JA(] \ 1947 Building Code Requirements

for

New Dwelling Construction

BUILDING MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES REPORT BMS107

SUPERSEDING BMS88

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
BUILDING MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES REPORTS

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Superintendent of Documents at the prices indicated:

BMSl Research on Building Materials and Structures for Use in Low-Cost Housing 100 BMS2 Methods of Determining the Structural Properties of Low-Cost House Constructions.. 10^ BMS3 Suitability of Fiber Insulating Lath as a Plaster Base . 150 BMS4 Accelerated Aging of Fiber Building Boards 100 BMS5 Structural Properties of Six Masonry WaU Constructions 150 BMS6 Survey of Roofing Materials in the Southeastern States 150 BMS7 Water Permeability of Masonry Walls* * BMS8 Methods of Investigation of Surface Treatment for Corrosion Protection of Steel 100 BMS9 Structural Properties of the Insulated Steel Construction Co.'s "Frameless-Steel" Constructions for Walls, Partitions, Floors, and Roofs 100 BMSIO Structural Properties of One of the "Keystone Beam Steel Floor" Constructions Sponsored by the H. H. Robertson Co 100 BMSll Structural Properties of the Curren Fabrihome Corporation's "Fabrihome" Constructions for Walls and Partitions 100 BMS12 Structural Properties of "Steelox" Constructions for Walls, Partitions, floors, and Roofs

Sponsored by Steel Buildings, Inc 150 BMS13 Properties of Some Fiber Building Boards of Current Manufacture 100 BMS14 Indentation and Recovery of Low-Cost Floor Coverings 100 BMS15 Structural Properties of "Wheeling Long-Span Steel Floor" Construction Sponsored by

the Wheeling Corrugating Co 100 BMS16 Structural Properties of a "Tilecrete" Floor Construction Sponosred by Tilecrete Floors, Inc 100 BMS17 Sound Insulation of Wall and Floor Constructions 200 Supplement to BMS17, Sound Insulation of WaU and Floor Constructions 50 BMS18 Structural Properties of "Pre-fab" Constructions for Walls, Partitions, and Floors,

Sponsored by the Harnischfeger Corporation 100 BMS19 Preparation and Revision of Building Codes 150 BMS20 Structural Properties of "Twachtman" Constructions for Walls and Floors Sponsored

by Connecticut Pre-Cast Buildings Corporation 100 BMS21 Structural Properties of a Concrete-Block Cavity-WaU Construction Sponsored by the National Concrete Masonry Association 100 BMS22 Structural Properties of "Dun-Ti-Stone" WaU Construction Sponsored by the W. E. Dunn Manufacturing Co 100 BMS23 Structural Properties of a Brick Cavity-WaU Construction Sponsored by the Brick

Manufacturers Association of New York, Inc 100 BMS24 Structural Properties of a Reinforced-Brick Wall Construction and a Brick-TUe CavityWall Construction Sponsored by the Structural Clay Products Institute 150 BMS25 Structural Properties of Conventional Wood-Frame Constructions for Walls, Partitions,

Floors, and Roofs 150 SMS26 Structural Properties of "Nelson Pre-Cast Concrete Foundation" WaU Construction

Sponsored by the Nelson Cement Stone Co., Inc 100 BMS27 Structural Properties of "Bender Steel Home" WaU Construction Sponsored by the Bender Body Co 100 BMS28 Backflow Prevention in Over-Rim Water Supplies 100 BMS29 Survey of Roofing Materials in the Northeastern States 100 BMS30 Structural Properties of a Wood-Frame WaU Construction Sponsored by the Douglas

Fir Plywood Association 100 BMS31 Structural Properties of "Insulite" WaU and "Insulite" Partition Constructions Sponsored by The Insulite Co 150

* Out of print. [List continued on cover page iii]
Building Code Requirements

for New Dwelling Construction

Recommended by the National Housing Agency

and Prepared in Consultation With the

National Bureau of Standards

ISSUED JANUARY 1, 1947

Building Materials and Structures Report BMS107

Superseding BMS88

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE • W. Averell Harriman, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS • E. U. Condon, Director

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1946 FOR SALE BY THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON 25, D. C. PRICE 20 CENTS
Foreword

A great deal is said and written about the need for increasing the

supply of housing and for reducing its cost. The regulations imposed

by local authorities in the interest of safety and health necessarily are a factor in the situation. In this publication the National Housing

Agency, with the cooperation of the National Bureau of Standards,

has recorded its views on what constitutes reasonable building code

requirements for dwellings. These requirements have as their base a number of standards that have been developed by representative committees. Wliere specialized experience in the housing field has made

it seem advisable to make additions, modifications, or exceptions to these basic standards, this has been done. The aim has been to provide

sound construction without excessive cost and with adequate provision

for recognizing new developments in the building field as they occur.

E. U. Condon, Director.

[II]
Contents

Page

Foreword II Introduction 1 Chapter I. General 2

Sec. 100. Scope 2

Sec. 101. Violations unlawful 2

Sec. 102. Materials and methods not specifically authorized 2

1. General 2

2. Approval 2

3. Installation 2

4. Prefabricated assemblies 2

5. Tests required 2

6. Test procedure 3

7. Record of tests 3

8. Retesting 3

Sec. 103. Second-hand materials 3

Sec. 104. Private water and sewage-disposal systems 3 Chapter II. Definitions 3 Chapter III. General building limitations 5

Sec. 301. Zoning restrictions 5

Sec. 302. Limitations 6

1. Height 6

2. Building lines 6

Sec. 303. Party walls 6 Chapter IV. Light and ventilation 6

Sec. 400. General 6

Sec. 401. Skylights 6

Sec. 402. Screening 6 Chapter V. Space and Arrangement 6

Sec. 500. General 6 Chapter VI. Exits 6

Sec. 600. General 6

Sec. 601. Number of exits 6

Sec. 602. Location of exits 6

Sec. 603. Stairways 7

1. Width 7

2. Enclosures 7

3. Lighting and ventilation 7

Sec. 604. Hanging of doors 7

Sec. 605. Public Hallways 7

1. Width 7

2. Enclosure 7 Chapter VII. Construction 7

Sec. 700. General 7

1. Quality of materials 7

2. Details and connections 7

3. Design and workmanship 7

Sec. 701. Allowable stresses 8

1. General 8

2. Increases 8

Sec. 702. Loads 8

1. Design 8

2. Floor loads 8

3. Loads on exterior walls 8

4. Live loads on roofs (including snow and wind loads) 8

5. Design computations and test data 8

6. Anchorage 8

Sec. 703. Soil-bearing capacity 8

1. Safe capacity 8

2. Varying soil conditions 8

Page

Chapter VII. Construction—Continued

Sec. 703. Soil-bearing capacity—^Con.

3. Filled ground 9

4. Clearing of building site 9

5. Protection of adjoining property 9

Sec. 704. Foundations 9

1. Required 9

2. Depth 9

3. Frozen ground 9

4. Footings 9

(a) Materials 9

(b) Design 9

5. Pile foundations 9

6. Foundation walls 9

(a) General 9

(b) Height above ground 9

(c) Waterproofing 10

(d) Drainage 10

(e) Protection against lateral pressure 10

Sec. 705. Masonry iQ

1. General 10

Sec. 706. Reinforced concrete 10

1. General 10

2. Mix 10

3. Walls 10

(a) Anchoring 10

(b) Thickness 10

Sec. 707. Reinforced brick masonry 10

1. General 10

Sec. 708. Steel and iron 10

1. General 10

2. Light-gage steel construction. 10

3. Steel-joist construction 11

4. Miscellaneous requirements. _ 11

(a) Thickness 11

(b) Protection 11

Sec. 709. Wood construction 11

1. General 11

2. Sizes of lumber 11

3. Posts 11

4. Splicing 11

5. Exterior walls 11

(a) Load-carrying capacitv 11

(b) Sheathing 11

(c) Masonry veneer on wood

construction 11

(d) Stucco on wood construction 11

(e) Ribbon boards 12

(f) Notching of studs 12

(g) Plates 12

(h) Framing over openings in bearing walls 12

(i) Jambs in bearing walls 12

6. Interior partitions 12

(a) Load-carrying capacity __ 12

(b) Plates 12

(c) Framing over openings in bearing partitions 12 [III]
page Chapter VII. Construction—Continued

Sec. 709. Wood construction—Continued

7. Floors and roofs 12

(a) Joists and girders 12

(b) Headers and trimmers 13

(c) Support of rafters 13

(d) Bridging 13

8. Plank-and-beam construction. 13

(a) Design 13

(b) Beams 13

(c) Plank 13

(d) Exterior-wall framing 13

(e) Interior columns 14

(f) Fastenings 14

9. Plywood construction 14

(a) Material 14

(b) Gluing plywood to framing members 14

(c) Design of fiat panel with

stressed coverings 14

(d) Fastenings 14

; 10. Termites and decay 14

(a) Site of building 14

(b) Removal of debris 14

(c) Foundations 14

(d) Foundation wall vents 14

(e) Porches 14

(f) Closeness to ground 14

(g) Girders in masonry or re- inforced-concrete walls. 15

(h) Floor sleepers 15

(i) Protection of material 15

(j) Expansion joints 15

(k) Water pipes 15

(1) Flashing over doors and

windows 15 (m) Moisture in walls 15

Sec. 710. Reinforced gypsum concrete 15 Chapter VIII. Fire protection 15

Sec. 800. General 15

Sec. 801. Fire separation 15

1. Between dwellings 15

2. Between dwelling units 15

3. Fire walls 15

4. Hazardous spaces 16

5. Garages 16

6. Business separation 16

Sec. 802. Construction around chimneys

and fireplaces 16

1. Clearance from chimneys 16

2. Removal of wood centering. _ 16

3. Clearance from fireplaces 16

Sec. 803. Separation of combustible struc- tural members 17

Sec. 804. Firestopping 17

1. General 17

2. Exterior walls 17

(a) Wood construction 17

(b) Furred spaces 17

3. Partitions 17

4. Stairs ... 17

5. Pipes or ducts 17

6. Sliding doors 17

7. Exterior cornices 17

8. Inspection 17

Sec. 805. Shafts 17

1. Enclosure required 17

2. Openings 18

3. Connections 18 Chapter IX. Chimneys and fireplaces 18

Sec. 900. General. 18

Sec. 901. Construction of chimneys 18

1. Materials 18

2. Foundations 18

Page

Chapter IX. Chimneys and fireplaces—Con.

Sec. 901. Construction of chimneys—Con.

3. Bending 18

4. Corbeling of chimneys 18

5. Height 18

6. Brick chimneys 18

7. Concrete chimneys 18

8. HoUov/ masonry units 18

9. Solid concrete block 18

10. Stone 19

11. Flashing 19

12. Changes of interior dimensions 19

13. Special types of chimneys 19

Sec. 902. Flues 19

1. Flue lining 19

2. Separation 19

3. Construction 19

4. Area 19

5. Cleaning 20

Sec. 903. Fireplaces 20

1. Use of firebrick 20

2. Incombustible hearths 20 Chapter X. Heat appliances—mounting, clear- ances, and connections 20

Sec. 1000. General 20

Sec. 1001. Mounting 20

1. Bases 20

2. Hearths 20

3. Clearances for stoves and

ranges 20

4. Clearances for gas ranges 21

5. Bases for heating furnaces . . 21

6. Clearances for heating fur- naces 21

Sec. 1002. Smoke pipes 21

1. Connection with flue 21

(a) Connection required 21

(b) Number limited 21

(c) Thimbles 21

2. Passage through combustible

construction 21

(a) Ceilings, floors, roofs 21

(b) Partitions 21

3. Clearances from combustible

construction 21

Sec. 1003. Ducts 22

1. Material 22

2. Protection 22

(a) Clearances from combustible construction 22

(b) Clearances within floors and partitions 22

Sec. 1004. Registers 22

1. Setting 22

2. Register boxes 22

3. One-pipe furnaces and floor furnaces 22

4. Fixed registers 22

Sec. 1005. Mechanical circula,tion warmair systems 22

1. General . 22

2. Recirculation 22

3. Return ducts 22

Sec. 1006. Steam and hot-water pipes 23

1. Clearances from combustible

construction 23

2. Pipe coverings 23

Sec. 1007. Appliances 23

1. Gas appliances 23

(a) General 23

(b) Gas logs 23

(c) Gas-fired furnaces 23

(d) Water heaters 23 [IV]
Page

Chapter X. Heat appliances—Continued

Sec. 1007. Appliances—Continued

1. Gas appliances—Continued

(e) Venting 23

(f) Liquefied petroleum gases 23

2. Oil-fired appliances 23

3. Steam and hot-water boilers- 23

4. Solid-fuel appliances 23

(a) Forced-air furnaces 23

(b) Automatic stokers 24

Sec. 1008. Combustion 24 Chapter XI. Safeguards against accidents 24

Sec. 1101. Stairways 24

Sec. 1102. Steps 24

Sec. 1103. Porches and terraces 24 Chapter XII. Electrical 24

Sec. 1200. General 24

Sec. 1201. Inspections 24 Chapter XIII. Plumbing 24

Sec. 1300. General 24

Sec. 1301. Sanitary fixtures 24

APPENDIX 1 Appendix 24

Par. 100. General 25

Par. 102. Materials and methods not specifically authorized 25

Par. 104. Private water and sewage-disposal systems 25

Par. 302-1. Height 25

Par. 400. Light and ventilation 25 Habitable rooms 25

1. General 25

2. Glass area 25

3. Openable area of windows 25

4. Arrangement of windows 25 Bathrooms and water-closet compart- ments 25

1. General 25

2. Glass area 25

3. Openable area of windows 25

Public hallwavs 25

1. Artificial light 25

2. Natural light 25

3. Ventilation 25

4. Openable area of windows 25

5. Recesses and returns 25

Public stairways 25

1. Artificial light 25

2. Natural light 25

3. Openable area of windows 25 Basements and cellars 25

1. General 25

2. Glass area 25

3. Openable area of windows 26

Permissible equivalents for windows. . 26 Yards 26

1. Rear vards 26

2. Side yards 26

3. Unobstructed 26 Courts 26

1. Width. 26

• 2. Area 26

3. Unobstructed 26

4. Drainage 26

Buildings on the same lot 26

Par. 402. Screening 26

Par. 500. Space and arrangement 26

1. Habitable rooms 26

(a) Minimum area 26

(b) Minimum height 27

' For explanation of paragraph numbering, see Appendix, para- graph preceding par, 100.

Page

Appendix—Continued

Par. 500. Space and arrangement—Con.

1. Habitable rooms—Continued

(c) Rooms below finished grade 27

2. Privacy 27

Par. 600. Exits 27 Kinds of exits 27

Distribution of exits..' 27

Stairwa3-s 27

1. Aggregate width 27

2. Construction • 27

(a) Materials 27

(b) Treads and risers 27

(c) Landings 27

(d) Handrails 27

(e) Enclosures 27 Doorways 27 Modification in exit width 27

Obstructions 27

Par. 700-1. Qualitv of materials 27

Par. 702. Loads 27 Wind loads 28

Snow loads 28

Par. 704. Foundations 28

Par. 704-6. Foundation walls 28

1. General 28

2. Thickness 28

3. Veneered and cavity walls 28

Par. 705. Masonrv 29

1. Mortar 29

(a) Classification 29

(b) Proportions 29

2. Types of mortar required 29

3. Allowable stresses 29

4. Thickness and height of walls. 29

5. Lateral support 30

6. Piers 30

Par. 706. Reinforced concrete 30

1. Protection of reinforcement. .1 30

(a) Footings 30

(b) Structural members 30

2. Protection 30

3. Allowable stresses 30

4. Removal of forms 30

Par. 707. Reinforced brick masonry 31

Par. 708. Steel and iron 31

Par. 709-1. Wood construction—^general.. 31 Maximum spans for lumber 31

(a) Joists for floors and accessible attics 31

(b) Joists for inaccessible attics 31

(c) Rafters 31

Par. 709-2. Sizes of lumber 31

Par. 709-5 (a). Load-carrying capacity 31

Par. 709—5 (c). Masonry veneer on wood

construction 31

Par. 709-5 (d). Stucco on wood construction 31

Par. 709-5 (h). Framing over openings in bearing walls 31

Par. 709-7 (b). Headers and trimmers 32

Par. 709-7 (c). Support of rafters 32

Par. 709-7 (d). Bridging 32

Par. 709-8. Plank-and-beam construction. 32

Par. 709-9 (a). Plywood construction—material 32

Par. 709-9 (b) . Gluing plywood to framing

members 33

Par. 709-9 (c). Design of flat panel with

stressed coverings 33

(1) Construction features. 33

(2) Strength and stiffness. 33 [V]
Page

Appendix—Continued

Par. 709-10. Termites and decay 33

Par. 710. Reinforced gypsum concrete 33

Par. 800. Fire protection—general 33

Par. 801. Fire separation 33

Par. 802-1. Clearance from chimneys 34

Par. 804-1. Firestopping—general 34

Par. 1000. Heat appliances—mounting,

clearances, and connections 34

Par. 1004-3. One-pipe furnaces and floor furnaces 34

Page

Appendix—Continued

Par. 1005. Mechanical circulation warmair systems 34

Par. 1007. Appliances 34

Par. 1007-1 (e). Venting 34

Par. 1100. Safeguards against accidents 35

Par. 1200. Electrical—general 35

Par. 1300. Plumbing—general . 35

Par. 1301. Sanitary fixtures 35

Ratproofing 35

Noise 35

[VI]
Building Code Requirements for New

Dwelling Construction

Recommended minimum requirements tor dwelling construction, developed by the National Housing Agency in consultation with the National Bureau of Standards, are

presented for consideration by local authorities in revising their building codes. The

requirements are based on an earlier publication "Recommended Building Code Require- ments for New Dwelling Construction," which has been revised in the light of suggestions

from governmental housing agencies, the Forest Products Laboratory, and many industrial organizations. They make free use of national standards, with such additions, modifications, and exceptions as the experience of the housing agencies has demonstrated to be

advisable in the case of dwelling construction. An appendix supplies information intended

to be helpful in applying and interpreting the provisions of the requirements themselves. INTRODUCTION

The suggested building code requirements for

dwellings in this report are a revision of earlier

requirements prepared by a subcommittee of the

Central Housing Committee, which has now

been discontinued. Coordination of housing

activities of the Federal Government is now ef- fected through the National Housing Agency,

which has an interest in good building regulations both as they affect the speedy completion

of adequate housing for veterans and as they

bear upon the general problem of assuring adequate safety for the occupants of dwellings

erected as part of a long-time housing program.

In order to bring the earlier requirements up to date the Agency has sponsored this revision,

which has been prepared in cooperation with the

National Bureau of Standards. It has sought

the advice of other Federal agencies, has drawn

upon the resources of its own staff and of its constituent members, and has given consideration

to many suggestions received as a result of an

invitation extended to nongovernmental bodies

to offer criticism on drafts of proposed require- ments. As in the previous edition, much reliance is placed upon existing standards. These have

been prepared by representative bodies after

full consideration of results of research and

after extended discussion by persons of long

experience. They are also readily available.

The principle followed in preparing this Code

has been to require generally accepted good

practice and then to recognize conformity to certain well-developed standards as acceptable

evidence of such practice. This does not mean

that other methods of construction are forbidden, but the burden of proof is placed upon

those who propose to build otherwise to showthrough test results and other information that

their proposals will provide adequate safety.

Additions, modifications, and exceptions to the

designated standards have been given in the

requirements when the experience of Federal

agencies engaged in housing work appeared to

justify it. It is hoped that this method of

treatment will provide an acceptable basis for

the ordinary case, while allowing sufficient flexibility to take care of any alternate methods

that may have merit.

The standards cited as acceptable good practice in the Code are identified by title and year

of adoption by the sponsoring agency to make

certain just what requirements must be observed. In order to keep the Code up to date,

however, it is important that advantage be

taken of any later editions of the standards

that may appear. For this purpose the building official should ascertain annually what new

editions are available and recommend to the

local legislative body that the references in the

Code be changed to cover these later standards.

To assist the user of the Code in ascertaining

specifically what is required in the more usual

situations encountered, detailed features pertaining to residential construction consistent

with the reference standards are presented in an appendix. These may be converted into

mandatory language and included in local codes

if this method is preferred. The appendix also

contains useful information intended to assist in applying the Code requirements.

It is anticipated that in most cases the suggested requirements will form part of, or supplement, an existing code which already con-

[1]
Sec. 100

tains provisions pertaining to all buildings on

such matters as types of construction, allowable

aa^eas between fire walls, roofing, and other

features. Pending the time when generally

acceptable good practice is embodied in national

standards on these topics, no recommendations

are made concerning them, it being assumed

that the local code will be followed.

One point was emphasized in the previous re- port and deserves repetition here. Building

code requirements can be legally effective only

when they call for the minimum that is neces- sary for safety and health. This places them

in a different class from other standards, which

properly take into consideration expected life,

comfort, livability, good taste, and other matters that are socially and economically desirable

but cannot be legally required. An appreciation of the distinction should help to clear up

some of the confusion that exists regarding apparent inconsistencies between building standards and building code requirements.

Wlien the National Housing Agency undertook the responsibility for this undertaking it asked the National Bureau of Standards to cooperate in the study of available material

and in the drafting of revised provisions that

would reflect developments in research and

standardization since the publication of the

earlier report. The Bureau has continued to cooperate through the period of preparation.

The Forest Products Laboratory of the United

States Department of Agriculture has been

especially helpful in connection with questions

regarding wood construction. Many individuals both within the National Housing Agency

and in its constituent agencies have participated

in the work.

The recommended requirements in this re- port are presented as suitable for consideration

wherever local building code requirements for

dwellings are being adopted or revised. It is believed that such a document can provide a

continuing service through which the experi- ence of Federal agencies and the results of

Federal research can be made continuously

available to local governmental authorities.

Periodical revision is planned; and criticism

and suggestions for improvement are invited.

CHAPTER I. GENERAL 2

Section 100. Scope

The requirements of this Code apply to dwellings, not over 2% stories in height when

In municipalities and areas where there Is no building

code, it is recommended that the provisions of American

Standard Administrative Requirements for Building Codes

A55. 1-1944, approved by the American Standards Association, form the basis for local requirements concerning powers and

containing one or two dwelling units, and not

over 2 stories in height when containing more

than two dwelling units, and accessory struc- tures (such as garages) hereafter erected.

Section 101. Violations Unlawfttl

It shall be unlawful to construct or add to a dwelling or accessory structure in violation of

the provisions of this Code.

Section 102. Materials and Methods Not

Specificallt Authorized

1. General

The provisions of this Code are not intended

to prevent the use of any material or construction not specifically authorized by this Code

provided any such alternate has been approved.

^. Approval

The building official shall require sufficient evidence to substantiate any claims that may be

mad© regarding the use of such material or

construction and shall approve them provided

he finds that for the purpose intended the proposed design and the material, method, or sys- tem meets the requirements of this Code for

safety and health.

3. Installation

Materials and constructions which have been

approved shall be used and installed in accord- ance with the terms of approval. All such

approvals and the conditions under which they

are issued shall be reported and kept on file, open to public inspection.

Jf.. Prefabricated Assemblies

Whei-e the component parts of prefabricated

assemblies are not readily accessible to inspection at the site, the building official may require

certification that the assembly as installed at the site is identical with specimens upon which

approval was based. If mechanical and elec- trical equipment is so installed as not to be

readily accessible to inspection at the site certification may be required that such equipment

complies with applicable laws and ordinances.

5. Tests Required

Whenever there is insufficient evidence that

any material or construction conforms to the

duties of the building official, method of obtaining permits, and other administrative matters, except as these provisions

may be modified by this chapter. A revision of this standard

is in process ; inquiry should be made as to its availability. (See Appendix, par. 100.)

[2]
Sec. 102-6

requirements of this Code, or there is insufBcient evidence to substantiate claims for alter- nate materials or constructions, the building

official may require tests as proof of compliance

to be made at the expense of the owner by an

approved agency.

6. Test Procedure

Tests shall be made in accordance with generally recognized standards for the material or

construction in question, but in the absence of

such standards the building official shall specify

the test procedure. Duly authenticated tests by a competent person or laboratory may be

accepted by him in lieu of tests under his own

.supervision.

7. Record of Tests

Copies of the results of all such tests shall be

kept on file in the office of the building official for a period of not less than five years after

the acceptance of the structure or materials or assembly of materials.

8. Retesting

The building official may require tests to be

repeated, if at any time there is reason to believe that a material or construction no longer

conforms to the requirements on which its approval was based. (See Appendix, par. 102.)

Section 103. Second-Hand Materials

Second-hand materials may be used provided

they comply in quality with requirements for

materials in this Code. Masonry units shall be

thoroughly cleaned before reusing. Structural

members shall not be reused if so affected by

previous use as to impair their usefulness for

the purpose intended.

Section 104. Private Water and SewageDisposal Systems

Prior to occupancy, a certificate of inspection

to indicate compliance with acceptable practice shall be obtained by the owner or his agent

from the State or local health official having

jurisdiction in the case of all water ajid sewagedisposal systems not municipally owned and

operated. Except as may be otherwise provided in law, in this Code, or in duly promulgated regulations, the Recommendations of the

Joint Committee on Rural Sanitation contained

in Rural Water-Supply Sanitation, Supplement No. 185 to the Public Health Reports ; and

in Rural Sewage Disposal, Reprint No. 2461

from the Public Health Reports, shall be

deemed to be acceptable practice. (See Appendix, par. 104.)

CHAPTER II. DEFINITIONS

For the purpose of this Code, the terms

listed below shall have the meanings given in

this chapter.

Alley means a narrow supplementary thoroughfare for the public use of vehicles and pedestrians, affording access to abutting property.

Approved, as applied to a material, device,

mode of construction, or testing agency, means

approved by the building official under the provisions of this Code, or by other authority designated by law to give approval in the matter

in question.

Basement means that portion of a building

between floor and ceiling partly underground,

but having less than half its clear height below

the adjoining finished grade.

Bearing partition. ( See Partition, Bearing.

)

Bearing wall. (See Wall, Bearing.)

Building means an enclosed structure having

exterior or party walls and a roof, designed for

the shelter of persons, animals, or property.

Building official means the officer or other per- son charged with the administration and en- forcement of this Code or his duly authorized

representative.

Cavity wall. (See Wall, Cavity.)

Cellar means that portion of a building between floor and ceiling partly underground,

but having half or more than half of its clear

height below the adjoining finished grade.

Chimney. (See Flue.)

Common property line means a line dividing one lot from another.

Concrete, Plain.—"Plain concrete" means

concrete cast in place without metal reinforcement or reinforced only for shrinkage or temperature changes.

Concrete, Revaforced.—"Reinforced concrete" means concrete in which reinforcement,

other than that provided for shrinkage or temperature changes, is embedded in such a manner that the two materials act together in re- sisting forces. Court means an open, unoccupied space

bounded on two or more sides by the exterior

walls of a building or by exterior walls and lot

lines. Court, Height.—"Height," as applied to a

court, means the vertical distance from the level of the floor of the lowest story containing habitable rooms served by that court to the top of

the walls bounding the court. In case the tops

of such walls are at different elevations, the

724259°—47 2 [3]
Ch. II

measurement shall be taken to the average elevation of the two highest walls that are opposite.

Court, InTier.—"Inner court" means a court

enclosed on all sides by exterior walls of a building or by exterior walls and lot lines on which

walls are allowable.

Court, Length.—"Length," as applied to an

o^ter court, means the mean horizontal distance

between the open and closed ends of the court. Court, Outer.—"Outer court" means a court

enclosed on not more than three sides by exterior walls of a building or by exterior walls

and lot lines on which walls are allowable, with one side or end open to a street, driveway, alley, or yard.

Court, Width.—"Width," as applied to an

inner court, means its least horizontal dimension. Width, as applied to an outer court, means the shortest horizontal dimension meas- ured in a direction substantially parallel with

the principal open end of such court. Dead load. (See Load, Dead.)

Dwelling means a building designed or oc- cupied as the living quarters for one or more

families or households, usually equipped with

cooking, bathing, toilet, and, where necessary, heating facilities. Dwelling unit means a dwelling or a portion

thereof providing complete living facilities for one family.

Faced wall. (See Wall, Faoed.)

Fire-division wall. (See Wall, Fire-division.)

Fire door means . a door construction

consisting of door, frame, and sill, which under

approved fire-test conditions meets the requirements for the location in which it is to be used.

Fire resistance means the period of resistance

to standard exposure under the Standard Fire

Test. (See Appendix, par. 800.)

Fire toall. (See Wall, Fire.)

Flue means a passage in a chimney through

which smoke, gas, or fumes ascend. Each pas- sage is called a flue; and one or more flues to- gether with surrounding materials and jackets,

when present, make up the chimney.

Grade.—"Grade," when used in connection

with lumber for structural purposes, means a

classification with respect to strength and suit- ability for use as a structural member.

Grade, Finished.—"Finished grade" means

the line formed at the junction of a building and

the area immediately surrounding the building

to which the ground is to be or has been cut or

filled. Grade, Natural.—"Natural grade" means the

surface of the ground prior to excavation.

Habitable room means a room designed to be

used for living, sleeping, eating, or cooking,

excluding bathrooms, toilet compartments,

closets, halls, storage, and similar spaces. Half story. (See Story, Half.)

Height, Court. (See Court, Height.)

Height, Story "Height," as applied to a

story, means the vertical distance from the sur- face of a floor to the surface of the next floor

above, or to the ceiling of the top story.

Height, Wall.—"Height," as applied to a wall, means the vertical distance to the top measured

from the foundation wall, or from a girder or

other immediate support of the wall.

Hollow wall. (See Wall, Hollow.)

Lmombustible.—"Incombustible," as applied

to a material, means that the material will not

ignite at or below a temperature of 1,200° F. Lintel means a beam or girder placed over an

opening in a wall or partition, which supports

the construction above.

Load, Dead.—"Dead load" means the weight

of walls, floors, roofs, partitions, and other

permanent portions of the structure. Load, Live.—"Live load" means any load

other than the dead load.

Lot means a portion or parcel of land con- sidered as a unit, devoted to a certain use or occupied by a building or a group of buildings

that are united by a common interest or use, and

the customary accessories and open spaces belonging to the same. Lot line means a line dividing one lot from

another, or from a street or other public space. Masonry means stone, brick, structural clay

tile, concrete masonry units, gypsum tile or

block, structural glass block, or other similar

building units or materials, or a combination of same, bonded together with mortar. Masonry

also includes plain concrete. Multi-pie dwelling means a dwelling containing separate dwelling units for three or more

families, with joint services or facilities or both.

Nonbearing partition. (See Partition, Nonr

hearing.)

Nonbearing wall. (See Wall, Nonbearing.)

Occupied shall be construed as though fol- lowed by the words "or intended, arranged, or designed to be occupied."

Partition, Bearing.—"Bearing partition" means an interior bearing wall one story or less in height.

Partition, Nonbearing.—"Nonbearing partition" means an interior nonbearing wall one

story or less in height.

Party wall. (See Wall, Party.)

Pier means an isolated column of masonry.

A bearing wall not bonded at the sides into as- sociated masonry shall be considered a pier

wheji its horizontal dimension measured at right

[4]
Ch. Ill

angles to the thickness does not exceed four

times its thickness.

Plain concrete. (See Concrete^ Plain.)

Proferty line, Coinmon. (See Common property line.)

Public, as applied to a hallway or stairway, means used in common by two or more families.

Reinforced concrete. (See Concrete, Reim,-

forced.)

Room, Habitable. (See Habitable room.)

Shaft means an enclosed shaftway or space, extending through one or more stories of a

building, connecting a series of two or more

openings in successive floors, or floors and roof.

Solid masonry wall. (See Wall, Solid Mason/ry.)

Standard Fire Test means the fire-test procedure formulated and published by the American Society for Testing Materials under the

title of "Standard Methods of Fire Tests of

Building Construction and Materials." (See

Appendix, par. 800.)

Story means that part of a building comprised between a floor and the floor or roof

next above wherein 75 percent or more of the

clear floor area has the minimum height established for habitable rooms. (See Basement.)

Story, Half.—A "half story" is one wherein

less than 75 percent of the clear floor area under the roof next above has the minimum

height established for habitable rooms. An unfinished space immediately under a roof of a multiple dwelhng shall not be considered a

half story.

Street means a highway or thoroughfare dedicated or devoted to public use by legal mapping, user, or other lawful manner; and in- cludes avenue, road, alley, lane, boulevard, ter- race, concourse, driveway, and sidewalk.

Structure means a combination of materials

forming a construction having more or less permanent location.

Veneered wall. (See Wall, Veneered.)

Wall, Bearing.—"Bearing wall" means a wall which supports any vertical load in addition to its own weight.

Wall, Cavity.—"Cavity wall" means a wall

built of masonry units or of plain concrete, or a combination of these materials, so arranged

as to provide an air space within the wall, and

in which the facing and backing of the wall

are tied together with metal ties. Wall, Common-property-line.—"Commonproperty-line wall" means a wall along a property line against which a wall can be built on

the adjoining property.

Wall, Faced.—"Faced wall" means a wall in

which the masonry facing and backing are so bonded as to exert common action under load.

Wall, Fire.—"Fire wall" means a wall of

incombustible materials, which subdivides a building or separates buildings to restrict the

spread of fire, by starting at the foundation

and extending continuously through all stories to or above the roof.

Wall, Fire-division.—^"Fire-division wall" means a wall which subdivides a building to

restrict the spread of fire, but is not necessarily continuous through all stories nor ex- tended through the roof.

Wall, Hollow.—"Hollow wall" means a wall

built of masonry units so arranged as to provide an air space within the wall, and in which

the facing and backing of the wall are bonded

together with masonry units.

Wall, Nonhearing.—"Nonbearing wall" means a wall which supports no vertical load

other than its own weight.

Wall, Party.—"Party wall" means a wall

used or constructed to be used jointly by two

parties under easement agreement and erected

at or upon a line separatiiig two parcels of land

that may be held under different ownership.

Wall, Solid Masonry.—"Solid masonry wall" means a wall built of solid masonry units laid

contiguously with the joints between the units

filled with mortar or a wall consisting of plain

concrete. Wall, Veneered.—"Veneered wall" means a wall having a masonry facing which is at- tached to the backing but not so bonded as to exert common action under load.

Yard means an open, unoccupied space on

the same lot with the building between the lot line and the extreme front, rear, or side wall

of the building.

Yard, Front.—^"Front yard" means a yard

across the full width of the lot, extending from

the front line of the building to the front line

of the lot. Yard, Rear.—"Rear yard" means a yard

across the full width of the lot, extending from

the rear line of the building to the rear line

of the lot. Yard, Side.—^"Side yard" means a yard ex- tending from the front yard or front lot line to the rear yard or rear lot line, from the side

line of the building to the side lot line. CHAPTEE in. GENERAL BUILDING

LIMITATIONS

Section 301, Zoning Restrictions

Nothing in this Code shall be construed to lower in any way existing zoning requirements.

If the requirements of this Code are more re- strictive than existing zoning requirements,

then this Code shall govern.

]
Sec. 302

Section 302. Limitations

1. Height

No dwelling having exterior walls of wood

construction shall exceed 35 feet or 2% stories at any point above finished grade. (See Appendix, par. 302-1.)

2. Building Lines

Except as specifically permitted in law or

regulations, no dwelling or accessory structure

shall be so located that any part extends beyond

established building lines.

Section 303. Party Walls ^

Party walls shall be designed as bearing walls

capable of carrying safely any loads which may

be imposed from both sides ; and shall be so con- structed that a dwelling unit on either side may

be razed without impairment of structural

stability of the wall. (See sec. 801-2.)

CHAPTER IV. LIGHT AND

VENTILATION

Section 400. General

Every dwelling shall be provided with windows or with equivalent means of supplying

light and ventilation which shall conform to generally accepted good practice. Except as may be otherwise provided in law, in this Code,

or in duly promulgated regulations, the American Standard Building Code Requirements for

Light and Ventilation A53.1-1946, approved by

the American Standards Association, shall be

deemed to be generally accepted good practice.

(See Appendix, par. 400.)

Section 401. Skylights

Skylights shall not be permitted for lighting or ventilation in habitable rooms. Bathrooms may be ventilated by skylights

when located immediately under a roof. Ventilating skylights shall be an-anged with

the sides extended above the roof and there

provided with hinged glazed sash having an

area not less than that required for openable

3 The municipality or agency using this Code should examine

the statutes, ordinances, or other regulations pertaining to party walls in the community for correlation therewith. The

recommendations in this Code incorporate only minimum re- quirements considered essential to health and safety to life. Some authorities contend that the mutuality of ownership

inherent in a party wall should impose additional construction requirements. Presented below is the suggested wording

for an additional code requirement based on this contention : Party walls shall be of masonry, or of other incombustible material ; they shall bear on foundations of the same

type and construction as exterior wall foundations ; they

shall extend through the roof.

parts of windows, or they may be arranged

with fixed incombustible louvered sides having

the required openable area and a pivoted glazed

sash at the ceiling line.

Section 402. Screening

When deemed necessary by the local health

authorities, dwellings shall be effectively

screened. (See Appendix, par. 402.)

CHAPTER V. SPACE AND

ARRANGEMENT

Section 500. General

Every dwelling shall be so designed as to conform in height, area, and arrangement of rooms to generally accepted good practice.

Except as may be otherwise provided in law,

in this Code, or in duly promulgated regulations, the American Standard Building Code

Requirements for Light and Ventilation A53.1-

1946, approved by the American Standards

Association, shall be deemed to be generally

accepted good practice. (See Appendix, par.

500.)

CHAPTER VI. EXITS

Section 600. General

Multiple dwellings shall be provided with

exit facilities which shall conform to generally

accept-ed good practice. Except as may be

otherwise provided in law, in this Code, or in

duly promulgated regulations, the American

Standard Building Exits Code A9.1-1946, approved by the American Standards Association,

shall be deemed to be generally accepted good

practice. (See Appendix, par. 600.)

Section 601. Number of Exits

Every floor of a multiple dwelling and every

floor area enclosed by fire and exterior walls

shall have not less than two exits; provided

that one exit may be permitted when no en- trance door of a dwelling unit is distant more

than 20 feet from a door opening into an exit

stairway or from the top riser of such stairway.

Section 602. Location of Exrrs

Exits shall be so located that the distance

from the entrance door of a dwelling unit to an

exit shall not exceed 60 feet; provided that no

such door located on a dead-end hallway shall

be more than 20 feet from an exit.

[6]
Section 603. Stairways

Sec. 603

CHAPTER VII. CONSTRUCTION

1. Width

No stairway serving as an exit shall have a

width of less than 36 inches.

2. Enclosv/res

Required stairways shall be enclosed with

construction having a fire resistance of at least three-fourths hour. Stairways extending into

basements and cellars shall be provided with

approved self-closing metal-clad doors or with

1%-inch solid-core wood-slab dooi-s.

3. Lighting and Ventilation

Required stairways shall be provided with

ventilating skylights, windows on an exterior

wall glazed with plain glass, or a plain glass

skylight with a metal screen below the glass.

The open or openable area shall be at least 6

square feet.

Section 604. Hanging of Doors

The doors of doorways serving as exits shall

swing in the direction of exit travel and shall

be so hung and arranged that they shall not

obstruct the travel along an exit passageway,

stairway, or other required exit, provided that a door swung flat against a wall is not considered an obstruction and, provided further, that no door shall at any point in its swing reduce

the width of an exit stairway to less than 30

inches.

Section 605. Public Hallways

1. Width

The width of a public hallway shall be at

least equal to the width of the exit doorway to which it leads, but not less than 48 inches.

2. Enclosure

Public hallways shall be enclosed with construction having a fire resistance of at least three-fourths hour.

Doors in public hallways leading from the

foot of stairways serving as exits to the outside

of the building shall be approved self-closing

fire doors or 1%-inch solid-core wood-slab

doors.

Section 700. General

1. Quality of Materials

All building materials shall be of good quality, conforming to generally accepted standards. Except as may be otherwise provided in

law, or in this Code, or in duly promulgated

regulations, the specifications of the American Society for Testing Materials, or similar

standards, such as Federal Specifications, standards of the American Standards Association, or Commercial Standards promulgated by the

United States Department of Commerce

through the National Bureau of Standard^,

shall be deemed to be generally accepted standards. (See Appendix, par. 700-1.)

2. Details and Connections

All members shall be so framed, tied, and

braced as to develop the strength and rigidity

necessary for the purposes for which they may

be used. No member shall be stressed in excess of the strength of its details and connections.

S. Design and Worhma/nship

Design of structural members, and workmanship in the fabrication and preparation of materials and in their installation, shall conform

to generally accepted good practice. The entire structural frame and each member which

is a part of such frame shall be so designed

and consti'ucted that the stresses may be sat- isfactorily determined by rational analysis in

accordance with well-established principles of

mechanics; or satisfactory evidence of safety

shall be provided the building official in accord- ance with the requirements of Section 102. Specific provisions of this chaper shall be controlling but shall not be deemed to suspend other

requirements of good practice which shall be

regarded as supplementing such specific provisions. Except as may be otherwise provided

in law, or in this Code, or in duly promulgated

regulations, the standards of Federal or State

agencies, national technical organizations and

standardization bodies, or fire underwriters

shall be deemed to be generally accepted good

practice.

[7]
Sec. 701

Section 701. Aijx)Wable Stresses

1. General

Dwellings and accessory structures shall be so designed that the safe working stresses of the

materials used are not exceeded.

2. Increases

Higher stresses than specified in the standards to which reference is made in this Code

may be used, but only if it is clearly established,

by test or other satisfactory evidence, that material of a higher grade or a superior workmanship than is generally provided in ordinary

good practice is to be employed. The use of

higher stresses, however, shall' not be allowed

until a statement, giving the reasons for such

permission together with the facts and circumstances on which it is based, is placed on file and

made a part of the official record of the permit.

Section 702. Loads

1. Design

All parts of dwellings and accessory struc- tures shall be designed to support safely their

own weight and all other loads to which they

may be subjected.

2. Floor Loads

The minimum load to be assumed as caused

by the occupancy for design of floors shall be not

less than 40 lb/ft ^ uniformly distributed, provided that, for upper floors of single-family

dwellings, the load may be reduced to 30 pounds

in designing floor joists for flexure. Where attics are to be used for light storage, a live load of not less than 20 Ib/ft^ shall be

assumed on ceiling joists. Where no provision

is made for attic storage, no live load need be

assumed on ceiling joists. (See Appendix, par. 709-1.)

The total load to be used in designing gii-ders

shall include the dead load of floor, ceiling, and

partition constructions plus the combined dead

and live load of the roof plus 50 percent of the

assumed live loads of floors and ceilings; but no

reduction of live load shall be made unless the

girder carries 90 or more square feet of floor area. Supporting columns, bearing walls, and

footings shall be designed for the same reduction of live load as permitted above for the

girders that bear on them.

3. Loads on Exterior Walls

Vertical faces of dwellings and accessory

structures shall be capable of withstanding a

horizontal load of not less than 15 Ib/ft

^ acting

inward or outward.

Jf. Live Loads on Roofs (Including Snow and

Wind Loads

)

(a) Roofs, either flat or pitched, with angles

of slope up to and including 40 degrees shall be

designed to withstand an inward load of not less than 20 lb/ft ^ of horizontal projection.

(b) Pitched roofs with slopes greater than

40 degrees shall be designed to withstand an inward load of not less than 12 lb/ft ^ normal to the roof surface.

(c) Roofs, either flat or pitched, shall be

designed to withstand an outward load of not

less than 15 Ib/ft ^ normal to the roof surface.

(d) Whenever increases in stresses are per- mitted for combinations of loads on roofs, the

section found shall be at least as strong as that

obtained by the use of the minimum loads given

above together with the normal allowable stress for the material concerned.

-5. Design Gomfutations and Test Data

Where construction and provision for anchorage is satisfactory to the building official, submittal of design computations or test data may

be waived by him.

6. Anchorage

Adequate anchorage of roofs to walls and

columns, and of walls and columns to foundations, shall be provided to resist safely vertical

lifting forces and to prevent any sliding or overturning.

Section 703. Soil-Bearing Capacitt

1. Safe Capacity

Where the bearing capacity of the soil is not

definitely known, the building official may re- quire load tests or other proof as to the permissible safe bearing capacity at the particular

location.

2. Varying Soil Conditions

In case a dwelling or accessory structure rests partly on rock or hardpan and partly on some

These requirements are minimum. In preparing local

codes, larger figures should be substituted where necessary. (See Appendix, par. 702.)

[8]
Sec. 703-3

other soil, measures shall be taken to equalize

settlement.

3. Filled Gromid

No dwelling or accessory structure shall be

placed upon filled ground until the building

official has fixed by test the safe bearing capacity that may be assumed.

^. Clearing of Building Site

All stumps and roots shall be removed from

the soil for a distance of 12 inches around and

beneath the space to be occupied by the dwelling or accessory structure.

5. Protection of Adjoining Property

Except as may be otherwise provided in law,

excavations made to a depth of 12 feet or less below established grade shall be so protected

that the soil of adjoining property will not

cave in or settle, but the expense of underpinning or extending the foundations of buildings or other structures on adjoining properties shall be borne by the adjoining property

owner. For excavations in excess of 12 feet below established grade, all expenses of any

nature incurred by the adjoining property owner in protecting his property shall be borne

by the party causing the excavation to be made.

Section 704. Foundations

1. Required

All dwellings or accessory structures shall

have foundation walls or piers, except when

supported by concrete slabs whose design is approved by the building official.

2. Depth

Except when erected upon solid rock,

foundation walls or piers shall be carried below

frost line and not less than 12 inches below

natural grade, provided that this requirement

shall not apply to structures other than dwellings having exterior walls of light metal or wood construction not over one story in height

and not more than 400 square feet in area.

3. Frozen Ground

No dwelling or accessory structure shall be

built upon frozen ground.

^. Footings

(a) Materials.—Footings of walls, columns,

and piers shall consist of plain concrete, reinforced concrete, or masonry of solid units when

approved by the building official, provided that

footings of wood may be used if they are entirely below permanent water level or subjected

to a preservative treatment by pressure-processing conforming to good practice. (See Appendix, par. 704.)

(b) Design.—Footings of walls, chimneys,

piers, and columns shall be of dimensions to maintain a safe load on the soil and shall be so designed that the pressure on the soil per unit

of area shall, so far as practicable, be uniform

under all parts of the building or structure. Footings shall rest on level solid ground or rock.

Whenever excavation for footings is carried

below the planned depth, the space so excavated,

below the proposed footings, shall be filled solidly with concrete. The maximum projection of a footing shall be one-half of its depth

unless reinforcement is provided to resist bending.

5. Pile Fotmdations

Piles intended to sustain walls or buildings

shall be of wood, reinforced concrete, steel shells

filled with concrete, or other approved types.

So far as practicable, they shall be driven to a

solid bearing; or they shall be driven to provide adequate support in accordance with good

engineering practice. The method of driving

shall be such as not to impair their strength.

Wood piles shall be sound and straight timber. Piles and capping timbers or portions

thereof, which are not placed below permanent

water level, shall be pressure-treated in con- formance with good practice. (See Appendix,

par. 704.) Piles and capping timbers or portions thereof shall not extend within 12 inches

of the ground surface.

The safe bearing capacity of piles shall be

determined by an approved formula or by test. When doubt exists as to the safe bearing capacity of piles upon which a dwelling or accessory

structure is to be supported, the building official may order a test to be made.

6. Fovmdation Walls

(a) General.—Foundation walls shall con- form to generally accepted good practice. Except as may be otherwise provided in law, in

this Code, or in duly promulgated regulations,

the requirements for Foundation Walls contained in the American Standard Building

Code Requirements for Masonry A41.1-1944,

approved by the American Standards Association, shall be deemed to be generally accepted

good practice. (See Appendix, par. 704-6.

)

( h ) Heixjht above groun d.—Foundation walls

supporting wood or light steel structural mem-

[9]
Sec. 704-6 (c)

bers shall extend at least 6 inches above the

finished grade. (See also sec. 709-9 (f).)

(c) Waterproofing.—Foundation walls of

basements and cellars shall be made watertight.

{d) Drainage.—^When the surface of the

ground beneath a building having no basement

or cellar is below the outside finished grade,

adequate provision shall be made for draining

any space beneath the building.

(e) Protection against lateral pressure.—

Wlien the character of soil makes it necessary,

the building official may require pilasters, buttresses, or additional wall thickness to guard

against the result of lateral pressure. He may

also require the installation of drain tile around

footings to carry ground water away from the

structure. Section 705. Masonry

1. General

Masonry shall conform to generally accepted

good practice. Except as may be otherwise

provided in law, in this Code, or in duly promulgated regulations, the American Standard

Building Code Requirements for Masonry

A41.1-1944, approved by the American Standards Association, shall be deemed to be generally accepted good practice. (See Appendix,

par. 705.)

Section 706. Reinforced Concrete

1. General

Reinforced concrete shall conform to generally accepted good practice. Except as may be

otherwise provided in law, in this Code, or in

duly promulgated regulations, the Building

Regulations for Reinforced Concrete (ACI

318-41) of the American Concrete Institute,

approved by the American Standards Association as American Standard Building Regulations for Reinforced Concrete A89.1-1946, shall

be deemed to be generally accepted good practice. (See Appendix, par. 706.)

^. Mix

Concrete for reinforced concrete shall consist of 1 part of Portland cement to not more

than 6 parts of aggregate, either in the proportion of 1 part of cement, 2% parts of sand, and

3I/2 parts of coarse aggregate, measured dry by

volume, and not more than 7i^ gallons of water

per sack of 94 pounds of cement; or in such

other proportion that the crushing strength at 28 days shall be not less than 2,000 pounds per

square inch.

3. Walls

(a) Anchoring.—Enclosure walls of reinforced concrete shall be securely anchored at all

floors. Such walls when supported by girders

at each story shall be bonded or otherwise

securely tied to columns or piers.

(b) Thickness.—Bearing walls shall be not

less than 6 inches in thickness.

Panel and enclosure walls shall have a thick- ness of not less than 5 inches and not less than

one-thirtieth the distance between the supporting or enclosing members.

Exterior basement and cellar walls, foundation walls, and fire walls shall be not less than

8 inches thick, provided that foimdation walls

may be 6 inches thick wherever they support

walls that are permitted to be of that thiclaiess or less.

Section 707. Reinforced Brick Masonry

1. General

Reinforced brick masonry shall conform to generally accepted good practice. (See Appendix, par. 707.)

Section 708. Steel and Iron

1. General

Steel and iron construction shall conform to generally accepted good practice. Except as may be otherwise provided in law, in this Code,

or in duly promulgated regulations, the American Standard Building Requirements for Structural Steel (Riveted, Bolted, or Welded

Construction) A57.1-1943, approved by the

American Standards Association, shall be

deemed to be generally accepted good practice

for structural steel. (See Appendix, par. 708.)

£. Light-Gage Steel Construction

Steel studs, or other steel structural members

of hot-rolled or cold-formed steel, other than

steel joists, having less thickness than called for

in the standard referred to in Section 708-1 may

be used either alone or in combination with

other materials provided they are designed in

accordance with generally accepted good practice and are capable of supporting all loads, in- cluding wind loads, without exceeding allowable

stresses. Allowable stresses for members of

steel equal in quality to structural steel shall be

the same as for that matex*ial. For members of

steel different in quality, allowable stresses shall be modified as required by the building official. (See Appendix, par. 708.)

[10]
3. Steel-Joist Construction

Steel-joist construction shall conform to generally accepted good practice. (See Appendix,

par. 708.)

Field welding shall be done only when approved by the building official. (See Appendix,

par. 708.)

4. Miscellaneous Requirements

{a) Thickness.—The thickness of all steel members in places exposed to dampness, including crawl spaces, shall be not less than 16 gage.

(&) Protection.—Steel studs, joists, and all other steel members shall be given one shop coat

of approved paint. All members exposed to dampness shall be given a second coat in the

field. Section 709. Wood Construction

1. General

All wood structural members shall be of sufficient size and strength, and of such quality,

and so conditioned and used as to carry their

imposed loads safely.

Except as may be otherwise provided in law,

in this section, or in duly promulgated regulations, the principles set forth in the Wood Handbook of the United States Department of

Agriculture, 1940, shall be deemed to be good

practice in the design of wood construction.

Adequate fastening shall be provided at the

intersections of wood structural members and

at other points specifically designated in this

section. (See Appendix, par. 709-1.)

2. Sizes of Lumber

American Lumber Standard dressed sizes shall be accepted as the minimum net sizes con- forming to nominal sizes.* For convenience,

nominal sizes may be shown on the plans. ( See

Appendix, par. 709-2.)

3. Wood Posts

Wood posts when used as columns in basements or cellars shall bear on concrete bases ex- tending not less than 3 inches above the finished

floor. The base shall bear directly on the post

footing. When the floor is not of concrete or

other solid material impervious to termites, concrete bases for wood posts shall extend not less than 6 inches above the finished floor.

See Simplified Practice Recommendation R16-39, Lumber : American Lumber Standards for Softwood Lumber, promulgated by the U. S. Department of Commerce through the National Bureau of Standards.

Sec. 708-3

^. Splicing

Structural framing members shall not be

spliced between bearing points unless approved by the building official.

5. Exterior Walls

(a.) Load-carryi7ig capacity.—Exterior walls

shall be designed to carry safely all loads as

specified in Section 702. (See Appendix, par. 709-5 (a).)

_ (6) Sheathing.—Exterior walls not having

diagonal wood sheathing shall have diagonal

bracing at all corners. Such other measures as may be necessary shall be taken to secure

rigidity.

Wood sheathing boards shall be not less than

6 inches in width and shall be nailed with not

less than two eightpenny nails to each stud for

boards up to 8 inches wide and with three nails

for wider boards. Other forms of sheathing

shall be nailed as required by the building official. (See Appendix, par. 709-1.)

Sheathing shall be nailed to top and bottom

plates and to sills. ( See Appendix, par. 709-1.

)

In frame construction of 2 or 2^/2 stories

where the studs are not continuous from sill to roof and diagonal sheathing is omitted,

other sheathing or connections shall be provided so designed as to supply adequate struc- tural continuity between fii'st and second stories.

( c) Masonry veneer on wood construction.—

Masonry veneer applied to the walls of frame

construction shall rest directly upon the masonry foundation of the structure and shall

be not less than 3% inches in thickness, unless

otherwise approved by the building official. Waterproof flashing shall be installed when

necessary to prevent moisture from penetrating

behind the veneer. Masonry veneer shall be securely attached to the frame structure, at intervals of not more

than 16 inches vertically and 24 inches horizontally, with corrosion-resistant nails or ties. A waterproof covering ^ shall be securely at- tached to the framework of the structure back

of the masonry veneer. (See Appendix, par. 709-5 (c).)

{d) Stucco on wood construction.—Waterproof flashing or other expedients that will

prevent penetration of moisture behind the

stucco shall be used wherever necessary. Where sheathing is omitted, approved comer

and wall bracing shall be used. If a wall is back-plastered, tlie plaster shall be of sufficient thickness to extend back between the studs a

= For best results, a covering should be used that permits

the passage of moisture in the form of vapor from the inside

to the outside. 724259°—47 3 [11]
Sec. 709-6 (e)

distance of not less than one-quarter inch. (See

Appendix, par. 709-5 (d).)

I Metal reinforcement when used shall be of

expanded metal fabric or wire fabric. Where

sheathing is used, expanded metal fabric shall

weigh not less than 2.5 pounds per square yard

and wire fabric shall be either not smaller than

17 gage with openings not more than 2 inches

in greatest dimension or shall be not smaller

than 18 gage with openings not more than 1 inch in greatest dimension. Where sheathing

is omitted, expanded metal fabric shall weigh

not less than 3.4 pounds per square yard and

wire fabric shall be not smaller than 16 gage,

shall have openings not more than 2 inches in

greatest dimension, and shall be provided with

waterproof paper backing. All wire fabric

shall be zinc coated after fabrication.

Metal reinforcement for stucco of any type

shall be furred away from sheathing or building

paper at least three-eighths inch at all points

by the use of approved furring nails or devices or by suitable metal strips unless self-furring

metal lath is used.

The thickness of stucco when applied on metal

lath or similar reinforcement shall be at least

1 inch and the metal reinforcement shall be

covered on the exposed face at least five-eighths

inch.

(e) Bihhon hoards.—Eibbon boards used to support joists shall be not less than 1 by 4 inches,

shall be cut into the studs, and securely nailed

with not less than two tenpenny nails to each

stud. The ends of joists adjoining studs shall be securely spiked to the studs. Wood blocking shall be inserted at the ends of joists not

adjoining studs.

(/) Notching of studs.—In bearing walls or

partitions, no stud shall be cut more than onethird its depth to receive piping and duct work

or for other purposes. If more depth is re- quired, the width of studs shall be increased

accordingly.

(g) Plates.—Plates in exterior walls used to support joists or rafters shall be double, with

each piece not less than 2 inches thick and the same width as the supporting studs.

(h) Frairmng over openings in hearing

walls.''—-Lintels and trusses in 2- by 4-inch

bearing stud walls shall have heights and spans

designed in accordance with good engineering

practice, provided that no lintel shall be less than the equivalent of two 2- by 4-inch members

on edge.

0 These requirements are based entirely on structxiral considerations. Attention stiould also be given to possible shrink- age effects due to the depth of the member. Where

excessive shrinkage is indicated, resort should be had to truss- ing or other methods. (See Appendix, par. 709-5 (h).)

(^) Jamhs in hearing walls.—^AU window and

door openings in bearing walls shall have studs

doubled on jambs. Such studs may be separated when effectively blocked to act as a unit.

The inner stud may be cut to receive the lintel or header over the opening but shall extend in one jDiece from lintel or header to bearing,

6. Interior Partitions

(a) Load-carrying caipacity.—Walls shall be

designed to carry safely the full dead and live

loads. (See Appendix, par. 709-5 (a).)

(5) Plates.—In 2- by 4-inch stud construction the bearing partitions shall be provided at the top with double plates, each not less than 2

inches thick and the same width as the studs.

When the joists are placed directly above each

stud, a single top plate may be used, provided

that joints in the plate are properly spliced to form a continuous tie and the ends are tied to adjacent walls. If properly firestopped, studs

may run through the floor and shall rest on

girders or on partition plates.

Partitions not resting upon girders or on

partition plates below shall have sole plates of

dimensions not less than that of the studs.

Partitions unsupported by walls shall be supported on girders or double joists or on sole plates if placed at an angle to the joists.

Nonbearing partitions of 2- by 3-inch or 2- by

4-inch stud construction shall be provided with

at least one 2-inch plate on top and bottom, of same width as the studs, or be otherwise properly firestopped at floor lines. (c) Framing over openings in hearing partitiom.—Framing over openings in bearing partitions shall conform to the requirements in

Section 709-5 (h) for framing over openings in

bearing walls.

7. Floors and Roofs

(a) Joists and girders.—Wlien supported by

masonry, joists shall have ample bearing but not

less than 3 inches.

Masonry walls shall be securely anchored to each tier of wood joists or wood beams bearing on them at maximum intervals of 6 feet in one- and two-family dwellings, and 4 feet in other

buildings, by metal anchors having a minimum

cross section of % inch by 1 inch, and at least 16

inches long, securely fastened to the joists or beams and provided with split and upset ends

or other approved means for building into

masonry. Girders shall be similarly anchored

at their bearings. Anchors shall be attached in a manner to be self-releasing.

[12]
Masonry walls parallel to wood joists or to wood beams shall be provided with similar

anchors at maximum intervals of 8 feet in one- and two-family dwellings, and 6 feet in other

buildings, engaging three joists or beams. Upset and "T" ends on anchors shall develop the

full strength of the anchor strap.

Wlien enclosing walls are of wood, each joist,

beam, and girder supported by the wall shall be

securely spiked or anchored to the wall construction, so as to stay in place and to resist safely all lifts and lateral pressures required to be as- sumed by this Code.

Girders shall be fastened to each other where

they intersect or abut, so as to resist safely a

lateral force equal to the assumed wind pressure. Floor joists framing into the side of wood

girders shall be supported on metal joist hangers

or on a bearing strip or ledger board on the side

of the girders. Such strips or boards shall measure at least 2 by 3 inches. The notch in the

end of the joist shall be not more than one- quarter of the joist depth, and the shearing

stress shall not exceed the allowable sti'ess when

calculated in accordance with good engineering

practice.

The ends of joists, whether resting iipon

girders or bearing partitions or abutted against

the girders, shall be securely tied to the girders or to each other, so as to resist safely an outward

thrust on the walls equal to the assumed wind

pressure or the spreading action of the roof,

whichever is the greater.

All joints of solid or built-up girders forming

simple spans shall be made over column or pier

supports. When continuous girders are made

up of joists nailed together side by side, joints

in adjoining joists shall be located between onesixth and one-quarter the span length from an

intermediate support, provided that no two adjoining joists nor more than one-half the total

number shall be jointed on the same side of the

support between the one-sixth and one-quarter

points of the span.

Joists supporting nonbearing partitions

which are parallel to the joists shall be doubled.

Joists shall not be notched within the middle

one-half of the span. The top or bottom edges

of joists may be notched in the outer one- quarter of the length, provided the notch does

not exceed one-sixth of the joist depth.

(&) Headers and trimmers.—All headers and

trimmers shall be doubled, except headers re- ceiving not more than three tail beams and

trimmers receiving a header with only one tail beam not over one-sixth of the joist span from

the support. (See Appendix, par. 709-7 (b).)

(c) Support of rafters.—Rafters shall be

vertically supported near the ridge when the

slope is less than 4 inches per foot. Rafters,

Sec. 709-7 (b)

regardless of slope, shall be thus supported

unless they are held from spreading. If the

spread of the rafters is held by ties not at the

plate line, the size of the rafters shall be in- creased to take care of the additional bending

moments induced by the ties when the roof is loaded with the maximum vertical load. (See

Appendix, par. 709-7 (c).)

Wood rafters shall be so spiked, or otherwise

fastened to the plate or other members, as to

resist safely all thrusts under full load and the

upward lift, but not less than the equivalent of

two sixteenpenny nails to each rafter end shall

be used. (See Appendix, par. 709-1.)

{d) Bridging.—Floor and flat-roof joists

and beams shall be securely bridged at intervals

not exceeding 8 feet. (See Appendix, par.

709-7 (d).)

8. Plank-and^Beam Gonstruction'^

(a) Design.—Plank-and-beam construction

shall conform to good engineering practice.

(See Appendix, par. 709-8.)

( h ) Beams.—The spacing of beams, center to

center, shall in no case exceed 52 times the

actual thickness of the plank flooring. Beams

shall be not less than 3 inches, nominal dimension, thick and shall have a depth-width ratio

of not more than 4, based on actual dimensions.

Wlien beams are built of two or more laminations, the depth-width ratio of a single lamination shall not exceed 6, based on actual dimensions. Floor beams shall not be notched unless additional section is provided. Beams shall not

bear over doors or windows without special

provision for their support.

((?) Plank.—Plank shall be 2 inches or more in thickness and 6 inches or more in

width, nominal dimensions, and shall be tongueand-groove or splined.

The plank shall be laid at right angles to the

supporting beams and shall be both blind- and

surface-nailed. Planks which are continuous over two spans, or single-span planks which are

distributed so that they do not occur in adja- cent positions, may be used on spans not ex- ceeding 52 times the actual thickness of the

plank. Where it is necessary to have singlespan planks in adjacent positions, the span sliall not exceed 45 times the actual thickness of the

plank.

{d) Exterior-wall framing.—Studs shall be

spaced not more than 24 inches on centers. Floor, roof, and ceiling beams shall be sup-

' Plank-and-beam structural floor or roof system consists

of plank subfloor or roof decking with supporting beams

spaced up to 7 feet apart, instead of the usual boards for subfloor or roof decking with joists or rafters spaced the cus- tomary 12 to 24 inches.

]
Sec. 709-8 (e)

ported at the exterior walls upon posts which

are adequate to support the load and whose dimensions are not less than 4 by 4 inch, nominal

size.{e) Interior columns.—Where beams abut

over a column, a column dimension of not less than 8 inches parallel to the direction of the

beams shall be used to provide suitable bearing for the beams. Basement columns shall have a cross section of at least 6 by 6 inches;

those in other stories shall be at least 4 by 4

inches, all dimensions being nominal.

(/) Fastenings.—All structural members

shall -be adequately nailed to each other at their

junction to provide a well-integrated structure. Girders shall be fastened to each other where

they intersect or abut, so as to resist safely a

lateral force equal to the assumed wind pressure.

9. Plywood Construction

{a) Matenal.—The term "plywood" as used

in this section shall mean built-up board or piece

of wood made of three or more layers of veneer

joined with glue and so laid that the grain of

adjacent plies is at right angles. An odd number of plies shall be used.

Plywood to be exposed to the weather or to severe conditions of service shall meet the re- quirements established for "Exterior Type" in

Commercial Standard CS45^5, Douglas Fir

Plywood. (See Appendix, par. 709-9 (a).)

Plywood for inteiior use above grade and not

subjected to severe conditions of service shall

meet the requirements established for the

"Moisture Eesistant Type" in Commercial

Standard CS45-45 Douglas Fir Plywood. (See

Appendix, par. 709-9 (a).)

{h) Gluing flywood to framing members.—

If the units are for exterior walls or if the units

will be subjected to severe conditions of exposure, the plywood shall be glued to the framing

members with a glue conforming to one of the

following specifications

(1) Army Air Force specification 14124-A. Glue: Low-temperature-setting resin (phenol, melamine, and resorcinol base), 1945. (2) Army Air Force specification 14139. Glue:

High-temperature-setting resin (phenol,

melamine, and resorcinol base), 1945. If the units are for interior walls and ceilings

subjected to normal conditions of service, the

plywood shall be glued to the framing members

with a glue conforming either to one of the specifications mentioned above or to one of the fol- lowing specifications

( 1 ) Federal specification C-G^56 ; Glue ; caseintype, water-resistant, 1941.

(2) Army Air Force specification 14122; Glue; water and mold resistant, casein, 1943.

Similar glue joints may be used for floor units

if adequate ventilation beneath the house is provided. (See sec. 709-10 (d) and Appendix,

par. 709-9 (b).)

(c) Design of fat panel with stressed coverings.—Design of flat panel with stressed cover- ings shall conform to good engineering practice.

(See Appendix, par. 709-9 (c).)

{d) Fastenings.—All structural members

shall be so connected at their junction as to provide a well-integrated structure. The fastenings of panel coverings to longitudinal members by any means less rigid than

gluing (such as nailing) shall not be considered

as providing a stressed covering.

10. Termites and Decay

(a) Site of huilding.—Adequate surface

drainage shall be provided at the building site. (6) Removal of debris.—All wood debris

shall be I'emoved from the building site before

construction is begun. No boards, stakes, or

scraps of lumber shall be buried or left about

the building.

(c) Foutidations.—All foundations shall be

made impervious to termites. If unit masonry

is used it shall be capped with 4 inches of reinforced concrete or material providing an equivalent permanent barrier.*

{d) Foundation wall vents.—Adequate ventilation shall be provided beneath all wood construction over the ground so that no dead-air

pockets exist. For each area enclosed by exterior, fire, common-property-line, or party walls, the minimum

net area of vent openings in the exterior walls

shall be equal to one-half of 1 percent of the

enclosed area plus one-half of 1 square foot for

each 25 lineal feet of wall surrounding the area. When the building site is relatively wet at fre- quent periods, the area openings thus obtained

shall be doubled.

(e) Porches.—Porches, stej)s, and terraces

shall be insulated from the foundation and

woodwork so as to prevent termites and moisture from gaining access to the building from

the fill or space beneath the entrance platform.

(See Appendix, par. 709-10.)

(/) Closeness to ground.—Except as per- mitted in Section 704-4 (a), no wood shall be

placed in contact with the soil. Clearance

under buildings without basements shall be

not less than 18 inches below the bottom of all wood substructures, to allow crawl space for

making inspections. Access doors or openings

shall be provided.

* Requirements concerning termites are intended only for those areas where is has been established that termite Infesta- tion exists. (See Appendix, par. 709-10.) [14]
All wood used in basements, such as stair

carriages, door frames, partitions, or posts,

unless supported by a concrete floor at least 3

inches thick shall rest on poured-concrete

plinths, pedestals, or curbs that extend above

the general floor level for a distance of not

less than 3 inches.

(g) Girders in masonry or reinforced-concrete walls.—Air spaces of ^2 inch or more

shall be provided around the ends of girders

located below or near the grade line and which

rest on masonry or reinforced concrete from

which moisture may be absorbed, unless the

girders are treated with an approved pressure

preservative treatment or are made of all heartwood of one of the more decay-resistant species.

(See Appendix, par. 709-10.)

(A) Floor sleepers.—Floor sleepers, furring

strips, or other wood embedded in or laid on masonry or concrete that is in direct contact with the ground shall be the heartwood of a durable species or treated with an approved

pressure preservative treatment. Pieces shall

be completely framed before treatment whenever possible ; but when cutting after treatment

is unavoidable, the cut surfaces shall be given

two brush coats of a suitable preservative.

(See sec. 704-4 (a).)

[i) Protection of material.—Every other material consisting in whole or in part of cellulose shall be protected from termites and decay

wherever wood is required to be so protected in

this section.

{j) Expansion joints.—Expansion joints in

floors and space around pipes penetrating floors and walls shall be sealed with coal-tar pitch,

coal-tar plastic cement, or crimped metal connectors. {h) Water pipes.—Water pipes located in

basements shall be suspended so as to prevent

absorption of condensation water by wood or other cellulose products.

(I) Flashing over doors and ivindotos.—^Adequate flashings shall be used over doors and

windows to provide ready drainage of water. {m) Moisture in walls.—When required by

the building official, a vapor-resistant barrier

shall be used at or near the inner face of the

exterior walls and provision for ventilation of

hollow spaces in such walls shall be made.

Section 710. Reinforced Gypsum Concrete

Except as may be otherwise provided in law,

in this chapter, or in duly promulgated regulations, the American Standard Building Code

Requirements for Reinforced Gypsum Concrete

A59.1-1945, approved by the American Standards Association, shall be deemed to be generally

[

Sec. 709-10 (g)

accepted good practice. (See Appendix, par.

CHAPTER VIII. FIRE PROTECTION

Section 800. General

When construction is required to have a defi- nite fire resistance, this shall be determined

under the procedure set forth in the Standard

Methods of Fire Tests of Building Construction

and Materials, ASTM Designation C19-41 of

the American Society for Testing Materials.

(See Appendix, par. 800.)

The provisions of this chapter are minimvim

requirements for fii'e-protection purposes and

shall not be deemed to reduce any other requirements of this Code, nor shall they be construed

to reduce any zoning requirements that may

apply.

Section 801. Fire Separation

1. Between Dwellings

Walls of dwellings or accessory structures that are less than 10 feet from another building

or less than 5 feet from a common property line

shall be unpierced and shall have a fire resistance

of not less than 1 hour; provided that these

distances may be reduced to 6 feet and 3 feet,

respectively, in the case of accessory structures not over one story in height and not more than

400 square feet in area.

'2. Between Dwelling Units

Walls, floors, and other construction separating dwelling units shall have a fire resistance of

at least three-fourths hour. Such walls or

partitions shall extend from the finished grade

or from floor construction having a fire resist- ance of not less than three-fourtlis hour when

over a common basement or cellar. Wlien the

attic space is or can be used for storage, they

shall extend up to the under side of the roof

sheathing ; provided that when attic space can- not be used for storage and there is an incombustible finish on the ceiling of the top story,

the walls or partitions may terminate at the ceil- ing of such story. (See Appendix, par. 801.)

3. Fire Walls

Fire walls shall be ground supported, and

self-supporting in the event of collapse of adjoining construction on one side. They shall

extend beyond the outer face of roof sheathing

and beyond all walls having lower fire resistance

]
Sec. 801^

than the fire walls. They shall penetrate roof

construction and extend not less than 6 inches

above it, provided that when such roof construction has a fire resistance of not less than threefourths hour they shall be built up tightly to the

under side of it.

Jf.. Hazardous Spaces

Except in single-and two-family dwellings,

boiler rooms, incinerator rooms, storage rooms

for inflammable materials, and ash-storage rooms shall be enclosed by incombustible construction having a fire resistance of at least three-fourths hour. Openings into such en- closures shall be protected by approved self- closing fire doors.

6. Garages

Wlien a garage for not more than two auto- mobiles is located within a single- or two-family

dwelling, the walls, partitions, and ceiling shall

be protected on the garage side with an incombustible material not less than one half inch

thick or with such an incombustible material not

less than three eighths inch thick backed with

tongue-and-groove boards not less than 1 inch

in nominal thickness.

When a garage for more than two and not more than five automobiles is located within a dwelling, the floor construction above the

garage and the walls and partitions enclosing

it shall have a fire resistance of at least threefourths hour.

When a garage for more than five automobiles

is located within a dwelling, the floor construction above the garage and the walls and partitions enclosing it shall be of incombustible construction having a fire resistance of at least 1 hour.

When a garage is attached to a dwelling, the

ceiling construction over the garage and the

walls separating it from the dwelling shall be

of construction conforming to that given above,

according to the number of automobiles accom- modated.

When a garage accommodates not more than

five automobiles, openings from a dwelling into

the garage shall be restricted to a single doorway provided with a self-closing door covered

with metal on the garage side or a 1%-inch solid- core wood-slab door. In the case of garages ac- commodating more than five automobiles, such

openings shall be provided with approved self- closing fire doors. No glass shall be permitted

in any door between a dwelling and a garage.

The sill of such a door shall extend at least 7^

inches above the garage floor level.

Garage floors shall be of incombustible

material.

Heating devices for garages shall be installed

in approved separate heating rooms or shall be

of an approved type installed approximately at the eave level or near the ceiling.

6. Business Separation

Construction of at least 1-hour fire resistance

shall be provided between business and dwelling

occupancies and between business occupancies

and exits from dwellings.

Section 802, Construction Around Chimnets

AND Fireplaces

1. Clearance from Chimneys

No combustible beams, joists, or rafters shall

be placed within 2 inches of the outside face of

chimneys or of masonry enclosing a flue, provided that this distance may be reduced to one- half inch when the members are faced to their

full depth with asbestos insulating board or

other approved insulating material not less than

one-fourth inch thick. No combustible studding, lathing, furring, or plugging shall be

placed against any chimney or in the joints

thereof. Such combustible construction shall

be set away from the chimney, or the plastering

shall be directly on the masonry or on metal

lath and furring or on other incombustible

lathing and furring material. Combustible

furring strips placed around chimneys to support base or other trim shall be insulated from

the masoniy by asbestos paper at least one- eighth inch thick, and metal wall plugs or approved incombustible nail-holding devices at- tached to the wall surface shall be used for

nailing. Finished flooring shall be placed no

closer than one-half inch to the chimney except

as may be necessary at the corners for lateral support of the chimney. (See Appendix, par. 802-1.)

2. Removal of Wood Centering

Wood centering or forms under trimmer

arches or hearths shall be removed after the

masonry has set.

3. Clearance from Fireplaces

No combustible construction shall be placed

within 4 inches of the back wall of any fireplace.

Combustible or unprotected header beams supporting trimmer arches at fireplaces shall be not

[16]
Sec. 803

less than 20 inches from the face of the chimney

breast.

No combustible mantel or other combustible

construction or finish shall be placed within 4

inches of either side or 8 inches of the top of

any fireplace opening, provided that no combustible mantel shelf shall be less than 12 inches

above such opening.

Section 803. Separation of Combustible

Strtjctural, Members

A separation of at least 4 inches of solid

masonry shall be provided in all masonxy walls

between combustible members which enter from

opposite sides. When unprotected steel or combustible struc- tural members frame into hollow walls and

cavity walls of thickness not greater than 12

inches, they shall project not more than 4 inches

into the wall and shall be so spaced that there

shall be a distance of at least 4 inches between

the ends of such members entering from opposite sides of the wall. The space above, below, and between such members shall be filled solidly with burnt-clay materials, mortar, concrete, or equivalent fire-resistive material, to a depth of not less than 4 inches on all sides of

the members.

Section 804. Firestopping

1. General

Firestopping shall be supplied at the locations specified in this section and shall be so arranged as to cut off all concealed draft openings and form an effectual fire barrier between

stories and between the upper story and the

roof space. (See Appendix, par. 804-1).

2. Exterior Walls

{a) Wood construction.—Exterior walls of

wood construction shall be properly firestopped

at each floor level and at the level where the

roof rafters connect with the wall plate.

(&) Furred spaces.—For all masonry walls

that are furred or studded off, the space created

by the furring or studding shall be properly

firestopped once in each story. Spaces around

chimneys shall be firestopped with incombustible material.

3. Partitions

Where stud partitions rest directly over each

other and the studs run down between the joists

and rest on the top plate of the partition below,

the spaces between the studding shall be

properly firestopped.

J/.. Stairs

Except in one-family dwellings, the space

under stairs built in whole or in part of combustible materials shall be left entirely open

and kept clear and free from encumbrances.

The space between stair carriages shall be

firestopped by a header beam at top and bottom.

Wliere a stair run is not all in one room or where a closet is located beneath the stairs, the

stair carriages shall have an intermediate fire- stop, so located as to cut off comniunication

between portions of the stairs in different rooms, or between the closet and the room in

which it is placed. Such stops shall be made

of plank or other suitable material.

If a flight of stairs leading to the second story

is over a flight of stairs leading to the basement

or cellar, the stair construction to the secoftd story shall have a fire resistance of at least threefourths hour, jDrovided that this shall not apply

to stairways within individual dwelling units.

6. Pipes or Ducts

Where any pipe or duct passes through a

floor, the space between the pipe or duct and the

floor construction shall be firestopped.

Where the installation of pipes, ducts, or

conduits in walls, floors, or partitions requires

the removal of any firestopping, the spaces

around the pipes, ducts, or conduits at such

points where firestopping was removed shall be

tightly filled with asbestos, mineral wool, or

other incombustible insulating material.

€. Sliding Doors

When sliding doors are pocketed in partitions,

such pockets shall be completely firestopped at the top, bottom, and ends.

7. ExteHor Cornices

Exterior cornices, built of wood or having

wood frames, on rows of buildings shall be either

fully firestopped between each building or completely separated.

8. Inspection

No firestopping shall be concealed from view

until opportunity has been given the building

official to inspect it.

Section 805. Shafts

1. Enclosure Required

Shafts passing through space occupied by more than one dwelling unit shall be enclosed

17]
Sec. 805-2

with construction having a fire resistance of at

least three-fourths hour.

Openings

Openings in shafts shall be restricted to those

necessary for the purpose of the shaftway. Such

openings shall be protected with approved fire doors or other approved protective devices in

the case of shafts required to have a definite

fire resistance.

S. Connections

The connectiolis of shafts to adjoining construction having a lower fire resistance shall be

such that the fire resistance of the enclosure will

be maintained.

CHAPTER IX. CHIMNEYS AND

FIREPLACES

Section 900. General

Chimneys and fireplaces shall be designed

and constructed in accordance with generally

accepted good practice, provided that the specific requirements in this chapter shall be observed.

Section 901. Constkuction of Chimneys

1. Materials

Chimneys shall be of approved masonry or re- inforced concrete or of other approved materials.

2. Foundations

Masonry or reinforced-concrete chimneys

shall not rest upon or be carried by wood floors,

beams, or brackets, nor be hung or supported

by metal stirrups from wood construction, but

shall be built upon concrete or masonry foundations or reinforced-concrete slabs propei-ly proportioned to carry the load without danger of

settlement or cracking. The footings shall be

carried below the frost level except when not

exposed to frost action,

3. Bonding

Masonry or reinforced-concrete walls of

building may form parts of chimneys when the

chimney walls are securely bonded into the walls

of the building and when the flue is lined with

flue lining the same as an independent chimney.

4. Corbeling of Chinrmeys

Corbeled chimneys shall not be supported by

hollow walls, cavity walls, or walls of hollow

units. Solid walls supporting corbeled chimneys shall be not less than 12 inches thick, and

corbeling shall not project more than 1 inch per

course and not more than 6 inches in any case. The total offset, overhang, or corbel of an independent chimney shall not exceed threeeighths the width of the chimney in the direction of the offset. 6. Height

Chimney height shall be as recommended by

the equipment manufacturer but not less than 2

feet above any portion of any structure within

15 feet of a chimney.

6. Brick CMrrmeys

Brick chimneys shall be built of solid brick.

The walls shall be 3% inches thick and lined

with fire-clay flue lining, except that flue lining

may be omitted, provided the walls of the chimney are not less than 8 inches thick.

7. Concrete Chimneys

Concrete for chimneys cast in place shall flow

readily, be well rodded, and shall be reinforced

vertically and horizontally. The walls shall be

at least 3% inches thick and shall be lined

throughout with fire-clay flue lining.

8. Hollow Masonry Units

Hollow masonry units shall not be used for

the walls of an independent chimney, but may

be used for chinmeys built in connection with

exterior walls of buildings built of hollow

units, in which case the chimney walls sliall be

at least 8 inches thick. The chimney walls

shall be constructed of two widths of 4-inch

hollow units set with broken vertical joints, or they may be built of 4 inches of solid masonry.

In either case, the outside wall of the chimney

shall be securely bonded into the walls of the

building.

9. Solid Concrete Block

Solid concrete block used in chimney construction shall be at least 3% inches thick, and

blocks enclosing one or more flues shall have

suitable reinforcement completely encircling the

blocks and well embedded in them.

[18]
Sec. 901-10

10. Stone

The walls of chimneys built of sawed or dressed stone in courses, projDerly bonded at corners and tied with metal anchors, shall be

at least 3% inches thick. Chimney walls of

other stone shall be at least 8 inches thick.

11. Flashing

Connections between chimneys and roofs

shall be made with cap and base flasliing of

sheet metal or other approved material, ar- ranged to allow for any lateral or vertical

movement between chimney and roof.

12. Ghmige of Interior Dimensions

No change in the interior dimensions of

chimneys shall be made within a distance of 6

inches above or below the rafters or roof joists.

13. Special Types of Ghirmieys

Chimneys of construction other than covered

in the foregoing requirements shall be per- mitted only when approved by the building

official and installed in accordance with regulations issued by him. Approval shall be based on performance in tests that show they are safe

and suitable for the service and conditions of

installation contemplated.

In such tests the temperature of the flue gas

at the level of the middle of the first floor construction above the smoke inlet shall reach

1,400° F within 5 minutes and be maintained at this level for 55 minutes, after which it shall be

lowered to 1,000° F within 10 minutes and

maintained at this level until the temperature on the outside of the chimney becomes constant, the total test duration not to exceed 8

hours. The average flue gas temperature shall

be within 50° F of the prescribed temperature

for the first hour and within 25° F for the subsequent period.

For acceptable performance in this test the

chimney shall not develop cracks extending

through from the outside surface to the inside

of the flue and there shall be no spalling or

other disruptive effects or any deterioration or

disintegration that will affect the stability,

safety, or durability of the chimney. If the

installation is such that combustible construction or materials are or may come in contact with the chimney, the temperature on the outside of the chimney in the above test shall not

rise more than 325° F above initial temperature

at the level where flue gas temperatures are

taken, as measured under 6- by 6-inch felted

asbestos pads 0.4 inch thick weighing not less than 4 nor more than 5% ounces. The temperature rise on any combustible construction near the chimney shall not exceed 300° F as measured under a sheet of mica about 0.002 inch

thick.

Section 902. Flues

1. Flue Lining

Chimneys built of brick, stone, or other masonry units sluill be lined throughout with fire- clay flue lining; provided that in chimneys

having solid brick walls 8 inches or more thick,

the flue lining may be omitted. Flue linings

shall be at least five-eighths inch thick, and

shall be suitable for the purpose and adapted to withstand high temperatures and the resultant

gases from burning fuel. The flue sections

shall be set in type A or type B mortar as defined in American Standard Building Code

Requirements for Masonry A41.1-1944, approved by the American Standards Association.

(See Appendix, par. 705.)

2. Separation

When two or more flues are contained in the same chimney, withes of masonry not less than

3% inches thick shall be provided at intervals

not exceeding 30 inches horizontally, but not more than two flues without such separation.

Wliere the flue linings are not separated by

withes, the joints shall be staggered and the

vertical distance between joints in adjoining

flue linings shall be not less than 7 inches.

3. Construction

The masonry shall be built around each sec- tion of lining as it is placed, and the sections

shall be carefully bedded one on the other with

mortar. Linings shall start at least 8 inches

below the center line of smoke-pipe intakes or, in the case of fireplaces, from the apex of the

smoke chamber and shall be continuous the entire height of the flue. No smoke-pipe intake

shall be cut into a flu lining already set in place.

Flues shall be built as nearly vertical as possible, but in no case at. an angle greater than 45

degrees from the vertical. "VVliere flues change

dii'ection, the abutting linings at the angle

joints shall be cut to fit closely, and at no point

shall the cross-sectional area be reduced.

Jf. Area

The inside effective area of flue linings shall be not less than the area of the smoke outlets on

724259°—47 4 [19]
Sec. 902-5

the appliances to which the flue is connected,

but not less than one-twelfth the opening for

fireplaces. The least dimension of any rec- tangular flue shall be not less than one-half of

the greatest dimension.

For flues ser-\dng several gas appliances, the

flue area shall be at least equal to the aggregate areas of the appliance outlets. Single vent flues for storage water heaters,

stoves, ranges, and other domestic gas appli- ances having relatively small gas consumption

shall have a flue diameter of at least 3 inches,

provided, however, that this shall not apply to gas plates. Such flues, unless enclosed in solid

masonry walls, shall be of incombustible material of approved design and thickness, and

shall vent through and above the roof.

The diameter of a vent flue serving a gasfired instantaneous or continuous-flow water

heater shall be not smaller than the diameter of

the outlet on the appliance to which it is connected.

5. Gleaning

Flues shall be thoroughly cleaned and left smooth on the inside.

Section 903. Fireplaces

1. Use of FirehricJc

The walls of fireplaces shall be not less than

8 inches thick, provided that if built of stone or hollow units they shall be not less than 12

inches thick. The faces of such minimumthickness walls exposed to fire shall be lined

with firebrick, soapstone, cast iron, or other

suitable fire-resistive' material. Wlien lined

with at least 4 inches of firebrick, such lining

may be included in the required minimum

thickness. Wlien the firebrick lining is less than 4 inches thick, such lining shall not be

included in the required thickness.

2. Incomhrntihle Hearths

Fireplaces, except when designed and used

for approved gas appliances only, shall have

hearths of brick, stone, tile, or other approved

incombustible material supported on masonry

or reinforced concrete. Such hearths shall ex- tend at least 16 inches outside the chimney

breast and not less than 8 inches each side of

the fireplace opening along the chimney breast. The arches shall be of brick, stone, hollow tile, or other approved masonry at least 4 inches

thick. A flat stone or a reinforced-concrete

slab may be used to carry the hearth instead of an arch, if it is properly supported and a suitable fill is provided between it and the hearth.

The combined thickness ^f the hearth and supporting arch or slab shall be not less than 6

inches at any point.

CHAPTEKX. HEAT APPLIANCESMOUNTING, CLEARANCES, AND

CONNECTIONS

Section 1000. Getsterai,

Heat appliances shall be designed and installed in accordance with good practice, provided that the specific requirements in this

chapter shall be observed.

Section 1001. Mounting

1. Bases

Except as hereinafter otherwise provided,

heat appliances shall be mounted on masonry

bases not less than 3 inches thick supported on

the ground, or they shall be mounted on floors of fireproof construction with incombustible

flooring or surface finish, or on trimmer arches

supporting hearths as required in this Code for

fireplaces, in all cases extending not less than 12

inches beyond such appliances on all sides or to the partitions of the room in which the heater

is located.

^. Uem-ths

Stoves or ranges burning solid fuel, the lower

surface of which is a portion of the firebox,

shall be set on hearths supported by masonry

trimmer arches extending not less than 6 inches on all sides beyond such appliances; provided

that when such appliances have legs giving an

open air space of not less than 5 inches below

the bottom of the appliance, they may be set on sheet metal underlaid with not less than one- fourth inch of asbestos or other equivalent approved incombustible material; and, provided

further, that where such appliances have ash

boxes under the entire firebox and are set on

legs giving an open air space of not less than

5 inches below the bottom of the appliance, they

may be set on sheet metal.

3. Clearances for Stoves and Ranges

No stove or range shall be placed within 24

inches from combustible construction nor within

18 inches of combustible supports or combustible

base of plastered construction; provided that

when such construction is protected by a shield

of galvanized or bright sheet metal or other

[20]
equivalent approved incombustible material

extending from the floor to 1 foot above and 1 foot beyond the sides of such appliances, these

distances may be reduced one-half. The building official may permit these clearances to be

decreased when it has been established by test that lesser distances are safe for a particular

stove or range.

Jj.. Clearances for Gas Ranges

Domestic gas ranges shall have a distance

between the burners and a combustible floor of

not less than 12 inches unless such floors are protected with asbestos board under sheet metal or other equivalent approved incombustible material. The oven back or side of the cooking top

shall be not less than 6 inches from combustible

material unless such material is protected by

approved incombustible material as in the case of burners.

6. Bases for Heating Furnaces

Unless otherwise approved by the building

official, hot-air, hot-water, and steam heating

furnaces installed on wood-joisted floors or on

other combustible construction shall have protective bases of sheet metal or asbestos-cement

board. In addition to and above this base,

there shall be a hollow masonry base arranged

for free air circulation through it for all coalfired equipment and for all other equipment not

protected by a wet base or which does not have

a combustion chamber at least 12 inches above

the floor.'

6. Clearances for Heating Furnaces

No hot-air, hot-water, or steam heating fur- nace shall be located nearer than 24 inches in any

direction to woodwork or other combustible

material or construction, including plaster on

combustible base. In the case of furnaces

which are enclosed in jackets providing an air

space or which are insulated in an approved

manner, this distance may be reduced to 18

inches; provided that when combustible material is protected with %-inch gypsum board

under %-inch asbestos board, or with 34-inch

gj^psum or portland-cement plaster on metal

lath, or with material having equivalent fire resistance this distance may be further reduced

to not less than 6 inches. The building official may permit these clearances to be decreased

when it has been established by test that lesser distances are safe for a particular type of

heater.

Sec. 1001-4

Section 1002. Smoke Pipes

1. Connection With Flue

{a) Connection required.—Every smoke pipe

shall connect with a smoke flue by means of a

tight joint.

(&) Nuniber limited.—Not more than one smoke pipe shall be connected to a flue in any

one story. A vent from a gas-burning appliance

not exceeding 13 square inches may connect into

the same flue as a smoke pipe in each story

provided the connection is above the smoke pipe.

(c) Thimbles.—Thimbles shall be built in at the time the chimney is built. Smoke pipes shall enter chimneys through a fire-clay or metal

thimble or flue ring of masonry. Neither the

intake pipe nor the thimble shall project into

the flue.

Passage Through Combustible Construction

[a) Ceilings., floors., roofs.—No smoke pipe

shall pass through a ceiling, floor, or roof construction of combustible material.

(&) Partitiom.—Smoke pipes shall not pass

through combustible partitions, unless protected

by double metal ventilated thimbles 8 inches

larger in diameter than the pipe, or protected

by thimbles 4 inches larger in diameter than the

pipe with the space between the pipe and the

thimble filled solidly with approved incombustible insulating material, or unless protected

by a concentric sleeve of diameter 2 inches larger

than the pipe with the space between filled solidly with incombustible insulating material

and the outside surface of the sleeve distant at

least 2 inches from combustible material.

3. Clearances From Combustible Construction

The clear distance in all directions between a smoke pipe and combustible construction, in- cluding plaster on a combustible base, shall be

not less than 12 inches; provided that this

clearance may be reduced one-half when such

construction is protected by cement-asbestos

board or asbestos millboard not less than one- fourth inch thick or equivalent approved cov- ering extending the full length of the smoke pipe

and not less than 12 inches beyond it on both

sides, or where plaster is on metal or wire lath. The building official may permit these clear- ances to be decreased when it has been established by test that lesser distances are safe for

a particular installation.

[21]
Sec. 1003

Section 1003. Ducts

1. Material

Ducts, fittings, and connections in warm-air

heating systems shall be made of bright tin, galvanized iron, or other approved incombustible

material.

'B. Protection

{a) Clearances from combusttble construction.—The clear distance between exposed

warm-air ducts leading from the furnace to

vertical or wall stacks and combustible construction shall not be less than 1 inch.

(6) Clearances within floors and partitions.—^If the bonnet temperature of a warmair heating system exceeds 250° F, no warm-air

duct shall enter a floor, partition, or other construction of combustible material unless it is at least 6 feet distant in a horizontal direction

from the furnace or unless it is covered with

asbestos paper or millboard at least one-eighth

inch thick or equivalent approved protection.

A clearance of not less than five-sixteenths

inch shall be maintained between combustible

construction and warm-air heating stacks, floor or wall ducts, and their inlets and outlets, and

they shall be covered with not less than one

thickness of asbestos paper weighing not less than 12 pounds per 100 square feet, or equivalent approved protection.

Section 1004. Eegisteks

1. Setting

If the bonnet temperature of a warm-air heating system exceeds 250° F, registers used in such

heating system, placed in woodwork or in combustible floors, shall be surrounded with a border

of incombustible material not less than 2 inches

wide, securely set in place, or shall be installed

in some other approved manner.

2. Register Boxes

If the bonnet temperature exceeds 250° F,

floor registers shall be provided with double

register boxes of tin or galvanized iron or other

approved incombustible material, with an air

space of not less than five-sixteenths of an inch

between inner and outer boxes ; or, where single

boxes are used, they shall be insulated from the

wood or other combustible material by asbestos

paper weighing not less than 12 pounds per 100

square feet and a clear space of not less than

five-sixteenths of an inch shall be left from combustible material.

3. One-Pipe Furnaces and Floor Fv/rnaces

Except as may be otherwise required in law,

in this section, or in duly promulgated regulations, the Commercial Standard CS99^2, Gas

Floor Furnaces, Gravity Circulating Type, and

the Commercial Standard CSll3^4, Oil-Burning Floor Furnaces Equipped With Vaporizing

Pot-Type Burners shall be deemed to be generally accepted good practice for construction

and installation of gas- and oil-burning floor furnaces, respectively.

Combustible material enclosing register boxes

of wall-register type furnaces shall be insulated

from the register box with an incombustible material having a maximum coefficient of heat

transmission of 1.0 Btu per square foot per hour

per degree of temperature difl'erence for the

thickness used.

With the exception of wall-register types of

furnaces, floor furnaces shall not be placed

closer than 6 inches to the nearest wall. Wallregister types shall not be placed closer than 6

inches to a corner. (See Appendix, par. 1004^3.)

4. Fixed Registers

If the bonnet temperature of a warm-air heating system exceeds 250° F, one register without

valve or movable louvers shall be provided in

the system.

Section 1005. Mechanical-Cikculation WarmAir Systems

1. General

Except as may be otherwise provided in law,

in this section, or in duly promulgated regulations, the Standards of the National Board of

Fire Underwriters for the Installation of Air

Conditioning, Warm Air Heating, Air Cooling,

and Ventilating Systems as recommended by the

National Fire Protection Association, 1942, or the recommendations of the National Warm Air

Heating and Air Conditioning Association shall be deemed to be generally accepted good practice

in the design and installation of mechanicalcirculation warm-air systems. (See Appendix,

par. 1005.)

'2. Recirculation

The installation of equipment providing the

recirculation of air from one dwelling unit to another is forbidden.

3. Return Ducts

No return duct of a mechanical-circulation

warm-air system shall be permitted from a

kitchen, bathroom, or garage.

[22]
Sec. 1006

Section 1006. Steam and Hot-Water Pipes

1. Clearances Frmn Comhmtible Construction

Where steam or hot-water pipes pass through

combustible floors or partitions, or other combustible construction, there shall be on all sides

of the pipe an open space which shall be enclosed at the ends with incombustible material.

2. Pipe Coverings

Coverings or insulation used on steam or hotwater pipes shall be of material of which not more than 8 percent by weight shall be combustible.

Section 1007. Appliances

1. Gas Appliances

(a) General.—Except as may be otherwise

provided in law, in this section, or in duly promulgated regulations, the American Gas Association Approval Requirements for Central

Heating Gas Appliances (Z21. 13-1945 approved by the American Standards Association) and the American Gas Association Requirements and Recommended Practice for

House Piping and Appliance Installation, 1940,

shall be deemed to be generally accepted good

practice with respect to such appliances. (See

Appendix, par. 1007.)

(6) Gas logs.—No gas log, gas grate, or similar heating appliance shall hereafter be in- stalled ex^pt in a fireplace constructed as prescribed by this Code and connected with a smoke flue or an outlet pipe as hereinafter

provided.

(c) Gas-fired furnaces.—Gas-fired steam or hot-water furnaces shall be installed as prescribed in this Code for heat appliances and

shall be connected with a smoke flue conforming to this Code.

{d) Water heaters.—Water heaters shall be

connected to smoke flues or outlet pipes as hereinafter provided.

(e) Venting.—Outlet pipes for venting gas

appliances shall be standard cast-iron soil pipe,

lerra-cotta pipe, or other approved incombustible material, so connected as to prevent leakage at the joints.

Such outlet pipes shall have cross-sectional areas of not less than the aggregate ai^as of

the vent outlets of the appliances connected to them.

Such outlet pipes shall be connected to chimneys or be carried to and through the roof or through an exterior wall to the outer air. When

not connected to chimneys, they shall be sur- mounted by a suitable cap. Outlet pipes passing through walls, floors, or

roofs shall be suitably designed or insulated

for the purpose and shall be separated from

woodwork or other combustible material by a clearance on all sides of not less than 1 inch.

(See Appendix, par. 1007-1 (e).)

(/) Liquefied petroleum gases.—Except as may be otherwise provided in law, in this sec- tion, or in duly promulgated regulations, the

Standards of the National Board of Fire Underwriters for Liquefied Petroleum Gases as recom- mended by the National Fire Protection Association, 1940, shall be deemed to be generally

accepted good practice with respect to the use

of such gases. (See Appendix, par. 1007.)

2. Oil-Fired Appliances

Except as may be otherwise provided in law,

in this section, or in duly promulgated regulations, the Commercial Standards CS75^2,

Automatic Mechanical Draft Oil Burners Designed for Domestic Installations; CS104-46,

Warm-Air Furnaces Equipped with Vaporizing Pot-Type Oil Burners; and CSlOl^S,

Flue-Connected Oil-Burning Space Heaters

Equipped With Vaporizing Pot-Type Burners,

promulgated by the United States Department

of Commerce through the National Bureau of

Standards, and the Standards of the National

Board of Fire Underwriters for the Installatiofi of Oil Burning Equipment as recommended

by the National Fire Protection Association,

1941, shall be deemed to be generally accepted

good practice with respect to such appliances.

(See Appendix, par. 1007.)

Natural-draft oil burners shall be installed

in accordance with generally accepted good

practice.

3. Steam and Hot-Water Boilers

Except as may be otherwise provided in law,

in this section, or in duly promulgated regulations, steam and hot-water heating boilers shall

conform to the Code for Low-Pressure Heating

Boilers, of 1940 with amendments to 1945, of

the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

(See Appendix, par. 1007.)

^. Solid-Fuel Appliances

(a) Forced-air fimiaces.—Except as may be

otherwise provided in law, in this section, or

in duly promulgated regulations, the Commercial Standard CS109-44, Solid-Fuel-Burning

Forced-Air Furnaces, promulgated hj the

[23]
Sec. 1007-4 (b)

United States Department of Commerce,

through the National Bureau of Standards,

shall be deemed to be generally accepted good

practice for the design and construction of such

furnaces.

(h) Automatic stokers.—Except as may be

otherwise provided in law, in this section, or

in duly promulgated regulations, the Commercial Standard CS48^0, Domestic Burners for

Pennsylvania Anthracite (underfeed type),

promulgated by the United States Department

of Commerce through the National Bureau of

Standards shall be deemed to be generally ac- cepted good practice with respect to the installation of automatic stokers using anthracite.

The installation of other types of automatic

stokers shall be in accordance with generally

accepted good practice. (See Appendix, par.

1007.)

Section 1008. Combustion

Adequate facilities shall be provided for the

entrance of air to support combustion in rooms

or other spaces enclosing heating appliances,

provided that the area of such facilities shall be

not less than the outlet area of the appliances.

CHAPTEK XI. SAFEGUARDS AGAINST

ACCIDENTS '

Section 1101. Stairways

All interior stairways, including basement

stairways, shall have handrails on at least one

side. Wlien 44 inches or more in width, they

shall have handrails on both sides. All stairways other than those serving as re- quired exits shall have a minmium headroom

of 6 feet 8 inches measured vertically at the

riser. Section 1102. Steps

Outside steps attached to a dwelling and con- taining more than three risers shall have at

least one handrail, provided that this may be

omitted in the case of bulkhead stairs leading to a basement.

Section 1103. Porches and Terraces

Porches and terraces attached to a dwelling

and with their floors more than 18 inches above

finished grade shall be provided with adequate

railings.

The least dimension of porches and terraces

shall be 3 feet 6 inches.

® See Appendix, par. 1100.

CHAPTER XII. ELECTRICAL

Section 1200. General

Electric wiring and electric equipment for

light, heat, or power shall conform to generally

accepted good practice. Except as may be

otherwise provided in law, in this chapter, or in

duly promulgated regulations, the National

Electrical Code, Cl-1947, approved by the

American Standards Association, shall be

deemed to be generally accepted good practice.

(See Appendix, par. 1200.)

Section 1201. Inspections ^° No electric wiring shall be covered or con- cealed until it has been inspected and permission to conceal has been given by the building

official. CHAPTER XIII. PLUMBING

Section 1300. General

Plumbing shall conform to generally accepted

good practice. Except as may be otherwise

provided in law, in this chapter, or in duly promulgated regulations, the provisions contained

in the requirements of Emergency Plumbing

Standards for Defense Housing issued by the

Division of Defense Housing Coordination,

1942, shall be deemed to be generally accepted

good practice. ( See Appendix, par. 1300.

)

Section 1301. Sanitary Fixtures

In every dwelling unit in a multiple dwelling

and in every other dwelling unit to which run- ning water and sewerage are available, there

shall be provided not less than one water closet, one bathtub or shower, one lavatory, and one

kitchen sink. (See Appendix, par. 1301.)

APPENDIX

The information contained in this Appendix is pre- sented to assist in interpreting and enforcing the CJode requirements. It includes information on how the various standards to which reference is made in the Code may be obtained, as well as references to useful source material and detailed acceptable methods for meeting the general requirements of the Code. Certain desirable building practices that may be necessary

This section applies in localities wliere electrical inspec- tion is under the jurisdiction of the building official. Where

the official is unfamiliar with electrical work, it may be

possible to arrange with the electrical inspector of a nearby

city to make inspection. Otherwise, it may be possible to have an inspector sent by the state fire marshal or to accept a

report of the representative of the local board of Are underwriters.

[24]
Par. 100 as requirements in certain localities because of special conditions are also mentioned.

The system of niunberiug employed in the Appendix

corresponds with that in the Code, the term "Para- graph" being used instead of "Section" as in the Code

itself. Thus, Paragraph 500 of the Appendix deals with some aspect of Section 500 in the Code. Since it is not necessai-y to have Appendix matter for every

section in the Code, gaps will be found in the numbering of paragraphs in the Appendix.

Paragraph 100'. Geneeal

The address of the American Standards Association,

mentioned in the note on page 1, is 70 East Forty-fifth

Street, New York 17, N. Y. Paragraph 102. Mateeiat.s and Methods Not

Spectfically Authorized

The clause regarding new materials and methods of construction is based upon recommendations developed

by the Sectional Committee on Administrative Require- ments for Building Codes, A55, of the American Standards Association. Paragraph 104. Private Water and SewageDisposal Systems

The matter of assuring adequate water supply and

sewage disposal, although not customarily dealt with

in building codes, is believed to be of major importance.

The publications referred to are obtainable from the

Sui)erintendent of Documents, Washington 25, D. C,

for 10 cents each. Paragraph 302-1. Height

Where a dwelling is built on sloping ground, this could be done in such a manner that although the dwell- ing were 2% stories in heiglit at the main entrance, the

back, extending downward to the finished grade, would

provide additional stories which could be used as

habitable rooms. The requirement in Section 302-1 is to prohibit such construction where the exterior walls are of wood.

Paragraph 400. Light and Ventilation

The American Standard Building Code Requirements

for Light and Ventilation A53.1-1946 may be obtained

from the American Standards Association, 70 East

Forty-fifth Street, New York 17, N. Y., for 45 cents. The more important features of generally accepted

good practice are summarized below.

Habitable Rooms

1. General.—Every habitable room should have one

or more windows conforming to tlie following require- ments.

2. Olass Area.—The aggregate glass area of required

windows should be not less than one-tenth of the floor area served, except for kitchens which should have not

less than one-eighth of such area.

3. OpenaUe Area of Windotcs.^^—The aggregate

openable area of windows should be not less than 50

percent of the required glass area.

4. Arra/ngement of Windows.—In habitable rooms,

the tops of required windows should be not more than

" It is recommended that consideration be given to requiring

cross or through ventilation in all dwelling units.

1 foot below the finished ceiling unless the tops of such windows are at least 6 feet 8 inches above the finished

floor; provided that where dormer windows are used in habitable rooms with sloping ceilings, the tops of re- quired windows should be not less than 6 feet above the

floor. When the required glass area is located in only one

wall of a habitable room, it should be increased to one- eighth of the floor area if the dimension of the I'oom perpendicular to the plane of the glass is more than 15

feet, or if either ad.iacent wall of the room is more than

9 feet, measured in the plane of the glass from the side

of the window.

Bathrooms and Water-Closet Compartments

1. General.—Every bathroom and every water-closet compartment should have one or more windows con- forming to these requirements.

2. Glass Area.—The aggregate glass area of required

windows should be not less than one-tenth of the floor area served but not less than 3 square feet.

3. Openable Area of Windoivs.—The aggregate openable area of required windows should be not less than

50 percent of the required glass area but not less than

8 square feet. Public Hallways

1. Artificial Light.—Adequate facilities for artificial lighting should be provided.

2. Natural Light.—If natural light is provided in any

public hallway, at least one window should be placed at the end of such hallway so that it will adequately light the hallway for its entire length or there should be

at least one window for each 50 feet of hallway length

or fraction thereof. The aggregate glass area of the window or windows should be not less than one- twentieth of the floor area served.

3. Ventilation.—Every public hallway serving more

than four dwelling units per story should be ventilated by one or more windows conforming to these require- ments.

Jf. OpenaNe Area of Windows.—The aggregate openable area of required windows should be not less than

50 percent of the required glass area.

5. Recesses and Returns.—Every recess or return opening off a public hallway, the depth or length of which exceeds twice the width of the hallway, and

every part of such hallway that is shut off from any

other part by a door or doors, should be deemed a

separate hallway.

Public Stairways

1. Artificial Light.—Adequate facilities for artificial lighting should be provided.

2. Natural Light.—If natural light is provided, windows containing glass area at least one-tenth of the horizontal area of the stairway but not less than 10 square feet should be supplied in each story through

which the stairway passes.

3. Openahle Area of Windoios.—The aggregate openable area of required windows should be not less than

50 percent of the required glass area. Basements and Cellars

1. General.—Every basement or cellar should be pro- vided with one or more windows conforming to these requirements.

2. Glass Area.—The aggregate glass area of required

windows should be not less than one-fiftieth of the floor area served, provided that portions containing habita-

[25]
Par. 402

ble rooms should conform to the requirements for habitable rooms.

S. Openable Area of Wmdoics.—The aggregate openable area of required windows should be not less than

50 percent of the required glass area.

Permissible Equivalents for Windows

For purposes of natural lighting, skylights, glazing in doors and transoms, and glass block or other lighttransmitting panels equivalent in lighting effect to the minimum required glass area of windows may be substituted for such glass area. A stairway of one con- tinuous flight may be lighted by a door on the entrance

level having a glass area of not less than 10 square

feet. For purposes of ventilation, skylights, louvers, or transoms located in the exterior walls or roof of the building may be substituted for required openable area

of windows to the extent of their open or openable

area. Exterior doors facing as required for windows

may be counted for ventilation but should not be the

sole means for ventilation. Public hallways and public

stairways may be ventilated by an approved system of

ventilation. Yards

1. Rear Yards.—Every dwelling should have a rear yard not less than 20 feet in depth. In the case of an irregular, triangular, or gore-shai)ed

lot or where the wall of a dwelling is not parallel to the lot line, the required minimum depth of a rear yard

may be deemed to be the average depth (measured per- pendicular to the building wall), provided that no such

rear yard should be less* in depth than 1.5 feet at any

point. In any building occupied for both business and

dwelling purposes the rear yard should start at such

a level as to serve all habitable rooms.

In computing the depth of a rear yard for any dwell- ing when the rear of such yard opens on an alley, one- half the width of such alley may be assumed to be a

portion of the yard.

2. Side Yards.—Side yards serving habitable rooms

should have a width of not less than 4 inches for each

foot of height above the average finished grade but not

less than 5 feet. In the case of an irregular, triangular, or gore- shaped lot or where a wall of a dwelling is not parallel

to the lot line, the required minimum width of a side yard may be deemed to be the average width (measured

perpendicular to the wall of the dwelling), provided

that no such side yard should be less in width than 3

feet at any xwint. In any building occupied for both business and dwell- ing purposes, side yards should start at such a level as

to serve all habitable rooms facing upon such yards.

3. VnohsU-ucted.—'EYeiy yard should be kept free and

unobstructed, except for trees, shrubbery, clothes poles,

arbors, garden trellises, and similar accessories usual

to residence buildings, outhouses, private garages, and

stables. Cornices and eaves should project not more

than 12 inches into the required dimensions of yards.

Courts

1. Width.—Every outer court serving habitable rooms should have a width of not less than 4 inches

for each foot or fraction thereof of the height of the

court, but not less than 5 feet. Every inner court serving habitable rooms should have a width of not less than 1 foot for each 1 foot or fraction thereof of the height of the court, but not less than 10 feet.

Every court required to serve other than habitable rooms should have a minimum width of 3 inches for each foot or fraction thereof of the height of such

court, but not less than 5 feet. In the case of irregular or gore-shaped courts, the required minimum width of the court may be deemed

to be the average width provided that no such court should be less than 5 feet at any point.

2. Area.—The area of an outer court serving habit- able rooms should be not greater than four times the square of its width. The area of an inner court serving habitable rooms

should be not less than one and one-half times the square of its reauired width.

3. Unobstructed.—Every court should remain unobstructed for its required width or depth and full height,

except that cornices projecting not more than 12 inches

into the required width or depth, ordinary window sills or belt courses projecting not more than 4 inches into the required width or depth, and drop awnings, should

not be considered obstructions. Clothes i)oles, uncov- ered porches, steps, terraces, arbors, garden trellises, and similar accessories should not be prohibited by this requirement.

Jf. Drainage.—The bottom of every court should be

properly gi-aded and drained.

Buildings on the Same Lot

If any dwelling or other structure is placed on the same lot with another building or other structure so that any window of either receives light and ventilation from the space between, the width of such space should

be not less than the sum of the widths of the side yards

that would be reqiiired for each building as described under "Side Yards" above if each building were on a separate lot, but in no case less than 10 feet. Paragraph 402. Screening

Every dwelling that is located in an area in which

flies or mosquitoes have not been effectively controlled should have all windows, ventilating openings, and

doors to the outside equipped with screens of not less than 16 meshes to the inch. All outside screen doors

should open outward and be self-closing.

Paragraph 500. Space and Aeeangement

The American Standard Building Code Requirements

for Light and Ventilation A53.I-1946, which contains

requirements for space and arrangement, may be ob- tained from the American Standards Association, 70 East Forty-fifth Street, New York 17, N. Y., for 45

cents. The more important features of generally accepted

good practice are summarized below. Rooms in dwellings should conform to the following

requirements as to minimum area and arrangement.

1. HabitaNe Rooms.

(a) Minirmim ^reo-.—Habitable rooms, other than

kitchens, should be not less than 7 feet wide in at least 90 percent of the area of the room and should contain not less than 70 square feet of gross floor area. At

least one room in every dwelling unit should have a

floor area of not less than 150 square feet. Rooms used

for combined living and dining purposes should have

a gross floor area of not less than 160 square feet, and

not less than 220 square feet if also used for cooking

purposes. When kitchens serving dwelling units are completely

enclosed, the floor area should be not less than 60 square

feet and not less than 90 square feet when dining space

is included, except that in dwelling units having no

[26]
Par. 600 bedrooms the floor area of the kitchen should be not

less than 50 square feet. (6) Minimum Height.—Habitable rooms should have

a clear height of not less than 7 feet 6 inches, provided

that rooms with sloping ceilings should have a clear height of 7 feet 6 inches in at least one-half their area. In computing the area of rooms with sloping ceilings,

all iwrtions less than 5 feet in height should be dis- regarded.

(c) Booms Below Finished Grade.—No room which

has less than 50 percent of its height above the average

adjoining finished grade should be occupied as a habit- able room.

2. Privacy.—In two-family and multiple dwellings

access to every dwelling unit should be had without

passing through any part of any other dwelling unit. In each dwelling unit access from each bedroom to a bathroom should be had without passing through

another bedroom or the kitchen. Access to every habit- able room in a dwelling unit should be had without

having to pass through a bedroom or bathroom. One

bedroom, and when more than one bedroom is provided,

at least two bedrooms should have access to a bath- room without passing through another habitable room. No bathroom should open directly into a kitchen. Paragraph 600. Exits

The American Standard Building Exits Code

A9.1-1946 may be obtained from the American Stand- ards Association, 70 East Forty-flfth Street, New York

17, N. Y., or from the National Fire Protection Association, 60 Batterymarch Street, Boston 10, Mass., for 1 dollar. The more important features of generally accepted

good practice are summarized below. Kinds of Exits

Exits should consist of stairways or doorways pro- viding direct exit to a street or to an exterior open

space leading to a street. Exterior iron fire escapes should not be considered as required exits.

Distribution of Exits

When a floor has two or more exits, they should be

placed as far apart as practicable.

Stairways

1. Aggregate Width.—The aggregate width of stair- ways serving as exits should be not less than 22 inches

for every 30 persons or fraction thereof served by the

stairway.

2. Construction.

(a) Materials.—Stairs and landings of stairways

serving as exits should be constructed of incombustible

materials. Combustible materials may be used in buildings which are not of fire-resistive construction. Stairways should have solid treads and risers. (6) Treads and risers.—Treads and risers of stairs in stairways serving as exits should be so proportioned

that the sum of two risers in inches and the width of one tread in inches is not less than 24 nor more than

25, provided that no riser should exceed 7% inches and

no tread should be less in width than OVj inches ex- clusive of nosing.

Winders should not be used. Treads and risers should be of uniform width and

height in any one flight. The minimum headroom of all required stairways should be 7 feet at every point measured vertically at the riser.

The number of risers in any flight of a required

stairway should be not less than three.

(c) Landings.—No flight of stairs should have a

vertical rise of more than 12 feet between floors or

landings.

The length and width of landings should be not

less than the width of stairways in which they occur.

(d) Handrails.—Stairways should have enclosing walls or well-secured fcfelustrades or guards on both

sides and should be provided with handrails on at least one side. When 44 inches or more in width, they should have handrails on both sides. Handrails should

project not more than 3% inches into the required

width of the stairway.

(e) Enclosures.—No openings except the necessary doorways, and windows opening to the exterior of the building, should be permitted in enclosures of stairways and hallways serving as exits. In multiple dwellings no closets or storage space

should be located under stairs. Doorways

No doorway serving as an exit should have a width

of less than 34 inches. The aggregate width of exit doorways to the outside

of a building from lobbies, hallways, or passageways

into which exit stairways discharge should be at least equal to the width of the stairways.

No door of a doorway serving as an exit should open

immediately on a flight of stairs but a landing at

least the width of the door should be provided between

such door and such stairs. Inferior doors which provide access to or from a

dwelling unit should not be regarded as exits.

Modifications in Exit Width

There should be no reduction in required exit width

along the line of exit travel except as may be specifi- cally permitted.

Obstructions

No fire-extinguishing apparatus or radiator, and no

steam or other riser should be placed in an exit or

in a hallway leading to an exit unless placed in such

a manner as not to interfere with free travel and

unless heating apparatus is guarded by substantial metal screens or is otherwise safeguarded from contact with occupants.

Paragraph 700-1. Quautt of Mateeiaxs

Standards and specifications mentioned in Section 700-1 may be obtained from the following sources

Specifications of the American Society for Testing

Materials—American Society for Testing Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia 3, Pa. Federal Specifications—Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25, D. C. Standards of the American Standards Association—

American Standards Association, 70 East Fortyfifth Street, New York 17, N. Y. Commercial Standards—Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25, D. C. Paragraph 702. Loads

The minimum values for wall and roof loads in Section 702 have been derived by the application of the

principles set forth in American Standard Building

Code Requirements for Minimum Design Loads in Buildings and Other Structures, A58.1-1945 ap- proved by the American Standards Association, but [27]
Par. 704

represent a modification of the minimum values establislied in that document. The reason for this is the

relatively low height of the structures concerned herein,

and the .special problems encountered in connection

with combinations of snow and wind loads on sloping

roofs, such as are characteristic of many residential

structures. Local code committees should obtain in- formation as to wind pressures and snow loads in their particular localities and increase the minimum values where necessary. The following method may be used to determine the

live loads in localities where forces greater than the minimum loads used in the Code are encountered. Wind Loads

The velocity pressure should be obtained locally, if available, and adjusted to 30 feet height ; or may be

found on the map on page 21 of A58.1-1945. In order to obtain the maximum exterior loads on

walls—pressure on windward and suction on leeward

walls—multiply the velocity pressure for the locality

by the factors 0.53 and 0.33, respectively.

Exterior loads normal to roofs should be obtained

by multiplying the velocity pressure by the applicable

factor in the table below.

Wind normal to the eaves acting simultaneously on windward

and leeward slopes Windparallel to the eaves

20° slope or

less

30° slope40° slope50° slope

60° slope or more

acting on

entire roof

(flat or any slope)

Windward side_-_ Leeward side -0. 66 -.490-.49

0.16 -.490. 33 -.49

0. 49 -.49 } -0. 66

Note.—Positive forces act inward; negative forces act outward. Inter- polate for slopes not given The interior pressure and suction in a dwelling should be obtained by multiplying the velocity pressure by the factors 0.49 and 0.37, respectively. This is based on an average of 1.5 percent openings.

The above factors for walls and roofs are based on

one-story dwellings; add 20 percent for two-story

dwellings.

The dwelling as a whole and any structural ele- ment thereof should be designed for interior pressure

or suction in addition to the external wind force. Snow Loads

The maximum recorded snow load for the locality should be determined either locally or by reference to the map on page 18 of A58.1-1945. The recorded snow

load should be multiplied by the appropriate factor from the table below to produce the design snow load. Roof slope 0 to 30°

40°

50°

60°

Factor

1. 00

. 67

. .34

. 00 Note.—Interpolate for slopes not given. The American Standard Building Cf>de Requirements

for Minimum Design Loads in Buildings and Other

Structures A58.1-1945 may be obtained from the American Standards Association, 70 East Forty-fifth Street, New York 17, N. Y., for 50 cents, or from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25, D. C, under

the same title, published by the U. S. Department of

Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, as Miscel- laneous Publication M179, for 10 cents. Paragraph 704. Foundations

For wood footings and piles, mentioned in Sections 704r^ and 704-5, the recommendations of the American

Wood-Preservers' Association may be regarded as generally accepted good practice. The address of the Association is 111 West Washington Street, Chicago 2, 111. Paragraph 704-6. Foundation Waixs

The American Standard Building Code Requirements

for Masonry A41.1-1944 may be obtained from the American Standards Association, 70 East Forty-fifth

Street, New York 17, N. Y., for 50 cents, or from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25, D. C,

under the same title, published by the U. S. Department

of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, as Miscel- laneous Publication M174, for 15 cents. The more important features of generally accepted

good practice are summarized below.

1. G'eneral.—Foundation walls should be of sufficient strength and thickness to resist lateral pressures from

adjacent earth and to support their vertical loads with- out exceeding the stresses specified in Paragraph 705-

3 ; provided that in no case should their thickness be less than the walls immediately above them, except as provided in "3. Veneered and Cavity Walls," below.

2. Thickness.—Foundation walls should be of not less than 12-inch nominal minimum thickness, except as

follows

Solid masonry walls reinforced with at least one %-inch round deformed bar, continuous from footing

to top of foundation wall, for each 2 feet of length

of the wall, may be of 8-inch nominal thickness. Solid foundation walls of solid masonry units or of coursed stone that do not extend more than 5 feet be- low the adjacent finished ground level, and hjollow walls of masonry and walls of hollow units that do not

extend more than 4 feet below the adjacent finished ground level, may be 8 inches in nominal minimum

thickness. These depths may be increased to a maximum of 7 feet with the approval of the building official when he is satisfied that soil conditions warrant such

increase. The total height of the foundation wall and

the wall supported should not exceed that i)ermitted for

8-inch walls. Foundation walls of rubble stone should be at least Ki inches thick. Foundation walls of cast-in-place concrete should be

at least 8 inches thick ; provided that when supporting

one-story structures, and the area within the foundation walls is not excavated, they may be 6 inches thick

if the total height of the foundation wall and the wall supported is within the allowable height of 6-inch walls.

3. Veneered mid Cavity Walls.—Foundation walls of

8-inch nominal thickness and conforming to the provisions of the Code, may be used as foundations for single-family dwellings with walls of brick veneer on frame walls, or with nominal 10-inch cavity walls, pro- vided that the dwelling is not more than 1% stories

in height and the total height of the wall, including the

gable, is not more than 20 feet. Foundation walls

of 8-inch nominal thickness supporting brick veneer

or cavity walls, should be corbeled with solid units to provide a bearing the full thickness of the wall above. The total projection should not exceed 2 inches with

individual corbels projecting not more than one-third the height of the unit. The top corbel course should

not be higher than the bottom of floor joists and should be a full header course.

[28]
Par. 705 Paragraph 705. Masonry

The American Standard Building Code Requirements

for Masonry A41.1-1944 may be obtained from the American Standards Association, 70 East Forty-fifth

Street, New York 17, N. Y., for 50 cents, or from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25, D. C,

under the same title, published by the U. S. Department

of Ck)mmerce, National Bureau of Standards, as Miscellaneoiis Publication M174, for 15 cents. The more important features of generally accepted

good practice are summarized below.

1. Mortar.

(a) Classification.—Mortar used in masonry con- struction is classified as follows

Type

Minimum compressive strength

of 2-Lach cubes

at 28 days Ob/iii.2)

2,500

600 200

75 CD

(6) Proportions.—Unless the strength classification of the mortar has been otherwise established by test as prescribed in American Standard Building Code Re- quirements for Masonry A41.1-1944, mortars of the

following proportions, with the aggregate measured

in a damp and loose condition, may be assumed to meet

the strength classification given above.

Mortar type

Proportions by volume

Cement

I (Portland)... n (Portland)

II (masonry FS type 11).

ri (Portland)

\\ (masonry FS type I).. None

Hydrated lime

or lime putty

(allowable

,• range)

Oto Vi..

1 to 134-

2 to 2J^.

Aggregate measured in a damp

and loose condition

Not more than 3. Not more than 6. Not more than 3. Not more than 9. Not more than 3. Not more than 3 parts for each

part of cementitious material.

The weights per cubic foot of the materials in mortar are considered

to be as follows: Weight Portland cement JT— 94 lb/ft'. Masonry cement Printed on bag. Hydrated lime 401b/ft3. Sand, damp and loose 1 ft^ contains 80

lb of dry sand.

2. Types of Mortar Required.—Masonry should be

laid in type A, type B, or type C mortar, except as follows

Tj-pe A mortar should be used in nominal 10-inch cavity walls, foundation walls of hollow masonry units,

and masonry linings of existing masonry walls. Type A or type B mortar should be iised in footings,

foundation walls of solid masonry units, isolated piers,

load-bearing or exterior walls of hollow masonry units,

hollow walls of masonry, and cavity walls exceeding

nominal 10-inch thickness. Tyi)e D mortar may be used in solid masonry walls, other than parapet walls or rubble stone walls, not

in contact with the soil and not less than 12 inches thick nor more than 35 feet in height, provided the

walls are laterally supported at intervals not exceed- ing twelve times the wall thickness. Gypsum partition tile and block should be laid in gypsum mortar. Nonbearing partitions and fireproofing of structural clay tile may be laid in gypsum mortar. Firebrick should be laid in fire clay or air-setting mortar.

Glass block when laid in mortar should be laid in type B mortar.

2. AUoicable Stresses.—^Dwellings or accessory struc- tures should be so designed and constructed that the allowable stresses indicated below are not exceeded. In using these stresses the effects of all loads and conditions of loading and the influence of all forces af- fecting the design and strength of the several parts should be taken into account.

Unit

Brick: » 8,000 lb/in.2 4,500 to 8,000 lb/in.2. 2,500 to 4,500 lb/in.2___

1,500 to 2,500 lb/in.2_._ Solid concrete units: Grade A

Grade B

Hollow units Cast stone ^ Rubble stone Ashlar stone: Granite Limestone and marble

Sandstone Cavity walls: Solid masonry units..

_

Hollow masonry units

Plain concrete

Allowable stress In compression

(gross area) for mortar types

A B C D

Ibjin.^ Ib/in.^ lb/in.

400 300 200 100

250 200 150 100

175 140 110 75 125 100 75 50

175 125 80

125 100 60

85 70 400 320 250 160

140 100 80

800 640 500 400

500 400 325 250 400 320 250 160

125 100

60 50

The allowable stresses should not

exceed 25 percent for compression, and 3 percent for tension

in extreme fiber in flexure, of the compressive strength of the

concrete. When the ratio of height to thickness of structural members of plain concrete exceeds 10, the above per- centage for compression shall be reduced proportionately to

18 percent for a ratio of height

to thickness of 20.

° Includes other solid units of clay or shale.

-'f. Thickness and Height of Walls.—In dwellings or accessory structures solid masonry or faced masonry

bearing walls may be of 8-inch nominal thickness when

not over 35 feet in height. Such walls in 1-story singlefamily dwellings, and 1-story private garages, may be of

6-inch nominal thickness when not over 9 feet in height,

provided that when gable construction is used an additional 6 feet is permitted to the peak of the gable. Solid masonry walls above roof level, 12 feet or less in height, enclosing staii"ways, elevator shafts, penthouses, or bulkheads, may be of 8-inch nominal thick- ness and may be considered as neither increasing the

height nor requiring any increase in the thickness of the wall below, provided the requirements for allowable stresses are met. Nonbearing walls of solid masonry may be 4 inches

less in thickness than required for bearing walls, but the nominal thickness should be not less than 8 inches except where 6-inch walls are specifically permitted.

Nonbearing masonry partitions should not be less than

2 inches in thickness, exclusive of plaster, for a maximum unsupported length of 6 feet and a maximum un-

[29]
Par. 706 supported height of 9 feet; provided that nonbearing

masonry partitions having an unsupported height

greater than 9 feet and not more than 12 feet should

be 3 inches thick, exclusive of plaster.

The minimum thickness of walls of structural clay

tile or hollow concrete masonry units should be not

less than that required for solid masonry walls. The minimum thickness of walls of plain concrete may be 2 inches less than that required for solid masonry walls, but not less than 8 inches, except that

6-inch walls of plain concrete may be permitted where

6-inch walls are specifically i)ermitted for solid masonry

walls. The minimum thickness of walls of stone ashlar should be not less than that required for solid masonry

walls. Rubble stone walls should be at least 16 inches thick. Cavity walls and hollow walls of solid masonry units should be not less in thickness than required for solid masonry walls, provided that 10-inch cavity walls should not exceed 25 feet in height and no cavity wall

or hollow wall of solid masonry units should exceed 35

feet in height. In cavity walls neither the facing nor backing should be less than 3% inches in nominal thickness and the

cavity should be not less than 2 inches nor more than

3 inches in width. In cavity walls the facing and backing should be securely tied together with suitable bonding ties of adequate strength. A steel rod three-six- teenths inch in diameter or a metal tie of equivalent

stiffness, coated with a noncorroding metal or other approved protective coating should be used for each 3 square feet of wall surface. Where hollow masonry

units are laid with the cells vertical, rectangular ties should be used ; in other walls the ends of ties should be bent to 90-degree angles to provide hooks not less than 2 inches long. Ties should be embedded in hori- zontal joints of the facing and backing. Additional

bonding ties should be provided at all openings, spaced

not more than 3 feet apart around the perimeter and

within 12 inches of the opening.

5. Lateral Support.—Solid masonry walls should be supported at right angles to the wall face at intervals not exceeding 20 times the nominal wall thickness if laid in type A, B, or C mortar, and not exceeding 12 times the nominal wall thickness if laid in type D

mortar. Walls of structural clay tile or hollow concrete masonry units, and hollow walls of masonry should be supported at right angles to the wall face at intervals not exceeding 18 times the nominal wall thickness. Cavity walls should be supported at right angles to the wall face at intervals not exceeding 14 times the nominal wall thickness. Such lateral support may be obtained by cross walls,

piers, or buttresses, when the limiting distance is measured horizontally, or by floors and roof when the

limiting distance is measured vertically. Sufficient bonding or anchorage should be provided between the wall and the supports to resist the assumed wind force, acting either inward or outward. Piers or buttresses

relied upon for lateral support should have sufficient strength and stability to transfer the wind force, acting

in either direction, to the ground. When walls are de- pendent upon floors or roofs for their lateral support,

provision should be made in the building to transfer

the lateral forces to the ground.

Except for window paneled backs, and permissible chases and recesses, walls should not vary in thickness between their lateral supports. When a change in thickness, due to minimum thickness requirements, occurs between floor levels, the greater thickness should be carried up to the higher floor level.

6. Piers.—The unsupported height of piers should

not exceed 10 times their least dimension. When struc- tural clay tile or hollow concrete masonry units are used for isolated piers to support beams and girders, the cellular spaces should be filled solidly with concrete

or type A mortar and when so constructed the allowable

stresses may be increased 25 percent, provided that

unfilled hollow piers may be used if their unsupported

height is not more than 4 times their least dimension.

Paragraph 706. Reinfoeced Concrete

The Building Regulations for Reinforced Concrete (ACI 318-41) of the American Concrete Institute, ap- proved as the American Standard Building Regulations

for Reinforced Concrete A89.1-1946, may be obtained

from the American Concrete Institute, 7400 Second

Boulevard, Detroit 2, Mich., for 50 cents. The more important features of generally accepted

good practice are summarized below.

1. Protection of Reinforcement.

{a) Footings.—The reinforcement of footings and

other principal structural members in which concrete is deposited against the ground should have not less than

3 inches of concrete between it and the ground contact

sui'faces. (&) Structural Members.—The concrete protective

covering for reinforcement at surfaces not exposed di- rectly to the ground or weather should be not less than

three-fourths inch for slabs and walls and not less than

1% inches for beams, girders, and columns. In concrete joist floors in which the clear distance between

joists is not more than 30 inches the protection of metal

reinforcement should be at least three-fourths inch.

2. Protection.—When the temperature of the sur- rounding air is less than 40° F, the concrete should be heated to between 60° and 90° F, and adequate means

should be provided to maintain a temperature of 50° F

for not less than 72 hours for normal cement concrete, or 24 hours for high-early-strength concrete, or for as much time as is necessary to insure proper rate of curing of the concrete. In all concrete structures, concrete made with normal

Portland cement should be maintained in a moist condition for at least the first 7 days after placing and

high-early-strength concrete should be so maintained

for at least the first 3 days.

3. AUowaMe Stresses.—For concrete of the grade

provided for herein, the allowable stresses in reinforced concrete construction may be taken as follows

Extreme fiber of concrete, in compression n/in.^

(flexure) 900 Concrete in direct compression 500 Concrete in shear 40 Bond between concrete and steel 80 Bond between concrete and approved de- formed bars 100 For steel reinforcement, in tension : Rail-steel, billet-steel (of intermediate and

hard grades), and axle-steel (of inter- mediate and hard grades) 20, 000

Billet-steel (of structural grade) and axlesteel (of structural grade) 18,000

Cold-drawn steel wire " 20, 000 " May be increased to 30,000 Ib/in.^ under conditions

specified in Building Regulations for Reinforced Concrete (ACI 318-41), of the American Concrete Institute.

//. Removal of Forms.—Forms for reinforced concrete should remain in place until the concrete has

hardened. Those parts of the forms and shoring that

[30]
Par. 707 support structural members should not be removed initil such members have acquired sufficient strength to support safely their own weight and such loads as may

come upon them during construction operations. All forms and other temporary woodworli which are near

to or in contact witli ttie concrete or the soil should be

removed when the construction is completed.

Paragraph 707. Reinforced Beick Masonry

The requirements of chapter 9 of tlie Principles of Brick Engineering, 1943, published by the Structural Clay Products Institute, may be regarded as generally

accepted good practice. This document may be ob- tained from the Structural Clay Products Institute, 1756 K Street N. W., Washington 6, D. C, for $4 a copy (to architects and engineers, $2.50).

Paragraph 708. Steel and Ikon

The American Standard Building Code Requirements

for Structural Steel (Riveted, Bolted, or Welded Construction ) A57.1-1943, may be obtained from the American Standards Association, 70 East Foi-ty-fifth Street, New York 17, N. Y., for 40 cents. Information about the use of light-gage steel con- struction (see Sec. 708-2) is obtainable from the American Iron and Steel Institute, 350 Fifth Avenue,

New York 1, N. Y. The Standard Specifications for Steel Joists, of the

Steel Joist Institute, may be regarded as generally ac- cepted good practice (see sec. 708-3). These specifica- tions may be obtained from the Steel Joist Institute, 3700 Twenty-fourth Street N. E., Washington 18, D. C. When field welding of steel joists is permitted (see

sec. 708-3), it is recommended that work conform to the requirements of Specification for Structural Steel Welding, No. 22Yb, October 1939, published by the Bureau of Yards and Docks, Navy Department, and

obtainable from that Bureau at Washington 25, D. C.

Paragraph 709-1. Wood Construction—General

The Wood Handbook of the United States Department of Agriculture is obtainable from the Superin- tendent of Documents, Wasliington 25, D. C, for 50

cents. In it will be found discussion of various matters

affecting design, including stresses due to wind loads, impact stresses, shear, compression perpendicular to grain and on surfaces inclined to grain, and methods of determining allowable working stresses for short, inter- mediate, and long columns. Under ordinary circumstances, designers and build- ers may wish to avail themselves of a simple method

for determining joist sizes which, while not necessarily offering maximum economy, will conform to the requirements of the Code and can be conveniently ai>- plied. Such a method is given under "Maximum Spans

of Lumber" below. More accurate computations may

be made if desired. Maximum Spans for Lumher

{a) Joists for Floors and Accessible Attics.—The

maximum clear span in number of feet for floor and

ceiling joists of 2-inch nominal thickness, except in in- accessible attics, should not exceed iy-2 times the nominal depth of the joists in number of inches when

spaced 12 inches center to center, nor 1% times when

spaced 16 inches center to center, nor 1 time when

spaced 24 inches center to center. (6) Joists for Inaccessible Attics.—The maximum

clear span in number of feet for ceiling joists of 2-inch nominal thickness in inaccessible attics should not

exceed 2^/2 times the nominal depth of the joists in number of inches when spaced 12 inches center to

center, nor 21/4 times when spaced 16 inches center to center, nor 2 times when spaced 24 inches center to center.

(c) Rafters.—The maximum clear span for rafters, measured horizontally from the plate to a jooint di- rectly beneath the ridge, in number of feet for rafters

of 2-inch nominal thickness should not exceed 2 times

the nominal depth of the rafters in number of inches when spaced 12 inches center to center, nor 1% times

when spaced 16 inches center to center, nor one-half times when spaced 24 inches center to center. Adequate methods of nailing are described in the Wood Handbook and in the following:

Nail-Holding Power of American Woods, Technical Note No. 236, July 1931. General Observations on the Nailing of Wood, Technical Note No. 243, August 1940. Nailing Dense Hardwoods, Technical Note No. 247, April 1941. Timber Fastenings, Separate Reprint from Wood

Handbook.

These four items are obtainable without charge from

the Forest Products Laboratory, Madison 5, Wis.

In some cases it may be advantageous to make use

of special timber connectors. These are described in the Wood Handbook and in Technical Bulletin 865, March 1944, entitled "Timber Connector Joints—Their

Strength and Design," United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Products Laboratory. The latter

is obtainable from the Superintendent of Documents,

Washington 25, D. C, for 20 cents. Paragraph 709-2. Sizes of Ltoibee

Information on American Lumber Standards is to be found in the Wood Handbook of the United States Department of Agriculture, and in Simplified Practice Recommendation R16-39, Lumber: American Lumber

Standards for Softwood Lumber, both obtainable from

the Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25, D. C, for 50 and 20 cents, resi)ectively.

Paragraph 709-5 (a). Load-Carrying Capacity

Walls constructed with 2- by 4-inch studs of average

quality, spaced 16 inches on centers and well tied and

braced, constitute one form of construction that will meet the load requirements of the Code. For one- story buildings a stud spacing of 2 feet is adequate.

Paragraph 709-5 (c). Masonry Veneee on Wood C!on- STEUCTION The requirement that a waterproof covering shall be

securely attached to the framework of the structure back of the masonry veneer may be regarded as having

been complied with when sheathing having an approved

water-repellent covering or treatment is used. Pai-agrapM 709-5 (d). Stucco on Wood Construction

In back-plastered construction, the base for the

stucco is attached directly to the studs. Adequate

bracing is necessary with this type of construction. Paragraph 709-5 (h). Framing Over Openings in Bearing Walls

The requirements of Section 709-5 (h) regarding

lintels will be met by the formula

^-''V3>i^P^T200^T'

[31]
Par. 709-7 (b)

in which

£,=the sought span of the lintel in feet

ft = the assumed height of the lintel Section in inches r=the total actual thickness of the member

comprising the lintel in inches P=the total load in pounds per square foot of

floor area s=the permissible stress of the lintel material

in pounds per square inch 1= the span of the joists in feet. For lintels over openings in bearing partitions, the span of the joists shall be taken as the sum of the spans on the two sides of the partition. Care must be exercised to see that the safe horizontal- shear stress is not exceeded. This is likely to occur whenever the product of the quantities under the

radical is less than 1. The nailing at the ends of lintels may be the same

as for headers ; but a better construction for heavy

vertical loads is to double the studs from the support

to the underside of the lintel and, in addition, to nail each end of each lintel member with two twentypenny

nails if 2- by 4-inch material is used and with at least three twentypenny nails if 2- by 6-inch material or

larger is used. Paragraph 709-7 (b). Headers and Teimmeks

Not more than five tail beams should be framed to a header when the trimmers are of the same size as

the joists which are of the minimum size and strength

permitted by the Code. Six tail beams are permitted

when the Joists and trimmers are of the next standard

height greater or if the trimmers are 25 percent

stronger than is required for the joists. Not more than two tail beams should be framed to the header on each side of the opening when the trimmers are of the same size as the joists which are

of the minimum size and strength permitted by the Code. Three tail beams are permitted on each side of the opening if the joists are of the next standard

height greater or if the trimmers are 25 percent

stronger than are required for the joists. Four tail beams are permitted if the trimmers are both higher

and stronger, as given above. Framing around openings larger than above or details not covered should be designed by a competent engineer.

The tail beams of 2-inch thickness in ordinary dwellings, when 6 inches or more in height and supported

by nails, should have not less than three twentypenny

nails through the first header into each tail beam nor

less than one twentypenny nail for each 4 square feet of floor supported by the tail beam. The second header should be nailed through the flrst header into

tlie tail beam by not less than two-thirds as many

twentypenny nails as were required in nailing the first header to the tail beam.

The headers should be nailed to the first trimmer

by not less than three twentypenny nails through the

first trimmer into each end of each header. The total niimber of nails into each end of the header, through

the first trimmer, should be not less than one for each

8 square feet of floor supported by the tail beams.

The second trimmer should be nailed through the first trimmer and into the headers with not less than twothirds as many nails as are required for the first trimmer to the header. Toe nailing or other means of support may be substituted for the direct nailing given above provided

it has at least the strength and rigidity offered by

the required nailing given above.

Paragraph 709-7 (c). Support of Raftees

The minimum size of collar beams should be 1 inch by 6 inches or 2 by 4 inches, with maximum spacing of

5 feet. When ceiling joists do not serve as a tie at the plate line, ceiling joists or other ties on each pair

of rafters are necessary somewhere below the upper

third and they should be well spiked to each rafter. Special provision for tying the lower ends of the

rafters to the floor or wall construction should also be made.

Paragraph 709i-7 (d). Bejd&ing

A line of bridging should be provided at all supports

where adequate stiffening is not otherwise provided.

Paragraph 709-8. Plank-and-Bbiam Construction

In addition to the specific requirements of Section

709-8, the following procedure should be observed : When beams are built of two or more laminations,

all laminations should be securely spiked together from

both outside faces. Bach end of each lamination should

bear on a support. When beam laminations are spaced

to allow passage of utilities or for other reasons, they should be blocked at frequent intervals at each space between laminations and each lamination should be

securely nailed to the blocking.

To avoid undue contraction after laying, plank should be protected from the elements during storage and

construction. Finish flooring, when used, should be not less than

thirteen-sixteenths inch thick and should be laid at right angles with the plank of the subfloor over build- ing paper or felt. In two-story plank-and-beam construction, the studs

at the second floor should be cut and capped with a

plate to provide bearing for second-floor beams. Solid blocking or fillers whose depth is equal to that of the

second-floor beam should be provided between beams

and members of spaced beams at the exterior wall. The studs should bear on a plate laid on the plank

flooring which extends to the outside wall. Solid or built-up posts supporting beams should be squared at both ends to provide full bearing.

Plank-and-beam construction may be used for the

first floor in conjunction with conventionally framed

second floors, roofs, or ceilings. Where conventional

joist framing is used above the flrst floor, the require- ments already set forth for framed construction should

apply.

When joisted construction is used in the second floor- in conjunction with plank-and-beam construction in the

first floor, bearing partitions should be placed directly over beams whose section has been increased sufficiently to carry the additional load, or special framing, either within the bearing partition or in the sup- porting floor system, should be provided to carry the

additional load. Interior columns should be designed to support ade- quately their loads, and the column ends should be

squared to provide uniform bearing for the beams. Provision should be made for adequate bearing under

beams by suitable column dimensions, suitable cor- bels or caps, by notching the columns, or by spiking

bearing blocks not less than 2 feet long to the sides

of the column.

Paragraph 709-9 (a). Plywood Construction—

JMaterial

Commercial Standard CS45-45 Douglas Fir Plywood,

is obtainable from the Superintendent of Documents,

Washington 25, D. C, for 10 cents.

[32]
Par. 709-9 (b)

A revision of Commercial Standard CS35^, Plywood (Hardwood and Eastern Red Cedar) is expected

to be published in the near future. When it is issued,

it would be desirable to amend the second and third paragi-aphs of Section 709'-9 (a) of the Code to include

it as an additional reference document, as follows

Plywood to be exposed to the weather or to severe

conditions of service shall meet the requirements estab- lished for "Exterior Type" in Commercial Standard

CS45-45, Douglas Fir Plywood or for type I in Commercial Standard CS35— Hardwood Plywood. (See

Appendix, par. 709-9 (a).) Plywood for interior use above grade and not sub- jected to severe conditions of service sliall meet the re- quirements established for the "Moisture Resistant

Type" in Commercial Standard CS45-45, Douglas Fir

Plywood or for types II or III in Commercial Standard

CSE.5—, Hardwood Plywood. (See Appendix, par. 709-9 (a).) The publication CS35—, Hardwood Plywood, when

issued, may also be obtained from the Superintendent

of Documents, Washington 25, D. C.

Paragraph 709-9 (b). Gluing Plywood to Fr.\ming

Membees

Army Air Force Specifications 14124-A, Glue; Lowtemperature-setting resin (phenol, melamine, and

resorcinol base) ; 14139, Glue ; High-temperature-setting resin (phenol, melamine, and resorcinol base) ; and

14122, Glue ; Water- and mold-resistant casein are ob- tainable from Army Air Forces, Wright Field, Dayton,

Ohio. Federal Specification C-G-456; Glue casein type, water-resistant is obtainable from the Superintendent

of Documents, Washington 25, D. C, for 5 cents.

Paragraph 709^9 (c). Design of Flat Panel with

Stressed Coverings

The safe stress and methods of calculating the stress in a flat panel with stressed covering as given below

apply only to panels with plywood covering glued to longitudinal wood members.

(1) Construction Featt(,res.—The gluing between the frame and plywood covers and also between plywood

laminations should be good."

The longitudinal members should be at least twice as

thick (cross-sectional dimension next to the covering) as the thicker covering.

Headers must be provided with longitudinal members whose ratio of height to thickness is 2 or more.

(2) Strength and Stiffness.—In calculating the strength and stiffness of a plywood panel, any clear width of covering in excess of h between any two longi- tudinal members should be neglected. Panels with a clear distance between longitudinal members over 2& should not be considered as having stressed covering.

The value of 6 shall be determined by the formulas For three plies:

b Slh

'Y^p^j.g^jjgi plies thickness'

For five or more plies:

b 36/i piigg thickness'

It is essential to have good gluing between the frame and the covering, and it is almost equally important to have

good bond and strength within the covering.

where 6 is the basic width between longitudinal members in inches (clear distance, not center to center)

and h is the thickness of plywood cover in inche.s. With

6 determined for plywood as above, the strength and

stiffness of the panel should be determined from the

strength values for clear wood given in the Wood Handbook. (See par. 709-1.) First calculate the moment

of inertia of the section, neglecting the cross plies and

all covering in excess of 6. Then calculate the stiffness, using the modulus of elasticity for the species taken

from the Wood Handbook. In calculating the safe strength for spacing of longitudinal members one-half 6

or less, use for high-grade plywood on the compressive

face 85 percent, and for a medium grade of plywood 75

percent, of the basic stress in compression parallel to the grain, increased when used in a continuously dry

location by 25 percent.

When the clear distance between the longitudinal

members is greater than one-half 6, reduce the stress uniformly from that allowed at one-half 6 to two-thirds

this amount at a spacing of b. In calculating the strength on the tension face, use

the basic stress in extreme fiber in bending, from the Wood Handbook, and proceed as above. Paragraph 709-10. Termites and Decay

Provisions for ventilation beenath buildings in the

first edition, retained here, were suggested by the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, United

States Department of Agriculture. Additional infor- mation will be found in Prevention and Control of Decay in Dwellings, Technical Note No. 201, issued by

the Division of Forest Pathology of the United States Department of Agriculture, 1941, and obtainable with- out charge from the Forest Products Laboratory, Madison 5, Wis. For further information on methods of guarding

against termites, see "Insects in Relation to National

Defense," Circular 2 and Supplement A thereto, issued

in February and June 1941 by the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine and obtainable without

charge from that Bureau, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington 25, D. C. Precautions should be taken to guard against excessive moisture content caused by conditions during

delivery and installation. The more decay-resistant species mentioned in Section 709^10 (g) include baldcypress, redwood, and

cedar.Paragraph 710. Reinforced Gypsum Concrete The American Standard Building Code Requirements

for Reinforced Gypsum Concrete A59.1-1945 is obtain- able from the American Standards Association, 70 Bast

Forty-fifth Street, New York 17, N. Y., for 25 cents. Paragraph 800. Fire Protection—General

The standard referred to in Section 800 is obtainable from the American Society for Testing Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia 3, Pa., for 25 cents. Paragraph 801. Fire Separation

In Section 801 and elsewhere in the Code, certain fire- resistance requirements for walls or partitions sejiarating dwellings or dwelling units are given. For specific

materials and thicknesses which will meet these re- quirements, reference should be made to publications on

the subject, which include the following

BMS71 Fire Tests of Wood- and Metal-Framed Partitions.

[33]
Par. 802-1 BMS92 Fire-Resistance Classifications of Building

Constructions.

Tliese publications are issued by the National Bureau

of Standards and are obtainable from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25, D. C., for 20 and 25

cents, . respectively. Additional information on fire re- sistance of various structural members is being devel- oped through research at the National Bureau of Standards. Inquiries concerning this should be addressed to the Bureau at Washington 25, D. C. Paragraph 802-1. Cleakance feom Chimneys

Masonry chimneys, unless integral with a masonry

wall, are generally built later than walls and interior construction. With interior wood framing the joists

and rafters are cut and headers framed in to give an

opening for the chimney so it will clear the wood by

2 inches or more. The chimney may not come exactly

in the intended location but the framing, if necessary, should be modified to give a free space between it and

the chimney. While the rough flooring is usually cut back to the border of the opening, the finish floor must

cover the opening and, without other provisions seldom

applied, must also serve to support the chimney later- ally at the floor lines. These purposes can be served by placing the finish flooring in contact with the chim- ney for not more than 3 inches each way at the corners and away from it by about one-half inch over the rest of the perimeter where somewhat higher surface temperatures would be expected.

Preferably no combustible grounds for plaster or

strips for attachment of trim should be placed against

a chimney wall and if used should be^ in locations near

the corners. No wood nailing plugs should be placed

in the masonry joints of chimneys. Wood baseboards

and other combustible trim should not be placed in contact with unplastered chimneys.

The space between the chimney and wood floor or roof framing should not be filled except partially as needed for firestopping around the chimney. This can be accomplished with mortar or plaster about 1 inch

thick held by strips of metal lath or wire fabric secured

in the opening.

Paragraph 804^1. Firestopping—Generai,

It is desirable that firestopping in partitions between

dwelling units should be incombustible. Paragraph 1000. Heat Appuances—Mounting,

Cleab^vnces, and Connections

In localities where weather conditions make it justifiable, a provision might well be included to the effect that appliances capable of heating habitable rooms to a temperature of 70° F at all times shall be provided.

Paragraph 1004-3. One-Pipe Furnaces and Floor

Furnaces

The Commercial Standards mentioned in Section 1004-3 are obtainable from the Superintendent of Doc- uments, Washington 25, D. C, CS99-42 for 5 cents and CS113-14 for 10 cents. Floor and wall furnaces of the above types have, in general, considerably higher outlet temperatures than

other standard types of warm-air heating equipment.

This condition makes possible a greater hazard to per- sons in the occurrence of burns and to combustible

material through the ignition of clothing, furniture, or other combustibles that may come into contact with the

outlet grate.

Paragraph 1005. Mechanical Circulation Warm-Air

Systems

The standards of the National Board of Fire Underwriters mentioned in Section 1005-1 are obtainable from that organization at 85 John Street, New York 7, N. Y. The Practical Code for the Design and Installation of Mechanical Warm Air Heating Systems, applicable

only to the average small installation, and the Technical Code for the Design and Installation of Mechanical Warm Air Heating Systems, both issued in June

1940 by the National Warm Air Heating and Air Conditioning Association, are obtainable from the Association, 145 Public Square, Cleveland 14, Ohio. Paragraph 1007. Appliances

The requirements mentioned in Section 1007-1 (a) are obtainable from the American Gas Association, 420 Lexington Avenue, New York 17, N. Y., for $1.00 and

50 cents, respectively. It will be found that in some

cases these will be supplemented by other standards of

the American Gas Association applying to particular

appliances. Reference should also be made to these standards when necessary. NBFU Pamphlet No. 58, containing the standards

mentioned in Section 1007-1 (f), is obtainable from the National Board of Fire Underwriters, 85 John Street, New York 7, N. Y. The code mentioned in Section 1007-3 is obtainable

from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 29 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York 18, N. Y., for 75 cents, with a twenty percent discount to ASME

members.

Information concerning Commercial Standards may

be obtained from the National Bureau of Standards,

Washington 25, D. C. The Commercial Standards mentioned in Section 1007-2 and in Section 1007^ are

obtainable from the Superintendent of Documents,

Washington 25, D. C, as follows

CS48--40, Domestic Burners for Pennsylvania Anthracite (underfeed type), 5 cents. CS75-42, Automatic Mechanical Draft Oil Burners

Designed for Domestic Installations, 10

cents. CSlOl-48, Flue-Connected Oil Burning Space Heaters Equipped With Vaporizing Pot-Type

Burners, 10 cents. CS104-46'. Warm Air Furnaces Equipped With

Vaporizing Pot-Type Oil Burners, 10

cents. CS109-44, Solid-Fuel-Burning Forced-Air Furnaces,

10 cents. Paragraph 1007-1 (e). Venting

The requirements of Section 1007-1 regarding venting

will be met by the use of type A and type B flues for the respective appliances as described in Section 1105

of the 1943 edition of the Building Code recommended

by the National Board of Fire Underwriters, obtainable from that organization at 85 John Street, New York 7, N. Y. For examples of acceptable forms of vent piping other than those mentioned in Section 1007-1 (e), refer- ence may be made to pages 33 and 34 of the November

1945 List of Inspected Gas, Oil, and Miscellaneous Ai>- pliances of Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc., 161 Ave- nue of the Americas, New York 13, N. Y.

[34]
Par. 1100 Paragraph 1100. Safeguards Against Accidents For further information on measures tending to re- duce hazards in and about dwelliugs, see Principle 29, of Basic Principles of Healthful Housing, Second Edition, May 1939. This report of the Committee on the Hygiene of Housing of the American Public Health

Association, 1790 Broadway, New York 19, N. Y., is obtainable from the Association for ^5 cents. Paragraph 1200. Electeical—General

The National Electrical Code is obtainable from the National Board of Fire Underwriters, 85 John Street, New York 7, N. Y., for 5 cents. Paragraph 1300. Plumbing—General

Emergency Plumbing Standards for Defense Housing

is obtainable from the Supei'intendent of Documents,

Washington 25, D. C, for 10 cents. Paragraph 1301. Sanitary Fixtures For further information on sanitary fixtures, see Part VIII of Emergency Minimum Sanitation Standards, 1943, reprint No. 2529 from the Public Health

Reports, obtainable from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25, D. C, for 10 cents.

Ratproofing

In localities where it is established that rats exist

in sufficient numbers to constitute a health hazard,

code requirements concerning ratproofing are justified. For information on this sub.iect see Principle 21, of Basic Principles of Healthful Housing, Second Edition, May 1939, a report by the Committee on Hygiene

of Housing of the American Public Health Association, 1790 Broadway, New York 19, N. Y. The report (now

being reprinted) will be obtainable from the Association for 40 cents. Noise

Although no specific requirements regarding noise are contained in the Code, it is recognized that measures to exclude or reduce excessive noise are desirable. Such measures are discussed in Principle 7, of Basic

Principles of Healthful Housing, Second Edition, May

1939, a report by the Committee on the Hygiene of Housing, American Public Health Association, 1790 Broadway, New York 19, N. Y. The report (now be- ing reprinted) will be obtainable from the Association

for 40 cents. Ultimately, these measures may find their way into mandatory requirements, but for the

present they are cited merely as good practice.

[35]
INDEX

A -Page Access to crawl spaces 14 Accidents: Guarding of heating apparatus 27 Safeguards against 24,35 Administration 2 Alley, defined 3 Allowable stresses 8 Ashlar stone 29 Brick , 29 Cast stone 29 Cavitywalls _.. 29 Hollow units..- 29 Increase for steel wire reinforcement ._ 30 Increases 8 Lintels 31 Masonry construction 29 Plain concrete 29 Record of increased 8 Reinforced concrete 30 Reinforcement. 30 Rubble stone 29 Solid concrete units 29

Steel members 10 American Gas Association, address 34 American Iron and Steel Institute, address. 31 American Public Health Association, address 35 American Society for Testing Materials: Address 27 Standards 7 -American Society of Mechanical Engineers, address 34 -American Standards Association: Address 25,27,28 Standards _ 7 American Wood Preservers' Association, address 28 Anchorage 8 Masonry walls.. 12, 13 Reinforced concrete walls 10 Wood walls - 13 -Anchors, self-releasing 12 Approved, defined 3

.A^rtifieial light: In public hallways 25 In public stairways 25 Ashlar stone, allowable stresses 29

Attics: Accessible, joist spans. 31 Inaccessible, joist spans 31 Loads 8 .Automatic stokers, general requirements ' 24

.A.wnings, not court obstructions 26 B

Basement, defined 3 Basements: Bulkhead stairs 24 Columns 14 Light and ventilation 25 Protection of wood members 15 Stairway doors 7 Stairway handrails 24 Suspension of water pipes 15 Wall thickness-.. 10 Watertight waUs 10 Windows 25 Wood posts... 11 Bases for heating furnaces.. 21 Bathrooms:

Access to 27 Net to open into kitchen 27 Skylights 6 Windows 25 Bathtub or shower required 24 Beams:

Clearance from fireplaces 16 Notching of 13 Reinforced-concrete 30

Size 13 Spacing... ; 13 Support : 14 Support over openings 13 Beams, built-up.. 32 Bearing of.. 32 Passage of utilities through 32

Page

Bearing partitions. See Partition, bearing. Bearing wall. See Wall, bearing.

Boilers rooms, enclosure of 16

Boilers, general requirements 23 Bracing:

Exterior walls, wood 11 Stucco on wood construction 11, 31 Brick, allowable stresses 29 Brick chimneys, construction of 18 Brick masonry. See Masonry, reinforced-brick. Bridging 13,32 Building, defined... 3 Building limitations. 5 Building lines 6 Building official: Approval of construction method 2 Approval of material 2 Approval of special type chimneys 19

Certification of prefabricated assemblies 2 Defined 3 To inspect firestopping 17 To inspect wiring 24 To specify test procedure 3 Records of tests 3 Retesting required by 3 Tests required by 2 Building site: Clearing of 9,14 Drainage 14 Buildings on same lot, distance between 26 Bulkheads, wall thickness 29 Business occupancy:

Fire separation 16 Rear yard 26 Side yard 26 Buttresses for foundation walls 10 C

Cast stone, allowable stresses ' 29 Cavity wall. Set Wall, cavity.

Ceilings: Sloping, effect on room area 27 Sloping, effect on room height _ 27 Smoke pipes through 21 Cellar, defined 3 Cellars: Light and ventilation... 25 Stairway doors 7 WaU thickness 10 Watertight walls 10 Windows.. 25 Wood posts 11 Cellulose material, protection of 16 Chimney, definition. See Flue, defined. Chimneys: And fireplaces 18 Bonding to walls 18 Brick 18 C hange of interior dimensions 19 C learance from 16, 34 Combustible construction near.. 34 Concrete 18 Concrete, reinforcement of 18 Construction 18 Corbeled, support of... 18 Corbeling of 18 Design of footings 9 Fircstopping space around... 17,34 Flashing 19 Flues 19 Foundations 18 General requirements 18 Height 18 Materials for 18 Nailing plugs in . 34 Of hollow masonry units 18 Of solid concrete block 18 Reinforcement of 18

Special types 19 Stone.. 19 Support by floor 34 Surrounding construction... 16 WaU thickness 18. 1 

[36]
Page

Clay tile, mortar for fireproofing. 29 Clearance under basementless buildings 14 Clearing of building site --- 9, 14 Closet under stairs: Firestopping 17 Prohibited... ' _ 27 Collar beams, size and spacing >. 32 Columns: , Anchorage 8 Basement _ 14 Design of footings 9 For beam support 14 Load reduction. 8 Plank-and-beam construction 32 ReJ'nforced-concrete 30 Combustion, air for 24 Commercial Standards 7,27 Common property line, defined . 3 Common-property-line wall. See Wall, common-property-line.

Concrete: Bases for wood posts 11 Block for chimney construeiion 18 Chimneys, construction of 18 Foimdation walls, thickness 28

Slabs, approval of 9 Supports for wood members 16 Units, solid, allowable stresses 29 Concrete, plain: Allowable stresses 29 Defined 3 Footings

Concrete, reinforced: Allowable stresses. 30 Concrete mix for 10 Construction, general requirements 10,30 Defined 3 Footings 9 Moisture during curing 30

Piles 9 Protection during curing 30 Protection of reinforcement. 30 Removal of forms 30 Slab foundation for chimneys 18 Structural members 30 Walls 10 Construction 7 Allowable stresses 8 Design and workmanship 7 Details and connections 7 Fire-resistance classifications 34 Foundations 9,28 Loads 8,27 Masonry 10,29 Reinforced brick masonry 10, 31 Reinforced concrete . 10,30 Reinforced gypsum concrete 15, 33 Soil-bearing capacity 8

Steel and iron 10, 31

Steel-joist construction 11 Tests required 2 Wood construction 11,31 Construction methods: Approval. -.. 2 Installation... 2 Not specifically authorized 2, 25 Test procedure 3 Corbeling of chimneys 18 Cornices: Firestopping _. 17 Projection into courts 26 Projection into yards 26 Court: Defined -. 3 Height, defined 3 Inner, defined 4 Length, defined 4 Outer, defined _. 4 Width, defined... __ Courts: Drainage 26

Irregular or gore-shaped, width 26 Projections into. 26 To be imobstructed 26 Width ._ 26 Courts, inner: Area 26 Width 26 Courts, outer: Area J 26 Width 26 Crawl spaces _ 14 Cross ventilation recommended 26

D

Dampness: Pape

Protection of frame construction n, 31 Protection of steel ' n

Protection of stucco " 11 Protection of wood girders " 15 Protection of wood materials. 33 Protection of woodwork Dead load. See Load, dead.

Definitions 3 Design and workmanship... '

Design computations, for loads, waiver of... _ g Design loads g Details and connections 7 Dining-and-kitchen rooms, area I."" " " " 26 Dining-and-living rooms, area V.V. W

" 26 Door sill between garage and dwelling. _ ig Doors:

Exit _ _ ' y Flashing over... _ "_ 15 For basement stairways 1"'

For cellar stairways 7 Glazing, window equivalent " " 26 Hanging of 7 ,6 Metal-clad required 7',? Screening "" ' '_ " 'ig

Self-closing required " 7 ,g To garages, glass prohibited ' Window equivalent ju See also Fire doors. Doorways. See Exit doorways. Dormer windows. 25 Drain tile, installation required in Drainage: ' Foundation walls _ _ _ _ m Of building site I.II"'"" 14 Of courts _

"

" ' 26 Of space beneath buildings '." " '_ jg Over doors and windows _ _ 11; Ducts: -

Clearances from combustible construction 22 Clearances within floors ' " 22 Clearances within partitions ~ '~ 22

Fii'estopping floor openings "1^1" '" 17 For heat appliances " 22 Material.. 1 . 22 Protection " " 22 Dwelling, defined ...I^I " ~ 4 Dwelling unit, defined ...'I^'."" "

Dwelling units: Access to 27 Cross ventilation recommended ...... . 25 Fire separation 15 Incombustible firestopping between " . ' 34 Recirculation of air between 22 £

Eaves, projection into yards.. _. 26 Electric equipment:

General requirements 24 Certification of _ ...I.

' " 2

Electrical 24,35 Elevator shafts, wall thickness ^.".I'l ' 29 Excavations:

Protection expenses... 9 Protection of adjoining property 9 Exit doorways ""^ 27 Aggregatewidth " 27 Landings for _ 27 Width 27 Exit stairways 7,27 Aggregatewidth 27 Closets prohibited 27 Construction 27 Handrails 27 Headroom __ 27 Landings 27 Materials for ._ 27 Openings in enclosures ._ 27

Risers, minimum number of 27 Side walls or guards 27 Storage spaces prohibited 27 Treads and risers 27 Treads and risers, dimensions _. 27 Treads and risers, uniform _ 27 Winders prohibited... _ 27

Exits. 6 Distance to 6 Distribution of 27 Dwelling unit doors excluded.. 27 Fire separation 16 General requirements 6,27

[37]
Page

Exits

—Continued Hanging of doors 7 Kinds of 27 Lighting : 7 Location 6 Multiple dwellings . 6 Number of 6 Obstructions prohibited 27 Public hallways 7 Single permitted— 6 Ventilation 7 Width modification 27 Width reduction 27 See also Exit doorways; Exit stairways. Expansion joints, sealing of 15 F

Faced wall. See Wall, faced. Fastening: Of girders 13 Of joists - 13 Of joists to studs 12 Of masonry veneer 11 Of partitions 12 Of plank-and-beam construction 14 Of plywood construction 14 Of rafters 13,32 Of wood members 11 Federal Specifications _ 7 Source of 27

Filled ground: Construction on 9 Tests of 9 Finished grade. See Grade, finished. Fire-division wall. See Wall, fire-division. Fire door, defined 4 Fire doors: , In shafts 18 To garages 16 To hazardous spaces 16 Fire escapes 27 Fire protection 15 Clearance from chimneys . 16,34 Clearance from fireplaces 16 Construction around chimneys and fireplaces 16 Fire separation _ 15,33 Firestopping 17 General requirements 15,33 Scope of requirements 15 Separation of combustible structural members 17 Shafts -.- - 17 Fire resistance: Classifications 34 Defined _ 4 Information on 34 Materials- 33 Of floors 15 Of garages 16 Of hazardous space enclosures 16 Of partitions, _ _ 15,33 Of public hallway enclosures 7 Of shaft connections 18 Of shaft enclosures __ 17 Of stairs _ 17 Of stairway enclosures 7 Of walls 15 Fire separation- __ - 15,33 Between dwelling units 15 Between dwellings _ 15 Firewalls 15 Of boiler rooms 16 Of business occupancies 16 Of combustible structural members 17 Of garages 16 Of hazardous spaces _ 16 Of incinerator rooms __ 16 Of storage rooms 16 Fire test. See Standard fire test. Fire wall. See Wall, fire. Firebrick: Mortar for _ 29 Use in fireplaces 20 Fireplaces ___ 20 Clearance from 16 Construction around 16 Flue construction 19 General requirements 18 Hearth construction 20 Incombustible hearths 20 Lining of--- ... 20 Use of firebrick .-- 20 Wall thickness- 20 Fireproofing, mortar for 29

Paee

Firestopping: Around chimneys --. 17,34 Between dwelling units 34 Exterior cornices 17 Exterior walls 17 Furred spaces __ 17 General requirements 17 Incombustible-- 34 Inspection of 17 Masonry walls j 17 Partitions 12,17,34 Pipes or ductS-- 17 Sliding doors 17 Stairs 17 Wood construction 17 Fixed registers . _ 22 Flashing: Of chimneys--- 19 Of masonry veneer 11 Of stucco 11 Over doors and windows 15 Flat panels with stressed coverings 14, 33 Floor furnaces 34 Clearances for 22 Hazards 34

Installation 22 Floor loads--- 8 Reduction in 8 Flooring: Clearance from chimneys 18,34 For plank-and-beam construction 32 Floors -- 12 Above garage, fire resistance _ 16 Bridging— 13 Clearances for ductS- -_- 22 Clearances for hot-water pipes 23 Clearances for steam pipes-- - 23 Clearances for vent pipes 23 Fastening of rafters to 32 Fire resistance ° 15 Firestopping pipe or duct openings 17 Headers and trimmers 13 Notching of beams 13 Of garages - 16 Sealing of expansion joints 15 Sealing of openings for pipes 15 Sleepers, preservative treatment _ 15 Smoke pipes through - 21 Support of chimney 34 Ventilation beneath 14 Flue, defined.. 4 Flue lining 19 For brick chimneys.- 18 For concrete chimneys 18 Not to be cut after setting 19 Omission of 19 Staggered joints 19 Thickness 19 Flues 19 Area 19 Area reduction prohibited.- 19 Change in direction 19 Cleaning of 20 Construction 19 For gas appliances- 20 For gas-fired water heaters 20 Mortar for-- 19 Separation 19 To be vertical 19 Footings: Approval by building official 9 Design of 9

Filling of space below 9 For chimney foundations. 18 For wood posts 11 General requirements 28 Load reduction 8 Materials 9 Mortar for 29 Projection 9 Protection of reinforcement 30 Uniform soil pressure 9 Forced-air appliances, general requirements 23 Foundation walls 9 Corbeling of 28 Drainage 10 For cavity walls _ 28 For veneered walls , 28 General requirements- - 9, 28 Height above ground ._ -.. 9 Increased thickness 10 Mortar for ^ 29 Protection against lateral pressure 10

[38]
Page Pag«

Foundation walls—Continued

Thickness — 10,28 Vents - --- 14 Waterproofing. 10 Foundations - - 9, 28 Anchorage of walls and columns 8 Depth... 9 Footings 9 For chimneys 18 Pile foundations 9 Required .-- 9 Termite protection 14 Front yard. See Yard, front. Frost line: Chimney footings below 18 Foundation below 9 Frozen ground, not to be built upon 9 Furred spaces, firestopping 17 Furring for stucco. 12 G

Garages: Attached to dwellings 16 Door sill... 16 Fire resistance 16 Floors 16 Heating devices for 16 Openings from dwelling 16 Wall thickness 29 Within dwellings 16 Gas appliances 23 Flue area for 20 Flue connection 21 Gas logs. 23

Gas-fired fin-naces 23 General requirements 23,34 Use of liquefied petroleum gases 23 Vent flues for J.. 20 Vent pipe area 23 Venting 23,34 Water heaters 23 Gas logs, installation 23 Gas ranges, clearances for.. !. 21 Gas-fired furnaces, installation 23 General building limitations 5 Girders: Anchorage 12 Bearing for 12 Fastening 13,14 Load reduction 8 Loads 8 Location of joints. 13 Protection against dampness 15 Reinforced-concrete 30 Glass block: Mortar for.. 29 Window equivalent 26 Glue specifications 14,33 Gluing plywood panels 33 Gluing pljrwood to framing members . 14, 33 Grade, finished: Defined 4 Foundation walls above 9 Rooms below 27 Grade, lumber, defined 4 Grade, natural: Defined 4 Foundation below 9 Gypsum concrete, reinforced, general requirements... 15, 33 Gypsum mortar, uses of. 29 Gypsum tile and block, mortar for 29 H

Habitable room, defined 4 Habitable rooms:

Access to 27 Below finished grade 27 Courts serving 26 Heating of... 34 Light and ventilation.. -.. 25 Minimum area _ 26 Minimum height 27 Rear yard to serve 26 Restrictions 25 Side yard to serve 26 Skylights prohibited _ 6 Window arrangement 25 Window requirement _ 25 Half story. See Story, half. Hallway. See Public hallway.

Handrails: For exit stairways 27 For outside steps.. 24 For stairways ___ 24 Hazardous spaces, enclosure of 16

Headers: Doubling of-_ 13 For plywood panels __ _ 33 Nailing of 32 Headers and trimmers _. 13,32 Hearths, incombustible: Construction of - 20 Materials for 20 Support of 20 Thickness 20 Heat appliances: Appliances 23 Bases _ 20 Combustion 24 Design and installation 20 Ducts 22 Floor furnaces. 22,34 For heating habitable rooms 34 Gas appliances 23,34 Hearths 20 Mechanical-circulation warm-air systems 22, 34 Mounting 20 Mounting, clearances, and connections 20, 34

Oil-fired appliances 23, 34 One-pipe furnaces 22, 34 Registers 22 Smoke pipes 21 Solid-fuel appliances 23,34 Steam and hot-water boilers 23 Steam and hot-water pipes 23 Heating apparatus, guarding of 27 Heating devices, for garages _ 16 Heating furnaces: Bases for 21 Clearances for 21 Reduced clearance 21 Ventilation beneath 21 Heating rooms, in garages 16 Height, court, defined 3 Height, story, defined 4 Height, wall, defined 4 Height limitations 6, 25 Hollow units, allowable stresses 29 Hollow wall. See Wall, hollow. Hot-water boilers, general requirements 23 Hot-water furnaces, gas-fired 23 Hot-water pipes 23 Clearances for.. 23 Coverings 23

I Incinerator rooms, enclosure of 16 Incombustible, defined 4 Inner coin-t. See Court, inner. Inspection: Of firestopping 17 Of wiring 24 Insulation for members near chimneys 16, 34

Interior partitions. See Partitions.

J Jambs in bearing walls 12

Joists: Bearing for 12 Doubling of 13 Fastening 13 Fastening to studs 12 Maximum spans 31 Notching of 13 Painting of steel... 11 Reinforced-concrete 30

Size determination 31 Steel 31 Stresses 13 Support of 13 K

Kitchen sink required 24 Kitchens: Area .- 26 Bathrooms not to open into 27 Glass area of windows 25 L

Lavatory required 24 Ledger boards 13 Length, court, defined 4 Light and ventilation - 6,25 Basements 25 Bathrooms. 25 Buildings on same lot 26 Cellars 25 Equivalents for windows 26 Exits 7

[39]
Page

Light and ventilation—Continued

General requirements 6, 25 Habitable rooms 25 Public tiallways 25 Public stairways _.. 25 Screening 6,26 Skylights 6 Water-closet compartments _ 25 Light-gage steel construction 10, 31 Allowable stresses 10 Design of steel studs 10 Light metal construction, foundation depth 9 Limitations, building.. _ __ ___ _._ 6

Lintel, defined 4

Lintels: Design of 12,31 Naaing_ 32 Liquefied petroleum gases, use of 23 Load, dead, defined 4 Load, live, defined 4 Load-carrying capacity: Of exterior walls ___ 8 Of exterior walls, wood 11 Of partitions 12 Of roofs 8 Loads -.- 8 Attics 8 Combined wind and snow 28 Design loads.- i-- 8 Floor loads - 8 General requirements 27 Girders 8 Local determination of 28 Plank-and-beam construction 32 Snow loads 8 Wind loads 8 Lot, defined. 4 Lot line, defined 4 Louvers as window equivalent... 26 Lumber:

Grade, defined 4 Maximum spans 31 Sizes : 11,31 Standards L 11,31 M

Mantels, clearance from fireplaces 17 Masonry:

Allowable stresses 29 Defined 4 Foundation walls, thickness 28 General requirements 10, 29 Lateral support 30 Mortar classification... 29 Mortar types required— 29 Piers 30 Masonry, reinforced, foundation walls 28 Masonry, reinforced brick, general requirements 10, 31 Masonry units, reuse of 3 Masonry veneer 11 Attachment. 11 Flashing of 11 Protection against dampness 11,31 Support of. 11 Thickness 11 Materials: Approval 2

Cellulose, protection of 15 For chimneys 18

Installation . 2 Not specifically authorized . 2, 25 Preparation and installation 7 Quality of 7, 27 Test procedure 3 Tests required 2 Mechanical equipment, certification of 2 Mechanical-circulation warm-air systems: Design and installation 34 General requirements 22 Recirculation . 22 Return ducts, prohibited locations 22 Standards 34 Metal anchors 12 Metal reinforcement, for stucco. 12 Moisture: In walls 15 See also Dampness.

Mortar 29

Classification 29 For Sue lining 19 Proportions 29 Types 29 Types required 29 Multiple dwelling, defined 4 Multiple dwellings, exit requirements 6

N

Nailing: pag*

Headers 32

Lintels 32 Plank 13 Plank-and-beam construction 14 Plugs in chimneys 34 Ribbon boards 12 Sheathing. 11 Tail beams... 32 Toenailing... 32 Wood 31- National Board of Fire Underwriters, address 34, 35 National Bureau of Standards, address 34 National Electrical Code 35 National Warm Air Heating and Air Conditioning Association, address 34 Natural grade. See Grade, natural. Natural-draft oil burners 23 Nonbearing partition. See Partition, nonbeartug. Nonbearing wall. See Wall, nonbearing. Noise exclusion or reduction.. 35 Notching of joists... 13 Notching of studs 12 O

Occupied, defined 4

Oil-fired furnaces . 34 General requirements 23 One-pipe furnaces 34 Hazards 34 Installation 22 Outer court. See Court, outer. P

Panels with stressed coverings: Construction features 33 Design of. 14,33 Fastening of coverings 14 Strength and stiffness. 33 Partition, bearing, defined 4

Partition, nonbearing, defined 4

Partitions: Clearances for ducts 22 Clearances for hot-water pipes 23 Clearances for steam pipes. 23

Fire resistance 15,33 Firestopplng 12, 17, 34 Firestopplng of pipe or duct openings 17 Load-carrying capacity 12

Plates 12 Smoke pipes through 21 Sole plates 12 Support of 12 Wood construction 12

Partitions, bearing: Framing over openings 12 Notching of studs 12 Over plank-and-beam construction 32

Partitions, nonbearing: Doubling of joists 13 Masonry, thickness 29 Mortar for 29

Plates for 12 Party wall. See Wall, party. Penthouses, wall thickness 29

Pier, defined 4

Piers:Construction 30 Design of footings 9 Height 30 Mortar for 29

Pilasters for foundation walls 10

Pile foundations - 9

Piles:Bearing capacity 9 Driving of 9 Material for 9 Test of bearing capacity 9 Pipe coverings 23

Pipes:Firestopplng floor openings 17 Sealing of floor openings 1 15 Sealing of wall openings 15

See also Water pipes. Plain concrete. See Concrete, plain. Plank: Design 13 Laying of 13 Nailing of 13 Protection again.st contraction 32 Plank-and-beam construction 13,32 Beams 13 Bearing partitions over.. 32

Built-up beams for 32 Columns - 32

[40]
Page

Plank-and-beam construction—Continued

Defined.. - - 13 Design .- 13 Exterior-wall framing ..- 13 Fastenings _ 14 First floor only 32 Flooring for 32

Interior columns - 14 Loads... 32 Plank 13 Posts for 32 Two-story construction 32

Plaster thickness 11 Plates: For exterior walls 12 For nonbearing partitions __. 12 For partitions .-- 12 Sheathing nailed to.. _._ 11 Plumbing:

General requirements 24, 35 Sanitary fixtures required 24 Plywood:

Defined 14 For exterior use 14 For interior use 14 Plywood construction 14 Fastenings. _ 14 Gluing plywood to framing members _ 14, 33 Material - 14,32 Panel design 14,33 Porches: Least dimension 24 Protection against dampness 14 Railings 24 Termite protection 14 Posts:For beam support 14 For plank- and-beam construction __ 32 Wood 11 Prefabricated assemblies, certification of 2 Privacy 27 Property line, common, defined 3 Protection of adjoining property... 9 Public hallway, defined 5 Public hallways:

Artificial light 25 Doors in 7 Enclosure -. 7 Fire resistance of enclosures. 7 Light and ventilation 25 Natural light 25 Obstructions prohibited 27 Openings in enclosures 27 Recesses. _.. 25 Returns 25 Ventilation.. 25 Ventilation system 26 Width 7 Windows . 25 Public stairway, defined 5 Public stairways:

Artificial light.. 25 Light and ventilation... 25 Natural light 25 Ventilation system 26 Windows.. 25 See also Exit stairways. Q

Quality of materials . 7, 27 R

Rafters: Fastening of 13,32 Increased size 13 Maximum spans ^1

Support of 13,32 Rail ings for porches and terraces 24 Ranges:

Clearancesfor 20 Hearths 20 Reduced clearance 21 Ratproofing 35 Rear yard. See Yard, rear. Recesses in public hallways 25 Records: Of approvals 2 Of increased stresses 8 Of tests 3 Registers: Fixed registers 22 Floor furnaces.. 22 One-pipe furnaces 22 Register boxes 22 Setting. 22 Warm-air heating systems . 22 Reinforced-brick masonry. See Masonry, reinforced brick. Reinforced concrete. See Concrete, reinforced.

Pago

Reinforced gypsum concrete. See Gypsum concrete, reinforced. Reinforcement: Allowable stresses 30 Protection of ...1 30 Removal of debris. _ 14 Removal of forms _ 30 Removal of wood centering. 16 Retesting: Of construction 3 Of materials... 3 Ribbon boards.. _ 12 Roofs _ 12 Anchorage 8 Bridging _ 13 Chimney flashing 19 Clearances for vent pipes 23 Fire walls to penetrate .._ 16 Headers and trimmers 13 Load reduction. 28 Loads 8 Smoke pipes through... _ 21 Snow loads... 28 Support of rafters 13, 32 Wmd loads _. 28 Rooms:

Arrangement 26 Area for living and dining. 26 Minimum area 26 Multiple use, area 26 See also Habitable rooms.

Roots, removal of __ 9 Rubble stone: Allowable stresses 29 Foundation walls, thickness.. 28 S

Safeguards against accidents 24, 35 Sanitary fixtures required 24, 35 Scope of code 2 Screen doors: To be self-closing 26 To open outward 26 Screening 6,26 Second-hand materials, use of 3 Settlement, equalization of.. _ 8 Sewage-disposal system, private 25 Acceptable practice 3

Certification of __. 3

Shaft, defined _ 5 Shafts: Connections, fire resistance of 18 Enclosure required 17 Firedoors 18 Fire resistance 17 Openings... 18 Sheathing 11 Lumbersizes 11 Sheet metal:

'In lieu of hearths 20 Shields for stoves and ranges ; 20 Shrinkage of wood members 12 Side yard. See Yard, side.

Sills, sheathing nailed to _.. 11 Sinkrequired ._ 24

Skylights. 6 Construction 6 For required stairways __ 7 In bathrooms ,6

Prohibited 6 Window equivalent ._ 26 Sliding doors, flrestopping of 17 Smokepipes 21 Clearances from combustible construction 21 Connection with flue required _ 21 Number of flue connections ._ 21 Reduced clearances 21 Thimbles 21 Through ceilings _. 21 Through combustible construction.. 21 Through floors 21 Through partitions -.. 21 Snow loads, local determination of.. 28 Sole plates for partitions 12 Soil-bearing capacity 8

Safe capacity 8 Tests 8 Varying soil conditions 8 Solid masonry wall. See Wall, solid masonry.

Solid-fuel appliances. 23 Automatic stokers 24 Forced-air appliances. 23 Soundproofing. See Noise exclusion or reduction. Space and arrangement 6 General requirements ^ 6,26 Privacy 27

Special types of chimneys 19

Splicing of wood members 11

[41]
Page

Stairs: Exit doorway not to open onto 27 Fire resistance 17 FirestoDDing ^ 17 Open space beneath- _ i 17 Stairways: • Dimensions of landings 27 Enclosures 7 Fire resistance of enclosures 7 Handrails required _. 24 Headroom 24, 27 Landings 27 Lighting . 7,26 Minimum number of risers. _ 27 Ventilation 7 Width 7 Width reduction 7 See also Exit stairways; Public stairways. Standard fire test, defined 5 Steam boilers, general requirements 23 Steam furnaces, gas-fired 23 Steam pipes 23 Clearances for 23 Coverings 23 Steel and iron construction: General requirements 10, 31 Light-gage steel construction 10, 31 Miscellaneous requirements.

Steel joist specifications Welding _._ Steel Joist Institute, address

Steel joist specifications-.-

Steel-joist construction

Steel members:

Painting of Protection

Stresses Thickness

Unprotected, separation of .... Steel shells for pile foundations.

Steel wire reinforcement, allowable stresses.. Steps:Handrails

Protection against dampness

Termite protection

Stokers, automatic

Stone chimneys, construction Storage rooms, enclosure of Storage spaces, prohibited under stairs Story, defined

Story, half, defined

Story, height, defined

Stoves: Clearances for Hearths Reduced clearance

Street, defined

Stresses: Determination of See also Allowable stresses. Structural Clay Products Institute, address.

Structural members:

Fire resistance.. Reuse of Structure, defined

Stucco.

31

3435 11,31 Bracing of wood backing 11 Flasliing of 11 Metal reinforcement- 12 Thickness 11,12 Studs: Design of steel 10 Doubling of- - 12 Notching of--- - 12 Painting of steel-- 11 Spacing of_^ - 13 Stumps, removal of-- - 9

Tail beams:

Nailing of - - Number permitted - - Termites: And decay

Protection against - 11, Terraces: Least dimension

Protection against dampness

Railings. . _ Termite protection Test data for loads, waiver of --- Tests:Bearing capacity of piles Filled ground - - Procedure Record of - - -- Required ----

32

32

14,33

14,33

2414

24

14

Page

Tests—Continued

Soil-bearing capacity... __

g Special type chimneys 19 To permit increased stresses g Thimbles for smoke pipes 21 Toenailing 32 Transoms, window equivalent _. 26 Treads and risers of exit stairways _ 27 Dimensions 27 Uniformity 27 Trimmers, doubling of 13 Trusses, wall, design of 12 U

Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc., address 34 V

Vapor-resistant barrier 15 Veneered wall. See Wall, veneered. Vent pipes for gas appliances 34 Area 23 Clearances for 23 Installation 23 Material for 23 Ventilation 

Beneath buildings

_ 33 Beneath glued floors 14 Beneath heating furnaces 21 Beneath wood construction : 14 Cross ventilation recommended ^ 25 For gas-fired furnaces 23 For gas logs - 23 Of exterior walls 15 Of public hallways. -_ 25 Screening of openings 26 Systems -.. 26 Window equivalents 26 See also Light and ventilation. Venting of gas appliances. 23, 34 Vents, foundation wall 14 Violations unlawful 2 W

Wall, bearing, defined

— 5 Wall, cavity, defined 5 Wall, common-property-line, defined 5 Wall, faced, defined 5 Wall, fire, defined--- 5 Wall, fire-division, defined.. 5 Wall, height, defined - 4 Wall, hollow, defined 5 Wall, non bearing, defined --. . 5 Wall, party, defined 5 Wall, solid masonry, defined 5 Wall, veneered, defined 5 Wall vents, area of 14

Wall-register type furnaces: Clearances for 22 Register boxes 22 Walls:Anchorage --- --- 8 Changes in thickness -- 30 Clearances for vent pipes - 23 Design of footings 9

Exterior, wood, construction 11 Fastening of rafters to 32

Fire resistance of 15 Firestopping of pipe or duet openings 17 Sealing of openings for pipes 15 Walls, bearing: Framing over openings 12 ,Tambs 12 Load reduction.-- ° Notching of studs 12 Openings in 12 Thickness W,z\> Walls, cavity: Allowable stresses- - - Bondingof.-- ^ — ^

Foundations walls for - ^

Lateral support -—

?Jj Mortar for f; Separation of structural members— - Thickness — —

Thickness of backing - - - — ^" Thickness of facing- °^ Width of cavity

Walls, enclosure, thickness Walls, exterior: Firestopping - !:' Framing ^? Load-carrying capacity Moisture in- - - i? Mortar for - ^

[42]
Page

Walls, exterior— Continued

Plates 12 Stud spacing _ --- 13 Ventilation openings 14 Walls, fire: Construction - 15 Support - 15 Thickness 10 Walls, hollow, separation of structural members 17 Wails, hollow masonry:

Lateral support 30 Mortar for 29 Thickness 30 Walls, load-bearing, mortar for --- 29 Walls, masonry: Above roof level, thickness 29 Anchorage 12,13 Chimneys bonded to --- 18 rtrestopping 17 Height 29

Lateral support 30 Mortar for masonry linings 29 Nonbearing, thickness 29 Protection of wood girders 15 Separation of combustible members 17 Thickness 29 Walls, of hollow masonry imits: Bonding of 30 Lateral support 1 30 Mortar for 29 Ties for 30 Thickness 30 Walls, panel, thickness 10 Walls, party 6 Construction 6 Load-caiTying capacity --- 6 Materials - 6 Support - --- 6 Through roof 6 Walls, plain concrete, thickness 30 Walls, reinforced-concrete 10 Anchorage 10 Chimneys bonded to 18 Protection of wood girders. 15 Thickness 10 Walls, rubble stone, thickness. _ 30 Walls, solid masom-y, mortar for 29 Walls, stone ashlar, thickness 30 Walls, veneered, foundation walls for 28 Walls, wood, anchorage 13 Warm-air heating systems:

Clearances for 22 Fixed register required 22 Material for ducts 22

Registers 22 Water closet required 24 Water-closet compartments, windows in 25 Water heaters: Gas-fired 23 Vent flues for 20 Water pipes, suspension of 15 Water system, private 25 Acceptable practice 3 Certification of 3 Waterproofing foundation walls 10 Welding:

Approval for 11 Specifications 31 Width, court, defined 4 Wind loads 8 Anchorage 8 Local determination of 28 Resistance to 30 Winders prohibited 27 Window siUs, projection into courts 26 Windows:

Arrangement in habitable rooms 25 Dormer windows ' : 25 Flashing over 15 For required stairways 7

Page Windows—Continued

Glass area 25 In basements 25 In cellars _._ 25 In habitable rooms 25 In pubHc hallways 26 In public stairways _ 25

Increase of glass area _ 25 Openable area 25,26 Permissible equivalents 26

Screening-. 26 Wiring: General requirements 24 Inspections. _ 24 Wood:

Concrete supports for... 15 Decay-resistant species 33 Footings 9 Preservative treatment 15 Shrinkage 12 Treated, for footings 9 Treated, for pile foundations 9 See also Lumber. Wood blocking . 12 Wood centering, removal of 16 Wood construction: Bracing 11 Closeness to ground 14 Design of members 11 Exterior walls 11 Fastenings 11 Firestopptng 17 Floors and roofs _ 12 Foundation depth 9 Framing over openings 12, 31 General requirements 11, 31 Height limitations. 6

Interior partitions- 12 Jambs 12 Load-carrjTng capacity... 11,31 Lumber sizes 11, 31 Masomy veneer 11,31 Nailing. 31 Notching of studs 12 On sloping ground-- 25 Plank-and-beam construction 13 Plywood construction 14 Ribbon board 12 Sheathing 11 Splicing. 11 Structural continuity 11 Stucco on 11, 31 Termites and decay 14, 33 Timber connectors 31 Ventilation beneath 14, 33 Wood posts 11 Wood debris, removal of 14 Wood piles 9, 28 Working stresses. See Allowable stresses; Stresses. Workmanship 7 Y

Yard, defined 5 Yard, front, defined 7 Yard, rear: Defined.. 5 Depth 26 Required 26 To serve habitable rooms 26 Yard, side: Defined -. 5 To serve habitable rooms... 26 Width 26 Yards 26 Projections into ^ 2fi To be unobstructed . 26 Z

Zoning restrictions 5

, o

[43]


I
BUILDING MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES REPORTS

[Continued from cover page ii] BMS32 Structural Properties of Two Bric-Concrete-Block Wall Constructions and a Concrete- Block Wall Construction Sponsored by the National Concrete Masonry Association. 15^ BMS33 Plastic Calking Materials 15<^ BMS34 Performance Test of Floor Coverings for Use in Low-Cost Housing: Part 1 10^ BMS35 Stability of Sheathing Papers as Determined by Accelerated Aging * BMS36 Structural Properties of Wood-Frame Wall, Partition, Floor, and Roof Constructions

with "Red Stripe" Lath Sponsored by The Weston Paper and Manufacturing Co.. 10^ BMS37 Structural Properties of "Palisade Homes" Constructions for Walls, Partitions, and

Floors, Sponsored by Palisade Homes * BMS38 Structural Properties of Two "Dunstone" Wall Constructions Sponsored by the W. E. Dunn Manufacturing Co lOji BMS39 Structural Properties of a Wall Construction of "Pfeifer Units" Sponsored by the Wisconsin Units Co 10^ BMS40 Structural Properties of a Wall Construction of "Knap Concrete Wall Units" Sponsored

by Knap America, Inc lOfi BMS41 Effect of Heating and Cooling on the Permeability of Masonry Walls* * BMS42 Structural Properties of Wood-Frame Wall and Partition Constructions with "Celotex"

Insulating Boards Sponsored by The Celotex Coporation 15^ BMS43 Performance Test of Floor Coverings for Use in Low-Cost Housing: Part 2 15^ BMS44 Surface Treatment of Steel Prior to Painting 10^ BMS45 Air Infiltration Through Windows . 15^ BMS46 Structural Properties of "Scot-Bilt" Prefabricated Sheet-Steel Constructions for Walls,

Floors, and Roofs Sponsored by The Globe-Wernicke Co 10^ BMS47 Structural Properties of Prefabricated Wood-Frame Constructions for Walls, Partitions,

and Floors Sponsored by American Houses, Inc lOji BMS48 Structural Properties of "Precision-Built" Frame Wall and Partition Constructions

Sponsored by the Homasote Co 15^ BMS49 Metallic Roofing for Low-Cost House Construction lOip BMS50 Stability of Fiber Building Boards as Determined by Accelerated Aging 10^ BMS51 Structural Properties of "Tilecrete Type A" Floor Construction Sponsored by the

Tilecrete Co Jt BMS52 Effect of Ceiling Insulation Upon Summer Comfort 10^ BMS53 Structural Properties of a Masonry Wall Construction of "Munlock Dry Wall Brick"

Sponsored by the Munlock Engineering Co 10^ BMS54 Effect of Soot on the Rating of an Oil-Fired Heating Boiler 10^ BMS55 Effects of Wetting and Drying on the Permeability of Masonry Walls lOji BMS56 A survey of Humidities in Residences lOjS BMS57 Roofing in the United States— Results of a Questionnaire * BMS58 Strength of Soft-Soldered Joints in Copper Tubing 10^ BMS59 Properties of Adhesives for Floor Coverings 10^ BMS60 Strength, Absorption, and Resistance to Laboratory Freezing and Thawing of Building

Bricks Produced in the United States 15^ BMS61 Structural Properties of Two Nonreinforced Monolithic Concrete Wall Constructions.- lOji BMS62 Structural Properties of a Precase Joist Concrete Floor Construction Sponsored by the Portland Cement Association 10^ BMS63 Moisture Condensation in Building Walls 10^ BMS64 Solar Heating of Various Surfaces 10^ BMS65 Methods of Estimating Loads in Plumbing Systems 10(4 BMS66 Plumbing Manual * BMS67 Structural Properties of "Mu-Steel" Prefabricated Sheet-Steel Construction for Walls^

Partitions, Floors, and Roofs Sponsored by Herman A. Mugler 15^ BMS68 Performance Test for Floor Coverings for Use in Low-Cost Housing: Part 3 15<i BMS69 Stability of Fiber Sheathing Boards as Determined by Accelerated Aging lOji BMS70 Asphalt-Prepared Roll Roofings and Shingles 15^ BMS71 Fire Tests of Wood- and Metal-Framed Partitions 20^ BMS72 Structural Properties of "Precision-Built, Jr." Prefabricated Wood-Frame Wall Construction Sponsored by the Homasote Co 10^ BMS73 Indentation Characteristics of Floor Coverings lOji BMS74 Structural and Heat-Transfer Properties of "U. S. S. Panelbilt" Prefabricated SheetSteel Constructions for Walls, Partitions, and Roofs Sponsored by the Tennessee

Coal, Iron & Railroad Co 15f5 BMS75 Survey of Roofing Materials in the North Central States 15jS BMS76 Effect of Outdoor Exposure on the Water Permeability of Masonry Walls 15f5 BMS77 Properties and Performance of Fiber Tile Boards lOjS BMS78 Structural, Heat-Transfer, and Water-Permeability Properties of Five Earth-Wall Constructions 20j5 BMS79 Water-Distributing Systems for Buildings ISji BMS80 Performance Test of Floor Coverings for Use in Low-Cost Housing: Part 4 15^ BMS81 Field Inspectors' Check List for Building Constructions (cloth cover, 5x7^ inches)... 20^

* Out of piint. [List continued on cover page iv]
BUILDING MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES REPORTS

[Continued from cover page iii] BMS82 Water Permeability of Walls Built of Masonry Units 20^. BMS83 Strength of Sleeve Joints in Copper Tubing Made With Various Lead-Base Solders 10^ BMS84 Survey of Roofing Materials in the South Central States 15^ BMS85 Dimensional Changes of Floor Coverings With Changes in Relative Humidity and Temperature 10^ BMS86 Structural, Heat-Transfer, and Water-Permeability Properties of "Speedbrik" Wall Construction Sponsored by the General Shale Products Corporation 15^ BMS87 A Method for Developing Specifications for Building Construction—^Report of Subcommittee on Specifications of the Central Housing Committee on Research, Design,

and Construction lOji BMS88 Recommended Building Code Requirements for New Dwelling Construction With Special

Reference to War Housing * BMS89 Structural Properties of "Precision-Built, Jr." (Second Construction) Prefabricated Wood-Frame Wall Construction Sponsored by the Homasote Co 15^ BMS90 Structural Properties of "PHC" Prefabricated Wood-Frame Constructions for Walls,

Floors, and Roofs Sponsored by the PHC Housing Corporation 15^ BMS91 A Glossary of Housing Terms 15^ BMS92 Fire-Resistance Classifications of Building Constructions 25^

BMS93 Accumulation of Moisture in Walls of Frame Construction During Winter Exposure.-. 10^ BMS94 Water Permeability and Weathering Resistance of Stucco-Faced, Gunite-Faced, and

"Knap Concrete-Unit" Walls 10^ BMS95 Tests of Cement-Water Paints and Other Waterproofings for Unit-Masonry Walls 15^ BMS96 Properties of a Porous Concrete of Cement and Uniform-Sized Gravel 10^ BMS97 Experimental Dry-Wall Construction With Fiber Insulating Board 10^ BMS98 Physical Properties of Terrazzo Aggregates 15^ BMS99 Structural and Heat-Transfer Properties of "Multiple Box-Girder Plywood Panels" for Walls, Floors, and Roofs 15^^ BMSlOO Relative Slipperiness of Floor and Deck Surfaces 10^ BMSlOl Strength and Resistance to Corrosion of Ties for Cavity Walls 10^ BMS102 Painting Steel 10^ BMS103 Measur^paents of Heat Losses from Slab Floors 10<S BMS104 Structural Properties of Prefabricated Plywood Lightweight Constructions for Walls,

Partitions, Floors, and Roofs Sponsored by the Douglas Fir Plywood Association. _ 25 BMS105 Paint Manual $1. 00

BMS106 Laboratory Observations of Condensation in Wall Specimens 10;^ BMS107 Minimum Requirements for New Dwelling Construction 20(S

* Out of print.