tit


e

LEAA Police

Equipment

Survey of 1972,

Volume I

The Need for

Standards

:

Priorities for

Police

Equipment

National Bureau of Standards

Library, £-01 Admin. BIdg.

OCT 1 1981

1910^+5

(QC

U51

Law Enforcement

Equipment

Technology

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF

COMMERCE

National Bureau of

Standards

The Need for

Standards:

Priorities for

Police

UN 3 0 1977

NBS Special LEAA Police

Publication Equipment

Survey of 1972,

^

Volume I

by

R. Ku, E. Bunten, P. Klaus

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

prepared by

Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory

Center for Consumer Product Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D C. 20234

prepared for National Institute of Law

Enforcement and Criminal Justice

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration

U.S. Department of Justice

Washington, D. C. 20531

Issued June 1977

•"•tAU Of *

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary

Dr. Sidney Harman, Under Secretary

Jordan J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Acting Director
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory.

LEAA police equipment survey of 1972. (NBS special publication ; 480-1^80-7)

"CODEN: XNBSAV."

CONTENTS: v. 1. Ku, R., Bunten, E., Klaus, P. The need for standards, priorities for police equipment. —v. 2. Mumford, S. et al. Communications equipment and supplies. —v. 3. Klaus, P. and Bunten,

E. Sirens and emergency warning lights, [etc.]

1. Police—Equipment and supplies—Collected works. L National

Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice. IL Title. IIL

Series: United States. National Bureau of Standards. Special publication ; 480-1—480-7. QC100.U57 no. 480-1—480-7 [HV7936.E7] 602Ms [363.2'028] 74-28442

National Bureau of Standards

Special Publication 480-1

Nat. Bur, Stand, (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 480-1, 166 pages CODEN:XNBSAV

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON;

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $3 Stock No. 003-003-01722-1
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are grateful to the 1,142 police departments throughout the United States who

contributed their time and knowledge to make this report possible. Special thanks go to the more than 40 pohce departments whose officers and administrators helped the

survey team during the developmental and testing phases of the work. In addition, we

thank the Program Managers of the Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory of the

National Bureau of Standards: Jacob J. Diamond, Chief; Marshall J. Treado; Marshall

A. Isler; Robert Mills; Avery T. Horton; and Jared J. CoUard. The support and

assistance of Lester Shubin, NILECJ, our project monitor and consultant; and Marc

Nerenstone, NILECJ, who helped develop the anedysis plan; are gratefully

acknowledged.

The work could not have been accompUshed without the capable and conscientious

efforts of many members of the Techniced Analysis Division. We thank WiUiam L. O'Neal for his help in computerizing the sample selection and for helping design and

program the interactive recordkeeping system; Robert J. Cunitz, Ph. D. for his help in

editing and reviewing the report; Jenny L. Eldreth for helping design and for maintaining the computerized recordkeeping system; Sandra J. Mumford for supervising the

coding/editing of the questionnaires; June R. Comog, Ph. D. for her advice, support,

and help with initial interviews; Gail B. Hare for conducting pretest interviews; Diane R. BeaU for the typing of the various versions of the questionnaires; Snellen Halpin, P. Clare Peiser, Mary L. Friend, Susan E. Bergsman, and Dwight F. Doxey, for editing

and coding data and for making foUow-up telephone calls; Karen Jackson, Cassandra

Streeter, and Janice Davis, summer employees, for their help with questionnaire coding

and recordkeeping; and Mary Hawkins for typing the report.

Ill

CONTENTS

Page Acknowledgments ill List of Tables vi Foreword IX Executive Summary XI

1. Introduction 1 1.1. Project Background 1

1.2. Sample Design 2

1.3. Questionnaire Administration 4

1.4. Development and Design of the EPQ 5

1.5. An Overview of the EPQ Analysis 6

1.5.1. Composite Rankings 6

1.5.2. Level of Agreement 7

2. Characteristics of Responding Departments 7

3. Analysis of Rankings 11

3.1. Rankings of Categories of Equipment 11

3.1.1. The Categories 11

3.1.2. Reasons for Choosing Number One Category 12

3.2. Protective Equipment and Clothing 15

3.3. Communications Equipment and Supplies _ 17

3.4. Lethal Weapons 19

3.5. Nonlethal Weapons 21

3.6. Vehicles 23

3.7. Building Systems 26

3.8. Emergency Warning and Rescue Equipment 27

3.9. Surveillance and Security Equipment 30

3.10. Detection Systems 32

Appendix A. Equipment Priorities Questionnaire

Appendix B. Sampling Considerations

Appendix C. Questionnaire Administration

Appendix D. Details of EPQ Analysis

Appendix E. Complete Data Tables

V
LIST OF TABLES

Page Table 1.2-1. Stratification categories 2 Table 1.2-2. Number of police departments by region and type 3

Table 1.2-3. Sample of police departments by region and type 3

Table 1.3-1. Number of respondents to the equipment priorities

questionnaire by region and type 5 Table 2.0-1. Percent of respondents having each activity, by

department type 8

Table 2.0-2. Descriptive data by department type (means) 9

Table 2.0-3. Descriptive data by LEAA region (means) 9

Table 2.0-4. Numbers of officers in city departments 10

Table 3.1-1. Percent respondents selecting each category as number one in importance 12

Table 3.1-2. Composite ranks for all departments for equipment

categories 12 Table 3.1-3. Composite ranks for ail cities for equipment

categories 13

Table 3.1-4. Department type composite ranks for equipment

categories 13

Table 3.1-5. Region composite for equipment categories 13

Table 3.1-6. Reasons given for ranking category number one, by category 14

Table 3.2-1. Composite ranks for all departments for protective

equipment and clothing 15

Table 3.2-2. Composite ranks for all cities for protective

equipment and clothing 16

Table 3.2-3. Department type composite ranks for protective

equipment and clothing 16

Table 3.2-4. Region composite ranks for protective equipment and

clothing 16

Table 3.3-1. Composite ranks for all departments for communications

equipment and supplies 17

Table 3.3-2. Composite ranks for all cities for communications

equipment and suppHes 17

Table 3.3-3. Department type composite ranks for communications

equipment and suppHes 18

Table 3.3-4. Region composite ranks for communications equipment

and supplies 18

Table 3.4-1. Composite ranks for all departments for lethal weapons 19

Table 3.4-2. Composite ranks for all cities for lethal weapons 20

Table 3.4-3. Department type composite ranks for lethal weapons 20

Table 3.4-4. Region composite ranks for lethid weapons 21

Table 3.5-1. Composite ranks for all departments for nonlethal

weapons , 22

Table 3.5-2. Composite ranks for all cities for nonlethal weapons 22

Table 3.5-3. Department type composite ranks for nonlethal weapons 22

Table 3.5-4. Region composite ranks for nonlethal weapons 23

Table 3.6-1. Composite ranks for all departments for vehicles 24

Table 3.6-2. Composite ranks for all cities for vehicles 24

Table 3.6-3. Department type composite ranks for vehicles 24

VI
Table 3.6-4. Region composite ranks for vehicles 2.5 Table 3.6-5. Levels of agreement between state composite and

other department type composite 25

Table 3.7-1. Composite ranks for all departments for building systems 26

Table 3.7-2. Composite ranks for all cities for building systems 27

Table 3.7-3. Department type composite ranks for building systems 27

Table 3.7-4. Region composite for building systems 27

Table 3.8-1. Composite ranks for all departments for emergency

warning and rescue equipment 28

Table 3.8-2. Composite ranks for all cities for emergency

warning and rescue equipment 28

Table 3.8-3. Department type composite ranks for emergency

warning and rescue equipment 29

Table 3.8-4. Region composite ranks for emergency warning and

rescue equipment 29

Table 3.9-1. Composite ranks for all departments for surveillance

and security equipment 30

Table 3.9-2. Composite ranks for all cities for surveillance

and security equipment 30

Table 3.9-3. Department type composite for surveillance equipment 31

Table 3.9-4. Region composite ranks for surveillance and security

equipment 32

Table 3.10-1. Percent of sample departments ranking a detection system

one, two, three, four, or five 33

Table 3.10-2. Composite ranks for aJl departments for detection

systems 33

Table 3.10-3. Composite ranks for all cities for detection systems 33

Table 3.10-4. Department type composite ranks for detection systems 34

Table 3.10-5. Region composite ranks for detection systems 34

VII

FOREWORD

The Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory (LESL) of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) furnishes technical support to the National Institute of Law

Enforcement and Criminal Justice (NILECJ) program to strengthen law enforcement and

criminal justice in the United States. LESL's function is to conduct research that will assist law enforcement and criminal justice agencies in the selection and procurement of

quahty equipment.

LESL is: (1) Subjecting existing equipment to laboratory testing and evaluation

and (2) conducting research leading to the development of several series of documents,

including nationed voluntary equipment standards, user guidehnes, state-of-the-art surveys and other reports.

This document is a law enforcement equipment report developed by LESL under

the sponsorship of NILECJ. Additional reports as weU as other documents are being

issued under the LESL program in the areas of protective equipment, communications

equipment, security systems, weapons, emergency equipment, investigative aids,

vehicles and clothing.

Technical comments and suggestions concerning the subject matter of this report are invited from all interested parties. Comments should be addressed to the Law

Enforcement Standards Laboratory, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C.

20234.

Jacob J. Diamond, Chief

Law Enforcement Standards

Laboratory

IX

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

I. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY

A. Background

° Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory (LESL) was established in 1971 as part of

the NILECJ Advanced Technology Division (ATD).

° NILECJ asked the Behavioral Sciences Group of the National Bureau of Standards to develop and carry out a procedure to get information from the users of law

enforcement equipment.

° "User" information would aid NILECJ in setting priorities for LESL programs

and would provide some detailed information so that research to develop standeu'ds

could begin.

° In addition, gathering information from the users woidd help to make poUce

agencies aware of LESL and ATD.

° A nationwide mail sample survey was selected as the best procedure to collect user information.

° An Equipment Priorities Questionnaire (EPQ) and six Detailed Questionnaires

(DQs) were developed and administered. A separate report was prepared for each of

these seven questionnaires.

B. Design of Questionnaires

° Questionnaires were developed in conjunction with NILECJ, LESL, and

cooperating poUce departments. Questionnaires were pretested at various times with

approximately 45 poUce departments.

The EPQ was designed to provide information about needs for standards for various types of equipment.

° A list of categories of equipment was developed (nine categories: building

systems, communications, detection systems, emergency warning equipment, lethal weapons, nonlethal weapons, protective equipment and clothing, security equipment,

and vehicles).

° Lists of equipment items within each of these nine categories were developed.

° Each respondent ranked the items in each hst (taking each list separately) iri terms of needs for standards for the items within his own department.

° In addition, the EPQ asked for data about numbers of full- and part-time officers,

activities performed in the department, budget, size of jurisdiction, etc.

° The six DQs (Alarms, Security and SurveUlance Equipment; Communications

Equipment and Supplies; Handguns and Handgun Ammunition; Lights and Sirens; Body

Armor and Confiscated Weapons; and Patrol Cars) were each developed separately.

° The DQs asked about kinds and quantities of equipment in use, problems with

existing equipment, suggestions for improving equipment, needs for standards related to the equipment, etc. Although entitled Detedled Questionnaires, these questionnaires were designed to give an overview of the use of specific items of equipment.

C. Sample

° The population sampled was made up of all pohce departments Usted in a computerized file compiled and maintained by the LEAA Statistical Service.

XI
° Courts, correctional institutions, forensic labs, specied police agencies, etc., were

excluded.

° The sample was stratified by LEAA geographic region (10 regions) and by

department type (7 department types: state police; county poUce and sheriffs; city

departments with 1-9 officers; city departments with 10-49 officers; city departments

with 50 or more officers, excluding the 50 largest cities; the 50 largest U.S. cities by

population; and township departments).

° Overall, approximately 10 percent of the 12,836 departments in the population were selected as respondents. (See table 1.2-2 and table 1.2-3.)

° The Equipment Priorities Questionnsiire was sent to every sample department

(1,386). Each Detailed Questionnaire was sent to all states, to all of the 50 largest cities,

and to a randomly selected subsample of the main sample (about 530 departments

received each DQ).

° Therefore, states and the 50 largest cities were asked to fill in all 7 questionnaires. Each of the remaining 1,286 departments was asked to fiU in the EPQ

and 2 of the DQs.

D. Questionnaire Administration

° Stringent control of administration was required.

° Introductory letters were sent to heads of departments asking cooperation.

° In June 1972, questionnaire packages were mailed.

° In July 1972, follow-up by self-return post card was begun.

° In August 1972, foUow-up by telephone was begun. Departments which had not returned questionnaires were called. Also, calls were made to clear up ambiguities in

the returned questionnaires. About 1,300 calls were made. About 70 percent of the

sample departments were called at least once.

° Each questionnaire was edited and coded by a speciaUzed team to ensure

consistency, then keypunched and tabulated.

° Completed questionnaires were accepted for tabulation through January 7, 1973.

E. Rates of Return

° Eighty-three percent of the 1,386 departments returned usable EPQs.

° Between 81 and 85 percent of the DQ subsamples returned usable questionnaires.

° Highest rates of return (over 90%) were from states, the 50 largest cities, and

cities with 50 or more officers.

° Lowest rates of return were from counties and townships (less than 75%).

F. Analysis of Rankings

° Objectives were: (1) EstabUsh "composite rankings" for all departments, all cities, each department type and each region; and (2) determine the levels of agreement

of rankings within these 19 aggregates.

° Composite rankings were formed separately for each list, for each aggregate.

° The composites were computed scores that were made up of three elements: (1) The rank assigned to an item transformed such that poorer ranked items received

exponentially less importance than better ranked items; (2) a weight that corresponded

to the sampling ratio of the cell from which a department was selected; and (3) a weight

that corresponded to the number of full-time officers in a department.

° Coefficients of concordance were calculated to determine levels of agreement.

° Ninety-five percent confidence intervals for each composite were c2dculated.

XII
II. SUMMARY OF RESULTS

A. Characteristics of Responding Departments

° The activities most commonly carried out by the respondents were serving traffic and criminal warrants (88%), trsiffic safety and traffic control (87%), and intra- departmental communication (87%).

° All of the responding 50 largest cities said they provided inhouse training and

criminal investigations. This compared to 68 percent and 86 percent, respectively, of all responding departments.

° Only 13 percent of edl respondents had crime laboratories. Seventy-three percent

of the 50 largest cities and 55 percent of the states had crime laboratories.

° About three-fifths of the departments in all department types were providing

emergency aid and rescue, ranging from 60 percent of the cities with 50 or more

officers to 65 percent of the counties.

° Overall, the reported equipment budgets represented somewhat over 10 percent

of the total budgets reported.

° Among department types, there was a wide range of total equipment

expenditures, from a mean of about $10,000 for cities with 1-9 officers to a mean of

almost $2.6 miUion for the 50 largest cities.

° One of the 50 largest cities reported an equipment budget of $40 million.

° Overall, the 50 largest cities reported a mean of 2,491 full-time sworn officers. However, 1 of the 50 largest cities had 27 percent of all the full-time officers reported by

that department type and another had about 12 percent.

° The mean numbers of full-time sworn officers reported by the seven department

types were: Mean number of

full-time officers Department type

B. Categories of Equipment

° Two of the nine categories of equipment were said to be of high importance for standards by all classes of departments: communications and vehicles.

° Thirty-nine percent of the respondents ranked vehicles number one, and 33

percent of the respondents ranked communications number one. About three-quarters of the responding departments ranked these two categories in one of the first three

positions.

° Building systems tended to receive low priority ranks from most of the aggregates

of respondents; it was ranked eighth or ninth of nine categories by five of the seven department types.

° About 70 percent of the respondents ranked building systems either seventh,

eighth, or ninth.

2,491 50 largest cities 889

13260

22

148

State City with 50+ officers County

City with 10-49 officers Township

City with 1-9 officers

XIII
° The national composite ranking for the categories list was:

Rank Category

Communications equipment and supplies Vehicles

Protective equipment and clothing

Weapons, lethal and related ammunition

Weapons, nonlethal Emergency warning and rescue equipment

Detection systems

Security equipment

Building systems

123

4

56

78

9

° The "level of agreement" among department types and regions and within

department types and regions was very high.

° Forty-two percent of the departments that ranked communications number one

gave as their reason: "We plan to buy this kind of equipment in the near future. Standards would help us to select the best equipment at the least cost."

° Fifty-seven percent of the departments that ranked vehicles number one gave as

their reason: "We now have maintenance and repair problems with much of this kind of

equipment. Standards might solve these problems."

C. Communications Equipment and Supplies

° Of the nine items in this Ust, the three items basic to most communications

systems were said to need standards most: Mobile transceiver, base radio transceiver,

and hand-held transceiver.

° These 3 items were ranked either first, second, or third in 6 of the 7 department

type composites and in 8 of the 10 regional composites.

° The national composite ranking for the communications Ust was:

Rank Equipment item

1 Mobile transceiver 2 Base radio transceiver

3 Hand-held transceiver 4 Digital data communications

5 Scramblers

6 Car locators

7 Repeater transceiver 8 Teleprinter communications

9 Helmet with buUt-in transceiving capacity

° Respondents tended to make more comments about the use of the items on the

communications Ust than any other Ust.

D. Vehicles

The patrol car was the top priority item in every vehicle composite; 74 percent of

the respondents ranked patrol cars number one. The 50 largest cities ranked motorcycles second and scooters third. These two

items received poorer ranks in the other six department type composites.

The state composite seemed to be significantly different from the other

department types; states tended to give high priority to heUcopters and other aircraft.

XIV
° Mobile communications/command/control vehicles was ranked second in the

national composite and in five of the seven department type composites.

° The national composite ranking for the vehicles Ust was:

Rank Equipment item

1 Patrol cars 2 Mobile coitimunications/command/control vehicles 3 Other land vehicles 4 Motorcycles

5 Hehcopters

6 Scooters

7 Boats and other watercraft 8 Other aircraft

E. Protective Equipment and Clothing

° Pohce uniform was the first of 11 items in 18 of the 19 protective equipment and

clothing composites.

° In the state composite, the riot helmet was ranked number one. In all other

department types, the riot helmet was ranked second.

° The bomb disposed device was ranked third in the 50 largest cities composite and

fourth in the cities with 50+ officers composite. It was ranked poorly in all other

department type composites.

° Hand-held shields, vehicle armor, and crash helmets tended to be in the three

lowest priority positions (9th, 10th, and 11th).

° The national composite ranking for the protective equipment and clothing Ust was:

Rank Equipment item

1 Police uniform

2 Riot helmets

3 Cas masks

4 Rainwear

5 Body armor

6 Bomb disposal devices

7 Ballistic helmets 8 High visibility clothing or patches 9 Crash helmets

10 Vehicle armor

11 Hand-held shields

F. Lethal Weapons

° Forty percent of the departments ranked the .38 Special revolver number one. It was first in 17 of the 19 lethal weapons composites.

° The .357 Magnum revolver was ranked number one in the state composite.

° Regular service ammunition was second in most of the composites. However, it was in fourth place in the unweighted national composite.

° The shotgun was clearly the highest priority shoulder weapon.

XV
° The national composite rankings for the lethal weapons list was:

Rank Equipment item

1 .38 Special revolver

2 Regular service ammunition for handguns

3 Shotgun

4 .357 Magnum revolver

5 Frangible buUets

6 Rifle 7 Regular service ammunition for shoulder weapons

8 High-drag buUets

9 9 mm pistol 10 Carbine

11 Armor-piercing buUets

12 .45 Automatic

G. Nonlethal Weapons

° Many departments said the items on this Ust did not apply to them, and many

said they were unfamihar with the items.

° No single item on this hst dominated the top priority position in the composites.

° Six of the 11 items (blackjacks/saps, batons/billy clubs/nightsticks and the 4 tear gas items) tended to be ranked in the top 5 or 6 positions.

° The national composite ranking for the nonlethal weapons list was:

Rank Equipment item

1 Batons/billy clubs/nightsticks

2 Tear gas dispensers

3 Tear gas 4 Gas grenades and cannisters 5 Blackjacks/saps

6 Tear gas generators

7 Tranquilizer dart guns

8 Water cannon

9 Dye-marker guns

10 Pellet guns

11 Electric shockers

H. Emergency Warning and Rescue Equipment

° The combined siren/light/loudspeaker (CS/L/L) was ranked first in 17 of the 19

composites in this category and by 38 percent of the departments.

° Furthermore, two of the components of the CS/L/L system, flashing lights and

sirens, were ranked high in the national composite; flashing hghts was second and

sirens was fourth.

° Rescue equipment, third in the national and city composites, was also given

relatively high ranks by department types and regional composites.

XVI
° The national composite ranking for the emergency warning and rescue equipment

Ust was:

Rank Equipment item

12

34

56

78

9

10

11

Combined siren/light/loudspeaker system

Flashing lights Rescue equipment

Sirens

First aid kits Spotlights

Loudspeakers

Fire extinguishers

Flares

Floodlights Reflectors

I. Detection Systems

° In general, the 11 items in this list fell into 2 groups reflecting higher and lower

priorities for standards.

° Five of the items (field narcotic screening kits, quantitative breath-alcohol

screening device, prearrest breath-alcohol screening device, narcotic and explosive

detectors, and fingerprint kits) were ranked in one of the top five positions by more than

two-thirds of the respondents.

° This general pattern was found in all of the composites except for the 50 largest

cities composite in which wedkthrough and hand-held metal weapons detectors were

given higher priorities.

° The national composite for detection systems (with the dotted Une marking the

general division in priorities) was:

Rank Equipment item

1 Fingerprint kits 2 Field narcotic screening kits 3 Narcotic and explosive detectors 4 Quantitative breath-alcohol device

5 Prearrest breath-alcohol screening device

6 Polygraph

7 Hand-held metal weapons detectors 8 X-ray equipment used by bomb squads

9 Walkthrough metal weapons detectors

10 Gas chromatograph for laboratory use only

11 Other types of weapons detectors

° The only item consistently in a high priority position in all aggregates was field narcotic screening kits.

J. Surveillance and Security Equipment

° The weighting scheme played a significant role in the composite for this list.

° Smsdler departments (in terms of number of officers) tended to give higher

priorities to alarm displays in the department. Larger departments tended to give better

rankings to low-Ught level closed circuit TV.

XVII
° State departments tended to give higher priority to night vision scopes suitable for

rifles than any other department type.

° Forty-one percent of the respondents ranked alarm display in the department

number one, although this item received only the third rank in the national composite.

° Hand-held night vision equipment was the top ranked item in the 50 largest cities composite.

° The national composite ranking for the surveOlance and security equipment Ust was:

Rank Rank

unweighted weighted Equipment item

K. Building Systems

° PoUce station design/construction was ranked number one by 63 percent of the

respondents. It was first in every composite.

° Since each of the items in this list covered a broad range of equipment and/or

facilities and since respondents may not have had the same things in mind when

assigning ranks, the analysis of this list may not be as meaningful as the others.

° The national composite ranking for the buUding systems list was:

Rank Equipment item

1 Police station design/construction

2 Detention center design/construction

3 BuUding materials 4 Institutional equipment

5 Institutional furnishings

5

2

138

6

74

9

12

34

56

78

9

Low-light level closed circuit TV

Hand-held night vision equipment

Alarm displays in departments

StiU camera equipment for night vision devices Closed circuit TV

Night vision scope suitable for rifles Lenses for night vision surveillance equipment

General purpose locks Special locking devices for detention centers

XVIII

1
LEAA POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972

Volume I: The Need for Standards—Priorities for Police Equipment

R. Ku, E. Bunten, and P. Klaus

Institute for Applied Technology , National Bureau of Standards , Washington , D.C. 20234

The report describes the methodology of and summarizes a portion of the data from

the LEAA Police Equipment Survey of 1972. One of a series of 71 reports resulting from this nationwide mail survey of a stratified random sample of 1,386 police

departments, the present report summarizes the answers of 1,100 police departments

concerning the need for performance standards for items of law enforcement equipment used in their departments. Each department was asked to rank one list of equipment categories and nine lists of equipment items within those categories in terms of the need for standards for those items within their own departments. The

data are presented by all responding departments, by all city departments, by 7 department types, and by 10 LEAA geographical regions. Data describing the

characteristics of the responding departments are also presented.

Key words: Police; police equipment; standards.

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Project Background

During the past several years, law enforcement agencies in the United States have

become more aware of the importance of equipment in the performance of their duties.

Much of their equipment had originally been designed for other uses and had to be

modified. Other equipment items had to be used as given. No standards existed against

which equipment performance could be measured nor were any standard test methods

or procedures available. It has been difficult for agencies to compare the performance of equipment items. Recognizing this problem, the Law Enforcement Assistance

Administration (LEAA) of the Department of Justice began a concentrated program

toward the improvement of law enforcement equipment in 1971.

As the first step in its Advanced Technology Division (ATD), LEAA, in

cooperation with the Department of Commerce, estabhshed a Law Enforcement

Standards Laboratory (LESL) at the Nationed Bureau of Standards (NBS). The broad

goal of LESL is to recommend performance standards which can be promulgated by

LEAA as voluntary aids for the selection of equipment by law enforcement agencies.

Additionally, LESL is developing standard test methods and procedures, so that the

relative performance of similar items may be evaluated by departments themselves.

In order to provide equipment user information for the ATD program, in 1971 the

National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice (NILECJ) of LEAA asked

the Behavioral Sciences Group of the Technical Analysis Division at NBS to gather

information from law enforcement agencies about their specialized equipment needs

and problems. Although face-to-face interviews with a large sample of representatives

from law enforcement agencies would have been desirable, time and manpower

constraints led to the development of a nationwide mail sample survey having two

general objectives: (1) To assist NILECJ in the establishment of priorities for LESL's

standards development activities; and (2) to obtain detailed information about certain

broad equipment categories so that research to develop standards in these areas could

begin.

1
This report deals with the first general objective stated, and the associated survey

questionnaire wUl be referred to as the Equipment Priorities Questionnaire (EPQ). A

copy of the EPQ may be found in appendix A. The second objective is accomplished in the reports on Alarms, Security and Surveillance Systems; Communications Equipment

and SuppHes; Handguns and Handgun Ammunition; Sirens and Emergency Warning

Lights; Body Armor and Confiscated Weapons; and Patrol Cars. The six questionnaires

associated with these specific equipment areas will be referred to as Detailed

Questionnaires (DQs).

1.2. Sample Design

Although the objective of ATD is to serve all types of law enforcement agencies,

this particular study was purposefully Umited to poUce departments as the largest single

group of law enforcement agencies with identifiable equipment needs. No attempt was made to survey correctional institutions, courts, forensic laboratories, or special poUce

agencies such as park police, harbor patrols, or university poUce. The computerized

directory of approximately 14,000 police agencies, compiled and maintained by LEAA's

Statistics Division, provided the population from which the sample was drawn. Care was

taken to exclude the double listings that existed for some agencies. Details of the

selection process are given in appendix B. The final Ust of 12,842 departments was cross-stratified by LEAA geographic

region, and department type by the mutual agreement of NBS and NILECJ. The

assignment of states to regions and the seven department types chosen for study are shown in table 1.2-1. The breakdown of the population of police departments by crossstrata is exhibited in table 1.2-2. As can be seen from the table, there were no

townships in regions 4, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10. Almost 63 percent of the departments were

city pohce, 43 percent having 1-9 full-time officers. County departments comprised

about 24 percent of the population. By region, the smallest (region 10) contained only 3.4

percent of the poUce departments, while the largest (region 5) had 22.5 percent. The

variation in the number of departments in a cell (region/department type combination) was even greater than that across the strata, i.e., the number of departments in each

cell ranged from 0 to 1,470.

The considerations discussed in the previous paragraph led to the sampUng plan

discussed briefly below, and in detail in appendix B. All of the state departments and

the 50 largest city departments were included in the sample and were asked to complete

ati 6 DQs, i.e., they were sent the entire package of 7 questionnaires. For the remaining

Table 1.2-1. Stratification categories

Department types LEAA geographic region

State police 1 = Conn., Maine, Mass., N.H., R.I., Vt. County police and sheriffs 2 = N.J., N.Y.

City with 1-9 officers 3 = Del., Md., Pa., Va., W. Va., D.C.

City with 10-49 officers 4 = Ala., Ha., Ga., Ky., Miss., N.C., S.C., Tenn.

City with 50 or more officers' 5 = 111., Ind., Mich., Ohio, Wis., Minn. The 50 largest U.S. cities 6 = Ark., La., N. Mex., Okla., Tex. Township departments 7 = Iowa, Kans., Mo., Nebr. 8 = Colo., Mont., N. Dak., S. Dak., Utah, Wyo.

9 = Ariz., Calif., Nev., Hawaii

10 = Alaska, Idaho, Oreg., Wash.

^Excluding the 50 largest U.S. cities. By population, U.S. 1970 census.
cells the variation in cell size presented a problem: If the same fraction of the entire

population were to be selected from the members of each cell, a constant sampling

fraction large enough to allow a sufficient number of sample units (pohce departments)

in small cells would yield an unmanageably large toted sample; on the other hand, a constant sampling fraction small enough to make the total sample manageable would

yield too few sample units in small cells. To solve this problem, a fixed sample of 30

police departments/cell was chosen, wherever possible, resulting in a different sampUng

fraction for each cell. A fixed sample size of 30 departments/cell was chosen to facilitate the equitable distribution of the 6 DQs. This plan resulted in sending the EPQ to 1,392

departments, and each DQ to approximately 530 departments. Table 1.2-3 presents the

total EPQ sample which represents 10.8 percent of the total population of police

departments under consideration.

A comparison of tables 1.2-2 and 1.2-3 shows the effect of employing a constantsized sample/cell. The cell having the smallest sampUng fraction is region 5, city (1-9

officers), with just over 2 percent sampled, whereas some cells are sampled 100

percent. Furthermore, it should be noted that about 5.5 percent of cities with 1-9 officers are in the sample, compared to 100 percent of the 50 largest cities. The

Table 1.2-2. Number of police departments by region and type

LEAA region

Department type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total

State 6 2 5 8 6 5 4 6 4 4 50' County 66 84 257 764 536 506 413 288 103 120 3,137

City (1-9 officers) 27 348 713 979 1,470 703 611 283 135 217 5,486

City (10-49 officers) 40 237 166 344 508 230 142 71 168 79 1,985

City (50 or more

officers) 60 64 36 83 119 46 23 19 87 17 554 50 largest cities 1 4 5 8 10 8 3 1 8 2 50 Township 629 349 362 234 1,574

Total 829 1,088 1,544 2,186 2,883 1,498 1,196 668 505 439 12,836

Questionnaires were actually sent to 56 slate police departments since there were 6 state departments which listed 2 police agencies without

reference to a common central agency. However, only one set of questionnaires was accepted from each of these six agencies.

Table 1.2-3. Sample of police departments by region and type

LEAA region

Department type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total

State 6 2 5 9 7 6 5 7 5 4 50' County 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 300

City (1-9 officers) 27 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 297

City (10-49 officers) 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 300

City (50 or more

officers) 30 30 30 30 30 30 23 19 30 17 269

50 largest cities 1 4 5 8 10 8 3 1 8 2 50 Township 30 30 30 30 120

Total 154 156 160 137 167 134 121 117 133 113 1,386

1 Questionnaires were actually sent to 56 state police departments since there were 6 state departments which listed 2 police agencies without

reference to a common central agency. However, only one set of questionnaires was accepted from each of these six agencies.

3
fractions sampled by region show somewhat more stability, lying between 6 percent and

25 percent.

The departments were selected randomly within each cell, from the total cell population, for EPQ mailing. The DQs were also randomly distributed within each cell, each department (other than the states and the 50 largest cities) receiving 2 DQs. Thus,

in cells having 30 sample units, each DQ was mailed to 10 departments; cells having

fewer sample units were allocated correspondingly fewer of each DQ (see app. B).

Once the sample was selected, each sample unit was assigned a unique seven-digit

identification number, coding region, type, and questionnaire assignment.

1 .3. Questionnaire Administration

From the beginning of the project, it was evident that stringent control would be

required in administering the questionnaires to ensure a high rate of response.

Computer-stored daily status records were input via a teletypewriter termined for each

sample department. In general the following procedure was used:

1. Each department in the sample was mailed a letter, signed by the director of

NILECJ, addressed to the head of the department. This letter introduced the

survey and requested cooperation.

2. About 1 week later, the questionnaire packages were mailed.

3. Departments not returning the questionnaires within a month were identified by

the computer and were sent a post card requesting information as to the status

of the questionnaires. Departments not receiving the questionnaire package were sent another; those not returning the post card were placed on a Ust for telephone foUow-up.

4. About a month and a half later, departments with which no contact had been

made were ceJled by telephone.

5. Returned questionnaires were reviewed for completeness and either coded for keypunching or filed for telephone callback to supply missing data or to clear

up ambiguities.

Considerable effort was expended to ensure a high rate of response, and this effort was

rewarded with an 83 percent response for the EPQ, and between 81 percent and 85

percent for each DQ.

The distribution of respondents (departments which returned usable EPQs) is exhibited in table 1.3-1. A comparison of this table with table 1.2-3 shows that the

greatest response rate was from the states and larger cities (over 90%), while counties

and townships had the poorest response rates (under 75%). This would seem to be peirtly

explained by the fact that the larger departments use more equipment than do smaller

departments and therefore have a greater interest in developing standards. An

inspection of the average annual equipment budget for the various department types

supports this hypothesis. Additionally, telephone contacts vdth nonrespondents revealed

that many small departments considered themselves to be understaffed and thus unable

to answer the questionnaires.

A more detailed description of the EPQ administration may be found in appendix

C.

4
Table 1.3-1. Number of respondents to the equipment priorities questionnaire by region and type

LEAA region

Department type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Percent of Total sample

State 6 2 5 8 6 5 3 6 3 3 47 94 County 17 24 19 18 25 19 25 25 29 24 225 75

City (1-9 officers) 21 27 26 28 25 19 23 24 23 22 238 80

City (10-49 officers) 25 26 24 22 29 25 27 29 27 28 262 87

City (50 or more

officers) 27 23 29 30 26 29 19 18 27 16 244 91 50 largest cities 1 3 4 7 8 8 3 1 8 2 45 90 Township 19 24 21 0 17 0 0 0 0 0 81 67

Total 116 129 128 113 136 105 100 103 117 95 1,142 83

Percent of sample 75 83 80 82 81 78 83 88 88 84 83

1 .4. Development and Design of the EPQ

The survey plan and questionnaire design evolved over a 12-month period. During

this time the survey team consulted at length with NILECJ equipment experts, LESL

program managers, and equipment manufacturers. In addition, the officers and

administrators of about 40 poUce departments served as consultants and/or as respondents for pretests of various versions of the questionnaires.

The EPQ in its final form is reproduced in appendix A. Each respondent was

asked to rank the items on each of 10 lists : One Ust contained 9 general equipment

categories; the other 9 lists contained items within each category. There were 87 items

(or item/systems) in the 9 category lists, the longest hst (lethal weapons) having 12 items

and the shortest (building systems) having 5 items.

The criterion for ranking was the need for standards of entries in the list. Considerable care was taken to render the phrase "in need of standards" and its negative as clearly and concisely as possible (see p. A-4 of the EPQ, app. A). Emphasis was given to the request that rankings reflect the needs of the respondent's

department, not what the respondent thought were general police department needs.

This distinction is important. For example, a respondent may have felt that standards

development for sophisticated communications equipment was important, but he may

have had no need for such equipment himself and was not planning to buy any. Therefore, these items should have been ranked poorly by him.

The nine categories of equipment were estabUshed on the basis of discussions with

LESL, NILECJ, and police departments. Computers and computer-related equipment

were purposefully excluded from the .survey. Other ways to group pohce equipment

(e.g., by cost) were clearly possible, but grouping by type seemed to offer the most

convenient and logical form. Furthermore, this type of categorization presumably

minimized the number of "apples/oranges" comparisons.

One of the more difficult tasks in the preparation of the Usts was that of Hmiting

the number of items in each list. Ranking a number (N) of items involves assigning the

integers 1 through N (in some permutation) to each item. (Instructions for this survey

asked that rank 1 be assigned to the higher priority item, rank 2 to the next higher

priority item, etc., and rank N to the lowest priority item.) In a task of this kind, if N is

5
too large, a respondent may not be able to make rationiil comparisons and may be more

prone to making errors, e.g., assigning the same rank to two different items. Therefore,

decisions were made by the study group (with the advice of LESL, NILECJ, and the

pretest departments) to exclude those items least likely to be found in the field. However, space was provided at the bottom of each Ust for the respondent to "write in"

additioned items or make comments. These additions were not ranked with the others

but were recorded and are discussed in this report. In addition to the nine category

lists, the respondents were asked to rank the categories themselves and to check two of

eight reasons for their choice of the top priority category.

Explicit instructions appeared on each page of the EPQ in an effort to minimize

the number of misinterpretations and errors. Since it was learned through pretesting

that many police departments receive more than 10 questionnaires per month from

universities and other research organizations, extra care was taken to obtain

conscientious and thoughtful responses. Because it is hkely that an item's position in a

list may influence the ranking it receives, approximately half of the respondents were

sent EPQs with lists in reverse order from those sent to the other half. Although

nonstatistical tests were made, it is assumed that this procedure led to a canceUing of order effects, if any. Other data describing the characteristics of the responding departments were

requested in the EPQ. Among these were population served and physic£il size of the

jurisdiction served; type of jurisdiction (as a check against the NILECJ data tape);

number of full- and part-time officers (as an update to the original data tape);

approximate total equipment and personnel expenditures during 1971; and activities handled by the poUce department (e.g., custody/detention, traffic safety and control).

1.5. An Overview of the EPQ Analysis

The analysis of the rankings performed for this study had two major objectives:

1. To determine the level of agreement in rankings within various aggregates of respondents; and

2. to establish "composite rankings"^ for various aggregates of respondents.

In the following discussion of analytical techniques, no distinction is made

between the nine category Hsts of items and the Ust of categories. The generic term for a Ust "item" or "category" is entry. Furthermore, since all 10 Usts were analyzed in the same way, the discussion of analyticjd techniques refers to "the list" instead of

referencing a particular list.

1.5.1. Composite Rankings

The final form of the EPQ asked respondents to rank each entry in the Usts. Both

rating and partied ranking techniques were considered as alternatives to the ranking

method selected and were not adopted. A rationale for the choice of the present ranking

scheme over these alternative methodologies is presented in appendix D. The rankings from each department were aggregated into composite rankings.^

Each composite ranking was obtained by ordering "scores" based on the rankings given

by individual departments within the entire aggregate under consideration. That is, a

The term "composite ranking" is used to dispel any notion that there is some underlying "true" ranking for the aggregate under consideration, as

there exists no evidence to support such an hypothesis, even though the level of agreement is high, as indicated by the appropriate statistical tests.

2The aggregates of respondents considered are regions, department types, all cities, and the nation (i.e., for each list, there are 10 composite

rankings for the 10 LEAA regions, 7 composite rankings for the 7 department types, a composite ranking for the cities and a national composite

ranking). The cities composite ranking is based on data from the responding departments in the 4 city department types: 50 largest cities, cities (50+), cities (10^*9), and cities (1-9).

6
"score" was calculated for each entry on the list, based on the ranks assigned by

departments in the group of interest. The score for an entry, then, was:

where the summation was taken over all respondents (K) in the aggregate of interest; r was the rank given the entry by the respondent, and W was the weight associated with

the respondent.

This method of aggregating ranked data yields a "composite ranking" influenced

importantly by two factors. Firstly, the exponential formula^ employed has the property

of assigning most importance to an entry ranked number one by many respondents and

exponentially less importance to the poorer rankings given that entry. For example, the

assignment of an entry to third place by eight departments would be equivalent to the

assignment of that same entry to first place by one department. This procedure gives

considerable emphasis, then, to positive statements (i.e., ranking an entry number one)

about "needs for standards" and very Uttle emphasis to expressions of either

indifference or lack of need for standards. Secondly, the weighting factor multiphes the

department's vote by the number of full-time sworn officers in that department, and in

that sense, gives each officer one vote. Other means of weighting the responses were

considered and rejected; developmental work indicated that the number of officers in the responding department was generally the best single index of that department's use

of equipment. Composite rankings assuming equal weights for all responding

departments (W—l) were calculated as well, and are used in section 3 of this report to highlight the effects of the present weighting scheme. In addition, details of the several

formula/weight combinations considered during the course of the analysis are discussed

in appendix D.

1 .5.2. Level of Agreement

The analysis included the calculation of a statistic (coefficient of concordance)

which would indicate whether or not certain groups of departments tended to assign

similar ranks to an entry (e.g., whether there was agreement among the 7 department

types or among the 10 regions in their rankings of the entries). This statistic was

calculated for the departments within each department type, and within each region. In

addition, it was calculated among regions (with all departments in a LEAA region

regarded as a single "respondent") and among department types (with all departments

in a particular department type regarded as a single "respondent"). Note that when

calculating the statistic among department types or regions, it is possible for the level of agreement among the groups to be high while the level of agreement between any two of those groups is low, and vice versa. One additional statisticed test was made regarding the rankings. This test identifies entries ranked consistently high or low (based upon the simple rank sum) by

respondents and was apphed to the same aggregates of respondents as were tested for

level of agreement. (See app. D.)

Complete tables, including simple relative frequency counts (or distributions) of

the ranks, have been tabulated and appear in appendix E.

2. CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDING DEPARTMENTS

Equipment needs of pohce departments are clearly a function of their activities as evidenced by the responses to the checklist of 30 typicjd police department activities that was included in the EPQ. Results are tabulated by department type in table 2.0-1.

'This formula was supplied by Mr. Marc Nerenstone of NILECJ. Department of Justice.
The activities most frequently checked were (1) serving traffic and criminal

warrants (88%); (2) traffic safety and traffic control (87%); and (3) intradepartmental

communications (87%). AU 45 of the 50 largest cities responding indicated that their

departments provided inhouse training and performed criminal investigations. These

compare to 68 percent and 86 percent, respectively, of all respondents. Although only

13 percent of the responding departments overall had crime laboratories, 73 percent of

the 50 largest city departments had them, as did 55 percent of the state departments.

The activity appearing to be most constant for all department types was that of

providing emergency aid and rescue, ranging from 60 percent (cities with 50+ officers)

to 67 percent (county departments).

Other activities, not on the list but written in, included meter parking and

maintenance; crossing guards; court duties; river, lake and park patrol; Hcensing and

license regulations; juvenile detention; vehicle accident investigation; and local zoning

and ordinance enforcement.

Table 2.0-2 shows a summary of the descriptive data obtained from the responding

departments. As can be seen from the column for annual equipment budget, there was a wide range of expenditures among the different department types, from a mean of about $10,000 for cities with 1-9 officers to almost $2.6 miUion for the 50 largest cities.

Table 2.0-1. Percent of respondents having each activity, by department type

Description of activity

City City City 50 TownState County (1-9) (10-49) (50+) largest ship Total

Serve traffic and criminal warrants

Traffic safety and traffic control Communications for own department

Criminal investigation Police training for own department

Custody/detention—less than 1 day

Breath-alcohol test Emergency aid and rescue

Public building protection Service function Animal control (dogcatcher)

Highway patrol Maintenance of poUce buUdings

Custody/detention—less than 1 week

Communications for other agency

Serve civU process

Police training for other agency

Custody/detention—1 year or less Underwater recovery Bomb disposal

Polygraph

Vehicle inspection

Crime laboratory Narcotics laboratory analysis Harbor patrol Lab analysis for blood alcohol Other Coroner

Test for driver's license Custody/detention—more than 1 year

70

9294

66

98

1589

62

1530

096

51066

677

034

45

62

55

5543

634

20

34

0

89

5686

86

557946

6740

30

2638

36

735688

22

7842

20

8

166

9

14

7

7164

13

8494

76

7148

5147

62

6348

58

48

34

20

29

29

2

76

5

1 21

2

230

4

24

0

89

96

95

95

77

73

7263

60

5563

36

413640

15

1110

11

115

14

78

2

173

2

0

94

96

94

97

87

728360

5860

42

3148

46

24

942

14

162336

1420

129

75

10

1

8798

96

100 10080

916744

60

1624

47

49

24

1184

1642

8290

117362

3153

20

2

2

88

87

87

86

68

6564

63

54

48

44

4340

38

36

32

24

22

1917

17

17

13

11

776

53

3

8
Table 2.0-2. Descriptive data by department type (means

)

Number of Number of Annual Annual Department type Area Population fuU-time part-time Annual total equipment personnel

(mi') officers officers budget budget budget

50 largest 187 851,342 2,491 1,115 $43,268,865 $2,669,920 $34,712,818

State 62,580 3,936,410 889 18 16,377,358 2,304,339 12,020,572 County 1,518 130,254 60 25 1,089,919 58,539 859,984

31 83 344 132 26 1 AOQ 177

City (10-49) 12 15,849 22 9 257,927 24,362 206,187

Township 28 13,228 14 8 175,654 20,854 141,675

City (1-9) 9 5,038 8 5 82,381 9,764 60,061

Table 2.0-3. Descriptive data by LEAA region (means)

Number of Number of Annual Annual LEAA region Area Population full-time part-time Annual total equipment personnel

(mi') officers officers budget budget budget

1 750 158,112 96 18 $1,360,155 $135,130 $979,911 2 648 240,781 365 97 7,14a,315 148,172 5,265,546 3 1,096 245,733 216 7 3,412,567 435,153 2,879,293 4 3,691 340,9% 151 11 2,318,382 248,600 1,767,292 5 2,652 448,174 288 8 4,916,607 431,478 3,879,374 6 5,738 271,386 160 17 2,193,823 160,363 1,709,910

7 2,379 112,094 84 9 1,220,385 121,001 983,696 8 6,346 83,023 54 9 728,549 77,081 568,463 9 4,218 372,094 281 46 5,743,553 728,801 4,528,692

10 3,580 104,877 69 9 1,253,894 82,198 1,011,604

The largest individual equipment budget was $40 million, occurring in 1 of the 50 largest

cities. Overall, equipment budgets represented somewhat over 10 percent of the total annual budgets reported.

The mean number of part-time officers was based on those respondents having

part-time officers in their departments. Of the 45 responding from the 50 largest cities,

only 6 had part-time officers, including 1 city which had nearly 6,000. Thus, the mean

Vcdue of 1,115 for this department type is somewhat misleading. It should be noted that

the category "part-time officers" included officers described as auxiliary, volunteer,

reserve, school-crossing guard, dispatcher, summer, special agent, traffic supervisor, posse, and cadet. All of these classifications were counted in the part-time officer

category since it has different meanings for different departments.

Variations in these descriptive averages by LEAA region (see table 2.0-3) were

considerably smaller than variations by department type. Regions 1 and 8 had smaller

budgets than the others, primarily because each had only 1 of the 50 largest cities.

It was mentioned previously that the number of officers cited by respondents could

serve as a crosscheck and update of the original data tape from LEAA. Table 2.0-4 indicates changes in the original classification. As an example of how this table can be

read, 33 of the city departments having 1-9 officers according to the LEAA tape in fact reported 10-49 officers. The relative symmetry of the table matrix indicates that changes

in numbers of officers occurred approximately equally in the positive and negative

directions.
Table 2.04. Numbers of officers in city departments

Department type: Actual number of officers reported from

the survey (from LEAA tape)

City(l-9 officers) 195 33 4

City (10-49 officers) 28 230 4

City (50 or more officers) 1 7 236

6/72 7/72 8/72 9/72 10/72 i1/72 12/72 1/73

MONTH

Figure 2.0-1. Cumulative percentage of EPQ returns by department type

Eighteen different titles for respondents were coded. Slightly over 37 percent of

the EPQs were completed by department chiefs. The EPQ was more hkely to be completed

by department chiefs in the smaller cities and townships. Only 4 percent of the EPQs

sent to the 50 largest cities were filled in by the chief; over 22 percent of the respondents

from the 50 largest cities were nonuniformed personnel (planning staff, administrators,

etc.). Sheriffs, deputies and undersheriffs comprised over 78 percent for the county re- spondents. For cities other than the 50 largest, chiefs, captains, and heutenants were the

primary respondents. State departments provided a fairly even distribution of responding

personnel, including captains, majors, lieutenants, sergeants, and nonuniformed personnel. Rates of response by department type are exhibited in figure 2.0-1. Generally, the

2 months having the highest rates of return were June (after the initial maihng) and August

(after the follow-up post card). State departments and the larger cities had higher than

average returns, while the small cities (1-9 officers), counties and townships indicated

the lowest. It is interesting to note that the 50 largest cities had their highest return rate during the month of July, prior to the post card maihng, suggesting possibly a longer time

period to complete the EPQ because of the 6 DQs they received. A similar observation

may be made for state departments. (See the further discussion of this topic in app. C.)

10
3. ANALYSIS OF RANKINGS

This section presents a discussion of the results of the analyses of the responses to the EPQ. A subsection is provided for the analysis of each of the 10 lists in the EPQ. Note

again that composite rankings were based on a weighted exponential formula/ the weights

being proportional to the number of fuU-time officers in the responding department. It should be further emphasized that these analyses of rankings provide only one of many

inputs to the decisionmaking process by which priorities for developing standards for police equipment will be determined by NILECJ.

The reader should also be cautioned to treat individual lists separately. For example,

there is no basis in the data for comparisons between the priorities from two different

lists. The type of inference that one might be tempted to draw is that since communications was ranked higher than protective equipment and clothing, mobile transceivers (the

top priority communications item) should be ranked higher than police uniforms (the top

priority protective equipment and clothing item). This conclusion would not be deducible

from the data.

It is highly likely that many of the respondents ranked lists according to the

criterion of importance to the poUce department, rather than that of need for standards

development. Although the latter is in principle what was sought, it is fully appreciated

that some respondents used the former in selecting ranks. This possible ambiguity in the interpretation of the criterion has not necessarily generated "contaminated" data. The imposition of a strict distinction between that which is important to departments

(for which relatively little standards development would be needed) and that which

departments rarely used (for which considerable standards development would be

needed) contributed an additional dimension to the problem of setting priorities. Leaving

this tradeoff decision to individual respondent's rankings yielded data which more

accurately reflected the over2dl priorities as individually perceived.

3.1. Rankings of Categories of Equipment

3.1.1. The Categories

Nine general equipment categories were selected for inclusion in the EPQ. It was

assumed, based on discussions with law enforcement experts during the developmental

phase of the study, that the categories were meaningful to the respondent departments

and that they provided a logical structure for the wide variety of equipment used by

those departments.

Of the nine categories in the list, two, communications and vehicles, were said to be of high importance for standards by ail classes of departments. Almost 39 percent of the respondents ranked vehicles number one, and over 33 percent ranked

communications in that position. Communications and vehicles were ranked among the

top three (of nine categories) by over 78 and 74 percent, respectively, of the

respondents. These same 2 categories received either the number 1 or 2 rank for each

department type composite, except for the 50 largest cities (for which vehicles ranked

third); for each region composite; and for the national composite. In the case of region

two, one respondent, which had over two-thirds of the total weight for that region (i.e., over two-thirds of the fuU-time officers in the region were in one department), ranked

vehicles seventh. This partially accounts for the fact that vehicles was third in the

region two composite ranking.

At the other extreme, building systems tended to receive low priority ranks from

most of the aggregates of respondents. Only cities with 10-49 officers and townships

failed to arrive at a composite rank of 8 or 9 (out of 9) for this category among the 7

4See sec. 1.5.1 or app. D.

11
department types. Composites for 6 of the 10 LEAA regions ranked building systems

eighth or ninth, and in both the city composite and national composite it was ninth.

These results are not surprising in view of the fact that almost 40 percent of all respondents ranked building systems ninth; nearly 70 percent ranked that category

seventh, eighth or ninth.

Relative frequency histograms for the number one ranked category appear in table

3.1-1. In the histogram, the categories have been ordered according to the national

composite rankings, so that the extent to which the latter corresponds to a ranking

based on the number of number one ranks received may be seen from the overall trend

of the histogram. Although the vehicles category received more number one ranks than

did communications, the latter nevertheless was ranked number one in the national

composite. The level of agreement among the seven department types, taking their

ranking of all of the categories into consideration, was 100 percent as was the level of agreement within each department type. (See app. D for a discussion of the meaning of

the phrase "level of agreement." Basically if the level of agreement is 100 percent, there

is a negligible probability that the observed similarity of rankings could have occurred

by chance alone.)

Tables 3.1-2 through 3.1-5 show the national composite, the cities composite, the

department type composites, and the regioniil composites, respectively. Regional

differences appear to be somewhat less pronounced than department type differences. A

closer examination, however, does reveal significant differences in pairs of regional

composites. For example, there was a relatively low level of agreement (82.1%) between

Table 3.1-1. Percent respondents selecting each category as number one in importance

Equipment category Relative frequency

(%)

Communications 33

Vehicles 39

Protective equipment 5

Lethal weapons 6

Nonlethal weapons 2 Emergency warning 4

Detection systems 3

Security equipment 4 BuUding systems 5

Table 3.1-2. Composite ranks for all departments for equipment categories

Category Rank

Communications equipment and supplies 1 Vehicles 2 Protective equipment and clothing 3 Weapons, lethal and related ammunition 4 Weapons, nonlethal 5 Emergency warning and rescue equipment 6

Detection systems 7 Security equipment 8

Building systems 9

12
regions two and six (^=0.278). Additionally, the level of agreement for the 50 largest

cities composite and the cities composite was determined. In this case, the level of

agreement was 99.98 percent (/=0.78). This latter example illustrates the possible effect

of the weights upon the determination of the composite rankings. That is, the largest

weight carried by respondents in the 50 largest cities might account for the high level of agreement between this aggregate and the aggregate of all cities. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that the levels of agreement of the 50 largest cities with each of the other city department types were: 87 percent (cities with 1-9 officers); 46 percent

(cities with 10-49 officers); and 96 percent (cities with 50 or more officers).

Table 3.1-3. Composite ranks for all cities for equipment categories

Category Rank

Communications equipment and supplies 1 Vehicles 2

Protective equipment and clothing 3 Weapons, lethal and related ammunition 4 Weapons, nonlethal 5 Emergency warning and rescue equipment 6

Detection systems 7 Security equipment 8

Building systems 9

Table 3.1-4. Department type composite ranks for equipment categories

Department type

City City City 50 TownCategory State County (1-9) (10-49) (50+) largest ship

Communications equipment and supplies 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 Vehicles 1 2 1 1 2 3 1 Protective equipment and clothing 5 4 5 7 3 2 5 Weapons, lethal and related ammunition 4 3 3 3 4 7 3 Weapons, nonlethal 7 5 8 9 9 4 8 Emergency warning and rescue equipment 3 7 4 4 6 8 4

Detection systems 6 8 6 8 7 5 9

Security equipment 8 6 7 6 5 6 7 Building systems 9 9 9 5 8 9 6

Table 3.1-5. Region composite for equipment categories

Category

LEAA region

123456789 10

Communications equipment and supplies 222211221 1 Vehicles 13 112 2 112 2 Protective equipment and clothing 413466643 4 Weapons, lethal and related ammunition 375343354 6 Weapons, nonlethal 748838575 7 Emergency warning and rescue equipment 664584437 5

Detection systems 857655988 8

Security equipment 989779796 3 Building systems 596997869 9

13
3.1.2. Reasons for Choosing Number One Category

Respondents were asked to indicate two of seven reasons for their selections of the

category ranked number one. Table 3.1-6 indicates the distribution of their choices of reasons by top priority category and overall. Of the departments choosing

communications as the equipment area which most required standards, 42 percent

chose the response: "We plan to buy this kind of equipment . . . standards would help us

to select. . . ."Of the departments choosing vehicles as the equipment area which most

required standards, 57 percent chose the response: "We now have maintenance and

repair problems . . . standards might solve these problems." Four of the seven

alternatives were chosen with almost equcil frequency regardless of the equipment

category marked number one. In addition to the two reasons mentioned above, the

departments said that standards would help eliminate their current need to test and

compare different brands of equipment and cited their inability to test equipment.

Nearly 100 comments were given by respondents regarding the reasons why

various equipment was in need of standards. Many of these suggested that respondents were thinking of the importance of equipment in running a poUce department, rather

than of the need for setting equipment standards, although these two notions are obviously related. The absence of interchangeabUity of components and high costs of

Table 3.1-6. Reasons given for ranking category number one, by category

Departments

giving that Of those ranking that category category no. number one, reason for number one

one rank rank (in %)

Category No. % 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Vehicles 441 39 6 29 23 57 13 31 29 7 Communications equipment and supplies 375 33 18 42 21 26 16 32 34 7 Weapons, lethal and related ammunition 65 6 22 38 14 14 17 34 37 8

Protective equipment and clothing 60 5 76 32 18 3 13 62 47 8 BuUding systems 56 5 2 60 29 36 9 9 21 23

Security equipment 5- 4 6 56 18 16 10 24 52 4 Emergency warning and rescue equipment 42 4 10 33 19 26 29 38 36 5 Detection systems 33 3 12 46 21 9 6 27 46 15 Weapons, nonlethal 20 2 10 30 25 0 0 55 66 10

Total 11 37 21 35 14 32 34 8

Key to Reasons:

1. Most of this kind of equipment is now made by one or two firms. Standards might encourage otKers to

start making it.

2. We plan to buy this kind of equipment in the near future. Standards would help us to select the best equipment at the least cost.

3. Much of the equipment we now have of this kind does not really meet our needs. Standards could be

used to guide the manufacturers who develop equipment.

4. We now have maintenance and repair problems with much of this kind of equipment. Standards might

solve these problems. Standards might solve these problems.

5. We buy equipment in this category from several different makers and find that parts and components

cannot be interchanged among the different brands. Standards might help solve this problem.

6. When we buy equipment in this category, we must compare many different brands. If there were

standards, we could stop a lot of this investigation and/or testing.

7. We are not able to test this type of equipment. If there were standards, we could use the results of tests made by the laboratory.

8. Other.

14
desired equipment were two comments made which may relate more directly to standards. Despite the fact that building systems ranked last in priority for standards

development, several comments were made regarding lack of space, inadequacy of

facilities and outdated equipment. Some of these problems, however, could probably be

attributed to budget constraints rather than to lack of standards. It is interesting to note

that 59 percent of those ranking building systems first indicated that their reason was

the forthcoming purchase of such systems.

3.2. Protective Equipment and Clothing

Of the 11 items on the protective equipment and clothing Ust, nearly 50 percent of

ail respondents indicated the pohce uniform as the item of protective equipment and

clothing most in need of standards. The national composite, cities composite and aU

regional composites had pohce uniform in first place. The state department composite

ranked riot helmets first and police uniform second. AU other department type

composites ranked police uniform first and riot helmets second.

The 50 largest cities composite had bomb disposal devices ranked third, and the

composite for cities with 50 or more officers ranked this fourth. However, bomb disposal

devices were ranked poorly in all other department type composites. One obvious

explanation for this is that the threat of bombs is greater in larger cities, perhaps

because of greater concentrations of people and the sociological pressures existing in

such high-density areas. Hand-held shields, vehicle armor and crash helmets tended to occupy the lowest 3

priority positions (ranks 9, 10, and 11) for most composites. One significant exception was region eight which ranked crash helmets with the second highest priority. This item was ranked 11 (last) in region 8 in the unweighted (equal weights) case, suggesting that

perhaps a few respondents having many officers ranked crash helmets as high priority.

Although the level of agreement is 100 percent among the department types and

among regions, there are some pairs that have lower levels of agreement. These,

however, aU appear to be above the 90 percent level, i.e., there is certainly not much

conflict among composite rankings. Tables 3.2-1 through 3.2-4 show composite rankings

for the several aggregates considered.

Among the additional items listed, although by less than nine departments each, were specific uniform and accessory clothing items; equipment to protect the hands and

feet; face shields, in custody restraints; tamperproof identification cards; and waterproof

shoes.

Table 3.2-1. Composite ranks for all departments

for protective equipment and clothing

Category item Rank

Police uniform 1 Riot helmets 2 Gas masks 3 Rainwear 4 Body armor 5 Bomb disposal devices 6

Ballistic helmets 7 High visibility clothing or patches 8 Crash helmets 9

Vehicle armor 10 Hand-held shields U

15
Table 3.2-2. Composite ranks for all cities for protective equipment and clothing

Category item Rank

Police uniform 1 Riot helmets 2 Gas masks 5 Rainwear 6 Body armor 4 Bomb disposal devices 3

Ballistic helmets 7 High visibility clothing or patches 10 Crash helmets 8 Vehicle armor 9 Hand-held shields 11

Table 3.2-3. Department type composite ranks for protective equipment and clothing

Department type

City City City 50 TownCategory item State County (1-9) (10-49) (50+) largest ship

PoUce uniform 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 Riot helmets 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 Gas masks 3 5 5 4 5 5 4 Rainwear 4 3 3 3 6 8 3 Body armor 6 6 7 6 3 4 7 Bomb disposal devices 8 7 8 8 4 3 11

Ballistic helmets 7 9 6 5 7 7 5 High visibility clothing or patches 5 4 4 7 11 10 6 Crash helmets 9 8 9 10 8 6 10 Vehicle armor 11 10 10 9 9 9 8 Hand-held shields 10 11 11 11 10 11 9

Table 3.2-4. Region composite ranks for protective equipment and clothing

LEAA region

Category item 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Pohce uniform 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Riot helmets 4 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 5 Gas masks 2 3 7 6 5 3 8 4 5 7 Rainwear 3 6 3 2 7 6 3 6 3 4 Body armor 6 5 6 4 3 7 5 8 4 2 Bomb disposal devices 5 4 4 8 4 4 6 7 8 3

Ballistic helmets 7 7 8 5 9 5 7 9 7 6 High visibUity clothing or patches 9 9 5 10 6 9 4 5 9 9 Crash helmets 10 8 10 9 8 8 9 2 6 8 Vehicle armor 11 11 9 7 10 11 10 11 10 10 Hand-held shields 8 10 11 11 11 10 11 10 11 11

16
3.3. Communications Equipment and Supplies

This category of equipment was ranked number one in the national composite.

(See sec. 3.1 above.) Of the nine items of communications equipment listed, the three

items basic to most communications systems predominated: Mobile transceiver (national

composite—number one rank); base radio transceiver (national composite—number two

rank); and hand-held transceiver (national composite—number three rank). These items

appeared in the top 3 ranks in 6 of the 7 department type composites, in 8 of the 10

regional composites; in the city composite and in the national composite. In the

exceptional cases, the worst rank received by any of the three was rank five. Mobile

transceivers were ranked one, two, or three by 67 percent of £dl respondents; base radio

transceivers and hand-held transceivers by 56 percent and 62 percent, respectively.

Tables 3.3-1 through 3.3-4 present the various composites. Tables 3.3-3 and 3.3-4 show that the levels of agreement among all department types and among all regions were high; in fact, calculated to be 100 percent. Additionally, the level of agreement

within each department type and within each region was also 100 percent.

Several departments commented about their communication equipment: On the

general importance of communication equipment to the poUce function; that their

communication systems were outdated and that they were planning to buy new

equipment; that an improved scrambler system was needed; and that their spectrum

Table 3.3-1. Composite ranks for all departments

for communications equipment and supplies

Category item Rank

Mobile transceivers 1 Base radio transceiver 2 Hand-held transceivers 3

Digital data communications 4

Scramblers 5 Car locators 6 Repeater transceivers 7 Teleprinter communications 8 Helmet with built-in transceiving

capacity 9

Table 3.3-2. Composite ranks for all cities for communications equipment and supplies

Category item Rank

Mobile transceivers 1 Base radio transceiver 2 Hand-held transceivers 3

Digital data communications 5 Scramblers 4 Car locators 6 Repeater transceivers 8

Teleprinter communications 7 Helmet with built-in transceiving

capacity 9

17
Table 3.3-3. Department type composite ranks for communications equipment and supplies

Department type

City City City 50 TownCategory item State County (1-9) (10-49) (50-^) largest ship

Mobile transceivers 1 3 2 2 3 1 1 Base radio transceiver 2

CJ 1 1 2 2 Hand-held transceivers 3 1 3 3 1 3 3

Digital data communications 5 2 9 8 7 4 8 Scramblers 7i 4

A

4- A 8 Car locators 6 6 7 7 5 5 7 Repeater transceivers 4 8 6 6 6 7 6

Teleprinter communications 8 7 5 5 8 6 5 Helmet with buUt-in transceiving

capacity 9 9 8 9 9 9 9

Table 3.3-4. Region composite ranks for communications equipment and supplies

LEAA region

Category item 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Mobile transceivers 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 Base radio transceiver 3 1 3 2 3 2 2 3 5 3 Hand-held transceivefs 1 3 2 3 1 3 5 2 3 1 Digital data communications 7 4 8 8 5 9 3 8 1 6 Scramblers 4 7 4 4 4 4 6 5 8 5 Car locators 8 8 7 5 7 6 4 6 4 7 Repeater transceivers 5 5 6 7 8 5 8 4 7 4

Teleprinter communications 6 6 5 6 6 7 7 7 6 8 Helmet with buUt-in transceiving

capacity 9 9 9 9 9 8 9 9 9 9

allocation was insufficient. Twenty-five respondents indicated that their departments do

not use or were not planning to use items on the list because of large cost or lack of

need. Many additional communications items were suggested:

Telecommunications equipment*

Computer dispatching*

Paging systems

Generators

Radio monitors

Miniature transceivers

Portable/mobile repeaters

Undercover transceivers

Microfiche for dispatch

•These items would probably involve computers. Departments tended to discuss their problems with communications equipment more

than for any other hst. Six respondents attempted to explain their rankings of this list.

18
3.4. Lethal Weapons

This 12-item list was the longest list in the EPQ. Since a wide variety of handguns

and shoulder weapons are employed by police departments in this country, it was

necessary to include at least the four most frequently used handgun cahbers, the three

most frequently used types of shoulder weapons, and five general types of ammunition

in the list. Table 3.4-1 shows the national composite ranks. The .38 SpecisJ revolver was the

top priority item with 40 percent of its rankings being first place. Only state departments indicated a preference for another type of handgun, the .357 Msignum

revolver, ranking this item number one in 43 percent of the cases. The .357 Magnum

also ranked first in the state department composite. (The detailed handgun

questionnaire^ showed that 94% of all departments had officers using a .38 handgun on

duty, but 66 percent of all state departments had officers using a .357 handgun on duty.)

Region 10 respondents also showed less favor to the .38 Special, ranking it behind the

.357 Magnum, regular service ammunition for handguns, and shotguns. (In region 10,

89% of the departments had officers using a .357 Magnum on duty.^) The .38 Special

ranked number one in all other composites. Furthermore, it was identified as having a

significantly consistent high priority, both within aggregates and among aggregates (i.e., department types and regions).

Regular service ammunition received the second highest priority rank in the

national composite, but this result is somewhat attributable to the weighting factor. Handgun ammunition ranked behind the .357 Magnum and the shotgun in the

unweighted version. Regular service ammunition for shoulder weapons ranked pretty far down the Ust, in the number seven spot nationally. If it were not for the weights, this item would have ranked 10th (of 12). The shotgun is clearly ranked ahead of the other shoulder weapons in every

composite.

Of the more esoteric items, frangible bullets ranked ahead of both high-drag and

armor-piercing bullets in all composites but townships. Armor-piercing bullets tended to be ranked poorly and in fact ranked next to last in the national composite (last in the

unweighted case).

LEAA Police Equipment Survey of 1972, Vol. V: Handguns and Handgun Ammunition.

Table 3.4-1. Composite ranks for all departments

for lethal weapons

Category item Rank

.38 Special revolver 1 Regular service ammunition

for handguns 2 Shotgun 3

.357 Magnum revolver 4

Frangible bullets 5

Rifle 6

Regular service ammunition for shoulder weapons 7 High-drag bullets 8

9 mm pistol 9

Carbine 10 Armor-piercing bullets 11

.45 Automatic 12

19
Table 3.4-2. Composite ranks for all cities for lethal weapons

Category item Rank

.38 Special revolver 1 Regular service ammunition

(or handguns 2 Shotgun 3

.357 Magnum revolver 5

Frangible bullets 4

Rifle 7 Regular service ammunition for shoulder weapons 6

High-drag bullets QO

9 mm pistol 9

Carbine 10 Armor-piercing bullets 12

.45 Automatic 11

Table 3.4-3. Department type composite ranks for lethal weapons

Department type

City City City 50 TownCategory item State County (1-9) (10-49) (50+) largest ship

.38 Special revolver 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 Regular service ammunition

(or handguns 2 2 2 3 2 2 4 Shotgun 4 4 3 4 3 3 3

.357 Magnum revolver 1 5 4 2 5 9 2 Frangible bullets 5 3 5 5 4 5 6

Rifle 6 6 6 6 6 7 8

Regular service ammunition (or shoulder weapons 7 9 11 10 9 4 10 High-drag bullets 9 7 8 7 7 6 5 9 mm pistol 8 8 7 9 8 10 12 Carbine 11 10 9 8 11 8 11 Armor-piercing bullets 10 11 12 12 10 12 9

.45 Automatic 12 12 10 11 12 11 7

20

1
Table 3.4-4. Region composite ranks for lethal weapons

LEAA region

Category item 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 .So jpcciai revolver } 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4

Regular service ammunition for handguns 3 1 2 3 4 3 2 4 2 2

2 3 3 4 3 5 3 3 3 3

.00 1 iVlagllUIll ICVUIVCI 4 5 8 2 5 2 4 2 4 1 Frangible bullets g 5 2 4 5 5 6 5

luiie 5 7 4 5 8 5 6 5 7

IXCSUIgII oCi V1I.^C allllll UlllLlUlt lUi shoulder weapons 9 4 9 8 10 9 7 10 7 11 High-drag bullets 12 8 10 9 6 7 8 9 8 9 9 mm pistol 10 11 6 10 7 12 9 7 9 8

Carbine 5 9 7 7 9 8 10 8 12 10 Armor-piercing bullets 11 10 11 11 11 10 12 11 11 12

.45 Automatic 7 12 12 12 12 11 12 12 10 6

Tables 3.4-3 and 3.4-4 show the composite rankings for department types, and

regions, respectively. The level of agreement wfithin each aggregate was 100 percent, as were the levels of agreement between department types and between regions. The 2

department types which appeared to be most divergent were the 50 largest cities and

townships. Even in this case, however, the level of agreement was about 88 percent.

Other items in this category suggested by respondents included rifle scope, pistol range, machine gun and submachine gun, smedl concealed handgun, holster, and tear gas adaptor. Eight respondents ranked only items which apphed to them, and five provided an explanation of the rankings. Three others emphasized the need for test standards.

3.5. Nonlethal Weapons

As a general category, nonlethal weapons received the smallest overall percentage

of top priority ranks (2%). Several of the smaller departments indicated that some of the

items did not apply to them or that there was a general lack of knowledge about some of

the nonlethal weapons in the hst. Although all levels of agreement were 100 percent, no single item seemed to dominate the top priority position in the composites. Tables 3.5-1 through 3.5-4 show the

composite rankings. Of the 11 items, the blackjacks/saps, batons/billy clubs/nightsticks,

and the 4 tear gas-related items tended to rank in the top 6 positions, while the remaining, less frequently used items, tended to have poorer composite ranks. This was true

for the national composite, the city composite, 4 of the 7 department types, and 6 of 10

regional composites. In the remaining composites, five of the six top positions were

always filled by some combination of these same six items.

Levels of agreement between pairs and other subaggregates of composite rankings were aH very high (over 95%), even though the item ranks in each composite were not

the same. This occurred because the same items consistently appeared in the same

groups of rankings (e.g., the top six ranks). For example, considering the four city

department types as a subaggregate of the seven department types (see table 3.5-3), the

level of agreement among these was 100 percent.

21
Table 3.5-1. Composite ranks for all departments

for nonlethal weapons

Category item Rank

Ddtons/Dilly cill Ds/ ment sticks 1 Tear g£Ls dispensers 9Z Xear g3s q Gas grenades and cannisters A

He Blackjacks/saps co Tear gas generators D

Tranquilizer dart guns 7 Water cannon 8 Dye-marker guns 9

Pellet guns 10

Electric shockers 11

all cities for nonlethal weapons

Category item Rank

RQtrkn c/nillv r'liirkc/TiicrntGtif^K& Tear gas dispensers 9 Tear gas 3 Gas, grenades and cannisters A Blackjacks/saps 5 Tear gas generators 5 Tranquilizer dart guns 7 Water cannon 9 Dye-marker guns 8

Pellet guns 10

Electric shockers 11

Table 3.5-3. Department type composite ranks for nonlethal weapons

Department type

City City City 50 TownCategory item State County (1-9) (10-49) (50-^) largest ship

Batons/biUy clubs/nightsticks 4 3 1 3 4 1 4 Tear gas dispensers 1 2 2 1 1 3 2 Tear gas 2 4 4 2 2 2 1 Gas grenades and cannisters 3 1 5 4 3 4 3 Blackjacks/saps 8 5 3 5 7 6 5 Tear gas generators 5 8 6 6 5 5 6

Tranquilizer dart guns 6 7 7 7 6 8 7 Water cannon 11 6 8 11 8 9 11 Dye-marker guns 7 10 10 8 9 7 9

Pellet guns 9 9 11 9 10 10 10

Electric shockers 10 11 9 10 11 11 8

22
Table 3.5-4. Region composite ranks for nonlethal weapons

LEAA region

Category item 1 23456789 10

Batons/billy clubs/nightsticks 4 1 1 4 2 3 3 4 3 4 Tear gas dispensers 1 4 3 1 3 2 2 2 1 2 Tear gas 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 3 4 1 Gas grenades and cannisters 2 3 4 3 4 4 4 1 2 3 Blackjacks/saps 6 7 5 5 5 6 6 7 6 8 Tear gas generators 5 5 6 6 8 5 5 6 5 5 Tranquilizer dart guns 9 6 7 7 7 9 7 5 7 6 Water cannon 11 11 10 8 6 8 10 9 9 10 Dye-marker guns 7 9 9 9 9 7 8 8 10 9

Pellet guns 8 8 11 10 10 11 9 10 8 11 Electric shockers 10 10 8 11 11 10 11 11 11 7

3.6. Vehicles

Vehicles, as a category, received the greatest number of number one ranks and was ranked number two in the national composite. The top priority vehicle item was the

patrol car in all department type composites, sdl regional composites, the composite for the cities, and the national composite (see tables 3.6-1 through 3.6-4). Overall, patrol cars was ranked number one in priority by 74 percent of the respondents. The range of percentages by department type was 61 percent (counties) to 85 percent (states). One

possible explanation for the dominance of patrol cars in the rankings is the fact that all poUce departments were familiar with that item. All departments probably had at least one, and patrol cars probably represented a significant fraction of their annual equipment budgets. (See the DQ on patrol cars ® for more details.) In addition, the notion of a performance standard was likely to be better understood when applied to vehicles than

to protective equipment and clothing. Since patrol cars probably were, and stiU are, more frequently used than many other types of equipment, respondents may have

developed stronger opinions regarding their drawbacks. It is interesting to note that the sum of the ranks for patrol cars in cities with 1-9 officers was 299, and there were 234

such cities in the sample for a mean rank of 1.28. Table 3.6-2 shows the city composite ranking and table 3.6-3 shows the department

type composite rankings. Motorcycles and scooters ranked behind patrol cars (ranks 2

and 3, respectively) in the 50 largest cities. These items received progressively poorer

ranks in the composites of the smedler cities, counties and states. Mobile communications/command/control (MCCC) vehicles ranked second in all department type composites except cities with 1-9 officers (where it was ranked third)

and the 50 largest cities (where it was ranked fourth). This item received the second

highest number of first rank positions (18%) and the largest percentage of number two

ranks (31%) overall. MCCC vehicles ranked ahead of scooters in the 50 largest cities unweighted composite, where scooters ranked sixth, suggesting that a few of the largest

cities (i.e., those with many fuU-time officers) ranked scooters with high priority.

The state department composite seemed to be significantly different from all the

other department type composites, primarily due to the high priorities given helicopters

and other aircraft by the states. The levels of agreement between the state and other

LEAA Police Equipment Survey of 1972. Vol. VII: Patrol Cars.

23
Table 3.6-1. Composite ranks for all departments

for vehicles

Category item Rank

Patrol cars 1 Mobile communications/command/control

vehicles 2 Other land vehicles 3

Motorcycles 4

Helicopters 5

Scooters 6

Boats and other watercraft 7 Other aircraft 8

Table 3.6-2. Composite ranks for all cities for vehicles

Category item Rank

Patrol cars 1 Mobile communications/command/control

vehicles 2 Other land vehicles 3 Motorcycles 4

Helicopters 5

Scooters 6

Boats and other watercraft 7 Other aircraft 8

Table 3.6-3. Department type composite ranks for vehicles

Department type

City City City 50 TownCategory item State County (1-9) (10-49) (50-I-) largest ship

Patrol Mobilecars communications/command/control

1111111 vehicles 2 2 3 2 2 4 2 Other land vehicles 6 3 2 3 4 5 3 Motorcycles 5 6 4 4 3 2 4

Helicopters 3 4 7 6 6 6 7 Scooters 8 7 6 5 5 3 5 Boats and other watercraft 7 5 5 7 7 7 6 Other aircraft 4 8 8 8 8 8 8

24
Tablk 3.6-4. Region composite ranks for vehicles

Category item

LEAA region

123456789 10

Patrol cars Mobile communications/command/control

vehicles Other land vehicles Motorcycles

Helicopters Scooters Boats and other watercraft Other aircraft

1111111111

Table 3.6-5. Levels of agreement between state composite and other department type composite

Level of agreement

(%)

State vs county 94.6

State vs city (50 or more officers) 91.1

State vs city (1049

officers) 86.2

State vs city (1-9 officers) 81.1

State vs township 81.1

State vs 50 largest cities 72.6

department types are given in table 3.6-5. Since the level of agreement was 99.97

percent among all seven department types, it may be safely concluded that it was higher

than this among aU department types, excluding the states. Within each department

type, the level of agreement among all respondents was 100 percent.

Regional composite rankings are given in table 3.6-4. The number two position of scooters in region two may be explained by the high priority given that item by the

single department having over two-thirds the total weight for that region. With this exception, regional differences were relatively minor. HeUcopters seemed to be ranked more favorably in the western regions. The levels of agreement within each region were

100 percent.

The most frequent comment made by respondents who ranked vehicles first among the main categories was that vehicles are probably the single most important

type of equipment used by police departments. Several respondents indicated that their

patrol cars (basicedly modified passenger sedans) were inadequate for police use, not simply in terms of road performance, but also in terms of durability of seats, repair

downtime and expense, and comfort. These aspects of the patrol car were also revealed

to be important by the DQ on patrol cars. A larger than average number of vehicles lists were not completely ranked. It is likely that the high cost of some of the items (helicopters, aircraft and watercraft) and

25
the absence of need eliminate them from purchase consideration. Several comments

were also made regarding the desirabiUty of a specialized pohce patrol vehicle.

Other items suggested include snowmobiles, 4-wheel drive vehicles for rugged

terrain, armored vehicles, bicycles/light motorcycles, mobile laboratories, beach

buggies, and amphibious vehicles.

3.7. Building Systems

As a general category, building systems ranked last in priority in the national

composite. Overall, it received eJmost 48 percent of the rank nine (of nine) responses,

and only about 5 percent of the rank one responses. Interviews with department officials during the pretest phase of the project revealed that departments would almost always

rank building systems low in priority unless they were considering, planning, or actually

constructing such facUities. Additionedly, since the pretests demonstrated that it was difficult to identify a meaningful list of building system components, a relatively short Hst of general entries,

each encompassing a fairly wide scope of individu2d items, was developed. The list included: Detention center design/construction; institutional furnishings; pohce station

design/ construction; institutional equipment; and building materials. Detention centers were meant to include only those faciUties controlled by the department to whom the

EPQ was sent. Institutional furnishings included items such as desks, chairs, Ughting

fixtures, and the like. Institutional equipment included typewriters, filing cabinets,

sanitary facilities, kitchen equipment, and heating/air conditioning.

Police station design/construction received the largest proportion of number one

ranks (63%) and was the top priority entry in every composite (although it did rank

number two in the unweighted county composite, where detention center

design/construction ranked number one). A large majority of the written comments

about this list pertained to the inadequacies of police station design/construction.

Tables 3.7-1 through 3.7-4 show the composite rankings for the nation, the cities,

the department types, and the regions, respectively. Statistical analyses of these data

are probably less meaningful since each of the items covered a broad range of equipment and/or facihties, and respondents may not have had the same things in mind

while assigning ranks. Differences among department type composites were more

pronounced than those among regions. For example, state and township departments

gave low rankings to the detention center design/construction because, perhaps, almost none of the state and township departments said that they were responsible for detaining prisoners longer than 1 day (see table 2.0-1). The level of agreement among

department types was 99.9 percent, and it was 100 percent within each region and

among the 10 regions.

Table 3.7-1. Composite ranks for all departments

for building systems

Category item Rank

Police station design/construction Detention center design/construction

BuUding materials

Institutional equipment

Institutional furnishings

12

34

5

26
Table 3.7-2. Composite ranks for all cities for building systems

Category item Rank

Police station design/construction 1 Detention center design/construction 2 Building materials 3

Institutional equipment 4

Institutional furnishings 5

Table 3.7-3. Department type composite ranks for building systems

Department type

City City City 50 T1 ownState County (1-9) (10-49) (50+) largest

PoUce station design/construction 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Detention center design/construction 5 2 2 2 3 3 4

Building materials 3 4 5 5 5 2 5

Institutional equipment 2 3 4 3 2 4 2

Institutional furnishings 4 5 3 4 4 5 3

Table 3.7-4. Region composite for milding systems

LEAA region

Category item 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Police station design/construction 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Detention center design/construction 2 4 4 3 2 3 2 4 3 2 Building materieds 4 2 2 5 3 5 5 5 5 5

Institutional equipment 3 3 3 2 4 2 3 2 2 3

Institutional furnishings 5 5 5 4 5 4 4 3 4 4

3.8. Emergency Warning and Rescue Equipment

The emergency warning and rescue equipment list contained 11 items. The

combined siren/Ught/loudspeaker (CS/L/L) system ranked number one in all composites

except two, and in both of these cases it was ranked number one in the unweighted

composite. The CS/L/L system received 38 percent of the total first priority ranks for

this Ust, ranging from 27 percent of townships to 45 percent of cities with 50 or more

officers. Furthermore, this item was identified by the rank sum test (see app. D) as having been consistently ranked in a high priority position in every aggregate

considered. Pretest interviews revealed that many departments were considering or planning to convert to a CS/L/L system. Note that two of the components of this system, flashing lights and sirens, also received relatively high rankings (second and

27

II
fourth in the national composite). Furthermore, the lights and sirens DQ ^ showed that

flashing lights were used by 99 percent of all responding departments for signalling

motorists to pull over at night and that 62 percent of those departments used sirens in

the same context. These two items of equipment were the two most frequently used

pieces of emergency warning equipment overall. The relatively high rankings of rescue equipment (third in the nationfd and cities composites) perhaps reflect the high percentages of departments (60-67% of each

department type, see table 2.0-1) which assume responsibility for emergency aid and

rescue activities in their jurisdictions.

The national composite and the city composite appear in tables 3.8-1 and 3.8-2,

respectively. Note that except for a reversal of the eight- and ninth-ranked items, they were identical. The unweighted composites of these two aggregates were identical and

were only slightly different from the corresponding weighted composites.

Table 3.8-3 shows the composite rankings for the seven department types. The

level of agreement within each department type was 100 percent, as it was among

department types. The rank correlation coefficient between the composite for the 50

largest cities and the composite for townships, which seems to be the most divergent

LEAA Police Equipment Survey of 1972, Vol. Ill: Sirens and Emergency Warning Lights.

Table 3.8-1. Composite ranks for all departments

for emergency warning and rescue equipment

Category item Rank

Combined siren/light/loudspeaker system 1 Flashing lights 2 Rescue equipment 3

Sirens 4

First aid kits 5

Spotlights 6 Loudspeakers 7

Fire extinguishers 8

Flares 9

Floodlights 10

Reflectors 11

Table 3.8-2. Composite ranks for all cities for emergency warning and rescue equipment

Category item Rank

Combined siren/Ught/loudspeaker system 1 Flashing lights 2 Rescue equipment 3

Sirens 4

First aid kits 5

Spotlights 6 Loudspeakers 7

Fire extinguishers 9

Flares 8

FloodUghts 10

Reflectors 11

28

li
Table 3.8-3. Department type composite ranks for emergency warning and rescue equipment

Department type

City City City 50 TownCategory item State County (1-9) (10-49) (S0+) largest ship

Combined siren/light/loudspeaker

system 2 1 1 1 1

11 1 Flashing lights 1 2 2 2 2 3 4 Rescue equipment 3 3 3 3 3 2 2

First aid kits d4f 5 71 o o 4

co

Spotlights 5 4 5 4 4 8 3 Loudspeakers 6 7 9 7 7 6 10

Fire extinguishers 8 6 8 9 8 7 6

Flares 7 10 4 8 10 9 7 Floodlights 11 9 10 10 9 11 11 Reflectors 10 11 11 11 11 10 9

Table 3.8-4. Region composite ranks for emergency warning and rescue e quipment

LEAA region

Category item 1 2 3 II. 5 6 7 8 9 10

Combined siren/Ught/loudspeaker

system 1 3 1111 1 1 1 1 Flashing lights 4 2 2 ^! 2 2 2 2 2 2 Rescue equipment 3 1 3 :^336 3 4 4

Sirens 6 4 5 J) 5 5 7 5 3 6

First aid kits 2 6 6 ^14 4 4 4 9 3

Spotlights 9 8 7 () 8 7 5 7 6 5 Loudspeakers 10 9 8 8 6 6 3 8 5 8

Fire extinguishers 8 5 10

'

i- 7 8 8 9 10 7 Flares 5 10 4 10 9 9 10 6 7 10

Floodlights 7 11 11 11 10 10 9 10 8 9

Reflectors 11 7 9 <) 11 1] 11 11 11 11

pair, was 99.7 percent. Thus, the results showed general agreement among all types of departments.

Within each region and among regions, the levels of agreement were 100 percent.

The regional composite rankings appear in table 3.8-4. The pair of regions appearing to have the most widely divergent composites were regions two and seven, where the level

of agreement was only 91 percent. It should be noted that a comparison of the

unweighted composites of these two regions yielded a 100 percent level of agreement.

Additional items named by respondents included: Oxygen/oxygen kits,

resuscitators/hand-operated breathing devices, blankets, folding ladders (all of which

may be considered "rescue equipment"), flashUghts/batteries, high intensity lights,

mounting devices for items on the Ust, traps, and animal snares. Twelve respondents made comments regarding the use or nonuse of specific items,

and four indicated problems with specific items. Four other respondents suggested the use of standard colors for Ughting systems (e.g., blue for police, red for fire). As

mentioned earher (see sec. 2), emergency aid and rescue was the most consistently

checked activity of departments, with an overall average of nearly 63 percent.

29
3.9. Surveillance and Security Equipment

Surveillance and security equipment was the eighth ranked category (of nine) in

the national composite for the categories Ust. The levels of agreement between the

composite rankings for items on this Hst, however, tended to be considerably lower

than in the other lists, particularly among department type composites.

Two national composite rankings of surveillance and security equipment,

weighted and unweighted, are presented in table 3.9-1. The weighting scheme played a

significant role here as may be seen by a comparison of the two rankings. This

comparison, as well as the comparison of the department type composites, showed that,

in general, smidl departments (those with fewer officers) tended to give alarm displays in

department better rankings while large departments tended to give low-Ught level closed

circuit TV better rankings.

The cities composite (table 3.9-2) was basically similar to the national composite.

Table 3.9-1. Composite ranks for all departments

for surveillance and security equipment

Rank

Category item Weighted Unv^eighted

Low-light level closed circuit TV 1 5 Hand-held night vision equipment 2 2 Alarm displays in department 3 1

Still camera equipment for night

vision devices 4 3

Closed circuit TV 5 8

Night vision scope suitable for rifles 6 6 Lenses for night vision surveillance equipment 7 7 General purpose locks 8 4

Special locking devices for detention centers 9 9

Table 3.9-2. Composite ranks for all cities for

surveillance and security equipment

Category item Rank

Low-light level closed circuit TV 1 Hand-held night vision equipment 2 Alarm displays in departments 3

Still camera equipment for night vision devices 5 Closed circuit TV 4

Night vision scope suitable for rifles 7 Lenses for night vision surveillance equipment 6

General purpose locks 8

Special locking devices for detention centers 9

30
Table 3.9-3 shows the department type composites. State departments ranked

night vision scope suitable for rifles in the top priority position in both the weighted and

unweighted composites. This item tended to rank poorly in other department type

composites. Cities and townships, except for the 50 largest, ranked alarm displays in departments with a high priority; this item was ranked sixth in the 50 largest cities composite. Hand-held night vision equipment was the top priority item in the composite for the 50 largest cities. A comparison of the cities composite with each individual city type

composite shows the effect of the larger weights carried by the larger cities. This is even further dramatized by the fact that the level of agreement between the weighted

and unweighted city composites is only 87 percent. Another example of the effects of

the weights on the rankings is the fact that low-hght level closed circuit TV was ranked

first in the weighted county composite although it was ranked fifth in the unweighted

county composite.

Even though department type composite rankings were somewhat dissimilar (for

example, the level of agreement was only 38% between the state composite and the

township composite), the level of agreement among all seven department types was 97.7

percent for the weighted composite and 99.5 percent for the unweighted. Furthermore,

it was 100 percent within each department type. Nevertheless, pairwise comparisons

yielded very low levels of agreement.

Regional differences were negligible in comparison to department type differences.

The regional composites are given in table 3.9-4. The levels of agreement within regions were all 100 percent as was the level of agreement among regions. The number one

priority item was either alarm displays in department or low-hght level closed circuit TV

in each regional composite but one, namely region two where hand-held night vision

equipment occupied the top priority position. (Recall that 1 of the 50 largest cities has

over two-thirds of the total region 2 weight.) It is interesting to note that alarm displays

in department ranked first in every unweighted regional composite, having received over

41 percent of the overeill top priority ranks.

Other items suggested by respondents for this category include binoculars,

telephoto camera equipment, restraint equipment for those apprehended, hstening

devices (electronic eavesdropping), radar, and mobile surveillance vans (which would

properly belong in the vehicles Ust). Thirty-four of the respondents indicated that some

Table 3.9-3. Department type composite for surveillance equipment

Department type

City City City 50 TownCategory item State County (1-9) (10-49) (50-)-) largest ship

Low-light level closed circuit TV 5 1 7 2 1 2 2 Hand-held night vision equipment 2 4 5 5 3 1 7 Alarm displays in departments 7 3 1 1 2 6 1

Still camera equipment for night

vision devices 4 5 3 4 7 4 3 Closed circuit TV 3 9 8 3 4 3 6 Night vision scope suitable

for rifles 1 6 6 7 5 7 9 Lenses for night vision surveillance equipment 6 8 4 6 6 5 8 General purpose locks 8 2 2 8 9 9 5 Special locking devices for detention centers 9 7 9 9 8 8 4

31
Table 3.9-4. Region composite ranks for surveillance and security equipment

LEAA region

Category item 123456789 10

Low-light level closed circuit TV

Hand-held night vision equipment Alarm displays in departments

StUl camera equipment night

vision devices Closed circuit TV

Night vision scope suitable for

rifles Lenses for night vision surveillance equipment

General purpose locks Special locking devices for detention centers

2 5 1 4 1 4 5 1 1 1 5 1 2 3 3 3 4 5 4 6

1 3 4 1 4 1 1 2 5 2

8 2 3 5 5 5 3 3 7 5 4 4 7 6 2 7 7 6 3 3

6 7 8 2 6 2 6 7 8 4

3 6 5 7 7 6 2 4 9 7 9 8 6 9 9 8 8 8 2 9

7 9 9 8 8 9 9 9 6 8

of the items listed did not apply to their departments, that some of the equipment was

beyond the scope of their departments, or that they were not familiar with some of the

items on the list. Two respondents, both city departments, expressed a need for performance data and test methods.

3.10. Detection Systems

As a general category, detection systems ranked seventh in priority for development of standards. The Ust of items in this category numbers 11. Twenty-six

respondents indicated that they did not use many of the items. Overall, each of the

items was left unranked by about 6 percent of the respondents. Despite this, a multitude of additional items was suggested, including laboratory equipment

(microscopes, infrared lighting, ultraviolet equipment), tape recording equipment,

automobile speed detection/radar equipment, and camera equipment.

In general, the rankings appeared to fall into two groups reflecting generally higher

and lower priorities for standards. This is perhaps best represented by table 3.10-1,

which presents the percentages of departments ranking each item in one of the top five positions.

The national composite, city composite, department type composites, and the

region composites, appear in tables 3.10-2 through 3.10-5, respectively. A glance at the

composites shows that the grouping shown above was maintained (in some cases with

minor variation) in all of the composites, except for the 50 largest cities. The pattern was duplicated exactly, however, in all of the unweighted composites. Thus, the weights

played a significant role in the 50 largest cities composite where wfdkthrough and handheld metal weapons detectors were given higher priority. The only item identified

consistently in a high priority position in all aggregates considered was field narcotic

screening kits. The levels of agreement within department types and within regions were 100

percent, as were the levels of agreement among department type composites and among

regional composites. An inspection of table 3.10-4 suggests that the 50 largest cities composite ranking was the only composite that was different from the others. For

example, the level of agreement between the 50 largest cities and townships was 80

percent.

32
Table 3.10-1. Percent of sample departments ranking

a detection system one, two, three , four , or five

Percent Item respondents

Field narcotic screening kits 79

Quantitative breath-alcohol screening device 68

Prearrest breath-alcohol screening device 72

Narcotic and explosive detectors 72

Fingerprint kits 68

Polygraph 43 Hand-held metal weapons detectors 25 Walkthrough metal weapons detectors 15 X-ray equipment for bomb squads 14 Other metal weapons detectors 11 Gas chromatograph for laboratory use only 7

Table 3.10-2. Composite ranks for all departments

for detection systems

Category item Rank

Fingerprint kits 1 Field narcotic screening kits 2

Narcotic and explosive detectors 3

Quantitative breath-alcohol device 4

Prearrest breath-alcohol screening device 5 Polygraph 6 Hand-held metal weapons detectors 7 X-ray equipment used by bomb squads 8 WiJkthrough metjj weapons detectors 9 Gas chromatograph for laboratory use only 10 Other types of weapons detectors 11

Table 3.10-3. Composite ranks for all cities for detection systems

Category item Rank

Fingerprint kits 1 Field narcotic screening kits 2

Narcotic and explosive detectors 3

Quantitative breath-alcohol device 4

Prearrest breath-alcohol screening device 5 Polygraph 6 Hand-held metal weapons detectors 7 X-ray equipment used by bomb squads 9 Walkthrough metal weapons detectors 8 Gas chromatograph for laboratory use only 10 Other types of weapons detectors 11

33
Table 3.10-4. Department type composite ranks for detection systems

Department type

City City City 50 TownCategory item State County (1-9) (10-49) (50-t-) largest ship

Fingerprint kits 5 1 1 4 5 1 5

Field narcotic screening kits 3 3 3 1 1 5 1 Narcotic and explosive detectors 4 2 5 5 2 2 4

Quantitative breath-alcohol device 1 4 2 3 3 8 2 Prearrest breath-alcohol screening

device 2 7 4 2 4 10 3 Polygraph 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Hand-held metal weapons detectors 9 10 7 7 8 3 7 X-ray equipment used by bomb squads 8 5 9 10 7 7 8 Walkthrough metal weapons detectors 11 9 8 8 9 4 9 Gas chromatograph for laboratory use only 7 8 10 11 11 9 11 Other types of weapons detectors 10 11 11 9 10 11 10

Table 3.10-5. Region composite ranks for detection systems

LEAA region

Category item 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Fingerprint kits 5 1 1 5 5 6 5 5 1 5

Field narcotic screening kits 1 2 3 1 2 2 1 2 5 1 Narcotic and explosive detectors 3 4 5 2 1 1 3 1 4 3 Quantitative breath-alcohol device 2 6 2 3 4 3 4 4 2 4

Prearrest breath-alcohol screening

device 4 5 7 4 6 4 2 3 8 2 Polygraph 7 9 4 6 7 5 6 6 7 6 Hand-held metal weapons detectors 8 7 8 7 3 7 7 9 10 8

X-ray equipment used by bomb squads 6 8 9 8 8 8 11 10 6 7 Walkthrough metal weapons detectors 9 3 6 9 9 9 9 8 9 11 Gas chromatograph for laboratory use only 11 11 11 11 11 10 8 7 3 9 Other types of weapons detectors 10 10 10 10 10 11 10 11 11 10

34
APPENDIX A

A

NBS-883

May 1972

0MB 41-F72030

Approval Expires June 30, 1973

U.S. Department of Commerce

National Bureau of Standards

EQUIPMENT PRIORITIES QUESTIONNAIRE

Police Equipment Survey

Sponsored By:

National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration

U.S. Department of Justice

Directed and Conducted By:

Behavioral Sciences Group

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

Phone: 301-921-3558

NOTE: This questionnaire is included in this document as a supplement to the discussion in the text. It has no other intended use.

A-1
ABOUT THIS SURVEY

WHY ONE MORE SURVEY?

Eveiy police department in this coiantry has to have special equipment

to do its law enforcement work. In many cases departments have been

forced to buy equipment that was designed for general civilian use.

The Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) of the Department

of Justice, is trying to help the police obtain equipment suited to their

particular needs. It has set up a Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory

which will write voluntary STANDARDS for several kinds of police

equipment. The standards will be based on the complaints and suggestions

that you and other law enforcement officials make about the equipment

you are now using. Police departments will be able to use these

standards, if they wish, when selecting and buying equipment for their

departments

WHAT IS A STANDARD?

Most of the standards for law enforcement equipment will describe the

minimum performance that will be acceptable for certain types of police

equipment. Materials and design will still be up to the manufactirtrer

The standard for handguns, for example, will state that the gun must

be able to perform in certain ways under various conditions.

WHY STANDARDS?

When the Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory sets up STANDARDS for

police equipment, it will be one part of an overall EQUIPMENT IMPROVEMENT

PROGRAM by LEAA's National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal

Justice (NILECJ) . Standards are one of the best ways of giving EVERY

law enforcement agency help in knowing what to look for when they go

to buy equipment. These standards will be a way for YOU, the BUYER, to

tell the equipment maker, the SELLER, what you want and must have to do

your work well.

LEAA NEEDS YOUR HELP in deciding what equipment items should have standards

written for them. That is what this questionnaire is about.

A-2

I
HOW TO FILL IN THIS QUESTIONNAIRE

1. This questionnaire asks about nine different types of police

equipment. The officers in your department who know the

most about actual operations and/or maintenance of each of

these different equipment groups should be asked to fill in the

parts of this questionnaire that they know most about. Do not tear

pages out of the questionnaire. Each person who answers must

read these instructions.

2. Instructions in how questions should be answered vary from place to

place. All instructions appear in boxes - please be sure to read

them carefully.

3. Fill in the questionnaires completely. LEAA needs to know when a piece of equipment is NOT important to you as well as when it is

important.

4. Answer all questions for YOUR OWN DEPARTMENT. Do not try to decide

what might be best for police departments in general. LEAA wants to

know about YOUR needs

5. We would like to have your COMMENTS about the questions. Use

the "Comments" section provided but do not write comments anywhere

else because all questionnaires will be machine processed. Any

comments written in among the regular questions will confuse the

keypunch operators. Please PRINT your comments CLEARLY *

6. If you will answer all questions in the space provided, the survey

results will be much less expensive to process.

7. No individual department will be identified in the report of this

survey; all results will be published only in table form. Please be

as accurate as you can.

8. When the questionnaires are completely filled in, put all of them in

the stamped, addressed envelope and return it to the National Bureau

of Standards.

9. If you have any questions, write or call collect:

E . Bunten or P . Klaus

Technology Building, A-110

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

Phone: 301—921-3558

10. Only by getting answers to these questionnaires from the men who are using the equipment can LEAA find out what police departments really

need. NILECJ must have your help before it can begin to help you solve

your equipment problems

11. If you would like to have a copy of the results of this survey, please

let us know at the end of the questionnaire.

A-3
READ THIS INSTRUCTION

*

•KK

•K*K

•le K

•KK

*K

*K*

*

*

*

•K-K*

*

*

*

*

*

•je

******************************************************* Almost every question in this questionnaire asks you to tell us which

items of equipment you think are most in need of STANDARDS. By this

we mean

**

*

**

**

K*

K

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

**

*

K*

It is NOT important for a piece of equipment to have a standard written *

*

* It meets your needs as it is; *

*

*

**

*

It is IMPORTANT for a piece of equipment to have a standard written if

you think

... It does not now give good performance;

... It needs to be made more suitable for police work;

... You may be buying some for your department and could

use guidelines in choosing among the brands offered.

if you think

Your department does not now use it and doesn't expect

to use it. ***************************************************************************

A-4
I. FIRST — THE IMPORTANCE OF GENERAL TYPES OF EQUIPMENT

1. This list and the next page, "Why Did You Make It Number 1?",

should be filled in by the person in your department who knows

most about your department's OVERALL equipment needs.

2. Listed below are 9 types of equipment. Look over the entire

list and then number the items in order of THEIR IMPORTANCE

TO YOUR DEPARTMENT in terms of YOUR DEPARTMENT'S GENERAL NEED

FOR STANDARDS . Put 1 by the MOST important , and 9_ by the

least important.

3. Do not put the same nimber beside more than one type of

equipment

NUMBER

(1-9) EQUIPMENT ITEM

PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND CLOTHING: For example; body

armor, shields, helmets, gas masks,

uniforms

COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES: For example;

scramblers, radios, car locators,

repeaters

WEAPONS, LETHAL AND RELATED AMMUNITION: For example;

handguns, shotgiins , rifles, ammunition,

special purpose ammunition.

WEAPONS, NON-LETHAL: For example; tear gas, tranquilizer

dart guns, blackjacks, water cannon,

batons, dye-marker guns.

VEHICLES: For example; patrolcars, motorcycles, scooters,

boats, aircraft.

BUILDING SYSTEMS: For example; building materials, building

furnishings, building supplies.

EMERGENCY WARNING AND RESCUE EQUIPMENT: For example; sirens,

flashing lights, first aid equipment, fire

extinguishers, flood lights.

SECURITY EQUIPMENT: For example; surveillance equipment, night

vision devices, locks, alarm displays for

receiving direct-to-police alarms.

DETECTION SYSTEMS: For example; explosives detectors, weapons

detectors, dangerous drug detectors, breath

analyzers

COMMENTS

A-5
I Con't.

WHY DID YOU MARK IT NO. 1?

1. Write on line 1 below the name of the equipment you marked

on the previous page as the most important (Number 1) to

your department in terms of needs for standards.

2. Read below the entire list of possible reasons why that

kind of equipment is most in need of standards.

3. Mark X by the two reasons that come closest to telling why

that type of equipment needs standards most FROM YOUR

DEPARTMENT'S POINT OF VIEW.

1. The type of equipment we named as number _1 in importance

on page 5 was:

2. Which two of the statements below do you think BEST describe

why this type of equipment is most important to your department

in terms of needs for standards-:

MARK X

BY TWO

_Most of this kind of equipment is now made by one or two firms.

Standards might encourage others to start making it.

_We plan to buy this kind of equipment in the near future.

Standards would help us to select the best equipment at the

least cost.

_Much of the equipment we now have of this kind does not really

meet our needs. Standards could be used to guide the

manufacturers who develop equipment.

We now have maintenance and repair problems with much of this

kind of equipment. Standards might help solve these problems.

We buy equipment in this category from several different makers

and find that parts and components cannot be interchanged among

the different brands. Standards might help solve this problem.

When we buy equipment in this category, we must compare many

different brands. If there were standards, we could stop a lot

of this investigation and/or testing.

_We are not able to test this type of equipment. If there were

standards, we could use the results of tests made by the

laboratory

Other (Specify)^

A--6
II. ABOUT PARTICULAR ITEMS OF EQUIPMENT

j On page 5 of this questionnaire you were asked to number 9 general kinds of

j equipment from MOST to LEAST IMPORTANT in terms of your department's

: need for standards. Now we ask that you tell us about the importance

I of performance standards for some particular items of equipment within

j those general types.

I There are nine lists of equipment items on the next nine pages:

j Building Systems, Communications Systems, Detection Systems, Emergency

j Warning and Rescue Equipment, Protective Equipment and Clothing, Security

Equipment, Vehicles, Lethal Weapons and Related Ammunition, and Non1 Lethal Weapons. If there are officers in your department who know more

i about actual operations and/or maintenance of some of these groups, this

I questionnaire should be passed around for them to fill in the section they

I know most about.

t* *********************************************

* * |*EACH OFFICER HELPING TO ANSWER THIS QUESTIONNAIRE MUST READ THE INSTRUCTION * :*0N PAGE 4 OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE AS WELL AS THE GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THIS * j*SECTION. *

l|* *****************************************************************************

On the next 9 pages . .

1. Read through the whole list on a page before marking any.

2. Put a number 1_ by the equipment which needs standards MOST, a number 2 by the equipment which has the second greatest

I need for standards, etc., until you have given a number to all the

equipment on the list.

3. Do not put the same number beside more than one item on any one list.

4. Do not add items to the lists to be numbered. If you think something

should be added, put it in the space at the bottom of the page.

5. Number the lists in pencil first so that your changes, if any, will be

I easier to make.

j 6. THE LISTS OF ITEMS ON THE NEXT 9 PAGES DO NOT INCLUDE ALL POSSIBLE

I EQUIPMENT. SOME OF THE ITEMS REPRESENT GROUPS OF EQUIPMENT. If we

I had listed every possible equipment, the lists would have been much

|j too long. The equipment listed often represent several kinds of

material.

7, The instructions on this page apply to each of the lists on the next

9 pages. Consider each page separately when numbering equipment items.

11

f A-7
I I -A: COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES

Number the items in this list from 1^ (most important)

to 9_ (least important) IN TERMS OF YOUR DEPARTMENT'S

NEEDS FOR STANDARDS.

NUMBER

(1 to 9) EQUIPMENT ITEMS

Tele-printer Communications (allows headquarters

to transmit a message to a printer in the

police car)

Scramblers (to scramble messages so they can be understood only by the police)

Repeater Transceivers (placed in elevated

locations to re-transmit signals to headquarters)

Hand-held Transceivers (portable radios)

Car Locators ( automatically transmit signals to

headquarters indicating the location of the car)

Helmet With Built-in Receiving and/or

Transmitting Capability

Base Radio Transceiver

Mobile Transceivers (car radios)

Digital Data Communications (allows two-way

transmission of messages using keyboards and

printers in police cars and headquarters)

List in the spaces below any important equipment items

that you think should have been in the Communications

Equipment and Supplies list above.

ADDITIONAL ITEMS

Comments

A-8
II-B: DETECTION SYSTEMS

Nuitiber"TKe~Ttem^'^T'Tfu^Tn^t7ronrT

to 11_ (least important) IN TERMS OF YOUR DEPARTMENT'S

NEEDS FOR STANDARDS.

NUMBER

(1 to 11) EQUIPMENT ITEM

Narcotic and Explosive Detectors

Pre-arrest Breath-alcohol Screening Device

(used BEFORE arrest)

Quantitative Breath-alcohol Device (used

AFTER arrest, can be used for evidence)

Fingerprint Kits

Walk-through Metal Weapons Detectors

Hand-held Metal Weapons Detectors

OTHER Types of Weapons Detectors (example: X-ray)

Gas Chromatograph For Laboratory Use Only

X-ray Equipment Used By Bomb Squads

Field Narcotic Screening Kits (chemical tests

used BEFORE arrest to distinguish narcotics

from non-narcotics)

Polygraph

List in the spaces below any important equipment items

that you think should have been included in the Detection

Systems list above.

ADDITIONAL ITEMS
II-C: EMERGENCY WARNING AND RESCUE EQUIPMENT

Number t±ie items m tkls list from 1 (most important)

to 11 (least important) IN TERMS OF YOUR DEPARTMENT'S

NEEDS FOR STANDARDS.

NUMBER

(1 to 11) EQUIPMENT ITEM

Flares (chemical and electronic)

Flood Lights

First Aid Kits

Sirens

Loudspeakers (vehicle mounted)

not PA

systems in police departments

Fire Extinguishers

Combined Siren/Light/Loudspeaker System

Flashing Lights (beacons or flashers on top of patrolcars)

Spot Lights (either on vehicle or handheld)

Reflectors ( OTHER than on cars - fluorescent

reflective triangles to be used in place of

flares)

Rescue Equipment

List in the spaces below any important equipment items

that you think should have been included in the

Emergency Warning and Rescue Equipment List above.

ADDITIONAL ITEMS

Comments

A-10

i
II-D: PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND CLOTHING

Number the items in this list from _1 (most importantT

to 11_ (least important) IN TERMS OF YOUR DEPARTMENT'S

NEEDS FOR STANDARDS.

NUMBER

(1 to 11) EQUIPMENT ITEM

Rainwear

Bomb Disposal Devices (Bomb Protective

Suits, Bomb Baskets, Bomb Trailers)

Gas Masks

Body Armor

Police Uniform

Vehicle Armor

Hand-held Shields

High Visibility Clothing or Patches

Ballistic Helmets (having some degree of

resistance to penetration by bullets)

Crash Helmets (for motorcycle riders)

Riot Helmets

List in the spaces below any important equipment items

you think should have been included in the Protective

Equipment and Clothing list above.

ADDITIONAL ITEMS

Comments

A-11
II-E: SURVEILLANCE AND SECURITY EQUIPMENT

Number the items in this list from 1_ (most important)

to 9_ (least important) IN TERMS OF YOUR DEPARTMENT'S

NEEDS FOR STANDARDS.

NUMBER

(1 to 9) EQUIPMENT ITEM

Alarm Displays in Department (for receiving

burglar or hold-up alarms)

Closed Circuit TV (which needs daylight or artificial illumination)

Low-Light Level Closed Circuit TV (operates

under night-time conditions without artificial

light)

Lenses for Night Vision Surveillance Equipment

Still Camera Equipment To 3e Used With Night

Vision Devices

General Purpose Locks (padlocks, door locks)

Special Locking Devices for Detention Centers

Night Vision Scope Suitable for Rifles (can

also be hand-held when needed)

Hand-held Night Vision Equipment (nightscope,

infrared. Not suitable for rifle mounting )

List in the spaces below any important equipment items

that you think should have been included in the

Surveillance and Security Equipment list above.

li \ ADDITIONAL ITEMS

I, J, [

Comments

A-12
II-F: VEHICLES

Nximber the item^T^TTTii'^TCist from 1^ (most important)

to £ (least important) IN TERMS OF YOUR DEPARTMENT'S

NEEDS FOR STANDARDS.

NUMBER

(1 to 8) EQUIPMENT ITEM

Mobile Communications/Command and Control Vehicl

Scooters

Motorcycles

Helicopters

Other Aircraft

Patrolcars

Boats and Other Watercraft

Other Land Vehicles (Paddy Wagons , Surveillance

Vans, Dog Wagons, Ambulances, etc.)

List in the spaces below any important equipment items

that you think should have been included in the Vehicles

list above.

ADDITIONAL ITEMS

Comments

A-13
II-G: WEAPONS, LETHAL AND RELATED AMMUNITION

Number the items in this list from _1 (most important)

to 12_ (least important) IN TERMS OF YOUR DEPARTMENT'S

NEEDS FOR STANDARDS.

NUMBER

(1 to 12) EQUIPMENT ITEM

Frangible Bullets (designed to break up when

they hit and not ricochet)

.45 Automatic

Armor-piercing Bullets

Regular Service Ammunition for Handguns

High-drag Bullets (bullets with limited range)

9 mm Pistol

Shotgun

. 38 Special Revolver

Carbine

Regular Service Ammunition for Shoulder Weapons

.357 Magnum Revolver

Rifle

List in the spaces below any important equipment items

that you think should have been included in the Lethal

Weapons and Related Ammunition list above.

ADDITIONAL ITEMS

Comments

A-14
II-H: WEAPONS, NON-LETHAL

Number the items in this list from 1^ (most important)

to 11^ (least important) IN TERMS OF YOUR DEPARTMENT'S

NEEDS FOR STANDARDS.

NUMBER

(1 to 11) EQUIPMENT ITEM

Blackjacks /Saps

Batons/Billy Clubs/Nightsticks

Water Cannon (dispenses water for crowd control)

Tranquilizer Dart Guns

Gas Grenades and Canisters

Dye-marker Guns

Electric Shockers

Pellet Guns

Tear Gas (its chemical formulation)

Tear Gas Dispensers (hand-held)

Tear Gas Generators

List in the spaces below any important equipment items

that you think should have been included in the NonLethal Weapons list above.

ADDITIONAL ITEMS

Comments

A--15
II-I: BUILDING SYSTEMS

Nximber the items in this list from 1^ (most important)

to 5_ (least important) IN TERMS OF YOUR DEPARTMENT'S

NEEDS FOR STANDARDS.

NUMBER

( 1 to 5 ) EQUIPMENT ITEM

Detention Center Design/Construction

Institutional Furnishings

Police Station Design/Construction

Institutional Equipment

Buildings Materials

List in the spaces below any important equipment items

that you think should have been included in the

Building Systems list above.

ADDITIONAL ITEMS

Comments

A--16
Ill: ABOUT YOUR DEPARTMENT

In this section, you are asked to tell us something about your department

and its activities. We want to know how the needs of various kinds of

departments differ. No individual police departments will be identified

in the report of this survey; but we do asK for the names of individuals

who filled in the questionnaire so that we may know whom to call if

there are questions about your answers.

1. Department name:

2. Address:

Street & Number

City State ZIP Code

3 . Phone : Area Code & Number

4. Name of the person (s) who filled in this questionnaire:

Title/Rank Name

Title/Rank Name _________________

Title/Rank Name

5. About what size area is served by your department in square miles:

Square Miles

6. What size population is served by your department:

Total population served

7. Political jurisdiction of your department: (MARK X BY ONE OF THE

FOLLOWING

)

State

County or Parish

City

Town

Village

Township

Borough

Other (Specify)

) A-17
8. How many full time sworn officers are there in

your department?

Number

9. How many part time officers are there in your

department?

Number

10. Which of the following activities are normally

handled in your OWN DEPARTMENT rather than by some other agency or group? (MARK X BY EACH ITEM

THAT APPLIES)

Custody or Detention of Less Than 24 Hours

Custody or Detention of Less Than 1 Week

Custody or Detention of 1 Year or Less

Custody or Detention of More Than 1 Year

Traffic Safety and Traffic Control

Highway Patrol

Vehicle Inspection

Tests for Drivers' License

Maintenance of Building Used Exclusively

for Police Purposes

Public Building Protection

Service Function

Emergency Aid and Rescue

Underwater Recovery

Harbor Patrol

Police Communications for Own Department

Communications for Other Law Enforcement

Agency

Police Training for Own Department

Police Training for Other Law Enforcement

Agency

Bomb Disposal

Polygraph

Criminal Investigation

Breath-Alcohol Tests

Laboratory Analysis of Blood for Alcohol

Content

Narcotics Laboratory Analysis

Crime Laboratory

Serve Civil Process

Serve Traffic and Criminal Warrants

Coroner

Animal Control (Dog Catcher)

Other (Specify)

A--18

i
11. What was your approximate TOTAL budget for 1971? (Use either

fiscal year 1971 or_ calendar year 1971, whichever you normally

use.)

Approximate TOTAL Budget (1971) : $

12. What was the approximate amount (in dollars) spent by your department

in 1971 for each of the following:

Approximate Dollars Spent for EQUIPMENT: $

Approximate Dollars Spent for PERSONNEL: $

13. Would you like to receive a copy of the report on this survey?

Yes

No

THANK YOU for your help. LEAA believes the police deserve to have

the best equipment possible. This is the first step towards

improvement

A--19

APPENDIX B

Sampling Considerations

B.l. Description of the Population

The first problem encountered in developing the sample was the definition of the

population. The population base consisted (in August 1971) of a file of roughly 14,000

law enforcement agencies. This file, maintained by the LEAA, contained the name,

address, and LEAA region for each hsted police agency. In addition, each city was

assigned a code which corresponded to 1 of 3 categories of numbers of full-time officers:

1-9 officers, 10-49 officers, or more than 50 officers. The population was purposefully limited to pohce departments since this group was regarded as the largest single class of law enforcement agencies with identifiable

equipment needs. Even within this category, extensive effort was required to remove

from consideration such inappropriate agencies as: university pohce, county and district coroners, medical examiners, toU highway authorities, port authorities, marine pohce,

tunnel pohce, motor vehicle registries, state capitol pohce, bridge authorities, park

commissions. Departments of Natural Resources, Texas Rangers, airport pohce, and

training academies. These types of agencies were regarded as inappropriate, either

because they did not primarily perform a law enforcement function, or because their

functions were too speciedized and would bias responses. Duphcate Ustings were also ehminated.

The pohce department population was stratified by the 10 LEAA geographic

regions and by the 7 department types as discussed below.

B.1.1. State Departments. If State Pohce was hsted, then it was included as a member of the population. If several hstings appeared under a common state organization, the Highway Patrol section was selected. (This was the case in five states.)

Six states listed Highway Patrol and Investigative units, with no reference to a larger

common organization. In these six cases, both were included in the population and when

the questionnaires were returned, the one with wider range of law enforcement

activities, as determined by their responses on page A-18, appendix A, was retained in the sample.

B.1.2. County Departments. County Departments were usually listed in the LEAA

master file as sheriff's office. City sheriffs also hsted in this category in the file were

excluded from the County Department category. County sheriffs were included in favor

of county jails and county pohce (under the sheriff's office).

B.1.3. City Departments. Four types of departments were estabhshed for this category. First, the 50 largest cities by population (according to the 1970 census) were

assigned their own stratum. The remaining cities were then stratified by the number of

full-time officers: 1-9, 10-49, 50 or more. Departments for suburban areas or subdivisions

(e.g., Cleveland Heights, East Detroit) were left in the population as they may or may

not have been autonomous.

B.l.4. Townships. This class of jurisdiction has a special status in local government

and appeared in only four of the LEAA regions (regions 1, 2, 3, 5).

B-l
B.1.5. Summary. The final population consisted of 12,842 police departments, crossstratified into 70 cells by LEAA regions (10) and types (7). The number of units in the

population in each cell is given in table 1.2-2 in the text, repeated here for the reader's

convenience in table B-1.

B.2. Sample Plan

Table B-1 shows considerable variation in the number of departments from one

cell to another. To send questionnaires to all 12,842 departments would have produced

an unmanageable amount of data, from the points of view of both administration and

analysis. It was apparent that the fraction of departments sampled in one region/type

combination would differ from the fraction sampled in another, i.e., the stratified sample would have to be disproportionate. However, this was not simply a consequence

of the way in which the population was distributed into the various cross-strata, as it was decided a priori to have a 100 percent sample for state departments and

departments in the 50 largest cities, and that these departments would be sent the

entire questionnaire package (the EPQ and 6 DQs).

Two factors were used to determine the sample sizes in the remaining 44 cells. First, an overall sample fraction of about 10 percent for these cells was felt to give

sufficient representation and a manageable sample. Second, equfd sample sizes for the

44 cells were regarded as preferable to proportionsd sampHng, in view of the desirability

of distributing the DQs equally among cells (2 DQs per department). Furthermore, this constant sample size was selected to be a multiple of six, so that each DQ could be sent

to the same number of departments.

Specifically, taking 10 percent of 12,736 (12,736 = 12,842 pohce departments — 50

largest cities — 56 different state departments) and dividing the result by 44 yielded

28.95. Therefore, a sample of 30 departments/cell (the nearest multiple of 6) was

randomly selected. The 4 cells in which the population was less than 30 were sampled

100 percent. Note that but for these 4 exceptional cells, each DQ was sent to 10

departments (2 DQs per department X 30 departments/6 DQs), distributed randomly

within each cell. For the 4 exceptional cells, 2 DQs were sent to each department as

well, but in only 1 of the 4 cases (region 1, cities with 1-9 officers) were the DQs able to be sent in equal numbers (9 of each); in the remaining 3 cells, unequal numbers of DQs

had to be distributed. Those DQs appearing more frequently were selected at random in

these cases. The distribution of the sample selected appears in table 1.2-3 and is duphcated here in table B-2.

Table B-1. Number of police departments by region and type

LEAA region

Department type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total

State 6 2 5 8 6 5 4 6 4 4 50' County 66 84 257 764 536 506 413 288 103 120 3,137

City (1-9 officers) 27 348 713 979 1,470 703 611 283 135 217 5,486

City (10-49 officers) 40 237 166 344 508 230 142 71 168 79 1,985

City (50-1- officers) 60 64 36 83 119 46 23 19 87 17 554

50 largest cities 1 4 5 8 10 8 3 1 8 2 50 Township 629 349 362 234 1,574

Total 829 1,088 1,544 2,186 2,883 1,498 1,196 668 505 439 12,836

Questionnaires were actually sent to 56 State pel ce departments since there were 6 state departments whic h listed 2 police agencies without

reference to a common central agency. However, only one set of questionnaires was accepted from each of these six states. B-2
Table B-2. Sample of police departments by region and type

LEAA region

Department type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total

State 6 2 5 9 7 6 5 7 5 4 50 County 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 300

City (1-9 officers) 27 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 297

City (10-49 officers) 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 300

City (50-t- officers) 30 30 30 30 30 30 23 19 30 17 269

50 largest cities 1 4 5 8 10 8 3 1 8 2 50 Township 30 30 30 30 120

Total 154 156 160 137 167 134 121 117 133 113 1,386

Questionnaires were actually sent to 56 state police departments since there were 6 state departments which listed 2 police agencies witho

reference to a common central agency. However, only one set of questionnaires was accepted from each of these 6 states.

B--3

APPENDIX C

Questionnaire Administration

C.l. General Procedure

The Police Equipment Survey was administered by the Technical Analysis

Division, National Bureau of Standards. The questionnaires were maiiled to poUce

departments during the first week in June 1972. The last questionnaires accepted for inclusion in this report were received the first week of January 1973.

C.1.1. Preparation for Administration. When the sample was selected, each

sample department was assigned a unique seven-digit number identifying: region,

department type, department number, the detailed questionnaires assigned, and the

version (see sec. 1.4 of this report) of the EPQ assigned. An interactive, on-hne

computer file was estabhshed to record the status of the questionnaires by identification

code number for each sample department.

Because pre-test interviews had shown that many pohce departments received 10- 25 questionnaires per month, it was determined that special efforts would be required to ensure priority handUng of these questionnaires by the sample departments. To this end, 1 week prior to the questionnaire maUing, each sample department was mailed a personalized letter from Martin Danziger, Assistant Administrator, NILECJ, of LEAA,

which explained the purposes of the survey and asked for the department's cooperation.

C.l.2. Administration. During the first week of June 1972, questionnaire packets were mailed to the 1,386 sample departments. Each packet was addressed to the chief, or highest official of the department, and asked that he direct the questionnaires to appropriate persons in his department. In addition, the chief was asked to review his

staff's answers if circumstances permitted. The chief would retain the questionnaires in

the department until all could be mailed in the same self-return package.

C.1.3. Returned Questionnaires. When questionnaires were received at NBS, they were date stamped, recorded in the computer file, and distributed to specialized

coding/editing teams (one for each questionnaire). As each questionnaire was processed,

the computerized fUe was changed to indicate current status (e.g., coded, sent to keypunch, keypunched, etc.). Questionnaires which were incomplete or which had

ambiguous (uncodable) answers were filed for telephone calls. After coding and keypunching, all identifying information except for the seven-digit

identification number was removed. This was done so that the original questionnaire

could be made available to researchers (some indication of size and geographic location,

for reference, would still be available via the identification number) without jeopardizing

the anonymity of the department.

C.2. Follow-Up Procedures

C.2.1. Mail Follow-Up. The questionnaire packets were mailed during the first week

of June 1972. By July 1, approximately 40 percent of the packets had been returned.

During the first 2 weeks in July, those departments which had not returned their

packets were identified from the computer file and were sent follow-up post cards.

C-1
These self-return post cards asked for an indication of the status of that department's

questionnaires:

(a) The questionnaires had not been received, and if so, a name to which to direct a new questionnaire packet; or

(b) The questionnaires were still being completed; or

(c) The questionnaires had been mailed back, but had not yet been received at NBS.

These post cards were mailed to about 800 sample departments. About 50 percent of

those departments returned the post card. A tally of their answers was made:

Table C.2.1. Results of the post card follow-up

Approximate % of Response post cards sent

Questionnaires not received 13

Still completing 25

Questionnaires already mailed 13 No answer 50

Total number of post cards mailed = 800

This post card foUow-up appeared to have been responsible for a second surge in

questionnaire returns.

C.2.2. Telephone Follow-Up. Beginning in the middle of August 1972, foUow-up

telephone calls were begun to departments which stiU had not returned the

questionnaires, about 33 percent of the total sample. (Calls were also begun to departments whose returned questionnaires were incomplete or ambiguous. The

numbers of calls made for these two separate purposes were not tabulated individually

in the computer record, so any numbers presented must apply to both.) These calls were continued throughout the faU of 1972. Almost 1,000 departments (about 70% of the

sample) were contacted at least once during this phase of the administration. More than

1,300 telephone caHs were made altogether.

The overwhelming majority of departments which received telephone calls from

NBS were cooperative and helpful. In the few departments in which the recipient of the

call was uncooperative, some of the common replies to the request for participation in

the survey were that the officer was too busy to participate; that the department saw no

reason for another survey; that the department did not beUeve in standards; or that they were not participating in any LEAA programs.

C.3. Rates of Return

Eighty-three percent (1,153) of the sample departments participated in the survey. The differences in levels of participation among the department types may be seen in table C.3-1. More than 90 percent of the states, the 50 largest cities, and the cities with

50 or more officers returned questionnaires. The lowest levels of participation were in county and township departments.

A variety of reasons were given by departments which were unable to return the

questionnaires. Many of the smaller departments reported that their departments had

been consolidated so that some or all of their functions had been taken over by another

police agency. Many other smaller departments said that they felt their answers woidd

be of little value since they had so little equipment. One department reported that the
courthouse had burned down so they no longer had any equipment, and several

departments reported that the questionnaires were lost in the summer floods of 1972.

Many of the nonparticipating departments, however, said during the telephone follow- ups that they would complete the questionnaires, so their subsequent nonresponses may

indicate a lack of interest and/or time.

Figure C.3-2 represents cumulative questionnaire returns by month. Milestones

indicate the beginning of post card and telephone follow-ups.

Table C.3-1. Response rates by department type

Number of Number of departments % of departments

Department type departments returning returning

in sample questionnaires questionnaires

State 50' 47 94

City (50-I-) 269 244 91

50 largest 50 46 90

City (10-49) 300 262 87

City (1-9) 297 238 80 County 300 225 75 Township 120 81 68

On the LEAA master tape, two divisions of state police were sometimes listed for a single state with no reference to a common agency. In six cases it could not be determined in advance which of these groups (e.g.. Highway Patrol, Detective Bureau) should receive the questionnaires. Thus, questionnaires were mailed to both divisions. If both sets were returned, the division with the greater number of pohce functions was chosen

to represent the state. If only one set of questionnaires was returned, it was used.

6/72 7/72 8/72 9/72 10/72 11/72 12/72 1/73

MONTH

Figure C.3-2. Cumulative number of Equipment Priorities Questionnaires returned. C-3
1
APPENDIX D

Details of EPQ Analysis

This appendix presents the mathematical rationiile for the procedures used to analyze the data from the Equipment Priorities Questionnaire. The first section of this appendix presents the methods used to obtain composite rankings at various levels of

aggregation. Statistical methods to determine the significance of agreement in rankings

are discussed in the second section.

D.l. Determination of Composite Rankings

D.1.1. Selection of Ranking as the Task. The fin^d form of the EPQ asked

respondents to rank all entries in each Ust in order to estabhsh priorities for developing

equipment standards. Two alternatives to ranking the Usts were considered for the EPQ,

rating and partial ranking, but were rejected. A simple rating scheme, such as would

have been required for this survey, is indiscriminate and inordinately sensitive to response biases. Partial ranking, another alternative, in which respondents rank only top

priority entries, results in a loss of information and yields data which are mathematically

difficult to aggregate and describe.

D.l.2. Determination of Composite Rankings. As described in the text, four sets

of composite rankings were determined for each Ust:

(a) A composite ranking for each department type;

(b) a composite ranking for each region;

(c) a composite ranking for aU cities; and

(d) a national composite ranking for all departments.

The discussion below refers to one list in order to reduce the amount of notation

required; the procedures were the same for each list. Briefly, composites were computed from scores which were made up of three elements: (1) The rank assigned to an entry transformed such that poorer ranked items received exponentially less importance than better ranked items;' (2) a weight that corresponded to the sampUng

ratio of the cell from which a department was selected; and (3) a weight that

corresponded to the number of full-time officers in the department.

The notation below is used for the discussion to follow:

the rank assigned entry m by respondent k in departments of type /, region j (ceU (/ j)),

the composite rank determined for department type /, of entry m,

the composite rank determined for region j, of entry m,

the composite rank for cities of entry m,

the national composite rank of entry m,

the score calculated for entry m in departments of type /, the score calculated for entry m in region j, the score calculated for entry m for cities,

the national score calculated for entry m.

ijkm

Mr. Marc Nerenetone of NILECJ first auggeated and formulated this concept. His contribution is gratefully acknowledged. D-l
Wjji, = the weight assigned to respondent k in department type /, region j, corresponding to the number of full-time officers in the

department,

Uij = the weight assigned to departments in cell (ij) to account for unequal

sampling fractions.^

The score of entry m, at any level of aggregation, was obtained by multiplying the

weights {Ujj and w,^^^) by the constant 2, raised to the negative rank {~'ijkm). For example,

entry w's score for respondents in region 5 would be calculated from the following

formula:

53„ = S X M,3W,3,2-^/5m (D. 1.2-1)

I ke (1,5) where the notation ke (i,5) imphes that the inner sum is taken over respondent k in cell

(/,5). These scores would then be ordered from highest to lowest to obtain composite

rankings. Not dividing by the total weight does not affect the ranking of the scores since

the total weight is constant for a given entry m.

For the cities, the formula for calculating the scores would be:

=1 5 , u.^w,^,2-^ijkm (D.1.2-2)

1=3 J ke(ij}

since department types / = 3, 4, 5, and 6 are, in the coding employed, all city police

departments.

It was imphcitly assumed that the ranks were permutations of the integers

1,2,. ..,M, where M was the number of entries in the list considered. However, some

respondents either did not follow the questionnaire directions or felt that tied ranks

reflected their true preferences. Adjustments were made in all cases in which something

other than a permutation of the integers 1,2,...,M was assigned. The purpose of those

adjustments was to give ail respondents an equal total contribution to entry scores for any given list. To take an extreme example: If respondent k in department type i. Region j, were to assign r,^^^ = 1 for all m = 1,2,...,M; his total contribution to aggregate

scores would be larger than that of a respondent assigning M distinct integer ranks.

Three "error" cases and the ways in which they were adjusted are shown below.

Case 1. When ranks mi,...,m, were not assigned and the other entries were

assigned the remaining ranks up to M + /: In this case, the ranks were all shifted, preserving the rank orders, to the appropriate permutation of

1,...,M. It was assumed that the respondents were simply careless in

assigning ranks.

Case 2. When ranks m m, were not assigned and the other entries were

assigned the remaining ranks, but none higher than M: In this case, it was assumed that the unranked entries would have received the poorest ranks.

Thus, the entries ranked were shifted, preserving the rank orders, to the

appropriate permutation of 1,2,. ..,M—/; and the unranked entries were

considered tied for the places M-t+1, M—t+2,...,M.

Case 3. Tied ranks: It was necessary to adjust for tied ranks such that the total scores contributed would be equal to what they would have been if distinct

ranks 1,2,. ..,M had been assigned. Suppose there were / entries tied for rank positions m,m+l,...,m+/— 1: If M = 9, and three entries were ranked

Departments were selected randomly within each cell. Since the cells had unequal sampling fractions, Ujj was needed to compensate (or unequal

probabilities of selection to the sample from cell to cell.

D-2
as some permutation of 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4, 7, 8, 9; then / = 3 and m = 4 (i.e., the three entries ranked 4 were tied at rank positions 4, 5, and 6). It would

then be necessary to find r such that

t2-' = 2

- m

(D. 1.2-3)

Thus

-r = log2 ((2"'" + 2-<'"^" + ... + 2-<'"^'-»)

//) = log2 (2-"' + 2-""^" + 2-<'"*'-'>)-log2/ - log2 (2-- (1 + 2-' + ... + 2-<'-") )-log2 (D. 1.2-4)

from which it foUows that

r = log2r - m - log2 (1 + 2"' + ... -I- 2-"^>>) (D. 1.2-5)

Again, for example

r = log23 4- 4 - log2 (1 + 2 + 4)

=4 + logjS - loga? = 2.77.

D.2. Statistical Agreement Among Rankings

The purpose of the statistical analysis was to determine the extent of agreement

among rankings at the following level of aggregation:

(a) Respondents within each department type;

(b) Respondents within each LEAA region;

(c) Composite rankings among the department types; and

(d) Composite rankings among the LEAA regions.

Two statistical tests were made. Both used, as a basis for the statistics cedculated, the

simple rank sum (i.e., the sum, over the group under consideration, of the ranks

assigned). The negative exponential score used for calculating composites is not amenable to these statistical tests. The first test was used to determine outlying (high or low) rank sums. Assuming

that the rankings comprised a random sample from the set of all possible rankings (the

null hypothesis for this test), a given distribution existed for the rank sums. The test identified entries having extremely low or high rank sums, according to this distribution.

Those entries having rank sums which would have occurred only 5 percent of the time

from randomly drawn rankings were singled out. Clearly, an entry would have to be

ranked consistently high or low to be identified as an outlier. The distribution of rank sums for M entries ranked by L judges has been tabulated by Thompson and Willke

(1963). They also give approximation formulas for large L. The second test used the simple rank sums to cedculate the Coefficient of

Concordance, a statistic an2dogous to the variance in psu-ametric methods. Given L

rankings of M entries, the mean rank sum is L{M + l)/2. The maximum sum of squared

deviations from this mean occurs when all L rankings are identical, in which case the

rank sums would be L, 2L,..., ML, and the sum of the squared deviations from this mean would be L^{M^ — M)/12. The minimum sum of squeired deviations from the mean

D-3
occurs when all rank sums equal the mean, in which case it is zero. If we let S denote

the sum of squared deviations from the mean, then the statistic W = US I {L\M^ - M)

is normalized, taking values between 0 (no agreement) and 1 (complete agreement).

Assuming that the rankings represent a random sample from the set of all rankings, the

distribution of W may be obtained (see Kendall, 1948, for a description of this test). For

the values of L in the present study, two approximations to the distribution of W were

used:

(a) for M > 7, L{M — \)W is approximately distributed as Chi-square with v = M—

1 degrees of freedom;

(b) for M < 7, {L—l)lV / (1—W) is approximately distributed as F with v, — M—1—

(2/L) and Vj = (L— l)Vi degrees of freedom (Abramowitz and Stegun, 1964).

For case (b) above, v, and V2 were taken to the nearest integer and for large Vj and V2, a normal approximation to F is used (see Abramowitz and Stegun, 1964, p. 947).

Under the assumption that the rankings were random, it was possible to calculate

the probability of obtaining a value of W less than that actuidly obtained. The larger this probability, the greater the level of agreement (meaning the smedler the probability that the rankings were random). For example, a 97 percent level of agreement, in this context, meant that the probability was only 0.03 that a value as large as that calculated

for W occurred by chance.

For comparing sets of rankings, the rank correlation coefficient t was used. This

statistic takes values between —1 and +1, corresponding to complete disagreement

(rankings are reverses of each other) and complete agreement. The rank correlation

coefficient t is a normalized version of the statistic S which is calculated as follows:

(a) Consider each pair of entries (for a list of M entries, there are M(m-1) /2

pairs).

(b) If both rankings have one of the pair preferred to the other, score +1.

(c) If the rankings have the pair in opposite order of preference, score —1.

(d) S equals the sum of scores in (b) and (c). Since the range of values for S is -M(M-l)/2 to M(M-l)/2, r = 25/M(M-l) takes values

between -1 and +1. For values of M between 4 and 10, probabihties for t (or

equivalently S) are tabulated (Kendall, 1948, table 1). For M > 10, t is approximately

normal with mean zero, and variance cr^ = M(M-l)(2M+5)/18.

For present purposes, the level of agreement between two rankings was the

probability of not exceeding the cedculated value of t. This implies that only one teiil of

the distribution of t was used, since there was no concern with levels of disagreement.

Consider the example in table D.2-1.

Table D.2-1. Two rankings of five entries

A B C D E

Ranking I 3 5 1 2 4 Ranking II 1 4 2 5 3

D-4
For the pair AB, Ranking I prefers A to B, as does Ranking II. Thus, the score for AB

is +1. On the other hand. Ranking I prefers D to E, but Ranking II prefers E to D. Thus, the score for the pair DE is —1. The 10 scores in this example are: AB: +1 BD: -1

AC: -1 BE: +1

AD: -1 CD: +1

AE: +1 CE: +1

BC: +1 DE: -1

and S = 1-1-1+1+1-1+1+1+1-1 = 6-4 - 2. The probability that 5^2, from the Thompson and Wilike (1963) table, is 0.408. Thus,

the level of agreement between Rankings I and II is 59.2 percent.

There are shorter methods for calculating t (or 5) than that described in (a)-(d) above. See Thompson and WiUke (1963), chapter 1 for a description of these.

References

(1) Abramowitz, M., and Stegun, I. A. (Eds.), Handbook of Mathematical Functions

(AMS 55), National Bureau of Standards, 1964.

(2) Kendall, M. G., Rank Correlation Methods, Charles Griffin and Company Limited,

London, 1948.

(3) Thompson, W. A., Jr., and Wilike, T.A., "On an Extreme Rank Sum Test for Outliers," Biometrika, Vol. 50, Nos. 3,4, 1963.

D--5

APPENDIX E

Data Tables

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E--86
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