with the National Measurement System.

Apprai sal : This was a key intermediate study, which has by now been largely superseded

by the effects of the passage of time, and the results of more recent studies.

It contained the first attempt at a macroeconomic analysis of the National Mea- surement System.

[45] Huntoon, R. D., letter to Dr. D. Fishlock, describing calculation of numbers of measurements made per day in U.S. (Nov. 30, 1966).

[46] Cochrane, R. C, Measures for Progress--A History of the National Bureau of Standards,

Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Misc. Publ . 275, 728 pages (1966).

Purpose : This book is designed to provide a better understanding of a highly specialized

Federal agency among the community of scientists and engineers that the agency

serves directly, among the general public whose taxes support it but who are usually

only inderectly aware of its existence, and among Government officials who depend

upon it for services or whose policy actions control its destiny.

Approach : That of a professional historian, relating the history of his primary subject to that of the larger society around it. Findings : (1) In creating a National Bureau of Standards in the Federal structure

at the turn of the century. Congress sought to redress a long-standing need,

to provide standards of measurement for commerce and industry, the public,

and the Government. Inevitably, the focus was on industry.

(2) In its first two decades the Bureau won an international reputation

for its outstanding achievements in physical measurements, development of

standards, and test methods. Through its new standards of measurement,

instrumentation, and performance, it sought to raise the scientific level

of industry.

(3) During World War I, NBS became a scientific laboratory for the military

services

(4) Determined to foster the new industries born of the war, the Bureau sought to become the national research laboratory for all industry.

(5) When the Great Depression came, the Bureau shared the obloquy

heaped on commerce and industry. With greatly reduced appropriations and

staff, the Bureau turned increasingly to fundamental research.

(6) By December 1941, fully 90 percent of the Bureau staff was already

engaged in war research.

(7) Following World War II, the Bureau found itself in the forefront of

the scientific revolution that had overtaken the Nation.

Ill
(8) As the Bureau prepared to move to its new laboratories in Gaithersburg, its organization and functions underwent a new realinement of focus

and purpose, as a principal focal point in the Federal Government for

assuring maximum application of the physical and engineering sciences to the advancement of technology in industry and commerce.

(9) The Bureau's history over nearly three-quarters of a century

discloses a highly viable form, responsive to national needs as they arise.

As crusader and arbiter, creator and counselor of standards, it works

for the future, as it has in the past, for the good society, and by its

learning and good will makes itself felt throughout the Nation and the world.

Appraisal : A very readable and fascinating document.

[47 j Measurement, Pacemaker of American Economic Growth, booklet, U.S. Dept. of Commerce

(U.S. Govt. Print. Off., Washington, D.C., 1966).

Purpose : A simplified explanation of the role measurement plays in our economy.

Approach : Popularized and basic discussion of measurements, and of the purpose and functioning of the national measurement system.

Findings : As Pacemaker, measurement can serve to limit the introduction of new technology

if the system is inadequate, or it can open the door to new products, processes,

and markets, if the system is proficient in all areas of science and technology.

Measurement gives us knowledge and understanding. Actions and decisions based on knowledge and understanding cannot help but be superior to those based on an "educated guess", on estimates, or on ignorance.

Appraisal : A good popularized booklet, that should be reissued by NBS or the Department.

[48] Huntoon, R. D., Measurement system of the United States, Part 1, Automot. Ind., 75-78

(Jan. 15, 1967).

[49] Van de Houten, J., The standards laboratory as an element in the national measurement

system. Preliminary report at 22nd Annual Meeting of the Standards and Metrology Division,

American Ordnance Association (April 12-13, 1967).

pO ] Brady, E. L., and Wallenstein, M. B., The National Standard Reference Data System,

Science 156, 754-62 (12 May 1967).

Purpose : Definitive public description to the scientific community of the purpose,

nature, and functioning of the National Standard Reference Data System.

Approach : Historical review and summary of current status and trends.

Findings : (1) The National Standard Reference Data System is a government-wide effort

to give to the technical community of the United States optimum access to the

quantitative data of physical science, critically evaluated and compiled for

convenience.

(2) The System is a decentralized operation of national scope, with central

coordination by NBS. Effects : The desired information was put clearly on the record in a journal widely

read by the members of the scientific community.

[51 ] Wildhack, W. A., Mason, H. L., and Powers, R. S., Jr., Accuracy charts for RF measurements, Proc. IEEE 55^, 1056-63 (June 1967).

[52] Astin, A. V., Program memorandum and program and financial plan for Commerce Program

Category V, The Physical Measurement System, NBS memorandum to Dr. J. Herbert Hollomon,

Acting Undersecretary for Commerce (June 12, 1967).

Purpose : Program and budget justification.

Approach : Extensive discussion of the interaction of the National Bureau of Standards

with major national programs and of the policy issues it faces in the operation

of established programs; presentation of descriptive material describing ongoing

programs in only a greatly condensed fashion. The term "Physical Measurement

System" is used to describe total, nationwide measurement activities.

Findings : (1) The complex, extensive system of physical measurement which has developed

with our industrialized society and which has, in fact, made its growth possible,

represents a fixed investment and annual growth rate of many billions of dollars,

distributed to all segments of the national economy.

(2) An underlying fact is that the Government has provided and will continue

to provide the central facility and the tie-points upon which the system rests.

112
(3) Although governmental, as well as private, industrial and scientific

activities have grown rapidly in magnitude and sophistication, with consequent

needs for more and better measurement and data capabilities, the basic NBS program which supports these needs has, by administrative decision, been held

nearly constant for the past several years. This plan proposes to correct this

situation.

(4) A comprehensive study to develop a better understanding of the physical

measurement system has been going on at NBS for two years and will continue for

several more.

(5) It has been estimated, roughly, that more than twenty billion measurements are made in this country each day in science, industry, commerce, and

everyday life. All of us make measurements and all of us make use of measurements.

(6) The physical measurement system meets three basic needs of society: for

basic measurements and standards, for matter-materials data and standards, and

for technological measurements and standards.

(7) Improvement of coupling to industry can best be achieved by expanding the

Industrial Research Associate program to provide greater participation in NBS research programs by industry's staff and more cooperative links with the

industrial sectors.

(8) The Bureau should initiate its own preliminary study to gather information to plan for the major study, when authorized by the Congress, of the issues

connected with what the United States can do to adjust to the trend toward

worldwide use of the metric system and the role that the Department of Commerce

should play in this adjustment.

(9) Too large an allocation of NBS resources to planning studies would

seriously impede research operations and could reduce outputs to the Nation

to the point where NBS would not be fulfilling its mission and maintaining broad areas of existing competences. On the other hand, it is obvious that a certain

amount of planning must be done more systematically than in the past.

(10) NBS should proceed as rapidly as possible in the direction of extending

"self-calibration" capabilities in the national measurement system, when it is clear that to do so makes the system more effective. Pilot studies are in order.

(11) The proper NBS role with respect to independently reproducible standards

is not clear. In most cases, the economics of duplication are so strongly pro- hibitive that the problem does not arise. National tie points at NBS are still

essential

Appraisal : This is the first major, thorough, conscious use by NBS of the National Mea- surement System concept for program planning and justification purposes.

[53] Galvin, H. B. , Dollar investment in instruments, NBS internal memorandum to W. A. Wildhack (July 13, 1967).

[54] Huntoon, R. D., The measurement system of the United States, Proc. 1966 Standards Laboratory Conference, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Misc. Publ . 291, 89-98 (July 13, 1967).

[55] Huntoon, R. D. , Program memorandum for Departmental Program Category V: The Physical

Measurement and Standards Program, NBS memorandum to Dr. John F. Kincaid, Acting Assistant

Secretary for Science and Technology (Oct. 4, 1967).

[56] Huntoon, R. D. , Concept of a national measurement system, Science 158 , 67-71 (6 Oct. 1967).

Purpose : Public presentation of NBS use of the systems approach to improve understanding

of the nation's measurement activities.

Approach : Narrative discussion of current state of NBS approach and of the understanding

so far achieved.

Findings : (1) The systems approach in this subject is profitable.

(2) The value to the nation of the National Measurement System is in excess

of $15 bil lion a year.

(3) Like other social systems, the National Measurement System consists of two basically different interacting structures, the "conceptual system" and the

"operational system." The former is universally applicable, the latter varies

from nation to nation.

(4) Three general, ever-present needs of society have brought the System into

being: needs for (a) basic measurements and standards, (b) data and standards

on materials, and (c) technological measurements and standards.

(5) The System has three major technological networks: for instrumentation,

for data, and for techniques.

113

I
(6) The role of NBS as a key functional element of the National Measurement

System is to provide (a) the central basis in the United States for a complete

and consistent system for physical measurement, and (b) federal leadership to insure effective and efficient performance of the System.

(7) Trends in the System: (a) The inherent advantages of simplicity and

coherence of the International System of Units (SI) will lead eventually to widespread use of this modern version of the metric system within the United States

as in other countries, (b) An ability of any qualified laboratory to independently

reproduce the SI units, (c) Self-calibration by the secondary laboratories of

the System, (d) "The principle of stringency" will continue to guide NBS: It

iDust focus its efforts on meeting the most stringent requirements of the system

wherever there is enough need to justify the necessary investment in research,

(e) Other elements of the System are giving serious, productive consideration to their respective roles and are generating recommendations for improvement in its

operation

Effects : Brought to the general scientific public attention a systematic new approach

to understanding the role of measurements and of NBS in our society.

[57] Hewlett, L. E. , International basis for uniform measurement. Science 158 , 72-74

(6 Oct. 1967).

[58] Schafer, G. E., Economic dimensions of the national measurement system, NBS internal

memorandum to W. A. Wildhack (Dec. 12, 1967).

[59] Yates, J. T., Jr., Morgan, H. E., and Huntoon, R. D. , Exploratory NBS studies of

benefi t- cost measurement in research and development, NBS internal working document^

33 pages (1967)

[60] Decrease in uncertainty of NBS measurements, unsigned, unattri buted , undated document

(about 1967).

[61] Dantzig, T. , Number, The Language of Science, 4th edition (Macmillan Co., New York,

N.Y., 1967).

[62] Atomic second adopted as international unit of time, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech

New Bull . , No. 1 , 10-12 (Jan. 1968).

[63] Worth her weight in gold, brochure, 8 pages (Gordons Transports, Inc., Memphis, Tenn.,

Mar, 1968)

[64] Astin, A. V., Statement on the utilization of Federal laboratories, before the subcommittee on Science, Research and Development of the House Committee on Science and

Astronautics (Mar. 27, 1968).

[65] Gentilini, A. V., Summary of national measurement system, NBS internal memorandum to members of motion picture committee, 35 pages (May 3, 1968).

Purpose : A source file from which an NBS film script on the subject may be developed,

a reference for miscellaneous purposes, and a basis for articles, speeches, and

feature stories.

Approach : Synthesis from pre-existing sources. Findings : These are largely a recapitulation of points made in sources discussed above.

The significance of this memorandum is that it is perhaps the earliest document

on the NBS record that is aimed at substantially the same purpose as this report.

Effects : All available insight regarding the national measurement system is summarized

in one document, as of 1968. Tentative discussions regarding a motion picture

did take place, but no film was developed.

[66] Astin, A. V., Standards of measurement, Sci . Am. 218, No. 6, 50-62 (June 1968).

Purpose : Communication of state of art in physical measurement standards, to the general

scientific community.

Approach : Historical review and summary of current status and trends.

Findings : The task of finding more accurate ways to measure length, mass, time and temp- erature never ends. The base units should be defined in terms of basic constants

of nature, and this has been done for all except mass. Effects : Definitive communication to the general scientific public.

[67] Eisenhart, C. Expression of the uncertainties of final results. Science 160 , 1201-4

(14 June 1968).

[68] Wildhack, W. A., NBS outputs and impacts, NBS internal working document, 5 pages

(Sept. 1968).

114
[69] GOST 1 "The state standardization system," Izmer. Tekh., No. 9, 21-22 (Sept. 1968)

(UDC 389.69093.2).

[70] Resko, S. I., ed., Metrological Service of the USSR, booklet, 84 pages (Publ. House of Standards, Moscow, USSR, 1968). Translated by M. C. Selby as Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.),

Report 9756, 98 pages (May 27, 1970).

[71] Brief history and use of the English and metric systems of measurement, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 304A, 4 pages (1968).

[72] Precision Measurements and Calibration, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 300,

12 volumes (1968).

[73] Zupko, R. E., A Dictionary of English Weights and Measures from Anglo-Saxon Times

to the Nineteenth Century (Univ. Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wise, 1968).

[74] The exotic pursuit of precision, photo essay. Fortune, 80-87 (May 1969).

[75] Mason, H. L., ed.. Making Valuable Measurements (Proc. 1968 Standards Laboratory

Conference, NBS, Boulder, Colo., Aug. 26-29, 1968), Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec.

Publ. 313, 177 pages (May 1969).

Purpose : Proceedings of the 1968 Standards Laboratory Conference.

Approach : Answering the Who? Where? How? and Why? of making valuable measurements.

Findings : Best summarized by the session titles:

(1 ) DOD Activities

(2) NCSL Liaison Delegate Reports

(3) NBS Activities

(4) International Measurements

(5) NCSL Committee Reports

(6) The Value of Measurement Agreement Comparison

(7) The Management of Equipment and Data

(8) The Management of Valuable Measurements

Apprai sal : An early attempt by a major component group in the System to focus on improve- ment of the effectiveness of the entire National Measurement System.

[76] Morgan, H. E., The economic value of making measurements, Proc. 1968 Standards Laboratory Conference, NBS, Boulder, Colo., Aug. 26-29, 1968, Ed. H. L. Mason, Nat. Bur. Stand.

(U.S.), Spec. Publ. 313, pp. 27-36 (May 1969).

Purpose : Definition of the word valuable in the context of a conference which has as

its theme "Making Valuable Measurements," and indication of how one might measure

the value of "valuable measurements."

Approach : Application of concepts and analytical approaches of the science of economics

to the subject of measurements and the measurement system.

Findings : (1) Measurements are made primarily to provide information which leads to decisions which (a) alter the method of attaining a given objective or (b) result

in pursuing new objectives.

(2) The economic value of measurement data in case (a) will be the cost of resources saved by substitution of these data in reaching the stated goal.

(3) Economic value in case (b) relates to the effectiveness with which the new resources can be used in achieving the new goals.

(4) The economic value of a unit of measurement data to an individual pro- ducer of goods or services is the change, in total revenue from the sale of

goods and services, induced by that additional unit of measurement service.

(5) The economic value of measurement data used directly by consumers of

goods and services is given by the extent to which these data enable consumers

to save other resources in attaining a given level of satisfaction, or to use other resources in reaching a higher level. Measurement of secondary effects is complex.

(6) Two methods of approximating the aggregate eoonomio value of measurements

are based on (a) the concept of consumer's surplus, and (b) input-output analysis.

Both require detailed information about the way measurement data are used and

information about the demand for final goods. Consumer's surplus measures value

which users obtain and which they would be willing to pay more for than they

actually pay, rather than go without the product. Where market prices of mea- surement related goods are known, input-output analysis may permit tracing

through the consequences of interactions in the economic system, to indicate net economic value.

115
(7) The value of publicly produced or used measurement data, which often

involve a formal zero price to the public, is most basically determined by the

trade-off value of substitutes.

(8) The value of measurement reliability can be handled in the fashions out- lined above. Trade-offs between the cost of higher precision or reliability in general and the costs of other inputs must be made until minimum cost has been

attained, in achieving any given goal.

(9) Empirical measurement of economic value requires (a) case studies of

specific applications of measurement services, or (b) statistical data which

indicate how measurements may have affected firms or industries. The latter

are seldom sufficiently detailed to permit meaningful generalizations.

Appraisal : This is the only formal study (until now) on the public record of the use of

economic techniques in evaluating the National Measurement System.

[77] Wolzien, E. C, New directions for NBS outputs, Proc. 1968 Standards Laboratory Con- ference, NBS, Boulder, Colo., Ed. H. L. Mason, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ . 313,

pp. 38-42 (May 1969).

[78] Modus operandi for production of NBS film dealing with the national measurement system,

internal NBS working document (13 May 1969).

[79] Stiehler, R. D. , History of measurement and the SI units. Mater. Res. Stand. 9, No. 6,

14-18 (June 1969).

Purpose : A brief summarization for the general technical public of the subject.

Approach : Historical narrative; analysis of strengths and weaknesses of SI; trend

extrapolation.

Findings : (1) The so-called English units did not originate in England; they descended

from antiquity.

(2) The confusion caused by the multiplicity of ancient units that were in use in Europe during the Renaissance was the stimulus that lead to the development of the metric units.

(3) Similarly, the multiplicity of metric units for the same quantity that

have arisen since 1800 led to the SI. Apprai sal : An excellent and unique article.

[80] Huntoon, R. D., Lichtenstein, S., and Finger, G. A., The National Bureau of Standards

prepares for the 1970's, Science 165, 867-74 (29 Aug. 1969).

[81] Kushner, L. M. , The NBS contributions to technological measurements and standards.

Mater. Res. Stand. 9, No. 10, 8-10 (Oct. 1969).

[82] Silverman, S., The national measurement system--a concept to assist the private sector,

Mater. Res. Stand. 9, No. 10, 11-14 (Oct. 1969).

[83] Meinke, W. W. , The NBS Standard Reference Materials program: past, present, and future,

Mater. Res. Stand. 9, No. 10, 15-18 (Oct. 1969).

[84] Brady, E. L. , The National Standard Reference Data System, Mater. Res. Stand. 9, No. 10,

19-21 fOct. 1969).

Purpose : The preceding four items were published as a group under the general title

"Measurement in the Public Sector," to provide a description to the technical public

of the breadth of NBS programs supporting the national measurement system.

Approach : Historical review, philosophical discussion, narrative description.

Fundings : (1) Technological measurements and standards are use-related and are at the

interface between science and its application in industry and government. The NBS program extends the principles of good measurement to the engineering fields and

to the complex needs of today's society. Specific aspects include measurements for

performance-based standards, of subjective human factors, and of the functioning

of complete systems.

(2) The concept of a National Measurement System involves the entire complex of

measurement activities within the United States. The central element of this system

is NBS.

(3) Standard Reference Materials provide a basis for comparison of measurements

on materials and aid in control of production processes in industry. About 600 different items are available from NBS.

(4) The National Standard Reference Data System aims to give the technical com- munity optimum access to the quantitative data of physical science. NBS provides

central coordination.

Effects: Concise public statement of several key NBS programs in support of the national

measurement system.
[85] Koeser, R. L., ed.. Report of the 54th National Conference on Weights and Measures 1969,

Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ . 318, 270 pages (Nov. 1969),

[86] Simson, B. G., and Radlinski, R. W. , The accuracy of air tower pressure gages in suburban

Washington, D.C., Nat Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 512, 10 pages (Dec. 1969).

[87] Gorozhanina, R. S., Freedman, A. Y., and Shaievitch, A. B., Standard Reference Materials:

Standard Samples Issued in the USSR, booklet, 81 pages (Publishing House of Standards,

Moscow, USSR, 1969). Translated by M. C. Selby as Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 260-

30, 86 pages (June 1971).

[88] Burton, W. K. , Measuring systems and standards organizations, 45 pages (American National

Standards Institute, New York, N.Y., undated, estimated 1969).

[89] National measurements requirements committee report, 1970 Standards Laboratory Conference, 12 pages (5 May 1970).

[90] Clark, R. F., The impact of advanced electronic technology on measurements, preprint,

1970 Standards Laboratory Conference, 6 pages (June 1970).

[91] Root, L. W., New U.S. Air Force audit program, preprint, 1970 Standards Laboratory

Conference, 19 pages (June 1970).

[92] Ritchie-Calder, Lord, Conversion to the metric system, Sci. Am. 223, No. 1, 17-25

(July, 1970).

[93] Taylor, B. N., Langenberg, D. N., and Parker, W. H., The fundamental physical con- stants, Sci. Am. 223., No. 4, 62-78 (Oct. 1970).

Purpose : Communication of importance of experiments designed to redetermine the

numerical values of the fundamental physical constants to ever greater levels

of accuracy.

Approach : Description of role of these quantities, of the importance of accuracy, of

lessons from the past, of examples of the consequences that have stemmed from

improvements in knowledge of these quantities, and of current technical approaches

to this field; plus trend extrapolation.

Findings : (1) These efforts can yield information concerning the overall correctness

of the basic theories of physics, in addition to improving the precision of the

quantitative predictions of these theories.

(2) Experimenters tend to "debug" their work until they get agreement with

generally accepted values, and may fail to keep going long enough to recognize

the total range of errors involved. Consequently, good agreement among suc- cessive independent measurements may be illusory and only shown up by a later,

truly definitive experiment.

(3) Precision determination of fundamental constants depends intimately upon

the adequacy of the national physical measurement reference standards.

(4) This work is not finished.

Appraisal A definitive publication on the physical importance of precise knowledge of

the fundamental constants, that stopped short of description of the metrological

importance of these quantities.

[94] Calibration and test services of the National Bureau of Standards, Nat. Bur. Stand.

(U.S.), Spec. Publ. 250-1970 edition (Dec. 1970).

[95] Slattery, W. J., ed.. An Index of U.S. Voluntary Engineering Standards, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) Spec. Publ. 329, 1000 pages (March 1971).

Purpose : Provision of a basic reference compilation of voluntary engineering standards

titles.

Approach : Key-word-in-context indexing by permutation of titles.

Findings : (1) 19,000 voluntary engineering and related standards, specifications, test methods, and recommended practices, in effect as of December 31, 1969, published

by some 360 U.S. technical societies, professional organizations, and trade

associations

(2) 6,300 more are contained in Supplement 1, with a cut-off date of December

31, 1971 [139].

(3) An additional 5,700 are indexed in Supplement 2, with a cut-off date of

July 1, 1974 [251].

Appraisal : A definitive reference publication.

[96] Bell, F, C, and Wollin, H, F. , ed.. Report of the 55th National Conference on Weights

and Measures 1970, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 342, 315 pages (April 1971).

117
[97] Noble, D. E., The challenge of intelligent decision making, Proc. Rome Air Development

Center 20th Anniversary Celebration: The Next Twenty Years--the Promise and the Challenge,

pp. 65-74 (Rome Air Development Center, June 9-11, 1971).

[98] DeSimone, D V., A Metric America: A Decision Whose Time Has Come, Nat. Bur. Stand.

(U.S.), Spec. Publ. 345, 188 pages (July 1971).

Purpose: Report to Congress in response to Public Law 90-472, An Act To authorize

the Secretary of Commerce to make a study to determine advantages and disadvantages of increased use of the metric system in the United States.

Approach : Summarization of results reported in twelve supplementary volumes. Polling

of thousands of individuals, firms, and organized groups, representative of our society, by public hearings, questionnaires, and many other techniques. Historical

analysis and trend extrapolation.

Findings : (1) Eventually the United States will join the rest of the world in the use

of the metric system as the predominant common language of measurement.

(2) America is already metric in some respects, and is becoming more so.

(3) The great majority of businessmen, educators, and other informed

participants in the Study reported that increased use of the metric system is in the best interests of America. They also believe that it is better for the

nation to move to metric by plan rather than by no plan at all.

(4) The key question is not whether but how and when America will choose to make the change. The key comparison regarding costs and benefits is between

changing by plan versus changing with no pZan--with no framework to guide the

nation.

(5) It would be best for the nation to change to metric under a coordinated

program that provides for flexibility and encourages the various sectors of

society to deal with their particular problems voluntarily.

(6) Educational efforts should begin immediately, in the schools and for the

public.

(7) International standardization should be participated in vigorously, to protect American national interests.

(8) Congress should assign the responsibility for guiding the change to a central coordinating body responsive to all sectors of our society.

(9) In order to encourage efficiency and minimize the overall costs to society, the general rule should be that any changeover costs shall "lie where

they fall."

(10) The Congress, after deciding on a plan for the nation, should establish

a target date ten years ahead, by which time the U.S. will have become predominantly, though not exclusively, metric.

(11) There should be a firm government committment to this goal.

Effects : Administration commitment to metric changeover by plan, in accordance with

the findings above.

Essentially continuously pending bills in Congress to implement these findings.

Concern by organized labor and small business about the "costs lie where they

fall" principle. A combination of these concerns, parliamentary tactics, and

national preoccupation with other matters prevented final action until the

passage of the Metric Conversion Act of 1975, in December 1975.

[99] Huntoon, R. D. , et al., U.S. Metric Study Report: International Standards, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 345-1, 157 pages (Dec. 1970).

[100] Clark, R. E., and Tascher, J. M. , U.S. Metric Study Interim Report: Federal Government:

Civilian Agencies, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 345-2, 328 pages (July 1971).

[101] Hatos, S. L., U.S. Metric Study Interim Report: Commercial Weights and Measures,

Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 345-3, 116 pages (July 1971).

[102] Barbrow, L. E., coord., U.S. Metric Study Interim Report: The Manufacturing Industry,

Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 345-4, 172 pages (July 1971).

[103] Cornog, J. R., and Bunten, E. D., U.S. Metric Study Interim Report: Nonmanufacturing

Businesses, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 345-5, 200 pages (July 1971).

[104] Robinson, B. D., U.S. Metric Study Interim Report: Education, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.),

Spec. Publ. 345-6, 216 pages (July 1971).

[105] Rothrock, B. D., ed., U.S. Metric Study Interim Report: The Consumer, Nat. Bur. Stand.

(U.S.), Spec. Publ. 345-7, 152 pages (July 1971).

118
[106] Gordon, G. F., U.S. Metric Study Interim Report: International Trade, Nat. Bur. Stand.

(U.S.), Spec. Publ. 345-8, 188 pages (July 1971).

[107] Lomas, L., et al . , U.S. Metric Study Interim Report: Department of Defense, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 345-9, 132 pages (June 1971).

[108] Treat, F., U.S. Metric Study Interim Report: A History of the Metric System Controversy in the United States, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 345-10, 312 pages

(Aug. 1971).

[109] Stiehler, R. D., U.S. Metric Study Interim Report: Engineering Standards, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 345-11, 264 pages (July 1971).

[110] Odom, J. v., ed., U.S. Metric Study Interim Report: Testimony of Nationally Representative Groups, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 345-12, 180 pages (July 1971).

[Ill] Huntoon, R. D., Extending the measurement infrastructure to meet the needs of developing establishments, NBS internal working document, 55 pages (July 1971).

Purpose : Response to the question. What can or should NBS do, to aid developing establishments, domestic or foreign, to acquire a sufficient measurement capability?

Approach : Extension of reasoning and understanding developed for the U. S. National

Measurement System to oro.iect solutions of problems of developing establishments.

Findings : (1) Newly developing countries of the world and developing establishments

domestically face similar problems in acquiring an appropriate measurement

capability.

(2) The traditional patterns upon which our growth was based are not optimum

for new countries in today's world, nor even always for our own.

(3) Nominally identical measurement actions do not give identical results.

There is always a dispersion. Of all of the terms that can be used in dealing

with this dispersion, aompatibility is the one of the broadest significance.

If accuracy is injected in a compatible system, it propagates to all units in that system. Compatibility is best achieved by an active approach, rather than the

traditional passive calibration approach.

(4) The standard sample approach, which uses a sample of acceptable product,

thing, or substance, as a basis for transfer of compatible measurements, independent of the system of weights and measures in local use, is especially

stressed as needing careful study.

(5) Tie points to the international measurement infrastructure exist wherever

the printed word can reach, transportation can provide hardware, and people with

the necessary skill exist. A tie-poi nt represents the meeting of a need for some specific measurement or complex of measurements, with an established capability

in the measurement infrastructure, national or international

(6) The essence of the improvement that is needed in the international meas- urment infrastructure lies in the dissemination of compatible measurement capa- bility through the tie-points of the system.

(7) Passive harmonization, e.g., through classical calibration procedures, is fraught with peril and associated with much nonsense, in which paper evidence of

instrument compatibility rules, rather than ohvsical demonstration of it. (8) Active harmonization is more complex, but it forces demonstration of the

end object

compatible measurements --rather than of the intermediate, compatible

instvimentation. Independently reproducible standards are an ideal, ultimate

approach to active harmonization; of the basic units, only mass cannot so far be realized this way.

(9) Published data from any trusted source can be used as the basis for an active transfer process. Standard Reference Data can be an ultimate for such

purposes

(10) Standard Reference Materials are essential when it is possible to find

stable substances with properties useful in the measurement system, that can be

precisely and reproducibly measured, but which cannot be described so that the

materials themselves can be easily , precisely reproduced.

(11) Careful cataloging of tne level of compatibility available at different

potential tie-points in the international measurement infrastructure should be undertaken by NBS, and the specifications established for needed tie-points that

do not exist.

(12) "How-to"documents are needed for each kind of measurement compatibility

transfer available at each tie-point, showing how to establish compatible meas- urements with that transfer mechanism.

Appraisal : A very penetrating study.

119
[112] Langenberg, D. N., and Taylor, B. N., ed.. Precision Measurements and Fundamental

Constants, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ . 343, 543 pages (Aug. 1971).

Purpose: Proceedings of an International Conference held at the National Bureau of

Standards, Gaithersburg , Maryland, August 3-7, 1970.

Approach : Collection and editing of papers by the Conference speakers.

Findings : (1) The essential connection between the fundamental physical constants and our choice and definition of the base units for physical measurements has been

apparent for many years.

(2) Precision measurement plays an essential and crucial role in the development of all science and technology.

(3) In all of our fundamental theories there appear a certain few parameters

which characterize the fundamental particles and interactions we find in nature.

(4) The progress of our understanding of the physical world is very much

intertwined with the advance of the art of precision measurement and its application to the determination of the fundamental physical constants.

(5) In recent years there have been notable advances in both theory and

experiment relevant to the fundamental constants. Appraisal : A definitive publication from a conference that was the first of its kind, and

of fundamental importance in the measurement system infrastructure.

[113] A Metric America, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. News Bull,, 222-30 (Sept. 1971).

[114] National Bureau of Standards at a Glance, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), booklet, 40 oaaes

(Sept. 1, 1971).

[115] Science Policy Research Division, Library of Congress; National Bureau of Standards,

A Review of its Organization and Operations: A study prepared for the Subcommittee on Science, Research, and Development of the Committee on Science and Astronautics, U.S. House of Representatives, 236 pages (U.S. Govt. Print. Off., Washington, D.C., Sept. 8, 1971).

Purpose : A study prepared for the Subcommittee on Science, Research, and Development

of the Committee on Science and Astronautics, U. S. House of Representatives,

Ninety-second Congress, First Session, at its request, to provide background

information as it begins a comprehensive series of oversight hearings on the Bureau. Approach : Compilation from materials in the public record, with special attention to developments concerning the National Bureau of Standards since the last general

Committee review in 1961. Findings : (1) Little information about the Bureau is available from independent sources.

(2) Diversity and technical nature of the Bureau's work make its comprehension difficult for the average citizen.

(3) There are significant uncertainties in the scope of NBS legal authority.

(4) Much NBS work is funded by other government agencies or private organizations with the result that the NBS budget is not reviewed as a whole in any public proceedings.

(5) NBS budget requests almost every year have been consistently reduced by

the Department of Commerce, the Office of Management and Budget, and the Congress.

(6) Often the Bureau has been assigned urgent new tasks with no funds

appropriated to carry them out, usually with no guidance as to what should be

reduced to make room for the new work.

(7) The less visible and perhaps prosaic nature of its work has lacked the

glamor needed to compete for recognition and support with the conquest of space,

promoting nuclear power, and expanding national defense capabilities, despite

the long-run pervasive impact of its work on American science, technology, and

i ndustry

(8) Research and services for other organizations, currently at 40 percent

of the total Bureau budget, have in the past been as high as 85 percent, and are

a continuing source of potential imbalance in the Bureau's program.

(9) The proper role and extent of support by the Bureau of civilian technology per se is an unresolved question.

(10) Environmental problems affecting the Bureau's operations have grown up around it at its new site.

120
(n) Despite continuing changes in NBS programs and organization, there is •evidence of undesirable delay in adapting the Bureau's output to the demands of

U. S. industry, in response to continuing technological change and the com- mercial deployment of new products and services.

(12) Only a few major criticisms were found of NBS operations in the open literature during the 1960's.

(13) Suggested topics for further committee inquiry include (a) planning for

the 1970' s and beyond, (b) standard setting for the future, (c) U.S. conversion

to the metric system (d) funding for the 1970's and beyond, (e) optimizing the

utilization of the Bureau's facilities, (f) optimizing its location within the

Executive Branch, (g) optimizing the administration within and of the Bureau.

(14) A basic question: To what goal should the NBS be oriented? The current statement used by the Director of the Bureau ("to strengthen and advance the

Nation's science and technology and to facilitate their effective application

for public benefit") is significantly broader than that of the Secretary of

Commerce in the U.S. Government Organization Manual—1970/71 ("assuring the

maximum application of the physical and engineering sciences to the advancement

of technology in industry or commerce"). The answer to this question must inevitably affect NBS planning for the future and the intellectual, physical, and

financial resources it will require to attain the desired objectives.

Appraisal : A very even-handed and perceptive document.

[116] National Bureau of Standards Oversight Hearings, Hearings before the Subcommittee on Science, Research, and Development of the Committee on Science and Astronautics, U.S. House

of Representatives, Sept. 16, 21-23, 2S, 1971, 387 pages (U.S. Govt. Print. Off., Washington, D.C. , 1971 )

Purpose : Hearings for complete overview and review of the activities of the NBS. Approach : Presentation of prepared statements by representatives of the Administration

and other interested parties, and questioning by members of the Subcommittee.

Findings : A thorough review of the operations of NBS and the issues surrounding them.

Effects : The first time that NBS had been able to present, for about ten years, its com- plete story in a Congressional hearing. It was sympathetically received by the

committee. Substantial statements of support were offered by the private sector.

[117] Branscomb, L. M. , U.S. metric study. Science Teacher 38, No. 8, 58-62 (Nov. 1971).

[118] Ambler, E., Measurement standards, physical constants, and science teaching. Science

Teacher 38, No. 8, 63-71 (Nov. 1971).

Purpose : Presentation during 1971 Convention of National Science Teachers Association.

Approach : Historical and philosophical review of field of metrology, discussion of current scientific status and trends in field, trend extrapolation.

Findings : (1) Human intuitive knowledge is basic to metrology, and is based on biological sensors of truly exquisite sensitivity.

(2) A most essential part in the process of developing primitive learning

and intuitive conceptualization into a more sophisticated understanding of the

concept and its relation to the physical world, is how we define our concept more exactly and measure it more precisely so that we all mean the same thing.

(3) The touchstone we adopt in changing the measurement system is one of

practical utility: We look for accuracy, reproducibility, directness, and

convenience. The system must be acceptable in science, engineering, and everyday life on an international basis.

(4) A major current challenge to metrology is development of an objective

science for measurement of subjective human phenomena, perception of noise, for

instance.

(5) Perhaps one of the most important things science teaching can do today

is to try to reverse the present alienation the general public feels toward

science, by reestablishing its original aura of humanistic natural philosophy

Appraisal : A very thoughtful and penetrating discussion.

[119] Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Commercial Weighing

and Measuring Devices, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Handb. 44, 4th edition (Nov. 1971).

121
[120] Draft report of the Instrumentation Panel of NAS-NRC Physics Survey Committee

(Nov. 12, 1971).

[121] Mason, H. L., and Peiser, H. S., ed.. Metrology and Standardization in Less-Developed

Countries: The Role of a National Capability for Industrializing Economies, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ . 359, 390 pages (Dec. 1971).

Purpose : Proceedings of a Seminar of February 1-4, 1971. Definition of how NBS experience

in metrology and standardization can be employed in collaboration with the U.S. Agency for International Development for assisting less-developed countries to build

up their own technological infrastructures.

Approach : Presentations by expert participants from abroad and from NBS, with discussion.

Findings : (1) Caution is the best advice NBS has to offer.

(2) Developing nations should not be over-awed by the achievements of industrialized nations and those of metrological laboratories like NBS.

(3) We can all work together more effectively by comparing techniques, attitudes, and interests, as during this Seminar.

Appraisal : Established a sound basis for continuing NBS efforts in this field.

[122] Crane, B. M. , Economic effects of an improved measurement, Ph.D. Dissertation,

George Washington University (1971).

[123] Ambler, E. , Entity Program Document for NBS Program A-1 , Development, Maintenance

and Improvement of the Standards of Physical Neasurement, internal NBS working document

(Jan. 7, 1972).

[124] Ambler, E., Entity Program Document for NBS Program A-3, Evaluation of the National

Measurement System, internal NBS working document (Jan. 7, 1972).

[125] Ambler, E., Entity Program Document for NBS Program A-7, Research to Improve Physical

Measurements, internal NBS working document (Jan. 7, 1972).

[126] Bell, F. C, and Wollin, H. F. , ed.. Report of the 56th National Conference on Weights

and Measures 1971, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 358, 252 pages (Mar. 1972).

[127] Branscomb, L. M. , to help advance our Nation's science & technological capabilities

for the greatest public benefit, Mater. Res. Stand. 12, No. 5, 8-12 (May 1972).

[128] Kushner, L. M. , We have decided to become more active at the policy level in voluntary

standardization activities, Mater. Res. Stand. J_2, No. 5, 13-14 (May 1972).

[129] Andrus, W. E., A focus for the Bureau and all voluntary standardization organizations.

Mater. Res. Stand. 1^, No. 5, 15-17 (May 1972).

[130] Ambler, E. , A major innovation is our Measurement Assurance Program, Mater. Res. Stand.

12, No. 5, 18-23 (May 1972).

[13T7 Hoffman, J. D. , IMR emphsizes accurate measurements and standards for materials. Mater.

Res. Stand, n. No. 5, 24-33, 71 (May 1972).

[132] Willenbrock, F. K. , We can never afford to be technically wrong, Mater. Res. Stand. 1_2, No. 5, 34-36, 71-72 (May 1972).

Purpose : The preceding six items are interviews or statements presented by NBS managers

to communicate with the membership of the American Society for Testing and Materials

(ASTM) about current programs and policies of NBS. Approach : Editorial commentary, interviews with NBS managers, publication of prepared papers. Findings : Implicit in the titles quoted above.

Effects : Concise and broad-ranging communication to ASTM membership.

[133] Ambler, E. , Program to insure that IBS capability is used in the field to the maximum

degree of effectiveness and to develop new capability where necessary, NBS internal memorandum, directed to IBS Division Chiefs and Dr. Leiss, 6 pages (May 5, 1972).

[134] Corruccini, R. J., The Role of Basic Standards in the Economy, NBS internal working

document, generated in response to the request of April 12, 1972, by the Assistant Secretary

of Commerce for Administration, 41 pages (July 3, 1972).

Purpose : Study of the NBS standards of measurement to determine if their accuracy is sufficient for the needs of U. S. industry:

(a) Do NBS standards meet the needs of U. S. industry?

(b) What is the NBS plan for improving the accuracy of standards?

(c) In cases where standards should be improved, how much should they be

improved, what would be the benefits and the cost?

122
(d) What role do NBS standards play in increasing U. S. industry's ability

to compete in foreign markets? Are there standards, presently unavailable or capable of improvement, that would give U. S. industry a competitive edge in foreign markets?

(e) Are there predictable technological developments that would create a need for NBS standards not now available?

Findings : (1) NBS maintains standards and calibration services for 49 measurement

quantities and provides auxiliary services which ensure that the standards are applied to best effect in the economy, e.g., in manufacturing, exchange of goods,

and the utilization of science and technology for economic growth.

(2) NBS standards do appear to meet most needs of U. S. industry. However,

technology continually advances by means of new discoveries, and at any given

time there will be new needs in certain areas that require attention. Since

1945, new needs have tended to appear first in the programs of government

agencies using advanced technologies (e.g., defense, aerospace, and atomic

energy), from whence they have diffused into client industries and then to civilian industry. More recently, a different pattern has emerged in which

measurement needs are being generated by public concern for well-being and

safety. Some measurement needs do arise directly from civilian industry.

(3) The dissemination of the standards is being increasingly monitored by NBS Measurement Assurance Programs which evaluate the adequacy of the user's procedures and assure that those measurement techniques are applied which are most appropriate for meeting user's real needs.

(4) The nature of these standards and services is subject to constant re- view to ensure that the most critical needs are met in a timely fashion and

that on-going activities are phased out when appropriate.

(5) Needs are ascertained by contacts with the technological community, by

questionnaires and publications, by special conferences and symposia, by

advisory groups, and by special issue studies (technology assessments).

(6) NBS plans for improving the standards relate not only to accuracy but

also to extension of the ranges in which standards need to be maintained,

provision of needed standards of kinds which do not now exist, and continuing

surveillance to assure their effective application in the field. Short-term

plans are well described in current budget documents.

(7) The Institute for Basic Standards of NBS has begun a three-year study

of the entire measurement system which will define the need for standards more comprehensively than before and lead to comprehensive plans for meeting these

needs.

(8) Cost/benefit analyses are part of the objective of the long-range study.

General answers cannot now be given.

(9) Availability of measurement standards--though necessary--cannot by itself assure success in foreign trade. However, we can see areas where improved

standards are needed to support U. S. international trade.

(10) There are a number of foreseeable developments in measurement technology

of such importance to the improvement of measurements that NBS could not responsibly neglect them.

(11) .There are beneficial future technologies that cannot be brought to full

fruition unless appropriate new kinds of standards are provided by NBS. Effects : This was a preliminary report with respect to the current study of the

National Measurement System. It served to set the tone and a pattern for the

study. It provided reasonable answers to the immediate questions, and put the

existence, motives, and nature of this study clearly on the record within the

Department.

[135] Kushner, L. M. , The role and value of measurement, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. News Bull., 56, No. 9, 216-19 (Sept. 1972).

[136] Brief History of Measurement Systems, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ . 304A,

rev. Oct. 1972. 4 pages (Oct. 1972).

[137] Rossmassler, S. A., ed.. Critical evaluation of data in the physical sciences--a status report on the National Standard Reference Data System June 1972, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.),

Tech. Note 747, 79 pages (Nov. 1972).

[138] Jewkes, J., Government and high technology, Occasional Paper 37 (Institute of Economic

Affairs, The Wincraft Foundation, Dec. 1972).

123
[139] Slattery, W. J., ed.. An Index of U.S. Voluntary Engineering Standards, Supplement 1, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ . 329, Suppl . 1, 459 -pages (Dec. 1972).

[140] Proceedings of the 1972 Joint Measurement .Conference , June 21-23 (Instrum. Soc Am , Pittsburgh, Pa. , 1972)

Purpose : Development of an interdisciplinary exchange of technical and managerial

measurement concepts.

Approach : (1) The explanation to technical and management personnel of those aspects

of measurement technology that form the common basis for, or are applicable to,

various measurement fields and several measurement-dependent industrial functions.

(2) The interdisciplinary flow of measurement information (available in one field for application in another) on a technical level involving the electrical,

thermal, dimensional, etc., fields.

(3) The generation of ideas and actions intended to increase in the universities the extent and quality of education in measurement science, and to identify ways of increasing the professionalism of those engaged in metrology.

Findings : These are most succinctly described by the session titles:

(1) The Role and Value of Measurement.

(2) The Measurement Effort as a Resource for Management.

(3) The Measurement Effort as a Technical Resource.

(A) When are Measurements Relevant?

(B) When are Measurements Adequate?

(4) Interdisciplinary Processes in Sensors/Transducers/Detectors.

(5) Interdisciplinary Solutions to Measurement Problems.

(6) Systems Metrology: The "Compleat" Problem Solver.

(7) Measurement Educati on--What It Is; How to Get It; How to Improve It. Appraisal : jhe beginning of a continuing series of conferences, serving to tie the field

of metrology together in the U. S., at the professional level, both managerial

and technical

[141] Executive Office of the President— Off ice of Management and Budget, Standard Industrial

Classification Manual 1972 (U.S. Govt. Print. Off., Washington, D.C., 1972).

[l42] U.S. Bureau of Census, Census of Manufactures: 1972, Alphabetic List of Manufactured

Products (1967 SIC basis), series MC72-2 (Bureau of Census).

[143] Steiner, B., Optical radiation measurements: the impact of radiometry and photometry

and the role of NBS, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 594-4, 56 pages (Mar. 1973).

[144] Ambler, E., Progress "of Study of the National Measurement System, NBS internal memo- randum directed to IBS Division Chiefs, 6 pages (March 23, 1973).

[145] Bell, F. C, and Wollin, H. F., Report of the 57th National Conference on Weights and Measures 1972, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 379, 216 pages (May 1973).

[146] U.S. Bureau of Census, Census of Manufactures: 1972, Numerical List of Manufactured

Products (New (1972) SIC basis), series MC72-1.2 (U.S. Govt. Print. Off., Washington, D.C.,

May 1973).

[147] NBS policy for usage of SI units, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. News Bull. 57^, No. 6,

138-41 (June 1973).

[148] Risley, A. S., Time and Frequency Division progress report on the study of the national

measurement system, NBS internal memorandum to J. R. Seed, 34 pages (June 5, 1973).

[149] Preliminary report. Assessment of the national measurement system for length,

from Dimensional Technology Section of NBS Optical Physics Division, 40 pages (June 1973).

[150] Schweitzer, W. G., National measurement system study--wavel ength , NBS internal pre- liminary report, 8 pages (June 1973).

[151] Ramboz, J. D., Progress Report on the national measurement system in the area of

mechanical shock and vibration, from Vibration Section, NBS Mechanics Division, 21 pages,

(June 29, 1973).

[152] Young, R. D. , Technology assessment of the surface finish measurement system, preliminary report from Optics and Micrometrology Section, NBS Optical Physics Division, 17 mm

(June 1973).

[153] Preliminary report. Assessment of the national measurement system for mass, from

Dimensional Technology Section, NBS Optical Physics Division, 26 mm (June 1973).

[154] Preliminary report, Assessment of the national measurement system for volume and

density, from Dimensional Technology Section, NBS Opt. Phys. Div., 17 mm (June 1973).

[155] Tate, D. R. , Progress report. National measurement system for force, NBS internal

preliminary report, 14 pages (June 29, 1973).

124
156] Compton, P. R. , Study of the national fluid flow measurement system, a progress report

from the Fluid Mechanics Laboratory, NBS Mechanics Division, 34 pages (June 29, 1973).

,157] The analysis of the national measurement system: pressure and vacuum, NBS internal

preliminary report, 10 mm (June 1973).

158] Schooley, J. F., National measurement system for non-radiative thermometry, NBS

internal preliminary report, 13 mm (June 1973).

159] Wexler, A., Analysis of the national measurement system: microstudy: humidity,

preliminary report from the Humidity Section, NBS Mech. Div., 7 mm (June 29, 1973).

160] Flynn, T. M. , Cryogenics study of the national measurement system, preliminary'

report from the NBS Cryogenics Division, 104 pages (June 29, 1973).

161] Belecki, N., et al . , Analysis of the national measurement system. Electricity Division

substudy, progress report, 7 mm (June 29, 1973).

162] Anson, W. J., National measurement system progress report of the Electromagnetics

Division, NBS internal memorandum to Dr. James Seed, 4 mm (June 30, 1973).

163] Laser technology and the national measurement system (Quantum Electronics Micro

Study Interim Report), 8 mm (July 6, 1973).

164] Cook, R. K., ed.. Progress report on microstudy of acoustical measurements as part of

part of the national measurement system, NBS internal interim report 10 pages (June 29 1973). ' K a V

'165] Kostkowski, H. J., Progress report, national measurement system study, radiometry and

photometry, NBS internal preliminary report, 30 pages (June 29, 1973).

J66] Venable, W. H., Jr., Progress report, national measurement system study, spectrophotometry, NBS internal preliminary report, 10 pages (June 1973).

J67] Ott, W. R., Ultraviolet radiometry— Part I, a survey of the national measurement system,

preliminary report from the Plasma Spectroscopy Section, NBS Optical Physics Division, 12 mm

(May 16, 1973).

'168] Kuyatt, C. E., and Swyt, D., Preliminary report, infrastructure of the national meas- urement system, optics, 46 mm (June 1973).

.169] Progress report, national radiation measurement system study, preliminary report from

the NBS Center for Radiation Research, 9 mm (June 30, 1973).

J70] Arthur, M. G. , Test Procedures Handbook for Surveillance Receivers below 100 MHz, Nat.

Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Internal Report 73-333, prepared for U.S. Army Security Test and Evaluation Center, Ft. Huachuca, Ariz., 439 pages (Oct. 1973).

171] National Bureau of Standards at a Glance, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), booklet, 46 pages

(Nov. 1973).

172] Roberts, R. W., A close look at the national measurement system, booklet, talk given

at NBS, Gaithersburg, Md. (Nov. 14, 1973).

I73J Seed, J. R., and Pawlik, P. U., National measurement system - NCSL, the value of making

measurements, preprint of paper prepared for NCSL Newsletter (Dec. 12, 1973).

J 74] Marlowe, D. E., National measurement system, force - a microstudy, preprint of paper

prepared for NCSL Newsletter (Dec. 12, 1973).

'175] Schooley, J. F., National measurement system, temperature - a microstudy, preprint of

paper prepared for NCSL Newsletter (Dec. 12, 1973).

J76] Wexler, A., National measurement system, humidity measurement system - a microstudy,

preprint of paper prepared for NCSL Newsletter (Dec. 12, 1973).

'177] Risley, A. S., and Howe, S. L., Study of the time and frequency portion of the national

measurement system, NBS internal working document, 15 mm (Dec. 28, 1973).

'178] Lazar, J. W. , and Norden, B. N., Length and related dimensional measurement study of

the national measurement system, NBS internal working document, 46 mm (Dec. 15, 1973).

'179] Ramboz, J. D. , Mechanical vibration and shock study of the national measurement system,

NBS internal working document, 42 pages (Dec. 31, 1973).

'180 J Young, R. D., Preliminary study of the national measurement system for surface finish,

NBS internal working document, 30 mm (Dec. 1973).

J81 ] Simpson, J. A., and Norden, B. N., Mass study of the national measurement system, NBS

internal working document, 25 mm (Dec. 31, 1973).

J82] Norden, B. N., Volume and density study of the national measurement system, NBS internal

working document, 30 mm (Dec. 31, 1973).

^183] Marlowe, D. E., A study of force within the national measurement system, NBS internal

working document, 30 pages (Dec. 1973).

j84] Compton, P. R., et al . , Study of the national fluid flow measurement system, NBS internal working document, 42 pages (Dec. 27, 1973).

j85j Heydemann, P. L. M., Pressure and vacuum measurements study of the national measurement

system, NBS internal working document, 16 mm (Dec. 1, 1973).
[186] Schooley, J. F., The national temperature measurement system, NBS internal working

document, 16 mm (Dec. 1973).

[187] Wexler, A., Humidity study of the national measurement system, NBS internal working

document, 8 mm (Dec. 31, 1973).

[188] Flynn, T. M. , Cryogenics division study of the national measurement system, NBS

internal working document, 102 pages (Dec. 15, 1973).

[189] Belecki, N. B., Dunfee, B. L., and Petersons, 0., Electricity division study of the

national measurement system, 91 pages (Dec. 1973).

[190] Sangster, R. C. , Ries, F. X., Altschuler, H. M., and Anson, W. J., Study of the national

measurement system in electromagnetics, NBS internal working document, 430 pages (Dec. 1973).

[191] Pallett, D. S., et al . , Acoustics study within the national measurement system, NBS internal working document, 210 pages (Dec. 1973).

[192] Steiner, B, and Kostkowski , H. J., Radiometry and photometry study of the national

measurement system, NBS internal working document, 18 mm (Dec. 1973).

[193] Venable, W. H., Jr., The role of IBS in spectrophotometry, NBS internal working document, 15 mm (Dec. 1972).

[194] Ott, W. R., Vaccum ultraviolet radiometry survey of the national measurement system,

NBS internal working document, 18 mm (Jan. 3, 1974).

[195] Swyt, D. A., Preliminary study of the national measurement system for optics, NBS internal working document, 165 pages (Dec. 1973).

[l96] Mahler, R. J., The laser measurement system, NBS internal working document, 48 pages

(Dec. 1973).

[197 j Caswell, R. S., Center for Radiation Research study of the national measurement system,

NBS internal working document, 153 pages (Dec. 30, 1973).

[198] Executive summaries, micro analytical studies of the national measurement system, 7 mm

(Dec. 1973).

[199] International Standard ISO 1000, SI units and recommendations for the use of their multiples and of certain other units, first edition — 1973-02-01 (International Organization

for Standardization, 1973).

Purpose : Establishment of an international documentary standard formally recognizing and

defining the SI (International System of Units), for use in international standardization activities.

Approach : Committee and consensus; consistency with the International Bureau of Weights

and Measures (BIPM)

Findings : Details of the use of SI. Effects : Thorough entrenchment of SI as the measurement language for all international

purposes. A basic reference document.

[200] Pawlik, P. U., Economic dimensions of the national measurement system, NBS internal

working document, 350 pages (1973).

[201] The gallery, finer things from Amsterdam Co. (a catalog containing among other items

many novel consumer measurement instruments) (1973)

[ 20;i] The National Conference on Weights and Measures, its organization and procedure,

booklet, 10 pages (U.S. Dept. Commerce, about 1973).

[2031 Mission, Office of Weights and Measures, U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau

of Standards, booklet, 6 pages (about 1973).

[204] The -weights and measures men, a pamphlet for consumers (National Conference on Weights

and Measures, about 1973).

[205] Cohen, E. R., and Taylor, B. N., Specifications of the physical world: new values for

the fundamental constants, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Dimensions/NBS, 5 pages (Jan. 1974).

Purpose : Putting current best values for fundamental constants on the record.

Approach : International committee effort.

Findings : (1) A set of values that agree as closely as possible with the experimental

results while conforming as closely as possible to the accepted theoretical

relations connecting the constants with one another.

(2) The accuracy and consistency of this adjustment are significantly improved

with respect to either the 1963 or 1969 analyses,

(3) There are critical areas where additional measurements and theoretical

calculations are indicated.

(4) For the great bulk of physical and chemical data, these values should serve

as a standard reference set for the next several years.

Apprai sal : A basic reference compilation.

126
[206] Pontius, P. E., Mass and mass values, Nat. Bur. Stand, (U.S.), Monogr. 133, 39 pages

(Jan. 1974).

[207] Seed, J. R. , Progress report on the evaluation of the national measurement system,

72 pages (Jan. 1974).

[208] Eads, G. , U, S. Government support for civilian technology; economic theory versus political practice. Research Policy 3, 2-16 (1974).

[209] Halford, D., Noise in complex signals -- an issue study in support of the Electromagnetics Division's national measurement system study, NBS internal working document, 137 pages (April 15, 1974).

[210] Wilson, A. C., Automatic test equipment applied to electromagnetic measurements -- an issue study in support of the Electromagnetics Division's national measurement system

study, NBS internal working document, 48 pages (April 15, 1974).

[211] Wilson, S. J., and Smith, R. N., ed.. Report on the 58th National Conference on Weights

and Measures 1973, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ . 291, 208 pages (May 1974).

[212] National Directory of Weights and Measures Personnel (Dept. Commerce, NBS, May 1974).

[213] 1974 Membership Roster, Precision Measurements Association (Precision Measurements

Association, Burbank, Calif., June 1974).

[214] Jones, R. M., The Measurement of Lumped Parameter Impedance: a Metrology Guide,

Ed. W. J. Anson, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Monogr. 141, 211 pages (June 1974).

[215] Arthur, M. G,, The Measurement of Noise Performance Factors: a Metroloqu Guide,

Ed. W. J. Anson, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Monogr. 141, 211 pages (June 1974).

[216] Minnick, D. J., National census of weights and measures personnel, preliminary report,

Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) (June 1974).

[217] National Bureau of Standards, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 397, 64 pages

(June 1974).

[218] Morgan, H. E., The economic cost of physical measurements, NBS internal working docu- ment (June 30, 1974).

[219] Page, C. H., and Vigoureux, P., ed,, The International System of Units (SI), Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 330, 49 pages (July 1974).

Purpose : Promotion of knowledge and understanding of the International System of Units,

encouragement of its use in all realms of science, industry, and commerce, and

securing uniformity of nomeclature throughout the English-speaking world.

Approach : Joint translation (and publications) by the USA and UK from the original French text published by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM), with

review for accuracy by BIPM. Findings : The definitive statement in the English language of the SI. Apprai sal : A basic reference document.

[220] Johnson, K. L., Fluid power measurement accuracy survey report, preprint of paper

presented at the first Fluid Power Testing Symposium, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 42 pages

(Aug. 12, 1974).

[221] Roberts, R. W. , The national/international measurement system, ASTM Standardization

News 2, 9-13 (Nov. 1974).

[222J McCoubrey, A. 0., Expanding the nation's measurement system, ASTM Standardization

News 2, 14-17, 59 (Nov. 1974).

[223] The National Conference of Standards Laboratories, ASTM Standardization News 2^, 18-22

(Nov. 1974).

[224] International quality assessment, ASTM Standardization News 2^, 23-28 (Nov. 1974).

[225] Porat, M, U., Defining an information sector in the U.S. economy, second year project

report (Institute for Communication Research, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.,

Nov. 1974).

[226] Dalke, J. L., Why metric and when?, TAPPI 57_, No. 12, 72-75 (Dec. 1974).

[227] NBS Metric Kit, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 410 (1974); contains the following items:

[228] Metric conversion card, Nat. Bur. Stand, (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 365 (Nov. 1972).

[229] For good measure, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 376 (Dec. 1972) (a metric

ruler)

[23U] What about metric?, fiat. Bur, Stand, (U.S.), brochure, 16 pages (1973).

[231] Roberts, R. W, , The metric changeover, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), brochure, 3 pages

(Sept. 1974).

[232] Brief history of measurement systems, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 304A,

4 pages (Sept. 1974).

127
r 233]] NBS guidelines for use of the metric system, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Letter Circ.

1056, 4 pages (Nov. 1974).

[ 234J Some references on metric information, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ . 389,

10 pages (revised 1974).

[235] Bennett, J., The economic impact of standard reference materials, NBS internal working

document (about 1974).

[236] Klein, H. A., The World of Measurements (Simon and Schuster, New York, N.Y., 1974).

[237] Chapter 27, Photographic equipment and supplies. Chapter 36, Metalworking machinery

and tools. Chapter 37, Instruments for measurement, analysis and control, and Chapter 38,

Medical and dental instruments and supplies, U.S. Industrial Outlook 1975 with Projections

to 1980, pp. 261-65, 347-56, 357-71, and 372-79 (U.S. Dept. Commerce, U.S. Govt. Print.

Off., Washington. D.C., 1974).

[238] Four papers on metric conversion: Clark, R. E., U.S. metrication - why?

Barbrow, L. E., Metrication in business and industry. Odom, J. V., Metric change and

the role of education. Odom, J. V., The effect of metrication on the consumer.

Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), information document prepared by Metric Information Office,

21 pages (undated, estimated 1974).

[239] Capabilities of the primary standards laboratory, January 1975, booklet, 34 pages

(Measurement Standards Department, Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, N.M., Jan. 1975).

[240] Cali, J. P. et al . , The role of Standard Reference Materials in measurement systems,

Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Monogr. 148, 54 pages (Jan. 1975).

[241] Roberts, R. W., The other face of the measurement base, remarks at the Pittsburgh

Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Cleveland, Ohio, March 3, 1975,

Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), booklet, 24 pages (Mar. 1975).

[242] National Bureau of Stnadards annual report: Fiscal Year 1974, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.),

Spec. Publ. 418, 32 pages (Mar. 1975).

[243] Reis, R. X., and Anson, W. J., The national electromagnetic measurement system, NBS internal working document, 72 pages (March 31, 1975).

[244] Principles and practical approaches for evaluating international standards, final

report JACKFAU-75-1 36, 75 pages (Jack Faucett Associates, Inc., Chevy Chase, Md.,

Apr. 3, 1975).

[245] Roberts, R. W., America's alternatives: the metric conversion, statement before the

Subcommittee on Science, Research and Technology, House Committee on Science and Technology,

on conversion of the U.S. system of weights and measures to the metric system, April 29,

1975, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), booklet, 32 pages (April 1975).

[247] Mahler, R. J., The national measurement system for lasers, NBS internal working

document, 48 pages (May 1975).

[248] Program, Successful experiences in teaching metric, a conference in celebration of the one hundredth anniversary of the Metric Convention, 1875-1975, NBS, Gai thersburg , Md

(May 20-21 , 1975).

[249] Richman, P., ed.. Critical electrical measurement needs and standards for modern electronic instrumentation, report of a workshop sponsored by the National Bureau of Standards,

Gaithersburg, Md., Sept. 23-24, 1974, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 865, 74 pages

(May 1975).

[250] Page, C. H., and Vigoureaux, P., ed.. The International Bureau of Weights and Measures,

translation of the BIPM centennial volume, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 420,

256 pages (May 1975).

Purpose : BIPM's official centennial volume.

Approach : Historical introduction followed by reviews of technical activities, written by

technical staff of BIPM. Findings : That which characterizes the BIPM at the time of its centennial is the blending

of permanence, which comes from its mission, and of rapid renovation, as in the

techniques used to accomplish this mission. BIPM furnishes standards to countries

needing them, compares the standards of countries which are sufficiently advanced

to establish their own standards, and contributes to research looking forward to the still higher precision of the future; it serves as a neutral and impartial

scientific arbiter when national sensitivities impede an international agreement.

It is also a center for discussion, for coordination, and for preparation of international decisions. The importance of the mission of the BIPM is well illustrated

by the progressive adoption, in all countries, of the International System of

Units.

Appraisal : A valuable, benchmark reference document.

128
[251] Slattery, W. J., ed., An Index of U.S. Voluntary Engineering Standards, Supplement 2, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ . 329, Suppl . 2, 472 pages (May 1975).

[252] Catalog of NBS Standard Reference Materials, 1975-76 edition, Nat. Bur Stand (U S ) Spec. Publ. 260-1975-76 catalog, 90 pages (June 1975),

"

"

[253] Edgerly, S. J., ed.. Report of the 59th National Conference on Weights and Measures

1974, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 407, 284 pages (June 1975).

[254] Marlowe, D. E., A study of the national force measurement system, NBSIR 75-929 40 pages (June 1975)

[255] Summary of calibration data for FY-75, NBS internal working document (July 1975).

[256] State and local weights and measures activity summary, July 1974 - July 1975, report

of the Committee on Education, Administration, and Consumer Affairs, 60th National Conference on Weights and Measures (July 1975).

[257] Turan, K., They've got their standards, news item. The Washington Post/Potomac, pp 10-11 , 34-35 (July 20, 1975).

[ 258] Wargo, J., Should the Government control standards setting?, New Engineer 4^, No. 7, 21-23 (July/Aug., 1975).

[259] DeMarco, J., Making a safer matchbook— a case study in standards setting. New Engineer

4, 24-27 (July/Aug. , 1975)

[260] NBS guidelines for use of the metric system, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Letter Circ. 1056,

4 pages (rev. Aug. 1975)

[261] National Bureau of Standards at a Glance, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), booklet, 46 pages

(Aug. 1975).

[262] U. S. Metric Association Newsletter 10, No. 3, 6 pages (Aug. 1975).

[263] Wexler, A., A study of the national humidity and moisture measurement system,

NBSIR 75-933, 51 pages (Aug. 1975).

[26^] McCoubrey, A. 0., The national measurement system and specific industrial needs, pre- print of paper presented at the 1975 Fluid Power Testing Symposium, 8 pp. (Aug. 11-14, 1975).

[265] de Bruyn, P. R., Industry and governmental interaction with NBS, preprint of paper pre- sented at the 1975 Fluid Power Testing Symposium, 6 pages (Aug. 11-14, 1975).

[265] Recommended references of SI metric usage, one page (U.S. Metric Association, Inc.,

about Sept. 1975).

[267] Rossmassler, S. A., ed.. Critical evaluation of data in the physical sciences--a status report on the National Standard Reference Data System, April 1975, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.),

Tech. Note 881, 53 pages (Sept. 1975).

[268] Pallett, D. S., Noise and the national measurement system, preprint of paper presented

at Noise-Con 75, National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, Md., 25 pages (Sept. 15-17, 1975).

[269] Flynn, T. M,, The national measurement system for cryogenics, NBSIR 75-825, 75 pages

(Oct. 1975).

[270] Saga of the Troy pound, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), NBS Stand. 20, No. 21, 3 (Oct. 8, 1975).

[271] Calibration and test services of the National Bureau of Standards, Fees for services,

Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 250--0ct. 1975 Appendix (Oct. 1975).

[ 272] Guide to scientific instruments. Science 1_90, No. 4216A (25 Nov. 1975).

[273] National Bureau of Standards annual report FY 1975, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec.

Publ. 437, 32 pages ("-=c. 1975).

[274] 1976 Buyer's guide issue. Instruments & Control Systems, 256 pages (1975).

[275] Standard Reference Materials, 1975 price list, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ.

260, supplement, 17 pages (1975).

[276] A walk through time, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), booklet, 22 pages (undated, 1 975).

[277] National Conference of Standards Laboratories, booklet, 8 pages (undated, app. 1975).

[278] Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstal t - An Outline - PTB '75, brochure, 29 pages (1975).

[279] NBS standards information service, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U .S. ) , flyer (1976).

[280] General Services Administration, Index of Federal Specifications and Standards

(U.S. Govt. Print. Off., Washington, D.C., Jan. 1976),

[2«1] America joins a metric world, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), DIMENSIONS/NBS 60, No. 2, 6-9

(Feb. 1976).

[282] Hudson, P. A., The national measurement system for medical ultrasonics, NBSIR 75-937,

19 pages (Feb. 1976).

[283] Procedures for a National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program, Fed. Regist. 41_, No. 38. 816.3-8 fWed., Feb. 25, 1976).

[284] Weights and measures directory, list of state, commonwealth, district, and major local weights and measures offices of the United States, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S. ) , directory

(Mar. 1976).

[285] Nicodemus, F. E., ed.. Self-study manual on optical radiation measurements: Part 1-- concepts. Chapters 1-3, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 910-1, 93 pages (Mar. 1976).

129
[286] Mason, H. L., and Lloyd, I. M., Special technical facilities at the National Bureau

of Standards, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ . 413, 1976 edition, 50 pages (Mar. 1976).

[287] Program, Measurements for the safe use of radiation, an NBS 75th Anniversary symposium,

Gaithersburg, Md. (March 1-4, 1976).

[288] The NBS Standard 75th Anniversary special issue, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), NBS Standard,

12 pages (Mar. 3, 1976).

[289] Ambler, E., Looking back: a 75 year preview of things to come, an address on the occasion of the 75th Anniversary of the National Bureau of Standards, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.),

booklet, 28 pages (March 4, 1976).

[290] The President's message on Metric Bill, Am. Metric J. 4, 101-5 (Unit 2, 1975)

(includes a complete copy of P.L. 94-168, Metric Conversion Act of 1975).

[291] U.S. private organizations represented in the reference collection of standards maintained by the Standards Information and Analysis Section of the Standards Application and

Analysis Division, National Bureau of Standards, NBS internal working document (May 1976).

[292] Edgerly, S. J., ed.. Report of the 60th National Conference on Weights and Measures

1975, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec Publ. 442, 272 pages (May 1976).

[293] Announcing the 1976 symposium of the National Conference of Standards Laboratories,

the national measurement system--today and tomorrow, an anniversary review of our national

industrial measurement system, preliminary program for meeting at NBS, Gaithersburg, Md.,

Oct. 6-8, 1976 (May 1976).

[294] Risley, A. S., The national measurement system for time and frequency, Nat. Bur. Stand.

(U.S.), Spec. Publ. 445-1, 76 pages (May 1976).

[295] Young, R. D., The national measurement system for surface finish, NBSIR 75-927, 48 pages (July 1976).

[296] E 548-76, Standard recommended practice for Generic Criteria for Use in the Evaluation of Testing and/or Inspection Agencies, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, parts 10 and

41 (Am. Soc. for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa., July 1976).

[297] What six firms found going metric: A lot easier and cheaper than expected, U.S. News

and World Report, p. 114 (July 5, 1976).

[298] Lazar, J. W., and Bach, R. L., The national measurement system for length and related

dimensional measurements, Part I., NBSIR 75-926, part I, 113 pages (Aug. 1976).

[299] Haight, W. C. Klebanoff, P. S., Ruegg, F. W., and Kulin, G., The national fluid flow

measurement system for fluid flow, NBSIR 75-930, 65 pages (Aug. 1975).

[300] School ey, J. P., The national measurement system for temperature, NBSIR 75-132, 58 pages (Aug. 1976).

[301] Swyt, D. A., The national measurement system for optics, NBSIR 75-142, 60 pages

(Aug. 1976).

[302] Sangster, R. C, Transactions Matrix description of the national system of physical

measurements, NBSIR 75-943, 88 pages (Aug. 1976).

[303] Sangster, R. C, ed.. Collected executive summaries, studies of the national measure- ment system 1972-75, NBSIR 75-947, 53 pages (Aug. 1976 & Jan. 1977).

[304] Heydemann, P. L. M. , The national measurement system for pressure, NBSIR 75-931, 40 pages

(Sept. 1976).

[305] Cooper, J. S., Phelps, A. V., and Smith, S. J., The national measurement system for

the physical properties of atoms and molecules, NBSIR 75-944, 38 pages (Sept. 1976).

[306] Ambler, E., Proceedings, National Conference of Standards Laboratories Symposium (Oct. 6, 1976)

[307] Sangster, R. C, Final summary report, study of the national measurement system 1972-75,

NBSIR 75-925, 45 pages (Dec. 1976).

[308] Forman, H. I., The Department of Commerce looks at the voluntary standards system:

reaction at the Office of Product Standards, talk presented at forum on An Evaluation

Update on America's Voluntary Standards System, New York Sheraton Hotel, Dec. 7, 1976.

[309] A Directory of Standards Laboratories (National Conference of Standards Laboratories,

1976).

Purpose : Catalog of membership and capabilities.

Approach : Polling of members and other eligible organizations.

Findings : (1) List of laboratories and capabilities

(2) Directory of standards laboratories

(3) NCSL member delegates

(4) List of standards laboratories in zip code order

(5) NCSL Board of Directors and Regional Representatives

(6) National Liaison Delegates to NCSL from other organizations

Appraisal : A comprehensive directory to one segment of the national measurement system.

130
[310] Proceedings of the Briefing Sessions on the U.S. Department of Commerce National

Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program (June 15, 1976 at Washington, D.C., and June 22, 1976, at Los Angeles, Calif.) (American Council of Independent Laboratories,

Washington, D.C., 1976).

[311] Rowland, G. A., National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program, Proc. 1976 Symposium of the National Conference of Standards Laboratories, 12-13 (Nat'1 Conf. Stds. Labs,

c/o NBS, Boulder, Colo., 1976).

[312] Pallett, D. S., The national measurement system for acoustics, NBSIR 75-937, 94 pages

(Feb. 1977).

[313] Powell, C. J., The national measurement system for surface properties, NBSIR 75-945

(March 1977).

[314] Fcwier, H. A., Interaction diagrams - NBS impact charts of the national measurement

system, internal NBS working document (April 1977).

[315] Kamas, G., ed.. Time and frequency users' manual, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech.

Note 695, 217 pages (May 1977).

[316] Porot, Marc U., The Information Economy, Office of Telecommunications Spec. Publ . (nine

volumes) (in press)

[317] Kamper, R. A., et al . , The national electromagnetic measurement system, NBSIR 75-

936, 40 pages (June 1977).

[318] Ott, W. R., The national measurement system for far ultraviolet radlometry, NBSIR

75-941, 73 pages (June 1977).

[319] Sangster, R.C., Structure and functions of the national measurement system NBSIR

75-949 (this report).

[320] Ramboz, J. D., The national measurement system for length and related dimensional measurements. Part II: Vibration and shock, NBS internal working document (in preparation).

[321] Pontius, P. E., Simpson, J. A., and Whetstone, J, R., The national mass, volume, and

density measurement system NBSIR 75-928 (in preparation).

[322] Klein, M., The national measurement system for the thermodynamic properties of fluids,

NBSIR 75-934 (in preparation).

[323] Belecki, N. B., Dunfee, B. L., and Petersons, 0., The national electrical measurement

system, NBSIR 75-935 (in preparation).

[324] Kostkowski, H. J., The national measurement system for radlometry and photometry,

NBSIR 75-939 (In preparation).

[325] Venable, W. H., Jr., The national measurement system for spectrophotometry, NBSIR

75-940 (in preparation).

[326] Caswell, R. S., The national measurement system for ionizing radiation, NBSIR 75- 946 (in preparation).

[327] Poulson, B. W., Economic analysis of the national measurement system, NBSIR 75-948

(in preparation) . . , , . . 4. [328] Sangster, R. C, The measurement instrumentation industry, NBS internal working document

(in preparation)

[329] 1976-77 Test and Measurement Equipment Guide, Quality 15 (July 1976).

131
AUTHOR INDEX Adams, J. Q. [2]

Altschuler, H. M. [190]

Ambler, E. [118,123,124,125,

130,133,144,289,306]

Andrus, W. E. [129]

Anson, W. J. [162,190,243]

Arthur, M. G. [170,214]

Astin, A. V. [39,52,64,66]

Bach, R. L. [298]

Barbrow, L. E. [102,238]

Belecki , N. [161 ,189,323]

Bell, F.C. [96,126,145]

Bendick, J. [16]

Bennett, J. [235]

Boyne, H. S. [297]

Brady, E. L. [50,84]

Branscomb, L. M. [117,127]

Briggs, L. J. [8]

Bunten, E. C. [103]

Burton, W. K. [88]

Cali , J. P. [240]

Cameron, J. M. [20]

Caswell, R. S. [197,326]

Clark, R. E. [100,238]

Clark, R. F. [90]

Cochrane, R. C. [46]

Cohen, E. R. [205]

Compton, P. R. [156,184]

Cook, R. K. [164]

Cooper, J. W. [305]

Cornog, J. R. [103]

Corruccini, R. J. [134]

Crane, B. M. [122]

Dalke, J. L. [226]

Dantzig, T. [61]

de Bruyn, P. R. [265]

DeMarco, J. [259] De Simone, D. V. [98]

Dunfee, B. L. [189,323]

Eads, G. [208]

Edgerly, S. J. [253,292]

Eisenhart, C. [25,67]

Eskite, W. H., Jr. [44]

Finger, G. A. [80]

Flynn, T. M. [160,188,269]

Forman, H. I. [308]

Fowler, H. A. [314]

Freedman, A. Y. [87]

Galvin, H. B. [53]

Gentilini, A. V. [65]

Gordon, G. F. [106]

Gorozhanina, R. S. [87]

Hachey, L. E. [22]

Hagerbaumer, J. [245]

Haight, W. C. [299]

Hal ford, D. [209]

Hallock, W. [3]

Hatos, S. L. [101]

Heydemann, P. L. M. [185,304]

Hoffman, J. D. [131]

Howe, S. L. [177]

Howlett, L. E. [57]

Hudson, P. A. [282]

Huntoon, R. D. [12,24,33,34,

35,38,41 ,43,45,48,54,55,56,

59,80,99,111]

Irwin, K. G. [17]

Jefferson, T. [1]

Jewkes, J. [138]

Johnson, K. L. [220]

Jones, R. M. [215]

Jones, S. A. [7]

Judson, L. V. [28]

Kamas, G. [315]

Kamper, R. A. [317]

Klebanoff, P. S. [299]

Klein, H. A. [236]

Klein, M. [322]

Koeser, R. L. [85]

Kostkowski, H. J. [165,192,324]

Kulin, G. [299]

Kushner, L. M. [81 ,128,135]

Kuyatt, C. E. [168]

Lance, H. W. [19]

Langenberg, D. N. [93,112]

Lazar, J. W. [178,298]

Lescure, Q. J. [30]

Lichtenstein, S. [80]

Lloyd, I. M. [286]

Lomas, L. [107]

Mahler, R. J. [196,247]

Marlowe, D. E. [174,183,254]

Mason, H. L. [36,51,75,121,286]

McCoubrey, A. 0. [222,264]

McNish, A. G. [11,12,14,15,20,

27,42]

Meinke, W. W. [83]

Minnick, D. J. [216]

Moreau, H. [9]

Morgan, H. E. [59,76,218]

Nicodemus, F. E. [285]

Noble, D. E. [97]

Norden, B. N. [178,181 ,182]

Odom, J. V. [110,238]

Ott, W. R. [167,194,318]

Page, C. H. [219,250]

Pallett, D. S. [191 ,268,312]

Parker, W. H. [93]

Pawlik, P.U. [173,200]

Reiser, H. S. [121]

Perry, J. [10]

Petersons, 0. [189,323]

Phelps, A. V. [305]

Pontius, P. E. [206,321]

Porat, M. U. [225,316]

Poulson, B. W. [246,327]

Powell, C. J. [313]

Powell, R. C. [36,27]

Powers, R. S. [51]

132

Radlinski, R. W. [86]

Ramboz, J. D. [151,179,320]

Resko, S. I. [70]

Richman, P. [249]

Ries, F. X. [190,243]

Risley, A. S. [148,177,294]

Ritchie-Calder, Lord [92]

Roberts, R. W. [172,221,231,

241 ,245]

Robinson, B. D. [104]

Root, L. W. [91]

Rossmassler, S. A. [137,267]

Rothrock, B. D. [104]

Rowland, G. A. [311]

Ruegg, F. W. [299]

Sangster, R. C. [190,302,303,

307,319,328]

Schafer, G. E. [58]

Schooley, J. F. [158,175,186,

300]

Schweitzer, W, G. [150]

Seed, J. R. [173,207]

Selby, M. C. [26,70,87]

Shaievitch, A. B. [87]

Silverman, S. [82]

Simpson, J. A. [181 ,321]

Simson, B. G. [86]

Slattery, W. J. [95,139,251]

Smith, R. N. [211]

Smith, R. W. [13]

Smith. S. J. [305]

Steiner, B. [143,192]

Stiehler, R. D. [79,109]

Swyt, D. [168,195,301]

Tascher, J. M. [100]

Tate, D. R. [155]

Taylor, B. N. [93,112,205]

Treat, C. F. [108]

Turan, K. [257] Van de Houten, J. [49]

Venable, W. H., Jr. [166,193,

325]

Vigoureux, P. [219,250]

Wade, H. T. [3]

Wallenstein, M. B. [50]

Wargo, J. [258]

Wexler, A. [159,176,187,263]

Whetstone, J. R. [321]

White, L. T. [29]

Whitney, A. W. [6]

Wildhack, W. A. [33,36,51,68]

Willenbrock, F. K. [132]

Wilson, A. C. [210]

Wilson, S. J. [211]

Wollin, H. F. [96,126,145]

Wolzien, E. C. [77]

Yates, J. T., Jr. [59]

Young, R. D. [152,180,295]

Zupko, R. E. [73]
NBS-114A (REV. 7-73)

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. RIRL lOCR APH IC DATA

SHEET

1. PURLICATION OR REPORT NO.

NBSIR 75-949

2. Gov't Accession

Nr.

3. Recipient's Accession No.

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLI-: Structure and Functions of the National Measurement System

5. Publication Date July 1977

6. Performing Organization Code

270.00

7. AUTHOR(S)

Raymond C. Sangster

H - ^ r 1 i^f" m ino I i r n r\ V< o r\r\r t M

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. Project/Task/Work Unit No. 2700916

11. Contract/Grant No.

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Complete Address (Street, City, State, ZIP)

National Bureau of Standards

325 Broadway

Boulder, Colorado 80302

13. Type of Report & Period Covered

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.)

The National Measurement System consists of the activities and mechanisms--intellectual

and operational, technical and institutional--that provide physical measurement data to

allow creation of the objective, quantitative knowledge required by our society. This

report describes the structural and functional aspects of the system, with emphasis on the technical and institutional infrastructures, the international context, and basic

impacts and trends. 16 appendices and an extended bibliography provide back-up detail.

Measurement is necessary in conduct of the life of the individual, pursuit of science,

operations of society, and employment of technology, for describing, predicting, communicating, deciding, controlling, and reacting in dealing with the physical universe.

Our model of the system employs five structural levels: 1. Conceptual foundation--the

International System of units (SI). 2. Basic technical infrastructure--documentary

standards and specifications, instrumentation, reference data, reference materials, predictive methods, science and trained people. 3. Realized measurement capabilities,

4. Dissemination and enforcement network--documentary standardization institutions, instrumentation industry, state and local offices of weights and measures, standards and

testing laboratories and services, regulatory agencies, and NBS. 5. End-use measurement:;

market-place. BIPM, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, is the central

' agency internationally. Major trends of the system include increased complexity and

integration, improved quality control and information resources, automation, metrication,

and an increasingly fundamental scientific base.

17. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper name; separated by semicolons) Instrumentation; measurement standards; National Bureau of

Standards; national measurement system; standard reference data; standardization organizations; weights and measures.

18. AVAILABILITY [X^ Unlimited

1 For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

1

' Order From Sup. of Doc, U.S. Government Printing Office Washineton. D.C. 20402. SD Cat. No, C13

|X 1 Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS)

Springfield, Virginia 22151

19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

UNCL ASSIFIED

21. NO. OF PAGES

142

20. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS PAGE)

UNCLASSIFIED

22. Price

$7.25

USCOMM-DC 29042-P74

REQUEST CARD FOR REPORTS OF NATIONAL MEASUREMENT SYSTEM (NMS) STUDY ( Circle No's wanted )

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928 MASS, VOLUME, DENSITY 936 ELECTROMAGNETICS 946 IONIZING RADIATION

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925 FINAL SUMMARY REPORT 929 FORCE 937 MEDICAL ULTRASONICS

943 TRANSACTIONS IN NMS 930 FLUID FLOW 938 ACOUSTICS

947 COLL. EXEC. SUMMARIES 931 PRESSURE 939 RADIOMETRY/PHOTOMETRY

948 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS NMS 932 TEMPERATURE 940 SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

949 STRUCTURE/FUNCTIONS NMS 933 HUMIDITY & MOISTURE 941 FAR UV RADIOMETRY

345-1 TIME & FREQUENCY 934 THERMODYNAMICS OF FLUIDS 942 OPTICS

926 LENGTH & DIMEN. MEAS.; 825 CRYOGENICS 944 PHYS. PROP. ATOMS/MOL.

! VIBRATION & SHOCK

927 SURFACE FINISH 935 ELECTRICITY 945 SURFACE PROPERTIES

928 MASS, VOLUME, DENSITY 936 ELECTROMAGNETICS 946 IONIZING RADIATION

REQUEST CARD FOR REPORTS OF NATIONAL MEASUREMENT SYSTEM (NMS) STUDY (Circle No's wanted)

925 FINAL SUMMARY REPORT 929 FORCE 937 MEDICAL ULTRASONICS

943 TRANSACTIONS IN NMS 930 FLUID FLOW 938 ACOUSTICS

947 COLL. EXEC. SUMMARIES 931 PRESSURE 939 RADIOMETRY/PHOTOMETRY

948 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS NMS 932 TEMPERATURE 940 SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

949 STRUCTURE/FUNCTIONS NMS 933 HUMIDITY & MOISTURE 941 FAR UV RADIOMETRY

345-1 TIME & FREQUENCY 934 THERMODYNAMICS OF FLUIDS 942 OPTICS

1 926 LENGTH & DIMEN. MEAS.

;

825 CRYOGENICS 944 PHYS. PROP. ATOMS/MOL.

1 VIBRATION & SHOCK

1 927 SURFACE FINISH 935 ELECTRICITY 945 SURFACE PROPERTIES

1 928 MASS, VOLUME, DENSITY 936 ELECTROMAGNETICS 946 IONIZING RADIATION
FROM: NAME;

TITLE;

ORGANIZATION;

ADDRESS:

CITY/STATE;

COUNTRY/ZIP;

Place

Stamp

Here

TO: PROGRAM INFORMATION OFFICE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

BOULDER, COLORADO, USA 80302

FROM: NAME: Place

Stamp

TITLE: Here

ORGANIZATION:

ADDRESS

CITY/STATE

COUNTRY/ZIP

TO: PROGRAM INFORMATION OFFICE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

BOULDER, COLORADO, USA 80302

FROM: NAME

TITLE

ORGANIZATION

ADDRESS

CITY/STATE

COUNTRY/ZIP

Place

Stamp

Here

TO: PROGRAM INFORMATION OFFICE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

BOULDER, COLORADO, USA 80302