P60-239 

U.S. Department of Commerce

Economics and Statistics Administration 

U.S. CENSUS BUREAU 

6

1.4

1.6

0.6

1

7.5 1.1 1.0

7.6 1.3 * 1.1

6.7 1.9 * 1.5

9 0.9 0.7

1.5 1.2

.4 1.2

6 * 1.2

0.7

0.9

0.9

1

1

11.8

9.2 0.7

10.0 1.0 10.1

12.7 1.2 11.4 1.3

9.0 1.0 9.2 1.1

13.2 1.3 12.7 1.4 1

15.2 0.8 15.4 0.9 1

8.0 1.0 6.7 1.0

9.8 1.1 9.8 1.2

8.0 1.0 8.1 1.1

10.4 1.1 10.2 1.2 1

5.6 1.3 15.2 1.4 1

1.2 1.0

1.7 1.3

1.9 * 1.4

0.7 * 0.6

1.2 0.9

1.1 1.0

1.3 * 1.1

1.9 * 1.5

0.9 0.7

1.2

18.8 1.7

14.1 0.7 1

12.9 1.0 13

12.4 1.2 11.7

10.8 0.8 11.0

14.3 1.3 13.9

11.8 1.2 11.7 1.

9.2 0.7 9.0 0.7

10.0 1.0 10.1 1.2

12.7 1.2 11.4 1.3 13

9.0 1.0 9.2 1.1 9.6

2 1.3 12.7 1.4 13.8

8 15.4 0.9 15.2 1

7 1.0 9.1 1.3

2 9.9 1.3

8 1 1.2

1.4

59,925

8,979 57,555

,421 19,890 57,783

35,316 20,538 58,155

37,335 21,977 58,865

37,773 22,425 59,369

37,913 22,561 59,506

39,923 23,100 57,861

41,195 23,330 56,6

39,750 23,355 58

39,479 23,221

3,6

4

40,898 27,0

40,207 2

38,789

39,79

39,8

39

6

861

6,633

58,754

1 58,818

702 60,193

3,708 58,922

24,661 59,441

24,474 59 66

12 24,312

0,213 2

39

9 27,779 71,61

792 27,798 69,85

9,843 28,203 70,78

39,143 27,995 71,52

38,900 27,995 71,96

38,768 27,691 71,42

38,531 28,421 73,76

39,521 29,309 74,16

40,906 29,931 73 1

41,249 29,829

40,861

40

Income, Poverty, and

Health Insurance Coverage in

the United States: 2010

Current Population Reports 17.1

12.6Co0.7 nsumer Income

9.2 1.2 0

By

2 6

Carmen DeNavas-2W6a,l1t60 6

Bernadette D. Proctor

Jessica C. S,

m53it

0

h 26,691

49 41,259 26,89

Issued September 2011
Acknowledgments

Carmen DeNavas-Walt, with the assistance of Jessica L. Semega and 

Melissa A. Stringfellow, prepared the income section of this report 

under the direction of Edward J. Welniak, Jr., Chief of the Income 

Statistics Branch. Bernadette D. Proctor prepared the poverty section 

under the direction of Trudi J. Renwick, Chief of the Poverty Statistics 

Branch. Jessica C. Smith prepared the health insurance coverage 

section under the direction of Brett O’Hara, Chief of the Health and 

Disability Statistics Branch. Charles T. Nelson, Assistant Division Chief 

for Economic Characteristics, and Jennifer Cheeseman Day, Assistant 

Division Chief for Employment Characteristics, both of the Social, 

Economic, and Housing Statistics Division, provided overall direction. 

A special thanks to Matthew Brault and Ashley N. Edwards for developing a new replicate weight statistical testing tool and to Kevin McGee

for testing all poverty estimates for statistical significance using replicate 

weights.

David E. Adams, George M. Mitcham, Tim J. Marshall, and 

Gregory D. Weyland, Demographic Surveys Division, processed the 

Current Population Survey 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplement 

file. Donna K. Benton, Christopher J. Boniface, Kirk E. Davis, 

and Thy K. Le, programmed and produced the detailed and publication tables under the direction of Hung X. Pham, Chief of the Survey 

Processing Branch.

Danielle N. Castelo, Rebecca A. Hoop, and Matthew R. Herbstritt, 

under the supervision of David V. Hornick and Kimball T. Jonas, 

all of the Demographic Statistical Methods Division, conducted sample 

review. Anne T. Kearney, Chief of the Health Surveys and Supplements 

Branch, provided overall direction.

Lisa Clement, Tim J. Marshall, and Lisa Paska, Demographic 

Surveys Division, and Roberto Picha and Agatha Jung, Technologies 

Management Office, prepared and programmed the computer-assisted 

interviewing instrument used to conduct the Annual Social and Economic 

Supplement.

Additional people within the U.S. Census Bureau also made significant 

contributions to the preparation of this report. Willow Burns, Laryssa 

Mykyta, John Hisnanick, Len Norry, Judith Waldrop, and Bruce H. 

Webster reviewed the contents. 

Census Bureau field representatives and telephone interviewers collected 

the data. Without their dedication, the preparation of this report or any 

report from the Current Population Survey would be impossible.

Linda Chen, Donna Gillis, Janet S. Sweeney, Jamie A. Stark, and 

Donald J. Meyd, of the Administrative and Customer Services Division, 

Francis Grailand Hall, Chief, provided publications and printing management, graphics design and composition, and editorial review for print 

and electronic media. General direction and production management 

were provided by Claudette E. Bennett, Assistant Division Chief. 
P60-239

Income, Poverty, and Health 

Insurance Coverage in the 

United States: 2010 Issued September 2011

U.S. Department of Commerce

Rebecca M. Blank, 

Acting Secretary

Vacant,

Deputy Secretary

Economics and Statistics Administration

Rebecca M. Blank, 

Under Secretary for Economic Affairs

U.S. CENSUS BUREAU

Robert M. Groves, 

Director
Suggested Citation

DeNavas-Walt, Carmen, Bernadette D. 

Proctor, and Jessica C. Smith,

 U.S. Census Bureau, 

Current Population Reports, P60-239, 

Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance 

Coverage in the United States: 2010, 

U.S. Government Printing Office, 

Washington, DC,

2011. ECONOMICS

AND STATISTICS

ADMINISTRATION

Economics and Statistics

Administration

Rebecca M. Blank,

Under Secretary for Economic Affairs

U.S. CENSUS BUREAU

Robert M. Groves,

Director

Thomas L. Mesenbourg,

Deputy Director and Chief Operating Officer

Howard Hogan,

Acting Associate Director for Demographic Programs

David S. Johnson,

Chief, Social, Economic, and Housing Statistics Division
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 iii

Contents

TEXT

Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage 

in the United States: 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Source of Estimates and Statistical Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Supplemental Poverty Measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

State and Local Estimates of Income, Poverty, and 

 Health Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Dynamics of Economic Well-Being . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Disability in the Current Population Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Income in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Household Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Type of Household . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Race and Hispanic Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Age of Householder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Nativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Disability Status of Householder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Residence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Income Inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Equivalence-Adjusted Income Inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Work Experience and Earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Poverty in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Poverty in the First Year After a Recession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Race and Hispanic Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Nativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Residence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Work Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Disability Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Depth of Poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

 Ratio of Income to Poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

 Income Deficit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Doubled-Up Households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Alternative/Experimental Poverty Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

 National Academy of Sciences (NAS)-Based Measures . . . . . . . 22

 CPS Table Creator II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Health Insurance Coverage in the United States . . . . . . . . . . 23

Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Health Insurance in the First Year After a Recession . . . . . . . . . . 24

Type of Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Race and Hispanic Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Nativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

What Is Health Insurance Coverage? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Economic Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Work Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Disability Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Children’s Health Insurance Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Residence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
iv Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 U.S. Census Bureau

Comments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Additional Data and Contacts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

TEXT TABLES

1. Income and Earnings Summary Measures by Selected Characteristics: 

 2009 and 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2. Change in Real Median Household Income and Earnings and Number of Workers by Work 

 Experience During First Calendar Year After a Recession: 1970 to 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3. Income Distribution Measures Using Money Income and Equivalence-Adjusted Income:

 2009 and 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

4. People and Families in Poverty by Selected Characteristics: 2009 and 2010. . . . . . . . . . . 15

5. Change in Poverty During First Year After a Recession: 1961 to 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

6. People With Income Below Specified Ratios of Their Poverty Threshold by

 Selected Characteristics: 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

7. Income Deficit or Surplus of Families and Unrelated Individuals by Poverty Status:

 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

8. People Without Health Insurance Coverage by Selected Characteristics: 

 2009 and 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

9. Change in the Number and Percent of People Without Health Insurance During First Year

 After a Recession: 1991 to 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

10. Coverage by Type of Health Insurance: 2009 and 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

FIGURES

1. Real Median Household Income by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1967 to 2010. . . . . . . . . . 8

2. Female-to-Male Earnings Ratio and Median Earnings of Full-Time, Year-Round 

 Workers 15 Years and Older by Sex: 1960 to 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

3. Total and Full-Time, Year-Round Workers With Earnings by Sex: 1967 to 2010. . . . . . . . . 13

4. Number in Poverty and Poverty Rate: 1959 to 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

5. Poverty Rates by Age: 1959 to 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

6. Demographic Makeup of the Population at Varying Degrees of Poverty: 2010. . . . . . . . . 20

7. Number Uninsured and Uninsured Rate: 1987 to 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

8. Uninsured Children by Poverty Status, Household Income, Age, Race and Hispanic

 Origin, and Nativity: 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 v

APPENDIXES

Appendix A. Estimates of Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

How Income Is Measured. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Recessions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Annual Average Consumer Price Index Research Series (CPI-U-RS) Using Current Methods

 All Items: 1947 to 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Cost-of-Living Adjustment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Appendix B. Estimates of Poverty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

How Poverty Is Calculated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Poverty Thresholds for 2010 by Size of Family and Number of Related Children

 Under 18 Years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Weighted Average Poverty Thresholds in 2010 by Size of Family. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Appendix C. Estimates of Health Insurance Coverage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Quality of Health Insurance Coverage Estimates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

 National surveys and health insurance coverage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

 Reporting of coverage through major federal health insurance programs. . . . . . . . . . . 75

 Enhancements in 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Appendix D. Replicate Weights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

APPENDIX TABLES

A-1. Income and Earnings Summary Measures by Selected Characteristics: 2007 and 2010. . . 33

A-2. Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of 

 Householder: 1967 to 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

A-3. Selected Measures of Household Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

A-4. Selected Measures of Equivalence-Adjusted Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2010 . . . . . . 46

A-5. Number and Real Median Earnings of Total Workers and Full-Time, Year-Round 

 Workers by Sex and Female-to-Male Earnings Ratio: 1960 to 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

A-6. Number of Workers With Earnings and Median Earnings by Work Experience, Sex, 

 and Selected Characteristics: 2002 to 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

B-1. Poverty Status of People by Family Relationship, Race, and Hispanic Origin:

 1959 to 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

B-2. Poverty Status of People by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2010. . . . . . . . . 68

B-3. Poverty Status of Families, by Type of Family: 1959 to 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

C-1. Health Insurance Coverage: 1987 to 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

C-2. Health Insurance Coverage by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1999 to 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . 78

C-3. Health Insurance Coverage by Age: 1999 to 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 1

Income, Poverty, and 

Health Insurance Coverage 

in the United States: 2010

INTRODUCTION

This report presents data on income, 

poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States based on 

information collected in the 2011 

and earlier Current Population 

Survey Annual Social and Economic 

Supplements (CPS ASEC) conducted by 

the U.S. Census Bureau.

Summary of findings:

• Real median household income 

declined between 2009 and 

2010.1

• The poverty rate increased 

between 2009 and 2010. 

• The number of people without health insurance increased 

between 2009 and 2010, while 

the 2010 uninsured rate was not 

statistically different from the 

2009 uninsured rate.

These results were not uniform across 

groups. For example, between 2009 

and 2010, real median household 

income declined for Whites and 

Blacks, while the changes for Asians 

and Hispanics were not statistically 

1 “Real” refers to income after adjusting 

for inflation. All income values are adjusted to 

reflect 2010 dollars. The adjustment is based on 

percentage changes in prices between 2010 and 

earlier years and is computed by dividing the 

annual average Consumer Price Index Research 

Series (CPI-U-RS) for 2010 by the annual average 

for earlier years. The CPI-U-RS values for 1947 

to 2010 are available in Appendix A and on the 

Internet at <www.census.gov/hhes/www

/income/data/incpovhlth/2010/p60no239

_appacpitable.pdf>. Consumer prices between 

2009 and 2010 increased by 1.7 percent.

Source of Estimates and Statistical Accuracy

The data in this report are from the 2011 Current Population Survey 

Annual Social and Economic Supplement (CPS ASEC) and were collected in 

the 50 states and the District of Columbia. The data do not represent residents of Puerto Rico and U.S. island areas.*

 The data are based on a sample 

of about 100,000 addresses. The estimates in this report are controlled to 

independent national population estimates by age, sex, race, and Hispanic 

origin for March 2011. The population controls used to prepare estimates 

for 1999 to 2010 were based on the results from Census 2000 and are 

updated annually using administrative records for such things as births, 

deaths, emigration, and immigration. 

The CPS is a household survey primarily used to collect employment data. 

The sample universe for the basic CPS consists of the resident civilian 

noninstitutionalized population of the United States. People in institutions, such as prisons, long-term care hospitals, and nursing homes, are 

not eligible to be interviewed in the CPS. Students living in dormitories are 

only included in the estimates if information about them is reported in an 

interview at their parents’ home. The sample universe for the CPS ASEC is 

slightly larger than that of the basic CPS since it includes military personnel who live in a household with at least one other civilian adult, regardless of whether they live off post or on post. All other Armed Forces are 

excluded. For further documentation about the CPS ASEC, see 

<www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf>.

Most of the data from the CPS ASEC were collected in March (with some 

data collected in February and April). The estimates in this report (which 

may be shown in text, figures, and tables) are based on responses from 

a sample of the population and may differ from actual values because 

of sampling variability or other factors. As a result, apparent differences 

between the estimates for two or more groups may not be statistically 

significant. All comparative statements have undergone statistical testing 

and are significant at the 90 percent confidence level unless otherwise 

noted. In this report, the variances of estimates were calculated using both 

the Successive Difference Replication (SDR) method and the Generalized 

Variance Function (GVF) approach. (See Appendix D for a more extensive 

discussion of this change.) Further information about the source and 

accuracy of the estimates is available at <www.census.gov/hhes/www

/p60_239sa.pdf>.

* U.S. island areas include American Samoa, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern 

Mariana Islands, and the Virgin Islands of the United States.
2 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 U.S. Census Bureau

significant.2 Poverty rates increased 

for non-Hispanic Whites, Blacks, and 

Hispanics while the change for Asians 

was not statistically significant. For 

health insurance, the rate and number 

of uninsured increased for Asians, 

while the changes for non-Hispanic 

Whites and for Blacks were not statistically significant. Among Hispanics, 

the uninsured rate decreased, while 

the change in the number of unin2 Federal surveys now give respondents the 

option of reporting more than one race. Therefore, two basic ways of defining a race group are 

possible. A group such as Asian may be defined 

as those who reported Asian and no other race 

(the race-alone or single-race concept) or as 

those who reported Asian regardless of whether 

they also reported another race (the race-aloneor-in-combination concept). The body of this 

report (text, figures, and tables) shows data 

using the first approach (race alone). The appendix tables show data using both approaches. 

Use of the single-race population does not imply 

that it is the preferred method of presenting or 

analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a variety 

of approaches. 

In this report, the term “non-Hispanic White” 

refers to people who are not Hispanic and who 

reported White and no other race. The Census 

Bureau uses non-Hispanic Whites as the comparison group for other race groups and Hispanics. 

Since Hispanics may be any race, data in this 

report for Hispanics overlap with data for race 

groups. Being Hispanic was reported by 13.2 

percent of White householders who reported only 

one race, 3.1 percent of Black householders who 

reported only one race, and 1.9 percent of Asian 

householders who reported only one race.

The small sample size of the Asian population and the fact that the CPS does not use separate population controls for weighting the Asian 

sample to national totals contribute to the large 

variances surrounding estimates for this group. 

This means that for some estimates for the Asian 

population, we are unable to detect statistically 

significant changes from the previous year. The 

American Community Survey (ACS), based on 

a much larger sample size of the population, is 

a better source for estimating and identifying 

changes for small subgroups of the population.

The householder is the person (or one of the 

people) in whose name the home is owned or 

rented and the person to whom the relationship 

of other household members is recorded. If a 

married couple owns the home jointly, either the 

husband or the wife may be listed as the householder. Since only one person in each household 

is designated as the householder, the number of 

householders is equal to the number of households. This report uses the characteristics of the 

householder to describe the household. 

Data users should exercise caution when 

interpreting aggregate results for the Hispanic 

population or for race groups because these 

populations consist of many distinct groups that 

differ in socioeconomic characteristics, culture, 

and recency of immigration. Data were first collected for Hispanics in 1972 and for Asians and 

Pacific Islanders in 1987. For further information, 

see <www.bls.census.gov/cps/ads/adsmain

.htm>.

sured was not statistically different 

from 2009 estimates. These results 

are discussed in more detail in the 

three main sections of this report—

income, poverty, and health insurance 

coverage. Each section presents estimates by characteristics such as race, 

Hispanic origin, nativity, and region. 

Other topics covered are earnings, 

family poverty rates, and health insurance coverage of children. 

The income and poverty estimates 

shown in this report are based solely 

on money income before taxes and do 

not include the value of noncash benefits, such as nutritional assistance, 

Medicare, Medicaid, public housing, and employer-provided fringe 

benefits. 

Since the publication of the first 

official U.S. poverty estimates in 

1964, there has been a continuing 

debate about the best approach to 

measuring income and poverty in the 

United States. 

Recognizing that alternative estimates 

of income and poverty can provide 

useful information to the public as 

well as to the federal government, 

the U.S. Office of Management and 

Budget’s (OMB) Chief Statistician 

formed the Interagency Technical 

Working Group on Developing a 

Supplemental Poverty Measure. This 

group asked the Census Bureau, in 

cooperation with the U.S. Bureau 

of Labor Statistics (BLS), to develop 

a new measure designed to obtain 

Supplemental Poverty Measure

In 2010, an interagency technical working group (which included 

representatives from the Bureau of Labor Statistics [BLS], the Census 

Bureau, the Council of Economic Advisers, the Economics and Statistics 

Administration, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 

and the Office of Management and Budget) issued a series of suggestions to the Census Bureau and BLS on how to develop a Supplemental 

Poverty Measure. Their suggestions drew on the recommendations of a 

1995 National Academy of Sciences report and the extensive research on 

poverty measurement conducted over the past 15 years.

The official poverty measure, which has been in use since the 1960s, 

estimates poverty rates by looking at a family’s or an individual’s cash 

income. The Supplemental Poverty Measure will be a more complex 

statistic, incorporating additional items such as tax payments and work 

expenses in its family resource estimates. Thresholds used in the new 

measure will be derived from Consumer Expenditure Survey expenditure 

data on basic necessities (food, shelter, clothing, and utilities) and will be 

adjusted for geographic differences in the cost of housing. The new 

thresholds are not intended to assess eligibility for government programs. 

Instead, the new measure will serve as an additional indicator of economic 

well-being and will provide a deeper understanding of economic conditions and policy effects. Additional details can be found at <www.census

.gov/hhes/www/poverty/SPM_TWGObservations.pdf>. 

The Census Bureau’s statistical experts, with assistance from the BLS and in 

consultation with other appropriate agencies and outside experts, will be 

responsible for the measure’s technical design. The Census Bureau plans to 

publish preliminary poverty estimates using the new approach in October 

2011. The Supplemental Poverty Measure is considered a work in progress, 

and improvements to the statistic are expected over time. 
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 3

an improved understanding of the 

economic well-being of American 

families and how federal policies 

affect those living in poverty. The text 

box “Supplemental Poverty Measure” 

provides more information about this 

initiative.

The CPS is the longest-running survey 

conducted by the Census Bureau. 

The CPS ASEC asks detailed questions categorizing income into over 

50 sources. The key purpose of the 

CPS ASEC is to provide timely and 

detailed estimates of income, poverty, 

and health insurance coverage and to 

measure change in those estimates 

at the national level. The CPS ASEC 

is the official source of the national 

poverty estimates calculated in accordance with the OMB’s Statistical Policy 

Directive 14 (Appendix B). 

The Census Bureau also reports 

income, poverty, and health insurance coverage estimates based on 

data from the American Community 

Survey (ACS). The ACS is part of 

the 2010 Census program and has 

eliminated the need for a long-form 

census questionnaire. The ACS offers 

broad, comprehensive information on 

social, economic, and housing topics 

and provides this information at many 

levels of geography.

Since the CPS ASEC produces more 

complete and thorough estimates 

of income and poverty, the Census 

Bureau recommends that people use 

it as the data source for national estimates. Estimates for income, poverty, 

health insurance coverage, and other 

economic characteristics at the state 

level can be found in forthcoming 

briefs based on data from the 2010 

ACS. For more information on state 

and local estimates, see the text box 

“State and Local Estimates of Income, 

Poverty, and Health Insurance.”

The CPS ASEC provides reliable estimates of the net change, from one 

year to the next, in the overall distribution of economic characteristics of 

the population, such as income and 

earnings, but it does not show how 

those characteristics change for the 

same person, family, or household. 

Longitudinal measures of income, 

poverty, and health insurance coverage that are based on following the 

same people over time are available from the Survey of Income and 

Program Participation (SIPP). Estimates 

derived from SIPP data answer questions such as: 

• What percentage of households 

move up or down the income 

distribution over time?

• How many people remain in 

poverty over time?

• How long do people without 

health insurance tend to remain 

uninsured?

The text box “Dynamics of Economic 

Well-Being” provides more information 

about the SIPP.

State and Local Estimates of Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance

The U.S. Census Bureau presents annual estimates of median household income, poverty, and health insurance coverage by state and other smaller geographic units based on data collected in the American Community Survey (ACS). 

Single-year estimates are available for geographic units with populations of 65,000 or more. The ACS also produces 

estimates of income and poverty for counties and places with populations of 20,000 or more by pooling 3 years of 

data. Five-year income and poverty estimates are available for all geographic units, including census tracts and block 

groups. (Since questions on health insurance coverage were added to the ACS in 2008, 3-year estimates for health 

insurance coverage will be available by the end of 2011. Five-year health insurance coverage estimates for the smallest geographic units will be available in 2013.)

The Census Bureau’s Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates (SAIPE) program also produces single-year estimates 

of median household income and poverty for states and all counties, as well as population and poverty estimates 

for school districts. These estimates are based on models using data from a variety of sources, including current 

surveys, administrative records, intercensal population estimates, and personal income data published by the Bureau 

of Economic Analysis. In general, SAIPE estimates have lower variances than ACS estimates but are released later 

because they incorporate ACS data in the models. Estimates for 2009 are available at <www.census.gov/did/www

/saipe/index.html>. Estimates for 2010 will be available later this year.

The Census Bureau’s Small Area Health Insurance Estimates (SAHIE) program produces model-based estimates of 

health insurance coverage rates for states and counties. The SAHIE program released 2007 estimates of health 

insurance coverage by age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and income categories at the state level and by age, sex, and 

income categories at the county level in 2010. These estimates are available at <www.census.gov/did/www/sahie

/index.html>. SAHIE estimates for 2008 and 2009 will be available later this year.
4 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 U.S. Census Bureau

Dynamics of Economic Well-Being

The Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) provides monthly data about labor force participation, income 

sources and amounts, and health insurance coverage of individuals, families, and households during the time span 

covered by each of its panels. The data yield insights into the dynamic nature of these experiences and the economic 

mobility of U.S. residents.* For example, the data demonstrate that using a longer time frame to measure poverty 

(e.g., 4 years) yields, on average, a lower poverty rate than the annual measures presented in this report, while using 

a shorter time frame (e.g., 2 months) yields higher poverty rates. Some specific findings from the 2004 and 2008 

panels include:

• The proportion of households in the bottom quintile in 2004 that moved up to a higher quintile in 2007 (30.9 

percent) was not statistically different from the proportion of households in the top quintile in 2004 that moved 

to a lower quintile in 2007 (32.2 percent).

• Households with householders who had lower levels of education were more likely to remain in or move into a 

lower quintile than households whose householders had higher levels of education.

• Approximately 31.6 percent of the population had at least one spell of poverty lasting 2 or more months during 

the 4-year period from 2004 to 2007.

• Chronic poverty was relatively uncommon, with 2.2 percent of the population living in poverty all 48 months 

from 2004 to 2007.

• More recent data from the 2008 panel show that 23.1 percent of the population experienced a poverty spell 

lasting 2 or more months during 2009, and around 7.3 percent of the population were in poverty every month 

in 2009.

• In 2009, 26.1 percent of all people experienced at least 1 month without health insurance coverage.

More information based on these data is available in a series of reports titled the Dynamics of Economic Well-Being, 

as well as in table packages and working papers. For more information see <www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty

/data/sipp/index.html>.

The U.S. Census Bureau is in the processs of reengineering the SIPP. The redesigned survey is expected to reduce 

respondent burden and attrition and to deliver data on a timely basis while addressing the same topic areas of the 

earlier SIPP panels. For more information, see <www.sipp.census.gov/sipp>.

*The 2004 SIPP panel collected data from February 2004 through January 2008. The data are currently available to download. See the SIPP Web site 

for details <www.sipp.census.gov/sipp>. Data are also available from the 2008 SIPP panel.

Disability in the Current Population Survey

In June 2008, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics began asking Current Population Survey respondents about their 

disability status in order to produce monthly employment statistics in accordance with Executive Order 13078.* Six 

questions were added to the survey which asked whether any civilians aged 15 and older in the household had difficulty: (1) hearing; (2) seeing; (3) remembering, concentrating, or making decisions; (4) walking or climbing stairs; 

(5) dressing or bathing; (6) doing errands alone such as shopping or going to a doctor’s visit. If respondents reported 

having any one of the six difficulty types, they were considered to have a disability. These six types and their combination as a collective disability measure are consistent with definitions of disability used in the American Community 

Survey (ACS), the American Housing Survey (AHS), and other national household surveys. 

*See <frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=1998_register&docid=fr18mr98-141.pdf> for details.
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 5

INCOME IN THE 

UNITED STATES

Highlights

• Real median household income 

was $49,445 in 2010, a 2.3 percent decline from 2009 (Figure 1 

and Table 1).

• Since 2007, the year before 

the most recent recession, real 

median household income has 

declined 6.4 percent and is 7.1 

percent below the median household income peak that occurred 

in 1999 (Figure 1 and Tables A-1 

and A-2).3

• Both family and nonfamily households had declines in real median 

income between 2009 and 2010. 

The income of family households declined by 1.2 percent to 

$61,544; the income of nonfamily households declined by 3.9 

percent to $29,730 (Table 1). 

• Real median income declined 

for White and Black households between 2009 and 2010, 

while the changes for Asian 

and Hispanic-origin households 

were not statistically significant 

(Table 1). 

• Real median household income 

for each race and Hispanic-origin 

group has not yet recovered to 

the pre-2001 recession all-time 

highs (Table A-1).

• The real median income of 

native-born households declined 

between 2009 and 2010. The 

3 The difference between the 2007 to 2010 

and 1999 to 2010 percentage changes was not 

statistically significant. Business cycle peaks and 

troughs used to delineate the beginning and end 

of recessions are determined by the National 

Bureau of Economic Research, a private research 

organization. See Appendix A for more 

information. 

change in the median income of 

foreign-born households was not 

statistically significant (Table 1).4

• The Midwest, South, and West 

experienced declines in real 

median household income 

between 2009 and 2010. The 

change in median household 

income in the Northeast was not 

statistically significant (Table 1).

• Changes in the shares of aggregate household income by 

quintiles indicated an increase in 

income inequality between 2009 

and 2010, while the change in 

the Gini index was not statistically significant (Table 3 and 

Table A-3).5

• Changes between 2009 and 

2010 in the real median earnings of men and women, aged 15 

and older who worked full time, 

year round, were not statistically 

significant. In 2010, the femaleto-male earnings ratio was 0.77, 

not statistically different from the 

2009 ratio (Table 1 and Figure 2). 

• Since 2007, the number of men 

working full time, year round 

with earnings decreased by 6.6 

million and the number of women 

working full time, year round with 

earnings decreased by 2.8 million 

(Figure 3 and Tables A-1 and A-5).

4 Native-born households are those in which 

the householder was born in the United States, 

Puerto Rico, or the U.S. island areas of Guam, the 

Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, 

American Samoa, or the Virgin Islands of the 

United States or was born in a foreign country 

but had at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen. All other households are considered foreign 

born regardless of the date of entry into the 

United States or citizenship status. The CPS does 

not interview households in Puerto Rico. Of all 

householders, 86.5 percent were native born; 7.0 

percent were foreign-born, naturalized citizens; 

and 6.5 percent were noncitizens. 5 For a discussion of these two income 

measures, see “What Are Shares of Aggregate 

Household Income and a Gini Index?” in Bishaw, 

Alemayehu and Jessica Semega, Income, Earnings, and Poverty Data From the 2007 American 

Community Survey, American Community Survey 

Reports, ACS-09, U.S. Census Bureau, August 

2008, <www.census.gov/prod/2008pubs

/acs-09.pdf>.

Household Income

Real median household income was 

$49,445 in 2010, a 2.3 percent 

decline from 2009 (Table 1). Since 

2007, median household income has 

declined 6.4 percent (from $52,823) 

and is 7.1 percent below the median 

household income peak ($53,252) 

that occurred in 1999 (Figure 1 and 

Tables A-1 and A-2).6

The year 2010 was the first full 

calendar year after the December 

2007 to June 2009 recession. 

Comparing percentage changes in 

real median household income that 

occurred during the first calendar 

year following this recession and the 

previous six recessions shows that:7

• Median household income 

declined the first full year following the December 2007 to 

June 2009 recession, as well as 

in the first year following three 

other recessions (March 2001 to 

November 2001, January 1980 to 

July 1980, and December 1969 to 

November 1970) (Table 2). 

• Household income increased 

the first full year following the 

November 1973 to March 1975 

recession.

• The change in household income 

was not statistically significant 

following the two recessions of 

July 1990 to March 1991 and 

July 1981 to November 1982 

(Table 2).

Type of Household

Median income declined for both 

family and nonfamily households 

between 2009 and 2010. Family 

household income declined by 1.2 

percent to $61,544; nonfamily household income declined by 3.9 percent 

to $29,730 (Table 1). Among family 

6 The difference between the 2007 to 2010 

and 1999 to 2010 percentage changes was not 

statistically significant. The difference between 

the 1999 and 2007 median household incomes 

was not statistically significant. 7 Recessions are analyzed back to 1967, the 

first year household income data are available.
6 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 U.S. Census Bureau

Table 1.

Income and Earnings Summary Measures by Selected Characteristics: 2009 and 2010

(Income in 2010 dollars. Households and people as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, 

nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf)

Characteristic

2009 2010

Percentage change

in real median income 

(2010 less 2009)

Number

(thousands)

Median income

(dollars)

Number

(thousands)

Median income

(dollars)

 Estimate

90 percent

confidence

interval1 Estimate (±)

90 percent

confidence

interval1 (±) Estimate

90 percent

confidence

interval1 (±)

HOUSEHOLDS

        All households � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 117,538 50,599 560 118,682 49,445 534 *–2.3 1.1

Type of Household

Family households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78,833 62,276 468 78,613 61,544 438 *–1.2 0.8

Married-couple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,410 73,016 597 58,036 72,751 796 –0.4 1.1

Female householder, no husband present . . . . . . . 14,843 33,135 760 15,019 32,031 605 *–3.3 2.6

Male householder, no wife present . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,580 48,878 1,512 5,559 49,718 1,544 1.7 4.0

Nonfamily households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,705 30,947 445 40,069 29,730 576 *–3.9 2.0

Female householder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,442 25,686 576 21,234 25,456 615 –0.9 2.7

Male householder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,263 37,215 662 18,835 35,627 772 *–4.3 2.4

Race2 and Hispanic Origin of Householder

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95,489 52,717 412 96,144 51,846 415 *–1.7 0.8

White, not Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,158 55,360 767 83,471 54,620 725 –1.3 1.4

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,730 33,122 923 15,065 32,068 814 *–3.2 2.9

Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,687 66,550 2,271 4,747 64,308 2,585 –3.4 4.5

Hispanic (any race) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,298 38,667 1,029 13,665 37,759 985 –2.3 3.3

Age of Householder

Under 65 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92,268 56,742 528 93,320 55,276 533 *–2.6 0.9

15 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,233 31,240 1,036 6,140 28,322 1,421 *–9.3 5.2

25 to 34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,257 51,028 799 19,572 50,059 806 *–1.9 1.8

35 to 44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,519 62,091 723 21,250 61,644 825 –0.7 1.5

45 to 54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,871 65,295 1,315 24,530 62,485 1,127 *–4.3 2.2

55 to 64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,387 57,914 1,155 21,828 56,575 1,100 –2.3 2.3

65 years and older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,270 31,872 613 25,362 31,408 564 –1.5 2.3

Nativity of Householder

Native born . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102,039 51,337 426 102,647 50,288 425 *–2.0 0.8

Foreign born . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,499 44,648 1,331 16,036 43,750 1,714 –2.0 4.2

Naturalized citizen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,834 52,833 982 8,277 52,642 1,469 –0.4 3.1

Not a citizen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,666 36,685 993 7,758 36,401 902 –0.8 3.2

Disability Status of Householder3

Households with householder aged 18 to 64. . . . . . 92,061 56,784 530 93,132 55,337 528 *–2.5 0.9

With disability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,419 27,920 1,081 8,827 25,550 1,149 *–8.5 4.7

Without disability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,157 59,988 749 83,888 58,736 716 *–2.1 1.3

Region

Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,479 53,949 1,431 21,597 53,283 1,772 –1.2 3.2

Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,390 49,684 999 26,669 48,445 882 *–2.5 2.1

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,611 46,368 831 44,161 45,492 861 *–1.9 1.7

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,058 54,722 1,370 26,254 53,142 1,301 *–2.9 2.3

Residence

Inside metropolitan statistical areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98,379 52,373 426 99,266 51,244 425 *–2.2 0.8

Inside principal cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,850 45,592 1,039 39,472 44,049 1,216 *–3.4 2.4

Outside principal cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59,529 57,516 760 59,793 56,140 684 *–2.4 1.2

Outside metropolitan statistical areas4 . . . . . . . . . . . 19,159 40,798 849 19,417 40,287 986 –1.3 2.0

See footnotes at end of table.
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 7

Table 1.

Income and Earnings Summary Measures by Selected Characteristics: 2009 and 2010—Con .

(Income in 2010 dollars. Households and people as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, 

nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf)

Characteristic

2009 2010

Percentage change

in real median income 

(2010 less 2009)

Median income 

(dollars)

Median income 

(dollars)

 Estimate

90 percent

confidence

interval1 (±)

Number

(thousands) Estimate

90 percent

confidence

interval1 (±)

Number

(thousands) Estimate

90 percent

confidence

interval1 (±)

EARNINGS OF FULL-TIME, YEAR-ROUND 

 WORKERS

Men with earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,053 47,905 351 56,412 47,715 735 –0.4 1.5

Women with earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Disability Status

Workers without disability, age 15 and older3

43,217 36,877 229 42,834 36,931 241 0.1 0.8

 Men with earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,610 48,053 365 54,085 48,031 814 – 1.6

 Women with earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Workers with disability, age 15 and older3

41,735 36,993 230 41,539 37,028 237 0.1 0.8

 Men with earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,727 42,276 1,175 1,648 41,506 1,028 –1.8 4.0

 Women with earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,412 32,504 963 1,213 31,851 972 –2.0 3.9

– Represents or rounds to zero.

*Statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level.

1

A 90 percent confidence interval is a measure of an estimate's variability. The larger the confidence interval in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the 

estimate. Confidence intervals shown in this table are based on standard errors calculated using replicate weights instead of the general variance function used in the past. 

For more information, see “Standard Errors and Their Use” at <www.census.gov/hhes/www/p60_239sa.pdf>. 2

Federal surveys now give respondents the option of reporting more than one race. Therefore, two basic ways of defining a race group are possible. A group such as 

Asian may be defined as those who reported Asian and no other race (the race-alone or single-race concept) or as those who reported Asian regardless of whether they also 

reported another race (the race-alone-or-in-combination concept). This table shows data using the first approach (race alone). The use of the single-race population does not 

imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Information on people who reported more than one 

race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from Census 2010 through American FactFinder. About 

2.9 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2010. Data for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and those 

reporting two or more races are not shown separately in this table. 3

The sum of those with and without a disability does not equal the total because disability status is not defined for individuals in the Armed Forces.

4

The “Outside metropolitan statistical areas” category includes both micropolitan statistical areas and territory outside of metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas. 

For more information, see “About Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas” at <www.census.gov/population/www/estimates/aboutmetro.html>. 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2010 and 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.

Table 2.

Change in Real Median Household Income and Earnings and Number of Workers by Work 

Experience During First Calendar Year After a Recession: 1970 to 2010

(Income/earnings in 2010 dollars. Information for people 15 years and older beginning with 1980 and people 14 years and older for previous years.

Before 1989, earnings are for civilian workers only. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see 

www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf)

Recession1

First calendar 

year after the 

recession ended

Change in first calendar year after the recession ended 

Median 

household 

income— 

percentage 

change

Median earnings of full-time, yearround workers with earnings— 

percentage change

Change in number of 

workers with earnings 

(thousands)

Males Females All workers

Full-time, 

year-round 

workers

December 2007 to June 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . 2010 *–2.3 –0.4 0.1 *–1,608 –24

March 2001 to November 2001 . . . . . . . . . . 2002 *–1.2 *1.4 *1.7 470 286

July 1990 to March 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1992 –0.8 0.1 *1.4 *1,692 *1,468

July 1981 to November 1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1983 –0.7 –0.4 *2.5 *1,696 *2,887

January 1980 to July 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19812 *–1.7 –0.6 *–2.1 *995 362

November 1973 to March 1975 . . . . . . . . . . 1976 *1.7 –0.3 *2.1 *2,821 *1,538

December 1969 to November 1970. . . . . . . 1971 *–1.0 0.4 0.7 *1,277 *1,213

* Statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level. Statistical significance of the percentage change for 2009 to 2010 is based on standard errors calculated using replicate weights. Prior years are based on the general variance function. For more information, see “Standard Errors and Their Use” at <www.census.gov/hhes 

/www/p60_239sa.pdf>. 1

 Business cycle peaks and troughs used to delineate the beginning and end of recessions are determined by the National Bureau of Economic Research, a private 

research organization. See Appendix A for more information. 2

 While 1981 was the first calendar year after the recession that ended in July 1980, the economy entered another recession in July 1981.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1971 to 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
8 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 U.S. Census Bureau

households, the change in income 

was not statistically significant for 

either those maintained by a married 

couple or those maintained by a male 

with no spouse present. The income 

of family households maintained 

by a female with no spouse present 

declined by 3.3 percent.8 

Since 2007, real median household 

income declined for family as well as 

nonfamily households. Incomes of 

family households declined by 6.1 

percent and of nonfamily households 

by 6.3 percent (Table A-1).9

Race and Hispanic Origin 

Real median income declined for 

both White and Black households 

between 2009 and 2010 (Table 1 and 

Figure 1). The changes for Asian and 

Hispanic-origin households were not 

8 The differences between the percentage 

decline for households maintained by a female 

compared with declines for family and nonfamily 

households were not statistically significant. 9 The difference between the income declines 

for family and nonfamily households was not 

statistically significant.

Figure 1.

Real Median Household Income by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1967 to 2010

Note: Median household income data are not available prior to 1967. For information on recessions, see Appendix A.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1968 to 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.

2010 dollars Recession

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

1959 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

$64,308

$54,620

$49,445

$37,759

$32,068

All races

White, not Hispanic 

Black

Asian

Hispanic (any race) 

statistically significant. The decline 

for Black households was 3.2 percent, 

not statistically different from the 1.7 

percent decline for White households. 

Black households have experienced 

three consecutive annual declines 

in income, whereas the experience 

of White households was mixed—

a 2007 to 2008 decline, a 2008 to 

2009 change that was not statistically 

significant, and the 2009 to 2010 

decline.

Since 2007, real median household 

income has declined for all race and 

Hispanic-origin groups. Non-HispanicWhite household income declined by 

5.4 percent, Black household income 

by 10.1 percent, Asian household 

income by 7.5 percent, and Hispanic 

household income by 7.2 percent 

(Table A-1).10

Real median household income has 

not yet recovered to pre-2001 recession all-time highs. Household income 

10 Only the difference between the declines 

for non-Hispanic-White and Black households 

was statistically significant.

in 2010 was 7.1 percent lower for 

all races combined (from $53,252 in 

1999), 5.5 percent lower for nonHispanic Whites (from $57,781 in 

1999), 14.6 percent lower for Blacks 

(from $37,562 in 2000), 8.9 percent 

lower for Asians (from $70,595 in 

2000), and 10.1 percent lower for 

Hispanics (from $41,994 in 2000).11

Black households experienced the 

largest household income percentage 

decline among the race and Hispanic 

origin groups (Table A-2).

Among the race groups, Asian 

households had the highest median 

11 The differences between the decline for 

Asian households compared with the declines 

for all race, non-Hispanic-White, and Hispanic 

households were not statistically significant. In 

addition, the difference between the declines for 

all race and Hispanic households was not statistically significant. For all races, the median household income peak of $53,252 in 1999 was not 

statistically different from their 2000 median of 

$53,164. For non-Hispanic Whites, the $57,781 

income peak in 1999 was not statistically different from their 2000 median of $57,764. For 

Blacks, the $37,562 income peak in 2000 was 

not statistically different from their 1999 median 

of $36,521. For Hispanics, the $41,994 income 

peak in 2000 was not statistically different from 

their 2001 median of $41,337.
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 9

income in 2010 ($64,308). The 

median income for non-HispanicWhite households was $54,620; for 

Black households, $32,068; and for 

Hispanic households, it was $37,759. 

Comparing the 2010 income of nonHispanic-White households to that of 

other households shows that the ratio 

of Asian to non-Hispanic White income 

was 1.18, the ratio of Black to nonHispanic-White income was 0.59, and 

the ratio of Hispanic to non-HispanicWhite income was 0.69. Between 

1972 (the first year that income data 

for the Hispanic and non-HispanicWhite populations were collected in 

the CPS ASEC) and 2010, the change 

in the Black-to-non-Hispanic-White 

income ratio was not statistically 

significant. Over the same period, 

the Hispanic-to-non-Hispanic-White 

income ratio declined from 0.74 to 

0.69. Income data for the Asian population was first available in 1987. The 

Asian-to-non-Hispanic-White income 

ratio in 2010 (1.18) was not statistically different from the ratio in 1987.

Age of Householder

The real median income of households with householders under age 

65 declined between 2009 and 2010 

(2.6 percent), while the change in the 

income of households with householders aged 65 and older was not 

statistically significant. With the 

exception of the 35-to-44 and 55-to64 age groups (where the change in 

household income was not statistically significant), households with 

householders below age 65 experienced declines in real median income. 

More precisely, households with 

householders aged 15 to 24 had the 

largest income decline (9.3 percent), 

followed by households with householders aged 45 to 54 (4.3 percent 

decline) and aged 25 to 34 (1.9 percent decline).12

Since 2007, real median household 

income declined for all age groups 

except 65 and older. The income of 

this latter group increased by 5.5 

percent between 2007 and 2010 

(Table A-1).13 During the same time 

period, households with householders aged 15 to 24 had the largest income decline (15.3 percent). 

Households with householders aged 

25 to 34 had a 6.7 percent decline, 

those with householders aged 35 to 

44 had a 5.6 percent decline, those 

with householders aged 45 to 54 had 

a 9.2 percent decline, and those with 

householders aged 55 to 64 had a 6.2 

percent decline.14 

Nativity

The real median income of nativeborn households declined 2.0 percent between 2009 and 2010—the 

third consecutive annual decline. The 

annual change in income of foreignborn households over the past 2 years 

has not been statistically significant. 

However, these households experienced a statistically significant decline 

between 2007 and 2008. In 2010, 

households maintained by naturalized citizens had the highest income 

($52,642), followed by native-born 

households ($50,288), and noncitizen 

households ($36,401) (Table 1). 

12 The differences between the income 

declines for households maintained by householders of the following age groups were not 

statistically different: those under 65 years of 

age and those aged 25 to 34 and 45 to 54; those 

aged 45 to 54 and those aged 15 to 24 and 25 

to 34. 13 Social Security recipients received cost of 

living increases in 2007 (2.3 percent) and 2008 

(5.8 percent). 14 The differences between the decline for 

households maintained by a householder aged 

25 to 34 and the declines for households with 

householders aged 35 to 44, 45 to 54, and 55 to 

64, were not statistically significant. In addition, 

the differences between the decline for households with householders aged 55 to 64 and 

the declines for households with householders 

aged 35 to 44 and 45 to 54 were not statistically 

significant.

Disability Status of Householder

In 2010, 9.5 percent of householders 

(8.8 million) aged 18 to 64 reported 

having a disability (Table 1). The 

median income of these households 

was $25,550 in 2010, compared with 

a median of $58,736 for households 

with a householder that did not report 

a disability. Real median income 

declined for both types of households 

between 2009 and 2010. The income 

of households maintained by a 

householder with a disability declined 

by 8.5 percent, compared with a 

2.1 percent decline for households 

maintained by a householder without 

a disability.

Region15

Between 2009 and 2010, real median 

income of households in the Midwest, 

South, and West declined by 2.5 

percent, 1.9 percent, and 2.9 percent, 

respectively (Table 1).16 The change 

in the income of households in the 

Northeast was not statistically significant. This was the third annual 

decline for the Midwest and West. 

In 2010, households with the highest median household incomes were 

in the Northeast ($53,283) and West 

($53,142), followed by the Midwest 

($48,445) and South ($45,492).17

Since 2007, household income 

declined for three regions: the 

15 The Northeast region includes Connecticut, 

Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New 

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, 

and Vermont. The Midwest region includes 

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, 

Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, 

Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. The South 

region includes Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, 

Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, 

Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South 

Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West 

Virginia, and the District of Columbia, a state 

equivalent. The West region includes Alaska, 

Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, 

Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, 

Washington, and Wyoming. 16 The differences among the regional 

declines were not statistically significant. 17 The difference between the median household incomes for the Northeast and West was not 

statistically significant.
10 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 U.S. Census Bureau

Midwest declined by 8.4 percent, the 

South by 6.3 percent, and the West by 

6.7 percent (Table A-1).18 The change 

for the Northeast was not statistically 

significant. 

Residence

Between 2009 and 2010, the real 

median income of households inside 

metropolitan areas declined, while 

the change in income for households 

outside metropolitan areas was not 

statistically significant (Table 1). 

Overall, the income of households 

inside metropolitan statistical areas 

declined by 2.2 percent. The income 

for households inside principal cities declined by 3.4 percent, and the 

income for households outside principal cities declined by 2.4 percent.19 In 

2010, households within metropolitan 

areas but outside principal cities had 

the highest median income ($56,140), 

while households outside metropolitan areas had the lowest ($40,287). 

Real household income declined for 

all households regardless of metropolitan/nonmetropolitan residence 

between 2007 and 2010. The median 

income of households inside metropolitan areas declined by 6.0 percent, 

those in principal cities by 5.2 percent, those outside principal cities 

but within metropolitan areas by 7.1 

percent, and those outside metropolitan statistical areas by 5.7 percent 

(Table A-1).20

Income Inequality

The Census Bureau has traditionally 

used two methods to measure income 

inequality: (1) the shares of aggregate 

household income received by quintiles and (2) the Gini index. In addition 

to these measures, the Census Bureau 

also produces estimates of the ratio 

18 The differences among the declines in 

median household income were not statistically 

significant. 19 The differences between the percentage 

declines in household income by type of metropolitan residence were not statistically different. 20 The differences between the percentage 

declines in household income by metropolitan/

nonmetropolitan residence were not statistically 

different.

of income percentiles; the Theil index, 

which is similar to the Gini index in 

that it is a single statistic that summarizes the dispersion of income across 

the entire income distribution; the 

mean logarithmic deviation of income 

(MLD), which measures the gap 

between median and average income; 

and the Atkinson measure, which is 

useful in determining which end of 

the distribution contributed most to 

inequality.21

The change in income inequality 

between 2009 and 2010 was not statistically significant as measured by 

the Gini and Theil indexes. Changes 

in the shares of aggregate household income by quintiles and the 

MLD showed increases in inequality 

between 2009 and 2010 (Tables 3 

and A-3). The MLD increased by 4.1 

percent. 

The shares of aggregate income 

declined for the lowest and second 

quintiles (from 3.4 percent to 3.3 

percent, and from 8.6 percent to 

8.5 percent, respectively), while the 

share increased for the fourth quintile 

(from 23.2 percent to 23.4 percent). 

The changes for the third and fifth 

quintiles were not statistically significant. In 2010, the share of aggregate 

income was 14.6 percent for the 

third quintile and 50.2 percent for 

the fifth quintile (Tables 3 and A-3). 

Households in the lowest quintile had 

incomes of $20,000 or less. Those 

in the second quintile had incomes 

of $20,001 to $38,043; those in the 

third quintile had incomes of $38,044 

to $61,735; and those in the fourth 

quintile had incomes of $61,736 to 

$100,065. Households in the highest 

quintile had incomes of $100,066 or 

more. 

The Gini index was 0.469 in 2010. 

Except for the 1.5 percent decline 

in the Gini index between 2006 and 

2007, there were no other statistically 

21 An article by Paul Allison, “Measures of 

Inequality,” American Sociological Review, 43, 

December 1977, pp. 865–880, provides an 

explanation of inequality measures. 

significant annual changes since 

1993, the earliest year available for 

comparable measures of income 

inequality.22 Since 1993, the Gini 

index is up 3.3 percent. (Table A-3 

lists historical money income inequality measures.)23

Comparing changes in household 

income at selected percentiles shows 

that income inequality is increasing 

(Table A-3). Between 1999 (the year 

that household income peaked before 

the 2001 recession) and 2010, income 

at the 50th and 10th percentiles 

declined, 7.1 percent and 12.1 percent, respectively, while the decline in 

income at the 90th percentile was 1.5 

percent. Between 2009 and 2010, the 

change in the 90th-to-10th-percentile 

income ratios was not statistically 

significant, while the 90th-to-10thpercentile income ratio increased from 

10.42 to 11.67 between 1999 and 

2010.

Equivalence-Adjusted Income 

Inequality 

Another way to measure income 

inequality is to use an equivalenceadjusted income estimate, which 

takes into consideration the number 

of people living in the household and 

how these people share resources and 

take advantage of economies of scale. 

For example, the money-income-based 

distribution treats an income of 

$30,000 for a single-person household 

and a family household similarly, while 

the equivalence-adjusted income of 

$30,000 for a single-person household 

would be more than twice the equivalence-adjusted income of $30,000 for 

a family household with two adults 

22 Caution should be used in making direct 

comparisons with years earlier than 1993 

because of substantial methodological changes 

in the 1994 CPS ASEC. In that year, the Census 

Bureau introduced computer-assisted interviewing and increased income reporting limits. 23 For further discussion of how high incomes 

reported in the CPS ASEC affect income distribution measures, see Semega, Jessica and Ed 

Welniak, “Evaluating the Impact of Unrestricted 

Income Values on Income Distribution Measures 

Using the Current Population Survey’s Annual 

Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC),” April 

2007, <www.census.gov/hhes/www/income

/publications/unrestrict-tables/index.html>.
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 11

and two children. The equivalence 

adjustment used here is based on a 

three-parameter scale that reflects:

1. On average, children consume 

less than adults.

2. As family size increases, expenses 

do not increase at the same rate.

3. The increase in expenses is larger 

for a first child of a single-parent 

family than the first child of a 

two-adult family.24

24 The three-parameter scale used here is the 

same as the one used in the report The Effect of 

Taxes and Transfers on Income and Poverty in the 

United States: 2005, Current Population Reports, 

P60-232, U.S. Census Bureau, March 2007, 

<www.census.gov/prod/2007pubs/p60-232

.pdf>. The three-parameter scale was applied to 

the incomes of families and unrelated individuals 

and assigned to each family member or unrelated 

individual living within the household. For details 

on the derivation of the three-parameter scale, see 

Short, Kathleen, Experimental Poverty Measures: 

1999, Current Population Reports, P60-216, U.S. 

Census Bureau, October 2001, <www.census.gov

/prod/2001pubs/p60-216.pdf>.

Table 3 shows several income inequality measures, including aggregate 

income shares and the Gini index, 

using both money income and 

equivalence-adjusted income for 2009 

and 2010. For both 2009 and 2010, 

the Gini index was lower based on an 

equivalence-adjusted income estimate than on the traditional moneyincome estimate, suggesting a more 

equal income distribution. Generally, 

the shares of aggregate household 

income received by quintiles show 

higher shares of income in the lower 

quintiles and lower shares in the 

higher quintiles for equivalenceadjusted income when compared with 

money income. This redistribution 

would be expected because at the 

lower end of the income distribution 

there are a higher concentration of 

single-person households and smaller 

family sizes in relation to those at the 

upper end of the distribution. Thus, 

equivalence adjusting increases the 

relative income of people living in 

lower-income groups.

Based on equivalence-adjusted 

income, no statistically significant 

change occurred in the Gini index 

between 2009 and 2010, but there 

was a redistribution of aggregate 

income shares. Specifically, the shares 

of income of the lowest quintile and 

top 5 percent declined by 2.2 percent 

and 3.1 percent, respectively, while 

the aggregate share of income of the 

fourth quintile increased by 1.1 percent. The changes between 2009 and 

2010 in the aggregate shares for the 

second, middle, and highest quintiles 

were not statistically significant. 

None of the other equivalenceadjusted income inequality measures presented in Table 3 showed 

Table 3. 

Income Distribution Measures Using Money Income and Equivalence-Adjusted Income: 2009 

and 2010

(For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf)

Measure

2009 2010 Percentage change1

Money

income 

Equivalence-

 adjusted income

Money

income 

Equivalence-

 adjusted income

Money

income 

Equivalence-

 adjusted income

Estimate

90 

percent 

confidence 

interval2 

(±) Estimate

90 

percent 

confidence 

interval2

(±) Estimate

90 

percent 

confidence 

interval2

(±) Estimate

90 

percent 

confidence 

interval2

(±) Estimate

90 

percent 

confidence 

interval2

(±) Estimate

90 

percent 

confidence 

interval2

(±) 

Shares of Aggregate

Income by Percentile

Lowest quintile . . . . . . . 3.4 0.05 3.4 0.06 3.3 0.04 3.3 0.06 *–3.9 1.72 *–2.2 2.05

Second quintile . . . . . . 8.6 0.08 9.2 0.08 8.5 0.08 9.2 0.08 *–1.5 1.23 –0.8 1.13

Middle quintile . . . . . . . 14.6 0.11 15.0 0.11 14.6 0.10 15.1 0.10 0.2 0.96 0.5 0.92

Fourth quintile . . . . . . . 23.2 0.15 22.9 0.15 23.4 0.14 23.2 0.14 *1.1 0.88 *1.1 0.85

Highest quintile . . . . . . 50.3 0.32 49.4 0.34 50.2 0.30 49.3 0.29 –0.1 0.85 –0.4 0.84

Top 5 percent . . . . . . 21.7 0.40 21.7 0.41 21.3 0.38 21.0 0.35 –2.0 2.51 *–3.1 2.39

Summary Measures

Gini index of income

inequality . . . . . . . . . . 0.468 0.0032 0.458 0.0035 0.469 0.0031 0.457 0.0031 0.3 0.94 –0.2 0.93

Mean logarithmic 

deviation of income . . 0.550 0.0100 0.664 0.0129 0.572 0.0107 0.670 0.0149 *4.1 2.62 0.9 2.55

Theil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.403 0.0084 0.394 0.0089 0.399 0.0082 0.385 0.0079 –1.0 2.97 –2.3 2.92

Atkinson:

e=0.25 . . . . . . . . . . . 0.097 0.0017 0.095 0.0018 0.097 0.0016 0.094 0.0016 – 2.43 –1.4 2.36

e=0.50 . . . . . . . . . . . 0.190 0.0027 0.190 0.0029 0.191 0.0026 0.189 0.0027 0.8 1.99 –0.6 1.90

e=0.75 . . . . . . . . . . . 0.288 0.0035 0.300 0.0040 0.292 0.0035 0.300 0.0040 1.7 1.70 0.1 1.63

– Represents or rounds to zero.

* Statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level.

1

 Calculated estimate may be different due to rounded components.

2

 A 90 percent confidence interval is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the confidence interval in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the 

estimate. Confidence intervals shown in this table are based on standard errors calculated using replicate weights instead of the general variance function used in the past. 

For more information, see “Standard Errors and Their Use” at <www.census.gov/hhes/www/p60_239sa.pdf>.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2010 and 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
12 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 U.S. Census Bureau

a statistically significant change 

between 2009 and 2010. The Gini 

index was 0.457 for equivalenceadjusted income in 2010, the MLD 

was 0.670, and the Theil index was 

0.385. The Atkinson measure calculated with an e=0.25 was 0.094, and 

calculated with an e=0.75 was 0.300.

Table A-4 shows equivalence-adjusted 

measures of income distribution as 

well as the Gini index, MLD, Theil 

index, and Atkinson measure for 

income years 1967 to 2010. Over 

the 1967 to 2010 period, all equivalence-adjusted inequality measures 

increased more than the money 

income inequality measures. 

Work Experience and Earnings

The change between 2009 and 2010 

in the number of both full-time, 

year-round working men and women 

aged 15 and older with earnings was 

not statistically significant (Figure 3 

and Table A-5).25 An estimated 69.5 

percent of working men with earnings 

and 59.4 percent of working women 

with earnings worked full time, year 

round in 2010. This reflected an 

25 A full-time, year-round worker is a person 

who worked 35 or more hours per week (full 

time) and 50 or more weeks during the previous 

calendar year (year round). For school personnel, 

summer vacation is counted as weeks worked if 

they are scheduled to return to their job in the 

fall. For detailed information on work experience, see Table PINC-05, “Work Experience in 

2010—People 15 Years Old and Over by Total 

Money Earnings in 2010, Age, Race, Hispanic 

Origin, and Sex” at <www.census.gov/hhes/www

/income/dinctabs.html>.

increase for men, from 68.4 percent 

in 2009; for women the change was 

not statistically significant. 

Neither men nor women who worked 

full time, year round experienced 

a change in real median earnings 

between 2009 and 2010. In 2010, 

the median earnings for men was 

$47,715 and for women $36,931. In 

2010, the female-to-male earnings 

ratio of full-time, year-round workers was 0.77, not statistically different from the 2009 ratio (Table 1 and 

Figure 2). 

Comparing the percentage change in 

the real median earnings of full-time, 

year-round workers during the first 

calendar year following recessions 

shows that:

Figure 2.

Female-to-Male Earnings Ratio and Median Earnings of Full-Time, Year-Round Workers 

15 Years and Older by Sex: 1960 to 2010

Note: Data on earnings of full-time, year-round workers are not readily available before 1960. For information on recessions, see Appendix A.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1961 to 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.

Earnings in thousands (2010 dollars), ratio in percent Recession

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1959 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Earnings of women

Female-to-male 

earnings ratio

77 percent

$47,715

$36,931

Earnings of men
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 13

• For men, the percentage change 

in real median earnings was not 

statistically significant following 

the December 2007 to June 2009 

recession and five other recessions (see Tables 2 and A-5 and 

Figure 2) and increased following the March 2001 to November 

2001 recession.

• For women, the change in real 

median earnings was not statistically significant following the 

December 2007 to June 2009 and 

the December 1969 to November 

1970 recessions, increased after 

four recessions, and decreased 

after the January 1980 to July 

1980 recession. 

Since 2007, the number of men working full time, year round with earnings 

decreased by 6.6 million, and the 

number of women working full time, 

year round with earnings decreased 

by 2.8 million (Figure 3 and Table 

A-5). The changes between 2007 and 

2010 in the real median earnings of 

male and female workers were not 

statistically significant. 

Comparing the changes in the number 

of all workers with earnings during 

the first calendar year following recessions shows:

• There was a decline following 

the December 2007 to June 2009 

recession (1.6 million), increases 

after five recessions, and no 

statistically significant change 

for the March 2001 to November 

2001 recession (Tables 2 and A-5 

and Figure 3).

Comparing the changes in the number 

of full-time, year-round workers with 

earnings shows:

• The changes after the December 

2007 to June 2009, March 2001 

to November 2001, and January 

1980 to July 1980 recessions 

were not statistically significant, 

while increases followed the four 

remaining recessions. 

In 2010, earnings of full-time, yearround workers aged 15 and older with 

a disability were, on average, lower 

than earnings of those without a disability (Table 1). Men with a disability 

had median earnings of $41,506 in 

2010, compared with $48,031 for 

men without a disability. Women with 

a disability had median earnings of 

$31,851, compared with $37,028 

for women without a disability. The 

2009 to 2010 changes in the median 

earnings of men and women with and 

without a disability were not statistically significant. 

Figure 3.

Total and Full-Time, Year-Round Workers With Earnings by Sex: 1967 to 2010

Note: Data on number of workers are not readily available before 1967. People 15 years old and older beginning in 1980 and people 14 years old 

and older as of the following year for previous years. Before 1989, data are for civilian workers only. For information on recessions, see 

Appendix A.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1968 to 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.

Numbers in millions Recession

81.2 million

72.1 million

56.4 million

42.8 million

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1959 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 2000 1995 2005 2010

Female full-time,

year-round workers

Male workers

Female workers

Male full-time,

year-round workers
14 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 U.S. Census Bureau

POVERTY IN THE UNITED 

STATES26

Highlights

• The official poverty rate in 2010 

was 15.1 percent—up from 14.3 

percent in 2009. This was the third 

consecutive annual increase in 

the poverty rate. Since 2007, the 

poverty rate has increased by 2.6 

percentage points, from 12.5 percent to 15.1 percent (Table 4 and 

Figure 4). 

• In 2010, 46.2 million people were 

in poverty, up from 43.6 million 

in 2009—the fourth consecutive 

annual increase in the number of 

people in poverty (Table 4 and 

Figure 4). 

• Between 2009 and 2010, the 

poverty rate increased for nonHispanic Whites (from 9.4 percent 

26 OMB determined the official definition 

of poverty in Statistical Poverty Directive 14. 

Appendix B provides a more detailed description 

of how the Census Bureau calculates poverty.

to 9.9 percent), for Blacks (from 

25.8 percent to 27.4 percent), and 

for Hispanics (from 25.3 percent to 

26.6 percent). For Asians, the 2010 

poverty rate (12.1 percent) was not 

statistically different from the 2009 

poverty rate (Table 4).27

• The poverty rate in 2010 (15.1 percent) was the highest poverty rate 

since 1993 but was 7.3 percentage 

points lower than the poverty rate 

in 1959, the first year for which 

poverty estimates are available 

(Figure 4).

• The number of people in poverty 

in 2010 (46.2 million) is the largest 

number in the 52 years for which 

poverty estimates have been published (Figure 4).

• Between 2009 and 2010, the 

poverty rate increased for children 

under age 18 (from 20.7 percent to 

22.0 percent) and people aged 18 

27 The poverty rate for Blacks was not statistically different from that of Hispanics in 2010.

to 64 (from 12.9 percent to 13.7 

percent), but was not statistically 

different for people aged 65 and 

older (9.0 percent) (Table 4).28

Poverty in the First Year After a 

Recession

Since 2010 represents the first full 

calendar year after the recession that 

ended in June 2009, it is interesting to 

compare changes in poverty between 

2009 and 2010 with changes during 

the first year after the end of other 

recessions (Table 5). The poverty rate 

and the number of people in poverty 

increased in the first calendar year 

following the end of the last three 

recessions.29 On the other hand, in the 

calendar year following the recessions 

28 Since unrelated individuals under 15 are 

excluded from the poverty universe, there are 

422,000 fewer children in the poverty universe 

than in the total civilian noninstitutionalized 

population. 29 The increases in the poverty rates and the 

number of people in poverty in the first calendar 

year after the recessions that ended in 2009, 

2001 and 1991 were not statistically different 

from each other.

Figure 4.

Number in Poverty and Poverty Rate: 1959 to 2010

Note: The data points are placed at the midpoints of the respective years. For information on recessions, see Appendix A. 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1960 to 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.

Numbers in millions, rates in percent 

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

1959 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Recession 

46.2 million

15.1 percent

Number in poverty

Poverty rate
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 15

Table 4.

People and Families in Poverty by Selected Characteristics: 2009 and 2010—Con.

(Numbers in thousands, confidence intervals [C.I.] in thousands or percentage points as appropriate. People as of March of the following year. For information on 

confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf)

Characteristic

2009 2010 Change in

poverty

(2010 less

2009)2

Total

Below poverty

Total

Below poverty

Number

90

percent

C.I.1 (±) Percent

90

percent

C.I.1 (±) Number

90

percent

C.I.1 (±) Percent

90

percent

C.I.1 (±) Number Percent

PEOPLE

        Total � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 303,820 43,569 801 14.3 0.3 305,688 46,180 842 15.1 0.3 *2,611 *0.8

Family Status

In families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249,384 31,197 723 12.5 0.3 249,855 33,007 727 13.2 0.3 *1,809 *0.7

Householder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78,867 8,792 217 11.1 0.3 78,633 9,221 215 11.7 0.3 *429 *0.6

Related children under 18 . . . . . . . . 73,410 14,774 384 20.1 0.5 73,227 15,730 368 21.5 0.5 *956 *1.4

 Related children under 6 . . . . . . . 25,104 5,983 185 23.8 0.7 25,096 6,343 205 25.3 0.8 *360 *1.4

In unrelated subfamilies . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,357 693 100 51.1 5.1 1,650 751 108 45.5 4.6 58 –5.5

Reference person . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521 253 36 48.7 4.9 641 274 40 42.6 4.6 20 –6.0

Children under 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747 423 64 56.6 5.5 922 459 69 49.8 4.8 36 –6.8

Unrelated individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,079 11,678 345 22.0 0.5 54,183 12,422 366 22.9 0.6 *743 *0.9

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,269 5,255 215 20.0 0.6 26,745 5,796 240 21.7 0.8 *541 *1.7

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,811 6,424 239 24.0 0.7 27,438 6,626 225 24.1 0.7 202 0.2

Race3 and Hispanic Origin

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242,047 29,830 693 12.3 0.3 243,013 31,650 689 13.0 0.3 *1,819 *0.7

White, not Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197,164 18,530 589 9.4 0.3 197,203 19,599 564 9.9 0.3 *1,070 *0.5

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,556 9,944 397 25.8 1.0 38,965 10,675 406 27.4 1.0 *732 *1.6

Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,005 1,746 163 12.5 1.2 14,324 1,729 160 12.1 1.1 –17 –0.4

Hispanic (any race) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,811 12,350 440 25.3 0.9 49,869 13,243 419 26.6 0.8 *893 *1.3

Age

Under 18 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,579 15,451 395 20.7 0.5 74,494 16,401 369 22.0 0.5 *950 *1.3

18 to 64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190,627 24,684 496 12.9 0.3 192,015 26,258 556 13.7 0.3 *1,574 *0.7

18 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,313 6,071 213 20.7 0.7 29,651 6,507 253 21.9 0.8 *436 *1.2

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,085 6,123 200 14.9 0.5 41,584 6,333 210 15.2 0.5 210 0.3

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,447 4,756 170 11.8 0.4 39,842 5,028 184 12.6 0.5 *272 *0.9

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,387 4,421 171 10.0 0.4 43,954 4,662 185 10.6 0.4 *240 *0.6

55 to 59 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,172 1,792 118 9.3 0.6 19,554 1,972 120 10.1 0.6 *180 0.7

60 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,223 1,520 99 9.4 0.6 17,430 1,755 107 10.1 0.6 *235 0.7

65 years and older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,613 3,433 171 8.9 0.4 39,179 3,520 161 9.0 0.4 87 0.1

Nativity

Native born . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266,223 36,407 739 13.7 0.3 267,487 38,568 794 14.4 0.3 *2,161 *0.7

Foreign born . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,597 7,162 300 19.0 0.7 38,201 7,611 289 19.9 0.7 *450 0.9

Naturalized citizen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,024 1,736 116 10.8 0.7 16,797 1,906 119 11.3 0.7 *169 0.5

Not a citizen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,573 5,425 275 25.1 1.0 21,403 5,706 264 26.7 1.1 281 *1.5

Region

Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,571 6,650 329 12.2 0.6 54,718 6,987 325 12.8 0.6 336 0.6

Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,980 8,768 352 13.3 0.5 66,006 9,148 404 13.9 0.6 380 0.6

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112,165 17,609 564 15.7 0.5 113,137 19,072 572 16.9 0.5 *1,463 *1.2

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,103 10,542 391 14.8 0.6 71,827 10,973 443 15.3 0.6 431 0.5

Residence

Inside metropolitan

 statistical areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256,028 35,655 845 13.9 0.3 258,025 38,325 929 14.9 0.3 *2,670 *0.9

Inside principal cities . . . . . . . . . . . . 97,725 18,261 690 18.7 0.6 98,655 19,465 583 19.7 0.5 *1,204 *1.0

Outside principal cities . . . . . . . . . . . 158,302 17,394 717 11.0 0.4 159,370 18,860 738 11.8 0.4 *1,466 *0.8

Outside metropolitan

 statistical areas4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,792 7,914 567 16.6 0.7 47,663 7,855 541 16.5 0.7 –60 –0.1

Work Experience

 Total, 16 years and older . . . . . . . 238,095 29,625 577 12.4 0.2 239,917 31,382 614 13.1 0.3 *1,758 *0.6

All workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154,772 10,680 291 6.9 0.2 153,141 10,666 280 7.0 0.2 –15 0.1

Worked full-time, year-round . . . . . . 99,306 2,641 120 2.7 0.1 99,250 2,608 122 2.6 0.1 –33 –

Less than full-time, year-round . . . . 55,466 8,039 260 14.5 0.5 53,891 8,057 248 15.0 0.4 18 0.5

Did not work at least 1 week . . . . . . . . 83,323 18,944 464 22.7 0.5 86,776 20,717 490 23.9 0.5 *1,772 *1.1

See footnotes at end of table.
16 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 U.S. Census Bureau

Table 4.

People and Families in Poverty by Selected Characteristics: 2009 and 2010—Con.

(Numbers in thousands, confidence intervals [C.I.] in thousands or percentage points as appropriate. People as of March of the following year. For

information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf)

Characteristic

2009 2010 Change in

poverty

(2010 less

2009)2

Total

Below poverty

Total

Below poverty

Number

90

percent

C.I.1

 (±) Percent

90

percent

C.I.1

 (±) Number

90

percent

C.I.1

 (±) Percent

90

percent

C.I.1

 (±) Number Percent

Disability Status5

 Total, 18 to 64 years . . . . . . . . . . . 190,627 24,684 496 12.9 0.3 192,015 26,258 556 13.7 0.3 *1,574 *0.7

With a disability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,644 3,655 169 25.0 1.0 14,935 4,165 193 27.9 1.0 *510 *2.9

With no disability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175,048 20,966 448 12.0 0.3 176,161 22,017 494 12.5 0.3 *1,051 *0.5

FAMILIES

        Total � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 78,867 8,792 217 11.1 0.3 78,633 9,221 215 11.7 0.3 *429 *0.6

Type of Family

Married-couple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,428 3,409 139 5.8 0.2 58,047 3,596 148 6.2 0.2 *188 *0.4

Female householder, no husband

present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,857 4,441 152 29.9 0.9 15,026 4,745 150 31.6 0.9 *304 *1.7

Male householder, no wife present . . . . 5,582 942 68 16.9 1.1 5,560 880 68 15.8 1.1 –62 –1.1

– Represents or rounds to zero. * Statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level. 1 A 90 percent confidence interval is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the confidence interval in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the 

estimate. Confidence intervals shown in this table are based on standard errors calculated using replicate weights instead of the generalized variance function used in the 

past. For more information, see “Standard Errors and Their Use” at <www.census.gov/hhes/www/p60_239sa.pdf>. 2

 Details may not sum to totals because of rounding.

3

 Federal surveys now give respondents the option of reporting more than one race. Therefore, two basic ways of defining a race group are possible. A group such as 

Asian may be defined as those who reported Asian and no other race (the race-alone or single-race concept) or as those who reported Asian regardless of whether they also 

reported another race (the race-alone-or-in-combination concept). This table shows data using the first approach (race alone). The use of the single-race population does not 

imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Information on people who reported more than one 

race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from the Census 2010 through American FactFinder. About 

2.9 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2010. Data for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and those 

reporting two or more races are not shown separately. 4 The “Outside metropolitan statistical areas” category includes both micropolitan statistical areas and territory outside of metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas. 

For more information, see “About Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas” at <www.census.gov/population/www/estimates/aboutmetro.html>. 5

 The sum of those with and without a disability does not equal the total because disability status is not defined for individuals in the Armed Forces.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2010 and 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.

Table 5.

Change in Poverty During First Year After a Recession: 1961 to 2010

(Numbers in thousands. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd

/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf)

Recession1

First

calendar 

year after the 

recession 

ended

People below poverty

Year in which the

recession ended

First calendar year after the 

recession ended Change 

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

December 2007 to June 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2010 43,569 14.3 46,180 15.1 *2,611 *0.8

March 2001 to November 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002 32,907 11.7 34,570 12.1 *1,663 *0.4

July 1990 to March 1991. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1992 35,708 14.2 38,014 14.8 *2,306 *0.6

July 1981 to November 1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1983 34,398 15.0 35,303 15.2 905 0.2

January 1980 to July 1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19812 29,272 13.0 31,822 14.0 *2,550 *1.0

November 1973 to March 1975. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1976 25,877 12.3 24,975 11.8 *–902 *–0.5

December 1969 to November 1970. . . . . . . . . . 1971 25,420 12.6 25,559 12.5 139 –0.1

April 1960 to February 1961. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1962 39,628 21.9 38,625 21.0 –1,003 *–0.9

* Statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level. Statistical significance of the changes for 2009 to 2010 is based on standard errors calculated using 

replicate weights. Prior years are based on the general variance function. For more information, see “Standard Errors and Their Use” at <www.census.gov/hhes/www

/p60_239sa.pdf>. 1

 Business cycle peaks and troughs used to delineate the beginning and end of recessions are determined by the National Bureau of Economic Research, a private 

research organization. See Appendix A for more information. 2

 While 1981 was the first calendar year after the recession that ended in July 1980, the economy entered another recession in July 1981.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1962 to 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 17

that ended in 1961 and 1975, the 

poverty rate decreased (Table 5).30

Race and Hispanic Origin

For non-Hispanic Whites, the poverty 

rate increased to 9.9 percent in 2010 

from 9.4 percent in 2009, while the 

number in poverty increased to 19.6 

million from 18.5 million (Table 4). 

The poverty rate for non-Hispanic 

Whites was lower than the poverty 

rates for other racial groups. NonHispanic Whites accounted for 42.4 

percent of the people in poverty, but 

64.5 percent of the total population.

30 The decreases in the poverty rates in the 

first calendar year after the recessions that 

ended in 1975 and 1961 were not statistically 

different from each other. Poverty rates and the 

number of people in poverty went up between 

1980 and 1981, but while 1981 was the first 

calendar year after the recession that ended in 

July 1980, the economy fell back into recession 

in July 1981. The increase in poverty rates in the 

year after the recession that ended in 1980 was 

not statistically different from the increases in 

the poverty rates in the year after the recessions 

that ended in 2009 and 1991. The increase in 

the number of people in poverty in the year 

following the recession that ended in 1980 was 

not statically different from the increases in the 

number of people in poverty in the year after the 

recessions that ended in 2009, 2001, and 1991.

For Blacks, the poverty rate increased 

to 27.4 percent in 2010, up from 25.8 

percent in 2009, while the number in 

poverty increased to 10.7 million from 

9.9 million. For Asians, the 2010 poverty rate and the number in poverty 

(12.1 percent and 1.7 million) were 

not statistically different from 2009. 

However, the poverty rate increased 

for Hispanics to 26.6 percent in 2010 

from 25.3 in 2009, and the number of 

Hispanics in poverty increased to 13.2 

million from 12.4 million.31

Age

For people aged 18 to 64, the poverty 

rate increased to 13.7 percent in 2010 

from 12.9 percent in 2009, while the 

number in poverty increased to 26.3 

million from 24.7 million. For people 

aged 65 and older in 2010 neither 

the poverty rate (9.0 percent) nor the 

number in poverty (3.5 million) were 

statistically different from the 2009 

estimates (Table 4 and Figure 5). 

31 The 2010 poverty rate for Blacks was not 

statistically different from that of Hispanics.

From 2009 to 2010, the poverty rate 

for children under age 18 increased to 

22.0 percent from 20.7 percent, while 

the number of children under age 18 

in poverty increased to 16.4 million 

from 15.5 million. The poverty rate 

for children was higher than the rates 

for people aged 18 to 64 and those 

aged 65 and older (Table 4). Children 

accounted for 35.5 percent of people 

in poverty, but only 24.4 percent of 

the total population. 

Related children are people under 

age 18 related to the householder 

by birth, marriage, or adoption who 

are not themselves householders or 

spouses of householders.32 The poverty rate for related children increased 

to 21.5 percent in 2010 from 20.1 

percent in 2009, and the number of 

related children in poverty increased 

to 15.7 million from 14.8 million. 

For related children in families with 

32 Official poverty estimates for children are 

compiled in two ways—estimates for all children 

and estimates for related children. In 2010, estimates for all children included an additional 1.3 

million children. 

Figure 5.

Poverty Rates by Age: 1959 to 2010

Note: The data points are placed at the midpoints of the respective years. For information on recessions, see Appendix A. 

Data for people aged 18 to 64 and 65 and older are not available from 1960 to 1965. 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1960 to 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. 

Percent 

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

1959 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Recession 

13.7 percent

9.0 percent

22.0 percent

18 to 64 years

Under 18 years

65 years and older
18 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 U.S. Census Bureau

a female householder, 46.9 percent 

were in poverty, compared with 11.6 

percent of related children in marriedcouple families.33

For related children under age 6, the 

poverty rate between 2009 and 2010 

increased to 25.3 percent from 23.8 

percent, while the number in poverty 

increased to 6.3 million from 6.0 

million (Table 4). For related children 

under age 6 in families with a female 

householder, 58.2 percent were in 

poverty, about four times the rate of 

their counterparts in married-couple 

families (13.4 percent). 

Nativity

The poverty rate and the number in 

poverty for the native-born population increased to 14.4 percent in 2010 

from 13.7 percent in 2009, while the 

number in poverty increased to 38.6 

million from 36.4 million. Among the 

foreign-born population, 7.6 million 

people lived in poverty in 2010—up 

from 7.2 million in 2009. Their poverty rate (19.9 percent) was not statistically different in 2010 (Table 4). 

Of the foreign-born population, 44.0 

percent were naturalized U.S. citizens. 

For naturalized citizens, the 2010 

poverty rate of 11.3 percent was not 

statistically different from 2009, while 

the number in poverty increased to 

1.9 million in 2010 from 1.7 million in 

2009. The poverty rate for those who 

were not citizens rose to 26.7 percent 

in 2010 from 25.1 percent in 2009, 

while the 2010 number in poverty 

(5.7 million) was not statistically different from 2009. 

Region

The South was the only region to 

show increases in both the poverty 

rate and the number in poverty—16.9 

percent and 19.1 million in 2010, up 

from 15.7 percent and 17.6 million 

33 In the text of this report, families with a 

female householder with no husband present are 

referred to as families with a female householder. 

Families with a male householder with no wife 

present are referred to as families with a male 

householder.

in 2009. In 2010, the poverty rates 

and the number in poverty for the 

Northeast (12.8 percent and 7.0 million), the Midwest (13.9 percent and 

9.1 million), and the West (15.3 percent and 11.0 million) were not statistically different from 2009. The South 

had the highest regional poverty rate 

(Table 4).

Residence

Inside metropolitan statistical areas, 

the poverty rate and the number of 

people in poverty were 14.9 percent 

and 38.3 million in 2010—up from 

13.9 percent and 35.7 million in 

2009. Among those living outside 

metropolitan areas, the poverty rate 

and the number in poverty were 16.5 

percent and 7.9 million in 2010, not 

statistically different from 2009.

Between 2009 and 2010, the poverty rate for people in principal cities 

increased to 19.7 percent from 18.7 

percent, while the number in poverty 

increased to 19.5 million from 18.3 

million. Within metropolitan areas, 

people in poverty were more likely 

to live in principal cities. While 38.2 

percent of all people living in metropolitan areas in 2010 lived in principal 

cities, 50.8 percent of poor people in 

metropolitan areas lived in principal 

cities. For those inside metropolitan 

areas but not in principal cities, the 

poverty rate rose to 11.8 percent from 

11.0 percent, while the number in 

poverty increased to 18.9 million from 

17.4 million.34

Work Experience

Among all workers aged 16 and older, 

neither the poverty rate (7.0 percent) 

nor the number in poverty (10.7 million) in 2010 were statistically different from 2009.

People aged 16 years and older who 

worked some or all of 2010 had a 

lower poverty rate than those who 

34 The number of people in poverty living 

in principal cities and the number of people in 

poverty living in metropolitan areas but outside 

principal cities were not statistically different.

did not work at any time—7.0 percent 

compared to 23.9 percent (Table 4). In 

2010, the poverty rate among fulltime, year-round workers (2.6 percent) 

was lower than the rate for those who 

worked less than full time, year round 

(15.0 percent).

Among those who did not work at 

least 1 week last year, the poverty rate 

and the number in poverty increased 

to 23.9 percent and 20.7 million in 

2010 from 22.7 percent and 18.9 million in 2009 (Table 4). Those who did 

not work in 2010 represented 66.0 

percent of people aged 16 and older in 

poverty, compared with 36.2 percent 

of all people aged 16 and older.

Disability Status

Between 2009 and 2010, the poverty rate and number in poverty for 

people aged 18 to 64 with a disability 

rose from 25.0 percent and 3.7 million to 27.9 percent and 4.2 million. 

Among people aged 18 to 64 without 

a disability, 12.5 percent and 22.0 

million were in poverty in 2010—up 

from 12.0 percent and 21.0 million 

in 2009. People aged 18 to 64 with 

a disability represented 15.9 percent 

of people aged 18 to 64 in poverty 

compared to 7.8 percent of all people 

aged 18 to 64. 

Families

The poverty rate and the number of 

families in poverty were 11.7 percent 

and 9.2 million in 2010, compared 

with 11.1 percent and 8.8 million in 

2009 (Table 4). 

The poverty rate and the number in 

poverty increased for both marriedcouple families (6.2 percent and 3.6 

million in 2010 from 5.8 percent and 

3.4 million in 2009) and families with 

a female householder (31.6 percent 

and 4.7 million in 2010 from 29.9 

percent and 4.4 million in 2009). For 

families with a male householder, 

the poverty rate and the number in 

poverty (15.8 percent and 880,000 in 

2010) were not statistically different 

from 2009.
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 19

Depth of Poverty

Categorizing people as “in poverty” 

or “not in poverty” is one way to 

describe their economic situation. 

The income-to-poverty ratio and the 

income deficit or surplus describe 

additional aspects of economic 

well-being. While the poverty rate 

shows the proportion of people with 

income below the appropriate poverty threshold, the income-to-poverty 

ratio gauges the depth of poverty and 

shows how close a family’s income is 

to its poverty threshold. The incometo-poverty ratio is reported as a 

percentage that compares a family’s 

or an unrelated person’s income with 

their appropriate poverty threshold. 

For example, a family with an incometo-poverty ratio of 125 percent has 

income that is 25 percent above its 

poverty threshold.

The income deficit or surplus shows 

how many dollars a family’s or an 

unrelated person’s income is below 

(or above) their poverty threshold. 

For those with an income deficit, the 

measure is an estimate of the dollar 

amount necessary to raise a family’s 

or an unrelated person’s income to 

their poverty threshold. 

Ratio of Income to Poverty 

Table 6 presents the number and 

percentage of people within specified 

income-to-poverty-ratio ranges—those 

with an income-to-poverty ratio less 

than 50 percent (“Under 0.50”), an 

income-to-poverty ratio less than 125 

percent (“Under 1.25”), an income-topoverty ratio less than 150 percent 

(“Under 1.50”), and an income-topoverty ratio less than 200 percent 

(“Under 2.00”).

In 2010, 6.7 percent of all people, 

or 20.5 million, had income below 

one-half of their poverty threshold, 

up from 6.3 percent, or 19.0 million 

people, in 2009. This group represented 44.3 percent of the poverty 

population in 2010. 

Table 6.

People With Income Below Specified Ratios of Their Poverty Threshold by Selected

Characteristics: 2010

(Numbers in thousands, confidence intervals [C.I.] in thousands or percentage points as appropriate. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, 

sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf)

Characteristic

Total

Income-to-poverty ratio1

Under 0.50 Under 1.25 Under 1.50 Under 2.00

Number

90

percent 

C.I.2

 (±)

Percent

90

percent 

C.I.2 (±)

Number 

90

percent 

C.I.2 (±)

Percent

90

percent 

C.I.2 (±)

Number

90

percent 

C.I.2 (±)

Percent

90

percent 

C.I.2 (±)

Number

90

percent 

C.I.2 (±)

Percent

90

percent 

C.I.2 (±)

        All people� � � � � � � � � � 305,688 20,466 622 6.7 0.2 60,443 991 19.8 0.3 75,291 1,089 24.6 0.4 103,645 1,227 33.9 0.4

Age

Under 18 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,494 7,369 313 9.9 0.4 20,741 431 27.8 0.6 24,853 461 33.4 0.6 32,467 473 43.6 0.6

18 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,651 3,404 188 11.5 0.6 8,101 269 27.3 0.9 9,685 283 32.7 0.9 12,501 296 42.2 0.9

25 to 34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,584 2,993 146 7.2 0.4 8,203 229 19.7 0.5 10,220 237 24.6 0.6 14,141 274 34.0 0.7

35 to 44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,842 2,206 119 5.5 0.3 6,549 211 16.4 0.5 8,196 220 20.6 0.6 11,561 247 29.0 0.6

45 to 54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,954 2,001 121 4.6 0.3 6,147 210 14.0 0.5 7,702 234 17.5 0.5 10,813 264 24.6 0.6

55 to 59 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,554 795 78 4.1 0.4 2,513 132 12.9 0.7 3,110 142 15.9 0.7 4,315 158 22.1 0.8

60 to 64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,430 708 65 4.1 0.4 2,415 127 13.9 0.7 3,052 149 17.5 0.8 4,297 163 24.7 0.9

65 years and older . . . . . . . . . . . 39,179 991 91 2.5 0.2 5,774 216 14.7 0.5 8,472 261 21.6 0.7 13,549 324 34.6 0.8

Race3 and Hispanic Origin

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243,013 13,315 442 5.5 0.2 42,298 838 17.4 0.3 53,446 931 22.0 0.4 75,297 1,065 31.0 0.4

White, not Hispanic . . . . . . . . 197,203 8,420 355 4.3 0.2 26,490 703 13.4 0.4 34,403 796 17.4 0.4 50,304 954 25.5 0.5

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,965 5,254 295 13.5 0.8 13,237 435 34.0 1.1 15,715 411 40.3 1.1 20,005 431 51.3 1.1

Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,324 834 123 5.8 0.9 2,219 183 15.5 1.3 2,820 210 19.7 1.5 4,056 235 28.3 1.6

Hispanic (any race) . . . . . . . . . . 49,869 5,460 297 10.9 0.6 17,299 442 34.7 0.9 20,816 466 41.7 0.9 27,243 487 54.6 1.0

Family Status

In families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249,855 13,749 540 5.5 0.2 43,705 874 17.5 0.4 54,587 933 21.8 0.4 76,733 1,086 30.7 0.4

Householder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78,633 3,964 158 5.0 0.2 12,217 253 15.5 0.3 15,443 286 19.6 0.3 22,091 348 28.1 0.4

Related children under 18 . . . 73,227 6,927 301 9.5 0.4 19,990 428 27.3 0.6 24,002 452 32.8 0.6 31,497 470 43.0 0.6

 Related children under 6 . . 25,096 2,911 163 11.6 0.6 7,858 229 31.3 0.9 9,207 231 36.7 0.9 11,796 214 47.0 0.8

In unrelated subfamilies . . . . . . . 1,650 460 87 27.9 4.2 875 116 53.0 4.6 1,031 129 62.5 4.5 1,206 136 73.1 3.9

Unrelated individuals . . . . . . . . . 54,183 6,257 246 11.5 0.4 15,863 429 29.3 0.6 19,673 471 36.3 0.6 25,705 523 47.4 0.6

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,745 3,086 174 11.5 0.6 7,296 266 27.3 0.8 8,908 298 33.3 0.9 11,666 318 43.6 0.9

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,438 3,170 145 11.6 0.5 8,568 259 31.2 0.8 10,766 282 39.2 0.8 14,039 323 51.2 0.9

1

 The estimates for people with income below 100 percent of their poverty threshold (under 1.00) can be found in Table 4.

2

 A 90 percent confidence interval is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the confidence interval in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. Confidence 

intervals shown in this table are based on standard errors calculated using replicate weights instead of the generalized variance function used in the past. For more information, see “Standard Errors 

and Their Use” at <www.census.gov/hhes/www/p60_239sa.pdf>. 3

 Federal surveys now give respondents the option of reporting more than one race. Therefore, two basic ways of defining a race group are possible. A group such as Asian may be defined as those 

who reported Asian and no other race (the race-alone or single-race concept) or as those who reported Asian regardless of whether they also reported another race (the race-alone-or-in-combination 

concept). This table shows data using the first approach (race alone). The use of the single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census 

Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Information on people who reported more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is 

available from Census 2010 through American FactFinder. About 2.9 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2010. Data for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians 

and Other Pacific Islanders, and those reporting two or more races are not shown separately. 

Note: Details may not sum to totals because of rounding.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.
20 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 U.S. Census Bureau

The percentage and number of people 

with income below 125 percent of 

their threshold were 19.8 percent and 

60.4 million, up from 18.7 percent 

and 56.8 million in 2009. For children, 9.9 percent and 7.4 million in 

2010 lived in families with income 

below 50 percent of their poverty 

threshold, up from 9.3 percent and 

6.9 million in 2009. The percentage 

and number of children living in families with income below 125 percent of 

their poverty threshold in 2010 were 

27.8 percent and 20.7 million, up 

from 26.3 percent and 19.6 million in 

2009 (Table 6).35

The percentage of the elderly with 

income below 50 percent of their 

poverty threshold was 2.5 percent, 

less than one-half the percent of the 

total population at this poverty level 

(6.7 percent). On the other hand, the 

percentage of the elderly with income 

below 200 percent of their poverty 

threshold was 34.6 percent, not 

35 The number of people who had income 

below one-half of their poverty threshold in 2010 

and the number of children living in families 

below 125 percent of their poverty thresholds in 

2010 were not statistically different.

statistically different from the percent 

of the total population with income 

below this level (Table 6).

The demographic makeup of the 

population differs at varying degrees 

of poverty.36 Children represented 

24.4 percent of the overall population, 31.3 percent of the people with 

income below 200 percent of their 

poverty threshold, but 36.0 percent 

of the people with income below 50 

percent of their poverty threshold. 

The elderly represented 12.8 percent 

of the overall population, 13.1 percent of those with income below 200 

percent of their poverty threshold, but 

4.8 percent of the people with income 

below 50 percent of their poverty 

threshold (Table 6 and Figure 6).

36 The estimates referred to in this paragraph 

are shown in Figure 6 and can be calculated 

using the estimates of the number of people at 

each poverty level from Table 6. For example, 

the estimate that children constitute 24.4 percent of the overall population can be calculated 

by dividing the estimate of the total number of 

children (74,494) by the total number of people 

(305,688), and the estimate that children represent 36.0 percent of those with incomes below 

50 percent of their poverty threshold is the result 

of dividing the number of children under 0.50 

(7,369) by the total number of people under 0.50 

(20,466). 

Income Deficit 

The income deficit for families in poverty (the difference in dollars between 

a family’s income and its poverty 

threshold) averaged $9,244 in 2010, 

which was not statistically different 

from the 2009 estimate. The average 

income deficit was larger for families 

with a female householder ($9,742) 

than for married-couple families 

($8,660) (Table 7).37

The average income deficit per capita 

for families with a female householder ($2,908) was higher than for 

married-couple families ($2,179). The 

income deficit per capita is computed 

by dividing the average deficit by the 

average number of people in that type 

of family. Since families with a female 

householder were smaller on average 

than married-couple families, the 

larger per capita deficit for femalehouseholder families reflects their 

37 The average income deficit of families with 

a male householder was not statistically different 

from the average income deficit for all families 

and from the average income deficit for marriedcouple families.

Figure 6.

Demographic Makeup of the Population at Varying Degrees of Poverty: 2010

(Percent)

Note: Details may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Population with income

below 50 percent

of threshold

Population with income

below 100 percent

of threshold

Population with income

below 125 percent

of threshold

Population with income

below 150 percent

of threshold

Population with income

below 200 percent

of threshold

Total

population

33.0

34.3

36.0

35.5

31.3

56.9

56.1

59.2

55.6

55.7

7.6

9.6

11.3

4.8

13.1

24.4 62.8 12.8

People 18 to 64 

years old

Children under 

18 years old

People 65 years 

and older
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 21

smaller average family size as well as 

their lower average family income.38

For unrelated individuals in poverty, the average income deficit was 

$6,225 in 2010. The $5,982 deficit 

for women was lower than the $6,504 

deficit for men. 

Doubled-Up Households39

People may cope with challenging 

economic circumstances by combining households with other families or 

38 The average income deficit per capita for 

families with a female householder was not significantly different than the average income deficit 

per capita for families with a male householder. 39 Doubled-up households are defined as 

households that include at least one “additional” 

adult, a person aged 18 or older who is not 

enrolled in school and is not the householder, 

spouse, or cohabiting partner of the householder. 

individuals. The number and percentage of doubled-up households 

and adults sharing households in 

the United States increased over the 

course of the recession that began 

in December 2007 and ended in 

June 2009. While poverty estimates 

are based on income in the previous 

calendar year, doubling-up estimates 

reflect household composition at the 

time of survey, which is conducted 

during the months of February, March, 

and April of each year. In spring 2007, 

doubled-up households totaled 19.7 

million. By spring 2011, the number of doubled-up households had 

increased by 2.0 million to 21.8 million, and the percent of households 

doubled-up had increased by 1.3 

percentage points from 17.0 percent 

to 18.3 percent.40 Among adults, 61.7 

million (27.7 percent) were doubledup in 2007, while 69.2 million (30.0 

percent) lived in doubled-up households in 2011.41 The adult population 

increased by 3.8 percent between 

2007 and 2011, but the number of 

doubled-up adults increased by 12.2 

percent. 

40 The number of doubled-up households did 

not change significantly between either 2007 

and 2008 or 2010 and 2011. The percentage 

of doubled-up households as a proportion of all 

households did not change significantly between 

2007 and 2008, but declined between 2010 and 

2011. 41 The number of doubled-up adults did not 

change significantly between 2010 and 2011. 

The percentage of doubled-up adults as a proportion of all adults did not change significantly 

between either 2008 and 2009 or 2010 and 

2011.

Table 7.

Income Deficit or Surplus of Families and Unrelated Individuals by Poverty Status: 2010

(Numbers of families and unrelated individuals in thousands, deficits and surpluses and their confidence intervals [C.I.] in dollars. For information on confidentiality 

protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf)

Characteristic

Size of deficit or surplus

Average deficit

or surplus

(dollars)

Deficit

or surplus

per capita

(dollars)

Total

Under 

$1,000

$1,000 

to 

$2,499

$2,500 

to 

$4,999

$5,000 

to 

$7,499

$7,500 

to 

$9,999

$10,000 

to 

$12,499

$12,500 

to 

$14,999

$15,000 

or more

Estimate

90

percent 

C.I.1

(±)

Estimate

90

percent 

C.I.1

(±)

Below Poverty Threshold, Deficit

All families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,221 665 910 1,430 1,292 1,140 869 1,115 1,799 9,244 167 2,582 51

Married-couple families . . . . . . . . . . 3,596 296 432 659 487 411 307 453 552 8,660 270 2,179 69

Families with a female householder,

 no husband present . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,745 284 405 634 687 624 474 562 1,074 9,742 218 2,908 69

Families with a male householder,

 no wife present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 880 85 74 137 118 105 88 100 173 8,941 463 2,789 154

Unrelated individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,422 1,197 2,253 2,298 1,447 1,128 4,098 – – 6,225 109 6,225 109

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,796 474 961 1,051 727 559 2,024 – – 6,504 168 6,504 168

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,626 724 1,291 1,247 720 569 2,074 – – 5,982 131 5,982 131

Above Poverty Threshold, Surplus

All families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69,412 678 954 1,786 1,886 1,751 1,978 1,946 58,434 69,157 741 22,137 246

Married-couple families . . . . . . . . . . 54,450 345 507 988 1,057 1,026 1,170 1,209 48,149 77,429 894 24,389 291

Families with a female householder,

 no husband present . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,281 266 357 638 624 530 598 536 6,731 34,771 994 11,710 340

Families with a male householder,

 no wife present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,681 66 89 159 206 195 210 201 3,554 48,463 2,617 16,862 968

Unrelated individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,761 1,470 1,631 3,417 2,859 3,227 1,856 2,532 24,771 31,923 679 31,923 679

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,949 646 690 1,406 1,181 1,576 886 1,256 13,307 36,052 997 36,052 997

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,813 824 941 2,011 1,678 1,650 969 1,276 11,464 27,768 904 27,768 904

– Represents or rounds to zero.

1

 A 90 percent confidence interval is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the confidence interval in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. 

Confidence intervals shown in this table are based on standard errors calculated using replicate weights instead of the generalized variance function used in the past. For more information, 

see “Standard Errors and Their Use” at <www.census.gov/hhes/www/p60_239sa.pdf>.

Note: Details may not sum to totals because of rounding.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.
22 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 U.S. Census Bureau

An estimated 5.9 million young adults 

aged 25 to 34 resided in their parents’ 

households in 2011, compared to 4.7 

million before the recession. By spring 

2011, 14.2 percent of young adults 

lived in their parents’ households, representing an increase of 2.4 percentage points since spring 2007. 

It is difficult to precisely assess the 

impact of doubling-up on overall poverty rates. Young adults aged 25 to 34 

living with their parents had an official poverty rate of 8.4 percent (when 

the entire family’s income is compared 

to the threshold that includes the 

young adult as an additional adult in 

the family), but if their poverty status 

were determined using their own 

income, 45.3 percent had income 

below the poverty threshold for a 

single person under age 65 ($11,344).

Alternative/Experimental 

Poverty Measures

The poverty estimates in this report 

compare the official poverty thresholds to money income before taxes, 

not including the value of noncash 

benefits. The money income measure does not completely capture 

the economic well-being of individuals and families, and there are many 

questions about the adequacy of the 

official poverty thresholds. Families 

and individuals also derive economic 

well-being from noncash benefits, 

such as food and housing subsidies, 

and their disposable income is determined by both taxes paid and tax 

credits received. The official poverty 

thresholds developed more than 40 

years ago do not take into account rising standards of living or such issues 

as child care expenses, other workrelated expenses, variations in medical costs across population groups, 

or geographic differences in the cost 

of living. Poverty estimates using the 

new Supplemental Poverty Measure, 

for which the Census Bureau expects 

to publish preliminary estimates in 

October 2011, will address many of 

these concerns. For more details, see 

the text box “Supplemental Poverty 

Measure” on page 2.

National Academy of Sciences (NAS)-

Based Measures 

The Census Bureau currently computes alternative poverty measures 

based on the 1995 recommendations of the National Academy of 

Sciences Panel on Poverty and Family 

Assistance.42 The NAS-based measures 

use both alternative poverty thresholds and an expanded income 

definition. In October 2011, the 

Census Bureau will release estimates 

for these alternative measures for 

2010. Estimates for 2009 for the 

NAS-based measures can be found at 

<www.census.gov/hhes/povmeas

/data/public-use.html>.

The Census Bureau also makes available a research file that provides 

microdata with variables used to 

construct the NAS-based alternative 

measures, available at <www.census

.gov/hhes/www/povmeas/datafiles

.html>, and an expanded version 

of the CPS ASEC public-use file that 

includes estimates of the value of 

taxes and noncash benefits, available 

at <www.bls.census.gov/cps_ftp

.html#cpsmarch>. Both microdata 

files are currently available for 2009. 

Data for 2010 will be released before 

the end of the year.

CPS Table Creator II

CPS Table Creator II is a Web-based 

tool designed to help researchers 

explore alternative income and poverty measures. The tool is available 

from a link on the Census Bureau’s 

poverty Web site, <www.census.gov

/hhes/www/cpstc/apm/cpstc_altpov

.html>. Table Creator II allows 

researchers to produce poverty 

42 The Census Bureau will no longer publish 

the Effect of Benefits and Taxes on Income and 

Poverty series but will continue to maintain the 

variables on Table Creator II, which can be used 

to compute these estimates. 

and income estimates using their 

own combinations of threshold and 

resource definitions and to see the 

incremental impact of the addition 

or subtraction of a single resource 

element.43 For example: 

• Taking into account the value of 

the federal earned income tax 

credit would reduce the number 

of children classified as poor in 

2010 by 3.0 million. 

• In 2010, the number of people 

aged 65 and older in poverty 

would be higher by almost 14 

million if social security payments were excluded from money 

income, quintupling the number 

of elderly people in poverty.

• If unemployment insurance benefits were excluded from money 

income, 3.2 million more people 

would be counted as poor in 2010. 

Researchers can also estimate poverty 

rates using alternative poverty thresholds. Many other countries use relative 

poverty measures with thresholds that 

are based on a percentage of median 

or mean income.44 Table Creator II 

allows researchers to estimate poverty 

rates using a relative poverty threshold calculated as any percentage of 

mean or median equivalence-adjusted 

income. For example, using poverty 

thresholds based on 50 percent of 

median income rather than the official 

poverty thresholds would increase the 

overall poverty rate in 2009 from 14.3 

percent to 22.1 percent.

43 At this time, Table Creator II can calculate 

these estimates for 2009. Data for 2010 from the 

2011 CPS ASEC will be added to Table Creator II 

later this year when the enhanced CPS ASEC file 

with estimates of noncash benefits, tax credits, 

and tax liabilities is released to the public. 44 For example, the Organization for 

Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 

uses a poverty threshold of 50 percent of median 

income. The European Union defines poverty 

as an income below 60 percent of the national 

median equalized disposable income after social 

transfers. 
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 23

HEALTH INSURANCE 

COVERAGE IN THE UNITED 

STATES

Highlights

• In 2010, the percentage of people 

without health insurance, 16.3 

percent, was not statistically 

different from the rate in 2009. 

The number of uninsured people 

increased to 49.9 million in 2010 

from 49.0 million in 2009 (Table 8 

and Figure 7).45,46

45 For a brief description of how the Census 

Bureau collects and reports on health insurance 

data, see the text box “What Is Health Insurance 

Coverage?” For a discussion of the quality of 

ASEC health insurance coverage estimates, see 

Appendix C. 46 The data for 1999 through 2009 were 

revised to reflect the results of enhancements 

to the editing process. See <www.census.gov/

hhes/www/hlthins/data/revhlth/index.html> and 

Appendix C. 

• The percentage of people with 

health insurance in 2010 was not 

statistically different from 2009, 

while the number of insured 

increased to 256.2 million in 2010 

from 255.3 million in 2009. 

• The percentage of people covered by private health insurance 

decreased in 2010 to 64.0 percent, 

while the number of people covered by private health insurance 

was not statistically different from 

2009, at 195.9 million (Tables 10 

and C-1). The percentage of people 

covered by private health insurance has been decreasing since 

2001. 

• The percentage and number of 

people covered by government 

health insurance increased to 31.0 

percent and 95.0 million in 2010 

from 30.6 percent and 93.2 million 

in 2009.

• The percentage of people covered by employment-based health 

insurance decreased to 55.3 percent in 2010 from 56.1 percent in 

2009. The number of people covered by employment-based health 

insurance decreased to 169.3 

million from 170.8 million. 

• The percentage and number of 

people covered by Medicaid in 

2010, 15.9 percent and 48.6 million, were not statistically different from 2009 estimates (Tables 

10 and C-1). The percentage and 

number of people covered by 

Figure 7.

Number Uninsured and Uninsured Rate: 1987 to 2010

1

 The data for 1996 through 1999 were revised using an approximation method for consistency with the revision to the 2004 and 

2005 estimates. 

2

 Implementation of Census 2000-based population controls occurred for the 2000 ASEC, which collected data for 1999. These estimates also 

reflect the results of follow-up verification questions, which were asked of people who responded “no” to all questions about specific types of 

health insurance coverage in order to verify whether they were actually uninsured. This change increased the number and percentage of 

people covered by health insurance, bringing the CPS more in line with estimates from other national surveys.

3 The data for 1999 through 2009 were revised to reflect the results of enhancements to the editing process.

Note: Respondents were not asked detailed health insurance questions before the 1988 CPS. 

The data points are placed at the midpoints of the respective years. For information on recessions, see Appendix A.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1988 to 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. 

Numbers in millions, rates in percent 

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

1999 2002 2005 2008 2010 2,3 19961 1987 1990 1993

49.9 million

16.3 percent

Number uninsured

Uninsured rate

Recession
24 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 U.S. Census Bureau

Medicare increased in 2010 to 

14.5 percent and 44.3 million.47

• In 2010, 9.8 percent of children 

under age 18 (7.3 million) were 

without health insurance, not statistically different from the 2009 

estimates (Table 8). The uninsured 

rate for children in poverty (15.4 

percent) was greater than the rate 

for all children (9.8 percent).48

• The rate and number of uninsured for non-Hispanic Whites in 

2010 were 11.7 percent and 23.1 

million, not statistically different 

47 The percentage and number of people covered by Medicaid in 2010, 15.9 percent and 48.6 

million, were higher than the percentage and 

number of people covered by Medicare in 2010, 

14.5 percent and 44.3 million. 48 The number of uninsured children in poverty in 2010 was not statistically different from 

the number in 2009. 

from 2009. The uninsured rate 

and the number of uninsured 

Blacks were 20.8 percent and 8.1 

million, not statistically different 

from 2009 (Table 8). 

• The percentage of uninsured 

Hispanics decreased to 30.7 percent in 2010 from 31.6 percent in 

2009. The number of uninsured 

Hispanics in 2010 (15.3 million) 

was not statistically different from 

2009 (Table 8).

Health Insurance in the First 

Year After a Recession

Since 2010 represents the first full 

year after the recession that ended in 

June 2009, one can compare changes 

in health insurance coverage between 

2009 and 2010 with changes during the first full year after the end of 

other recessions (Table 9). During the 

first full year after the most recent 

recession there was no significant 

difference in the uninsured rate. 

However, in the year following the 

recessions that ended in 1991 and 

2001, the uninsured rate increased. 

Type of Coverage

In 2010, the rate of private coverage 

decreased to 64.0 percent, from 64.5 

percent in 2009 (Table 10). The rate 

of private coverage has been decreasing since 2001. The number of people 

covered by private insurance in 2010, 

195.9 million, was not statistically 

different from the 2009 estimate. A 

majority of people (55.3 percent) were 

covered by an employment-based 

health insurance plan for some or all 

of 2010. The rate of employmentbased coverage in 2010 was lower 

than the rate in 2009. Both the rate 

(9.8 percent) and the number of 

people covered by direct-purchase 

insurance (30.1 million) increased in 

2010. 

The percentage of people covered 

by government health programs 

increased to 31.0 percent in 2010 

from 30.6 percent in 2009. The number of people covered by government 

health programs also increased to 

95.0 million in 2010 from 93.2 million 

in 2009. The percentage and number 

of people with Medicaid coverage in 

2010, 15.9 percent and 48.6 million, 

were not statistically different from 

2009 estimates. In contrast, the percentage and number of people with 

Medicare coverage in 2010 increased 

to 14.5 percent and 44.3 million.49

Race and Hispanic Origin

In 2010, the uninsured rate (11.7 

percent) and the number of uninsured 

for non-Hispanic Whites (23.1 million) 

were not statistically different from 

2009 estimates (Table 8). Similarly, 

49 The percentage and number of people covered by Medicaid in 2010, 15.9 percent and 48.6 

million, were higher than the percentage and 

number of people covered by Medicare in 2010, 

14.5 percent and 44.3 million.

Figure 8.

Uninsured Children by Poverty Status, Household Income, 

Age, Race and Hispanic Origin, and Nativity: 2010 

Percent

10.0

15.1

14.6

13.8

10.0

5.4

9.2

9.5

11.3

7.0

11.5

10.0

16.8

9.3

10.6

Race1 and Hispanic origin

Age

Nativity

Household Income

1

 Federal surveys now give respondents the option of reporting more than one race. This 

figure shows data using the race-alone concept. For example, Asian refers to people who 

reported Asian and no other race. 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2011 Annual Social and 

Economic Supplement.

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Noncitizen

Naturalized citizen

Native-born citizen

Hispanic (any race)

Asian

Black

White, not Hispanic

12 to 17 years

6 to 11 years

Under 6 years

$75,000 or more

$50,000 to $74,999

$25,000 to $49,999

Less than $25,000

Children in poverty

All children
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 25

the uninsured rate (20.8 percent) and 

the number of uninsured for Blacks 

(8.1 million) in 2010 were not statistically different from 2009 estimates. 

The uninsured rate and the number 

of uninsured for Asians increased in 

2010 to 18.1 percent and 2.6 million 

from 16.5 percent and 2.3 million.50

Among Hispanics, the uninsured rate 

decreased in 2010 to 30.7 percent 

from 31.6 percent, while the number 

of uninsured in 2010, 15.3 million, 

was not statistically different from 

2009. 

Age

The percentage of people under age 

65 who were uninsured in 2010, 18.4 

percent, was not statistically different from the percentage uninsured in 

2009 (Table 8). Similarly, the percentage of children in 2010 without health 

insurance, 9.8 percent, was not statistically different from the percentage 

uninsured in 2009. The uninsured rate 

for those aged 65 and older increased 

to 2.0 percent in 2010 from 1.7 

percent in 2009. Among those aged 

18 to 24 in 2010, the rate decreased 

to 27.2 percent from 29.3 percent in 

2009. For those aged 25 to 34, the 

uninsured rate in 2010, 28.4 percent, 

was not statistically different from 

the rate in 2009. Among those aged 

35 to 44, the rate increased in 2010 

to 21.8 percent from 21.0 percent. 

And for those aged 45 to 64, the rate 

increased to 16.3 percent from 15.6 

percent. 

Nativity

The rate (13.8 percent) and number of 

uninsured in 2010 (36.9 million) for 

the native-born population were not 

statistically different from the 2009 

estimates (Table 8). The rate (34.1 

percent) and number of uninsured in 

2010 (13.0 million) for the foreignborn population were not statistically 

different from the 2009 estimates. 

50 Due to the small sample size, the changes 

in uninsured rates for Asians are better interpreted when viewed over a longer time period. 

Among the foreign-born population, 

the rate and number of uninsured 

increased for naturalized citizens in 

2010 to 20.0 percent and 3.4 million, 

from 18.4 percent and 3.0 million in 

2009. Both the rate (45.1 percent) and 

number of uninsured (9.7 million) for 

noncitizens in 2010 were not statistically different from 2009 estimates. 

The proportion of the foreign-born 

population without health insurance 

in 2010 was about two and one-half 

times that of the native-born population in 2010. 

What Is Health Insurance Coverage?

The Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement 

(CPS ASEC) asks about health insurance coverage in the previous calendar year. Specifically, the survey asks separate questions about the major 

types of health insurance. People who answer “no” to each of the coverage questions are then asked to verify that they were, in fact, not covered 

by any type of health insurance. For reporting purposes, the U.S. Census 

Bureau broadly classifies health insurance coverage as private coverage or 

government coverage. Private health insurance is a plan provided through 

an employer or a union or purchased by an individual from a private 

company. Government health insurance includes such federal programs 

as Medicare, Medicaid, and military health care; the Children’s Health 

Insurance Program (CHIP); and individual state health plans.* People were 

considered “insured” if they were covered by any type of health insurance 

for part or all of the previous calendar year. They were considered “uninsured” if, for the entire year, they were not covered by any type of health 

insurance. 

Research shows health insurance coverage is underreported in the CPS 

ASEC for a variety of reasons. Annual retrospective questions appear 

to cause few problems when collecting income data (possibly because 

the interview period is close to when people pay their taxes). However, 

because health insurance coverage status can change over the course of 

a year, answering questions about this long reference period may lead to 

response errors. For example, some people may report their insurance 

coverage status at the time of their interview rather than their coverage 

status during the previous calendar year. Compared with other national 

surveys, the CPS ASEC’s estimate of the number of people without health 

insurance more closely approximates the number of people who were 

uninsured at a specific point in time during the year than the number of 

people uninsured for the entire year. There are several ongoing projects 

aimed at improving the quality of health coverage data from the CPS ASEC, 

including cognitive research and field testing to improve the wording of 

the CPS ASEC health coverage questions. 

For more information on the quality of CPS ASEC health insurance estimates, see Appendix C, “Estimates of Health Insurance Coverage.” For a 

comparison between health insurance coverage rates from the major federal surveys, see Changes to the Imputation Routine for Health Insurance 

in the CPS ASEC: Description and Evaluation at <www.census.gov/hhes

/www/hlthins/data/revhlth/SHADAC.pdf>.

* Types of insurance are not mutually exclusive; people may be covered by more than one 

during the year.
26 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 U.S. Census Bureau

Table 8.

People Without Health Insurance Coverage by Selected Characteristics: 2009 and 2010

(Numbers in thousands, confidence intervals [C.I.] in thousands or percentage points as appropriate. People as of March of the following year. For 

information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf)

Characteristic

20091 2010 Change in 

uninsured2 

Total

Uninsured

Total

Uninsured

Number

90 

percent 

 C.I.3 (±) Percent

90 

percent 

 C.I.3 (±) Number

90 

percent 

 C.I.3 (±) Percent

90 

percent 

 C.I.3 (±) Number Percent

        Total  � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �

Family Status

304,280 48,985 708 16�1 0�2 306,110 49,904 744 16�3 0�2 *919 0�2

In families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249,384 36,809 659 14.8 0.3 249,855 37,618 699 15.1 0.3 *809 0.3

 Householder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78,867 11,220 226 14.2 0.3 78,633 11,772 234 15.0 0.3 *551 *0.7

 Related children under 18 . . . . . 73,410 7,018 260 9.6 0.4 73,227 6,986 276 9.5 0.4 –32 –

 Related children under 6 . . . . 25,104 2,213 119 8.8 0.5 25,096 2,236 130 8.9 0.5 22 0.1

In unrelated subfamilies . . . . . . . . . 1,357 344 55 25.3 3.5 1,650 428 66 25.9 3.2 *84 0.6

Unrelated individuals . . . . . . . . . . .

Race4

 and Hispanic Origin

53,539 11,832 357 22.1 0.5 54,605 11,858 316 21.7 0.5 26 –0.4

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242,403 37,124 661 15.3 0.3 243,323 37,385 613 15.4 0.3 261 –

 White, not Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . 197,436 22,715 520 11.5 0.3 197,423 23,093 491 11.7 0.2 378 0.2

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,624 7,838 245 20.3 0.6 39,031 8,132 266 20.8 0.7 294 0.5

Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,011 2,317 164 16.5 1.1 14,332 2,600 185 18.1 1.3 *284 *1.6

Hispanic (any race) . . . . . . . . . . . .

Age

48,901 15,450 374 31.6 0.8 49,972 15,340 376 30.7 0.8 –110 *–0.9

Under 65 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265,667 48,342 710 18.2 0.3 266,931 49,112 736 18.4 0.3 770 0.2

 Under 18 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,040 7,313 263 9.7 0.3 74,916 7,307 284 9.8 0.4 –6 –

 Under 19 years5

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79,317 8,058 274 10.2 0.3 79,288 7,952 292 10.0 0.4 –107 –0.1

 19 to 25 years5

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,389 9,221 223 31.4 0.7 29,692 8,828 248 29.7 0.8 *–393 *–1.6

 18 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,313 8,581 203 29.3 0.7 29,651 8,078 223 27.2 0.7 *–502 *–2.0

 25 to 34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,085 11,530 266 28.1 0.6 41,584 11,804 265 28.4 0.6 274 0.3

 35 to 44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,447 8,498 219 21.0 0.5 39,842 8,692 233 21.8 0.6 194 *0.8

 45 to 64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79,782 12,421 305 15.6 0.4 80,939 13,231 301 16.3 0.4 *810 *0.8

65 years and older . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nativity

38,613 643 67 1.7 0.2 39,179 792 81 2.0 0.2 *149 *0.4

Native born . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266,674 36,305 630 13.6 0.2 267,884 36,881 666 13.8 0.2 576 0.2

Foreign born . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,606 12,680 377 33.7 0.8 38,226 13,023 379 34.1 0.8 343 0.4

 Naturalized citizen . . . . . . . . . . . 16,024 2,951 147 18.4 0.9 16,801 3,356 165 20.0 0.9 *405 *1.6

 Not a citizen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Region

21,581 9,729 350 45.1 1.2 21,424 9,667 340 45.1 1.2 –62 –

Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,654 6,434 264 11.8 0.5 54,782 6,779 304 12.4 0.5 *345 0.6

Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,096 8,368 282 12.7 0.4 66,104 8,605 336 13.0 0.5 237 0.4

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112,312 21,576 516 19.2 0.5 113,275 21,665 534 19.1 0.5 88 –0.1

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Residence

Inside metropolitan statistical 

71,218 12,606 379 17.7 0.5 71,949 12,855 357 17.9 0.5 249 0.2

 areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256,383 41,550 782 16.2 0.3 258,350 42,153 791 16.3 0.3 603 0.1

 Inside principal cities . . . . . . . . . 97,856 18,704 630 19.1 0.5 98,774 19,152 535 19.4 0.5 448 0.3

 Outside principal cities . . . . . . . .

Outside metropolitan statistical 

158,527 22,846 660 14.4 0.4 159,576 23,001 713 14.4 0.4 155 –

 areas6

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Household Income

47,897 7,435 494 15.5 0.6 47,760 7,752 510 16.2 0.6 316 *0.7

Less than $25,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,159 15,320 442 26.3 0.6 60,140 16,166 455 26.9 0.6 *846 0.5

$25,000 to $49,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,340 14,999 422 21.0 0.5 70,680 15,435 418 21.8 0.5 436 *0.8

$50,000 to $74,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,381 8,997 352 15.4 0.5 57,359 8,831 357 15.4 0.5 –167 –

$75,000 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116,400 9,669 372 8.3 0.3 117,931 9,473 371 8.0 0.3 –196 –0.3

See footnotes at end of table.
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 27

Economic Status 

The uninsured rate was higher among 

people with lower incomes and lower 

among people with higher incomes 

(Table 8). In 2010, 26.9 percent of 

people in households with annual 

incomes less than $25,000 had no 

health insurance coverage. In 2010, 

the uninsured rates decreased as 

household income increased—21.8 

percent of people in households with 

incomes ranging from $25,000 to 

$49,999 were uninsured; 15.4 percent 

of people in households with incomes 

ranging from $50,000 to $74,999 

were uninsured; and 8.0 percent of 

people in households with incomes of 

$75,000 or more were uninsured. 

Among the four household income 

groups, the uninsured rates in 2010 

were not statistically different from 

2009 for households with incomes 

less than $25,000, incomes ranging from $50,000 to $74,999, and 

incomes over $75,000. In 2010, the 

uninsured rate for people in households with incomes ranging from 

$25,000 to $49,999 increased to 21.8 

percent from 21.0 percent in 2009. 

Work Experience

For people aged 18 to 64 who 

worked at some time during the year, 

19.5 percent and 28.0 million were 

uninsured in 2010, which were not 

statistically different from the 2009 

estimates (Table 8). In 2010, fulltime, year-round workers were more 

likely to be covered by health insurance (85.0 percent) than those who 

worked less than full time, year round 

(71.5 percent) or nonworkers (71.5 

percent).51,52 Among full-time, yearround workers, the percent uninsured 

in 2010 was not statistically different 

from the 2009 estimates. The num51 A full-time, year-round worker is a person 

who worked 35 or more hours per week (full 

time) and 50 or more weeks during the previous 

calendar year (year round). For school personnel, 

summer vacation is counted as weeks worked if 

they are scheduled to return to their job in the 

fall. 52 The 2010 insured rate for those who 

worked less than full time, year round (71.5 

percent) was not statistically different from the 

2010 insured rate for nonworkers (71.5 percent). 

Table 8.

People Without Health Insurance Coverage by Selected Characteristics: 2009 and 2010—Con .

(Numbers in thousands, confidence intervals [C.I.] in thousands or percentage points as appropriate. People as of March of the following year. For 

information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf)

Characteristic

20091 2010 Change in 

uninsured2 

Total

Uninsured

Total

Uninsured

Number

90 

percent 

 C.I.3 (±) Percent

90 

percent 

 C.I.3 (±) Number

90 

percent 

 C.I.3 (±) Percent

90 

percent 

 C.I.3 (±) Number Percent

Work Experience 

 Total, 18 to 64 years old . . . . . 190,627 41,030 576 21.5 0.3 192,015 41,805 601 21.8 0.3 *776 0.2

All workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145,184 28,241 450 19.5 0.3 143,581 28,000 464 19.5 0.3 –242 –

 Worked full-time, year-round . . . 95,808 14,095 318 14.7 0.3 95,549 14,311 332 15.0 0.3 216 0.3

 Less than full-time, year-round . . 49,376 14,146 314 28.6 0.5 48,032 13,689 308 28.5 0.5 *–458 –0.2

Did not work at least 1 week . . . . . 45,443 12,788 307 28.1 0.6 48,434 13,806 339 28.5 0.6 *1,017 0.4

Disability Status7

 Total, 18 to 64 years old . . . . . 190,627 41,030 576 21.5 0.3 192,015 41,805 601 21.8 0.3 *776 0.2

With a disability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,644 2,348 132 16.0 0.8 14,935 2,577 146 17.3 0.9 *230 *1.2

With no disability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175,048 38,682 558 22.1 0.3 176,161 39,228 579 22.3 0.3 546 0.2

– Represents zero or rounds to zero.

*Statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level. 

1

The data for 2009 were revised to reflect the results of enhancements to the editing process. See <www.census.gov/hhes/www/hlthins/data/revhlth/index.html>.

2

Details may not sum to totals because of rounding. 

3

A 90 percent confidence interval is a measure of an estimate's variability. The larger the confidence interval in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. Confidence intervals shown in this table are based on standard errors calculated using replicate weights instead of the generalized variance function used in the past. 

For more information see "Standard Errors and Their Use" at <www.census.gov/hhes/www/p60_239sa.pdf>. 4

Federal surveys now give respondents the option of reporting more than one race. Therefore, two basic ways of defining a race group are possible. A group such as 

Asian may be defined as those who reported Asian and no other race (the race-alone or single-race concept) or as those who reported Asian regardless of whether they also 

reported another race (the race-alone-or-in-combination concept). This table shows data using the first approach (race alone). The use of the single-race population does not 

imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Information on people who reported more than one 

race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from Census 2010 through American FactFinder. About 

2.9 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2010. Data for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and those 

reporting two or more races are not shown separately. 5

These age groups are of special interest because of the Affordable Care Act of 2010. Children under the age of 19 are eligible for Medicaid/CHIP and individuals aged 19 

to 25 may be a dependent on a parent’s health plan. 6

The “Outside metropolitan statistical areas” category includes both micropolitan statistical areas and territory outside of metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas. For 

more information, see “About Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas” at <www.census.gov/population/www/estimates/aboutmetro.html>. 7

The sum of those with and without a disability does not equal the total because disability status is not defined for individuals in the Armed Forces. 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2010 and 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
28 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 U.S. Census Bureau

ber of uninsured among full-time, 

year-round workers in 2010 (14.3 

million) was not statistically different 

from 2009.53 Among less-than-fulltime-year-round workers, the percent 

uninsured in 2010 was not statistically different from 2009, while the 

number of uninsured decreased to 

13.7 million in 2010 from 14.1 million. For non-workers, the uninsured 

rate for 2010 (28.5 percent) was not 

statistically different from 2009, while 

the number of uninsured increased to 

13.8 million in 2010 from 12.8 million 

in 2009.54

Disability Status

Among those with a disability aged 

18 to 64, both the rate and number 

of uninsured increased in 2010, to 

17.3 percent (2.6 million) from 16.0 

percent (2.3 million) in 2009 (Table 8). 

For those without a disability aged 18 

to 64, the rate and number of uninsured in 2010 were 22.3 percent and 

39.2 million, not statistically different 

from 2009 estimates.

53 The number of uninsured full-time, full-year 

workers (14.1 million) in 2009 was not statistically different from the number of uninsured 

less-than-full-time-year-round workers (14.1 

million) in 2009. 54 The percentage of uninsured less-thanfull-time, full-year workers (28.5 percent) was 

not statistically different from the percentage of 

uninsured nonworkers (28.5 percent) in 2010.

Children’s Health Insurance 

Coverage

In 2010, the rate (9.8 percent) and 

number of children without health 

insurance (7.3 million) were not 

statistically different from 2009 

estimates (Table 8). Uninsured rates 

for children varied by poverty status, 

age, race, and Hispanic origin. Figure 

8 shows that children aged 12 to 17 

had a higher uninsured rate (10.9 

percent) than those under age 6 (9.1 

percent) and those aged 6 to 11 (9.3 

percent).55 Children in poverty were 

more likely to be uninsured (15.4 percent) than all children (9.8 percent). 

In 2010, the uninsured rates were 6.9 

percent for non-Hispanic White children, 11.0 percent for Black children, 

8.9 percent for Asian children, and 

16.3 percent for Hispanic children.56

These 2010 uninsured rates were not 

statistically different from the respective rates in 2009. 

55 The uninsured rate for children under the 

age of 6 (9.1 percent) was not statistically different from the uninsured rate for children aged 6 

to 11 (9.3 percent). 56 In 2010, the uninsured rate for White 

children was not statistically different from the 

uninsured rate for Asian children. 

Region

The Northeast and the Midwest had 

the lowest uninsured rates in 2010, 

at 12.4 percent and 13.0 percent, 

respectively.57 The uninsured rate 

for the West was 17.9 percent, while 

the uninsured rate for the South was 

19.1 percent (Table 8). Between 2009 

and 2010, there were no statistical 

differences in the uninsured rates for 

any of the regions. Between 2009 

and 2010, the number of uninsured 

increased in the Northeast to 6.8 

million, while there were no statistical differences for the other three 

regions—8.6 million in the Midwest; 

12.9 million in the West; and 21.7 million in the South. 

Residence

The uninsured rate in 2010 for people 

living inside metropolitan statistical 

areas, 16.3 percent, was not statistically different from the 2009 estimate 

(Table 8). In 2010, the uninsured rate 

was higher among people living in 

principal cities (19.4 percent) than 

among people living inside metropolitan areas but outside principal 

57 The 2010 uninsured rate for the Northeast 

(12.4 percent) was not statistically different from 

the 2010 uninsured rate for the Midwest (13.0 

percent). 

Table 9.

Change in the Number and Percent of People Without Health Insurance During First Year After 

a Recession: 1991 to 2010

(Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and 

definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf)

Recession1

First calendar year 

after the recession 

ended

People without health insurance

Year in which the 

recession ended

First calendar year after 

the recession ended

Change during first 

calendar year after the 

recession ended2

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

December 2007 to June 2009. . . . . . . . . . 2010 48,985 16.1 49,904 16.3 *919 0.2

March 2001 to November 2001. . . . . . . . . 2002 38,023 13.5 39,776 13.9 *1,753 *0.4

July 1990 to March 1991. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1992 35,445 14.1 38,641 15.0 *3,196 *0.9

* Statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level. Statistical significance of the changes for 2009 to 2010 is based on standard errors calculated using 

replicate weights. Prior years are based on the general variance function. For more information, see “Standard Errors and Their Use” at <www.census.gov/hhes/www

/p60_239sa.pdf>. 1

Business cycle peaks and troughs used to delineate the beginning and end of recessions are determined by the National Bureau of Economic Research, a private 

research organization. See Appendix A for more information. 2

Details may not sum to totals because of rounding.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1992 to 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 29

Additional Data and Contacts

Detailed tables, historical tables, press releases, and briefings are available electronically on the U.S. Census Bureau’s income, poverty, and health 

Insurance Web sites. The Web sites may be accessed through the Census 

Bureau’s home page at <www.census.gov> or directly at <www.census.gov

/hhes/www/income.html> for income data, <www.census.gov/hhes/www

/poverty/poverty.html> for poverty data, and <www.census.gov/hhes

/www/hlthins/hlthins.html> for health insurance data. The Current 

Population Survey (CPS) Table Creator <www.census.gov/hhes/www/cpstc

/cps_table_creator.html> gives you the ability to create customized tables 

from the CPS Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC). You can 

generate estimates using your own definitions of income and poverty with 

CPS Table Creator II <www.census.gov/hhes/www/cpstc/apm/cpstc_altpov

.html>.

Microdata are available for download by clicking “Data Tools” on the Census 

Bureau’s home page and then clicking the “DataFerrett” link. Technical methods have been applied to CPS microdata to avoid disclosing the identities of 

individuals from whom data were collected. 

For assistance with income, poverty, or health insurance data, contact the 

Census Bureau’s Customer Services Center at 1-800-923-8282 (toll free) 

or search your topic of interest using the Census Bureau’s “Question and 

Answer Center” found at <ask.census.gov>.

cities (14.4 percent).58 In 2010, the 

uninsured rate for people living outside of metropolitan statistical areas 

increased to 16.2 percent from 15.5 

percent, while the number of uninsured in 2010, 7.8 million, was not 

statistically different from the 2009 

estimate.59

COMMENTS

The Census Bureau welcomes the 

comments and advice of data and 

report users. If you have suggestions 

or comments on the income and poverty data, please write to:

Charles T. Nelson

Assistant Division Chief, Economic

Characteristics

Social, Economic, and Housing

Statistics Division

U.S. Census Bureau

Washington, DC 20233-8500

Or send e-mail to: 

<charles.t.nelson@census.gov>

If you have suggestions or comments 

on the health insurance coverage 

data, please write to: 

Jennifer Cheeseman Day

Assistant Division Chief, Employment

Characteristics

Social, Economic, and Housing

Statistics Division 

U.S. Census Bureau

Washington, DC 20233-8500

Or send e-mail to:

<jennifer.cheeseman.day@census.gov>

58 The 2009 uninsured rate for people living 

in metropolitan statistical areas (16.2 percent) 

was not statistically different from the 2009 

uninsured rate for people living outside metropolitan statistical areas (15.5 percent). The 2010 

uninsured rate for people living in metropolitan 

statistical areas (16.3 percent) was not statistically different from the 2010 uninsured rate for 

people living outside metropolitan statistical 

areas (16.2 percent). 59 The 2010 uninsured rate for people living inside metropolitan statistical areas (16.3 

percent) was not statistically different from the 

2010 uninsured rate for people living outside 

metropolitan statistical areas (16.2 percent).

Table 10. 

Coverage by Type of Health Insurance: 2009 and 2010

(People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling 

error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf)

Coverage type 2009 2010

Any private plan1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.5 *64.0

 Any private plan alone2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.3 *52.7

Employment-based1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.1 *55.3

 Employment-based alone2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.6 *45.8

Direct-purchase1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6 *9.8

 Direct-purchase alone2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 3.7

Any government plan1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.6 *31.0

 Any government plan alone2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.4 19.7

Medicare1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.3 *14.5

 Medicare alone2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 *4.7

Medicaid1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.7 15.9

 Medicaid alone2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 11.2

Military health care1,3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 4.2

 Military health care alone2,3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 1.3

Uninsured. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.1 16.3

*Statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level. 

1

The estimates by type of coverage are not mutually exclusive; people can be covered by more than one type 

of health insurance during the year. 2

The estimates by type of coverage are mutually exclusive; people did not have any other type of health 

insurance during the year. 3

Military health care includes Tricare and CHAMPVA (Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Department 

of Veteran Affairs), as well as care provided by the Department of Veterans Affairs and the military. 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2010 and 2011 Annual Social and Economic 

Supplements.

U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 31

APPENDIX A.

ESTIMATES OF INCOME

How Income Is Measured

For each person 15 years and older 

in the sample, the Annual Social and 

Economic Supplement (ASEC) asks 

questions on the amount of money 

income received in the preceding calendar year from each of the following 

sources: 

1. Earnings 

2. Unemployment compensation 

3. Workers’ compensation 

4. Social security 

5. Supplemental security income 

6. Public assistance 

7. Veterans’ payments 

8. Survivor benefits 

9. Disability benefits 

10. Pension or retirement income 

11. Interest 

12. Dividends 

13. Rents, royalties, and estates and 

trusts 

14. Educational assistance 

15. Alimony 

16. Child support 

17. Financial assistance from outside 

of the household 

18. Other income 

It should be noted that although the 

income statistics refer to receipts during the preceding calendar year, the 

demographic characteristics, such as 

age, labor force status, and household 

composition, are as of the survey 

date. The income of the household 

does not include amounts received 

by people who were members during all or part of the previous year if 

these people no longer resided in the 

household at the time of the interview. The Current Population Survey 

(CPS) collects income data for people 

who are current residents but did not 

reside in the household during the 

previous year.

Data on income collected in the ASEC 

by the U.S. Census Bureau cover 

money income received (exclusive 

of certain money receipts such as 

capital gains) before payments for 

personal income taxes, social security, 

union dues, Medicare deductions, 

etc. Therefore, money income does 

not reflect the fact that some families 

receive noncash benefits, such as 

food stamps, health benefits, subsidized housing, and goods produced 

and consumed on the farm. In addition, money income does not reflect 

the fact that noncash benefits are also 

received by some nonfarm residents, 

which often take the form of the use 

of business transportation and facilities, full or partial payments by business for retirement programs, medical 

and educational expenses, etc. Data 

users should consider these elements when comparing income levels. 

Moreover, readers should be aware 

that for many different reasons there 

is a tendency in household surveys 

for respondents to underreport their 

income. Based on an analysis of independently derived income estimates, 

the Census Bureau determined that 

respondents report income earned 

from wages or salaries more accurately than other sources of income, 

and that the reported wage and salary 

income is nearly equal to independent 

estimates of aggregate income.

Recessions

Business cycle peaks and troughs 

used to delineate the beginning and 

end of recessions, as shown in the 

text box above, are determined by 

the National Bureau of Economic 

Research, a private research organization. The data points in the time 

series charts in this report use July as 

a reference.

Recessions

Peak month Year Trough month Year

November 1948 October 1949

July 1953 May 1954

August 1957 April 1958

April 1960 February 1961

December 1969 November 1970

November 1973 March 1975

January 1980 July 1980

July 1981 November 1982

July 1990 March 1991

March 2001 November 2001

December 2007 June 2009

Source: National Bureau of Economic Research

 Cambridge, MA 02138

 <www.nber.org>
32 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 U.S. Census Bureau

Annual Average Consumer Price Index Research Series 

(CPI-U-RS) Using Current Methods All Items: 1947 to 2010

Year

CPI-U-RS1

 index

(December 1977 

= 100)

Year

CPI-U-RS1 index

(December 1977

= 100)

1947. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.5 1979. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114.4

1948. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.5 1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127.1

1949. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.0 1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139.2

1950. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.5 1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147.6

1951. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.7 1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153.9

1952. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.5 1984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160.2

1953. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.8 1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165.7

1954. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.2 1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168.7

1955. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.0 1987. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174.4

1956. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.7 1988. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180.8

1957. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.2 1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188.6

1958. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.5 1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198.0

1959. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.9 1991. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205.1

1960. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.7 1992. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210.3

1961. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.2 1993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215.5

1962. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.7 1994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220.1

1963. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.4 1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225.4

1964. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.1 1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231.4

1965. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.9 1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236.4

1966. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.4 1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239.7

1967. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.1 1999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244.7

1968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.3 2000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252.9

1969. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.9 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260.0

1970. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.9 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264.2

1971. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.7 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270.1

1972. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.7 2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277.4

1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.0 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286.7

1974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.3 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296.1

1975. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86.9 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304.5

1976. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.9 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316.2

1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97.7 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315.0

1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104.4 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320.2

1 The Census Bureau uses the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Consumer Price Index Research Series 

(CPI-U-RS) for 1977 through 2010. The Census Bureau derived the CPI-U-RS for years before 1977 by 

applying the 1977 CPI-U-RS-to-CPI-U ratio to the 1947-to-1976 CPI-U.

Note: Data users can compute the percentage changes in prices between earlier years’ data and 

2010 data by dividing the annual average CPI-U-RS for 2010 by the annual average for the earlier 

year(s).

For more information on the CPI-U-RS, see <www.bls.gov/cpi/cpirsdc.htm>.

Cost-of-Living Adjustment

In order to accurately assess changes 

in income and earnings over time, 

an adjustment for changes in the 

cost of living is required. The Census 

Bureau uses the research series of 

the Consumer Price Index (CPI-U-RS), 

provided by the U.S. Bureau of Labor 

Statistics for 1977 through 2010, 

to adjust for changes in the cost of 

living. The indexes used to make the 

constant dollar conversions are shown 

in the text box “Annual Average 

Consumer Price Index Research Series 

(CPI-U-RS) Using Current Methods All 

Items: 1947 to 2010.”
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 33

Characteristic

2007 2010

Percentage change

in real median income

(2010 less 2007)

Number

(thousands)

Median income

(dollars)

Number

(thousands)

Median income

(dollars)

Estimate

90 percent

confidence

interval1 Estimate (±)

90 percent

confidence

interval1 (±) Estimate

90 percent

confidence

interval1 (±)

HOUSEHOLDS

        All households � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 116,783 52,823 360 118,682 49,445 534 *–6.4 1.1

Type of Household

Family households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,873 65,574 458 78,613 61,544 438 *–6.1 0.9

Married-couple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,370 76,538 773 58,036 72,751 796 *–4.9 1.4

Female householder, no husband present . . . . . . . . . 14,404 35,091 819 15,019 32,031 605 *–8.7 2.5

Male householder, no wife present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,100 52,409 1,626 5,559 49,718 1,544 *–5.1 4.0

Nonfamily households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,910 31,732 426 40,069 29,730 576 *–6.3 2.2

Female householder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,038 25,547 602 21,234 25,456 615 –0.4 3.3

Male householder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,872 38,663 581 18,835 35,627 772 *–7.9 2.3

Race2 and Hispanic Origin of Householder

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95,112 54,802 387 96,144 51,846 415 *–5.4 0.9

White, not Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,765 57,752 618 83,471 54,620 725 *–5.4 1.5

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,551 35,665 1,136 15,065 32,068 814 *–10.1 3.5

Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,494 69,511 3,105 4,747 64,308 2,585 *–7.5 4.9

Hispanic (any race) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,339 40,673 1,048 13,665 37,759 985 *–7.2 3.0

Age of Householder

Under 65 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92,671 59,460 477 93,320 55,276 533 *–7.0 1.1

15 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,554 33,429 871 6,140 28,322 1,421 *–15.3 4.5

25 to 34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,225 53,646 647 19,572 50,059 806 *–6.7 1.7

35 to 44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,448 65,327 732 21,250 61,644 825 *–5.6 1.6

45 to 54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,536 68,852 1,069 24,530 62,485 1,127 *–9.2 2.0

55 to 64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,909 60,345 1,189 21,828 56,575 1,100 *–6.2 2.5

65 years and older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,113 29,764 611 25,362 31,408 564 *5.5 2.6

Nativity of Householder

Native born . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101,104 53,573 393 102,647 50,288 425 *–6.1 0.9

Foreign born . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,680 46,510 1,372 16,036 43,750 1,714 *–5.9 4.4

Naturalized citizen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,469 54,778 1,280 8,277 52,642 1,469 *–3.9 3.3

Not a citizen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,211 39,578 1,494 7,758 36,401 902 *–8.0 3.8

Region

Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,351 54,969 908 21,597 53,283 1,772 –3.1 3.3

Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,266 52,869 807 26,669 48,445 882 *–8.4 1.9

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,062 48,567 742 44,161 45,492 861 *–6.3 1.8

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,105 56,929 1,139 26,254 53,142 1,301 *–6.7 2.5

Residence

Inside metropolitan statistical areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97,591 54,503 415 99,266 51,244 425 *–6.0 0.9

Inside principal cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,072 46,484 1,116 39,472 44,049 1,216 *–5.2 2.8

Outside principal cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,520 60,406 784 59,793 56,140 684 *–7.1 1.3

Outside metropolitan statistical areas3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,192 42,709 957 19,417 40,287 986 *–5.7 2.4

EARNINGS OF FULL-TIME,YEAR-ROUND

WORKERS

Men with earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,984 47,439 382 56,412 47,715 735 0.6 1.7

Women with earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,613 36,912 260 42,834 36,931 241 0.1 0.9

*Statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level. 

1

A 90 percent confidence interval is a measure of an estimate's variability. The larger the confidence interval in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. Confidence intervals 

shown in this table are based on standard errors calculated using replicate weights instead of the general variance function used in the past. For more information, see "Standard Errors and Their Use" at 

<www.census.gov/hhes/www/p60_239sa.pdf>. 2

Federal surveys now give respondents the option of reporting more than one race. Therefore, two basic ways of defining a race group are possible. A group such as Asian may be defined as those 

who reported Asian and no other race (the race-alone or single-race concept) or as those who reported Asian regardless of whether they also reported another race (the race-alone-or-in-combination 

concept). This table shows data using the first approach (race alone). The use of the single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census 

Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Information on people who reported more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available 

from the 2010 Census through American FactFinder. About 2.9 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2010. Data for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other 

Pacific Islanders, and those reporting two or more races are not shown separately in this table. 3

The “Outside metropolitan statistical areas” category includes both micropolitan statistical areas and territory outside of metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas. For more information, see 

“About Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas” at <www.census.gov/population/www/estimates/aboutmetro.html>. 

 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2008 and 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.

Table A-1.

Income and Earnings Summary Measures by Selected Characteristics: 2007 and 2010

(Income in 2010 dollars. Households and people as of March of the following year. Standard errors in this table were calculated using replicate weights and may differ from the 

standard errors in other appendix tables that were calculated using general variance formula parameters. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, 

nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf)
34 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 U.S. Census Bureau Table A-2. Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder: 1967 to 2010—Con . (Income in 2010 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Households as of March of the following year. Standard errors presented in this table were calculated using general variance formula parameters and may differ from the stan- dard errors in text tables that were calculated using replicate weights. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf) Race and Hispanic origin of householder and year Number (thousands) Percentage distribution Median income (dollars) Mean income (dollars) Total Under $15,000 $15,000 to $24,999 $25,000 to $34,999 $35,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $74,999 $75,000 to $99,999 $100,000 to $149,999 $150,000 to $199,999 $200,000 and over Value Standard error Value Standard error ALL RACES 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118,682 100.0 13.7 12.0 10.9 13.9 17.7 11.4 12.1 4.5 3.9 49,445 209 67,530 234 20091 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117,538 100.0 12.9 11.8 11.0 14.1 18.0 11.7 12.1 4.6 4.0 50,599 217 69,098 247 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117,181 100.0 12.9 11.7 10.8 14.0 17.8 12.0 12.3 4.6 3.9 50,939 139 69,290 245 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116,783 100.0 12.5 11.0 10.7 13.7 18.0 12.2 13.0 4.8 4.1 52,823 147 71,095 248 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116,011 100.0 12.2 11.2 11.0 14.1 17.7 12.1 12.7 4.9 4.2 52,124 224 71,988 278 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114,384 100.0 12.7 11.5 10.7 13.7 18.4 12.0 12.4 4.5 4.2 51,739 173 70,746 267 20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113,343 100.0 12.9 11.4 11.2 13.9 17.7 12.5 12.1 4.6 3.8 51,174 226 69,795 263 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112,000 100.0 12.8 11.6 10.2 14.4 17.6 12.2 12.7 4.5 3.9 51,353 223 70,023 256 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111,278 100.0 12.6 11.3 10.3 14.6 17.7 12.7 12.5 4.3 3.8 51,398 168 70,114 263 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109,297 100.0 12.2 11.2 10.4 14.5 17.9 12.6 12.5 4.5 4.0 52,005 159 71,685 286 20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108,209 100.0 11.5 10.9 10.6 14.2 18.4 13.0 12.6 4.8 4.0 53,164 167 72,339 285 19994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106,434 100.0 11.6 11.3 10.6 14.2 18.2 12.8 12.8 4.4 4.1 53,252 249 71,626 372 1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103,874 100.0 12.4 11.2 10.6 14.3 18.7 12.6 12.5 4.1 3.6 51,944 307 69,270 374 1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102,528 100.0 13.0 11.6 10.9 14.4 18.8 12.3 11.7 3.9 3.3 50,123 232 67,307 377 1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101,018 100.0 13.3 12.2 11.1 14.6 18.6 12.6 11.1 3.7 2.9 49,112 248 65,207 365 19955 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99,627 100.0 13.4 12.1 10.9 15.2 19.1 12.3 10.9 3.3 2.8 48,408 280 63,838 349 19946 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98,990 100.0 14.3 12.5 11.2 15.0 18.7 11.9 10.5 3.3 2.7 46,937 214 62,750 338 19937 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97,107 100.0 14.8 12.2 11.2 15.5 18.5 12.0 10.3 3.2 2.4 46,419 217 61,556 333 19928 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96,426 100.0 14.5 12.6 10.8 15.5 19.1 12.4 10.0 2.9 2.1 46,646 221 59,137 248 1991. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95,669 100.0 14.3 12.1 11.2 15.6 19.4 12.1 10.2 3.1 2.0 47,032 226 59,203 244 1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94,312 100.0 13.8 11.7 11.0 15.5 20.1 12.3 10.3 3.1 2.2 48,423 247 60,487 256 1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93,347 100.0 13.4 11.5 11.2 14.8 20.0 12.5 10.9 3.2 2.4 49,076 270 62,003 270 1988. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92,830 100.0 14.2 11.6 10.8 15.2 20.0 12.5 10.5 3.1 2.1 48,216 236 60,245 269 19879 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91,124 100.0 14.5 11.5 11.0 15.2 19.9 12.5 10.4 2.9 2.0 47,848 226 59,505 244 1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89,479 100.0 14.7 11.7 11.3 15.2 20.1 12.5 9.8 2.8 1.8 47,256 245 58,382 237 198510 . . . . . . . . . . . . 88,458 100.0 15.1 12.0 11.7 15.7 20.3 12.0 9.3 2.4 1.5 45,640 247 56,167 222 198411 . . . . . . . . . . . . 86,789 100.0 15.1 12.6 11.8 16.0 20.1 11.9 8.9 2.3 1.4 44,802 204 54,894 202 1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85,407 100.0 15.6 12.9 11.9 16.3 20.3 11.4 8.2 2.1 1.3 43,453 198 52,849 198 1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,918 100.0 15.7 12.8 12.2 16.4 20.6 11.3 8.0 2.0 1.2 43,758 197 52,735 195 1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,527 100.0 15.5 12.8 12.6 15.8 21.0 11.4 8.2 1.7 1.1 43,876 230 52,417 191 1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,368 100.0 15.0 12.4 12.0 16.1 21.6 12.0 8.2 1.8 1.0 44,616 229 53,064 194 197912 . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,776 100.0 14.6 11.9 12.1 15.4 22.1 12.4 8.3 2.0 1.2 46,074 218 54,731 207 1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,330 100.0 14.4 12.7 11.5 16.0 21.8 12.3 8.2 2.0 1.1 46,202 187 54,379 209 1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,030 100.0 14.9 12.9 11.8 16.5 21.6 12.2 7.4 1.6 1.1 44,481 167 52,766 161 197613 . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,142 100.0 15.0 12.7 12.2 16.4 22.5 11.7 7.1 1.5 0.9 44,201 164 51,992 160 197514 . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,867 100.0 15.4 12.9 12.1 17.3 22.3 11.2 6.5 1.5 0.8 43,479 177 50,771 158 197414, 15 . . . . . . . . . . . 71,163 100.0 14.6 12.3 11.8 18.0 21.9 11.8 7.2 1.5 1.0 44,649 171 52,213 163 1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69,859 100.0 14.7 12.1 10.8 17.1 22.8 12.0 7.7 1.6 1.2 46,109 175 53,324 162 197216 . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,251 100.0 15.4 11.8 11.6 17.2 22.9 11.5 7.1 1.6 1.0 45,196 172 52,602 163 197117 . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,676 100.0 16.1 12.3 11.8 18.4 22.7 10.6 6.1 1.2 0.8 43,340 168 49,845 158 1970. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,778 100.0 15.8 11.6 11.8 18.5 23.2 11.0 6.1 1.3 0.8 43,766 160 50,115 160 1969. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63,401 100.0 15.7 11.4 11.8 18.9 23.6 10.7 5.9 1.2 0.8 44,108 163 50,180 158 1968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,214 100.0 15.9 12.1 12.4 20.0 23.1 9.8 4.9 1.0 0.7 42,527 154 48,112 154 196718 . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,813 100.0 17.5 11.9 13.5 19.9 22.3 8.6 4.6 0.9 0.8 40,770 148 45,599 148 See footnotes at end of table.
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 35

Table A-2.

ouseholds by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder: 1967 to 2010—Con .

Income in 2010 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Households as of March of the following year. Standard errors presented in this table were calculated using general variance formula parameters and may differ from the stanard errors in text tables that were calculated using replicate weights. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf)

Race and Hispanic 

origin of householder 

and year Number (thousands)

Percentage distribution Median income (dollars) Mean income (dollars)

Total

Under 

$15,000

$15,000 

 to $24,999

$25,000 

 to $34,999

$35,000 

 to $49,999

$50,000 

 to $74,999

$75,000 

 to $99,999

$100,000 to 

$149,999

$150,000 to 

$199,999

$200,000 

and over Value

Standard 

error Value

Standard 

error 

HITE ALONE19

010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96,144 100.0 11.8 11.6 10.7 13.9 18.2 12.1 12.7 4.8 4.2 51,846 163 70,572 269 

0091 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95,489 100.0 11.2 11.4 10.7 14.1 18.5 12.2 12.8 4.9 4.2 52,717 157 71,709 276 

008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95,297 100.0 11.3 11.4 10.6 13.8 18.3 12.6 13.0 4.9 4.2 52,974 154 72,092 277 

007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95,112 100.0 10.9 10.8 10.5 13.7 18.3 12.7 13.6 5.1 4.5 54,802 162 73,957 282 

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94,705 100.0 10.7 10.8 10.7 14.1 18.1 12.6 13.4 5.1 4.5 54,797 159 74,732 311 

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93,588 100.0 11.1 11.0 10.6 13.8 18.7 12.6 13.0 4.8 4.5 54,227 237 73,669 305 

20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92,880 100.0 11.3 11.1 11.0 13.8 18.0 12.9 12.9 4.9 4.1 53,857 211 72,615 299 

003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91,962 100.0 11.2 11.2 10.2 14.4 18.0 12.6 13.4 4.8 4.3 54,095 212 73,011 293 

002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91,645 100.0 11.1 10.9 10.1 14.4 18.2 13.3 13.2 4.6 4.1 54,642 222 72,919 297 

WHITE20

001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90,682 100.0 10.8 11.0 10.1 14.5 18.2 13.2 13.2 4.7 4.4 54,824 257 74,523 320 

0003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90,030 100.0 10.3 10.5 10.3 14.2 18.5 13.5 13.3 5.0 4.3 55,603 246 75,022 322 

9994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88,893 100.0 10.1 10.9 10.4 14.2 18.6 13.4 13.5 4.5 4.4 55,384 280 74,228 420 998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87,212 100.0 10.7 10.8 10.4 14.3 19.2 13.2 13.1 4.3 4.0 54,652 274 72,412 426 

997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86,106 100.0 11.4 11.3 10.7 14.4 19.2 12.8 12.4 4.2 3.6 52,787 335 70,300 428 

1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85,059 100.0 11.5 11.8 11.0 14.7 19.1 13.1 11.7 4.0 3.1 51,422 266 67,796 401 

19955 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84,511 100.0 11.7 11.7 10.7 15.3 19.6 12.9 11.5 3.6 3.0 50,809 266 66,383 385 

9946 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,737 100.0 12.4 11.9 11.2 15.1 19.2 12.5 11.2 3.5 3.0 49,504 278 65,515 381 9937 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,387 100.0 12.7 11.7 11.0 15.6 19.3 12.7 10.9 3.4 2.7 48,974 285 64,315 371 9928 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,795 100.0 12.4 12.2 10.7 15.7 19.7 13.1 10.7 3.1 2.4 49,041 238 61,808 276 991. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,675 100.0 12.2 11.7 11.2 15.7 20.0 12.8 10.9 3.3 2.2 49,285 239 61,703 269 

990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,968 100.0 11.8 11.3 10.9 15.8 20.7 13.0 10.9 3.3 2.4 50,506 231 62,927 281 

1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,163 100.0 11.5 11.0 11.1 15.0 20.6 13.2 11.5 3.5 2.6 51,622 251 64,585 299 

1988. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79,734 100.0 12.2 11.0 10.7 15.4 20.9 13.1 11.1 3.3 2.2 50,972 301 62,814 296 

19879 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78,519 100.0 12.4 11.0 10.9 15.3 20.8 13.3 11.0 3.1 2.1 50,413 253 62,048 268 

986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,284 100.0 12.9 11.2 11.2 15.3 20.9 13.1 10.5 3.0 2.0 49,681 241 60,813 260 

98510 . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,576 100.0 13.3 11.5 11.5 15.9 21.0 12.6 9.9 2.6 1.7 48,132 257 58,473 245 

98411 . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,328 100.0 13.2 12.0 11.7 16.2 20.9 12.5 9.5 2.5 1.6 47,264 238 57,158 222 983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,376 100.0 13.5 12.4 11.8 16.7 21.1 12.0 8.8 2.3 1.4 45,569 206 55,042 214 

982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,182 100.0 13.8 12.2 12.1 16.6 21.3 11.9 8.6 2.2 1.3 45,811 208 54,909 215 

1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,845 100.0 13.6 12.2 12.5 16.1 21.9 12.0 8.8 1.8 1.2 46,358 214 54,613 207 

1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,872 100.0 13.2 11.8 11.8 16.3 22.4 12.7 8.7 1.9 1.2 47,070 242 55,205 212 

197912 . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,766 100.0 12.9 11.4 11.9 15.5 22.9 13.1 8.9 2.2 1.3 48,307 230 56,889 227 

978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,028 100.0 12.8 12.2 11.3 16.1 22.6 12.9 8.7 2.2 1.3 48,030 212 56,394 227 

977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,934 100.0 13.4 12.2 11.6 16.7 22.4 13.0 7.9 1.8 1.2 46,775 197 54,827 177 

197613 . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,353 100.0 13.5 12.1 12.0 16.5 23.3 12.3 7.6 1.7 1.0 46,302 192 53,992 174 

97514 . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,392 100.0 13.8 12.4 11.9 17.5 23.1 11.9 6.9 1.6 0.9 45,469 166 52,647 173 97414, 15 . . . . . . . . . . . 62,984 100.0 13.1 11.7 11.5 18.2 22.8 12.3 7.8 1.6 1.1 46,694 175 54,147 175 

973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,965 100.0 13.3 11.4 10.4 17.1 23.7 12.8 8.3 1.8 1.4 48,324 184 55,386 175 

97216 . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,618 100.0 13.9 11.1 11.2 17.4 23.8 12.1 7.7 1.7 1.1 47,415 182 54,648 177 

97117 . . . . . . . . . . . . 59,463 100.0 14.7 11.6 11.5 18.8 23.6 11.2 6.5 1.2 0.9 45,332 173 51,650 168 970. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,575 100.0 14.4 11.0 11.4 18.7 24.2 11.6 6.5 1.4 0.9 45,585 175 51,868 170 

969. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,248 100.0 14.3 10.6 11.4 19.1 24.7 11.5 6.3 1.3 0.9 46,032 168 52,042 174 

1968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,394 100.0 14.6 11.3 12.1 20.5 24.2 10.4 5.3 1.0 0.7 44,279 165 49,842 165 

196718 . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,188 100.0 16.0 11.2 13.1 20.5 23.4 9.1 4.9 1.0 0.9 42,516 154 47,265 160 

See footnotes at end of table.

H(d

W

2

22

2

2

2

2

211

1

1111

1

1

1

11

1

1

1

111

1

11

1
36 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 U.S. Census Bureau Table A-2. Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder: 1967 to 2010—Con . (Income in 2010 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Households as of March of the following year. Standard errors presented in this table were calculated using general variance formula parameters and may differ from the stan- dard errors in text tables that were calculated using replicate weights. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf) Race and Hispanic origin of householder and year Number (thousands) Percentage distribution Median income (dollars) Mean income (dollars) Total Under $15,000 $15,000 to $24,999 $25,000 to $34,999 $35,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $74,999 $75,000 to $99,999 $100,000 to $149,999 $150,000 to $199,999 $200,000 and over Value Standard error Value Standard error WHITE ALONE,    NOT HISPANIC19 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,471 100.0 11.1 11.1 10.2 13.6 18.3 12.4 13.5 5.1 4.6 54,620 277 73,439 297 20091 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,158 100.0 10.4 10.8 10.2 14.0 18.6 12.6 13.5 5.3 4.6 55,360 284 74,449 304 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,884 100.0 10.5 10.9 10.0 13.4 18.5 13.1 13.7 5.2 4.7 56,232 228 75,039 307 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,765 100.0 10.3 10.3 9.9 13.4 18.2 13.0 14.5 5.5 4.9 57,752 260 76,955 310 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,675 100.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 13.7 18.2 13.0 14.1 5.5 5.0 56,690 203 77,584 343 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,003 100.0 10.5 10.4 10.2 13.4 18.7 13.0 13.8 5.1 4.9 56,718 192 76,619 338 20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,628 100.0 10.8 10.6 10.5 13.4 18.0 13.4 13.6 5.2 4.5 56,456 259 75,327 328 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,148 100.0 10.6 10.6 9.8 13.9 18.1 13.0 14.2 5.2 4.6 56,639 274 75,737 321 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,166 100.0 10.7 10.4 9.7 14.0 18.2 13.8 14.0 4.9 4.4 56,841 223 75,281 320 WHITE, NOT HISPANIC20 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,818 100.0 10.3 10.5 9.7 14.1 18.3 13.5 13.8 5.0 4.8 57,026 236 76,902 349 20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,527 100.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 13.8 18.5 13.8 13.9 5.4 4.6 57,764 232 77,305 347 19994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79,819 100.0 9.6 10.4 10.0 13.8 18.7 13.7 14.2 4.8 4.8 57,781 365 76,662 454 1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78,577 100.0 9.9 10.3 10.0 13.9 19.5 13.6 13.8 4.6 4.2 56,692 326 74,731 457 1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,936 100.0 10.5 10.9 10.3 14.3 19.3 13.3 13.1 4.4 3.9 54,961 287 72,553 (NA) 1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,240 100.0 10.8 11.2 10.6 14.6 19.4 13.6 12.3 4.2 3.3 53,672 368 69,846 (NA) 19955 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,932 100.0 10.7 11.2 10.4 15.2 20.1 13.3 12.1 3.8 3.2 52,815 276 68,548 411 19946 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,004 100.0 11.6 11.6 10.9 15.1 19.4 12.8 11.7 3.7 3.1 51,101 271 67,184 399 19937 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,697 100.0 12.0 11.4 10.7 15.4 19.7 13.1 11.4 3.6 2.8 50,776 297 66,010 394 19928 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,107 100.0 11.7 11.8 10.5 15.6 20.0 13.5 11.2 3.3 2.5 50,687 314 63,378 292 1991. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,625 100.0 11.6 11.4 11.0 15.7 20.2 13.1 11.3 3.4 2.3 50,462 248 63,027 281 1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,035 100.0 11.2 10.9 10.7 15.6 20.9 13.4 11.3 3.5 2.5 51,661 241 64,321 291 1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,495 100.0 11.0 10.8 10.8 14.9 20.9 13.5 11.9 3.6 2.7 52,733 258 65,879 323 1988. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,067 100.0 11.5 10.7 10.6 15.3 21.1 13.4 11.6 3.5 2.3 52,376 308 64,097 301 19879 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,120 100.0 11.8 10.7 10.7 15.2 21.0 13.6 11.5 3.2 2.2 51,799 288 63,262 294 1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,067 100.0 12.4 10.8 11.0 15.3 21.1 13.5 10.8 3.2 2.1 50,811 262 62,020 285 198510 . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,540 100.0 12.7 11.1 11.4 15.8 21.2 12.9 10.3 2.8 1.8 49,215 251 59,611 271 198411 . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,586 100.0 12.7 11.7 11.5 16.2 21.2 12.7 9.8 2.6 1.6 48,246 268 58,152 260 1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69,648 100.0 13.0 12.2 11.6 16.6 21.4 12.2 9.1 2.4 1.5 46,740 235 56,488 241 1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69,214 100.0 13.4 11.9 11.9 16.6 21.5 12.1 8.8 2.3 1.4 46,579 234 55,716 239 1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,996 100.0 13.3 12.0 12.3 16.0 22.1 12.2 9.1 1.9 1.2 47,027 239 55,301 230 1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,106 100.0 12.8 11.5 11.7 16.2 22.7 12.9 9.0 2.0 1.2 47,904 108 55,930 252 197912 . . . . . . . . . . . . 67,203 100.0 12.6 11.2 11.7 15.4 23.0 13.3 9.1 2.2 1.4 48,987 271 57,546 252 1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,836 100.0 12.5 12.0 11.1 16.0 22.8 13.2 8.9 2.2 1.3 48,935 258 57,059 245 1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63,721 100.0 13.1 12.0 11.3 16.5 22.6 13.3 8.1 1.9 1.2 47,702 269 55,506 262 197613 . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,365 100.0 13.1 11.8 11.8 16.4 23.5 12.6 7.9 1.7 1.1 47,246 275 54,685 244 197514 . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,533 100.0 13.5 12.1 11.7 17.4 23.3 12.2 7.1 1.6 0.9 45,812 243 53,292 258 197414, 15 . . . . . . . . . . . 60,164 100.0 12.9 11.4 11.3 18.1 22.9 12.6 8.0 1.6 1.1 47,093 231 54,757 239 1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59,236 100.0 13.2 11.2 10.2 17.0 23.8 13.0 8.5 1.8 1.4 48,749 228 56,004 237 197216 . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,005 100.0 13.7 10.8 10.9 17.2 24.1 12.4 7.9 1.8 1.2 48,091 228 55,282 247 BLACK ALONE OR    IN COMBINATION 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,613 100.0 25.6 14.8 12.8 14.5 15.0 7.7 6.5 1.9 1.2 32,106 317 45,242 469 20091 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,212 100.0 23.2 15.3 13.4 14.4 15.2 8.8 6.4 1.9 1.3 33,291 425 47,044 525 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,056 100.0 22.7 14.4 13.3 15.6 15.5 8.2 7.0 2.2 1.1 34,779 445 47,269 494 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,976 100.0 23.1 13.5 12.9 14.4 16.3 8.8 7.6 2.1 1.3 35,849 489 49,246 538 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,709 100.0 22.7 14.7 13.2 14.6 15.5 8.5 7.2 2.1 1.5 34,747 257 49,196 603 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,399 100.0 23.3 15.7 11.9 14.1 16.4 8.3 6.9 2.1 1.2 34,571 329 47,720 519 20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,151 100.0 23.6 14.2 13.1 15.1 15.3 9.0 6.6 1.8 1.2 34,900 320 47,048 500 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,969 100.0 23.0 15.0 12.0 15.3 15.6 8.6 7.4 1.9 1.3 35,196 442 47,794 506 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,778 100.0 22.8 14.7 12.2 16.2 14.8 8.9 7.1 2.0 1.5 35,361 465 48,883 570 See footnotes at end of table.
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 37 Table A-2. Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder: 1967 to 2010—Con . (Income in 2010 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Households as of March of the following year. Standard errors presented in this table were calculated using general variance formula parameters and may differ from the stan- dard errors in text tables that were calculated using replicate weights. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf) Race and Hispanic origin of householder and year Number (thousands) Percentage distribution Median income (dollars) Mean income (dollars) Total Under $15,000 $15,000 to $24,999 $25,000 to $34,999 $35,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $74,999 $75,000 to $99,999 $100,000 to $149,999 $150,000 to $199,999 $200,000 and over Value Standard error Value Standard error BLACK ALONE21 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,065 100.0 25.8 14.7 12.7 14.6 15.2 7.6 6.5 1.8 1.1 32,068 330 44,780 462 20091 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,730 100.0 23.3 15.3 13.4 14.5 15.2 8.8 6.5 1.8 1.3 33,122 401 46,806 534 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,595 100.0 22.9 14.4 13.3 15.6 15.5 8.2 7.0 2.2 1.1 34,651 447 47,122 504 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,551 100.0 23.1 13.5 13.0 14.2 16.4 8.8 7.6 2.0 1.3 35,665 499 49,035 547 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,354 100.0 22.9 14.8 13.3 14.5 15.4 8.5 7.1 2.0 1.5 34,571 261 48,800 603 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,002 100.0 23.4 15.7 12.0 14.1 16.4 8.2 6.9 2.1 1.2 34,464 336 47,415 515 20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,809 100.0 23.8 14.3 13.2 15.1 15.2 8.9 6.5 1.8 1.3 34,738 361 46,902 508 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,629 100.0 23.1 15.0 11.9 15.4 15.6 8.5 7.4 1.9 1.2 35,144 458 47,575 510 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,465 100.0 22.9 14.7 12.2 16.2 14.7 8.9 7.0 2.0 1.4 35,178 474 48,492 560 BLACK20 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,315 100.0 21.9 14.2 12.9 15.1 16.4 9.3 7.2 1.8 1.1 36,293 427 48,335 510 20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,174 100.0 20.1 14.3 13.1 15.2 17.6 9.0 7.4 2.0 1.2 37,562 498 49,604 503 19994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,838 100.0 21.5 14.5 12.4 14.4 16.1 9.3 7.8 2.9 1.1 36,521 680 50,329 722 1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,579 100.0 24.1 15.1 12.7 14.6 15.3 8.5 6.8 2.0 0.9 33,865 530 45,604 609 1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,474 100.0 24.2 14.5 13.2 14.6 16.5 8.8 6.0 1.4 0.8 33,930 584 44,648 641 1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,109 100.0 25.3 16.0 12.0 14.5 15.3 8.9 5.8 1.3 0.8 32,493 639 44,917 877 19955 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,577 100.0 25.8 15.4 12.7 14.8 15.9 7.8 5.8 1.0 0.8 31,811 543 43,186 739 19946 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,655 100.0 27.3 16.1 12.1 13.7 15.0 8.0 5.6 1.4 0.9 30,590 569 42,566 611 19937 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,281 100.0 29.7 15.3 12.6 14.8 13.9 7.1 5.0 1.2 0.6 29,023 574 40,458 672 19928 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,269 100.0 30.0 16.1 11.7 14.3 14.6 7.2 4.4 1.0 0.5 28,556 583 38,750 525 1991. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,083 100.0 30.0 15.0 11.7 14.4 15.3 7.2 4.8 1.1 0.3 29,361 617 39,097 511 1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,671 100.0 28.8 14.8 12.4 14.0 15.7 7.6 5.1 1.1 0.5 30,202 689 40,128 542 1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,486 100.0 27.8 15.0 12.8 14.0 15.8 7.1 5.9 1.1 0.4 30,701 625 40,738 553 1988. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,561 100.0 29.6 15.8 11.7 14.4 13.8 7.8 5.1 1.3 0.5 29,057 606 39,807 581 19879 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,192 100.0 30.2 15.2 12.5 15.0 13.9 7.1 4.5 1.0 0.6 28,774 551 38,852 534 1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,922 100.0 29.7 15.8 12.5 14.4 14.7 7.2 4.6 0.8 0.4 28,623 562 38,401 522 198510 . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,797 100.0 29.3 15.8 13.7 14.1 14.9 7.1 4.0 0.8 0.2 28,636 557 37,363 485 198411 . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,480 100.0 30.3 17.4 13.0 14.5 13.3 6.8 3.9 0.7 0.1 26,925 518 35,910 442 1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,236 100.0 31.7 16.7 13.4 14.2 14.1 6.0 3.5 0.4 0.1 25,859 485 34,394 424 1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,916 100.0 31.0 17.6 13.2 14.3 15.0 5.7 2.6 0.4 0.2 25,963 417 34,161 427 1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,961 100.0 31.2 17.4 13.8 13.8 14.2 6.1 3.2 0.2 0.1 26,014 437 34,173 414 1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,847 100.0 29.6 17.4 13.8 14.2 14.5 6.7 3.2 0.4 0.1 27,117 511 35,194 433 197912 . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,586 100.0 28.5 16.9 14.1 14.0 15.5 7.0 3.5 0.3 0.2 28,362 518 36,392 448 1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,066 100.0 28.2 17.0 12.9 15.6 14.9 7.2 3.6 0.5 0.1 28,864 610 36,887 482 1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,977 100.0 27.4 19.4 13.8 15.2 14.6 6.0 3.1 0.4 0.2 27,602 370 35,366 315 197613 . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,776 100.0 28.1 18.2 13.8 15.0 16.0 5.8 2.6 0.3 0.1 27,532 341 35,177 314 197514 . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,489 100.0 29.6 17.4 13.3 16.2 15.5 5.4 2.3 0.4 – 27,296 402 34,072 302 197414, 15 . . . . . . . . . . . 7,263 100.0 27.6 17.9 14.6 16.6 14.2 6.6 2.1 0.2 0.1 27,769 335 34,536 307 1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,040 100.0 26.9 17.8 13.7 16.7 16.0 5.2 2.9 0.5 0.2 28,445 443 35,323 351 197216 . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,809 100.0 28.7 17.7 14.7 15.4 14.9 5.8 2.2 0.3 0.3 27,676 415 34,961 373 197117 . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,578 100.0 29.4 18.3 14.6 16.2 14.0 5.1 2.0 0.2 0.1 26,778 398 33,182 341 1970. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,180 100.0 28.2 17.0 15.7 16.2 14.7 5.5 2.3 0.2 0.2 27,746 381 33,879 366 1969. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,053 100.0 27.7 18.6 15.6 17.4 14.0 4.5 2.0 0.2 0.1 27,824 410 33,124 352 1968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,870 100.0 28.7 19.9 15.6 16.4 13.2 4.3 1.6 0.3 – 26,110 379 31,800 335 196718 . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,728 100.0 31.8 19.2 16.8 14.7 12.0 3.2 1.8 0.3 0.2 24,686 411 29,663 331 See footnotes at end of table.
38 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 U.S. Census Bureau Table A-2. Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder: 1967 to 2010—Con . (Income in 2010 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Households as of March of the following year. Standard errors presented in this table were calculated using general variance formula parameters and may differ from the stan- dard errors in text tables that were calculated using replicate weights. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf) Race and Hispanic origin of householder and year Number (thousands) Percentage distribution Median income (dollars) Mean income (dollars) Total Under $15,000 $15,000 to $24,999 $25,000 to $34,999 $35,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $74,999 $75,000 to $99,999 $100,000 to $149,999 $150,000 to $199,999 $200,000 and over Value Standard error Value Standard error ASIAN ALONE OR    IN COMBINATION 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,040 100.0 10.6 9.7 7.6 11.1 18.0 11.4 16.7 7.8 7.1 63,726 1,165 84,078 1,281 20091 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,940 100.0 11.7 7.8 8.2 11.4 16.4 11.9 16.8 7.9 7.9 66,147 1,459 91,598 1,799 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,805 100.0 11.5 8.7 7.6 11.7 15.7 12.5 17.7 7.8 6.9 66,396 1,431 87,415 1,506 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,715 100.0 10.1 7.9 7.7 11.2 16.9 13.4 17.8 8.1 7.0 69,273 1,457 88,921 1,521 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,664 100.0 9.8 7.1 8.2 11.6 16.5 13.8 16.6 9.2 7.3 69,101 1,749 94,652 1,981 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,500 100.0 11.0 7.8 7.2 10.1 18.6 12.6 17.6 7.1 8.0 68,181 814 89,344 1,559 20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,346 100.0 9.9 8.2 8.2 11.1 18.3 13.4 16.3 8.3 6.2 66,313 1,337 87,877 1,659 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,235 100.0 12.9 9.3 5.4 11.8 16.8 13.8 16.3 7.9 5.7 65,512 1,461 82,287 1,415 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,079 100.0 10.2 8.5 7.9 13.6 17.7 13.1 16.0 6.9 6.2 63,367 959 84,202 1,601 ASIAN ALONE22 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,747 100.0 10.8 9.7 7.4 10.6 18.0 11.3 16.9 8.0 7.3 64,308 1,208 84,828 1,336 20091 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,687 100.0 11.6 7.8 8.1 11.1 16.7 11.8 17.0 7.9 7.9 66,550 1,288 92,310 1,875 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,573 100.0 11.7 8.7 7.5 11.5 15.7 12.3 17.8 7.9 6.9 66,467 1,404 87,275 1,522 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,494 100.0 10.0 7.9 7.7 11.0 16.9 13.3 18.1 8.1 7.1 69,511 1,456 89,402 1,577 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,454 100.0 9.9 7.2 8.3 11.3 16.3 13.7 16.5 9.3 7.5 69,466 1,810 95,479 2,055 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,273 100.0 11.1 7.8 7.2 9.8 18.8 12.5 17.5 7.1 8.2 68,233 795 89,455 1,578 20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,123 100.0 9.9 8.3 8.2 10.9 18.2 13.3 16.4 8.3 6.5 66,376 1,411 88,323 1,708 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,040 100.0 12.9 9.3 5.2 11.9 16.6 13.7 16.4 8.0 5.9 66,030 1,297 82,952 1,469 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,917 100.0 10.0 8.6 7.9 13.6 17.5 13.0 16.0 7.0 6.3 63,781 1,116 84,894 1,656 ASIAN AND    PACIFIC    ISLANDER20 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,071 100.0 10.3 7.6 8.5 12.6 17.5 12.6 16.4 7.8 6.6 66,054 1,576 90,098 2,127 20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,963 100.0 9.0 7.1 7.9 11.5 17.1 15.0 16.5 9.0 6.9 70,595 1,204 92,169 1,913 19994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,742 100.0 11.0 6.8 7.6 13.3 16.7 13.5 15.0 8.1 7.9 66,683 2,350 88,179 2,235 1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,308 100.0 10.6 8.5 8.5 13.5 17.3 13.5 17.4 5.7 4.9 62,299 1,734 80,428 2,323 1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,125 100.0 11.4 8.4 7.9 12.9 18.6 13.9 16.3 6.2 4.5 61,289 1,704 79,766 2,472 1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,998 100.0 12.1 8.9 8.4 12.2 19.1 12.7 16.5 6.2 3.9 59,883 2,146 78,247 2,806 19955 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,777 100.0 12.4 9.8 7.2 13.7 20.0 13.3 13.8 5.1 4.6 57,696 1,448 78,456 3,165 19946 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,040 100.0 11.7 10.3 8.0 13.8 18.0 13.6 14.6 5.4 4.7 58,893 2,232 76,467 2,725 19937 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,233 100.0 14.3 9.3 9.5 13.5 15.3 14.0 15.8 4.9 3.4 56,978 2,802 74,655 3,006 19928 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,262 100.0 11.6 10.3 8.6 13.0 20.5 12.2 15.2 5.0 3.5 57,555 1,661 71,333 1,961 1991. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,094 100.0 11.4 8.8 10.2 14.6 17.8 13.7 14.4 5.5 3.7 56,904 1,836 72,249 2,129 1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,958 100.0 10.6 9.1 8.3 12.2 20.2 14.1 16.0 5.7 3.8 62,180 1,842 75,056 2,125 1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,988 100.0 10.2 8.3 8.8 13.4 19.5 15.7 14.7 4.6 4.8 61,293 1,657 76,196 2,217 1988. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,913 100.0 10.3 11.5 8.2 12.9 20.3 11.9 16.1 5.6 3.2 57,145 2,348 71,445 2,134 19879 . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NA) 100.0 11.7 11.9 8.9 11.3 18.9 12.5 16.3 5.4 3.0 59,167 2,200 (NA) (NA) See footnotes at end of table.
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 39 Table A-2. Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder: 1967 to 2010—Con . (Income in 2010 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Households as of March of the following year. Standard errors presented in this table were calculated using general variance formula parameters and may differ from the stan- dard errors in text tables that were calculated using replicate weights. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf) Race and Hispanic origin of householder and year Number (thousands) Percentage distribution Median income (dollars) Mean income (dollars) Total Under $15,000 $15,000 to $24,999 $25,000 to $34,999 $35,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $74,999 $75,000 to $99,999 $100,000 to $149,999 $150,000 to $199,999 $200,000 and over Value Standard error Value Standard error HISPANIC    (ANY RACE)23 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,665 100.0 17.4 14.8 13.8 15.7 17.2 9.6 7.7 2.3 1.5 37,759 474 51,540 556 20091 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,298 100.0 16.3 15.2 14.3 15.4 17.4 9.4 7.9 2.3 1.8 38,667 510 53,091 582 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,425 100.0 16.6 14.6 14.3 16.5 16.9 9.1 7.8 2.6 1.5 38,393 492 52,224 541 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,339 100.0 15.3 14.0 14.4 16.1 18.5 10.2 7.8 2.2 1.5 40,673 547 53,449 563 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,973 100.0 15.0 14.6 13.4 17.1 17.6 9.9 8.2 2.7 1.6 40,856 546 54,691 627 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,519 100.0 15.3 15.1 13.9 16.1 18.8 9.3 7.4 2.3 1.6 40,170 399 52,646 529 20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,178 100.0 15.3 15.1 14.7 16.2 17.9 9.5 7.5 2.2 1.6 39,559 554 52,955 648 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,693 100.0 15.3 15.3 13.5 17.8 17.1 9.6 7.5 2.1 1.7 39,118 544 52,716 583 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,339 100.0 14.8 14.9 13.7 17.3 18.0 9.7 7.8 2.2 1.6 40,120 584 54,401 727 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,499 100.0 14.7 14.8 12.9 17.4 17.8 10.7 7.9 2.4 1.5 41,337 525 54,659 691 20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,034 100.0 13.6 14.6 13.2 17.2 19.2 10.7 7.8 2.1 1.7 41,994 605 55,681 801 19994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,579 100.0 14.8 15.4 13.6 17.2 17.8 10.2 7.7 2.1 1.4 40,232 585 52,852 938 1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,060 100.0 18.0 15.0 13.8 17.3 16.9 9.0 6.9 1.9 1.4 37,844 729 51,136 1,087 1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,590 100.0 19.7 15.3 13.7 16.1 17.9 7.9 6.3 1.7 1.4 36,067 643 48,603 981 1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,225 100.0 19.4 17.5 14.7 15.5 16.3 8.2 5.7 1.6 1.1 34,464 668 47,054 1,089 19955 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,939 100.0 21.9 16.8 14.3 16.6 14.9 8.3 5.1 1.2 0.8 32,475 707 44,324 994 19946 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,735 100.0 21.7 16.2 13.6 15.8 16.3 8.0 5.9 1.5 1.0 34,073 633 45,945 1,146 19937 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,362 100.0 21.3 16.0 14.0 17.7 15.2 8.2 5.5 1.1 1.0 34,005 683 45,008 946 19928 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,153 100.0 20.4 17.0 13.1 17.3 16.7 8.3 5.3 1.2 0.7 34,406 711 43,884 690 1991. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,379 100.0 20.0 16.3 13.4 16.6 17.7 8.2 5.5 1.7 0.7 35,425 737 45,075 721 1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,220 100.0 19.3 16.4 12.9 17.3 18.5 7.8 5.7 1.3 0.8 36,111 741 45,236 746 1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,933 100.0 19.1 14.3 14.2 16.1 17.7 9.8 6.2 1.5 1.0 37,217 722 47,524 817 1988. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,910 100.0 20.5 15.3 12.9 17.0 17.7 8.8 5.4 1.5 0.8 36,056 914 46,034 976 19879 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,642 100.0 21.0 15.6 13.3 16.8 16.9 8.8 5.3 1.3 1.0 35,501 771 45,507 843 1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,418 100.0 20.4 16.5 13.9 15.9 17.6 8.3 6.0 1.1 0.4 34,833 907 43,983 723 198510 . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,213 100.0 21.3 17.0 13.7 16.3 17.3 7.8 5.4 0.9 0.3 33,750 788 42,171 686 198411 . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,883 100.0 21.8 15.7 14.0 16.6 17.3 8.7 4.5 1.0 0.4 33,963 851 42,232 823 1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,326 100.0 22.7 16.2 13.9 18.3 16.2 7.4 4.3 0.8 0.2 33,094 838 40,299 774 1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,085 100.0 21.7 17.2 14.5 17.1 16.7 7.7 3.7 0.8 0.5 32,927 870 40,637 824 1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,980 100.0 19.3 16.2 15.2 17.2 18.4 8.3 4.3 0.8 0.3 35,194 964 42,263 807 1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,906 100.0 19.3 16.7 14.9 17.6 17.9 8.4 4.1 0.8 0.5 34,391 932 42,006 836 197912 . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,684 100.0 17.6 15.1 15.7 17.5 19.5 8.3 4.9 1.0 0.5 36,504 1,052 44,167 887 1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,291 100.0 17.6 16.1 14.9 18.7 19.7 7.9 4.0 0.8 0.2 36,200 877 42,761 865 1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,304 100.0 18.2 16.5 15.8 19.2 18.7 6.9 3.7 0.6 0.3 34,894 613 41,180 636 197613 . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,081 100.0 20.5 17.3 15.6 17.6 18.7 7.0 2.8 0.4 0.2 33,341 711 39,400 641 197514 . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,948 100.0 20.1 17.9 15.3 19.0 18.6 6.0 2.4 0.5 0.3 32,665 722 38,778 689 197414, 15 . . . . . . . . . . . 2,897 100.0 16.9 18.1 14.6 20.0 19.5 6.7 3.3 0.5 0.4 35,513 778 41,140 670 1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,722 100.0 15.7 16.6 16.8 18.9 21.2 7.0 3.2 0.4 0.2 35,722 811 41,503 675 197216 . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,655 100.0 16.5 17.5 16.3 21.6 18.0 6.2 3.0 0.4 0.5 35,781 699 41,127 699 See footnotes at end of table.
40 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 U.S. Census Bureau

Race and Hispanic 

origin of householder 

and year Number 

Percentage distribution Median income (dollars) Mean income (dollars)

Under $15,000 $25,000 $35,000 $50,000 $75,000 $100,000 to $150,000 to $200,000 Standard Standard 

error 

val are 

 Limits either increased or decreased 

ican, 

ted 

t and 

ican Amer

y distinct 

alueV

alling in the upper open-ended inter

 child suppor

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Source:
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 41

Table A-3.

Selected Measures of Household Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2010

(Income in 2010 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. For further explanation of income inequality measures, see Current Population Reports, Series P60-204, The Changing Shape 

of the Nation’s Income Distribution: 1947–1998. Standard errors presented in this table were calculated using general variance formula parameters and may differ from the 

standard errors in text tables that were calculated using replicate weights. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see 

www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf )

Measures of income

dispersion 2010 20091 2008 2007 2006 2005 20042 2003 2002 2001 20003

MEASURE

Household Income at  

  Selected Percentiles

10th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,904 12,320 12,315 12,789 12,977 12,607 12,589 12,490 12,871 13,160 13,398

20th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,000 20,791 20,974 21,337 21,666 21,419 21,338 21,320 21,713 22,131 22,689

50th (median) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49,445 50,599 50,939 52,823 52,124 51,739 51,174 51,353 51,398 52,005 53,164

80th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100,065 101,651 101,508 105,156 104,930 102,420 101,580 102,980 101,824 102,833 103,525

90th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138,923 139,904 140,050 143,012 143,825 140,823 139,514 140,125 138,299 139,937 141,805

95th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Household Income Ratios 

  of Selected Percentiles

180,810 182,972 182,277 186,126 188,175 185,397 181,399 182,707 181,797 185,345 183,865

90th/10th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.67 11.36 11.37 11.18 11.08 11.17 11.08 11.22 10.75 10.63 10.58

95th/20th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.04 8.80 8.69 8.72 8.69 8.66 8.50 8.57 8.37 8.38 8.10

95th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.66 3.62 3.58 3.52 3.61 3.58 3.54 3.56 3.54 3.56 3.46

80th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.02 2.01 1.99 1.99 2.01 1.98 1.98 2.01 1.98 1.98 1.95

80th/20th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.00 4.89 4.84 4.93 4.84 4.78 4.76 4.83 4.69 4.65 4.56

20th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mean Household Income of Quintiles

0.40 0.41 0.41 0.40 0.42 0.41 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.43 0.43

Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,034 11,743 11,803 12,147 12,276 11,900 11,825 11,850 12,107 12,483 12,860

Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,636 29,740 29,890 30,960 31,119 30,554 30,256 30,441 30,784 31,365 32,110

Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49,309 50,352 50,766 52,544 52,148 51,711 51,263 51,673 51,874 52,499 53,472

Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79,040 79,993 80,769 83,190 82,542 81,334 80,830 81,791 81,596 82,315 83,124

Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Shares of Household Income  

  of Quintiles

169,633 173,664 173,221 176,632 181,858 178,230 174,803 174,359 174,211 179,768 180,129

Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.6

Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5 8.6 8.6 8.7 8.6 8.6 8.7 8.7 8.8 8.7 8.9

Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.6 14.6 14.7 14.8 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 14.8 14.6 14.8

Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.4 23.2 23.3 23.4 22.9 23.0 23.2 23.4 23.3 23.0 23.0

Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Summary Measures

50.2 50.3 50.0 49.7 50.5 50.4 50.1 49.8 49.7 50.1 49.8

Gini index of income inequality . . . . . . . . . . 0.469 0.468 0.466 0.463 0.470 0.469 0.466 0.464 0.462 0.466 0.462

Mean logarithmic deviation of income . . . . . 0.572 0.550 0.541 0.532 0.543 0.545 0.543 0.530 0.514 0.515 0.490

Theil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Atkinson:

0.399 0.403 0.398 0.391 0.417 0.411 0.406 0.397 0.398 0.413 0.404

 e=0.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.097 0.097 0.096 0.095 0.099 0.098 0.097 0.095 0.095 0.098 0.096

 e=0.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.191 0.190 0.188 0.185 0.192 0.192 0.190 0.187 0.186 0.189 0.185

 e=0.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

STANDARD ERROR

Household Income at  

  Selected Percentiles

0.292 0.288 0.285 0.281 0.289 0.289 0.286 0.283 0.279 0.282 0.275

10th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 86 84 85 89 86 85 85 86 90 91

20th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 109 108 118 119 120 120 119 125 122 129

50th (median) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 217 139 147 224 173 226 223 168 159 167

80th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 316 310 315 396 360 359 378 278 298 304

90th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565 649 590 620 611 600 567 600 545 531 614

95th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Household Income Ratios 

  of Selected Percentiles

898 894 934 901 1,084 1,248 1,057 844 864 931 1,179

90th/10th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.093 0.095 0.091 0.089 0.090 0.090 0.088 0.091 0.083 0.083 0.085

95th/20th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.067 0.063 0.063 0.064 0.069 0.076 0.069 0.062 0.062 0.063 0.070

95th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.023 0.022 0.023 0.021 0.025 0.028 0.025 0.021 0.022 0.023 0.026

80th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.011 0.010 0.011 0.011 0.009 0.010 0.009

80th/20th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.032 0.030 0.029 0.031 0.032 0.031 0.032 0.032 0.030 0.029 0.029

20th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mean Household Income of Quintiles

0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003

Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 43 42 42 44 44 44 43 44 44 46

Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 37 36 39 38 39 38 39 39 39 41

Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 48 49 49 49 48 50 50 50 50 51

Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 77 76 79 80 77 76 78 76 78 77

Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Shares of Household Income  

  of Quintiles

782 855 837 848 1,021 956 945 896 940 1,062 1,051

Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03

Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06

Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10

Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16

Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Summary Measures

0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.35 0.35

Gini index of income inequality . . . . . . . . . . 0.0027 0.0028 0.0027 0.0027 0.0028 0.0029 0.0029 0.0028 0.0029 0.0030 0.0030

Mean logarithmic deviation of income . . . . . 0.0067 0.0064 0.0063 0.0062 0.0063 0.0063 0.0063 0.0054 0.0052 0.0051 0.0049

Theil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Atkinson:

0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002

 e=0.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0014 0.0013 0.0013 0.0012 0.0012 0.0014 0.0013

 e=0.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0018 0.0018 0.0017 0.0018 0.0021 0.0020 0.0020 0.0018 0.0020 0.0022 0.0021

 e=0.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

See footnotes at end of table.

0.0024 0.0024 0.0023 0.0024 0.0027 0.0026 0.0026 0.0024 0.0025 0.0027 0.0026
42 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 U.S. Census Bureau

Table A-3.

Selected Measures of Household Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2010—Con.

(Income in 2010 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. For further explanation of income inequality measures, see Current Population Reports, Series P60-204, The Changing Shape 

of the Nation’s Income Distribution: 1947–1998. Standard errors presented in this table were calculated using general variance formula parameters and may differ from the 

standard errors in text tables that were calculated using replicate weights. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see 

www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf)

Measures of income

dispersion 19994 1998 1997 1996 19955 19946 19937 19928 1991 1990 1989

MEASURE

Household Income at

Selected Percentiles

10th percentile limit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,538 12,958 12,482 12,329 12,325 11,679 11,420 11,419 11,587 11,838 12,224

20th percentile limit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,423 21,528 20,859 20,435 20,456 19,532 19,267 19,185 19,657 20,215 20,536

50th (median). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,252 51,944 50,123 49,112 48,408 46,937 46,419 46,646 47,032 48,423 49,076

80th percentile limit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103,678 100,188 96,846 94,116 92,514 91,421 89,597 88,321 88,612 89,276 91,187

90th percentile limit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141,032 135,320 132,282 127,374 124,584 123,487 121,455 118,077 118,468 119,832 122,162

95th percentile limit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185,813 176,596 171,410 165,414 160,526 159,767 155,478 150,767 150,499 153,224 155,771

Household Income Ratios of

Selected Percentiles

90th/10th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.42 10.44 10.60 10.33 10.11 10.57 10.64 10.34 10.22 10.12 9.99

95th/20th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.29 8.20 8.22 8.10 7.85 8.18 8.07 7.86 7.66 7.58 7.59

95th/50th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.49 3.40 3.42 3.37 3.32 3.40 3.35 3.23 3.20 3.16 3.17

80th/50th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.95 1.93 1.93 1.92 1.91 1.95 1.93 1.89 1.88 1.84 1.86

80th/20th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.62 4.65 4.64 4.61 4.52 4.68 4.65 4.60 4.51 4.42 4.44

20th/50th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.42 0.41 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.41 0.42 0.42 0.42

Mean Household Income of Quintiles

Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,974 12,320 11,972 11,893 11,855 11,222 10,934 11,048 11,281 11,589 11,874

Second quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,856 31,109 29,931 29,193 28,976 27,967 27,720 27,682 28,336 29,158 29,543

Third quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,323 52,054 50,356 49,104 48,450 47,113 46,465 46,638 47,067 48,161 49,108

Fourth quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,992 80,506 77,994 75,998 74,480 73,314 72,211 71,594 71,748 72,613 74,283

Highest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176,980 170,358 166,282 159,843 155,428 154,128 150,446 138,723 137,583 140,915 145,209

Shares of Household Income

of Quintiles

Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8

Second quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.9 9.0 8.9 9.0 9.1 8.9 9.0 9.4 9.6 9.6 9.5

Third quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.9 15.0 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.0 15.1 15.8 15.9 15.9 15.8

Fourth quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.2 23.2 23.2 23.3 23.3 23.4 23.5 24.2 24.2 24.0 24.0

Highest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.4 49.2 49.4 49.0 48.7 49.1 48.9 46.9 46.5 46.6 46.8

Summary Measures

Gini index of income inequality. . . . . . . . . . 0.458 0.456 0.459 0.455 0.450 0.456 0.454 0.433 0.428 0.428 0.431

Mean logarithmic deviation of income. . . . . 0.476 0.488 0.484 0.464 0.452 0.471 0.467 0.416 0.411 0.402 0.406

Theil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.386 0.389 0.396 0.389 0.378 0.387 0.385 0.323 0.313 0.317 0.324

Atkinson:

 e=0.25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.092 0.093 0.094 0.093 0.090 0.092 0.092 0.080 0.078 0.078 0.080

 e=0.50. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.180 0.181 0.183 0.179 0.175 0.180 0.178 0.160 0.156 0.156 0.158

 e=0.75. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.268 0.271 0.272 0.266 0.261 0.268 0.266 0.242 0.237 0.236 0.239

STANDARD ERROR

Household Income at

Selected Percentiles

10th percentile limit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 90 93 87 88 81 82 81 84 91 90

20th percentile limit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 131 123 125 115 113 116 116 120 125 127

50th (median). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 307 232 248 280 214 217 221 226 247 270

80th percentile limit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 313 429 328 348 298 336 292 322 343 284

90th percentile limit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591 513 547 589 540 546 425 390 425 459 737

95th percentile limit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,035 1,025 895 814 955 905 773 763 770 865 832

Household Income Ratios of

Selected Percentiles

90th/10th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.083 0.082 0.091 0.087 0.084 0.087 0.085 0.081 0.082 0.087 0.095

95th/20th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.065 0.069 0.065 0.063 0.064 0.066 0.063 0.062 0.061 0.063 0.062

95th/50th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.024 0.024 0.022 0.022 0.023 0.024 0.022 0.021 0.021 0.022 0.021

80th/50th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.010 0.010 0.011 0.011 0.010 0.010 0.011 0.010 0.011 0.010 0.009

80th/20th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.029 0.032 0.034 0.032 0.031 0.031 0.033 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.031

20th/50th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003

Mean Household Income of Quintiles

Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 44 43 40 41 41 40 40 41 42 42

Second quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 41 39 39 38 38 39 40 39 40 41

Third quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 51 49 48 47 47 46 46 45 45 48

Fourth quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 76 73 71 71 73 71 67 67 68 70

Highest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 925 964 990 963 906 909 909 504 481 530 586

Shares of Household Income

of Quintiles

Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03

Second quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07

Third quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12

Fourth quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18

Highest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.35 0.34 0.35 0.35

Summary Measures

Gini index of income inequality. . . . . . . . . . 0.0041 0.0042 0.0043 0.0043 0.0043 0.0042 0.0042 0.0038 0.0038 0.0039 0.0040

Mean logarithmic deviation of income. . . . . 0.0059 0.0069 0.0067 0.0064 0.0063 0.0061 0.0061 0.0055 0.0056 0.0053 0.0053

Theil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001

Atkinson:

 e=0.25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0013 0.0015 0.0016 0.0016 0.0015 0.0015 0.0015 0.0007 0.0007 0.0007 0.0008

 e=0.50. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0021 0.0023 0.0025 0.0024 0.0024 0.0023 0.0024 0.0013 0.0012 0.0013 0.0014

 e=0.75. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0027 0.0029 0.0030 0.0030 0.0029 0.0028 0.0029 0.0019 0.0018 0.0018 0.0019

See footnotes at end of table.
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 43

Table A-3.

Selected Measures of Household Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2010—Con .

(Income in 2010 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. For further explanation of income inequality measures, see Current Population Reports, Series P60-204, The Changing Shape 

of the Nation’s Income Distribution: 1947–1998. Standard errors presented in this table were calculated using general variance formula parameters and may differ from the 

standard errors in text tables that were calculated using replicate weights. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see 

www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf)

Measures of income

dispersion 1988 19879 1986 198510 1984 198311 1982 1981 1980 197912 1978

MEASURE

Household Income at  

  Selected Percentiles

10th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,625 11,451 11,354 11,395 11,387 10,938 10,979 11,179 11,337 11,490 11,713

20th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,158 19,829 19,449 19,210 18,988 18,619 18,223 18,458 18,839 19,593 19,378

50th (median) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,216 47,848 47,256 45,640 44,802 43,453 43,758 43,876 44,616 46,074 46,202

80th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89,601 88,795 87,276 84,210 82,708 80,302 78,965 78,900 79,307 81,170 80,627

90th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118,658 117,145 114,547 110,453 108,792 105,100 104,137 103,064 103,046 105,070 104,280

95th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151,670 148,585 146,351 139,141 136,914 132,116 130,349 126,976 127,629 131,159 128,985

Household Income Ratios of  

  Selected Percentiles

90th/10th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.21 10.23 10.09 9.69 9.55 9.61 9.49 9.22 9.09 9.15 8.90

95th/20th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.52 7.49 7.53 7.24 7.21 7.10 7.15 6.88 6.78 6.69 6.66

95th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.15 3.11 3.10 3.05 3.06 3.04 2.98 2.89 2.86 2.85 2.79

80th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.86 1.86 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.80 1.80 1.78 1.76 1.75

80th/20th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.45 4.48 4.49 4.38 4.36 4.31 4.33 4.28 4.21 4.14 4.16

20th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.42 0.41 0.41 0.42 0.42 0.43 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.43 0.42

Mean Household Income of Quintiles

Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,450 11,258 10,959 10,849 10,865 10,513 10,391 10,586 10,858 11,213 11,302

Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,898 28,612 28,192 27,492 27,063 26,409 26,295 26,370 27,024 27,889 27,757

Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,333 47,837 47,176 45,634 44,848 43,663 43,526 43,685 44,594 45,981 45,831

Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,062 72,308 71,068 68,643 67,526 65,521 64,734 65,119 65,698 67,477 67,138

Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139,484 137,512 134,516 128,221 124,164 120,297 118,728 116,321 117,139 121,097 119,863

Shares of Household Income  

  of Quintiles

Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.1 4.2

Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 9.9 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.2 10.2

Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.7 16.8 16.8 16.8

Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.2 24.3 24.3 24.4 24.6 24.6 24.5 24.8 24.7 24.6 24.7

Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.3 46.2 46.1 45.6 45.2 45.1 45.0 44.3 44.1 44.2 44.1

Summary Measures

Gini index of income inequality . . . . . . . . . . 0.426 0.426 0.425 0.419 0.415 0.414 0.412 0.406 0.403 0.404 0.402

Mean logarithmic deviation of income . . . . . 0.401 0.414 0.416 0.403 0.391 0.397 0.401 0.387 0.375 0.369 0.363

Theil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.314 0.311 0.310 0.300 0.290 0.288 0.287 0.277 0.274 0.279 0.275

Atkinson:

 e=0.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.078 0.077 0.077 0.075 0.073 0.072 0.072 0.070 0.069 0.070 0.069

 e=0.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.155 0.155 0.155 0.151 0.147 0.147 0.146 0.141 0.140 0.141 0.139

 e=0.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.236 0.238 0.237 0.231 0.225 0.226 0.226 0.220 0.216 0.216 0.213

STANDARD ERROR

Household Income at  

  Selected Percentiles

10th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 90 91 87 86 87 87 131 128 129 129

20th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 127 129 126 114 117 117 120 123 134 135

50th (median) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 226 245 247 204 198 197 230 229 218 187

80th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 305 340 276 294 266 293 235 277 235 298

90th percentile limit 482 424 522 470 374 464 399 386 438 423 347

95th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 942 692 611 1,161 684 632 751 706 678 725 705

Household Income Ratios of  

Selected Percentiles

90th/10th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.089 0.088 0.093 0.085 0.079 0.088 0.084 0.114 0.110 0.108 0.102

95th/20th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.066 0.060 0.059 0.077 0.056 0.056 0.062 0.059 0.057 0.059 0.059

95th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.023 0.020 0.018 0.028 0.020 0.019 0.021 0.020 0.019 0.020 0.020

80th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.010 0.010 0.011 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.010 0.009 0.010

80th/20th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.032 0.033 0.034 0.032 0.030 0.031 0.032 0.030 0.031 0.031 0.033

20th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003

Mean Household Income of Quintiles

Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 42 42 43 42 42 43 44 43 45 46

Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 40 40 39 38 37 39 37 40 42 43

Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 48 47 46 46 44 43 46 45 48 49

Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 68 66 66 66 62 61 60 60 62 61

Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531 521 492 448 394 381 382 359 388 431 429

Shares of Household Income 

of Quintiles

Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04

Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.09

Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.14

Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.21

Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.37

Summary Measures

Gini index of income inequality . . . . . . . . . . 0.0041 0.0038 0.0038 0.0037 0.0037 0.0037 0.0038 0.0038 0.0036 0.0038 0.0039

Mean logarithmic deviation of income . . . . . 0.0055 0.0055 0.0057 0.0056 0.0055 0.0056 0.0057 0.0056 0.0051 0.0050 0.0054

Theil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001

Atkinson:

 e=0.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0008 0.0007 0.0007 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006

 e=0.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0014 0.0013 0.0012 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0010 0.0011 0.0011

 e=0.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0020 0.0018 0.0018 0.0017 0.0016 0.0016 0.0017 0.0017 0.0016 0.0017 0.0016

See footnotes at end of table.
44 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 U.S. Census Bureau

Table A-3.

Selected Measures of Household Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2010—Con .

(Income in 2010 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. For further explanation of income inequality measures, see Current Population Reports, Series P60-204, The Changing Shape 

of the Nation’s Income Distribution: 1947–1998. Standard errors presented in this table were calculated using general variance formula parameters and may differ from the 

standard errors in text tables that were calculated using replicate weights. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see 

www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf)

Measures of income

dispersion 1977 197613 197514 197414, 15 1973 197216 197117 1970 1969 1968 196718

MEASURE

Household Income at 

  Selected Percentiles

10th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,477 11,338 11,275 11,592 11,514 10,995 10,312 10,152 10,389 10,128 9,303

20th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,792 18,832 18,423 19,379 19,287 18,876 18,242 18,480 18,797 18,251 17,123

50th (median) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,481 44,201 43,479 44,649 46,109 45,196 43,340 43,766 44,108 42,527 40,770

80th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78,657 76,897 75,020 77,091 79,006 76,904 72,969 73,466 73,083 69,686 67,579

90th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100,321 98,603 96,171 99,406 101,982 98,810 93,612 93,580 92,732 87,877 85,843

95th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124,540 121,948 118,386 122,019 126,983 123,769 115,877 116,129 114,620 109,022 108,446

Household Income Ratios of 

  Selected Percentiles

90th/10th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.74 8.70 8.53 8.58 8.86 8.99 9.08 9.22 8.93 8.68 9.23

95th/20th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.63 6.48 6.43 6.30 6.58 6.56 6.35 6.28 6.10 5.97 6.33

95th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.80 2.76 2.72 2.73 2.75 2.74 2.67 2.65 2.60 2.56 2.66

80th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.77 1.74 1.73 1.73 1.71 1.70 1.68 1.68 1.66 1.64 1.66

80th/20th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.19 4.08 4.07 3.98 4.10 4.07 4.00 3.98 3.89 3.82 3.95

20th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.42 0.43 0.42 0.43 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.43 0.43 0.42

Mean Household Income of Quintiles

Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,930 10,982 10,719 11,097 11,137 10,641 10,043 9,982 10,158 9,919 9,132

Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,904 26,888 26,331 27,582 28,002 27,485 26,543 27,039 27,425 26,594 25,302

Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,504 44,218 43,199 44,449 45,929 44,856 43,037 43,540 43,824 42,181 40,393

Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,207 64,214 62,772 64,196 66,075 64,399 61,184 61,374 61,385 58,839 56,517

Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116,281 113,652 110,828 113,737 118,224 115,612 108,412 108,653 107,890 102,244 101,711

Shares of Household Income 

  of Quintiles

Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.0

Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.6 10.4 10.4 10.6 10.8 10.9 11.1 10.8

Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.9 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.3

Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.7 24.7 24.7 24.6 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.2

Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.0 43.7 43.6 43.5 43.9 43.9 43.5 43.3 43.0 42.6 43.6

Summary Measures

Gini index of income inequality . . . . . . . . . . 0.402 0.398 0.397 0.395 0.400 0.401 0.396 0.394 0.391 0.386 0.397

Mean logarithmic deviation of income . . . . . 0.364 0.361 0.361 0.352 0.355 0.370 0.370 0.370 0.357 0.356 0.380

Theil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.276 0.271 0.270 0.267 0.270 0.279 0.273 0.271 0.268 0.273 0.287

Atkinson:

 e=0.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.069 0.068 0.067 0.067 0.068 0.070 0.068 0.068 0.067 0.067 0.071

 e=0.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.139 0.137 0.136 0.134 0.136 0.140 0.138 0.138 0.135 0.135 0.143

 e=0.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.213 0.211 0.210 0.207 0.210 0.216 0.214 0.214 0.209 0.208 0.220

STANDARD ERROR

Household Income at 

  Selected Percentiles

10th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 122 118 124 123 121 120 120 126 121 120

20th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 132 136 163 162 163 158 165 168 165 160

50th (median) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 164 177 171 175 172 168 160 163 154 148

80th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 265 317 219 254 298 355 190 200 225 268

90th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475 345 435 359 368 499 269 301 358 472 634

95th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610 704 637 805 579 778 466 576 710 489 462

Household Income Ratios of 

Selected Percentiles

90th/10th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.102 0.099 0.097 0.096 0.100 0.109 0.107 0.115 0.113 0.115 0.136

95th/20th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.056 0.059 0.059 0.068 0.063 0.070 0.060 0.064 0.066 0.060 0.065

95th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.018 0.020 0.019 0.022 0.018 0.021 0.016 0.017 0.020 0.016 0.016

80th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.011 0.008 0.008 0.009 0.010

80th/20th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.032 0.032 0.035 0.036 0.037 0.038 0.040 0.037 0.036 0.036 0.040

20th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004

Mean Household Income of Quintiles

Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 45 44 48 48 47 48 50 47 49 46

Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 42 41 44 48 47 43 45 47 44 46

Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 45 44 44 48 47 43 45 42 44 40

Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 59 59 60 61 61 58 60 58 55 51

Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 436 438 443 478 503 475 491 499 467 508

Shares of Household Income 

of Quintiles

Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04

Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.10

Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.17

Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23

Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.37 0.37 0.38 0.38 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.41

Summary Measures

Gini index of income inequality . . . . . . . . . . 0.0039 0.0041 0.0056 0.0066 0.0040 0.0069 0.0063 0.0078 0.0066 0.0042 0.0044

Mean logarithmic deviation of income . . . . . 0.0054 0.0054 0.0059 0.0058 0.0057 0.0060 0.0061 0.0060 0.0058 0.0057 0.0060

Theil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001

Atkinson:

 e=0.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0006 0.0006 0.0007 0.0006 0.0007 0.0007 0.0007 0.0007 0.0008 0.0007 0.0008

 e=0.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0011 0.0011 0.0012 0.0011 0.0012 0.0013 0.0013 0.0013 0.0014 0.0012 0.0014

 e=0.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0017 0.0017 0.0018 0.0017 0.0017 0.0018 0.0019 0.0019 0.0020 0.0018 0.0020

See footnotes on next page.
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 45

1

 Medians are calculated using $2,500 income intervals. Beginning with 2009 income data, the Census Bureau expanded the upper income intervals used to calculate 

medians to $250,000 or more. Medians falling in the upper open-ended interval are plugged with “$250,000.” Before 2009, the upper open-ended interval was $100,000 and a 

plug of “$100,000” was used. 2

 Data have been revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC.

3

 Implementation of a 28,000 household sample expansion.

4

 Implementation of Census 2000-based population controls.

5

 Full implementation of 1990 census-based sample design and metropolitan definitions, 7,000 household sample reduction, and revised editing of responses on race.

6

 Introduction of 1990 census sample design.

7

 Data collection method changed from paper and pencil to computer-assisted interviewing. In addition, the 1994 ASEC was revised to allow for the coding of different 

income amounts on selected questionnaire items. Limits either increased or decreased in the following categories: earnings limits increased to $999,999; social security 

limits increased to $49,999; supplemental security income and public assistance limits increased to $24,999; veterans’ benefits limits increased to $99,999; child support and 

alimony limits decreased to $49,999. 8

 Implementation of 1990 census population controls.

9

 Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system.

10 Recording of amounts for earnings from longest job increased to $299,999. Full implementation of 1980 census-based sample design.

11 Implementation of Hispanic population weighting controls and introduction of 1980 census-based sample design.

12 Implementation of 1980 census population controls. Questionnaire expanded to allow the recording of up to 27 possible values from a list of 51 possible sources of income.

13 First year medians were derived using both Pareto and linear interpolation. Before this year, all medians were derived using linear interpolation.

14 Some of these estimates were derived using Pareto interpolation and may differ from published data, which were derived using linear interpolation.

15 Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. Questionnaire expanded to ask 11 income questions.

16 Full implementation of 1970 census-based sample design. 17 Introduction of 1970 census sample design and population controls.

18 Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1968 to 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
46 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 U.S. Census Bureau Table A-4. Selected Measures of Equivalence-Adjusted Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2010 (Income in 2010 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. For further explanation of income inequality measures, see Current Population Reports, Series P60-204, The Changing Shape of the Nation’s Income Distribution: 1947–1998. Standard errors presented in this table were calculated using general variance formula parameters and may differ except where noted from the standard errors in text tables that were calculated using replicate weights. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov /apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf) Measures of income dispersion 20101 20091 2008 2007 2006 2005 20042 2003 2002 2001 20003 19994 MEASURES Shares of Equivalence-Adjusted    Income of Quintiles Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary Measures Gini index of income inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mean logarithmic deviation of income . . . . . . . . . . . . Theil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atkinson: e=0.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . STANDARD ERRORS Shares of Equivalence-Adjusted    Income of Quintiles Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary Measures Gini index of income inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mean logarithmic deviation of income . . . . . . . . . . . . Theil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atkinson: e=0.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . See footnotes at end of table. 3.3 9.2 15.1 23.2 49.3 0.457 0.670 0.385 0.094 0.189 0.300 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.18 0.0019 0.0091 0.0048 0.0010 0.0016 0.0024 3.4 9.2 15.0 22.9 49.4 0.458 0.665 0.394 0.095 0.190 0.300 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.21 0.0021 0.0078 0.0054 0.0011 0.0018 0.0025 3.6 9.4 15.1 22.9 49.0 0.451 0.614 0.380 0.092 0.183 0.287 0.02 0.04 0.07 0.10 0.22 0.0017 0.0047 0.0001 0.0007 0.0012 0.0016 3.7 9.6 15.3 22.9 48.5 0.445 0.589 0.371 0.090 0.178 0.279 0.02 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.22 0.0017 0.0046 0.0001 0.0008 0.0012 0.0016 3.7 9.4 15.0 22.5 49.4 0.454 0.608 0.397 0.095 0.186 0.288 0.02 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.22 0.0018 0.0046 0.0001 0.0009 0.0014 0.0018 3.7 9.5 15.1 22.7 49.1 0.452 0.620 0.389 0.094 0.185 0.289 0.02 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.22 0.0018 0.0047 0.0001 0.0009 0.0013 0.0017 3.7 9.5 15.2 22.8 48.8 0.449 0.612 0.385 0.092 0.183 0.286 0.02 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.22 0.0018 0.0046 0.0001 0.0009 0.0014 0.0018 3.7 9.5 15.2 22.9 48.6 0.447 0.594 0.376 0.091 0.180 0.281 0.02 0.05 0.07 0.11 0.22 0.0018 0.0045 0.0001 0.0008 0.0012 0.0016 3.8 9.6 15.3 22.8 48.5 0.445 0.575 0.377 0.091 0.178 0.277 0.02 0.05 0.07 0.11 0.22 0.0018 0.0043 0.0001 0.0008 0.0013 0.0017 3.9 9.6 15.2 22.4 49.0 0.448 0.577 0.393 0.093 0.182 0.280 0.02 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.22 0.0019 0.0043 0.0001 0.0010 0.0015 0.0018 4.0 9.8 15.2 22.4 48.7 0.443 0.545 0.382 0.091 0.177 0.272 0.02 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.22 0.0019 0.0041 0.0001 0.0009 0.0014 0.0017 3.9 9.7 15.3 22.7 48.5 0.443 0.542 0.371 0.089 0.175 0.270 0.02 0.05 0.07 0.11 0.22 0.0018 0.0052 0.0001 0.0009 0.0014 0.0019
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 47 Table A-4. Selected Measures of Equivalence-Adjusted Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2010 See footnotes at end of table. —Con . (Income in 2010 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. For further explanation of income inequality measures, see Current Population Reports, Series P60-204, The Changing Shape of the Nation’s Income Distribution: 1947–1998. Standard errors presented in this table were calculated using general variance formula parameters and may differ except where noted from the standard errors in text tables that were calculated using replicate weights. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd /techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf) Measures of income dispersion 1998 1997 1996 19955 19946 19937 19928 1991 1990 1989 1988 MEASURES Shares of Equivalence-Adjusted    Income of Quintiles Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 3.8 3.9 4.0 3.9 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.3 Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.9 9.8 9.8 10.3 10.5 10.6 10.5 10.6 Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.4 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.6 15.6 16.3 16.5 16.4 16.3 16.5 Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.7 22.6 22.8 22.9 22.9 23.1 23.7 23.7 23.6 23.4 23.8 Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.2 48.4 48.0 47.6 47.9 47.7 45.6 45.1 45.2 45.5 44.8 Summary Measures Gini index of income inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.442 0.443 0.440 0.435 0.438 0.438 0.415 0.408 0.408 0.410 0.404 Mean logarithmic deviation of income . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.556 0.549 0.524 0.509 0.513 0.516 0.456 0.430 0.418 0.423 0.406 Theil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.377 0.379 0.374 0.360 0.366 0.367 0.303 0.292 0.296 0.302 0.288 Atkinson: e=0.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.090 0.090 0.089 0.086 0.088 0.088 0.075 0.073 0.073 0.074 0.071 e=0.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.177 0.177 0.174 0.169 0.172 0.173 0.152 0.147 0.147 0.148 0.143 e=0.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.274 0.273 0.267 0.261 0.264 0.265 0.239 0.229 0.227 0.229 0.223 STANDARD ERRORS Shares of Equivalence-Adjusted    Income of Quintiles Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.08 Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.11 Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.22 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.20 0.21 0.20 Summary Measures Gini index of income inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0019 0.0019 0.0019 0.0019 0.0019 0.0019 0.0018 0.0018 0.0018 0.0019 0.0018 Mean logarithmic deviation of income . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0053 0.0053 0.0050 0.0049 0.0046 0.0046 0.0042 0.0040 0.0038 0.0039 0.0039 Theil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 Atkinson: e=0.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0009 0.0005 0.0004 0.0005 0.0005 0.0006 e=0.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0016 0.0016 0.0016 0.0015 0.0015 0.0015 0.0008 0.0008 0.0009 0.0009 0.0010 e=0.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0020 0.0021 0.0020 0.0019 0.0019 0.0019 0.0013 0.0012 0.0013 0.0013 0.0014
48 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 U.S. Census Bureau Table A-4. Selected Measures of Equivalence-Adjusted Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2010 See footnotes at end of table. —Con . (Income in 2010 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. For further explanation of income inequality measures, see Current Population Reports, Series P60-204, The Changing Shape of the Nation’s Income Distribution: 1947–1998. Standard errors presented in this table were calculated using general variance formula parameters and may differ except where noted from the standard errors in text tables that were calculated using replicate weights. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd /techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf) Measures of income dispersion 19879 1986 198510 1984 198311 1982 1981 1980 197912 1978 1977 MEASURES Shares of Equivalence-Adjusted    Incomes of Quintiles Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.6 4.9 5.0 5.2 5.2 Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.7 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.7 10.9 11.2 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.6 Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.7 16.6 16.6 16.8 16.9 17.0 17.2 17.3 17.3 17.2 17.3 Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.8 24.0 23.9 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.1 23.9 23.8 23.9 Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.4 44.8 44.7 44.1 44.2 43.8 42.9 42.3 42.2 42.1 42.1 Summary Measures Gini index of income inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.400 0.407 0.404 0.400 0.401 0.396 0.384 0.374 0.371 0.369 0.369 Mean logarithmic deviation of income . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.404 0.465 0.453 0.451 0.462 0.465 0.429 0.377 0.360 0.352 0.353 Theil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.283 0.293 0.286 0.277 0.278 0.273 0.256 0.243 0.242 0.239 0.240 Atkinson: e=0.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.070 0.073 0.072 0.070 0.070 0.069 0.065 0.061 0.061 0.060 0.060 e=0.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.142 0.149 0.147 0.144 0.145 0.143 0.134 0.125 0.123 0.121 0.122 e=0.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.221 0.237 0.233 0.230 0.233 0.231 0.216 0.200 0.195 0.192 0.192 STANDARD ERRORS Shares of Equivalence-Adjusted    Income of Quintiles Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 Summary Measures Gini index of income inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0018 0.0018 0.0018 0.0018 0.0018 0.0018 0.0018 0.0019 0.0021 0.0022 0.0022 Mean logarithmic deviation of income . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0038 0.0044 0.0042 0.0042 0.0043 0.0044 0.0042 0.0036 0.0034 0.0036 0.0036 Theil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 Atkinson: e=0.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0005 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0003 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 e=0.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0007 0.0007 0.0007 0.0007 0.0007 0.0007 0.0007 0.0007 e=0.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0012 0.0013 0.0012 0.0012 0.0012 0.0012 0.0012 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 49 Table A-4. Selected Measures of Equivalence-Adjusted Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2010—Con . (Income in 2010 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. For further explanation of income inequality measures, see Current Population Reports, Series P60-204, The Changing Shape of the Nation’s Income Distribution: 1947–1998. Standard errors presented in this table were calculated using general variance formula parameters and may differ except where noted from the standard errors in text tables that were calculated using replicate weights. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd /techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf) Measures of income dispersion 197613 197514 197414, 15 1973 197216 197117 1970 1969 1968 196718 MEASURES Shares of Equivalence-Adjusted    Incomes of Quintiles Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary Measures Gini index of income inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mean logarithmic deviation of income . . . . . . . . . . . . Theil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atkinson: e=0.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . STANDARD ERRORS Shares of Equivalence-Adjusted    Income of Quintiles Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary Measures Gini index of income inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mean logarithmic deviation of income . . . . . . . . . . . . Theil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atkinson: e=0.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 11.7 17.4 23.9 41.8 0.365 0.352 0.235 0.059 0.120 0.190 0.03 0.07 0.10 0.14 0.23 0.0018 0.0036 0.0001 0.0004 0.0007 0.0011 5.3 11.7 17.3 23.8 42.0 0.367 0.352 0.238 0.059 0.121 0.191 0.03 0.07 0.10 0.14 0.23 0.0018 0.0039 0.0001 0.0004 0.0007 0.0011 5.4 11.9 17.4 23.8 41.6 0.361 0.337 0.231 0.058 0.117 0.185 0.04 0.07 0.10 0.14 0.23 0.0018 0.0037 0.0001 0.0004 0.0007 0.0011 5.3 11.8 17.2 23.6 42.0 0.367 0.339 0.239 0.059 0.120 0.189 0.04 0.07 0.10 0.14 0.24 0.0018 0.0036 0.0001 0.0004 0.0007 0.0011 5.2 11.7 17.2 23.6 42.3 0.370 0.360 0.245 0.061 0.124 0.196 0.03 0.07 0.10 0.14 0.24 0.0018 0.0039 0.0001 0.0004 0.0008 0.0012 5.2 11.8 17.2 23.6 42.1 0.367 0.362 0.242 0.060 0.122 0.194 0.04 0.07 0.10 0.14 0.24 0.0018 0.0039 0.0001 0.0004 0.0008 0.0012 5.3 11.9 17.3 23.6 41.9 0.365 0.358 0.240 0.060 0.122 0.193 0.04 0.07 0.10 0.14 0.24 0.0018 0.0038 0.0001 0.0004 0.0008 0.0012 5.4 12.0 17.4 23.6 41.6 0.361 0.339 0.236 0.058 0.118 0.187 0.04 0.07 0.10 0.14 0.24 0.0018 0.0036 0.0001 0.0005 0.0008 0.0012 5.4 12.1 17.4 23.5 41.5 0.359 0.338 0.231 0.058 0.117 0.185 0.04 0.07 0.10 0.14 0.24 0.0018 0.0035 0.0001 0.0004 0.0007 0.0011 5.2 11.9 17.1 23.3 42.5 0.370 0.357 0.249 0.062 0.124 0.196 0.04 0.07 0.10 0.14 0.25 0.0018 0.0036 0.0001 0.0005 0.0008 0.0012 1 Standard errors calculated using replicate weights instead of the general variance function used in the 10 Recording of amounts for earnings from longest job increased to $299,999. Full implementation of past. 1980 census-based sample design. 2 Data have been revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC. 11 Implementation of Hispanic population weighting controls and introduction of 1980 census-based 3 Implementation of a 28,000 household sample expansion. sample design. 4 Implementation of Census 2000-based population controls. 12 Implementation of 1980 census population controls. Questionnaire expanded to allow the recording of 5 Full implementation of 1990 census-based sample design and metropolitan definitions, 7,000 up to 27 possible values from a list of 51 possible sources of income. household sample reduction, and revised editing of responses on race. 13 First year medians were derived using both Pareto and linear interpolation. Before this year, all 6 Introduction of 1990 census sample design. medians were derived using linear interpolation. 7 Data collection method changed from paper and pencil to computer-assisted interviewing. In addition, 14 Some of these estimates were derived using Pareto interpolation and may differ from published data, the 1994 ASEC was revised to allow for the coding of different income amounts on selected questionnaire which were derived using linear interpolation. items. Limits either increased or decreased in the following categories: earnings limits increased to 15 Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. Questionnaire expanded to ask 11 income $999,999; social security limits increased to $49,999; supplemental security income and public assistance questions. limits increased to $24,999; veterans’ benefits limits increased to $99,999; child support and alimony limits 16 Full implementation of 1970 census-based sample design. decreased to $49,999. 17 Introduction of 1970 census sample design and population controls. 8 Implementation of 1990 census population controls. 18 Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. 9 Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1968 to 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
50 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 U.S. Census Bureau

Table A-5.

Number and Real Median Earnings of Total Workers and Full-Time, Year-Round Workers by Sex 

and Female-to-Male Earnings Ratio: 1960 to 2010

(People 15 years old and older beginning in 1980 and people 14 years old and older as of the following year for previous years. Before 1989 earnings are for civilian workers 

only. Earnings in 2010 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Standard errors presented in this table were calculated using general variance formula parameters and may differ from the 

standard errors in text tables that were calculated using replicate weights. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see 

www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf)

Year

Total workers Full-time, year-round workers

Male Female Male Female

Femaletomale

earnings

ratio

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

earnings 

(dollars)

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

earnings 

(dollars)

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

earnings 

(dollars)

Number of 

workers 

(thousands)

Median 

earnings 

(dollars)

Total

With 

earnings Value

Standard 

error Total

With 

earnings Value

Standard 

error Total

With 

earnings Value

Standard 

error Total

With 

earnings Value

Standard 

error

2010. . . . . . . 81,218 81,180 36,676 119 72,190 72,118 26,552 102 56,424 56,412 47,715 304 42,839 42,834 36,931 107 0.774 

20091

 . . . . . . 81,979 81,934 36,931 120 73,063 72,972 26,460 95 56,072 56,053 47,905 149 43,253 43,217 36,877 107 0.770 

2008. . . . . . . 84,088 84,039 37,031 108 74,600 74,538 25,974 98 59,875 59,861 46,954 147 44,163 44,156 36,197 107 0.771 

2007. . . . . . . 84,532 84,482 38,524 111 74,382 74,295 27,212 96 63,000 62,984 47,439 158 45,640 45,613 36,912 107 0.778 

2006. . . . . . . 83,980 83,928 38,799 116 73,761 73,683 26,457 165 63,070 63,055 45,701 95 44,682 44,663 35,161 200 0.769 

2005. . . . . . . 82,987 82,934 38,363 314 72,544 72,476 25,770 160 61,515 61,500 46,222 101 43,369 43,351 35,581 90 0.770 

20042

 . . . . . . 81,503 81,448 37,495 186 72,016 71,930 25,690 91 60,103 60,088 47,090 104 42,414 42,380 36,060 91 0.766 

2003. . . . . . . 80,554 80,508 37,992 94 71,446 71,372 26,085 96 58,784 58,772 48,211 107 41,922 41,908 36,423 98 0.755 

2002. . . . . . . 80,548 80,500 38,355 99 71,500 71,411 25,971 91 58,774 58,761 47,786 296 41,900 41,876 36,605 97 0.766 

2001. . . . . . . 80,300 80,209 38,626 97 71,308 71,232 25,679 97 58,728 58,712 47,137 318 41,651 41,639 35,979 203 0.763 

20003

 . . . . . . 80,572 80,494 39,187 99 71,758 71,657 25,660 97 59,619 59,602 47,165 128 41,744 41,719 34,770 129 0.737 

19994

 . . . . . . 79,360 79,322 39,360 190 71,153 71,053 24,129 212 58,318 58,299 47,619 178 40,890 40,871 34,436 148 0.723 

1998. . . . . . . 77,323 77,295 38,412 311 68,950 68,846 23,666 215 56,957 56,951 47,215 178 38,819 38,785 34,547 158 0.732 

1997. . . . . . . 76,731 76,694 36,358 165 67,851 67,736 22,642 146 54,933 54,909 45,611 435 37,715 37,683 33,826 210 0.742 

1996. . . . . . . 76,165 76,121 35,680 170 66,744 66,661 22,179 151 53,801 53,787 44,479 159 36,457 36,430 32,809 230 0.738 

19955

 . . . . . . 74,681 74,619 35,540 224 65,657 65,557 21,766 145 52,675 52,667 44,743 163 35,502 35,482 31,959 195 0.714 

19946

 . . . . . . 74,326 74,264 34,415 269 64,803 64,706 20,837 191 51,597 51,580 44,886 180 34,182 34,155 32,304 160 0.720 

19937

 . . . . . . 73,287 73,198 33,347 195 63,808 63,660 20,647 202 49,838 49,818 45,180 174 33,552 33,524 32,313 143 0.715 

19928

 . . . . . . 73,142 73,120 33,349 175 62,535 62,408 20,596 204 48,554 48,551 45,978 174 33,296 33,241 32,545 155 0.708 

1991. . . . . . . 72,064 72,040 34,123 172 61,959 61,796 20,114 195 47,987 47,888 45,932 345 32,491 32,436 32,087 153 0.699 

1990. . . . . . . 72,380 72,348 34,805 165 61,946 61,732 19,810 129 49,181 49,171 44,760 335 31,758 31,682 32,056 205 0.716 

1989. . . . . . . 72,093 72,045 36,292 177 61,586 61,338 19,925 132 49,698 49,678 46,402 190 31,428 31,340 31,866 214 0.687 

1988. . . . . . . 70,496 70,467 36,504 200 60,873 60,658 19,651 140 48,303 48,285 47,208 207 31,334 31,237 31,181 223 0.660 

19879

 . . . . . . 69,624 69,545 36,386 266 59,557 59,359 19,498 129 47,048 47,013 47,637 198 29,982 29,912 31,049 145 0.652 

1986. . . . . . . 68,783 68,728 35,649 264 57,932 57,686 19,011 158 45,912 45,912 47,937 205 28,493 28,420 30,809 161 0.643 

198510 . . . . . 67,852 67,809 34,356 261 56,592 56,296 18,026 182 44,952 44,943 46,755 272 27,470 27,383 30,192 158 0.646 

198411 . . . . . 66,513 66,454 34,031 190 55,596 55,226 17,339 168 43,836 43,808 46,407 238 26,587 26,466 29,542 174 0.637 

1983. . . . . . . 65,216 65,138 33,439 183 53,413 53,108 17,123 125 41,548 41,528 45,525 208 25,288 25,166 28,951 177 0.636 

1982. . . . . . . 64,827 64,730 33,350 189 52,299 51,820 16,674 121 40,135 40,105 45,724 193 23,845 23,702 28,232 191 0.617 

1981. . . . . . . 65,362 65,233 34,645 198 52,504 51,940 16,613 120 41,811 41,773 46,604 163 23,488 23,329 27,606 115 0.592 

1980. . . . . . . 64,861 64,730 35,298 244 51,988 51,448 16,688 136 41,923 41,881 46,889 237 23,025 22,859 28,208 123 0.602 

197912 . . . . . 64,769 64,648 36,241 244 51,462 50,897 16,729 143 42,469 42,437 47,621 188 22,248 22,082 28,412 146 0.597 

1978. . . . . . . 63,101 62,903 37,213 181 49,214 48,398 16,099 147 41,078 41,036 48,245 166 21,131 20,914 28,677 159 0.594 

1977. . . . . . . 61,959 61,704 36,172 187 47,333 46,194 15,318 134 39,325 39,263 47,935 226 19,544 19,238 28,244 128 0.589 

197613 . . . . . 60,703 60,450 35,891 164 45,659 44,565 14,968 139 38,214 38,184 46,880 185 18,372 18,073 28,219 139 0.602 

197514 . . . . . 59,509 59,268 35,646 192 43,725 42,926 14,566 155 37,316 37,267 47,009 184 17,738 17,452 27,650 140 0.588 

1974 14, 15 . . . 60,102 59,866 36,370 (NA) 43,694 42,854 14,208 (NA) (NA) 37,916 47,304 203 (NA) 16,945 27,793 136 0.588 

1973. . . . . . . 59,816 59,438 38,082 (NA) 42,835 41,583 14,334 (NA) 39,643 39,581 49,065 (NA) 17,547 17,195 27,787 (NA) 0.566 

197216 . . . . . 58,194 57,774 37,245 (NA) 40,723 39,470 14,831 (NA) 38,234 38,184 47,550 (NA) 16,976 16,675 27,513 (NA) 0.579 

197117 . . . . . 57,303 56,886 35,467 (NA) 39,910 38,485 14,335 (NA) 36,868 36,819 45,121 (NA) 16,353 16,002 26,850 (NA) 0.595 

1970. . . . . . . 56,265 55,821 35,838 (NA) 39,682 38,273 13,680 (NA) 36,193 36,132 44,928 (NA) 15,805 15,476 26,673 (NA) 0.594 

1969. . . . . . . 55,700 55,273 36,274 (NA) 39,060 37,737 13,481 (NA) 37,055 37,008 44,455 (NA) 15,678 15,374 26,168 (NA) 0.589 

1968. . . . . . . 55,095 54,026 35,381 (NA) 38,279 35,695 13,797 (NA) 37,099 37,068 42,093 (NA) 15,336 15,013 24,479 (NA) 0.582 

196718 . . . . . 54,412 53,222 34,360 (NA) 36,971 34,391 13,419 (NA) 36,695 36,645 40,992 (NA) 15,141 14,846 23,687 (NA) 0.578 

196619 . . . . . 53,016 (NA) 34,745 (NA) 35,295 (NA) 13,915 (NA) (NA) (NA) 40,355 (NA) (NA) (NA) 23,226 (NA) 0.576 

196520 . . . . . (NA) (NA) 32,710 (NA) (NA) (NA) 14,037 (NA) (NA) (NA) 38,666 (NA) (NA) (NA) 23,171 (NA) 0.599 

1964. . . . . . . 51,978 (NA) 32,395 (NA) 33,146 (NA) 13,152 (NA) (NA) (NA) 38,123 (NA) (NA) (NA) 22,549 (NA) 0.591 

1963. . . . . . . 51,039 (NA) 34,462 (NA) 32,188 (NA) 12,665 (NA) (NA) (NA) 37,253 (NA) (NA) (NA) 21,959 (NA) 0.589 

196221 . . . . . 50,639 (NA) 31,035 (NA) 31,418 (NA) 12,391 (NA) (NA) (NA) 36,340 (NA) (NA) (NA) 21,549 (NA) 0.593 

196122 . . . . . 49,854 (NA) 30,081 (NA) 30,433 (NA) 11,934 (NA) (NA) (NA) 35,688 (NA) (NA) (NA) 21,145 (NA) 0.592 

1960. . . . . . . 50,033 (NA) 28,992 (NA) 30,585 (NA) 11,784 (NA) (NA) (NA) 34,584 (NA) (NA) (NA) 20,984 (NA) 0.607 

(NA) Not available.

1

 Medians are calculated using $2,500 income intervals. Beginning with 2009 income data, 

the Census Bureau expanded the upper income intervals used to calculate medians to $250,000 

or more. Medians falling in the upper open-ended interval are plugged with “$250,000.” Before 

2009, the upper open-ended interval was $100,000 and a plug of “$100,000” was used. 2

 The 2004 data have been revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC.

3

 Implementation of a 28,000 household sample expansion.

4

 Implementation of Census 2000-based population controls.

5

 Full implementation of 1990 census-based sample design and metropolitan definitions, 7,000 

household sample reduction, and revised editing of responses on race. 6

 Introduction of 1990 census sample design.

7

 Data collection method changed from paper and pencil to computer-assisted interviewing. 

In addition, the 1994 ASEC was revised to allow for the coding of different income amounts on 

selected questionnaire items. Limits either increased or decreased in the following categories: 

earnings limits increased to $999,999; social security limits increased to $49,999; supplemental 

security income and public assistance limits increased to $24,999; veterans’ benefits limits 

increased to $99,999; child support and alimony limits decreased to $49,999. 8

 Implementation of 1990 census population controls.

9

 Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system.

10 Recording of amounts for earnings from longest job increased to $299,999. Full 

implementation of 1980 census-based sample design.

11 Implementation of Hispanic population weighting controls and introduction of 1980 censusbased sample design. 12 Implementation of 1980 census population controls. Questionnaire expanded to allow the 

recording of up to 27 possible values from a list of 51 possible sources of income. 13 First year medians were derived using both Pareto and linear interpolation. Before this year, 

all medians were derived using linear interpolation. 14 Some of these estimates were derived using Pareto interpolation and may differ from 

published data, which were derived using linear interpolation. 15 Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. Questionnaire expanded to ask 11 

income questions. 16 Full implementation of 1970 census-based sample design.

17 Introduction of 1970 census sample design and population controls.

18 Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system.

19 Questionnaire expanded to ask eight income questions.

20 Implementation of new procedures to impute missing data only.

21 Full implementation of 1960 census-based sample design and population controls.

22 Introduction of 1960 census-based sample design. Implementation of first hotdeck procedure 

to impute missing income entries.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1961 through 2011 Annual Social 

and Economic Supplements.
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 51

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52 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 U.S. Census Bureau

Table A-6.

Number of Workers With Earnings and Median Earnings by Work Experience, Sex, and Selected 

Characteristics: 2002 to 2010—Con.

(Earnings in 2010 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Standard errors presented in this table were calculated using general variance formula parameters and may differ from the 

standard errors in text tables that were calculated using replicate weights. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see 

www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf. Comparable data for occupation categories not available prior to 2002 due to change in occupation designations and definitions.)

Characteristic

Number with earnings (thousands) Median earnings (in 2010 dollars) 

2002 2003 20041 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

2002 2003 

Estimate

Standard 

error

Estimate

Standard 

error

TOTAL WORK EXPERIENCE 

Males 

Age 

 Total, 15 years and older. . . . . . . . . . . 80,500 80,508 81,448 82,934 83,928 84,482 84,039 81,934 81,180 38,355 99 37,992 94 

Under 65 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,315 77,192 77,944 79,386 80,214 80,546 79,860 77,753 76,738 38,677 101 38,290 94 

15 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,347 12,281 12,128 12,304 12,271 12,266 11,743 10,939 10,474 11,956 213 12,346 154 

25 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,851 37,356 37,441 37,664 37,823 37,389 37,195 36,028 35,381 42,391 261 41,788 164 

45 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,118 27,555 28,375 29,417 30,120 30,891 30,923 30,786 30,884 49,792 189 50,223 184 

65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,184 3,316 3,504 3,549 3,714 3,936 4,179 4,181 4,442 23,848 805 24,502 498 

Educational Attainment 

 Total, 25 years and older. . . . . . . . . . . 68,153 68,227 69,320 70,630 71,657 72,216 72,297 70,995 70,706 44,096 124 44,204 132 

Less than 9th grade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,074 3,091 3,251 3,277 3,207 3,013 2,989 2,779 2,719 22,581 342 22,180 389 

9th to 12th, nongraduate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,159 4,802 4,871 4,944 5,311 4,872 4,826 4,524 4,242 26,748 238 26,313 269 

High school graduate (including GED). . . 20,558 20,680 21,551 21,717 21,810 21,701 21,712 21,761 21,016 36,949 143 37,237 138 

Some college, no degree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,188 11,846 11,674 11,913 11,849 12,414 12,445 11,736 11,715 44,429 242 43,729 264 

Associate’s degree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,405 5,721 5,869 6,088 5,990 6,294 6,325 6,197 6,451 48,546 572 47,958 300 

Bachelor’s degree or more. . . . . . . . . . . . 21,770 22,088 22,105 22,691 23,490 23,921 23,999 23,997 24,563 68,773 401 67,719 386 

Occupation of Longest Job 

 Total, 15 years and older. . . . . . . . . . . 80,500 80,508 81,448 82,934 83,928 84,482 84,039 81,934 81,180 38,355 99 37,992 94 

Management, business, and financial 

operations occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,101 11,903 11,639 12,422 12,431 12,621 10,159 12,737 12,760 64,287 1,086 65,740 548 

Professional and related occupations. . . . 12,493 12,763 12,971 12,959 13,670 13,680 13,651 13,890 13,850 61,769 263 61,265 271 

Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,936 11,065 11,278 11,520 11,351 11,801 11,753 11,915 12,111 20,303 216 20,143 197 

Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . 8,972 8,865 8,847 8,832 9,151 8,983 8,847 8,397 8,130 40,772 831 38,961 848 

Office and administrative support

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,197 5,286 5,236 5,309 5,289 5,261 5,167 5,222 5,473 31,226 387 30,514 366 

Farming, fishing, and forestry

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931 979 989 958 905 1,013 950 962 943 19,664 556 19,187 643 

Construction and extraction

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,916 8,798 9,461 9,999 10,385 9,816 9,314 8,784 8,264 32,364 244 31,894 250 

Installation, maintenance, and repair

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,068 5,069 5,215 5,239 5,119 5,213 5,370 5,180 4,939 39,259 427 40,188 1,188 

Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,357 7,171 7,215 6,973 7,074 6,953 6,744 6,319 6,241 34,111 526 35,980 205 

Transportation and material moving

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,857 7,892 7,927 8,048 7,967 8,450 8,539 7,741 7,723 29,449 508 29,898 339 

Armed Forces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671 718 671 676 586 692 752 789 746 42,700 1,039 41,709 2,113 

Class of Worker of Longest Job 

 Total workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,500 80,508 81,448 82,934 83,928 84,482 84,039 81,934 81,180 38,355 99 37,992 94 

Private wage and salary workers. . . . . . . . 60,977 60,658 60,974 62,321 63,345 63,517 63,635 61,185 60,885 36,948 118 36,477 108 

Government wage and salary

workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,745 9,928 10,098 10,093 9,968 10,366 10,168 10,586 10,558 48,533 381 49,448 249 

Self-employed workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,770 9,915 10,368 10,512 10,599 10,574 10,230 10,148 9,731 40,066 1,302 43,031 409 

Unpaid family workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 8 8 8 16 25 6 15 5 (B) (B) (B) (B) 

See footnotes at end of table. 
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 53

Table A-6.

Number of Workers With Earnings and Median Earnings by Work Experience, Sex, and Selected 

Characteristics: 2002 to 2010—Con .

(Earnings in 2010 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Standard errors presented in this table were calculated using general variance formula parameters and may differ from the 

standard errors in text tables that were calculated using replicate weights. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see 

www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf. Comparable data for occupation categories not available prior to 2002 due to change in occupation designations and definitions.)

Median earnings (in 2010 dollars)—Con.

Characteristic

20041 2005 2006 2007 2008 20092 2010

Estimate

Standard 

error

Estimate

Standard 

error

Estimate

Standard 

error

Estimate

Standard 

error

Estimate

Standard 

error

Estimate

Standard 

error

Estimate

Standard 

error

TOTAL WORK EXPERIENCE

Males

Age

37,495 186 38,363 314 38,799 116 38,524 111 37,031 108 36,931 120 36,676 119 Total, 15 years and older

38,552 323 39,189 130 39,139 117 38,793 113 37,335 108 37,180 121 37,009 120 Under 65 years

12,128 163 12,167 170 12,337 143 12,446 166 11,226 149 10,586 161 10,648 147 15 to 24 years

41,694 144 40,527 138 40,496 221 41,756 336 40,059 386 38,562 346 38,211 358 25 to 44 years

48,756 170 50,268 451 50,234 243 49,396 220 47,564 238 47,588 243 48,140 544 45 to 64 years

23,765 537 24,144 646 25,932 1,095 28,870 968 25,690 920 28,398 1,142 26,028 590 65 years and over

Educational Attainment

43,464 265 44,007 291 44,161 95 43,681 97 41,922 96 41,767 101 41,318 97 Total, 25 years and older

23,165 304 22,942 233 22,795 194 21,729 244 21,234 198 19,706 406 19,630 411 Less than 9th grade

25,688 227 27,019 479 26,053 487 26,367 354 24,132 404 22,589 251 21,950 231 9th to 12th, nongraduate

36,503 132 35,834 136 35,766 451 36,565 368 34,365 425 32,805 128 32,501 299 High school graduate (including GED)

44,102 598 43,725 682 43,470 209 42,152 294 40,766 203 41,054 208 39,738 454 Some college, no degree

47,180 301 47,334 500 45,918 824 47,529 497 45,647 634 45,496 773 42,348 433 Associate’s degree

67,252 995 67,561 233 66,514 207 66,535 1,004 66,786 350 63,424 432 63,265 908 Bachelor’s degree or more

Occupation of Longest Job

37,495 186 38,363 314 38,799 116 38,524 111 37,031 108 36,931 120 36,676 119 Total, 15 years and older

66,397 1,152 68,161 327 66,194 285 68,372 1,053 66,104 657 62,510 266 65,479 456

Management, business, and financial 

operations occupations

59,123 252 58,940 766 60,732 369 59,634 365 60,884 447 58,445 731 59,788 743 Professional and related occupations

20,107 225 21,375 333 22,306 204 21,969 160 20,601 173 20,903 183 20,306 179 Service occupations

40,699 375 38,912 658 39,789 358 39,243 505 37,123 351 36,612 439 35,885 326 Sales and related occupations

30,622 344 29,522 324 29,005 453 31,188 511 28,350 584 29,488 766 28,284 744

Office and administrative support 

occupations

19,228 563 16,229 780 18,001 581 17,323 444 19,666 765 17,325 616 16,485 601

Farming, fishing, and forestry 

 occupations

31,315 263 30,539 260 32,429 376 31,767 177 31,169 179 28,032 568 29,336 671

Construction and extraction 

 occupations

40,559 452 40,247 333 40,019 363 38,756 329 38,254 703 39,080 814 39,659 680

Installation, maintenance, and repair 

occupations

35,517 217 34,899 246 34,055 200 34,098 350 32,485 205 31,899 215 32,229 241 Production occupations

30,742 334 29,837 265 28,898 277 29,837 586 27,951 429 27,576 280 26,217 258

Transportation and material moving 

occupations

43,170 1,961 41,689 872 42,242 1,302 43,932 694 45,959 1,414 43,054 1,989 42,745 1,493 Armed Forces

Class of Worker of Longest Job

37,495 186 38,363 314 38,799 116 38,524 111 37,031 108 36,931 120 36,676 119 Total workers

36,096 110 35,544 107 35,501 320 36,324 351 35,537 144 34,920 341 35,052 208 Private wage and salary workers

49,005 424 47,637 538 48,858 446 49,188 319 47,655 332 48,192 423 48,231 590

Government wage and 

 salary workers

39,795 1,600 41,335 385 44,067 274 43,348 288 38,269 824 36,677 384 36,420 376 Self-employed workers

(B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) Unpaid family workers

See footnotes at end of table.
54 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 U.S. Census Bureau

Table A-6.

Number of Workers With Earnings and Median Earnings by Work Experience, Sex, and Selected 

Characteristics: 2002 to 2010—Con .

(Earnings in 2010 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Standard errors presented in this table were calculated using general variance formula parameters and may differ from the 

standard errors in text tables that were calculated using replicate weights. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see 

www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf. Comparable data for occupation categories not available prior to 2002 due to change in occupation designations and definitions.)

Characteristic

Number with earnings (thousands) Median earnings (in 2010 dollars)

2002 2003 20041 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

2002 2003

Estimate

Standard 

error

Estimate

Standard 

error

TOTAL WORK EXPERIENCE—Con.

Females

Age

 Total, 15 years and older . . . . . . . . . . . 71,411 71,372 71,930 72,476 73,683 74,295 74,538 72,972 72,118 25,971 91 26,085 96 

Under 65 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,915 68,614 69,077 69,707 70,646 70,995 71,105 69,515 68,560 26,286 92 26,420 97 

 15 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,409 11,284 11,376 11,191 11,272 10,991 10,939 10,225 9,750 8,832 133 8,594 124 

 25 to 44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,685 32,015 31,782 31,640 31,812 31,913 31,487 30,620 30,306 29,455 234 29,771 148 

 45 to 64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,821 25,314 25,918 26,876 27,563 28,091 28,678 28,670 28,504 31,922 160 31,951 159 

65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,496 2,758 2,853 2,768 3,037 3,300 3,432 3,457 3,558 13,673 390 14,125 338 

Educational Attainment

 Total, 25 years and older . . . . . . . . . . . 60,002 60,088 60,554 61,285 62,412 63,303 63,598 62,747 62,368 30,152 172 30,229 106 

Less than 9th grade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,628 1,551 1,623 1,593 1,596 1,449 1,578 1,493 1,417 14,807 286 15,385 496 

9th to 12th, nongraduate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,316 3,233 3,200 3,186 3,219 2,982 2,972 2,787 2,615 17,333 368 16,235 371 

High school graduate (including GED) . . . 18,457 17,990 17,646 17,537 17,751 17,423 17,382 16,784 16,165 24,547 133 24,610 152 

Some college, no degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,311 11,441 11,425 11,738 11,557 11,866 11,524 11,220 11,301 28,452 322 28,473 327 

Associate’s degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,529 6,706 6,952 7,066 7,071 7,265 7,569 7,630 7,774 32,085 264 31,856 257 

Bachelor’s degree or more . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,760 19,167 19,709 20,165 21,219 22,318 22,574 22,832 23,096 45,216 207 44,858 416 

Occupation of Longest Job

 Total, 15 years and older . . . . . . . . . . . 71,411 71,372 71,930 72,476 73,683 74,295 74,538 72,972 72,118 25,971 91 26,085 96 

Management, business, and financial 

operations occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,053 9,033 9,006 9,126 9,654 9,793 9,951 9,380 9,697 44,674 301 45,359 589 

Professional and related occupations . . . . 16,556 17,071 17,129 17,234 17,796 18,393 18,868 19,051 19,027 38,529 175 38,302 180 

Service occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,665 14,510 14,944 15,374 15,500 15,482 16,178 16,128 15,646 14,402 125 13,688 115 

Sales and related occupations . . . . . . . . . 9,113 8,792 9,182 9,315 9,295 9,245 9,028 9,039 8,617 17,046 414 16,542 385 

Office and administrative support 

occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,269 16,252 15,980 15,839 15,737 15,951 15,344 14,603 14,318 27,067 141 28,098 228 

Farming, fishing, and forestry 

 occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 321 315 281 270 262 275 349 287 12,069 749 9,485 694 

Construction and extraction 

occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 249 319 279 274 270 236 249 216 22,081 2,272 19,031 2,238 

Installation, maintenance, and repair 

occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 246 233 230 208 244 222 202 215 36,625 1,692 39,676 2,046 

Production occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,426 3,261 3,272 3,256 3,304 3,136 2,762 2,424 2,573 23,042 425 22,011 428 

Transportation and material moving 

occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,454 1,545 1,483 1,448 1,583 1,454 1,600 1,447 1,430 19,324 469 18,151 446 

Armed Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 92 67 92 62 64 74 98 90 (B) (B) 37,279 1,223 

Class of Worker of Longest Job

 Total workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,411 71,372 71,930 72,476 73,683 74,295 74,538 72,972 72,118 25,971 91 26,085 96 

Private wage and salary workers . . . . . . . . 53,941 53,885 54,095 54,783 55,432 55,710 55,976 54,305 54,047 25,023 98 25,046 103 

Government wage and salary 

 workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,528 12,333 12,581 12,453 12,899 13,292 13,268 13,438 13,101 36,133 419 36,028 215 

Self-employed workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,928 5,145 5,247 5,227 5,328 5,287 5,288 5,220 4,953 19,710 429 19,309 442 

Unpaid family workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 10 8 13 24 6 6 8 17 (B) (B) (B) (B) 

See footnotes at end of table.
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 55

Table A-6.

Number of Workers With Earnings and Median Earnings by Work Experience, Sex, and Selected 

Characteristics: 2002 to 2010—Con .

(Earnings in 2010 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Standard errors presented in this table were calculated using general variance formula parameters and may differ from the 

standard errors in text tables that were calculated using replicate weights. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see 

www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf. Comparable data for occupation categories not available prior to 2002 due to change in occupation designations and definitions.)

Median earnings (in 2010 dollars)—Con.

Characteristic

20041 2005 2006 2007 2008 20092 2010

Estimate

Standard 

error

Estimate

Standard 

error

Estimate

Standard 

error

Estimate

Standard 

error

Estimate

Standard 

error

Estimate

Standard 

error

Estimate

Standard 

error

TOTAL WORK EXPERIENCE—Con.

Females

Age

 25,690 91 25,770 160 26,457 165 27,212 96 25,974 98 26,460 95 26,552 102 Total, 15 years and older

 26,171 165 26,368 162 27,067 123 27,582 97 26,359 99 26,724 96 26,848 105 Under 65 years

 8,580 125 8,882 175 8,920 197 9,422 192 8,904 173 9,098 176 8,588 175 15 to 24 years

 29,580 133 29,356 142 29,173 136 30,306 270 29,248 278 29,525 275 30,310 113 25 to 44 years

 31,486 158 31,508 332 32,589 138 32,712 130 31,208 129 31,678 137 31,465 132 45 to 64 years

 13,631 306 14,139 496 16,279 437 16,524 461 15,001 485 17,666 614 18,648 672 65 years and over

Educational Attainment

 29,830 102 29,604 105 29,562 97 31,059 198 29,643 194 30,360 179 30,455 85 Total, 25 years and older

 14,486 395 13,996 332 15,632 475 15,220 446 13,760 427 14,187 377 13,509 472 Less than 9th grade

 16,127 367 16,834 290 16,396 264 16,166 237 14,893 357 15,934 223 15,650 235 9th to 12th, nongraduate

 24,185 130 23,584 130 23,368 114 23,510 122 22,580 128 22,839 168 22,452 152 High school graduate (including GED)

 28,444 313 28,128 185 28,407 173 28,574 179 26,778 178 27,276 205 26,615 188 Some college, no degree

 31,621 334 32,958 510 31,459 504 32,126 204 31,255 208 31,103 217 31,537 196 Associate’s degree

 45,521 446 45,213 161 45,156 160 44,554 163 44,927 537 45,224 520 45,232 207 Bachelor’s degree or more

Occupation of Longest Job

 25,690 91 25,770 160 26,457 165 27,212 96 25,974 98 26,460 95 26,552 102 Total, 15 years and older

 45,948 437 46,331 248 49,237 334 47,735 297 46,672 332 46,350 340 46,909 266 

Management, business, and financial 

operations occupations

 39,965 492 39,670 210 39,081 208 40,222 474 39,531 454 40,549 323 40,698 176 Professional and related occupations

 13,860 118 14,137 190 14,506 205 15,646 209 14,503 201 14,534 196 14,829 187 Service occupations

 16,592 403 17,532 254 17,409 231 17,629 211 16,363 202 16,598 224 16,283 223 Sales and related occupations

 27,210 195 27,334 217 27,705 137 27,692 129 26,602 143 27,758 138 27,277 141 

Office and administrative support 

occupations

 10,305 1,077 11,519 1,035 12,202 553 11,314 1,583 10,380 1,011 10,774 881 10,522 890 

Farming, fishing, and forestry 

occupations

 22,169 1,892 23,572 1,629 20,764 1,459 25,689 1,838 19,143 2,052 20,620 1,848 21,824 1,448 

Construction and extraction 

occupations

 35,859 811 36,867 2,067 40,745 2,214 38,042 1,646 29,870 2,210 34,666 1,485 31,243 1,153 

Installation, maintenance, and repair 

occupations

 22,554 464 21,641 380 22,011 218 22,171 287 21,312 298 21,245 210 21,146 235 Production occupations

 17,717 529 18,015 381 17,830 404 19,271 667 18,022 499 17,299 324 17,146 294 

Transportation and material moving 

occupations

 (B) (B) 34,565 1,982 (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) 33,826 3,167 37,170 7,627 Armed Forces

Class of Worker of Longest Job

 25,690 91 25,770 160 26,457 165 27,212 96 25,974 98 26,460 95 26,552 102 Total workers

 24,641 102 24,481 97 24,377 148 25,870 179 24,628 164 25,130 181 25,359 113 Private wage and salary workers

 35,575 205 35,333 193 35,620 479 36,574 375 36,006 217 36,168 219 36,234 221 

Government wage and salary 

workers

 20,923 1,047 19,058 338 22,164 288 21,869 258 20,337 539 20,499 464 18,759 579 Self-employed workers

 (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) Unpaid family workers

See footnotes at end of table.
56 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 U.S. Census Bureau

Table A-6.

Number of Workers With Earnings and Median Earnings by Work Experience, Sex, and Selected 

Characteristics: 2002 to 2010—Con.

(Earnings in 2010 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Standard errors presented in this table were calculated using general variance formula parameters and may differ from the 

standard errors in text tables that were calculated using replicate weights. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see 

www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf. Comparable data for occupation categories not available prior to 2002 due to change in occupation designations and definitions.)

Characteristic

Number with earnings (thousands) Median earnings (in 2010 dollars) 

2002 2003 20041 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

2002 2003 

Estimate

Standard 

error

Estimate

Standard 

error

FULL-TIME,YEAR-ROUND WORKERS 

Males 

Age 

 Total, 15 years and older. . . . . . . . . . . 58,761 58,772 60,088 61,500 63,055 62,984 59,861 56,053 56,412 47,786 296 48,211 107 

Under 65 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,325 57,275 58,550 59,867 61,225 60,976 57,840 53,989 54,271 47,851 297 48,191 109 

15 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,659 4,528 4,637 4,795 4,946 4,837 4,206 3,609 3,521 25,632 199 25,234 178 

25 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,708 30,186 30,644 30,894 31,315 30,657 29,001 26,651 26,724 46,421 381 46,939 401 

45 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,957 22,560 23,270 24,179 24,963 25,482 24,633 23,729 24,026 55,993 301 56,877 542 

65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,436 1,498 1,538 1,632 1,830 2,008 2,021 2,064 2,141 44,798 1,321 48,911 607 

Educational Attainment 

 Total, 25 years and older. . . . . . . . . . . 54,102 54,245 55,451 56,717 58,109 58,147 55,655 52,445 52,890 49,875 121 49,718 107 

Less than 9th grade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,154 2,029 2,427 2,425 2,361 2,142 1,982 1,561 1,600 25,353 258 25,152 269 

9th to 12th, nongraduate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,677 3,366 3,464 3,651 3,872 3,451 3,118 2,795 2,615 31,393 251 31,377 332 

High school graduate (including GED). . . 16,002 16,283 17,052 17,258 17,369 17,224 16,195 15,258 15,104 40,244 377 41,980 199 

Some college, no degree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,603 9,337 9,255 9,532 9,493 9,867 9,515 8,609 8,541 49,510 236 49,018 216 

Associate’s degree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,399 4,696 4,906 5,020 5,110 5,244 5,020 4,828 5,042 51,940 816 50,823 852 

Bachelor’s degree or more. . . . . . . . . . . . 18,267 18,354 18,347 18,820 19,903 20,218 19,825 19,395 19,990 74,778 244 73,589 222 

Occupation of Longest Job 

 Total, 15 years and older. . . . . . . . . . . 58,761 58,772 60,088 61,500 63,055 62,984 59,861 56,053 56,412 47,786 296 48,211 107 

Management, business, and financial 

operations occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,402 10,253 10,078 10,736 10,826 11,023 11,097 10,633 10,708 72,373 1,260 71,659 305 

Professional and related occupations. . . . 9,848 10,023 10,070 10,112 10,952 10,833 10,609 10,574 10,681 68,401 436 69,786 1,095 

Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,303 6,490 6,695 7,021 7,041 7,270 6,740 6,660 6,695 31,638 316 31,353 337 

Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . 6,591 6,493 6,601 6,526 6,833 6,668 6,279 5,792 5,891 50,268 461 49,423 285 

Office and administrative support 

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,564 3,529 3,525 3,613 3,666 3,710 3,456 3,479 3,551 39,106 371 38,487 790 

Farming, fishing, and forestry 

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 503 562 494 506 556 508 442 452 27,228 761 26,154 737 

Construction and extraction 

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,972 5,792 6,407 6,958 7,231 6,517 5,643 4,571 4,456 38,190 278 37,829 217 

Installation, maintenance, and repair 

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,087 4,122 4,341 4,297 4,336 4,291 4,265 3,974 3,801 43,948 338 44,303 456 

Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,694 5,677 5,798 5,635 5,640 5,605 5,092 4,474 4,713 38,099 211 38,202 197 

Transportation and material moving 

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,200 5,254 5,426 5,517 5,496 5,852 5,475 4,751 4,814 37,302 253 37,427 249 

Armed Forces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600 636 585 591 528 660 696 703 649 44,197 920 43,064 948 

Class of Worker of Longest Job 

 Total workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,761 58,772 60,088 61,500 63,055 62,984 59,861 56,053 56,412 47,786 296 48,211 107 

Private wage and salary workers. . . . . . . . 43,544 43,406 44,313 45,720 47,089 46,795 44,662 41,007 41,727 45,392 199 45,866 351 

Government wage and salary workers. . . 7,810 8,068 8,119 8,074 8,087 8,472 8,105 8,297 8,183 52,450 704 54,868 313 

Self-employed workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,405 7,294 7,653 7,703 7,868 7,696 7,092 6,742 6,498 49,579 422 50,285 1,093 

Unpaid family workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 3 3 11 21 2 7 4 (B) (B) (B) (B) 

See footnotes at end of table. 
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 57

Table A-6.

Number of Workers With Earnings and Median Earnings by Work Experience, Sex, and Selected 

Characteristics: 2002 to 2010—Con .

(Earnings in 2010 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Standard errors presented in this table were calculated using general variance formula parameters and may differ from the 

standard errors in text tables that were calculated using replicate weights. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see 

www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf. Comparable data for occupation categories not available prior to 2002 due to change in occupation designations and definitions.)

Median earnings (in 2010 dollars)—Con.

Characteristic

20041 2005 2006 2007 2008 20092 2010

Estimate

Standard 

error

Estimate

Standard 

error

Estimate

Standard 

error

Estimate

Standard 

error

Estimate

Standard 

error

Estimate

Standard 

error

Estimate

Standard 

error

FULL-TIME, YEAR-ROUND WORKERS

Males

Age

47,090 104 46,222 101 45,701 95 47,439 158 46,954 147 47,905 149 47,715 304 Total, 15 years and older

47,145 106 46,225 102 45,699 96 47,433 164 46,888 149 47,893 151 47,633 281 Under 65 years

24,934 182 24,164 160 24,017 162 24,369 365 25,788 207 25,522 302 24,136 367 15 to 24 years

46,592 132 45,239 135 44,959 129 45,180 494 45,757 191 46,441 191 45,584 194 25 to 44 years

54,921 403 56,119 157 55,020 136 54,076 146 52,589 134 53,099 135 54,722 584 45 to 64 years

43,249 1,182 46,131 605 45,781 1,448 47,678 2,057 50,653 1,527 48,340 1,243 50,454 1,080 65 years and over

Educational Attainment

48,577 103 48,378 410 49,483 145 49,428 137 49,620 343 50,819 204 50,361 93 Total, 25 years and older

24,986 222 24,939 246 24,556 430 24,580 572 24,562 639 24,340 401 24,453 597 Less than 9th grade

30,335 269 30,366 265 29,904 620 30,829 620 30,053 464 29,502 551 29,435 684 9th to 12th, nongraduate

41,238 171 40,544 157 40,045 177 39,807 427 39,502 404 40,130 385 40,055 237 High school graduate (including GED)

48,372 202 47,374 361 47,402 878 47,214 615 46,401 279 47,874 353 46,434 348 Some college, no degree

51,245 1,088 52,693 410 50,903 422 51,571 842 50,781 348 51,133 242 50,282 245 Associate’s degree

72,353 862 73,897 398 72,381 374 74,031 253 73,129 239 72,646 243 71,778 267 Bachelor’s degree or more

Occupation of Longest Job

47,090 104 46,222 101 45,701 95 47,439 158 46,954 147 47,905 149 47,715 304 Total, 15 years and older

71,499 351 73,452 566 71,131 499 73,618 923 71,821 326 71,342 738 72,013 426

Management, business, and financial 

operations occupations

66,630 718 68,156 266 66,992 247 65,645 613 67,954 407 67,465 441 67,339 595 Professional and related occupations

30,277 265 29,827 243 31,849 574 31,186 506 31,048 218 31,464 223 31,433 183 Service occupations

48,762 358 47,096 290 49,465 416 48,598 393 47,941 638 48,093 742 47,183 543 Sales and related occupations

40,277 921 38,963 638 38,382 348 38,681 394 36,699 335 38,066 681 37,298 410

Office and administrative support 

occupations

25,836 511 24,861 744 23,193 421 24,804 1,120 24,271 1,367 27,028 762 24,074 1,124

Farming, fishing, and forestry 

occupations

37,140 226 35,828 191 38,121 337 37,358 278 38,081 624 40,330 576 40,109 443

Construction and extraction 

occupations

43,738 717 44,685 496 43,698 306 43,319 307 42,746 282 44,254 774 42,533 605

Installation, maintenance, and repair 

occupations

38,573 735 39,374 260 38,055 394 38,437 250 37,207 260 37,379 278 37,184 277 Production occupations

37,311 247 36,963 847 34,935 192 37,275 272 36,484 285 37,170 344 35,808 403

Transportation and material moving 

occupations

47,108 712 45,878 1,255 44,009 722 44,233 1,413 47,158 777 48,375 2,067 46,953 1,412 Armed Forces

Class of Worker of Longest Job

47,090 104 46,222 101 45,701 95 47,439 158 46,954 147 47,905 149 47,715 304 Total workers

45,314 335 44,960 121 44,543 112 44,137 113 45,120 467 46,508 173 45,984 179 Private wage and salary workers

54,728 442 53,829 524 53,725 511 53,827 222 52,590 188 53,017 200 53,031 660 Government wage and salary workers

48,104 302 50,598 1,261 52,789 1,488 52,970 252 50,854 205 48,663 1,026 50,492 245 Self-employed workers

(B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) Unpaid family workers

See footnotes at end of table.
58 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 U.S. Census Bureau

Table A-6.

Number of Workers With Earnings and Median Earnings by Work Experience, Sex, and Selected 

Characteristics: 2002 to 2010—Con.

(Earnings in 2010 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Standard errors presented in this table were calculated using general variance formula parameters and may differ from the 

standard errors in text tables that were calculated using replicate weights. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see 

www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf. Comparable data for occupation categories not available prior to 2002 due to change in occupation designations and definitions.)

Characteristic

Number with earnings (thousands) Median earnings (in 2010 dollars) 

2002 2003 20041 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

2002 2003 

Estimate

Standard 

error

Estimate

Standard 

error

FULL-TIME,YEAR-ROUND

WORKERS—Con.

Females 

Age 

 Total, 15 years and older. . . . . . . . . . . 41,876 41,908 42,380 43,351 44,663 45,613 44,156 43,217 42,834 37,583 101 37,420 101 

Under 65 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,021 40,960 41,407 42,325 43,485 44,350 42,881 41,863 41,344 36,641 98 36,531 100 

15 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,390 3,237 3,273 3,347 3,352 3,418 3,177 2,840 2,638 23,048 326 23,760 256 

25 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,023 20,606 20,481 20,700 21,166 21,413 20,434 19,776 19,509 36,880 136 36,911 132 

45 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,608 17,116 17,652 18,278 18,968 19,520 19,270 19,247 19,197 38,603 151 38,422 209 

65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855 948 973 1,027 1,177 1,263 1,275 1,354 1,490 32,958 1,322 30,948 441 

Educational Attainment 

 Total, 25 years and older. . . . . . . . . . . 38,486 38,671 39,106 40,005 41,311 42,196 40,979 40,376 40,196 37,583 101 37,420 101 

Less than 9th grade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 857 876 916 900 934 823 814 776 732 20,009 360 20,043 303 

9th to 12th, nongraduate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,840 1,738 1,797 1,736 1,802 1,649 1,568 1,519 1,371 23,399 436 22,451 388 

High school graduate (including GED). . . 11,673 11,586 11,395 11,412 11,652 11,447 10,851 10,467 10,117 30,520 147 30,910 140 

Some college, no degree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,353 7,340 7,341 7,451 7,613 7,916 7,456 7,164 7,150 35,632 362 35,733 209 

Associate’s degree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,281 4,397 4,492 4,751 4,760 4,891 4,955 4,924 4,999 38,328 256 38,236 286 

Bachelor’s degree or more. . . . . . . . . . . . 12,482 12,733 13,166 13,755 14,549 15,469 15,335 15,526 15,826 52,411 688 53,484 345 

Occupation of Longest Job 

 Total, 15 years and older. . . . . . . . . . . 41,876 41,908 42,380 43,351 44,663 45,613 44,156 43,217 42,834 36,605 97 36,423 98 

Management, business, and financial 

operations occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,896 6,971 7,105 7,142 7,707 7,683 7,787 7,347 7,607 50,025 258 49,866 286 

Professional and related occupations. . . . 10,106 10,370 10,438 10,800 11,173 11,962 11,944 12,037 12,069 48,575 263 47,773 199 

Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,575 6,386 6,761 7,066 7,171 7,356 7,247 7,179 7,031 24,249 217 23,674 221 

Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . 4,396 4,211 4,421 4,684 4,683 4,616 4,336 4,334 4,086 30,963 311 30,983 368 

Office and administrative support 

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,440 10,561 10,272 10,283 10,439 10,589 9,922 9,668 9,232 33,151 138 33,712 244 

Farming, fishing, and forestry 

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 96 100 90 105 96 95 140 102 20,160 823 19,825 1,100 

Construction and extraction 

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 115 162 144 160 160 109 118 138 30,493 1,658 33,124 2,530 

Installation, maintenance, and repair 

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 172 175 163 156 187 185 140 144 39,384 2,384 44,372 1,973 

Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,277 2,189 2,183 2,165 2,267 2,163 1,715 1,494 1,654 26,375 221 26,512 299 

Transportation and material moving 

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716 755 709 741 752 753 767 698 693 27,257 713 26,978 758 

Armed Forces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 81 54 73 48 49 49 62 78 (B) (B) 38,170 2,749 

Class of Worker of Longest Job 

 Total workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,876 41,908 42,380 43,351 44,663 45,613 44,156 43,217 42,834 36,605 97 36,423 98 

Private wage and salary workers. . . . . . . . 31,315 31,275 31,550 32,404 33,421 33,952 32,837 31,716 31,813 34,554 227 35,197 217 

Government wage and salary workers. . . 8,043 8,028 8,073 8,282 8,500 8,914 8,742 8,979 8,664 43,439 267 42,794 223 

Self-employed workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,514 2,603 2,757 2,659 2,729 2,744 2,575 2,519 2,352 30,492 656 30,296 477 

Unpaid family workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2 – 6 13 3 3 3 5 (B) (B) (B) (B) 
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 59

Table A-6.

Number of Workers With Earnings and Median Earnings by Work Experience, Sex, and Selected 

Characteristics: 2002 to 2010—Con .

(Earnings in 2010 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Standard errors presented in this table were calculated using general variance formula parameters and may differ from the 

standard errors in text tables that were calculated using replicate weights. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see 

www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf. Comparable data for occupation categories not available prior to 2002 due to change in occupation designations and definitions.)

Median earnings (in 2010 dollars)—Con.

Characteristic

20041 2005 2006 2007 2008 20092 2010

Estimate

Standard 

error

Estimate

Standard 

error

Estimate

Standard 

error

Estimate

Standard 

error

Estimate

Standard 

error

Estimate

Standard 

error

Estimate

Standard 

error

36,060

36,134

23,341

36,419

38,505

30,755

36,947

19,640

22,124

30,063

35,578

38,656

53,025

36,060

48,905

47,778

23,231

31,020

33,088

19,378

33,871

39,312

27,028

25,960

(B)

36,060

35,025

42,526

30,965

(B)

91

91

235

121

451

606

92

280

364

134

155

566

263

91

360

184

166

295

299

693

7,362

2,316

464

734

(B)

91

106

226

421

(B)

35,581

35,659

23,130

36,028

39,285

29,851

36,940

18,028

22,477

29,361

35,068

37,905

52,434

35,581

52,263

46,921

23,156

29,770

33,537

20,871

34,296

41,165

26,255

24,261

(B)

35,581

34,497

41,964

30,690

(B)

90

92

172

124

179

809

270

279

306

150

184

555

259

90

361

198

137

289

182

1,264

1,246

2,687

455

431

(B)

90

105

335

1,301

(B)

35,161

35,477

22,551

36,055

39,239

29,463

38,827

19,609

21,768

28,913

34,555

38,021

53,606

35,161

54,370

46,505

22,928

29,433

33,322

20,951

27,133

44,550

24,976

25,833

(B)

35,161

33,975

43,562

33,313

(B)

200

298

227

390

176

819

122

441

292

147

178

407

477

200

257

612

135

361

122

1,652

1,748

1,310

510

1,191

(B)

200

102

194

425

(B)

36,912

36,968

23,213

37,099

39,124

33,142

37,947

19,203

21,450

28,644

34,530

38,206

52,997

36,912

52,897

48,206

23,159

30,161

33,028

25,339

42,351

44,032

27,071

28,533

(B)

36,912

34,123

43,409

31,715

(B)

107

107

207

148

166

513

110

485

307

140

436

298

166

107

234

240

136

612

123

2,456

3,752

2,388

278

809

(B)

107

142

191

770

(B)

36,197

36,231

22,444

36,342

38,565

33,954

37,161

18,870

20,663

28,741

33,039

37,225

52,059

36,197

51,719

47,353

23,235

29,141

32,396

22,765

34,087

34,766

26,313

24,328

(B)

36,197

33,790

42,536

31,335

(B)

107

107

178

147

377

1,200

110

500

299

287

359

246

147

107

238

226

246

596

126

2,302

2,218

2,131

336

959

(B)

107

304

190

387

(B)

36,877

36,865

22,455

36,964

40,076

37,187

37,879

18,785

21,576

29,631

34,650

37,882

52,734

36,877

51,856

49,663

23,687

30,315

33,003

21,483

31,342

40,664

25,661

25,968

(B)

36,877

35,484

42,946

31,612

(B)

107

109

182

147

374

528

109

458

306

278

491

315

172

107

251

398

269

583

193

742

2,735

2,077

399

745

(B)

107

239

196

396

(B)

36,931

36,900

21,493

36,983

40,187

38,946

38,294

18,239

20,883

29,857

33,401

37,773

51,942

36,931

52,236

49,244

22,906

30,982

32,679

20,859

31,864

41,395

25,705

25,115

50,597

36,931

35,715

43,703

30,473

(B)

107

107

229

138

152

1,369

272

592

334

260

410

588

159

107

266

491

267

323

315

897

1,486

5,373

345

604

9,315

107

126

576

698

(B)

FULL-TIME, YEAR-ROUND 

WORKERS—Con.

Females

Age

 Total, 15 years and older

Under 65 years

 15 to 24 years

 25 to 44 years

 45 to 64 years

65 years and over

Educational Attainment

 Total, 25 years and older

Less than 9th grade

9th to 12th, nongraduate

High school graduate (including GED)

Some college, no degree

Associate’s degree

Bachelor’s degree or more

Occupation of Longest Job

 Total, 15 years and older

Management, business, and financial 

operations occupations

Professional and related occupations

Service occupations

Sales and related occupations

Office and administrative support 

occupations

Farming, fishing, and forestry 

occupations

Construction and extraction 

occupations

Installation, maintenance, and repair 

occupations

Production occupations

Transportation and material moving 

occupations

Armed Forces

Class of Worker of Longest Job

 Total workers

Private wage and salary workers

Government wage and salary workers

Self-employed workers

Unpaid family workers

– Represents or rounds to zero.

(B) Base rounds to 75,000 or less.

1

 Data have been revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC.

2

 Medians are calculated using $2,500 income intervals. Beginning with 2009 income data, the Census Bureau expanded the upper income intervals used to calculate 

medians to $250,000 or more. Medians falling in the upper open-ended interval are plugged with “$250,000.” Before 2009, the upper open-ended interval was $100,000 and a 

plug of “$100,000” was used.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2003 through 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.

U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 61

APPENDIX B. 

ESTIMATES OF POVERTY

How Poverty Is Calculated

Following the Office of Management and Budget’s (OMB) Statistical Policy Directive 14, the U.S. Census Bureau uses a set of 

dollar value thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who is in poverty (see the matrix below).

If a family’s total money income is 

less than the applicable threshold, 

then that family and every individual in it are considered in poverty. 

The official poverty thresholds are 

updated annually for inflation using 

the Consumer Price Index (CPI-U). The 

official poverty definition uses money 

income before taxes and tax credits 

and excludes capital gains and noncash benefits (such as Supplemental 

Nutrition Assistance Program benefits 

and housing assistance). The thresholds do not vary geographically.

Example: Suppose Family A consists 

of five people: two children, their 

mother, their father, and their greataunt. Family A’s poverty threshold in 

2010 was $26,675. Each member of 

Family A had the following income in 

2010:

Since their total family income, 

$27,000, was higher than their 

threshold ($26,675), Family A would 

not be considered “in poverty.” 

While the thresholds, in some sense, 

represent the needs of families, they 

should be interpreted as a statistical 

yardstick rather than as a complete 

description of what people and families need to live. Many government 

assistance programs use different 

income eligibility cutoffs. While 

official poverty rates and the number 

of people or families in poverty are 

important, other poverty indicators 

are considered in the section, “Depth 

of Poverty Measures,” and other 

approaches to setting thresholds 

and defining resources are discussed 

in the section, “Alternative Poverty 

Measures.”

For a history of the official poverty 

measure, see “The Development of 

the Orshansky Poverty Thresholds 

and Their Subsequent History as the 

Official U.S. Poverty Measure” by 

Gordon M. Fisher, available at

<www.census.gov/hhes/povmeas

/publications/orshansky.html>. 

Weighted average thresholds: Since 

some data users want a summary of 

the 48 thresholds to get a general 

sense of the “poverty line,” the following table provides the weighted 

average thresholds for 2010. The 

weighted average thresholds are 

based on the relative number of families of each size and composition and 

are not used in computing poverty 

estimates.

Poverty Thresholds for 2010 by Size of Family and Number of Related Children Under 18 Years

(Dollars)

Size of family unit

Related children under 18 years

 None One Two Three Four Five Six Seven

 Eight or 

more

One person (unrelated individual):

Under 65 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,344

65 years and older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,458

Two people:

Householder under 65 years . . . . . . . 14,602 15,030

Householder 65 years and older . . . . 13,180 14,973

Three people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,057 17,552 17,568

Four people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,491 22,859 22,113 22,190

Five people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,123 27,518 26,675 26,023 25,625

Six people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,197 31,320 30,675 30,056 29,137 28,591

Seven people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,896 36,120 35,347 34,809 33,805 32,635 31,351

Eight people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,146 40,501 39,772 39,133 38,227 37,076 35,879 35,575

Nine people or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,293 48,527 47,882 47,340 46,451 45,227 44,120 43,845 42,156

Source: U.S. Census Bureau.

Weighted Average Poverty 

Thresholds in 2010 by Size 

of Family

(Dollars) 

One person 11,139 

Two people 14,218 

Three people 17,374 

Four people 22,314 

Five people 26,439 

Six people 29,897 

Seven people 34,009 

Eight people 37,934 

Nine people or more 45,220 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau.

Mother $10,000

Father 7,000

Great-aunt 10,000

First child 0

Second child 0

Total: $27,000
62 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 U.S. Census Bureau

Race, Hispanic origin, and 

year

All people People in families Unrelated individuals

Total

Below poverty All families

Families with female

householder, no

husband present

Total

Below poverty

Number Percent Total

Below poverty

Total

Below poverty

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

ALL RACES

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305,688 46,180 15.1 249,855 33,007 13.2 46,422 15,895 34.2 54,183 12,422 22.9

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303,820 43,569 14.3 249,384 31,197 12.5 45,315 14,746 32.5 53,079 11,678 22.0

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301,041 39,829 13.2 248,301 28,564 11.5 44,027 13,812 31.4 51,534 10,710 20.8

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298,699 37,276 12.5 245,443 26,509 10.8 43,961 13,478 30.7 51,740 10,189 19.7

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296,450 36,460 12.3 245,199 25,915 10.6 43,223 13,199 30.5 49,884 9,977 20.0

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293,135 36,950 12.6 242,389 26,068 10.8 42,244 13,153 31.1 49,526 10,425 21.1

20041

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290,617 37,040 12.7 240,754 26,544 11.0 42,053 12,832 30.5 48,609 9,926 20.4

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287,699 35,861 12.5 238,903 25,684 10.8 41,311 12,413 30.0 47,594 9,713 20.4

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285,317 34,570 12.1 236,921 24,534 10.4 40,529 11,657 28.8 47,156 9,618 20.4

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281,475 32,907 11.7 233,911 23,215 9.9 39,261 11,223 28.6 46,392 9,226 19.9

20002

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278,944 31,581 11.3 231,909 22,347 9.6 38,375 10,926 28.5 45,624 8,653 19.0

19993

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276,208 32,791 11.9 230,789 23,830 10.3 38,580 11,764 30.5 43,977 8,400 19.1

1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271,059 34,476 12.7 227,229 25,370 11.2 39,000 12,907 33.1 42,539 8,478 19.9

1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268,480 35,574 13.3 225,369 26,217 11.6 38,412 13,494 35.1 41,672 8,687 20.8

1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266,218 36,529 13.7 223,955 27,376 12.2 38,584 13,796 35.8 40,727 8,452 20.8

1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263,733 36,425 13.8 222,792 27,501 12.3 38,908 14,205 36.5 39,484 8,247 20.9

1994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261,616 38,059 14.5 221,430 28,985 13.1 37,253 14,380 38.6 38,538 8,287 21.5

1993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259,278 39,265 15.1 219,489 29,927 13.6 37,861 14,636 38.7 38,038 8,388 22.1

19924

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256,549 38,014 14.8 217,936 28,961 13.3 36,446 14,205 39.0 36,842 8,075 21.9

19915

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251,192 35,708 14.2 212,723 27,143 12.8 34,795 13,824 39.7 36,845 7,773 21.1

1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248,644 33,585 13.5 210,967 25,232 12.0 33,795 12,578 37.2 36,056 7,446 20.7

1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245,992 31,528 12.8 209,515 24,066 11.5 32,525 11,668 35.9 35,185 6,760 19.2

19886

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243,530 31,745 13.0 208,056 24,048 11.6 32,164 11,972 37.2 34,340 7,070 20.6

19876

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240,982 32,221 13.4 206,877 24,725 12.0 31,893 12,148 38.1 32,992 6,857 20.8

1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238,554 32,370 13.6 205,459 24,754 12.0 31,152 11,944 38.3 31,679 6,846 21.6

1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236,594 33,064 14.0 203,963 25,729 12.6 30,878 11,600 37.6 31,351 6,725 21.5

1984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233,816 33,700 14.4 202,288 26,458 13.1 30,844 11,831 38.4 30,268 6,609 21.8

1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231,700 35,303 15.2 201,338 27,933 13.9 30,049 12,072 40.2 29,158 6,740 23.1

1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229,412 34,398 15.0 200,385 27,349 13.6 28,834 11,701 40.6 27,908 6,458 23.1

1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227,157 31,822 14.0 198,541 24,850 12.5 28,587 11,051 38.7 27,714 6,490 23.4

1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225,027 29,272 13.0 196,963 22,601 11.5 27,565 10,120 36.7 27,133 6,227 22.9

1979. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222,903 26,072 11.7 195,860 19,964 10.2 26,927 9,400 34.9 26,170 5,743 21.9

1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215,656 24,497 11.4 191,071 19,062 10.0 26,032 9,269 35.6 24,585 5,435 22.1

1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213,867 24,720 11.6 190,757 19,505 10.2 25,404 9,205 36.2 23,110 5,216 22.6

1976. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212,303 24,975 11.8 190,844 19,632 10.3 24,204 9,029 37.3 21,459 5,344 24.9

1975. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210,864 25,877 12.3 190,630 20,789 10.9 23,580 8,846 37.5 20,234 5,088 25.1

1974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209,362 23,370 11.2 190,436 18,817 9.9 23,165 8,462 36.5 18,926 4,553 24.1

1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207,621 22,973 11.1 189,361 18,299 9.7 21,823 8,178 37.5 18,260 4,674 25.6

1972. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206,004 24,460 11.9 189,193 19,577 10.3 21,264 8,114 38.2 16,811 4,883 29.0

1971. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204,554 25,559 12.5 188,242 20,405 10.8 20,153 7,797 38.7 16,311 5,154 31.6

1970. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202,183 25,420 12.6 186,692 20,330 10.9 19,673 7,503 38.1 15,491 5,090 32.9

1969. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199,517 24,147 12.1 184,891 19,175 10.4 17,995 6,879 38.2 14,626 4,972 34.0

1968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197,628 25,389 12.8 183,825 20,695 11.3 18,048 6,990 38.7 13,803 4,694 34.0

1967. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195,672 27,769 14.2 182,558 22,771 12.5 17,788 6,898 38.8 13,114 4,998 38.1

1966. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193,388 28,510 14.7 181,117 23,809 13.1 17,240 6,861 39.8 12,271 4,701 38.3

1965. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191,413 33,185 17.3 179,281 28,358 15.8 16,371 7,524 46.0 12,132 4,827 39.8

1964. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189,710 36,055 19.0 177,653 30,912 17.4 (NA) 7,297 44.4 12,057 5,143 42.7

1963. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187,258 36,436 19.5 176,076 31,498 17.9 (NA) 7,646 47.7 11,182 4,938 44.2

1962. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184,276 38,625 21.0 173,263 33,623 19.4 (NA) 7,781 50.3 11,013 5,002 45.4

1961. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181,277 39,628 21.9 170,131 34,509 20.3 (NA) 7,252 48.1 11,146 5,119 45.9

1960. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179,503 39,851 22.2 168,615 34,925 20.7 (NA) 7,247 48.9 10,888 4,926 45.2

1959. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176,557 39,490 22.4 165,858 34,562 20.8 (NA) 7,014 49.4 10,699 4,928 46.1

Table B-1.

Poverty Status of People by Family Relationship, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2010

(Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, 

see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf)

See footnotes at end of table.
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 63

Race, Hispanic origin, and 

year

All people People in families Unrelated individuals

Total

Below poverty All families

Families with female 

householder, no 

husband present

Total

Below poverty

Number Percent Total

Below poverty

Total

Below poverty

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

WHITE ALONE7

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243,013 31,650 13.0 198,040 21,965 11.1 28,643 8,934 31.2 43,737 9,105 20.8

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242,047 29,830 12.3 197,938 20,701 10.5 28,163 8,283 29.4 43,010 8,580 19.9

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240,548 26,990 11.2 197,763 18,558 9.4 27,010 7,340 27.2 41,810 7,982 19.1

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239,133 25,120 10.5 195,944 17,141 8.7 27,159 7,188 26.5 41,931 7,505 17.9

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237,619 24,416 10.3 196,061 16,644 8.5 27,057 7,160 26.5 40,461 7,334 18.1

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235,430 24,872 10.6 194,277 16,782 8.6 25,943 7,021 27.1 40,164 7,718 19.2

20041

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233,741 25,327 10.8 193,024 17,445 9.0 26,139 6,892 26.4 39,712 7,416 18.7

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231,866 24,272 10.5 192,074 16,740 8.7 25,536 6,530 25.6 38,913 7,225 18.6

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230,376 23,466 10.2 190,823 16,043 8.4 24,903 5,992 24.1 38,575 7,105 18.4

WHITE8

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229,675 22,739 9.9 190,413 15,369 8.1 24,619 5,972 24.3 38,294 6,996 18.3

20002

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227,846 21,645 9.5 188,966 14,692 7.8 24,166 5,609 23.2 37,699 6,454 17.1

19993

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225,361 22,169 9.8 187,833 15,353 8.2 23,913 5,947 24.9 36,441 6,411 17.6

1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222,837 23,454 10.5 186,184 16,549 8.9 24,211 6,674 27.6 35,563 6,386 18.0

1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221,200 24,396 11.0 185,147 17,258 9.3 23,773 7,296 30.7 34,858 6,593 18.9

1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219,656 24,650 11.2 184,119 17,621 9.6 23,744 7,073 29.8 34,247 6,463 18.9

1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218,028 24,423 11.2 183,450 17,593 9.6 23,732 7,047 29.7 33,399 6,336 19.0

1994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216,460 25,379 11.7 182,546 18,474 10.1 22,713 7,228 31.8 32,569 6,292 19.3

1993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214,899 26,226 12.2 181,330 18,968 10.5 23,224 7,199 31.0 32,112 6,443 20.1

19924

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213,060 25,259 11.9 180,409 18,294 10.1 22,453 6,907 30.8 31,170 6,147 19.7

19915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210,133 23,747 11.3 177,619 17,268 9.7 21,608 6,806 31.5 31,207 5,872 18.8

1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208,611 22,326 10.7 176,504 15,916 9.0 20,845 6,210 29.8 30,833 5,739 18.6

1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206,853 20,785 10.0 175,857 15,179 8.6 20,362 5,723 28.1 29,993 5,063 16.9

19886

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205,235 20,715 10.1 175,111 15,001 8.6 20,396 5,950 29.2 29,315 5,314 18.1

19876

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203,605 21,195 10.4 174,488 15,593 8.9 20,244 5,989 29.6 28,290 5,174 18.3

1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202,282 22,183 11.0 174,024 16,393 9.4 20,163 6,171 30.6 27,143 5,198 19.2

1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200,918 22,860 11.4 172,863 17,125 9.9 20,105 5,990 29.8 27,067 5,299 19.6

1984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198,941 22,955 11.5 171,839 17,299 10.1 19,727 5,866 29.7 26,094 5,181 19.9

1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197,496 23,984 12.1 171,407 18,377 10.7 19,256 6,017 31.2 25,206 5,189 20.6

1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195,919 23,517 12.0 170,748 18,015 10.6 18,374 5,686 30.9 24,300 5,041 20.7

1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194,504 21,553 11.1 169,868 16,127 9.5 18,795 5,600 29.8 23,913 5,061 21.2

1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192,912 19,699 10.2 168,756 14,587 8.6 17,642 4,940 28.0 23,370 4,760 20.4

1979. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191,742 17,214 9.0 168,461 12,495 7.4 17,349 4,375 25.2 22,587 4,452 19.7

1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186,450 16,259 8.7 165,193 12,050 7.3 16,877 4,371 25.9 21,257 4,209 19.8

1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185,254 16,416 8.9 165,385 12,364 7.5 16,721 4,474 26.8 19,869 4,051 20.4

1976. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184,165 16,713 9.1 165,571 12,500 7.5 15,941 4,463 28.0 18,594 4,213 22.7

1975. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183,164 17,770 9.7 165,661 13,799 8.3 15,577 4,577 29.4 17,503 3,972 22.7

1974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182,376 15,736 8.6 166,081 12,181 7.3 15,433 4,278 27.7 16,295 3,555 21.8

1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181,185 15,142 8.4 165,424 11,412 6.9 14,303 4,003 28.0 15,761 3,730 23.7

1972. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180,125 16,203 9.0 165,630 12,268 7.4 13,739 3,770 27.4 14,495 3,935 27.1

1971. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179,398 17,780 9.9 165,184 13,566 8.2 13,502 4,099 30.4 14,214 4,214 29.6

1970. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177,376 17,484 9.9 163,875 13,323 8.1 13,226 3,761 28.4 13,500 4,161 30.8

1969. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175,349 16,659 9.5 162,779 12,623 7.8 12,285 3,577 29.1 12,570 4,036 32.1

1968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173,732 17,395 10.0 161,777 13,546 8.4 12,190 3,551 29.1 11,955 3,849 32.2

1967. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172,038 18,983 11.0 160,720 14,851 9.2 12,131 3,453 28.5 11,318 4,132 36.5

1966. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170,247 19,290 11.3 159,561 15,430 9.7 12,261 3,646 29.7 10,686 3,860 36.1

1965. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168,732 22,496 13.3 158,255 18,508 11.7 11,573 4,092 35.4 10,477 3,988 38.1

1964. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167,313 24,957 14.9 156,898 20,716 13.2 (NA) 3,911 33.4 10,415 4,241 40.7

1963. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165,309 25,238 15.3 155,584 21,149 13.6 (NA) 4,051 35.6 9,725 4,089 42.0

1962. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162,842 26,672 16.4 153,348 22,613 14.7 (NA) 4,089 37.9 9,494 4,059 42.7

1961. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160,306 27,890 17.4 150,717 23,747 15.8 (NA) 4,062 37.6 9,589 4,143 43.2

1960. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158,863 28,309 17.8 149,458 24,262 16.2 (NA) 4,296 39.0 9,405 4,047 43.0

1959. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156,956 28,484 18.1 147,802 24,443 16.5 (NA) 4,232 40.2 9,154 4,041 44.1

Table B-1.

Poverty Status of People by Family Relationship, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2010—Con .

(Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, 

see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf)

See footnotes at end of table.
64 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 U.S. Census Bureau

Race, Hispanic origin, and 

year

All people People in families Unrelated individuals

Total

Below poverty All families

Families with female 

householder, no 

husband present

Total

Below poverty

Number Percent Total

Below poverty

Total

Below poverty

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

WHITE ALONE, 

  NOT HISPANIC7

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197,203 19,599 9.9 157,772 11,740 7.4 19,335 4,802 24.8 38,565 7,460 19.3

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197,164 18,530 9.4 158,646 11,211 7.1 19,033 4,532 23.8 37,757 6,946 18.4

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196,940 17,024 8.6 159,344 10,138 6.4 18,799 4,046 21.5 36,848 6,539 17.7

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196,583 16,032 8.2 158,703 9,553 6.0 19,179 4,099 21.4 36,909 6,155 16.7

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196,049 16,013 8.2 159,572 9,676 6.1 19,349 4,353 22.5 35,642 6,021 16.9

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195,553 16,227 8.3 159,204 9,604 6.0 18,899 4,278 22.6 35,626 6,393 17.9

20041

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195,098 16,908 8.7 159,221 10,323 6.5 19,009 4,116 21.7 35,141 6,237 17.7

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194,595 15,902 8.2 159,215 9,658 6.1 18,792 3,959 21.1 34,683 6,015 17.3

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194,144 15,567 8.0 158,764 9,389 5.9 18,664 3,733 20.0 34,614 5,947 17.2

WHITE, NOT 

  HISPANIC8

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194,538 15,271 7.8 159,178 9,122 5.7 18,365 3,661 19.9 34,603 5,882 17.0

20002

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193,691 14,366 7.4 158,838 8,664 5.5 18,196 3,412 18.8 33,943 5,356 15.8

19993

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192,565 14,735 7.7 158,550 9,013 5.7 17,892 3,545 19.8 33,189 5,412 16.3

1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192,754 15,799 8.2 159,301 10,061 6.3 18,547 4,074 22.0 32,573 5,352 16.4

1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191,859 16,491 8.6 158,796 10,401 6.5 18,474 4,604 24.9 32,049 5,632 17.6

1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191,459 16,462 8.6 159,044 10,553 6.6 18,597 4,339 23.3 31,410 5,455 17.4

1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190,951 16,267 8.5 159,402 10,599 6.6 18,340 4,183 22.8 30,586 5,303 17.3

1994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192,543 18,110 9.4 161,254 12,118 7.5 18,186 4,743 26.1 30,157 5,500 18.2

1993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190,843 18,882 9.9 160,062 12,756 8.0 18,508 4,724 25.5 29,681 5,570 18.8

19924

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189,001 18,202 9.6 159,102 12,277 7.7 18,016 4,640 25.8 28,775 5,350 18.6

19915

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189,116 17,741 9.4 158,850 11,998 7.6 17,609 4,710 26.7 29,215 5,261 18.0

1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188,129 16,622 8.8 158,394 11,086 7.0 17,160 4,284 25.0 28,688 5,002 17.4

1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186,979 15,599 8.3 158,127 10,723 6.8 16,827 3,922 23.3 28,055 4,466 15.9

19886

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185,961 15,565 8.4 157,687 10,467 6.6 16,828 3,988 23.7 27,552 4,746 17.2

19876

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184,936 16,029 8.7 157,785 11,051 7.0 16,787 4,075 24.3 26,439 4,613 17.4

1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184,119 17,244 9.4 157,665 12,078 7.7 16,739 4,350 26.0 25,525 4,668 18.3

1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183,455 17,839 9.7 157,106 12,706 8.1 16,749 4,136 24.7 25,544 4,789 18.7

1984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182,469 18,300 10.0 156,930 13,234 8.4 16,742 4,193 25.0 24,671 4,659 18.9

1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181,393 19,538 10.8 156,719 14,437 9.2 16,369 4,448 27.2 23,894 4,746 19.9

1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181,903 19,362 10.6 157,818 14,271 9.0 15,830 4,161 26.3 23,329 4,701 20.2

1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180,909 17,987 9.9 157,330 12,903 8.2 16,323 4,222 25.9 22,950 4,769 20.8

1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179,798 16,365 9.1 156,633 11,568 7.4 15,358 3,699 24.1 22,455 4,474 19.9

1979. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178,814 14,419 8.1 156,567 10,009 6.4 15,410 3,371 21.9 21,638 4,179 19.3

1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174,731 13,755 7.9 154,321 9,798 6.3 15,132 3,390 22.4 20,410 3,957 19.4

1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173,563 13,802 8.0 154,449 9,977 6.5 14,888 3,429 23.0 19,114 3,825 20.0

1976. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173,235 14,025 8.1 155,324 10,066 6.5 14,261 3,516 24.7 17,912 3,959 22.1

1975. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172,417 14,883 8.6 155,539 11,137 7.2 13,809 3,570 25.9 16,879 3,746 22.2

1974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171,463 13,217 7.7 155,764 9,854 6.3 13,763 3,379 24.6 15,699 3,364 21.4

1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170,488 12,864 7.5 155,330 9,262 6.0 12,731 3,185 25.0 15,158 3,602 23.8

BLACK ALONE 

  OR IN COMBINATION

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,495 11,361 27.4 33,603 8,711 25.9 15,138 6,186 40.9 7,608 2,544 33.4

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,876 10,575 25.9 33,330 8,184 24.6 14,463 5,755 39.8 7,368 2,285 31.0

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,097 9,882 24.6 32,818 7,768 23.7 14,332 5,782 40.3 7,123 2,042 28.7

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,564 9,668 24.4 32,427 7,668 23.6 14,396 5,702 39.6 7,036 1,968 28.0

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,013 9,447 24.2 32,130 7,411 23.1 13,848 5,422 39.2 6,715 1,935 28.8

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,551 9,517 24.7 31,663 7,459 23.6 14,080 5,524 39.2 6,754 2,003 29.7

20041

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,037 9,411 24.7 31,468 7,495 23.8 13,830 5,484 39.7 6,418 1,840 28.7

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,503 9,108 24.3 31,059 7,162 23.1 13,664 5,312 38.9 6,194 1,814 29.3

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,207 8,884 23.9 31,008 6,985 22.5 13,551 5,145 38.0 6,034 1,851 30.7

Table B-1.

Poverty Status of People by Family Relationship, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2010—Con .

(Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, 

see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf)

See footnotes at end of table.
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 65

Race, Hispanic origin, and 

year

All people People in families Unrelated individuals

Total

Below poverty All families

Families with female

householder, no

husband present

Total

Below poverty

Number Percent Total

Below poverty

Total

Below poverty

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

BLACK ALONE9

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,965 10,675 27.4 31,365 8,140 26.0 14,227 5,830 41.0 7,344 2,454 33.4

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,556 9,944 25.8 31,306 7,642 24.4 13,680 5,427 39.7 7,102 2,209 31.1

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,966 9,379 24.7 30,986 7,339 23.7 13,648 5,533 40.5 6,835 1,970 28.8

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,665 9,237 24.5 30,778 7,312 23.8 13,741 5,459 39.7 6,807 1,898 27.9

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,306 9,048 24.3 30,621 7,072 23.1 13,244 5,180 39.1 6,545 1,897 29.0

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,802 9,168 24.9 30,154 7,164 23.8 13,481 5,303 39.3 6,521 1,949 29.9

20041

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,426 9,014 24.7 30,065 7,153 23.8 13,244 5,247 39.6 6,217 1,792 28.8

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,989 8,781 24.4 29,727 6,870 23.1 13,118 5,115 39.0 6,034 1,781 29.5

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,678 8,602 24.1 29,671 6,761 22.8 13,030 4,980 38.2 5,858 1,800 30.7

BLACK8

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,871 8,136 22.7 29,869 6,389 21.4 12,550 4,694 37.4 5,873 1,692 28.8

20002

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,425 7,982 22.5 29,378 6,221 21.2 12,383 4,774 38.6 5,885 1,702 28.9

19993

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,756 8,441 23.6 29,819 6,758 22.7 12,823 5,232 40.8 5,668 1,562 27.5

1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,877 9,091 26.1 29,333 7,259 24.7 13,156 5,629 42.8 5,390 1,752 32.5

1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,458 9,116 26.5 28,962 7,386 25.5 13,218 5,654 42.8 5,316 1,645 31.0

1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,110 9,694 28.4 28,933 7,993 27.6 13,193 6,123 46.4 4,989 1,606 32.2

1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,740 9,872 29.3 28,777 8,189 28.5 13,604 6,553 48.2 4,756 1,551 32.6

1994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,353 10,196 30.6 28,499 8,447 29.6 12,926 6,489 50.2 4,649 1,617 34.8

1993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,910 10,877 33.1 28,106 9,242 32.9 13,132 6,955 53.0 4,608 1,541 33.4

19924

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,411 10,827 33.4 27,790 9,134 32.9 12,591 6,799 54.0 4,410 1,569 35.6

19915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,313 10,242 32.7 26,565 8,504 32.0 11,960 6,557 54.8 4,505 1,590 35.3

1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,806 9,837 31.9 26,296 8,160 31.0 11,866 6,005 50.6 4,244 1,491 35.1

1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,332 9,302 30.7 25,931 7,704 29.7 11,190 5,530 49.4 4,180 1,471 35.2

19886

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,849 9,356 31.3 25,484 7,650 30.0 10,794 5,601 51.9 4,095 1,509 36.8

19876

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,362 9,520 32.4 25,128 7,848 31.2 10,701 5,789 54.1 3,977 1,471 37.0

1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,871 8,983 31.1 24,910 7,410 29.7 10,175 5,473 53.8 3,714 1,431 38.5

1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,485 8,926 31.3 24,620 7,504 30.5 10,041 5,342 53.2 3,641 1,264 34.7

1984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,087 9,490 33.8 24,387 8,104 33.2 10,384 5,666 54.6 3,501 1,255 35.8

1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,678 9,882 35.7 24,138 8,376 34.7 10,059 5,736 57.0 3,287 1,338 40.7

1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,216 9,697 35.6 23,948 8,355 34.9 9,699 5,698 58.8 3,051 1,229 40.3

1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,834 9,173 34.2 23,423 7,780 33.2 9,214 5,222 56.7 3,277 1,296 39.6

1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,408 8,579 32.5 23,084 7,190 31.1 9,338 4,984 53.4 3,208 1,314 41.0

1979. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,944 8,050 31.0 22,666 6,800 30.0 9,065 4,816 53.1 3,127 1,168 37.3

1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,956 7,625 30.6 22,027 6,493 29.5 8,689 4,712 54.2 2,929 1,132 38.6

1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,710 7,726 31.3 21,850 6,667 30.5 8,315 4,595 55.3 2,860 1,059 37.0

1976. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,399 7,595 31.1 21,840 6,576 30.1 7,926 4,415 55.7 2,559 1,019 39.8

1975. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,089 7,545 31.3 21,687 6,533 30.1 7,679 4,168 54.3 2,402 1,011 42.1

1974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,699 7,182 30.3 21,341 6,255 29.3 7,483 4,116 55.0 2,359 927 39.3

1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,512 7,388 31.4 21,328 6,560 30.8 7,188 4,064 56.5 2,183 828 37.9

1972. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,144 7,710 33.3 21,116 6,841 32.4 7,125 4,139 58.1 2,028 870 42.9

1971. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,784 7,396 32.5 20,900 6,530 31.2 6,398 3,587 56.1 1,884 866 46.0

1970. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,515 7,548 33.5 20,724 6,683 32.2 6,225 3,656 58.7 1,791 865 48.3

1969. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,011 7,095 32.2 20,192 6,245 30.9 5,537 3,225 58.2 1,819 850 46.7

1968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,944 7,616 34.7 (NA) 6,839 33.7 (NA) 3,312 58.9 (NA) 777 46.3

1967. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,590 8,486 39.3 (NA) 7,677 38.4 (NA) 3,362 61.6 (NA) 809 49.3

1966. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,206 8,867 41.8 (NA) 8,090 40.9 (NA) 3,160 65.3 (NA) 777 54.4

1959. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,013 9,927 55.1 (NA) 9,112 54.9 (NA) 2,416 70.6 1,430 815 57.0

Table B-1.

Poverty Status of People by Family Relationship, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2010—Con. (Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, 

see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf)

See footnotes at end of table.
66 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 U.S. Census Bureau

Race, Hispanic origin, and 

year

All people People in families Unrelated individuals

Total

Below poverty All families

Families with female

householder, no

husband present

Total

Below poverty

Number Percent Total

Below poverty

Total

Below poverty

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

ASIAN ALONE

OR IN COMBINATION

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,685 1,859 11.9 13,642 1,338 9.8 1,617 348 21.5 1,972 501 25.4

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,272 1,901 12.4 13,403 1,361 10.2 1,539 290 18.9 1,826 527 28.8

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,543 1,686 11.6 12,817 1,270 9.9 1,471 228 15.5 1,707 410 24.0

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,430 1,467 10.2 12,527 1,012 8.1 1,421 250 17.6 1,837 426 23.2

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,331 1,447 10.1 12,463 984 7.9 1,210 220 18.1 1,801 449 24.9

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,731 1,501 10.9 11,931 1,039 8.7 1,223 220 18.0 1,771 457 25.8

20041

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,291 1,295 9.7 11,661 876 7.5 1,190 170 14.3 1,599 417 26.1

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,891 1,527 11.8 11,266 1,116 9.9 1,184 294 24.8 1,590 402 25.3

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,487 1,243 10.0 10,742 816 7.6 1,146 175 15.3 1,708 417 24.4

ASIAN ALONE10

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,324 1,729 12.1 12,445 1,244 10.0 1,343 301 22.4 1,826 475 26.0

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,005 1,746 12.5 12,296 1,244 10.1 1,353 250 18.5 1,673 491 29.3

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,310 1,576 11.8 11,719 1,192 10.2 1,308 209 16.0 1,574 378 24.0

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,257 1,349 10.2 11,471 930 8.1 1,256 217 17.3 1,720 391 22.7

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,177 1,353 10.3 11,428 912 8.0 1,057 187 17.7 1,683 428 25.4

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,580 1,402 11.1 10,911 970 8.9 1,059 189 17.8 1,645 427 26.0

20041

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,231 1,201 9.8 10,734 812 7.6 1,024 135 13.2 1,472 388 26.3

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,856 1,401 11.8 10,333 1,017 9.8 1,028 242 23.6 1,494 375 25.1

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,541 1,161 10.1 9,899 763 7.7 1,019 155 15.2 1,613 390 24.2

ASIAN AND PACIFIC

ISLANDER8

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,465 1,275 10.2 10,745 873 8.1 1,333 198 14.8 1,682 393 23.4

20002

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,672 1,258 9.9 11,044 895 8.1 1,231 289 23.4 1,588 350 22.0

19993

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,955 1,285 10.7 10,507 1,010 9.6 1,201 275 22.9 1,415 270 19.1

1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,873 1,360 12.5 9,576 1,087 11.4 1,123 373 33.2 1,266 257 20.3

1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,482 1,468 14.0 9,312 1,116 12.0 932 313 33.6 1,134 327 28.9

1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,054 1,454 14.5 8,900 1,172 13.2 1,018 300 29.5 1,120 255 22.8

1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,644 1,411 14.6 8,582 1,112 13.0 919 266 28.9 1,013 260 25.6

1994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,654 974 14.6 5,915 776 13.1 582 137 23.6 696 179 25.7

1993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,434 1,134 15.3 6,609 898 13.6 725 126 17.4 791 228 28.8

19924

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,779 985 12.7 6,922 787 11.4 729 183 25.0 828 193 23.3

19915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,192 996 13.8 6,367 773 12.1 721 177 24.6 785 209 26.6

1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,014 858 12.2 6,300 712 11.3 638 132 20.7 668 124 18.5

1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,673 939 14.1 5,917 779 13.2 614 212 34.6 712 144 20.2

19886

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,447 1,117 17.3 5,767 942 16.3 650 263 40.5 651 160 24.5

19876

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,322 1,021 16.1 5,785 875 15.1 584 187 32.0 516 138 26.8

Table B-1.

Poverty Status of People by Family Relationship, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2010—Con. (Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, 

see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf)

See footnotes at end of table.
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 67

Race, Hispanic origin, and 

year

All people People in families Unrelated individuals

Total

Below poverty All families

Families with female

householder, no

husband present

Total

Below poverty

Number Percent Total

Below poverty

Total

Below poverty

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

HISPANIC (ANY RACE)

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49,869 13,243 26.6 43,720 11,188 25.6 10,433 4,643 44.5 5,674 1,806 31.8

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,811 12,350 25.3 42,717 10,345 24.2 10,283 4,176 40.6 5,718 1,801 31.5

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,398 10,987 23.2 41,732 9,303 22.3 9,265 3,751 40.5 5,417 1,577 29.1

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,933 9,890 21.5 40,125 8,248 20.6 8,917 3,527 39.6 5,508 1,490 27.1

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,784 9,243 20.6 39,177 7,650 19.5 8,652 3,189 36.9 5,317 1,468 27.6

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,020 9,368 21.8 37,759 7,767 20.6 7,868 3,069 39.0 4,971 1,451 29.2

20041

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,690 9,122 21.9 36,438 7,705 21.1 7,825 3,072 39.3 4,971 1,293 26.0

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,300 9,051 22.5 35,469 7,637 21.5 7,452 2,861 38.4 4,620 1,325 28.7

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,216 8,555 21.8 34,598 7,184 20.8 7,013 2,554 36.4 4,364 1,255 28.8

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,312 7,997 21.4 33,110 6,674 20.2 6,830 2,585 37.8 3,981 1,211 30.4

20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,955 7,747 21.5 31,700 6,430 20.3 6,469 2,444 37.8 3,978 1,163 29.2

19993

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,632 7,876 22.7 30,872 6,702 21.7 6,527 2,642 40.5 3,481 1,068 30.7

1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,515 8,070 25.6 28,055 6,814 24.3 6,074 2,837 46.7 3,218 1,097 34.1

1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,637 8,308 27.1 27,467 7,198 26.2 5,718 2,911 50.9 2,976 1,017 34.2

1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,614 8,697 29.4 26,340 7,515 28.5 5,641 3,020 53.5 2,985 1,066 35.7

1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,344 8,574 30.3 25,165 7,341 29.2 5,785 3,053 52.8 2,947 1,092 37.0

1994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,442 8,416 30.7 24,390 7,357 30.2 5,328 2,920 54.8 2,798 926 33.1

1993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,559 8,126 30.6 23,439 6,876 29.3 5,333 2,837 53.2 2,717 972 35.8

19924

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,646 7,592 29.6 22,695 6,455 28.4 4,806 2,474 51.5 2,577 881 34.2

19915

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,070 6,339 28.7 19,658 5,541 28.2 4,326 2,282 52.7 2,146 667 31.1

1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,405 6,006 28.1 18,912 5,091 26.9 3,993 2,115 53.0 2,254 774 34.3

1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,746 5,430 26.2 18,488 4,659 25.2 3,763 1,902 50.6 2,045 634 31.0

19886

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,064 5,357 26.7 18,102 4,700 26.0 3,734 2,052 55.0 1,864 597 32.0

19876

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,395 5,422 28.0 17,342 4,761 27.5 3,678 2,045 55.6 1,933 598 31.0

1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,758 5,117 27.3 16,880 4,469 26.5 3,631 1,921 52.9 1,685 553 32.8

1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,075 5,236 29.0 16,276 4,605 28.3 3,561 1,983 55.7 1,602 532 33.2

1984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,916 4,806 28.4 15,293 4,192 27.4 3,139 1,764 56.2 1,481 545 36.8

1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,544 4,633 28.0 15,075 4,113 27.3 3,032 1,670 55.1 1,364 457 33.5

1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,385 4,301 29.9 13,242 3,865 29.2 2,664 1,601 60.1 1,018 358 35.1

1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,021 3,713 26.5 12,922 3,349 25.9 2,622 1,465 55.9 1,005 313 31.1

1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,600 3,491 25.7 12,547 3,143 25.1 2,421 1,319 54.5 970 312 32.2

1979. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,371 2,921 21.8 12,291 2,599 21.1 2,058 1,053 51.2 991 286 28.8

1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,079 2,607 21.6 11,193 2,343 20.9 1,817 1,024 56.4 886 264 29.8

1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,046 2,700 22.4 11,249 2,463 21.9 1,901 1,077 56.7 797 237 29.8

1976. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,269 2,783 24.7 10,552 2,516 23.8 1,766 1,000 56.6 716 266 37.2

1975. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,117 2,991 26.9 10,472 2,755 26.3 1,842 1,053 57.2 645 236 36.6

1974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,201 2,575 23.0 10,584 2,374 22.4 1,723 915 53.1 617 201 32.6

1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,795 2,366 21.9 10,269 2,209 21.5 1,534 881 57.4 526 157 29.9

1972. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,588 2,414 22.8 10,099 2,252 22.3 1,370 733 53.5 488 162 33.2

(NA) Not available.

1 For 2004, figures are revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC.

2 Consistent with 2001 data through implementation of Census 2000-based population controls and a 28,000 household sample expansion.

3 For 1999, figures are based on Census 2000 population controls.

4 For 1992, figures are based on 1990 census population controls.

5 For 1991, figures are revised to correct for nine omitted weights from the original March 1992 CPS file.

6 For 1988 and 1987, figures are based on new processing procedures and are also revised to reflect corrections to the files after publication of the 1988 advance report Money Income

and Poverty Status in the United States: 1988, P-60, No. 166. 7 The 2003 CPS allowed respondents to choose more than one race. White alone refers to people who reported White and did not report any other race category. The use of this singlerace population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Information on people who reported more 

than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from Census 2010 through American FactFinder. About 2.9 

percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2010. 8 For 2001 and earlier years, the CPS allowed respondents to report only one race group. The reference race groups for 2001 and earlier poverty data are White, non-Hispanic White, 

Black, and Asian and Pacific Islander. 9

 Black alone refers to people who reported Black and did not report any other race.

10Asian alone refers to people who reported Asian and did not report any other race.

Note: Prior to 1979, people in unrelated subfamilies were included in people in families. Beginning in 1979, people in unrelated subfamilies are included in all people but are excluded 

from people in families.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1960 to 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.

Table B-1.

Poverty Status of People by Family Relationship, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2010—Con. (Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, 

see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf)
68 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 U.S. Census Bureau

Race, Hispanic origin, 

and year

Under 18 years 18 to 64 years 65 years and older

All people Related children in families

Total

Below poverty

Total

Below poverty

Total

Below poverty

Total

Below poverty

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

ALL RACES

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,494 16,401 22.0 73,227 15,730 21.5 192,015 26,258 13.7 39,179 3,520 9.0

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,579 15,451 20.7 73,410 14,774 20.1 190,627 24,684 12.9 38,613 3,433 8.9

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,068 14,068 19.0 72,980 13,507 18.5 189,185 22,105 11.7 37,788 3,656 9.7

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,996 13,324 18.0 72,792 12,802 17.6 187,913 20,396 10.9 36,790 3,556 9.7

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,727 12,827 17.4 72,609 12,299 16.9 186,688 20,239 10.8 36,035 3,394 9.4

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,285 12,896 17.6 72,095 12,335 17.1 184,345 20,450 11.1 35,505 3,603 10.1

20041

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,241 13,041 17.8 72,133 12,473 17.3 182,166 20,545 11.3 35,209 3,453 9.8

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,999 12,866 17.6 71,907 12,340 17.2 180,041 19,443 10.8 34,659 3,552 10.2

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,696 12,133 16.7 71,619 11,646 16.3 178,388 18,861 10.6 34,234 3,576 10.4

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,021 11,733 16.3 70,950 11,175 15.8 175,685 17,760 10.1 33,769 3,414 10.1

20002

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,741 11,587 16.2 70,538 11,005 15.6 173,638 16,671 9.6 33,566 3,323 9.9

19993

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,685 12,280 17.1 70,424 11,678 16.6 171,146 17,289 10.1 33,377 3,222 9.7

1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,338 13,467 18.9 70,253 12,845 18.3 167,327 17,623 10.5 32,394 3,386 10.5

1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,069 14,113 19.9 69,844 13,422 19.2 165,329 18,085 10.9 32,082 3,376 10.5

1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,650 14,463 20.5 69,411 13,764 19.8 163,691 18,638 11.4 31,877 3,428 10.8

1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,566 14,665 20.8 69,425 13,999 20.2 161,508 18,442 11.4 31,658 3,318 10.5

1994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,020 15,289 21.8 68,819 14,610 21.2 160,329 19,107 11.9 31,267 3,663 11.7

1993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69,292 15,727 22.7 68,040 14,961 22.0 159,208 19,781 12.4 30,779 3,755 12.2

19924

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,440 15,294 22.3 67,256 14,521 21.6 157,680 18,793 11.9 30,430 3,928 12.9

19915

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,918 14,341 21.8 64,800 13,658 21.1 154,684 17,586 11.4 30,590 3,781 12.4

1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,049 13,431 20.6 63,908 12,715 19.9 153,502 16,496 10.7 30,093 3,658 12.2

1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,144 12,590 19.6 63,225 12,001 19.0 152,282 15,575 10.2 29,566 3,363 11.4

19886

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63,747 12,455 19.5 62,906 11,935 19.0 150,761 15,809 10.5 29,022 3,481 12.0

19876

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63,294 12,843 20.3 62,423 12,275 19.7 149,201 15,815 10.6 28,487 3,563 12.5

1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,948 12,876 20.5 62,009 12,257 19.8 147,631 16,017 10.8 27,975 3,477 12.4

1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,876 13,010 20.7 62,019 12,483 20.1 146,396 16,598 11.3 27,322 3,456 12.6

1984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,447 13,420 21.5 61,681 12,929 21.0 144,551 16,952 11.7 26,818 3,330 12.4

1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,334 13,911 22.3 61,578 13,427 21.8 143,052 17,767 12.4 26,313 3,625 13.8

1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,345 13,647 21.9 61,565 13,139 21.3 141,328 17,000 12.0 25,738 3,751 14.6

1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,449 12,505 20.0 61,756 12,068 19.5 139,477 15,464 11.1 25,231 3,853 15.3

1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,914 11,543 18.3 62,168 11,114 17.9 137,428 13,858 10.1 24,686 3,871 15.7

1979. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63,375 10,377 16.4 62,646 9,993 16.0 135,333 12,014 8.9 24,194 3,682 15.2

1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,311 9,931 15.9 61,987 9,722 15.7 130,169 11,332 8.7 23,175 3,233 14.0

1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63,137 10,288 16.2 62,823 10,028 16.0 128,262 11,316 8.8 22,468 3,177 14.1

1976. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,028 10,273 16.0 63,729 10,081 15.8 126,175 11,389 9.0 22,100 3,313 15.0

1975. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,079 11,104 17.1 64,750 10,882 16.8 124,122 11,456 9.2 21,662 3,317 15.3

1974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,134 10,156 15.4 65,802 9,967 15.1 122,101 10,132 8.3 21,127 3,085 14.6

1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,959 9,642 14.4 66,626 9,453 14.2 120,060 9,977 8.3 20,602 3,354 16.3

1972. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67,930 10,284 15.1 67,592 10,082 14.9 117,957 10,438 8.8 20,117 3,738 18.6

1971. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,816 10,551 15.3 68,474 10,344 15.1 115,911 10,735 9.3 19,827 4,273 21.6

1970. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69,159 10,440 15.1 68,815 10,235 14.9 113,554 10,187 9.0 19,470 4,793 24.6

1969. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69,090 9,691 14.0 68,746 9,501 13.8 111,528 9,669 8.7 18,899 4,787 25.3

1968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,385 10,954 15.6 70,035 10,739 15.3 108,684 9,803 9.0 18,559 4,632 25.0

1967. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,408 11,656 16.6 70,058 11,427 16.3 107,024 10,725 10.0 18,240 5,388 29.5

1966. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,218 12,389 17.6 69,869 12,146 17.4 105,241 11,007 10.5 17,929 5,114 28.5

1965. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69,986 14,676 21.0 69,638 14,388 20.7 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA)

1964. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69,711 16,051 23.0 69,364 15,736 22.7 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA)

1963. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69,181 16,005 23.1 68,837 15,691 22.8 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA)

1962. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67,722 16,963 25.0 67,385 16,630 24.7 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA)

1961. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,121 16,909 25.6 65,792 16,577 25.2 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA)

1960. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,601 17,634 26.9 65,275 17,288 26.5 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA)

1959. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,315 17,552 27.3 63,995 17,208 26.9 96,685 16,457 17.0 15,557 5,481 35.2

Table B-2.

Poverty Status of People by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2010

(Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, 

see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf)

See footnotes at end of table.
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 69

Race, Hispanic origin, 

and year

Under 18 years 18 to 64 years 65 years and older

All people Related children in families

Total

Below poverty

Total

Below poverty

Total

Below poverty

Total

Below poverty

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

WHITE ALONE7

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,215 10,492 18.7 55,282 9,982 18.1 153,029 18,549 12.1 33,768 2,608 7.7

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,266 9,938 17.7 55,397 9,440 17.0 152,367 17,391 11.4 33,414 2,501 7.5

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,153 8,863 15.8 55,339 8,441 15.3 151,681 15,356 10.1 32,714 2,771 8.5

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,419 8,395 14.9 55,483 8,002 14.4 150,875 14,135 9.4 31,839 2,590 8.1

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,205 7,908 14.1 55,330 7,522 13.6 150,143 14,035 9.3 31,270 2,473 7.9

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,075 8,085 14.4 55,152 7,652 13.9 148,450 14,086 9.5 30,905 2,700 8.7

20041

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,053 8,308 14.8 55,212 7,876 14.3 146,974 14,486 9.9 30,714 2,534 8.3

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,779 7,985 14.3 54,989 7,624 13.9 145,783 13,622 9.3 30,303 2,666 8.8

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,703 7,549 13.6 54,900 7,203 13.1 144,694 13,178 9.1 29,980 2,739 9.1

WHITE8

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,089 7,527 13.4 55,238 7,086 12.8 143,796 12,555 8.7 29,790 2,656 8.9

20002

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,980 7,307 13.1 55,021 6,834 12.4 142,164 11,754 8.3 29,703 2,584 8.7

19993

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,833 7,639 13.7 54,873 7,194 13.1 139,974 12,085 8.6 29,553 2,446 8.3

1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,016 8,443 15.1 55,126 7,935 14.4 138,061 12,456 9.0 28,759 2,555 8.9

1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,863 8,990 16.1 54,870 8,441 15.4 136,784 12,838 9.4 28,553 2,569 9.0

1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,606 9,044 16.3 54,599 8,488 15.5 135,586 12,940 9.5 28,464 2,667 9.4

1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,444 8,981 16.2 54,532 8,474 15.5 134,149 12,869 9.6 28,436 2,572 9.0

1994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,186 9,346 16.9 54,221 8,826 16.3 133,289 13,187 9.9 27,985 2,846 10.2

1993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,639 9,752 17.8 53,614 9,123 17.0 132,680 13,535 10.2 27,580 2,939 10.7

19924

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,110 9,399 17.4 53,110 8,752 16.5 131,694 12,871 9.8 27,256 2,989 11.0

19915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,523 8,848 16.8 51,627 8,316 16.1 130,312 12,097 9.3 27,297 2,802 10.3

1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,929 8,232 15.9 51,028 7,696 15.1 129,784 11,387 8.8 26,898 2,707 10.1

1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,400 7,599 14.8 50,704 7,164 14.1 128,974 10,647 8.3 26,479 2,539 9.6

19886

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,203 7,435 14.5 50,590 7,095 14.0 128,031 10,687 8.3 26,001 2,593 10.0

19876

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,012 7,788 15.3 50,360 7,398 14.7 126,991 10,703 8.4 25,602 2,704 10.6

1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,111 8,209 16.1 50,356 7,714 15.3 125,998 11,285 9.0 25,173 2,689 10.7

1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,031 8,253 16.2 50,358 7,838 15.6 125,258 11,909 9.5 24,629 2,698 11.0

1984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,814 8,472 16.7 50,192 8,086 16.1 123,922 11,904 9.6 24,206 2,579 10.7

1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,726 8,862 17.5 50,183 8,534 17.0 123,014 12,347 10.0 23,754 2,776 11.7

1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,920 8,678 17.0 50,305 8,282 16.5 121,766 11,971 9.8 23,234 2,870 12.4

1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,140 7,785 15.2 50,553 7,429 14.7 120,574 10,790 8.9 22,791 2,978 13.1

1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,653 7,181 13.9 51,002 6,817 13.4 118,935 9,478 8.0 22,325 3,042 13.6

1979. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,262 6,193 11.8 51,687 5,909 11.4 117,583 8,110 6.9 21,898 2,911 13.3

1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,669 5,831 11.3 51,409 5,674 11.0 113,832 7,897 6.9 20,950 2,530 12.1

1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,563 6,097 11.6 52,299 5,943 11.4 112,374 7,893 7.0 20,316 2,426 11.9

1976. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,428 6,189 11.6 53,167 6,034 11.3 110,717 7,890 7.1 20,020 2,633 13.2

1975. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,405 6,927 12.7 54,126 6,748 12.5 109,105 8,210 7.5 19,654 2,634 13.4

1974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,590 6,223 11.2 55,320 6,079 11.0 107,579 7,053 6.6 19,206 2,460 12.8

1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NA) (NA) (NA) 56,211 5,462 9.7 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 2,698 14.4

1972. . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NA) (NA) (NA) 57,181 5,784 10.1 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 3,072 16.8

1971. . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NA) (NA) (NA) 58,119 6,341 10.9 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 3,605 19.9

1970. . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NA) (NA) (NA) 58,472 6,138 10.5 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 4,011 22.6

1969. . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NA) (NA) (NA) 58,578 5,667 9.7 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 4,052 23.3

1968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 6,373 10.7 (NA) (NA) (NA) 17,062 3,939 23.1

1967. . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 6,729 11.3 (NA) (NA) (NA) 16,791 4,646 27.7

1966. . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 7,204 12.1 (NA) (NA) (NA) 16,514 4,357 26.4

1965. . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 8,595 14.4 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA)

1960. . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 11,229 20.0 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA)

1959. . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 11,386 20.6 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 4,744 33.1

Table B-2.

Poverty Status of People by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2010—Con.

(Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, 

see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf)

See footnotes at end of table.
70 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 U.S. Census Bureau

Race, Hispanic origin, 

and year

Under 18 years 18 to 64 years 65 years and older

All people Related children in families

Total

Below poverty

Total

Below poverty

Total

Below poverty

Total

Below poverty

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

WHITE ALONE,

NOT HISPANIC7

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,494 5,002 12.4 39,869 4,675 11.7 125,657 12,481 9.9 31,052 2,116 6.8

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,917 4,850 11.9 40,319 4,518 11.2 125,511 11,658 9.3 30,736 2,022 6.6

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,309 4,364 10.6 40,707 4,059 10.0 125,482 10,380 8.3 30,149 2,280 7.6

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,979 4,255 10.1 41,304 3,996 9.7 125,161 9,598 7.7 29,442 2,179 7.4

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,212 4,208 10.0 41,563 3,930 9.5 124,847 9,761 7.8 28,990 2,044 7.0

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,523 4,254 10.0 41,867 3,973 9.5 124,326 9,708 7.8 28,704 2,264 7.9

20041

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,978 4,519 10.5 42,363 4,190 9.9 123,481 10,236 8.3 28,639 2,153 7.5

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,150 4,233 9.8 42,547 3,957 9.3 123,110 9,391 7.6 28,335 2,277 8.0

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,614 4,090 9.4 43,017 3,848 8.9 122,511 9,157 7.5 28,018 2,321 8.3

WHITE, NOT

HISPANIC8

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,095 4,194 9.5 43,459 3,887 8.9 122,470 8,811 7.2 27,973 2,266 8.1

20002

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,244 4,018 9.1 43,554 3,715 8.5 121,499 8,130 6.7 27,948 2,218 7.9

19993

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,272 4,155 9.4 43,570 3,832 8.8 120,341 8,462 7.0 27,952 2,118 7.6

1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,355 4,822 10.6 44,670 4,458 10.0 120,282 8,760 7.3 27,118 2,217 8.2

1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,491 5,204 11.4 44,665 4,759 10.7 119,373 9,088 7.6 26,995 2,200 8.1

1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,605 5,072 11.1 44,844 4,656 10.4 118,822 9,074 7.6 27,033 2,316 8.6

1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,689 5,115 11.2 44,973 4,745 10.6 118,228 8,908 7.5 27,034 2,243 8.3

1994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,668 5,823 12.5 45,874 5,404 11.8 119,192 9,732 8.2 26,684 2,556 9.6

1993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,096 6,255 13.6 45,322 5,819 12.8 118,475 9,964 8.4 26,272 2,663 10.1

19924

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,590 6,017 13.2 44,833 5,558 12.4 117,386 9,461 8.1 26,025 2,724 10.5

19915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,236 5,918 13.1 44,506 5,497 12.4 117,672 9,244 7.9 26,208 2,580 9.8

1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,797 5,532 12.3 44,045 5,106 11.6 117,477 8,619 7.3 25,854 2,471 9.6

1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,492 5,110 11.5 43,938 4,779 10.9 116,983 8,154 7.0 25,504 2,335 9.2

19886

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,438 4,888 11.0 43,910 4,594 10.5 116,479 8,293 7.1 25,044 2,384 9.5

19876

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,461 5,230 11.8 43,907 4,902 11.2 115,721 8,327 7.2 24,754 2,472 10.0

1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,664 5,789 13.0 44,041 5,388 12.2 115,157 8,963 7.8 24,298 2,492 10.3

1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,752 5,745 12.8 44,199 5,421 12.3 114,969 9,608 8.4 23,734 2,486 10.5

1984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,886 6,156 13.7 44,349 5,828 13.1 114,180 9,734 8.5 23,402 2,410 10.3

1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,830 6,649 14.8 44,374 6,381 14.4 113,570 10,279 9.1 22,992 2,610 11.4

1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,531 6,566 14.4 45,001 6,229 13.8 113,717 10,082 8.9 22,655 2,714 12.0

1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,950 5,946 12.9 45,440 5,639 12.4 112,722 9,207 8.2 22,237 2,834 12.7

1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,578 5,510 11.8 45,989 5,174 11.3 111,460 7,990 7.2 21,760 2,865 13.2

1979. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,967 4,730 10.1 46,448 4,476 9.6 110,509 6,930 6.3 21,339 2,759 12.9

1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,819 4,506 9.6 46,606 4,383 9.4 107,481 6,837 6.4 20,431 2,412 11.8

1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,689 4,714 9.9 47,459 4,582 9.7 106,063 6,772 6.4 19,812 2,316 11.7

1976. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,824 4,799 9.8 48,601 4,664 9.6 104,846 6,720 6.4 19,565 2,506 12.8

1975. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49,670 5,342 10.8 49,421 5,185 10.5 103,496 7,039 6.8 19,251 2,503 13.0

1974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,759 4,820 9.5 50,520 4,697 9.3 101,894 6,051 5.9 18,810 2,346 12.5

BLACK ALONE OR

IN COMBINATION

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,625 4,817 38.2 12,388 4,717 38.1 25,370 5,908 23.3 3,500 636 18.2

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,655 4,480 35.4 12,445 4,349 34.9 24,815 5,441 21.9 3,405 655 19.2

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,388 4,202 33.9 12,201 4,104 33.6 24,404 5,017 20.6 3,305 663 20.0

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,380 4,178 33.7 12,227 4,106 33.6 23,968 4,742 19.8 3,215 748 23.3

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,375 4,086 33.0 12,206 3,977 32.6 23,510 4,652 19.8 3,128 710 22.7

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,159 4,074 33.5 11,975 3,972 33.2 23,338 4,735 20.3 3,053 708 23.2

20041

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,190 4,059 33.3 12,012 3,962 33.0 22,842 4,638 20.3 3,005 714 23.8

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,215 4,108 33.6 11,989 3,977 33.2 22,355 4,313 19.3 2,933 688 23.5

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,114 3,817 31.5 11,931 3,733 31.3 22,170 4,376 19.7 2,922 691 23.6

Table B-2.

Poverty Status of People by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2010—Con.

(Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, 

see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf)

See footnotes at end of table.
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 71

Race, Hispanic origin, 

and year

Under 18 years 18 to 64 years 65 years and older

All people Related children in families

Total

Below poverty

Total

Below poverty

Total

Below poverty

Total

Below poverty

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

BLACK ALONE9

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,145 4,362 39.1 10,936 4,282 39.2 24,425 5,702 23.3 3,394 612 18.0

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,282 4,033 35.7 11,102 3,919 35.3 23,953 5,264 22.0 3,320 647 19.5

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,172 3,878 34.7 10,998 3,781 34.4 23,565 4,855 20.6 3,229 646 20.0

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,302 3,904 34.5 11,174 3,838 34.3 23,213 4,602 19.8 3,150 731 23.2

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,315 3,777 33.4 11,168 3,690 33.0 22,907 4,570 19.9 3,085 701 22.7

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,136 3,841 34.5 10,962 3,743 34.2 22,659 4,627 20.4 3,007 701 23.3

20041

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,244 3,788 33.7 11,080 3,702 33.4 22,226 4,521 20.3 2,956 705 23.8

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,367 3,877 34.1 11,162 3,750 33.6 21,746 4,224 19.4 2,876 680 23.7

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,275 3,645 32.3 11,111 3,570 32.1 21,547 4,277 19.9 2,856 680 23.8

BLACK8

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,556 3,492 30.2 11,419 3,423 30.0 21,462 4,018 18.7 2,853 626 21.9

20002

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,480 3,581 31.2 11,296 3,495 30.9 21,160 3,794 17.9 2,785 607 21.8

19993

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,488 3,813 33.2 11,260 3,698 32.8 21,518 4,000 18.6 2,750 628 22.8

1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,317 4,151 36.7 11,176 4,073 36.4 20,837 4,222 20.3 2,723 718 26.4

1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,367 4,225 37.2 11,193 4,116 36.8 20,400 4,191 20.5 2,691 700 26.0

1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,338 4,519 39.9 11,155 4,411 39.5 20,155 4,515 22.4 2,616 661 25.3

1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,369 4,761 41.9 11,198 4,644 41.5 19,892 4,483 22.5 2,478 629 25.4

1994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,211 4,906 43.8 11,044 4,787 43.3 19,585 4,590 23.4 2,557 700 27.4

1993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,127 5,125 46.1 10,969 5,030 45.9 19,272 5,049 26.2 2,510 702 28.0

19924

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,956 5,106 46.6 10,823 5,015 46.3 18,952 4,884 25.8 2,504 838 33.5

19915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,350 4,755 45.9 10,178 4,637 45.6 18,355 4,607 25.1 2,606 880 33.8

1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,162 4,550 44.8 9,980 4,412 44.2 18,097 4,427 24.5 2,547 860 33.8

1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,012 4,375 43.7 9,847 4,257 43.2 17,833 4,164 23.3 2,487 763 30.7

19886

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,865 4,296 43.5 9,681 4,148 42.8 17,548 4,275 24.4 2,436 785 32.2

19876

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,730 4,385 45.1 9,546 4,234 44.4 17,245 4,361 25.3 2,387 774 32.4

1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,629 4,148 43.1 9,467 4,037 42.7 16,911 4,113 24.3 2,331 722 31.0

1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,545 4,157 43.6 9,405 4,057 43.1 16,667 4,052 24.3 2,273 717 31.5

1984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,480 4,413 46.6 9,356 4,320 46.2 16,369 4,368 26.7 2,238 710 31.7

1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,417 4,398 46.7 9,245 4,273 46.2 16,065 4,694 29.2 2,197 791 36.0

1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,400 4,472 47.6 9,269 4,388 47.3 15,692 4,415 28.1 2,124 811 38.2

1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,374 4,237 45.2 9,291 4,170 44.9 15,358 4,117 26.8 2,102 820 39.0

1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,368 3,961 42.3 9,287 3,906 42.1 14,987 3,835 25.6 2,054 783 38.1

1979. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,307 3,833 41.2 9,172 3,745 40.8 14,596 3,478 23.8 2,040 740 36.2

1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,229 3,830 41.5 9,168 3,781 41.2 13,774 3,133 22.7 1,954 662 33.9

1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,296 3,888 41.8 9,253 3,850 41.6 13,483 3,137 23.3 1,930 701 36.3

1976. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,322 3,787 40.6 9,291 3,758 40.4 13,224 3,163 23.9 1,852 644 34.8

1975. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,421 3,925 41.7 9,374 3,884 41.4 12,872 2,968 23.1 1,795 652 36.3

1974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,439 3,755 39.8 9,384 3,713 39.6 12,539 2,836 22.6 1,721 591 34.3

1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NA) (NA) (NA) 9,405 3,822 40.6 (NA) (NA) (NA) 1,672 620 37.1

1972. . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NA) (NA) (NA) 9,426 4,025 42.7 (NA) (NA) (NA) 1,603 640 39.9

1971. . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NA) (NA) (NA) 9,414 3,836 40.4 (NA) (NA) (NA) 1,584 623 39.3

1970. . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NA) (NA) (NA) 9,448 3,922 41.5 (NA) (NA) (NA) 1,422 683 48.0

1969. . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NA) (NA) (NA) 9,290 3,677 39.6 (NA) (NA) (NA) 1,373 689 50.2

1968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 4,188 43.1 (NA) (NA) (NA) 1,374 655 47.7

1967. . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 4,558 47.4 (NA) (NA) (NA) 1,341 715 53.3

1966. . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 4,774 50.6 (NA) (NA) (NA) 1,311 722 55.1

1965. . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 5,022 65.6 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 711 62.5

Table B-2.

Poverty Status of People by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2010—Con.

(Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, 

see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf)

See footnotes at end of table.
72 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 U.S. Census Bureau

Race, Hispanic origin, 

and year

Under 18 years 18 to 64 years 65 years and older

All people Related children in families

Total

Below poverty

Total

Below poverty

Total

Below poverty

Total

Below poverty

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

ASIAN ALONE OR

IN COMBINATION

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,012 547 13.6 3,966 525 13.2 10,190 1,100 10.8 1,483 213 14.4

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,996 531 13.3 3,946 507 12.9 9,898 1,154 11.7 1,378 216 15.7

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,717 494 13.3 3,678 476 12.9 9,507 1,031 10.8 1,319 162 12.3

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,606 431 11.9 3,558 402 11.3 9,531 892 9.4 1,293 144 11.2

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,573 408 11.4 3,530 398 11.3 9,553 897 9.4 1,205 142 11.8

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,472 359 10.3 3,435 352 10.2 9,115 999 11.0 1,144 144 12.6

20041

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,406 329 9.7 3,367 311 9.2 8,780 819 9.3 1,104 147 13.3

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,316 420 12.7 3,279 406 12.4 8,510 956 11.2 1,065 152 14.2

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,199 353 11.0 3,159 338 10.7 8,292 804 9.7 995 86 8.7

ASIAN ALONE10

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,297 474 14.4 3,268 459 14.0 9,573 1,043 10.9 1,454 213 14.6

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,311 463 14.0 3,271 444 13.6 9,344 1,069 11.4 1,350 213 15.8

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,052 446 14.6 3,016 430 14.2 8,961 974 10.9 1,296 157 12.1

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,980 374 12.5 2,932 345 11.8 9,012 832 9.2 1,265 143 11.3

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,956 360 12.2 2,915 351 12.0 9,039 851 9.4 1,182 142 12.0

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,871 317 11.1 2,842 312 11.0 8,591 941 11.0 1,118 143 12.8

20041

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,854 281 9.9 2,823 265 9.4 8,294 774 9.3 1,083 146 13.5

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,759 344 12.5 2,726 331 12.1 8,044 907 11.3 1,052 151 14.3

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,683 315 11.7 2,648 302 11.4 7,881 764 9.7 977 82 8.4

ASIAN AND PACIFIC

ISLANDER8

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,215 369 11.5 3,169 353 11.1 8,352 814 9.7 899 92 10.2

20002

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,294 420 12.7 3,256 407 12.5 8,500 756 8.9 878 82 9.3

19993

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,212 381 11.9 3,178 367 11.5 7,879 807 10.2 864 96 11.1

1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,137 564 18.0 3,099 542 17.5 6,951 698 10.0 785 97 12.4

1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,096 628 20.3 3,061 608 19.9 6,680 753 11.3 705 87 12.3

1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,924 571 19.5 2,899 553 19.1 6,484 821 12.7 647 63 9.7

1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,900 564 19.5 2,858 532 18.6 6,123 757 12.4 622 89 14.3

1994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,739 318 18.3 1,719 308 17.9 4,401 589 13.4 513 67 13.0

1993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,061 375 18.2 2,029 358 17.6 4,871 680 14.0 503 79 15.6

19924

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,218 363 16.4 2,199 352 16.0 5,067 568 11.2 494 53 10.8

19915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,056 360 17.5 2,036 348 17.1 4,582 565 12.3 555 70 12.7

1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,126 374 17.6 2,098 356 17.0 4,375 422 9.6 514 62 12.1

1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,983 392 19.8 1,945 368 18.9 4,225 512 12.1 465 34 7.4

19886

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,970 474 24.1 1,949 458 23.5 4,035 583 14.4 442 60 13.5

19876

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,937 455 23.5 1,908 432 22.7 4,010 510 12.7 375 56 15.0

Table B-2.

Poverty Status of People by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2010—Con.

(Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, 

see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf)

See footnotes at end of table.
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 73

Race, Hispanic origin, 

and year

Under 18 years 18 to 64 years 65 years and older

All people Related children in families

Total

Below poverty

Total

Below poverty

Total

Below poverty

Total

Below poverty

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

HISPANIC

(ANY RACE)

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,435 6,110 35.0 17,051 5,881 34.5 29,576 6,619 22.4 2,857 514 18.0

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,965 5,610 33.1 16,655 5,419 32.5 29,031 6,224 21.4 2,815 516 18.3

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,370 5,010 30.6 16,138 4,888 30.3 28,311 5,452 19.3 2,717 525 19.3

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,647 4,482 28.6 15,375 4,348 28.3 27,731 4,970 17.9 2,555 438 17.1

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,147 4,072 26.9 14,907 3,959 26.6 27,209 4,698 17.3 2,428 472 19.4

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,654 4,143 28.3 14,361 3,977 27.7 26,051 4,765 18.3 2,315 460 19.9

20041

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,173 4,098 28.9 13,929 3,985 28.6 25,324 4,620 18.2 2,194 403 18.4

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,730 4,077 29.7 13,519 3,982 29.5 24,490 4,568 18.7 2,080 406 19.5

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,210 3,782 28.6 12,971 3,653 28.2 23,952 4,334 18.1 2,053 439 21.4

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,763 3,570 28.0 12,539 3,433 27.4 22,653 4,014 17.7 1,896 413 21.8

20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,399 3,522 28.4 12,115 3,342 27.6 21,734 3,844 17.7 1,822 381 20.9

19993

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,188 3,693 30.3 11,912 3,561 29.9 20,782 3,843 18.5 1,661 340 20.5

1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,152 3,837 34.4 10,921 3,670 33.6 18,668 3,877 20.8 1,696 356 21.0

1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,802 3,972 36.8 10,625 3,865 36.4 18,217 3,951 21.7 1,617 384 23.8

1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,511 4,237 40.3 10,255 4,090 39.9 17,587 4,089 23.3 1,516 370 24.4

1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,213 4,080 40.0 10,011 3,938 39.3 16,673 4,153 24.9 1,458 342 23.5

1994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,822 4,075 41.5 9,621 3,956 41.1 16,192 4,018 24.8 1,428 323 22.6

1993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,462 3,873 40.9 9,188 3,666 39.9 15,708 3,956 25.2 1,390 297 21.4

19924

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,081 3,637 40.0 8,829 3,440 39.0 15,268 3,668 24.0 1,298 287 22.1

19915

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,648 3,094 40.4 7,473 2,977 39.8 13,279 3,008 22.7 1,143 237 20.8

1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,457 2,865 38.4 7,300 2,750 37.7 12,857 2,896 22.5 1,091 245 22.5

1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,186 2,603 36.2 7,040 2,496 35.5 12,536 2,616 20.9 1,024 211 20.6

19886

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,003 2,631 37.6 6,908 2,576 37.3 12,056 2,501 20.7 1,005 225 22.4

19876

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,792 2,670 39.3 6,692 2,606 38.9 11,718 2,509 21.4 885 243 27.5

1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,646 2,507 37.7 6,511 2,413 37.1 11,206 2,406 21.5 906 204 22.5

1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,475 2,606 40.3 6,346 2,512 39.6 10,685 2,411 22.6 915 219 23.9

1984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,068 2,376 39.2 5,982 2,317 38.7 10,029 2,254 22.5 819 176 21.5

1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,066 2,312 38.1 5,977 2,251 37.7 9,697 2,148 22.5 782 173 22.1

1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,527 2,181 39.5 5,436 2,117 38.9 8,262 1,963 23.8 596 159 26.6

1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,369 1,925 35.9 5,291 1,874 35.4 8,084 1,642 20.3 568 146 25.7

1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,276 1,749 33.2 5,211 1,718 33.0 7,740 1,563 20.2 582 179 30.8

1979. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,483 1,535 28.0 5,426 1,505 27.7 7,314 1,232 16.8 574 154 26.8

1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,012 1,384 27.6 4,972 1,354 27.2 6,527 1,098 16.8 539 125 23.2

1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,028 1,422 28.3 5,000 1,402 28.0 6,500 1,164 17.9 518 113 21.9

1976. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,771 1,443 30.2 4,736 1,424 30.1 6,034 1,212 20.1 464 128 27.7

1975. . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NA) (NA) (NA) 4,896 1,619 33.1 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 137 32.6

1974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NA) (NA) (NA) 4,939 1,414 28.6 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 117 28.9

1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NA) (NA) (NA) 4,910 1,364 27.8 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 95 24.9

(NA) Not available.

1 For 2004, figures are revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC.

2 Consistent with 2001 data through implementation of Census 2000-based population controls and a 28,000 household sample expansion.

3 For 1999, figures are based on Census 2000 population controls.

4 For 1992, figures are based on 1990 census population controls.

5 For 1991, figures are revised to correct for nine omitted weights from the original March 1992 CPS file.

6 For 1988 and 1987, figures are based on new processing procedures and are also revised to reflect corrections to the files after publication of the 1988 advance report Money Income 

and Poverty Status in the United States: 1988, P-60, No. 166. 7 The 2003 CPS allowed respondents to choose more than one race. White alone refers to people who reported White and did not report any other race category. The use of this 

single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Information on people who reported 

more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from Census 2010 through American FactFinder. About 

2.9 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2010. 8 For 2001 and earlier years, the CPS allowed respondents to report only one race group. The reference race groups for 2001 and earlier poverty data are White, non-Hispanic White, 

Black, and Asian and Pacific Islander. 9 Black alone refers to people who reported Black and did not report any other race.

10 Asian alone refers to people who reported Asian and did not report any other race.

Note: Before 1979, people in unrelated subfamilies were included in people in families. Beginning in 1979, people in unrelated subfamilies are included in all people but are excluded 

from people in families.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1960 to 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.

Table B-2.

Poverty Status of People by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2010—Con.

(Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, 

see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf)
74 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 U.S. Census Bureau

Table B-3.

Poverty Status of Families, by Type of Family: 1959 to 2010

(Numbers in thousands. Families as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and

definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf)

Race, Hispanic origin, 

and year

All families Married-couple families Male householder,

no wife present

Female householder,

no husband present

Total

Below poverty 

Total

Below poverty 

Total

Below poverty 

Total

Below poverty 

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

ALL RACES

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78,633 9,221 11.7 58,047 3,596 6.2 5,560 880 15.8 15,026 4,745 31.6

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78,867 8,792 11.1 58,428 3,409 5.8 5,582 942 16.9 14,857 4,441 29.9

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78,874 8,147 10.3 59,137 3,261 5.5 5,255 723 13.8 14,482 4,163 28.7

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,908 7,623 9.8 58,395 2,849 4.9 5,103 696 13.6 14,411 4,078 28.3

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78,454 7,668 9.8 58,964 2,910 4.9 5,067 671 13.2 14,424 4,087 28.3

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,418 7,657 9.9 58,189 2,944 5.1 5,134 669 13.0 14,095 4,044 28.7

20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,866 7,835 10.2 57,983 3,216 5.5 4,901 657 13.4 13,981 3,962 28.3

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,232 7,607 10.0 57,725 3,115 5.4 4,717 636 13.5 13,791 3,856 28.0

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,616 7,229 9.6 57,327 3,052 5.3 4,663 564 12.1 13,626 3,613 26.5

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,340 6,813 9.2 56,755 2,760 4.9 4,440 583 13.1 13,146 3,470 26.4

20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,778 6,400 8.7 56,598 2,637 4.7 4,277 485 11.3 12,903 3,278 25.4

19993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,206 6,792 9.3 56,290 2,748 4.9 4,099 485 11.8 12,818 3,559 27.8

1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,551 7,186 10.0 54,778 2,879 5.3 3,977 476 12.0 12,796 3,831 29.9

1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,884 7,324 10.3 54,321 2,821 5.2 3,911 507 13.0 12,652 3,995 31.6

1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,241 7,708 11.0 53,604 3,010 5.6 3,847 531 13.8 12,790 4,167 32.6

1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69,597 7,532 10.8 53,570 2,982 5.6 3,513 493 14.0 12,514 4,057 32.4

1994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69,313 8,053 11.6 53,865 3,272 6.1 3,228 549 17.0 12,220 4,232 34.6

1993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,506 8,393 12.3 53,181 3,481 6.5 2,914 488 16.8 12,411 4,424 35.6

19924 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,216 8,144 11.9 53,090 3,385 6.4 3,065 484 15.8 12,061 4,275 35.4

19915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67,175 7,712 11.5 52,457 3,158 6.0 3,025 392 13.0 11,693 4,161 35.6

1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,322 7,098 10.7 52,147 2,981 5.7 2,907 349 12.0 11,268 3,768 33.4

1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,090 6,784 10.3 52,317 2,931 5.6 2,884 348 12.1 10,890 3,504 32.2

19886 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,837 6,874 10.4 52,100 2,897 5.6 2,847 336 11.8 10,890 3,642 33.4

19876 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,204 7,005 10.7 51,675 3,011 5.8 2,833 340 12.0 10,696 3,654 34.2

1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,491 7,023 10.9 51,537 3,123 6.1 2,510 287 11.4 10,445 3,613 34.6

1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63,558 7,223 11.4 50,933 3,438 6.7 2,414 311 12.9 10,211 3,474 34.0

1984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,706 7,277 11.6 50,350 3,488 6.9 2,228 292 13.1 10,129 3,498 34.5

1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,015 7,647 12.3 50,081 3,815 7.6 2,038 268 13.2 9,896 3,564 36.0

1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,393 7,512 12.2 49,908 3,789 7.6 2,016 290 14.4 9,469 3,434 36.3

1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,019 6,851 11.2 49,630 3,394 6.8 1,986 205 10.3 9,403 3,252 34.6

1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,309 6,217 10.3 49,294 3,032 6.2 1,933 213 11.0 9,082 2,972 32.7

1979. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59,550 5,461 9.2 49,112 2,640 5.4 1,733 176 10.2 8,705 2,645 30.4

1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,804 5,280 9.1 47,692 2,474 5.2 1,654 152 9.2 8,458 2,654 31.4

1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,215 5,311 9.3 47,385 2,524 5.3 1,594 177 11.1 8,236 2,610 31.7

1976. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,710 5,311 9.4 47,497 2,606 5.5 1,500 162 10.8 7,713 2,543 33.0

1975. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,245 5,450 9.7 47,318 2,904 6.1 1,445 116 8.0 7,482 2,430 32.5

1974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,698 4,922 8.8 47,069 2,474 5.3 1,399 125 8.9 7,230 2,324 32.1

1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,053 4,828 8.8 46,812 2,482 5.3 1,438 154 10.7 6,804 2,193 32.2

1972. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,373 5,075 9.3 46,314 (NA) (NA) 1,452 (NA) (NA) 6,607 2,158 32.7

1971. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,296 5,303 10.0 45,752 (NA) (NA) 1,353 (NA) (NA) 6,191 2,100 33.9

1970. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,227 5,260 10.1 44,739 (NA) (NA) 1,487 (NA) (NA) 6,001 1,952 32.5

1969. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,586 5,008 9.7 44,436 (NA) (NA) 1,559 (NA) (NA) 5,591 1,827 32.7

1968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,511 5,047 10.0 43,842 (NA) (NA) 1,228 (NA) (NA) 5,441 1,755 32.3

1967. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49,835 5,667 11.4 43,292 (NA) (NA) 1,210 (NA) (NA) 5,333 1,774 33.3

1966. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,921 5,784 11.8 42,553 (NA) (NA) 1,197 (NA) (NA) 5,171 1,721 33.1

1965. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,278 6,721 13.9 42,107 (NA) (NA) 1,179 (NA) (NA) 4,992 1,916 38.4

1964. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,836 7,160 15.0 41,648 (NA) (NA) 1,182 (NA) (NA) 5,006 1,822 36.4

1963. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,436 7,554 15.9 41,311 (NA) (NA) 1,243 (NA) (NA) 4,882 1,972 40.4

1962. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,998 8,077 17.2 40,923 (NA) (NA) 1,334 (NA) (NA) 4,741 2,034 42.9

1961. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,341 8,391 18.1 40,405 (NA) (NA) 1,293 (NA) (NA) 4,643 1,954 42.1

1960. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,435 8,243 18.1 39,624 (NA) (NA) 1,202 (NA) (NA) 4,609 1,955 42.4

1959. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,054 8,320 18.5 39,335 (NA) (NA) 1,226 (NA) (NA) 4,493 1,916 42.6

(NA) Not available.

1 For 2004, figures are revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC.

2 Consistent with 2001 data through implementation of Census 2000-based population controls and a 28,000 household sample expansion.

3 For 1999, figures are based on Census 2000 population controls.

4 For 1992, figures are based on 1990 census population controls.

5 For 1991, figures are revised to correct for nine omitted weights from the original March 1992 CPS file.

6 For 1988 and 1987, figures are based on new processing procedures and are also revised to reflect corrections to the files after publication of the 1988 advance report Money Income 

and Poverty Status in the United States: 1988, P-60, No. 166.

Note: Before 1979, unrelated subfamilies were included in all families. Beginning in 1979, unrelated subfamilies are excluded from all families.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1960 to 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 75

APPENDIX C. 

ESTIMATES OF HEALTH INSURANCE COVERAGE

Quality of Health Insurance 

Coverage Estimates

National surveys and health insurance coverage. Health insurance coverage is likely to be underreported on 

the Current Population Survey (CPS). 

While underreporting affects most, 

if not all, surveys, underreporting of 

health insurance coverage appears 

to be a larger problem in the Annual 

Social and Economic Supplement 

(ASEC) than in other national surveys that ask about insurance. Some 

reasons for the disparity may include 

the fact that income, not health insurance, is the main focus of the ASEC 

questionnaire. In addition, the ASEC 

collects health insurance information 

in February through April but asks 

about the previous year’s coverage. 

Asking annual retrospective questions appears to cause few problems 

when collecting income data (possibly 

because the interview period is close 

to when people pay their taxes), but 

may be less than ideal when asking 

about health insurance coverage. 

Compared with other national surveys, the CPS estimate of the number 

of people without health insurance 

more closely approximates the number of people who are uninsured at a 

specific point in time during the year 

than the number of people uninsured 

for the entire year. For a comparison 

of health insurance coverage rates 

from the major federal surveys, see 

How Many People Lack Insurance and 

for How Long? (Congressional Budget 

Office, May 2003) at <www.cbo.gov

/doc.cfm?index=4210>.

Reporting of coverage through 

major federal health insurance 

programs. The CPS ASEC data underreport Medicare and Medicaid coverage compared with enrollment and 

participation data from the Centers 

for Medicare and Medicaid Services 

(CMS).1 Because the CPS is largely 

a labor force survey, interviewers 

receive less training on health insurance concepts than labor concepts. 

Additionally, many people may not be 

aware that a health insurance program covers them or their children if 

they have not used covered services 

recently. CMS data, on the other hand, 

represent the actual number of people 

who have enrolled or participated in 

these programs. 

The State Health Access Data 

Assistance Center (SHADAC) of the 

University of Minnesota has worked 

with the U.S. Census Bureau, CMS, 

and the Office of the Assistant 

Secretary for Planning and Evaluation 

(ASPE) on a research project to evaluate why CPS ASEC estimates of the 

number of people with Medicaid are 

lower than counts of the number of 

people enrolled in the program from 

CMS. Reports from all four phases of 

the research project are available from 

the Census Bureau’s Web site at 

<www.census.gov/did/www/snacc/>. 

During Phase 1, a database of 

Medicaid and Medicare enrollment 

was built using the CMS Medicaid 

Statistical Information System (MSIS) 

1 CMS is the federal agency primarily 

responsible for administering the Medicare and 

Medicaid programs at the national level.

files merged with CMS Medicare 

Enrollment Database (EDB) files. The 

quality of the database was evaluated using two Census Bureau files: 

the Master Address File/Auxiliary 

Reference File (MAFARF) and the 

Person Characteristics File (PCF).

During Phase 2, files from the MSIS 

were linked with the CPS ASEC files, 

and the individual records were 

compared. The report from Phase 2 

showed a gap between CPS ASEC 

estimates and MSIS files of 2.8 million Medicaid enrollees. A key finding 

indicating survey response error in 

the CPS ASEC was that 16.9 percent 

of people with an MSIS record indicating Medicaid coverage reported in the 

CPS ASEC that they were uninsured.2 

The report found that Medicaid subscribers with longer and more recent 

enrollment were more likely to report 

coverage. Respondents for children 

enrolled in Medicaid were more apt 

to report coverage for those children than for enrolled adults within 

the household. Families with lower 

incomes tended to report coverage 

more frequently. Individuals who 

received Medicaid services during 

the reporting cycle tended to report 

coverage more often than individuals who had not received services. 

Reporting differences were also apparent among states. 

2 For consistency purposes across the MSIS 

and the CPS, SHADAC removed all MSIS enrollees 

who received only partial coverage, those who 

had died before the CPS reporting cycle, and 

all duplicate person records. Also, all State 

Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) 

enrollees were removed from the MSIS count. 
76 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 U.S. Census Bureau

Phase 3 of the research project was 

further broken down into three steps 

that attempted to account for discrepancies found in Phase 2 between the 

MSIS records and the CPS ASEC files. 

These steps focused on determining 

the number of enrollees who were 

out-of-scope for the 2001 March CPS 

interview (people living in institutions and other group quarters are not 

eligible for CPS ASEC interview; MSIS 

counts all people, regardless of their 

living situation). Phase 3 narrowed the 

gap between CPS ASEC estimates and 

MSIS files by 1.0 million, to 1.8 million 

Medicaid enrollees. 

Phase 4 consisted of repeating the 

Phase 2 process using the National 

Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data 

instead of CPS ASEC data. The purpose of this was twofold: to provide 

explanations for the differences found 

between NHIS data and MSIS files 

and to examine how differing survey 

designs and methodologies affect the 

survey data and estimates. The report 

found that the NHIS Medicaid undercount was 27.3 percent in 2001 and 

21.7 percent in 2002, but noted that 

the NHIS added questions in 2004 and 

these results may not apply to more 

recent data. The report found higher 

false-negative reporting for enrollees 

who were older, had higher incomes, 

and also had private insurance. Falsenegative reporting was lower for very 

low-income enrollees, those on other 

benefits programs, and those who 

had recently used Medicaid services. 

The report found that the dynamics of 

false-negative reporting was similar in 

the NHIS and CPS ASEC.

SHADAC released an imputation 

adjustment for public use CPS ASEC 

microdata through its Web site to 

help researchers interested in partially adjusting for CPS ASEC Medicaid 

underreporting.3 This is an experimental imputation and was produced 

for interested parties to use in their 

research. The Census Bureau has not 

evaluated the methodology, and users 

should be aware that this is not an 

official data product. 

Enhancements in 2010. SHADAC 

has also done research to improve 

the CPS ASEC imputation and allocation processes.4 After evaluating the methodology, the Census 

Bureau decided to implement these 

changes for data from the 2000 to 

2010 CPS ASEC Supplements. From 

this point forward, this methodology 

will be used and is now incorporated 

into the approved historical series 

from the 2000 to 2010 CPS ASEC 

Supplements. For more information, 

see <www.census.gov/hhes/www

/hlthins/data/usernote/index.html>. 

There are several ongoing projects 

aimed at improving the quality 

of health coverage data from the 

CPS ASEC. This research includes: 

1) cognitive research and field testing to improve the wording of the 

CPS ASEC health coverage questions; 

2) editing and imputation research, 

3 See <www.shadac.org/publications

/medicaid-under-reporting-in-cps-and-one

-approach-partial-correction> for more 

information. 4 See <www.shadac.org/publications/are

-current-population-survey-uninsurance

-estimates-too-high-examination-imputation

-pro>.

including additional research on the 

use of models that attempt to account 

for Medicaid underreporting; and 3) 

expanding the number of studies that 

match administrative Medicaid data to 

current survey data to include other 

surveys, such as the National Health 

Interview Survey (NHIS) and the 

American Community Survey (ACS). 

This research will make it possible 

to compare and contrast CPS ASEC 

underreporting rates with other surveys, allowing Census Bureau analysts 

to better understand the nature and 

impact of CPS ASEC health coverage 

underreporting. 

After consulting with health insurance 

experts, the Census Bureau modified 

the definition of the population without health insurance in the supplement to the March 1998 CPS, which 

collected data about coverage in 

1997. Previously, people with no coverage other than access to the Indian 

Health Service were counted as part of 

the insured population. Subsequently, 

the Census Bureau has counted these 

people as uninsured. 

In 2009, a modification to the estimates of uninsured foster children 

was made. Health insurance experts 

informed the Census Bureau that 

all foster children were eligible for 

Medicaid. The effect of these changes 

on the overall estimates of health 

insurance coverage was negligible. 

This modification was later incorporated into the revision of data from 

1999 to 2009. 
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 77

Table C-1

Health Insurance Coverage: 1987 to 2010

(Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see 

www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf)

Year

Total 

people

Covered by private and/or government health insurance

Not 

Total covered

Private health insurance Government health insurance

Total

Employment 

based

Direct 

purchase Total Medicaid Medicare

Military 

health 

care1

Number

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306,110 256,206 195,874 169,264 30,147 95,003 48,580 44,327 12,848 49,904

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304,280 255,295 196,245 170,762 29,098 93,245 47,847 43,434 12,414 48,985

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301,483 256,702 202,626 177,543 28,513 87,586 42,831 43,031 11,562 44,780

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299,106 255,018 203,903 178,971 28,500 83,147 39,685 41,387 10,955 44,088

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296,824 251,610 203,942 178,880 29,033 80,343 38,370 40,336 10,543 45,214

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293,834 250,799 203,205 178,391 28,980 80,283 38,191 40,167 11,164 43,035

2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291,166 249,414 203,014 177,924 29,161 79,480 38,055 39,757 10,584 41,752

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288,280 246,332 201,989 177,362 28,826 76,116 34,326 39,284 10,124 41,949

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285,933 246,157 204,163 179,563 29,287 72,825 31,934 38,359 9,892 39,776

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282,082 244,059 204,142 179,984 28,398 70,330 30,166 37,870 9,580 38,023

20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279,517 242,932 205,575 181,862 28,432 68,183 28,062 37,787 8,937 36,586

19993, 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276,804 239,102 202,021 177,535 29,310 67,103 27,353 36,990 8,526 37,702

1999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274,087 233,073 196,536 171,692 27,298 66,176 27,890 36,066 8,530 41,014

1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271,743 228,800 192,507 170,105 26,165 66,087 27,854 35,887 8,747 42,943

19975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269,094 226,735 189,955 166,419 27,431 66,685 28,956 35,590 8,527 42,359

19966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266,792 225,699 188,224 164,096 28,419 69,000 31,451 35,227 8,712 41,093

1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264,314 223,733 185,881 161,453 30,188 69,776 31,877 34,655 9,375 40,582

19947 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262,105 222,387 184,318 159,634 31,349 70,163 31,645 33,901 11,165 39,718

19938 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259,753 220,040 182,351 148,318 (NA) 68,554 31,749 33,097 9,560 39,713

19929 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256,830 218,189 181,466 148,796 (NA) 66,244 29,416 33,230 9,510 38,641

1991. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251,447 216,003 181,375 150,077 (NA) 63,882 26,880 32,907 9,820 35,445

1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248,886 214,167 182,135 150,215 (NA) 60,965 24,261 32,260 9,922 34,719

1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246,191 212,807 183,610 151,644 (NA) 57,382 21,185 31,495 9,870 33,385

1988. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243,685 211,005 182,019 150,940 (NA) 56,850 20,728 30,925 10,105 32,680

198710 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241,187 210,161 182,160 149,739 (NA) 56,282 20,211 30,458 10,542 31,026

Percent

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 83.7 64.0 55.3 9.8 31.0 15.9 14.5 4.2 16.3

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 83.9 64.5 56.1 9.6 30.6 15.7 14.3 4.1 16.1

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 85.1 67.2 58.9 9.5 29.1 14.2 14.3 3.8 14.9

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 85.3 68.2 59.8 9.5 27.8 13.3 13.8 3.7 14.7

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 84.8 68.7 60.3 9.8 27.1 12.9 13.6 3.6 15.2

20052

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 85.4 69.2 60.7 9.9 27.3 13.0 13.7 3.8 14.6

20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 85.7 69.7 61.1 10.0 27.3 13.1 13.7 3.6 14.3

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 85.4 70.1 61.5 10.0 26.4 11.9 13.6 3.5 14.6

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 86.1 71.4 62.8 10.2 25.5 11.2 13.4 3.5 13.9

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 86.5 72.4 63.8 10.1 24.9 10.7 13.4 3.4 13.5

20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 86.9 73.5 65.1 10.2 24.4 10.0 13.5 3.2 13.1

19993,4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 86.4 73.0 64.1 10.6 24.2 9.9 13.4 3.1 13.6

1999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 85.0 71.7 62.6 9.9 24.1 10.2 13.2 3.1 15.0

1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 84.2 70.8 62.6 9.6 24.3 10.3 13.2 3.2 15.8

19975

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 84.3 70.6 61.8 10.2 24.8 10.8 13.2 3.2 15.7

19966

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 84.6 70.6 61.5 10.7 25.9 11.8 13.2 3.3 15.4

1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 84.6 70.3 61.1 11.4 26.4 12.1 13.1 3.5 15.4

19947

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 84.8 70.3 60.9 12.0 26.8 12.1 12.9 4.3 15.2

19938

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 84.7 70.2 57.1 (NA) 26.4 12.2 12.7 3.7 15.3

19929

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 85.0 70.7 57.9 (NA) 25.8 11.5 12.9 3.7 15.0

1991. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 85.9 72.1 59.7 (NA) 25.4 10.7 13.1 3.9 14.1

1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 86.1 73.2 60.4 (NA) 24.5 9.7 13.0 4.0 13.9

1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 86.4 74.6 61.6 (NA) 23.3 8.6 12.8 4.0 13.6

1988. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 86.6 74.7 61.9 (NA) 23.3 8.5 12.7 4.1 13.4

198710 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 87.1 75.5 62.1 (NA) 23.3 8.4 12.6 4.4 12.9

(NA) Not available. Respondents were not asked detailed health insurance questions about direct-purchase coverage before the 1995 Current Population Survey (CPS) Annual Economic and 

Economic (ASEC) Supplement. 1

 Military health care includes Tricare and CHAMPVA (Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs), as well as care provided by the Health and Medical Program of the 

Department of Veterans Affairs and care provided by the Department of Veterans Affairs and the military. 2

 Implementation of a 28,000 household sample expansion.

3

 Estimates reflect the results of follow-up verification questions and implementation of Census 2000-based population controls.

4

 The data for 1999 through 2009 were revised to reflect the results of enhancements to the editing process. See <www.census.gov/hhes/www/hlthins/data/usernote/index.html>.

5

 Beginning with the 1998 CPS ASEC, people with no coverage other than access to the Indian Health Service are no longer considered covered by health insurance; instead, they are considered to be 

uninsured. The effect of this change on the overall estimates of health insurance coverage is negligible; however, the decrease in the number of people covered by Medicaid may be partially due to this change. 6 The data for 1996 through 1999 were revised using an approximation method for consistency with the revision to the 2004 and 2005 estimates. To see the original series, see Table C-1 in Income, 

Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2005 at <www.census.gov/prod/2006pubs/p60-231.pdf>. 7

 Health insurance questions were redesigned. Increases in estimates of employment-based and military health care coverage may be partially due to questionnaire changes. Overall coverage 

estimates were not affected. 8

 Data collection method changed from paper and pencil to computer-assisted interviewing. 

9

 Implementation of 1990 census population controls. 

10 Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1988 to 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
78 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 U.S. Census Bureau

Race, Hispanic origin, 

and year

Total 

people

Covered by private and/or government health insurance

Not 

Total covered

Private health insurance Government health insurance

Total

Employment 

based

Direct 

purchase Total Medicaid Medicare

Military 

health 

care1

ALL RACES

Number

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306,110 256,206 195,874 169,264 30,147 95,003 48,580 44,327 12,848 49,904

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304,280 255,295 196,245 170,762 29,098 93,245 47,847 43,434 12,414 48,985

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301,483 256,702 202,626 177,543 28,513 87,586 42,831 43,031 11,562 44,780

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299,106 255,018 203,903 178,971 28,500 83,147 39,685 41,387 10,955 44,088

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296,824 251,610 203,942 178,880 29,033 80,343 38,370 40,336 10,543 45,214

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293,834 250,799 203,205 178,391 28,980 80,283 38,191 40,167 11,164 43,035

2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291,166 249,414 203,014 177,924 29,161 79,480 38,055 39,757 10,584 41,752

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288,280 246,332 201,989 177,362 28,826 76,116 34,326 39,284 10,124 41,949

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285,933 246,157 204,163 179,563 29,287 72,825 31,934 38,359 9,892 39,776

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282,082 244,059 204,142 179,984 28,398 70,330 30,166 37,870 9,580 38,023

20002

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279,517 242,932 205,575 181,862 28,432 68,183 28,062 37,787 8,937 36,586

19993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276,804 239,102 202,021 177,535 29,310 67,103 27,353 36,990 8,526 37,702

Percent

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 83.7 64.0 55.3 9.8 31.0 15.9 14.5 4.2 16.3

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 83.9 64.5 56.1 9.6 30.6 15.7 14.3 4.1 16.1

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 85.1 67.2 58.9 9.5 29.1 14.2 14.3 3.8 14.9

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 85.3 68.2 59.8 9.5 27.8 13.3 13.8 3.7 14.7

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 84.8 68.7 60.3 9.8 27.1 12.9 13.6 3.6 15.2

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 85.4 69.2 60.7 9.9 27.3 13.0 13.7 3.8 14.6

2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 85.7 69.7 61.1 10.0 27.3 13.1 13.7 3.6 14.3

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 85.4 70.1 61.5 10.0 26.4 11.9 13.6 3.5 14.6

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 86.1 71.4 62.8 10.2 25.5 11.2 13.4 3.5 13.9

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 86.5 72.4 63.8 10.1 24.9 10.7 13.4 3.4 13.5

20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 86.9 73.5 65.1 10.2 24.4 10.0 13.5 3.2 13.1

19993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 86.4 73.0 64.1 10.6 24.2 9.9 13.4 3.1 13.6

WHITE ALONE4

Number

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243,323 205,938 162,508 139,386 26,174 72,970 33,306 37,634 10,301 37,385

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242,403 205,279 162,817 140,506 25,270 71,576 32,894 36,801 9,988 37,124

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240,852 207,086 168,107 146,027 24,850 67,564 29,350 36,469 9,292 33,767

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239,399 206,175 169,234 147,327 24,903 64,484 27,275 35,123 8,852 33,224

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237,892 203,722 169,262 147,440 25,052 62,684 26,585 34,414 8,616 34,169

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235,903 203,234 168,888 147,348 24,924 62,170 26,014 34,318 9,019 32,669

2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234,116 202,365 168,888 147,064 25,153 61,734 26,137 34,097 8,508 31,751

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232,254 200,647 168,884 147,241 25,113 59,269 23,294 33,652 8,252 31,607

20023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230,809 201,186 171,092 149,480 25,607 56,705 21,420 33,101 7,930 29,624

Percent

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 84.6 66.8 57.3 10.8 30.0 13.7 15.5 4.2 15.4

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 84.7 67.2 58.0 10.4 29.5 13.6 15.2 4.1 15.3

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 86.0 69.8 60.6 10.3 28.1 12.2 15.1 3.9 14.0

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 86.1 70.7 61.5 10.4 26.9 11.4 14.7 3.7 13.9

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 85.6 71.2 62.0 10.5 26.3 11.2 14.5 3.6 14.4

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 86.2 71.6 62.5 10.6 26.4 11.0 14.5 3.8 13.8

2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 86.4 72.1 62.8 10.7 26.4 11.2 14.6 3.6 13.6

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 86.4 72.7 63.4 10.8 25.5 10.0 14.5 3.6 13.6

20023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 87.2 74.1 64.8 11.1 24.6 9.3 14.3 3.4 12.8

WHITE5

Number

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230,071 201,345 172,479 151,035 24,925 55,448 20,504 32,878 7,801 28,726

20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228,208 200,634 173,567 152,387 25,054 53,803 18,988 32,751 7,051 27,574

19993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225,794 197,767 171,111 149,351 25,730 52,776 18,199 32,208 6,821 28,027

Percent

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 87.5 75.0 65.6 10.8 24.1 8.9 14.3 3.4 12.5

20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 87.9 76.1 66.8 11.0 23.6 8.3 14.4 3.1 12.1

19993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 87.6 75.8 66.1 11.4 23.4 8.1 14.3 3.0 12.4

See footnotes at end of table.

Table C-2.

Health Insurance Coverage by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1999 to 2010

(Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, 

see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf)
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 79

Race, Hispanic origin, 

and year

Total 

people

Covered by private and/or government health insurance

Not 

Total covered

Private health insurance Government health insurance

Total

Employment 

based

Direct 

purchase Total Medicaid Medicare

Military 

health 

care1

WHITE ALONE, NOT HISPANIC

Number

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197,423 174,330 143,425 121,925 24,471 58,199 21,429 34,353 9,418 23,093

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197,436 174,721 144,569 123,838 23,591 57,013 21,137 33,724 9,123 22,715

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197,159 176,569 148,664 128,180 22,962 54,373 18,836 33,444 8,500 20,590

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196,768 177,044 150,128 129,786 22,961 52,589 17,866 32,442 8,132 19,724

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196,252 175,994 150,736 130,366 23,329 51,499 17,790 31,861 7,866 20,258

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195,893 175,859 150,574 130,599 22,959 51,219 17,439 31,709 8,275 20,033

2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195,347 175,728 150,819 130,439 23,435 51,238 17,768 31,663 7,913 19,619

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194,877 175,324 151,609 131,309 23,512 49,547 15,733 31,337 7,671 19,553

20023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194,421 176,142 153,631 133,402 23,896 47,514 14,422 30,689 7,340 18,279

Percent

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 88.3 72.6 61.8 12.4 29.5 10.9 17.4 4.8 11.7

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 88.5 73.2 62.7 11.9 28.9 10.7 17.1 4.6 11.5

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 89.6 75.4 65.0 11.6 27.6 9.6 17.0 4.3 10.4

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 90.0 76.3 66.0 11.7 26.7 9.1 16.5 4.1 10.0

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 89.7 76.8 66.4 11.9 26.2 9.1 16.2 4.0 10.3

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 89.8 76.9 66.7 11.7 26.1 8.9 16.2 4.2 10.2

2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 90.0 77.2 66.8 12.0 26.2 9.1 16.2 4.1 10.0

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 90.0 77.8 67.4 12.1 25.4 8.1 16.1 3.9 10.0

20023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 90.6 79.0 68.6 12.3 24.4 7.4 15.8 3.8 9.4

WHITE, NOT HISPANIC

Number

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194,822 177,420 155,432 135,421 23,366 47,132 14,314 30,706 7,162 17,402

2000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193,931 177,253 156,592 136,694 23,652 46,018 13,130 30,708 6,482 16,678

19993

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192,858 175,461 154,947 134,524 24,176 45,211 12,468 30,300 6,314 17,397

Percent

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 91.1 79.8 69.5 12.0 24.2 7.3 15.8 3.7 8.9

20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 91.4 80.7 70.5 12.2 23.7 6.8 15.8 3.3 8.6

19993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 91.0 80.3 69.8 12.5 23.4 6.5 15.7 3.3 9.0

BLACK ALONE OR IN COMBINATION

Number

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,577 33,070 20,072 18,097 2,207 16,562 11,824 4,684 1,820 8,507

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,957 32,817 20,129 18,459 2,017 16,163 11,380 4,732 1,704 8,140

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,216 32,902 21,300 19,656 1,990 15,119 10,445 4,673 1,663 7,314

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,683 32,416 21,580 19,873 1,999 14,008 9,635 4,404 1,445 7,267

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,083 31,445 21,352 19,615 2,093 13,124 9,095 4,123 1,290 7,639

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,729 31,829 21,317 19,444 2,300 13,899 9,768 4,183 1,438 6,900

2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,179 31,389 21,215 19,416 2,188 13,464 9,395 4,016 1,453 6,790

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,651 30,695 20,885 19,304 2,094 12,810 8,703 4,030 1,281 6,956

20023

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,350 30,412 21,081 19,505 2,020 12,223 8,230 3,806 1,321 6,938 

Percent

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 79.5 48.3 43.5 5.3 39.8 28.4 11.3 4.4 20.5

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 80.1 49.1 45.1 4.9 39.5 27.8 11.6 4.2 19.9

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 81.8 53.0 48.9 4.9 37.6 26.0 11.6 4.1 18.2

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 81.7 54.4 50.1 5.0 35.3 24.3 11.1 3.6 18.3

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 80.5 54.6 50.2 5.4 33.6 23.3 10.5 3.3 19.5

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 82.2 55.0 50.2 5.9 35.9 25.2 10.8 3.7 17.8

2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 82.2 55.6 50.9 5.7 35.3 24.6 10.5 3.8 17.8

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 81.5 55.5 51.3 5.6 34.0 23.1 10.7 3.4 18.5

20023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 81.4 56.4 52.2 5.4 32.7 22.0 10.2 3.5 18.6

See footnotes at end of table.

Table C-2.

Health Insurance Coverage by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1999 to 2010—Con.

(Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, 

see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf)
80 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 U.S. Census Bureau

Race, Hispanic origin, 

and year

Total 

people

Covered by private and/or government health insurance

Not 

Total covered

Private health insurance Government health insurance

Total

Employment 

based

Direct 

purchase Total Medicaid Medicare

Military 

health 

care1

BLACK ALONE6

Number

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,031 30,899 18,867 17,032 2,077 15,377 10,868 4,544 1,662 8,132

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,624 30,786 19,033 17,472 1,922 15,018 10,456 4,599 1,564 7,838

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,076 31,058 20,132 18,579 1,859 14,233 9,746 4,541 1,544 7,018

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,775 30,754 20,518 18,893 1,902 13,257 9,014 4,309 1,358 7,021

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,369 29,994 20,405 18,742 2,003 12,458 8,542 4,056 1,217 7,375

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,965 30,288 20,317 18,544 2,205 13,203 9,192 4,107 1,357 6,678

2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,548 29,956 20,285 18,589 2,088 12,814 8,875 3,935 1,371 6,592

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,121 29,379 20,052 18,550 2,014 12,198 8,212 3,945 1,223 6,742

20023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,806 29,063 20,169 18,642 1,963 11,664 7,788 3,731 1,247 6,743

Percent

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 79.2 48.3 43.6 5.3 39.4 27.8 11.6 4.3 20.8

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 79.7 49.3 45.2 5.0 38.9 27.1 11.9 4.0 20.3

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 81.6 52.9 48.8 4.9 37.4 25.6 11.9 4.1 18.4

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 81.4 54.3 50.0 5.0 35.1 23.9 11.4 3.6 18.6

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 80.3 54.6 50.2 5.4 33.3 22.9 10.9 3.3 19.7

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 81.9 55.0 50.2 6.0 35.7 24.9 11.1 3.7 18.1

2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 82.0 55.5 50.9 5.7 35.1 24.3 10.8 3.8 18.0

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 81.3 55.5 51.4 5.6 33.8 22.7 10.9 3.4 18.7

20023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 81.2 56.3 52.1 5.5 32.6 21.8 10.4 3.5 18.8

BLACK5

Number

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,023 29,618 20,970 19,418 2,035 11,451 7,691 3,766 1,186 6,405

20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,597 29,447 21,188 19,610 2,064 11,288 7,300 3,869 1,319 6,150

19993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,893 29,194 20,888 19,250 2,258 11,196 7,395 3,626 1,137 6,699

Percent

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 82.2 58.2 53.9 5.7 31.8 21.3 10.5 3.3 17.8

20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 82.7 59.5 55.1 5.8 31.7 20.5 10.9 3.7 17.3

19993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 81.3 58.2 53.6 6.3 31.2 20.6 10.1 3.2 18.7

ASIAN ALONE OR IN COMBINATION

Number

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,695 12,934 10,464 9,268 1,428 3,522 2,111 1,436 456 2,761

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,281 12,880 10,419 9,169 1,490 3,539 2,182 1,353 475 2,401

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,548 12,176 10,140 9,046 1,353 2,967 1,702 1,290 374 2,372

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,444 12,233 10,187 9,143 1,305 2,886 1,658 1,238 379 2,211

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,348 12,332 10,426 9,212 1,548 2,858 1,617 1,225 404 2,016

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,758 11,593 10,039 8,928 1,404 2,554 1,337 1,133 461 2,165

2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,307 11,395 9,823 8,630 1,502 2,599 1,425 1,097 388 1,913

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,905 10,728 9,067 7,995 1,252 2,443 1,330 1,093 349 2,178

20023

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,504 10,450 8,967 7,868 1,306 2,299 1,274 1,003 339 2,054

Percent

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 82.4 66.7 59.1 9.1 22.4 13.4 9.2 2.9 17.6

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 84.3 68.2 60.0 9.7 23.2 14.3 8.9 3.1 15.7

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 83.7 69.7 62.2 9.3 20.4 11.7 8.9 2.6 16.3

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 84.7 70.5 63.3 9.0 20.0 11.5 8.6 2.6 15.3

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 85.9 72.7 64.2 10.8 19.9 11.3 8.5 2.8 14.1

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 84.3 73.0 64.9 10.2 18.6 9.7 8.2 3.3 15.7

2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 85.6 73.8 64.9 11.3 19.5 10.7 8.2 2.9 14.4

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 83.1 70.3 62.0 9.7 18.9 10.3 8.5 2.7 16.9

20023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 83.6 71.7 62.9 10.4 18.4 10.2 8.0 2.7 16.4

See footnotes at end of table.

Table C-2.

Health Insurance Coverage by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1999 to 2010—Con.

(Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, 

see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf)
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 81

Race, Hispanic origin, 

and year

Total 

people

Covered by private and/or government health insurance

Not 

Total covered

Private health insurance Government health insurance

Total

Employment 

based

Direct 

purchase Total Medicaid Medicare

Military 

health 

care1

ASIAN ALONE7

Number

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,332 11,731 9,473 8,394 1,317 3,193 1,890 1,397 345 2,600

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,011 11,694 9,459 8,298 1,401 3,196 1,966 1,304 368 2,317

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,315 11,081 9,219 8,189 1,270 2,708 1,540 1,258 292 2,233

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,268 11,137 9,252 8,294 1,201 2,648 1,526 1,195 296 2,131

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,194 11,289 9,539 8,377 1,475 2,635 1,482 1,185 335 1,905

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,599 10,556 9,156 8,106 1,337 2,296 1,206 1,103 353 2,043

2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,241 10,442 9,001 7,901 1,407 2,383 1,302 1,066 316 1,799

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,869 9,818 8,326 7,327 1,170 2,208 1,177 1,063 288 2,051

20023

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,558 9,591 8,239 7,191 1,253 2,089 1,148 982 260 1,968

Percent

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 81.9 66.1 58.6 9.2 22.3 13.2 9.7 2.4 18.1

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 83.5 67.5 59.2 10.0 22.8 14.0 9.3 2.6 16.5

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 83.2 69.2 61.5 9.5 20.3 11.6 9.5 2.2 16.8

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 83.9 69.7 62.5 9.1 20.0 11.5 9.0 2.2 16.1

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 85.6 72.3 63.5 11.2 20.0 11.2 9.0 2.5 14.4

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 83.8 72.7 64.3 10.6 18.2 9.6 8.8 2.8 16.2

2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 85.3 73.5 64.5 11.5 19.5 10.6 8.7 2.6 14.7

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 82.7 70.2 61.7 9.9 18.6 9.9 9.0 2.4 17.3

20023

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 83.0 71.3 62.2 10.8 18.1 9.9 8.5 2.2 17.0

ASIAN AND PACIFIC ISLANDER

Number

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,500 10,467 8,949 7,942 1,259 2,265 1,179 921 435 2,032

20002

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,693 10,578 9,207 8,382 1,115 2,207 1,184 893 451 2,115

19993

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,964 9,932 8,520 7,593 1,130 2,196 1,067 893 507 2,033

Percent

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 83.7 71.6 63.5 10.1 18.1 9.4 7.4 3.5 16.3

20002

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 83.3 72.5 66.0 8.8 17.4 9.3 7.0 3.6 16.7

19993

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 83.0 71.2 63.5 9.4 18.4 8.9 7.5 4.2 17.0

HISPANIC (ANY RACE)

Number

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49,972 34,631 20,828 19,068 1,874 16,334 13,183 3,503 1,021 15,340

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,901 33,451 19,886 18,184 1,844 16,015 12,968 3,273 989 15,450

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,485 33,331 21,174 19,461 2,026 14,460 11,570 3,218 898 14,154

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,026 31,528 20,544 18,854 2,041 13,047 10,371 2,887 801 14,498

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,854 30,001 19,954 18,375 1,875 12,225 9,668 2,754 810 14,853

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,168 29,645 19,797 18,094 2,115 11,963 9,365 2,770 869 13,523

2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,840 28,933 19,621 18,065 1,834 11,448 9,147 2,610 670 12,907

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,425 27,557 18,735 17,234 1,759 10,664 8,320 2,466 675 12,867

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,384 27,259 18,913 17,439 1,801 10,119 7,731 2,529 707 12,125

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,438 25,528 18,052 16,523 1,654 9,014 6,767 2,277 698 11,910

20002

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,093 24,754 17,904 16,541 1,525 8,336 6,288 2,132 633 11,338

19993

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,773 23,668 17,074 15,672 1,619 8,109 6,175 1,999 554 11,105

Percent

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 69.3 41.7 38.2 3.7 32.7 26.4 7.0 2.0 30.7

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 68.4 40.7 37.2 3.8 32.7 26.5 6.7 2.0 31.6

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 70.2 44.6 41.0 4.3 30.5 24.4 6.8 1.9 29.8

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 68.5 44.6 41.0 4.4 28.3 22.5 6.3 1.7 31.5

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 66.9 44.5 41.0 4.2 27.3 21.6 6.1 1.8 33.1

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 68.7 45.9 41.9 4.9 27.7 21.7 6.4 2.0 31.3

2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 69.2 46.9 43.2 4.4 27.4 21.9 6.2 1.6 30.8

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 68.2 46.3 42.6 4.4 26.4 20.6 6.1 1.7 31.8

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 69.2 48.0 44.3 4.6 25.7 19.6 6.4 1.8 30.8

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 68.2 48.2 44.1 4.4 24.1 18.1 6.1 1.9 31.8

20002

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 68.6 49.6 45.8 4.2 23.1 17.4 5.9 1.8 31.4

19993

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 68.1 49.1 45.1 4.7 23.3 17.8 5.7 1.6 31.9

1

 Military health care includes Tricare and CHAMPVA (Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs), as well as care provided by the Health and Medical Program of the 

Department of Veterans Affairs and care provided by the Department of Veterans Affairs and the military. 2

 Implementation of a 28,000 household sample expansion.

3

 The data for 1999 through 2009 were revised to reflect the results of enhancements to the editing process. See <www.census.gov/hhes/www/hlthins/data/usernote/index.html>. 

4

 The 2003 CPS asked respondents to choose one or more races. White alone refers to people who reported White and did not report any other race category. The use of this single-race population does 

not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Information on people who reported more than one race, such as White and American 

Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from the 2010 Census through American FactFinder. About 2.9 percent of people reported more than one race in the 2010 Census. 5

 The 2001 CPS and earlier years asked respondents to report only one race. The reference groups for these years are White, White not Hispanic, Black, and Asian and Pacific Islander. 

6

 Black alone refers to people who reported Black or African American and did not report any other race. 

7

 Asian alone refers to people who reported Asian and did not report any other race. 

Note: All years reflect the implementation of the verification question.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2000 to 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.

Table C-2.

Health Insurance Coverage by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1999 to 2010—Con.

(Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, 

see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf)
82 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 U.S. Census Bureau

Age

Total 

people

Covered by private and/or government health insurance

Not 

Total covered

Private health insurance Government health insurance

Total

Employment 

based

Direct 

purchase Total Medicaid Medicare

Military 

health 

care1

ALL AGES

Number

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306,110 256,206 195,874 169,264 30,147 95,003 48,580 44,327 12,848 49,904

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304,280 255,295 196,245 170,762 29,098 93,245 47,847 43,434 12,414 48,985

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301,483 256,702 202,626 177,543 28,513 87,586 42,831 43,031 11,562 44,780

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299,106 255,018 203,903 178,971 28,500 83,147 39,685 41,387 10,955 44,088

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296,824 251,610 203,942 178,880 29,033 80,343 38,370 40,336 10,543 45,214

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293,834 250,799 203,205 178,391 28,980 80,283 38,191 40,167 11,164 43,035

2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291,166 249,414 203,014 177,924 29,161 79,480 38,055 39,757 10,584 41,752

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288,280 246,332 201,989 177,362 28,826 76,116 34,326 39,284 10,124 41,949

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285,933 246,157 204,163 179,563 29,287 72,825 31,934 38,359 9,892 39,776

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282,082 244,059 204,142 179,984 28,398 70,330 30,166 37,870 9,580 38,023

20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279,517 242,932 205,575 181,862 28,432 68,183 28,062 37,787 8,937 36,586

19993, 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276,804 239,102 202,021 177,535 29,310 67,103 27,353 36,990 8,526 37,702

Percent

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 83.7 64.0 55.3 9.8 31.0 15.9 14.5 4.2 16.3

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 83.9 64.5 56.1 9.6 30.6 15.7 14.3 4.1 16.1

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 85.1 67.2 58.9 9.5 29.1 14.2 14.3 3.8 14.9

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 85.3 68.2 59.8 9.5 27.8 13.3 13.8 3.7 14.7

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 84.8 68.7 60.3 9.8 27.1 12.9 13.6 3.6 15.2

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 85.4 69.2 60.7 9.9 27.3 13.0 13.7 3.8 14.6

2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 85.7 69.7 61.1 10.0 27.3 13.1 13.7 3.6 14.3

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 85.4 70.1 61.5 10.0 26.4 11.9 13.6 3.5 14.6

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 86.1 71.4 62.8 10.2 25.5 11.2 13.4 3.5 13.9

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 86.5 72.4 63.8 10.1 24.9 10.7 13.4 3.4 13.5

20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 86.9 73.5 65.1 10.2 24.4 10.0 13.5 3.2 13.1

19993, 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 86.4 73.0 64.1 10.6 24.2 9.9 13.4 3.1 13.6

UNDER 18 YEARS

Number

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,916 67,609 44,620 41,083 4,291 28,385 26,067 602 2,461 7,307

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,040 67,727 45,401 41,873 4,313 27,603 25,329 545 2,367 7,313

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,510 67,411 47,372 43,887 4,323 24,808 22,602 623 2,241 7,099

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,403 66,525 48,039 44,479 4,376 23,086 20,958 518 2,101 7,877

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,101 65,779 48,285 44,565 4,377 22,137 20,098 411 2,051 8,322

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,985 66,349 49,082 45,277 4,584 21,974 19,766 534 2,264 7,636

2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,791 66,454 49,518 45,643 4,656 21,943 19,866 489 2,040 7,337

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,580 65,933 49,290 45,596 4,445 21,386 19,331 476 2,088 7,648

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,312 65,767 50,554 47,023 4,441 19,571 17,468 514 2,103 7,545

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,628 64,893 50,537 47,070 4,235 18,725 16,391 389 2,414 7,735

20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,314 64,558 51,505 48,269 4,189 17,466 14,931 510 2,496 7,756

19993, 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,281 63,640 50,881 47,172 4,818 16,808 14,754 384 1,991 8,641

Percent

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 90.2 59.6 54.8 5.7 37.9 34.8 0.8 3.3 9.8

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 90.3 60.5 55.8 5.7 36.8 33.8 0.7 3.2 9.7

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 90.5 63.6 58.9 5.8 33.3 30.3 0.8 3.0 9.5

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 89.4 64.6 59.8 5.9 31.0 28.2 0.7 2.8 10.6

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 88.8 65.2 60.1 5.9 29.9 27.1 0.6 2.8 11.2

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 89.7 66.3 61.2 6.2 29.7 26.7 0.7 3.1 10.3

2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 90.1 67.1 61.9 6.3 29.7 26.9 0.7 2.8 9.9

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 89.6 67.0 62.0 6.0 29.1 26.3 0.6 2.8 10.4

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 89.7 69.0 64.1 6.1 26.7 23.8 0.7 2.9 10.3

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 89.4 69.6 64.8 5.8 25.8 22.6 0.5 3.3 10.6

20002

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 89.3 71.2 66.7 5.8 24.2 20.6 0.7 3.5 10.7

19993, 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 88.0 70.4 65.3 6.7 23.3 20.4 0.5 2.8 12.0

Table C-3. 

Health Insurance Coverage by Age: 1999 to 2010

(Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, 

see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf)

See footnotes at end of table.
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 83

Age

Total 

people

Covered by private and/or government health insurance

Not 

Total covered

Private health insurance Government health insurance

Total

Employment 

based

Direct 

purchase Total Medicaid Medicare

Military 

health 

care1

18 TO 24 YEARS

Number

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,651 21,573 17,407 13,612 1,987 5,579 4,516 257 1,035 8,078

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,313 20,732 16,688 13,266 1,949 5,361 4,435 199 898 8,581

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,689 20,876 17,347 13,892 1,913 4,753 3,810 254 868 7,812

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,398 20,760 17,503 14,213 1,864 4,438 3,574 180 823 7,638

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,405 20,467 17,479 14,217 1,957 4,010 3,259 152 721 7,938

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,965 20,149 17,142 13,927 1,800 4,199 3,289 184 872 7,817

2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,008 20,099 17,145 13,832 1,752 4,094 3,288 202 787 7,909

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,824 20,195 17,358 14,219 1,891 3,874 2,962 159 898 7,628

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,438 20,160 17,434 14,260 1,907 3,775 2,939 182 768 7,278

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,312 20,305 17,718 14,504 1,883 3,564 2,763 177 719 7,007

20002

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,815 19,919 17,652 14,764 1,663 3,325 2,489 193 773 6,895

19993, 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,326 19,453 17,058 14,092 1,785 3,396 2,586 149 788 6,873

Percent

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 72.8 58.7 45.9 6.7 18.8 15.2 0.9 3.5 27.2

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 70.7 56.9 45.3 6.6 18.3 15.1 0.7 3.1 29.3

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 72.8 60.5 48.4 6.7 16.6 13.3 0.9 3.0 27.2

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 73.1 61.6 50.1 6.6 15.6 12.6 0.6 2.9 26.9

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 72.1 61.5 50.1 6.9 14.1 11.5 0.5 2.5 27.9

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 72.0 61.3 49.8 6.4 15.0 11.8 0.7 3.1 28.0

2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 71.8 61.2 49.4 6.3 14.6 11.7 0.7 2.8 28.2

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 72.6 62.4 51.1 6.8 13.9 10.6 0.6 3.2 27.4

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 73.5 63.5 52.0 6.9 13.8 10.7 0.7 2.8 26.5

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 74.3 64.9 53.1 6.9 13.1 10.1 0.6 2.6 25.7

20002

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 74.3 65.8 55.1 6.2 12.4 9.3 0.7 2.9 25.7

19993, 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 73.9 64.8 53.5 6.8 12.9 9.8 0.6 3.0 26.1

25 TO 34 YEARS

Number

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,584 29,780 25,314 23,221 2,478 5,746 4,249 610 1,244 11,804

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,085 29,555 25,192 23,055 2,564 5,670 4,246 547 1,209 11,530

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,520 30,133 26,285 24,501 2,340 5,119 3,784 546 1,104 10,387

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,146 30,159 26,801 24,884 2,474 4,540 3,238 502 1,047 9,987

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,868 29,496 26,198 24,393 2,251 4,471 3,385 472 888 10,371

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,480 29,679 26,173 24,290 2,381 4,752 3,454 541 1,058 9,802

2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,310 29,906 26,598 24,766 2,495 4,632 3,440 501 989 9,404

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,201 29,367 26,252 24,516 2,250 4,167 2,987 543 872 9,834

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,243 30,194 27,339 25,556 2,304 3,866 2,720 430 907 9,049

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,670 30,208 27,679 25,990 2,193 3,465 2,347 473 834 8,462

20002

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,865 30,881 28,465 26,861 2,171 3,321 2,259 394 870 7,985

19993, 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,031 30,809 28,364 26,695 2,237 3,433 2,289 340 953 8,222

Percent

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 71.6 60.9 55.8 6.0 13.8 10.2 1.5 3.0 28.4

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 71.9 61.3 56.1 6.2 13.8 10.3 1.3 2.9 28.1

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 74.4 64.9 60.5 5.8 12.6 9.3 1.3 2.7 25.6

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 75.1 66.8 62.0 6.2 11.3 8.1 1.3 2.6 24.9

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 74.0 65.7 61.2 5.6 11.2 8.5 1.2 2.2 26.0

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 75.2 66.3 61.5 6.0 12.0 8.7 1.4 2.7 24.8

2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 76.1 67.7 63.0 6.3 11.8 8.8 1.3 2.5 23.9

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 74.9 67.0 62.5 5.7 10.6 7.6 1.4 2.2 25.1

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 76.9 69.7 65.1 5.9 9.9 6.9 1.1 2.3 23.1

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 78.1 71.6 67.2 5.7 9.0 6.1 1.2 2.2 21.9

20002

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 79.5 73.2 69.1 5.6 8.5 5.8 1.0 2.2 20.5

19993, 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 78.9 72.7 68.4 5.7 8.8 5.9 0.9 2.4 21.1

Table C-3. 

Health Insurance Coverage by Age: 1999 to 2010—Con.

(Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, 

see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf)

See footnotes at end of table.
84 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 U.S. Census Bureau

Age

Total 

people

Covered by private and/or government health insurance

Not 

Total covered

Private health insurance Government health insurance

Total

Employment 

based

Direct 

purchase Total Medicaid Medicare

Military 

health 

care1

35 TO 44 YEARS

Number

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,842 31,149 27,426 25,573 2,604 5,046 3,449 900 1,172 8,692

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,447 31,949 28,230 26,300 2,614 5,072 3,587 934 1,032 8,498

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,322 33,510 30,019 28,053 2,733 4,705 3,175 970 1,097 7,812

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,132 34,619 31,312 29,164 2,926 4,559 3,036 930 1,016 7,513

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,762 34,986 31,831 29,678 3,084 4,419 2,989 806 1,011 7,777

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,121 35,478 32,209 29,971 3,074 4,648 3,110 884 1,096 7,643

2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,351 35,675 32,357 30,109 3,102 4,705 3,190 879 1,125 7,676

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,573 35,895 32,955 30,679 3,183 4,244 2,574 921 1,122 7,678

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,074 36,693 33,853 31,662 3,172 4,078 2,492 864 1,113 7,380

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,284 37,533 34,829 32,792 2,984 3,857 2,264 860 1,098 6,751

20002

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,566 38,101 35,601 33,434 3,130 3,736 2,170 816 1,138 6,466

19993, 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,474 37,903 35,237 32,827 3,299 3,851 2,158 840 1,202 6,571

Percent

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 78.2 68.8 64.2 6.5 12.7 8.7 2.3 2.9 21.8

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 79.0 69.8 65.0 6.5 12.5 8.9 2.3 2.6 21.0

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 81.1 72.6 67.9 6.6 11.4 7.7 2.3 2.7 18.9

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 82.2 74.3 69.2 6.9 10.8 7.2 2.2 2.4 17.8

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 81.8 74.4 69.4 7.2 10.3 7.0 1.9 2.4 18.2

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 82.3 74.7 69.5 7.1 10.8 7.2 2.1 2.5 17.7

2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 82.3 74.6 69.5 7.2 10.9 7.4 2.0 2.6 17.7

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 82.4 75.6 70.4 7.3 9.7 5.9 2.1 2.6 17.6

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 83.3 76.8 71.8 7.2 9.3 5.7 2.0 2.5 16.7

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 84.8 78.6 74.0 6.7 8.7 5.1 1.9 2.5 15.2

20002

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 85.5 79.9 75.0 7.0 8.4 4.9 1.8 2.6 14.5

19993, 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 85.2 79.2 73.8 7.4 8.7 4.9 1.9 2.7 14.8

45 TO 54 YEARS

Number

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,954 36,035 31,695 29,201 3,600 6,110 3,607 1,901 1,553 7,919

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,387 36,723 32,365 29,969 3,519 5,972 3,570 1,794 1,443 7,664

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,366 37,511 33,432 30,981 3,469 5,835 3,350 1,967 1,371 6,855

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,935 37,390 33,598 30,959 3,645 5,384 3,127 1,799 1,285 6,545

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,461 37,083 33,534 31,006 3,709 5,206 2,911 1,741 1,338 6,379

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,797 36,780 33,336 30,762 3,807 4,957 2,835 1,590 1,351 6,017

2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,961 36,351 33,058 30,502 3,688 4,969 2,768 1,575 1,393 5,609

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,068 35,618 32,627 30,190 3,625 4,422 2,072 1,563 1,365 5,451

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,234 35,131 32,418 30,138 3,566 4,123 1,892 1,380 1,298 5,103

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,545 34,768 32,210 29,852 3,579 3,836 1,860 1,319 1,156 4,777

20002

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,720 34,430 31,993 29,832 3,373 3,867 1,735 1,420 1,173 4,290

19993, 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,334 33,103 30,769 28,595 3,506 3,620 1,581 1,170 1,288 4,231

Percent

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 82.0 72.1 66.4 8.2 13.9 8.2 4.3 3.5 18.0

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 82.7 72.9 67.5 7.9 13.5 8.0 4.0 3.3 17.3

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 84.5 75.4 69.8 7.8 13.2 7.6 4.4 3.1 15.5

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 85.1 76.5 70.5 8.3 12.3 7.1 4.1 2.9 14.9

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 85.3 77.2 71.3 8.5 12.0 6.7 4.0 3.1 14.7

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 85.9 77.9 71.9 8.9 11.6 6.6 3.7 3.2 14.1

2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 86.6 78.8 72.7 8.8 11.8 6.6 3.8 3.3 13.4

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 86.7 79.4 73.5 8.8 10.8 5.0 3.8 3.3 13.3

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 87.3 80.6 74.9 8.9 10.2 4.7 3.4 3.2 12.7

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 87.9 81.5 75.5 9.1 9.7 4.7 3.3 2.9 12.1

20002

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 88.9 82.6 77.0 8.7 10.0 4.5 3.7 3.0 11.1

19993, 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 88.7 82.4 76.6 9.4 9.7 4.2 3.1 3.5 11.3

Table C-3. 

Health Insurance Coverage by Age: 1999 to 2010—Con.

(Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, 

see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf)

See footnotes at end of table.
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 85

Age

Total 

people

Covered by private and/or government health insurance

Not 

Total covered

Private health insurance Government health insurance

Total

Employment 

based

Direct 

purchase Total Medicaid Medicare

Military 

health 

care1

55 TO 64 YEARS

Number

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,984 31,672 26,743 23,846 3,922 7,509 3,105 3,600 2,201 5,312

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,395 30,638 25,839 23,293 3,496 7,314 3,029 3,315 2,252 4,757

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,289 30,101 25,702 22,973 3,486 6,933 2,676 3,367 2,059 4,188

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,302 29,449 25,277 22,637 3,493 6,675 2,488 3,179 2,079 3,853

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,191 28,292 24,501 21,798 3,547 6,121 2,360 2,953 1,847 3,899

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,981 27,285 23,677 21,145 3,402 5,893 2,340 2,707 1,914 3,696

2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,536 26,176 22,707 20,240 3,384 5,602 2,152 2,723 1,770 3,360

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,375 25,083 22,097 19,698 3,339 4,761 1,484 2,434 1,489 3,292

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,399 24,360 21,462 18,952 3,485 4,697 1,498 2,381 1,455 3,039

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,874 22,942 20,224 17,971 3,143 4,349 1,533 2,251 1,186 2,932

20002

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,672 21,812 19,296 17,000 3,254 4,110 1,456 2,190 1,036 2,860

19993, 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,981 21,177 18,826 16,603 3,092 3,954 1,372 2,114 1,031 2,804

Percent

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 85.6 72.3 64.5 10.6 20.3 8.4 9.7 6.0 14.4

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 86.6 73.0 65.8 9.9 20.7 8.6 9.4 6.4 13.4

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 87.8 75.0 67.0 10.2 20.2 7.8 9.8 6.0 12.2

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 88.4 75.9 68.0 10.5 20.0 7.5 9.5 6.2 11.6

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 87.9 76.1 67.7 11.0 19.0 7.3 9.2 5.7 12.1

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 88.1 76.4 68.3 11.0 19.0 7.6 8.7 6.2 11.9

2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 88.6 76.9 68.5 11.5 19.0 7.3 9.2 6.0 11.4

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 88.4 77.9 69.4 11.8 16.8 5.2 8.6 5.2 11.6

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 88.9 78.3 69.2 12.7 17.1 5.5 8.7 5.3 11.1

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 88.7 78.2 69.5 12.1 16.8 5.9 8.7 4.6 11.3

20002

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 88.4 78.2 68.9 13.2 16.7 5.9 8.9 4.2 11.6

19993, 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 88.3 78.5 69.2 12.9 16.5 5.7 8.8 4.3 11.7

65 YEARS AND OLDER

Number

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,179 38,387 22,668 12,728 11,267 36,629 3,587 36,457 3,182 792

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,613 37,971 22,530 13,006 10,643 36,253 3,652 36,099 3,213 643

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,788 37,161 22,470 13,258 10,249 35,434 3,433 35,304 2,823 627

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,790 36,116 21,373 12,635 9,721 34,465 3,265 34,278 2,604 674

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,035 35,507 22,115 13,223 10,108 33,979 3,368 33,802 2,688 528

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,505 35,080 21,586 13,018 9,933 33,859 3,398 33,727 2,609 424

2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,209 34,753 21,632 12,832 10,084 33,535 3,351 33,388 2,481 457

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,659 34,241 21,410 12,464 10,094 33,261 2,916 33,187 2,290 418

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,234 33,853 21,104 11,971 10,413 32,717 2,925 32,608 2,249 381

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,769 33,409 20,945 11,805 10,382 32,533 3,009 32,402 2,173 360

20002

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,566 33,232 21,062 11,702 10,652 32,357 3,023 32,264 1,451 334

19993, 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,377 33,017 20,885 11,550 10,574 32,041 2,613 31,993 1,273 360

Percent

2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 98.0 57.9 32.5 28.8 93.5 9.2 93.1 8.1 2.0

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 98.3 58.3 33.7 27.6 93.9 9.5 93.5 8.3 1.7

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 98.3 59.5 35.1 27.1 93.8 9.1 93.4 7.5 1.7

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 98.2 58.1 34.3 26.4 93.7 8.9 93.2 7.1 1.8

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 98.5 61.4 36.7 28.1 94.3 9.3 93.8 7.5 1.5

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 98.8 60.8 36.7 28.0 95.4 9.6 95.0 7.3 1.2

2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 98.7 61.4 36.4 28.6 95.2 9.5 94.8 7.0 1.3

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 98.8 61.8 36.0 29.1 96.0 8.4 95.8 6.6 1.2

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 98.9 61.6 35.0 30.4 95.6 8.5 95.2 6.6 1.1

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 98.9 62.0 35.0 30.7 96.3 8.9 95.9 6.4 1.1

20002

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 99.0 62.8 34.9 31.7 96.4 9.0 96.1 4.3 1.0

19993, 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 98.9 62.6 34.6 31.7 96.0 7.8 95.9 3.8 1.1

1

 Military health care includes Tricare and CHAMPVA (Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs), as well as care provided by the Health and Medical 

Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs and care provided by the Department of Veterans Affairs and the military. 2

 Implementation of a 28,000 household sample expansion.

3

 The data for 1999 through 2009 were revised to reflect the results of enhancements to the editing process. See <www.census.gov/hhes/www/hlthins/data/usernote/index.html>. 

4

 Estimates reflect the results of follow-up verification questions and implementation of Census 2000-based population controls. 

Note: All years reflect the implementation of the verification question. 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2000 to 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.

Table C-3. 

Health Insurance Coverage by Age: 1999 to 2010—Con.

(Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, 

see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar11.pdf)

U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 87

APPENDIX D. 

REPLICATE WEIGHTS

Beginning in this report, the variance of CPS ASEC estimates used to 

calculate the standard errors and 

confidence intervals displayed in the 

text tables were calculated using the 

Successive Difference Replication 

(SDR) method documented by Fay and 

Train (1995). 1 This method involves 

the computation of a set of replicate weights which account for the 

complex survey design of the CPS. 

The SDR method has been used to 

estimate variances in the American 

Community Survey since its inception. 

In previous years, the standard errors 

of CPS ASEC estimates were calculated 

using a Generalized Variance Function 

(GVF) approach. Under this approach, 

generalized variance parameters were 

used in formulas provided in the 

source and accuracy (S&A) statement 

to estimate standard errors. 

A study by Davern et al. (2006) found 

that the CPS ASEC GVF standard 

errors performed poorly against more 

precise Survey Design-Based (SDB) 

estimates. In most cases, Davern et 

al.’s results indicated that the published GVF parameters significantly 

underestimated standard errors in the 

1 In order to facilitate historical comparisons, 

the appendix tables display standard errors calculated using the Generalized Variance Function 

since replicate weights are not available for CPS 

ASEC collection years prior to 2005.

CPS ASEC. This and other critiques 

prompted the Census Bureau to transition from using the GVF method of 

estimating standard errors to using 

the SDR method of estimating standard errors for the CPS ASEC. In 2009, 

the Census Bureau released replicate 

weights for the 2005 through 2009 

CPS ASEC collection years and has 

released replicate weights for 2010 

and 2011 with the release of the CPS 

ASEC public use data.

Following the 2009 release of CPS 

ASEC replicate weights, Boudreaux, 

Davern, and Graven (2011) compared 

replicate weight standard error estimates with SDB estimates. Replicate 

weight estimates performed markedly 

better against SDB standard errors 

than those calculated using the published GVF parameters. The Census 

Bureau will continue to provide the 

GVF parameters in the source and 

accuracy statement.

Since the published GVF parameters 

generally underestimated standard 

errors, standard errors produced using 

SDR may be higher than in previous 

reports. For most CPS ASEC estimates, 

the increase in standard errors from 

GVF to SDR will not alter the findings. However, marginally significant 

differences using the GVF may not be 

significant using replicate weights. 

References:

Boudreaux, Michel, Michael Davern, 

and Peter Graven. “Alternative 

Variance Estimates in the Current 

Population Survey and the 

American Community Survey,” 

presented at the 2011 Annual 

Meeting of the Population 

Association of America.

Davern, Michael, Arthur Jones, James 

Lepkowski, Gestur Davidson, 

and Lynn A. Blewett. “Unstable 

Inferences? An Examination 

of Complex Survey Sample 

Design Adjustments Using 

the Current Population Survey 

for Health Services Research,”

Inquiry. Vol. 43, No. 3, 2006, 

pp. 283–297. 

Fay, Robert E. and George F. Train. 

“Aspects of Survey and ModelBased Postcensal Estimation 

of Income and Poverty 

Characteristics for States and 

Counties,” Proceedings of 

the Section on Government 

Statistics, American Statistical 

Association, Alexandria, VA, 1995, 

pp. 154–159.