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Reference

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PUBLICATIONS

NBSIR 84-2976

AlllOb 0 3 3 fl 4 ^

The Development of A Fire

Evaluation System for Detention

and Correctional Occupancies

H. E. Nelson and A. J. Shibe

December 1984

Sponsored by

National Institute of Justice

U S. Department of Justice — QC ishington, DC

100

. U56

4-2976

1984

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

LIBRARY

NBSIR 84-2976

• #

THE DEVELOPMENT OF A FIRE

EVALUATION SYSTEM FOR DETENTION

AND CORRECTIONAL OCCUPANCIES

H. E. Nelson and A. J. Shibe

December 1984

Sponsored by

National Institute of Justice

U.S. Department of Justice

Washington, DC

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS. Ernest Ambler. Director

no-

/
i
Preface

This report presents a Fire Safety Evaluation System for Detention

and Correctional Occupancies. It was developed specifically to identify

alternative combinations of widely accepted fire protection systems and

building design features that provide a level of fire safety equivalent

to that required by the Life Safety Code for detention and correctional

occupancies. This work is an extension of research conducted by the

Center for Fire Research with support from the Department of Health and

Human Services towards development of a Fire Safety Evaluation System

for Board and Care Homes.

The Fire Safety Performance Group, Center for Fire Research, National

Engineering Laboratory, National Bureau of Standards, performed the

research described in this report under the sponsorship of the National

Institute of Justice of the U.S. Department of Justice.

iii
Table of Contents

Page

List of Figures v Abstract 1

1. Introduction 2

2 . Background 2

3. System Development 7 4.1 Fire Safety Parameter Identification 9

4.2 Fire Safety Parameter Quantification 10

4.3 Redundant Safety Subsystem Creation 10

4.4 Calibration 12

4.5 Professional Judgment Review and Critique 12

4.6 Computer Program 13

5. System Testing 14

6 . Summary 15

7. References 17

Appendix A Fire Safety Evaluation System for Detention and

Correctional Occupancies 36

Appendix B Workbook for the Fire Safety System 53

Appendix C Field Test Packet 107

Appendix D Peer Consulting Group 116
LIST OF FIGURES

Page

Figure 1. Preliminary Safety Parameters 19

Figure 2. Sample Delphi Form-Large Facilities 20

Figure 3. Additional Safety Factors 21

Figure 4. Individual Safety Evaluation 22

Figure 5. Safety Parameter Values Condition V - More than 3 story

Existing Occupancy - Now Sprinklered 23

Figure 6. Individual Safety Evaluation Condition V - More than 3 story. . 24

Figure 7a. Requirements for Safety Parameters Values Partially

Sprinklered and Non-Sprinklered Buildings Condition II - Zoned Egress Existing Occupancy 25

Figure 7b. Requirements for Safety Parameters Values Partially

Sprinklered and Non-Sprinklered Bldg. Condition III - Impeded Zoned Egress Existing Occupancy 26

Figure 7c. Requirements for Safety Parameters Values Partially

Sprinklered and Non-Sprinklered Buildings Condition IV - Impeded Egress Existing Occupancy 27

Figure 7d. Requirements for Safety Parameters Values Partially

Sprinklered and Non-Sprinklered Buildings Condition V - Contained Existing Occupancy . 28

Figure 7e. Requirements for Safety Parameters Values Partially

Sprinklered and Non-Sprinklered Buildings Condition II - Zoned Egress Condition III - Impeded Zoned Egress

New Occupancy 29

Figure 7f. Requirements for Safety Parameters Values Partially

Sprinklered and Non-Sprinklered Buildings Condition IV - Impeded Egress New Occupancy . . . Figure 7g. Requirements for Safety Parameters Values Partially

Sprinklered and Non-Sprinklered Buildings Condition V - Contained New Occupancy 31

Figure 7h. Requirements for Safety Parameters Values Totally

Sprinklered Buildings Condition II - Condition III - Condition IV Existing Occupancy 32

Figure 7i. Requirements for Safety Parameters Values Totally

Sprinklered Buildings Condtion V - Contained Existing

Occupancy 33

Figure 7j. Requirements for Safety Parameters Values Totally

Sprinklered Buildings Condition II - Condition III - Condition IV New Occupancy 34

Figure 7k. Requirements for Safety Parameter Values Totally

Sprinklered Buildings Condition V - Contained New Occupancy . . 33

v
.v . , • ", • ; - . * v ' ; . • V * - - : < • r ! . ! . I ; . * - .
Abstract

A Fire Safety Evaluation System for Detention and Correctional Occupancies

has been developed. It can be used for determining whether a facility has

fire safety equivalent to that obtained by meeting the requirement of a given

code. The system was calibrated for use with proposed chapters for

detention and correctional occupancies of the Life Safety Code (1985)

There are separate sets of requirements for each of four use conditions:

one for zoned egress, one for zoned impeded egress, one for impeded egress,

and one for contained. Within each set, there are two levels of evaluation:

one for partially sprinklered and non-sprinklered buildings, and one for

totally sprinklered buildings.

1
1. Introduction

At the request of the National Institute of Justice of the U.S.

Department of Justice, the Center for Fire Research at the National

Bureau of Standards has developed a Fire Safety Evaluation System

for Detention and Correctional Occupancies. The Fire Safety Evaluation

System (FSES) is designed to evaluate the fire safety (using equivalency

to the fire safety obtained by meeting the requirements in the Life Safety

Code [1]^ as the criteria) for those detention and correctional facilities

where, in case of fire, the occupants are generally prevented from taking

self-preservation action because of security measures not under their

control

Use of the FSES offers more flexibility than strict conformance with the

specifications in the Life Safety Code. It identifies combinations

of widely accepted fire safety features and systems which, collectively,

provide a level of safety equivalent to or greater than that achieved by

meeting all the specifications in the Life Safety Code for Detention and

Correctional Occupancies.

The Fire Safety Evaluation System for Detention and Correctional

Occupancies is presented as Appendix A of this report. A companion

workbook is presented in Appendix B. The evaluation system is being

considered by NFPA for inclusion in the next (1985) edition of the Life

Safety Code.

2. Background

2.1 Detention and Correctional Occupancies

Fire safety in detention and correctional facilities presents unique

problems because the highest priority for a prison administrator

lumbers in brackets refer to literature references listed at the end

of this report

2
is to provide security and not fire safety. Multiple fatality fires

in the 1970’s alerted the correctional facility administrators, the

Department of Justice, and the general public to the potential losses of

life because of inadequate fire safety levels provided in correctional

facilities [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]. The National Fire Protection Association

recognized that the Penal Occupancies Section of Chapter 10 of the Life

Safety Code (1976) [7] did not fully meet the need for a set of fire safety

requirements that covers the wide range of security arrangements found in

detention and correctional facilities. Therefore, in 1981 the NFPA published

[8] a new comprehensive set of fire safety requirements for detention

and correctional occupancies. The new requirements are presented in Chapter

14, New Detention and Correctional Occupancies and Chapter 15, Existing

Detention and Correctional Occupancies. The chapters have specific requirements

to cover the wide range of security requirements of detention and correctional

facilities. The following security levels or use conditions are covered by

the code:

1. Free Egress - Free movement is allowed from sleeping areas

and other spaces where access is permitted to the exterior

without physical restrictions such as locks.

2. Zoned Egress - Free movement is allowed from sleeping areas

and any other occupied smoke compartment to one or more other

smoke compartments.

3. Zoned Impeded Egress - Free movement is allowed within all

individual smoke compartments. Egress to other smoke compartments

may be impeded by a physical restriction such as a locked door.

Remote controlled release is provided to permit movement to other

smoke compartments

4. Impeded Egress - Free movement is restricted from an occupied

space; for example, occupants are locked in their cells. Remote

controlled release is provided to permit movement from all

sleeping rooms and other occupied areas within the smoke compartment

to another smoke compartment.

3
5. Contained - Free movement is restricted from an occupied space.

Staff controlled manual release at doors is provided to permit

movement from all sleeping rooms and other occupied areas within

the smoke compartment to other smoke compartments.

Those buildings meeting the requirements of Use Condition 1 - Free Egress

are classified as residential and should meet the requirements of Chapters

16-20 of the Life Safety Code (hotels, dormitories, apartments, and lodging

or rooming houses) as appropriate. This is based on Sections 14-1.4.3 and

15-1.4.3 of the Life Safety Code, "Areas housing occupancies corresponding

to Use Condition 1 - Free Egress shall conform to the requirements of

residential occupancies under this Code . 11 The Fire Safety Evaluation

System for Detention and Correctional Occupancies is not designed for use with

facilities having free egress.

2-2. Fire Safety Evaluation System

The Center for Fire Research (CFR) of the National Bureau of Standards

(NBS) has previously developed a Fire Safety Evaluation System for Health

Care Facilities (FSES/HC) [9]

The original FSES/HC was designed as an alternative to meeting all the specifications in Chapter 10 (Hospitals

and Nursing Homes) of the 1973 Life Safety Code (LCS) . Appendix C of the

1981 LSC contains a slightly modified version of the FSES/HC for the use with Chapters 12 and 13 of the 1981 LSC. Similarly, CFR has developed

Fire Safety Evaluation Systems for Multifamily Housing, [10] Board and

Care Homes, [11] and Overnight Accommodations. [12]

A fire safety evaluation system is a procedure for evaluating the fire

safety of a building by obtaining weighted runs of the point values of

individual safety parameters. These safety parameters are measures of

building characteristics and fire protection features that bear upon the

safety of the building occupants. For example, Fire Alarm is one parameter.

For each safety parameter, two or more levels or categories are defined,

where each category corresponds to a condition specifically identified

as a level of performance in the Life Safety Code and/or likely to be

4
encountered in a building. For example, "No Alarm" is one category. Each

category is assigned a point value.

A basic principle of fire protection is that there must be a redundancy

of protection so that the failure of a single protection device or method

will not result in failure of the entire safety system.

The development of a fire safety evaluation system involves the following

steps

(1) Identifying all the factors or parameters, (i.e., building characteristics

and fire safety features) which significantly contribute to life safety

with respect to fire.

(2) Quantifying or assigning a numerical weight to each of these parameters.

(3) Creating redundant safety subsystems within the system to assure that

failure of any one fire safety feature or method will not create an unacceptable decrease in fire safety.

(4) Seeking professional judgment review and critique.

(5) Calibrating to the requirements in the Life Safety Code.

(6) Field testing of the system.

Once these tasks are accomplished, and the Fire Safety Evaluation System

is completed, it can be used to:

(1) Evaluate the level of life safety in an existing facility.

(2) Compare the existing level of life safety in a facility to the level

of safety specified by the Life Safety Code.

5
(3) Design new facilities and retrofit buildings with combinations of

fire safety features that provide the level of safety prescribed by

the Life Safety Code.

When the original Fire Safety Evaluation System for Health Care Facilities was developed, the whole approach was novel, and therefore, to some extent

suspect. To allay apprehensions, the technical report by Nelson and Shibe

[9] gave a detailed justification for the structure of the system. The

approach is no longer novel and unfamiliar to fire experts, and the background

descriptions in the Nelson and Shibe report also explain the methodological

basis for the FSES/for Detention and Correctional Occupancies.

The Fire Safety Evaluation System for Detention and Correctional Occupancies

is a procedure for determining if a jail or prison provides the level of

fire safety equivalent to that attained by meeting all the applicable

specifications in Chapter 14 or 15 of the Life Safety Code. While failure

to satisfy requirements of the FSES means failure to demonstrate equivalency

it does not necessarily mean failure to attain equivalency; other methods of

demonstrating equivalency may be used. However, satisfying the requirements

of the FSES does demonstrate equivalency to the level of safety prescribed

by the Life Safety Code.

2.3 Development of Chapters 14 and 15 of the Life Safety Code

The goal of this project was to apply the methodology used in developing

the previous fire safety evaluation system to develop an equivalency system

for evaluating the fire safety of jails and prisons. At the beginning of

the project there was no satisfactory generally accepted model fire safety

code for jails and prisons. However, the National Fire Protection Association

(NFPA) was developing a new Chapter for the 1981 edition of the Life Safety

Code to cover these facilities. NBS staff worked with the appropriate NFPA

Committee, the Subcommittee on Detention and Correctional Occupancies

of the Committee on Safety to Life, and one NBS staff member was appointed

by NFPA to serve as a member of the subcommittee.

6
The early efforts of the Subcommittee indicated that the new requirements

would not permit the atrium-like multi-tier cell blocks. However, the

known fire history indicates that these multi-tier cell blocks have a better fire safety record then small jails. NBS initiated a special

sub-project to provide the technical background that permitted the

Subcommittee to develop requirements that would permit those multi-tier

cell blocks that have a high level of safety. The needed fire test data

is contained in B.T. Lee's report, "Effect of Ventilation on the Rates of

Heat, Smoke and Carbon Monoxide Production in a Typical Jail Cell Fire."

[13] The methodological basis is described in Appendix B of Nelson et. al.

[9].

The Fire Safety Evaluation System was designed to measure whether a facility

has the same level of fire safety (or better) as a facility meeting the

requirements of Chapter 14 or 15 of the Life Safety Code, as appropriate.

As the FSES was being refined and tested, the subcommittee was also modifying

Chapters 14 and 15 for the 1985 edition of the Life Safety Code. The FSES was modified so that the version in Appendix A is compatible with the latest version

of the 1985 Code, and it is being considered for inclusion in the code as an appendix.

3. System Development

3.1 Orientation and Problem Definition

Early in the project, NBS staff visited a wide variety of detention and

correctional facilities. They observed the operational characteristics

of the facilities and discussed them with their hosts. They also studied

the fire safety features of the buildings and analyzed the existing fire

safety systems.

The staff concluded that the fire safety problem for jails and prisons

has many similarities with other types of residences. The current Life

Safety Code recognizes this when it states that facilities meeting the

requirements of Use Condition 1 - Free Egress should meet the requirements

of the most appropriate residential chapter of the Code. Facilities that

7
restrict the movement of the residents do need more fire protection features

to compensate for the evacuation delays that may occur. However, the basic

approach to providing fire safety should be similar.

This conclusion significantly affected the strategy for developing the

FSES. Since fire safety evaluation systems were being developed for

residential occupancies, it was decided to construct the Fire Safety

Evaluation System for Detention and Correctional Occupancies as a modification of those under development, rather than to develop a completely new

system. This approach had several desirable consequences:

1. It saved time and money.

2. It minimized the time commitment of outside fire protection

experts who served on the consulting panels.

3. It maximized the similarity among fire safety evaluation

systems, making it easier for the code officials to deal

with several fire safety evaluation systems.

3.2 Consulting Panels

The tasks involved in system development were heavily dependent on professional

judgment. The professional judgment of the project staff was supplemented

and supported in a formal manner. Two consulting panels were formed to provide

this support: The Delphi Panel and the Peer Consulting Panel.

Delphi Panel. A group of 14 experts from the Center for Fire Research

not assigned to the program served as the Delphi panel. They provided

guidance in the selection of preliminary numerical values representing

the relative importance of various fire safety features of buildings and

of fire safety hazards. Details regarding the function and composition of

this panel are contained in Appendix A of NBSIR 82-2562 [10].

8
Peer Consulting Panel. NBS staff worked in close cooperation with a task

group selected by the subcommittee for Detection and Correctional Occupancies

of the NFPA Committee on the Safety to Life to provide advice to the staff and

in-depth review of their work. See Section 4.5.

4.1 Fire Safety Parameter Identification

The fire safety parameters are measures of the building characteristics

and fire protection features that bear upon the safety of the people who

may be in the facility at the time of a fire. The safety parameters,

selected by the project staff, were determined by examining the specific

code requirements for residential facilities, and by evaluating the

impact of various elements of the code. The selected safety parameters

were modified first by the NBS Delphi Panel and later by the Peer Consulting

Panel. The preliminary safety parameters are shown in Figure 1.

For each safety parameter, two or more levels or categories were defined.

Each category corresponded to a condition specifically identified as a level of performance in the Life Safety Code and/or likely to be encountered

in residential buildings, and each category differed from all other categories

in a significant way. For example, one parameter was defined as "Manual

Fire Alarm" and the three categories are: No Alarm; Manual Fire Alarm

without Fire Department Notification; and Manual Fire Alarm with Fire

Department Notification.

Figure 2 shows the preliminary "matrix" form of the breakdown of the

safety parameters for the facility classifications. The safety parameters

are designed to constitute a complete assembly of all of the basic building

factors determining the level of safety in a residential facility for which

equivalency could be expressed.

In addition to the safety parameters and their subcategories illustrated

in Figure 2, there is an additional series of items required by the

Life Safety Code for which no equivalency could be expressed. These items,

illustrated in Figure 3, relate primarily to building utilities or building

9
services and are covered in the Facility Fire Safety Requirements Worksheet

section of the Fire Safety Evaluation System for Detention and Correctional

Occupancies (Appendix A of this report) . Only two subcategories are defined

for these items: "Yes" (Meets the requirements) "No" (Does not meet the

requirements)

4.2 Fire Safety Parameter Quantification

The goal of the NBS research effort was to develop a system for evaluating

the fire safety of a building by obtaining weighted sums of the point

values of the individual safety parameters. Therefore, each subcategory

of each parameter had to be assigned a point value. In order to provide

the best available concensus judgment and experience in determining the

preliminary values, the Delphi panel was established.

Each member of the panel was provided with copies of an initial matrix

similar to the one shown in Figure 2. Each person then evaluated the

relative importance with respect to fire safety of each item in the

matrix without consultation with other members of the panel. The members

of the Delphi Panel were advised that the goal of the project was to develop

a system that was similar to the Fire Safety Evaluation System for Health

Care Facilities. See Appendix B of Reference 9 or Appendix E of Reference

11 for a more detailed discussion of this operation and its methodological

base.

4.3 Redundant Safety Subsystem Creation

A basic principle of fire protection is that there must be a redundancy

of protection so that the failure of a single protection device or method

will not result in failure of the entire safety system. In addition, the

development of a redundant approach, as used in this safety evaluation

system, avoids the pitfall of traditional approaches sometimes used in

grading systems where all of the elements are considered mutually exclusive

of each other and a single total score determines acceptability. It is

possible under such a system to fail to detect the absence of a critical

element. The evaluation system establishes redundancy on the basis of

10
in-depth coverage of the principal fire safety methodologies. The original

redundant methodologies used in the system were those related to fire safety

through General Fire Safety, and the subsystems: Fire Development, Fire

Containment, Emergency Egress, and Emergency Refuge. As the project

progressed, the values assigned to Fire Development and Fire Containment

were quite similar, and the two were combined to form a single redundancy

system. Fire Control.

The original redundant methodologies were chosen after analysis of

residential fire safety decision trees, especially the National Fire

Protection Association's Fire Safety Concepts Tree. [14] [15]

The decision tree approach divides fire protection into two groups of

elements: "Manage Fire" and "Manage Exposed". Those elements related

to "Manage Fire" (i.e., the control of fuel and arrangement, compartmentalization, and other mechanisms to contain fire and its impacts; extinguishment suppressions and other means of terminating fire development)

were incorporated into Fire Control.

"Manage Exposed" (i.e., the provision of refuge either by evacuation or

by establishment of safe areas of refuge) was subdivided into two redundancy

methodologies: Emergency Egress and Emergency Refuge.

Each member of the Delphi panel judged the importance of each safety

parameter relative to the separate fire safety methodologies of Fire

Development, Fire Containment, Emergency Egress, and Emergency Refuge.

The Delphi results were processed and analyzed by the project staff at

NBS and then reviewed in subsequent conference meetings of the Delphi

panel. By this process, the parameters that have a significant impact

on each of the redundant methodologies were identified. It was found

that many of the parameters affect more than one of the methodologies.

In the judgment of the panel. Sprinklers, Separation of Residential

Housing areas, Vertical Openings, and Protection of Hazardous Areas have

an impact on all four. Figure 4 (Table 2 of the evaluation worksheets

found in Appendix A) shows which parameters apply to which methodologies,

where Fire Development and Fire Containment are combined as Fire Control.

11
4.4. Calibration

Once the basic framework for the system was established, it was necessary

to determine the level at which code equivalency is achieved. Chapter 14

and 15 contain a set of requirements for each combination of the following

facility characteristics:

1. Use Conditions (Zoned Egress, Zoned Impeded Egress, Impeded Egress,

and Contained)

2. Number of floors above grade (one, two, and greater than or equal to three)

3. Totally sprinklered or not totally sprinklered

4. New or existing facility

For each of the 48 combinations of use condition, age, number of floors, and

sprinkler level, there is a category for each parameter on the worksheet

(Table 1 of Figure 5) that corresponds to the requirements of Chapters 14

and 15. The circled values in Figure 5 show the requirements for Chapter

14 (new facility) for use condition V, three or more stories and not totally

sprinklered. The circled values in Figure 5 are transferred to the appropriate

unshaded blocks in Figure 6. Where the block contains a (t 2) , one-half the

value in Figure 5 is entered. The four columns are each summed. These four

sums are the four values in the table of Mandatory Requirements (Table 3a,

Page A15 in Appendix A.) Figure 7 shows the numerical values for each of the

48 sets of requirements for the FSES/D&C.

4.5 Professional Judgment and Review

The Peer Consulting Panel was formed to provide an independent in-depth

review of the staff's work and for the insight of experts. The first

Panel assisted in developing a system that was generally useful for evaluating

residential facilities. This panel was called the Peer Consulting Panel for

the development of the Fire Safety Evaluation System for Board and Care Home

and the Fire Safety Evaluation System for Multifamily Housing. Once the

basic residential system was developed, it was necessary to modify the system

to meet the special needs and characteristics of detention and correctional

12
facilities. This was done with the assistance of a second Peer Consulting

Panel. The members of this second panel were selected by the Subcommittee

for Detention and Correctional Occupancies from among its members. The

modus operandi for both Peer Consulting Panels was to present candidate

solutions that could be produced by the FSES and ask the panel members to

appraise the relative safety of that solution to the safety provided by

explicit compliance with the detailed requirements of the Life Safety Code.

The NBS staff presented to the panel members those solutions considered to

involve the minimum level of safeguards. The approach is discussed in

greater detail by Nelson [16]

The Second Peer Consulting Panel first met after the staff had developed a Fire Safety Evaluation System for Detection and Correctional Occupancies

based on the 1981 edition of the Life Safety Code. The panel suggested

changes to update the system to meet the requirements of the proposed 1985

edition of the Life Safety Code. It also suggested other changes for individual

parameters. At the second meeting the staff presented to the panel a survey

of prison and jail facilities. No additional changes were proposed at this

meeting.

4.6 Computer Program

In addition to the formation of the Peer Consulting Panel, the staff members

made use of a computer program to aid them in evaluating the proposed system

and analyzing proposed changes. This program generates all alternative

combinations of building safety features that the system will indicate as acceptable. (To simplify the computer output, only the minimum demand set

of acceptable solutions are printed)

Since the evaluation system is theoretically capable of evaluating each

of over 80 million combinations of the 13 safety parameters, it is important

that the only combinations meeting the requirements of the system are those

that provide a satisfactory level of fire protection. By using the computer

output, the evaluator can review all acceptable solutions for upgrading a given building configuration, and can be assured that the selection of

combinations to be reviewed is the complete set and not an unintentionally

13
biased subset. The printouts of the combinations of safety features can be

analyzed by an experienced individual to establish acceptability of the solutions.

From the computer printout, it is easy to determine those combinations that

just miss being acceptable solutions. The computer generated building

configurations were used by the staff and the Peer Consulting Panel to

check whether the system gives acceptable evaluations. The computer analysis was used as part of an iterative process of changing and checking, in an effort to refine the system.

5. System Testing

5.1 Need for Testing

The Peer Consulting Panel recommended to the National Fire Protection

Association, Committee on Safety to Life, Subcommittee for Detention and

Correctional Occupancies that the Fire Safety Evaluation System for Detention

and Correctional Occupancies should be seriously considered for incorporation

in the Life Safety Code. It also suggested that the subcommittee request NBS

to inform the prison and jail management community about the details of the

evaluation system and to obtain as many actual field test measurements of

such facilities as possible before a final decision is made. The Subcommittee

accepted the panel's recommendation and reported its decision to the Committee

on the Safety to Life. An official statement of this decision was published

in the NFPA Technical Committee Reports (1984) TCR-84-A [1, p. 395].

5.2 Testing

Because of time and monetary constraints, a special appeal was made to the

industry for volunteers to participate in the field testing. Approximately

50 organizations volunteered for this effort. A number of these organizations

represented large groups of facilities (e.g. Federal prisons, U.S. Navy jails,

metropolitan area jail systems, and state jails). The exact number of

individual facilities covered was not determined, but NBS mailed out more

than four hundred individual evaluation packages.

The individual evaluation package (Appendix C - Field Test Package) included:

A fire safety evaluation worksheet, a supplemental building data form, and a

14
concluding comments form. The worksheet was similiar to the worksheet shown

in Appendix A. A completed worksheet identified the safety conditions in the

facility and whether or not the facility passed the FSES equivalency criteria.

The supplemental building data form consisted of a series of questions about

the 13 safety parameters used in the worksheet. The purpose of the questions

was to evaluate the surveyor’s detailed knowledge of the Life Safety Code and

the safety parameter definitions. Another purpose, was to identify ambiguities

in the proposed safety parameter definitions which may lead to wrong classifications of safety systems in surveyed facilities. The concluding comments

form asked questions about: 1. the workability of the FSES in surveying a facility and 2. whether or not the system gives an appropriate appraisal of

facility safety conditions.

NBS received 32 completed evaluation forms. A detailed analysis of data

received showed that in the 15 cases where the surveyor was familiar with

the definitions of the Life Safety Code, it was believed the FSES correctly

evaluated the level of safety of the facility. These 15 cases were used to

support the Peer Consulting Panel. In 17 cases the surveyor was not familiar

with the code definitions, the FSES was not applied correctly, and the FSES

could not be properly evaluated.

NBS presented the survey data, the data analysis, and the output of

computer program, described in 4.6, to the Peer Consulting Panel. Based on this presentation the Panel decided that the available data provides sufficient

evidence that passing the FSES demonstrated that a facility provides a level

of fire safety equivalent to the code requirements. They presented this

conclusion to the LSC Subcommittee for Detention and Correctional Occupancies,

and asked that the FSES be included as an appendix in the 1985 edition of

the LSC and be referenced in the detention and correctional occupancies chapters.

6 . 0 Summary

The report provides a method for evaluating the fire safety of jails and

prisons by determining if a building has fire safety equivalent to a building

that meets the requirements of the Life Safety Code. This method is based

on the articulation of levels of building safety and on the redundancy of

safeguards. This method can provide the necessary flexibility enabling

a designer to achieve minimum cost solutions for a specfied level of safety.

15
The "Fire Safety Evaluation System for Detention and Correctional Occupancies

is a specific example of an equivalency approach. The system provides equivalency

to life safety requirements to the proposed 1985 edition of the Life Safety Code

and can be revised to reflect other editions of the Life Safety Code.

16
References

1. National Fire Protection Association, Technical Committee Reports.

TCR-84-A, Boston, 1983.

2. Comptroller General of the United States, the Danbury Prison Fire - What Happened? - What Has Been Done to Prevent Recurrence? General

Accounting Office, Washington, D.C., 1978.

3. National Institute of Corrections, Fire Safety in Correctional Facilities - Annotated Edition. U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., 1981.

4. Miceli, C.M. , and Golden, A.P. Jr., Fire Behind Bars - An Administrator's

Guide for Prevention and Control. The New England Correctional Coordinating

Council, June, 1979.

5. An Instructor's Manual: Fire and Life Safety in Jails. California Office

of the State Fire Marshal, 1979.

6. Novak, D.W. , Jail Fires Still a Deadly Potential. The National Sheriff,

April - May, 1983.

7. National Fire Protection Association, Life Safety Code, 1976. NFPA,

Boston, 1976.

8. National Fire Protection Association, Life Safety Code, 1981. NFPA,

Boston, 1981.

9. Nelson, H.E. and Shibe, A. J. , A System For Fire Safety Evaluation of

Health Care Facilities. National Bureau of Standards, Report No. NBSIR

1551-1 Issued November, 1978, Reissued May, 1980.

10. Nelson, H.E. and Shibe, A. J. , A System for Fire Safety Evaluation of

Multifamily Housing. National Bureau of Standards, Report No. NBSIR

82-2562, September, 1982.

11. Nelson, H.E., Levin, B.M. , Shibe, A.J., Groner, N.E., Paulsen, R.L.,

Alvord, D.M. , Thorne, S.D., A System For Fire Safety Evaluation System

for Board and Care Homes. National Bureau of Standards, Report No.

NBSIR-83-2659 , March, 1983.

12. Nelson, H.E., Shibe, A. J. , Levin, B.M. , Thorne, S.D., Fire Safety

Evaluation System for National Park Service - Overnight Accommodations.

National Bureau of Standards, Report No. NBSIR 84-2896, 1984.

13. Lee, B.T., Effect of Ventilation on The Rates of Heat, Smoke, and

Carbon Monoxide Production in a Typical Jail Cell Fire. National

Bureau of Standards, Report No. NBSIR 82-2469, March, 1982.

14. National Fire Protection Association, Fire Safety Concept Tree. NFPA,

Boston, 1980.

17
15. Watts, J.J., The Goal Oriented Systems Approach. National Bureau of

Standards, Report No. NBS-GCR-7 7-103, July, 1977.

16. Nelson, H.E. , An Approach to Enhancing the Value of Professional

Judgment in Derivation of Performance Criteria. Proceedings of the

3rd ASTM/CIB/RILEM Symposium on the Performance Concept in Building,

in Lisbon - March 29,30,31, - April 1,2, 1982.

18
Figure 1 Preliminary Safety Parameters

1. CONSTRUCTION

BUILDING HEIGHTS

1 Story

2 Story

3-6 Story

Over 6 Story ... . ...

2. HAZARDOUS AREAS

3. SMOKE CONTROL

4. MANUAL FIRE ALARM

5. SMOKE DETECTION

6. AUTOMATIC SPRINKLERS

LIVING UNIT PARAMETERS

7. INTERIOR FINISH WITHIN

LIVING UNIT(S)

8. INTERIOR ARRANGEMENT

OF LIVING UNIT(S)

9. EGRESS FROM LIVING

UNIT(S)

MULTI-UNIT/EXTRA & INTER UNIT

PARAMETERS

10. SEPARATION WALLS (LIV. UNIT

FROM OTHER LIV. UNITS

AND/OR COMMON SPACES)

1 1. SEPARATION DOORS

12. EMERGENCY MOVEMENT

ROUTES (Quality)

13. EXIT ROUTE

14. INTERIOR FINISH (EGRESS

ROUTES)

15. VERTICAL OPENINGS

19
Figure 2. Sample Delphi Form-Large Facilities

What is the relative impact on the general (or overall) life safety of the occupants of a hotel of a dormitory type

residential structure of each of the items identified in the matrix?*

1. CONSTRUCTION

BUILDING HEIGHTS

1 Story

COMBUSTIBLE NONCOMBUSTIBLE

WOOD FRAME ORDINARY HEAVY

TIMBER UNPROT. PROT.

FIRE UNPROT. PROT. UNPROT. PROT. RESIS.

2 Story

3-6 Story Over 6 Story

2. HAZARDOUS AREAS STRUCTURALLY ENDANGERING

NO

PROT.

SINGLE

PROT. DOUBLE

PROT.

NOT STRUCTURALLY ENDANGERING

NO

PROT.

SINGLE

PROT.

DOUBLE

PROT.

NO

HAZARDOUS

AREAS

3. SMOKE CONTROL NO

CONTROL

SMOKE PARTITIONS

MANUAL AUTOMATIC

4. MANUAL FIRE ALARM NO

ALARM

MECHANICALLY ASSISTED AUTO

BY ZONE BY UNIT CORRIDORS

MANUAL ALARM

w/o F.D. CONN. w/F.D. CONN.

5. SMOKE DETECTION

NONE

SINGLE STATION INTERIOR CONNECTED SYSTEM

LIVING UNITS ONLY UNITS & CORR. LIVING UNITS TOTAL SYSTEM

6. AUTOMATIC SPRINKLERS

NONE

LIVING UNITS ONLY CORR. ONLY CORR. & HAB. SPACE TOTAL

LIVING UNIT PARAMETERS

7.

INTERIOR FINISH WITHIN

LIVING UNIT(S)

SPECIAL HAZARD FLAME SPREAD RATINGS

<200 >75 £ 200 >25 < 75 <25

MULTI-LEVEL SINGLE LEVEL

LEVELS CUT OFF

PARTITIONED UNPARTITIONEO

(i.e., Sing eRoom) MANUAL

CLOSING

AUTO CLOSING < 20 MIN > 20 MIN

8.

INTERIOR ARRANGEMENT

OF LIVING UNIT(S)

OPEN

STAIRS

ETC.

MULTI-LEVEL SINGLE LEVEL

SINGLE

ROUTE

MULTI ROUTE

EACH

LEVEL SINGLE ROUTE MULTI ROUTE

9.

EGRESS FROM LIVING UNIT(S)

MULTI-UNIT/EXTRA & INTER UNIT PARAMETERS

10. SEPARATION WALLS (LIV. UNIT FROM OTHER LIV. UNITS AND/OR COMMON SPACES)NONE OR

INCOMPLETE <20 MIN >20 MIN <1 HOUR >HOUR

1 1. SEPARATION DOORS NO DOOR < 20 MIN

F.R. > 20 MIN

F.R. > 20 MIN

F.R.& CLOSER

12. EMERGENCY MOVEMENT

ROUTES (Quality) MULTIPLE ROUTES < 2 STANDARD ROUTES DEFICIENT w/o HORIZ. HOR. EXIT DIRECT EXIT FROM LIVING UNIT

NO D.E. > 35' & TRAVEL IS: >150' 100-150' 50-100' < 50'

13. EXIT ROUTE D.E. > 100 ' D.E. 35'- 1 00’

14. INTERIOR FINISH (EGRESS

ROUTES) SPECIAL

HAZARD

FLAME SPREAD RATINGS

<200 >75 <200 >25 <7

<2 5

OPEN(OR INCOMPLETE ENCLOSURE) ENCLOSED

THRU 4 OR MORE FLRS 2-3 FLRS 1 FLR <1 HR >1 HR < 2 HR >2 HR

15. VERTICAL OPENINGS

20
Figure 3 Additional Safety Factors

STEP 7: Considerations

The following items are required by the Life Safety Code as fire

safety features but are beyond the scope of equivalency evaluation

of the Fire Safety Evaluation System. They must be accounted for

separately.

1. Utilities and building services conform

to the requirement of Section 14-5 or 15-5 of the Life Safety Code.

2. 24-hour staffing is provided as required

by Section 31-5.1 of the Life Safety Code.

3. Furnishing and decorations combustibility is

limited in accordance with section 31-5.4

of the Life Safety Code.

4. Portable fire extinguishers are provided at

least at staff locations.

5. Standpipes are provided in all buildings over

75 ft. tall and non-sprinklered buildings over

3 stories in height.

6. If use conditions III or IV are involved, is the

combination of staff location, remote release

locks, and fire detection sufficient to insure

the prompt release required by those use

conditions?

21
Figure 4

Individual Safety Evaluation

1.

2.

3.

4 .

5.

6.

7 .

8.

9 .

10.

1

.

12 .

13.

Safety Parameter

Fire Control Egress

Provided Provided

Refuge General Fire

Provided Safety Provided

Construction

Hazardous Areas

(St) (S 4)

Fire Alarm *

Smoke Detection *2

Automatic Sprinklers

Interior Finish

(egress, etc.)

Interior Finish

(other areas)

Cell/Room Enclosure

Separation of

Residential Housing

Areas From Other

Areas

Exit System

Exit Access

Vertical Openings

Smoke Control

TOTAL S 3 = S 4 =

22
Figure 5

Safety Parameter Values

Condition V - More than 3 story

Existing Occupancy - Now Sprinklered

1. CONSTRUCTION

TYPE 1st FLOOR

2nd FLOOR

3rd FLOOR

>4th FLOOR

V(000)

-2-2

-8(-2)A

V(111)

-2(0)

1 0(-2)A -4(0)A -4(0)A

IV(2HH) 111(200) 111(21 1)

2(0)A

-2

-8(-2)A

-10(-2)A -2(0)A

11 ( 000)

-2 -5(-2)A

-8(-2)A

11 ( 111 ) 11(222) or l(any)

nr Within Res. Housing Area

2. HAZARDOUS AREAS Double

Deficiency -7

3. FIRE ALARM

No Alarm

-1

Single Deficiency -4

Outside Res. Housing Area

Double

Deficiency -4(-7)B

w/o FD Notification

Single Deficiency

None or No

Deficiencies

w/ FD Notification

| w/o Man. Alar^r ^v/~Man. AlamTp

4. SMOKE DETECTION

None

-4(-1)A /None

Residential Hon sing Area

Partial Coverage

Full Coverage

Corr. & Comm. Spa. & Lrg. Sleeping Rms. All Sleeping ms.

0 2

Total

5. AUTOMATIC SPRINKLERS

VJ

ne\

2

Residential Housing Area Entire Building

6. INTERIOR FINISH

(Corridors & Egress)

Class C Class A

7. INTERIOR FINISH

(Other Areas)

8

Class C

-1

-1

Class A

10

8. CELL/ROOM ENCLOSURE

Cells (rooms) Face on corridor (each cell is a separate

residential housing area)

Intervening Common space Within Res. Housing Area Smoke

Tight < 1 hr

0(-2)C

9. SEPARATION OF RES. HOUSING AREAS FROM

OTHER AREAS

Incomplete

-6(2)K

Smoke Tight < 1 hr . 2(4)H

< 2 Routes

Multiple Robies

/

10. EXIT SYSTEM Deficient''” No Deficiencies NDirect Exit -6 -2 ^ > 0 - / 3 Dead Ends

11. EXIT ACCESS <100 ft >50 ft(l) 2(0)G -1(0)G -2(0)G

No Dead Ends > 50 ft(l) & Travj > 225 ft <225 ft & v150 ft -1(0)G

12. VERTICAL OPENINGS

13. SMOKE CONTROL

Open or Incomplete Enclosures Enclc sed (E) Thru > 4 Floors 2-3 Floors 1 Floor Smoke Tiglpr' Fire Resistive" - 1 0(0)F -7(0)F -2(0)F 0 V 2(0)F .

No Control Smoke Compartments Heat & Smoke

/Passive\ Mechanically Assisted Vent System -2 Lli 3 8

23
Figure 6

Individual Safety Evaluation

Condition V - More than 3 story

Safety Parameter

Fire Control

Provided

(St)

Egress

Provided

(S 2 )

Refuge

Provided

(S 3)

General Fire

Safety Provided

(S 4)

1. Construction

2. Hazardous Areas +2 0

3. Fire Alarm +2 1

4. Smoke Detection +2 2

5. Automatic Sprinklers + 2 0 2 0

6. Interior Finish

(egress, etc.)

7. Interior Finish

(other areas)

8. Cell/Room Enclosure

9. Separation of

Residential Housing

Areas From Other

Areas

+2 2

10. Exit System

1 1. Exit Access

2 0

12. Vertical Openings *2 1

13. Smoke Control

TOTAL Si= 9 S2= 1 1 s 3

= 1

s 4 = 13

24
Figure 7a

Requirements for Safety Parameters Values

Partially Sprinklered and Non-Sprinklered Buildings

Condition II - Zoned Egress

Existing Occu pancy

FLOOR 1 2 >3

1. Construction -2 0 2

2. Hazardous areas 0 0 0

3. Fire alarm 2 2 2

4. Smoke detection 0 0 0

5. Automatic sprinklers 0 0 0

6. Interior finish

(egress, etc.)

“1 -1 -1

7. Interior finish

(other areas)

”2 “2 -2

8. Cell/Room enclosure 0 0 0

9. Separation of

residential housing

areas from other

areas

2 2 2

10. Exit system 0 0 0

1 1. Exit access 0 0 0

12. Vertical openings 0 2 2

13. Smoke control 2 2 2

25
Figure 7b

Requirements for Safety Parameters Values

Partially Sprinklered and Non-Sprinklered Bldg.

Condition III - Impeded Zoned Egress

Existing Occupancy

FLOOR 1 2 >3

1. Construction -2 0 2

2. Hazardous areas 0 0 0

3. Fire alarm 2 2 2

4. Smoke detection 0 0 0

5. Automatic sprinklers 0 0 0

6. Interior finish

(egress, etc.)

-1 -1 -1

7. Interior finish

(other areas)

-2 -2 -2

8. Cell/ Room enclosure 0 0 0

9. Separation of

residential housing

areas from other

areas

2 2 2

10. Exit system 0 0 0

1 1. Exit access 0 0 0

12. Vertical openings 0 2 2

13. Smoke control 2 2 2

-) / Z. *
Figure 7C

Requirements for Safety Parameters Values

Partially Sprinklered and Non-Sprinklered Buildings

Condition IV - Impeded Egress

Existing Occupancy

FLOOR 1 2 >3

1. Construction -2 0 2

2. Hazardous areas 0 0 0

3. Fire alarm 2 2 2

4. Smoke detection 4 4 4

5. Automatic sprinklers 0 0 0

6. Interior finish

(egress, etc.)

-1 “1 -1

7. Interior finish

(other areas)

-2 -2 -2

8. Cell/Room enclosure 0 0 0

9. Separation of

residential housing

areas from other

areas

2 2 2

10. Exit system 0 0 0

1 1. Exit access 0 0 0

12. Vertical openings 0 2 2

13. Smoke control 2 2 2

27
Figure 7d

Requirements for Safety Parameters Values

Partially Sprinklered and Non-Sprinklered Buildings

Condition V - Contained

Existing Occu oancy

FLOOR 1 2 >3

1. Construction 0 2 2

2. Hazardous areas 0 0 0

3. Fire alarm 2 2 2

4. Smoke detection 4 4 4

5. Automatic sprinklers 0 0 0

6. Interior finish

(egress, etc.)

-1 -1 -1

7. Interior finish

(other areas)

-2 -2 -2

8. Cell/Room enclosure 0 0 0

9. Separation of

residential housing

areas from other

areas

4 4 4

10. Exit system 0 0 0

1 1. Exit access 0 0 0

12. Vertical openings 0 2 2

13. Smoke control 2 2 2

28
Figure 7e

Requirements for Safety Parameters Values

Partially Sprinklered and Non-Sprinklered Buildings

Condition II - Zoned Egress

Condition III - Impeded Zoned Egress

New Occupancy

FLOOR 1 2 IV w

1. Construction 0 0 2

2. Hazardous areas 0 0 0

3. Fire alarm 2 2 2

4. Smoke detection 0 0 0

5. Automatic sprinklers 0 0 0

6. Interior finish

(egress, etc.)

0 0 0

7. Interior finish

(other areas)

-2 -2 -2

8. Cell/Room enclosure 0 0 0

9. Separation of

residential housing

areas from other

areas

4 4 4

10. Exit system 0 0 0

1 1. Exit access 0 0 0

12. Vertical openings 0 2 2

13. Smoke control 2 2 2

29
Figure 7f

Requirements for Safety Parameters Values

Partially Sprinklered and Non-Sprinklered Buildings

Condition IV - Impeded Egress

New Occupancy

FLOOR 1 2 >3

1. Construction 0 0 2

2. Hazardous areas 0 0 0

3. Fire alarm 2 2 2

4. Smoke detection 4 4 4

5. Automatic sprinklers 0 0 0

6. Interior finish

(egress, etc.)

0 0 0

7. Interior finish

(other areas)

-2 -2 -2

8. Cell/Room enclosure 0 0 0

9. Separation of

residential housing

areas from other

areas

4 4 4

10. Exit system 0 0 0

1 1. Exit access 0 0 0

12. Vertical openings 0 2 2

1 3. Smoke control 2 2 2

30
Figure 7g

Requirements for Safety Parameters Values

Partially Sprinklered and Non-Sprinklered Buildings

Condition V - Contained

New Occupancy

FLOOR 1 2 >3

1. Construction 0 2 2

2. Hazardous areas 0 0 0

3. Fire alarm 2 2 2

4. Smoke detection 4 4 4

5. Automatic sprinklers 0 0 0

6. Interior finish

(egress, etc.)

0 0 0

7. Interior finish

(other areas)

-2 -2 -2

8. Cell/Room enclosure 0 0 0

9. Separation of

residential housing

areas from other

areas

4 4 4

10. Exit system 0 0 0

1 1. Exit access 0 0 0

12. Vertical openings 0 2 2

13. Smoke control 2 2 2

31
Figure 7h

Requirements for Safety Parameters Values

Totally Sprinklered Buildings

Condition II - Condition III - Condition IV

Existing Occupancy

FLOOR 1 2 > 3

1. Construction -2 -2 -2

2. Hazardous areas 0 0 0

3. Fire alarm 2 2 2

4. Smoke detection 0 0 0

5. Automatic sprinklers 10 10 10

6. Interior finish

(egress, etc.)

-3 -3 -3

7. Interior finish

(other areas)

-2 -2 -2

8. Cell/Room enclosure 0 0 0

9. Separation of

residential housing

areas from other

areas

-6 -6 -6

10. Exit system 0 0 0

1 1. Exit access -I -1 -1

12. Vertical openings 0 0 0

13. Smoke control 2 2 2

32
Figure 7i

Requirements for Safety Parameters Values

Totally Sprinklered Buildings

Condition V - Contained

Existing Occupancy

FLOOR 1 2 >3

1. Construction -2 -2 -2

2. Hazardous areas 0 0 0

3. Fire alarm 2 2 2

4. Smoke detection 0 0 0

5. Automatic sprinklers 10 10 10

6. Interior finish

(egress, etc.)

-3 -3 -3

7. Interior finish

(other areas)

-2 -2 -2

8. Cell/Room enclosure 0 0 0

9. Separation of

residential housing

areas from other

areas

2 2 2

10. Exit system 0 0 0

1 1. Exit access -1 -1 -1

12. Vertical openings 0 0 0

13. Smoke control 2 2 2

33
Figure 7j

Requirements for Safety Parameters Values

Totally Sprinklered Buildings

Condition II - Condition III - Condition IV

New Occupancy

FLOOR 1 2 >3

1. Construction -2 =2 2

2. Hazardous areas 0 0 0

3. Fire alarm 2 2 2

4. Smoke detection 0 0 0

5. Automatic sprinklers 10 10 10

6. Interior finish

(egress, etc.)

-1 “1 ~1

7. Interior finish

(other areas)

-2 -2 -2

8. Cell/Room enclosure 0 0 0

9. Separation of

residential housing

areas from other

areas

-6 -6 -6

10. Exit system 0 0 0

1 1. Exit access -1 -1 -1

12. Vertical openings 0 0 2

13. Smoke control 2 2 2

34
Figure 7k

Requirements for Safety Parameter Values

Totally Sprinklered Buildings

Condition V - Contained

New Occupancy

ROOM 1 2 >3

1. Construction -2 -2 2

2. Hazardous areas 0 0 0

3. Fire alarm 2 2 2

4. Smoke detection 0 0 0

5. Automatic sprinklers 10 10 10

6. Interior finish

(egress, etc.)

-I -1 -1

7. Interior finish

(other areas)

-2 -2 -2

8. Cell/Room enclosure 0 0 0

9. Separation of

residential housing

areas from other

areas

2 2 2

10. Exit system 0 0 0

1 1. Exit access ~1 -1 -1

12. Vertical openings 0 0 2

13. Smoke control 2 2 2

35
Appendix A

Fire Safety Evaluation System for

Detention and Correctional Occupancies

This manual describes a system for determining the relative level of safety

for new or existing Detention and Correctional Occupancies in Use Conditions

II, III, IV, or V, as compared with explicit conformance with the applicable

requirements of the Life Safety Code (National Fire Protection Association

Standard, No. 101-1985. This system considers mixes and arrangements of

safeguards, most of which are described in detail in that code. References to

"sections" in this manual refer to sections in the 1981 edition of the Life

Safety Code.

Procedure for Determining Equivalency

Use the "Fire Safety Evaluation Worksheets, Detention and Correctional

Occupancies" to evaluate the entire facility as defined in Sections 14-1 and

15-1 on a single worksheet. Where different use conditions or fire protection

features are involved, portions of the facility separated from each other by

2-hour or greater fire resistive construction (including any members that bear

the load of detention use, egress, or refuge space and with Class B fire doors

in any communication opening) may be evaluated separately.

Maintenance

Any protection system, requirements, arrangements, or procedures which are not

maintained in a dependable operating condition are used in such a manner that

the intended fire safety function or hazard constraint is impaired, or those

not in a sufficient state of readiness should be considered as defective and

receive no credit in the evaluation.

Use Conditions

Use conditions are as defined in sections 14-1.4 and 15-1.4. The basic

definitions from those sections are repeated below. Use Condition I is not

covered by this evaluation system.

Use Condition I — Free Egress

Free movement is allowed from sleeping areas, and other spaces where access or occupancy is permitted, to the exterior via means of egress meeting the

requirements of the code.

36
Use Condition II - Zoned Egress

Free movement is allowed from sleeping areas and any other occupied smoke

compartment to one or more other smoke compartments.

Use Condition III - Zoned Impeded Egress

Free movement is allowed within individual smoke compartments, such as within

a residential unit comprised of individual sleeping rooms and group activity

space, with egress impeded by remote control release of means of egress from

such smoke compartment to another smoke compartment.

Use Condition IV - Impeded Egress

Free movement is restricted from an occupied space. Remote controlled release

is provided to permit movement from all sleeping rooms, activity spaces and

other occupied areas within the smoke compartment to other smoke compartments) .

Use Condition V — Contained

Free movement is restricted from an occupied space. Staff controlled manual

release at each door is provided to permit movement from all sleeping rooms,

activity spaces and other occupied areas within the smoke compartment to other

smoke compartment (s)

Safety Parameter Table (General Discussion)

The safety parameters are a measure of those building factors that bear upon

or contribute to the safety of those persons who may be in the building at the

time of a fire.

Each of the safety parameters is to be analyzed. And the safety value for

each parameter that best describes the condition in the building is to be

identified. Only one value for each of the parameters is to be chosen. If

two or more appear to apply, the one with the lowest point value governs.

1. Construction

Construction types are defined by the fire resistance and combustibility

of load bearing framing members, floor construction and roof construction in accordance with NFPA 220 (1979), Standards of Building Construction. The following table is abstracted from NFPA 220 (1979).

37
Table 3 Fire Resistance Requirements for Type I through Type V Construction

EXTERIOR BEARING WALLS —

Type I 443 332

Type II 222 111 000

Supforting more than one floor, columns or other bearing walls 4 Supporting one floor only 4 Supporting a roof only 4 INTERIOR BEARING WALLS —

3 2 1 0

1 3 2 1 0

1 3 1 1 0

1

Supporting more than one floor, columns or other bearing walls .4 3 2 1 0 Supporting one floor only 3 2 2 1 0 Supporting a roof only 3 2 1 1 0 COLUMNS —

Supporting more than one floor, bearing walls or other columns .4 3 2 1 0 Supporting one floor only 3 2 2 1 0 Supporting a roof only 3 2 1 1 0 BEAMS, GIRDERS, TRUSSES & ARCHES —

Supporting more than one floor, bearing walls or columns .... 4 Supporting one floor only .... 3 Supporting a roof only .... 3 FLOOR CONSTRUCTION ... 3 ROOF CONSTRUCTION 2

3

22

2

l’/2

2 1 0

2 1 0

1 1 0

2 1 0

1 1 0 EXTERIOR NONBEARING WALLS 0

> 01 0

1

Those members listed that are permitted to be of approved combustible material.

1 Requirements for fire resistance of exterior walls, the provision of spandrel wall sections, and the limitation or protection of wall openings are not related to construcdon type. They need to be specified in other standards and codes, where appropriate, and may be required in addition to the requirements of this Standard for the construcdon type.

1 “H” indicates heavy timber members ; see text for requirements.

Where the facility includes additions or connected structures of

different construction the rating and classification of the structure is

based on (a) separate buildings if a two hour or greater fire resistive

separation exists between the portions of the building and on (b) the

lower safety parameter point score involved if such a separation does not

exist.

The story used to determine the parameter values is the highest story

used for confinement purposes. Story height is based on stories starting

with the primary level of exit discharge. When there are stories below

the primary level of exit discharge, the maximum value assigned the

construction parameter is based on a 2-story building or the actual story

height, which ever is the lower value.

A multi-tiered open cell block may be considered as single story

providing that one or more of the following conditions exist:

a. A smoke control system is provided (see recommended design criteria

in A-15-3.1.3) to maintain the level of smoke filling, from

potential cell fires, at least 5 feet above the floor level of any

occupied tier.

b. A smoke control system as described in a. above is provided to

maintain the level of smoke filling at least 5 feet above the exit

level where:

38
(1) The cell block is Occupancy Condition II, or

(2) The cell block is Occupancy Condition III and all persons

housed in the cell block can pass through a free access smoke

barrier or freely pass below the calculated smoke level with

not more than 50 feet of travel from their cell.

c. Complete automatic sprinkler protection is provided.

2. Hazardous Areas

The assignment of charges for hazardous areas is a four-step process.

Step. 1. Identify Hazardous Areas. Hazardous areas are defined in

sections 14-3.2 and 15-3.2.

Step 2. Determine the Level of Hazard . A hazardous area is classed as severe if it is a padded cell or if it has sufficient fire or explosion potential to defeat the basic integrity of the

building framing as defined in Parameter 1.

Step 3. Determine the Fire Protection Provided. The parameter value

for hazardous areas is based on the presence or absence of the

fire protection necessary to control or confine the hazard.

Two levels of fire protection are considered. The first

consists of automatic sprinklers or other appropriate extinguishing system covering the entire hazard. The second is

based on fire resistive enclosures including any bearing

members in the space, partitions separating the hazardous area

from all other spaces, and doors to the space sufficient to

exceed the potential of the fire load involved. Any hazardous

space that has either protection system is classified as having

single protection. Any hazardous space that is both fully

enclosed in a capable fire resistive enclosure and sprinklered

is classified as having both (I.e. double level protection).

On this basis, any fuel load that has such potential as to

overwhelm the available structural capability of both its own enclosure and the basic structure could as a maximum have

single protection.

Step. 4 Determine the Degree of Deficiency and Assign Parameter

Values . The parameter value is finally determined on the basis

of the degree of deficiencies that the hazardous area has in

terms of the level of protection needed.

Figure 1 provides a matrix type table to assist in determining

degree of deficiency to be assessed.

In some situations, more than one hazardous area with the same

or differing levels of deficiency will exist. The charge Is

based on the single most serious charge for a hazardous area

found.

39
r i

SPRINKLERED &

1-HOUR

FIRE

RESISTIVE ENCLOSURE 1i i

__

tJ

NOA i

DEFICIENCIES 1

SINGLE B

DEFICIENCY i i-r1i 1

-HOUR

FIRE

RESISTIVE

ENCLOSURE i

NOA

DEFICIENCIES

DOUBLE B

DEFICIENCY

SPRINKLER

PROTECTION . -

NO

DEFICIENCIES

SINGLE

DEFICIENCY i 2o1

>- >-

C_J c_>

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LU z: z 1

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40
3 Fire Alarm

a. No Alarm - There is no fire alarm system, or the system is incomplete and does not meet the requirements necessary for a higher

scored category.

b. W/0 F.D. Notification - There is a manual fire alarm system or smoke

detection system conforming with the appropriate requirements of

14-

3. A or 15-3. A except that the requirements of 1A-3.A.A or

15-

3. A. A covering automatic transmission of the alarm to the fire

department are not met.

c. W/F.D. Notification - There is a manual fire alarm or smoke

detection system conforming with the appropriate requirements of

1A-3.A or 15-3. A.

(1) W/0 Manual Alarm - There is no manual alarm system but a smoke

detection alarm system or sprinkler system recognized under

Parameters A or 5 of this system is provided and is arranged to

transmit an alarm automatically to the fire department.

(2) W/Manual Alarm - There is a manual alarm system arranged to

transmit an alarm Automatically to the fire department.

Note : The locking of manual fire alarm boxes at staff locations in

lieu of resident accessible alarm boxes in sleeping room areas

is acceptable when staff is present and has immediate access to

the alarm boxes.

A. Smoke Detection

A detection system as used here is one based on use of smoke detectors

meeting the installation requirements of Sections 1A-3.A.5 and 15-3. A.

and NFPA Standard No. 72E'with the extent of coverage as defined below.

No credit is given for thermal detectors in habitable spaces. The

detection system categories are as follows:

a. None - There are no smoke detectors or if present they do not meet

the requirements needed for a higher score.

b. Corridors, Common Spaces and Sleeping Rooms for More Than Four

Persons - Smoke detection requirements of such spaces located within

the residential housing area are covered by smoke detector installations in accordance with NFPA 72E.

c. Sleeping Rooms - Smoke detectors are considered as meeting this

requirement when there is at least one smoke detector protecting

each sleeping room occupied or used by prisoners. In rooms having a dimension in excess of 30 feet, additional detectors are provided so that detector spacing does not exceed approximately 30 feet.

Detectors are not required in restrooms or closets.

d. Full Coverage - Meets the combined requirements for b. and c.

41
e. Total Facility - Total facility detector credit requires conformance

with the requirements of NFPA 72E for total coverage.

Automatic Sprinklers

In evaluating sprinkler protection, the protection or lack of protection

of hazardous areas is considered separately and covered under safety

Parameter 2 except that total building protection must include hazardous

areas. Also the presence or lack of fire department notification is

considered separately under Parameter 3. In all other aspects, any

sprinkler installations shall conform to sections 14-3.5 and 15-3.5 and

be graded on the following basis:

a. None - No credit is given if there are no sprinklers or if

sprinklers, though present, are not sufficient to qualify for one of

the other categories listed herein.

b. Residential Housing Areas - The credit for sprinkler protection of

residential housing area is given for arrangements where sprinklers

are located throughout the areas such that all space within such area (including cells or sleeping rooms) are covered by the

protection spray pattern or sprinkler heads.

c. Entire Building - The building is totally sprinkler protected in

accordance with NFPA Standard No. 13 for light hazard occupancy (or

higher hazard occupancy for any spaces classified as higher hazard

by NFPA Standard No. 13).

& 7. Interior Finish

Classification of interior finish is in accordance with Sections

14-3.3.2 and 15-3.3.2, as appropriate.

No consideration is included in the Safety Parameter Value for any

finish with a flame spread rating > 200 or for any material not

rationally measured by the ASTM E84 Test. Materials not rationally

measured include: foam plastics, asphalt impregnated paper and/or

materials capable of inducing extreme rates of fire growth and rapid

flashover. In any case where these materials are involved, the

resultant risk is considered to classify any such finish area as a hazardous area to be evaluated under Parameter 2, Hazardous Areas.

Note : 1/4 inch plywood is considered as having a flame spread of 200 or

less.

Note : For Parameter 6, Interior Finish (Corridors and Egress Routes), the

credit for Class A interior finish is given only if the interior

floor finish is also Class I. The credit for Class B interior

finish is given only if the interior floor finish is also Class I or

II or is an existing floor finish having previously been evaluated

as having a flame spread of 75 or less in accordance with NFPA

Standard 255.
For Parameter 7, Interior Finish (other areas) the credit for

interior finish is to be based on walls and ceiling finishes without

consideration of floor finishes.

8. Cell/Sleeping Room Enclosure

The charges for cell or sleeping room enclosure are divided between those

for cells or sleeping rooms that face directly onto a corridor and those

where there is an intervening common space (i.e. day room, group activity

space or other space between the sleeping room and the corridor access)

a. Open - Open includes any cell or sleeping room enclosure that

includes opening in excess of 120 sq. inches. In use condition V

the closure is considered "open" if there are any openings exceeding

the minimum necessary for door swing and latch unless: (1) the

affected cells meet the smoke control requirements for mechanically

assisted in Parameter 13, or (2) there is a closure for such

openings closeable from inside the cell.

b. Smoke Tight - An enclosure qualifies in this category if the walls

are complete from slab to slab or to a continuous smoke tight

ceiling and doors are complete but some wall aspect (wall, ceiling,

etc.) is less than 1-hir. fire resistive, or the door is not capable

of resisting fire for at least 20 minutes.

c. Fire Resistive - An enclosure qualifies in this category if it meets

all of the requirements for b. above, and all wall aspects have at

least 1-hr. fire resistance and the door is capable of resisting

fire for at least 20 minutes.

9 . Separation of Residential Housing Areas* From Other Areas

The charges for separation of residential housing areas are based on the

quality of the common walls and separating partitions and door between

residential housing areas and the rest of the building. The charge is

based on the residentual housing area that has the lowest quality

separation. Where a building contains more than one residential housing

area, the separation of residential housing areas from each other is also

to be considered equally to the separation of a residential housing area from some other type of space. In buildings entirely composed of a single residential housing area the separation is considered equivalent

to fire resistive if there is at least 30 feet separation from other

structures, smoke tight if there is a separation less than 30 feet.

Classification of internal separations is based on the following:

a. Incomplete - Any separation that does not meet the criteria for b. or

c. below or if the doors involved are not self closing or automatic

closing as described in sections 5-2. 1.2. 3, 14-2.11.5 and 15-2.11.5.

*Residential housing area includes: sleeping areas and any contiguous day

room, group activity space or other common space.

43
b. Smoke Tight - An enclosure qualifies in this category if the walls

are complete from slab to slab or to a continuous smoke tight

ceiling and doors are complete but some wall aspect (wall, ceiling,

etc.) is less than 1-hr. fire resistive, or the door is not capable

of resisting fire for at least 20 minutes.

c. Fire Resistive - An enclosure qualifies in this category if it meets

all of the requirements for b. above, and all wall aspects have at

least 1-hr. fire resitance and the door is capable of resisting fire

for at least 20 minutes.

10. Exit System

Exit routes are the paths of travel from the residential housing area to

outside of any of the types and arrangements described in Chapter 5 of

the Life Safety Code. The exit route starts at the corridor interface

with the cell or common space as indicated by Parameter 8.

a. Multiple Routes - Multiple routes exist when the occupants of any

residential housing area either have, from the residential housing

area or through access in a corridor adjacent to the residential

housing area, a choice of 2 separate exit routes to the outside of

the types listed in sections 14-2.2 and 15-2.2.

b. Deficient - An exit route is deficient if it is useable with

reasonable safety but fails to meet any of the applicable criteria

in Chapter 5.

c. Direct Exits - To be credited with direct exits, each cell or other

sleeping room must have a door that opens to the exterior at grade,

or to an unenclosed exterior balcony with direct access to an exterior exit or smoke proof tower. The locking of such door must

be no more restrictive than that required for the least restrictive

exit or smoke barrier door for the use condition involved. In large

rooms the maximum travel distance from any occupiable location to a direct exit must not exceed 50 feet. Where the separation of the

individual sleeping roras involved from other spaces and from each

other is smoke tight, the credit for direct exits is applicable even

if there are no other exit routes from the involved sleeping rooms.

No exit shall be considered in this parameter unless the overall locking

arrangement of the exit system involved conforms with the criteria for

the use condition being applied to the facility.

11. Exit Access

Exit access is the travel distance from any point in a room to an exit

(or smoke partition in an existing building). In addition, any exit

arrangement that does not conform with the supplementary travel distance

criteria listed below, is limited to a parameter value no higher than the score for egress travel that is > 150 and < = 225 feet.

44
Supplementary Travel Distance Criteria: The travel distance

a. between any room door required as exit access and an exit does not

exceed 100 ft. (30.48 m)

b. between any point in a sleeping room to the door of that room does

not exceed 50 ft. (15.24 m).

Exception No. 1 : The travel distance in a. or b. above may be

increased by 50 ft. (15.24 m) in buildings protected throughout by an approved automatic sprinkler system or smoke control system.

Exception No. 2 : The travel distance in b. above, may be increased

to 100 ft. in open dormitories where the enclosing walls of the

dormitory space are at least of smoke-tight construction. Where

travel distance to the exit access door from any point within the

dormitory exceeds 50 ft. (15.24 m) , at least two exit access doors

remote from each other, shall be provided.

The charge for deadend (D.E.) access is charged when any corridor affords

access in only one direction to a required exit from that corridor. The

calculation of the distance to determine the level of charge is the

measurement from the centerline of the doorway exiting to the corridor to

a point where there is a choice of two paths of travel to remote exits.

Exit travel is the distance from the door to the corridor to the point

where the building is exited or a stairwell is entered which ever is

less. Where the distance to the stairwell is the shorter distance, that

distance is based on the distance to the door enclosing the stairwell if

the stairwell is enclosed or to the top tread if the stairwell is open.

12 . Vertical Openings

These values apply to vertical openings and penetrations including exit

stairways, ramps and any other vertical exits, pipeshafts ventilation

shafts, duct penetrations and laundry and incinerator chutes. The charge

for vertical openings is based on the presence of lack of enclosure and

the fire resistance of enclosure if present.

A vertical opening or penetration is classified as open (or Incomplete

Enclosure) if it is: (a) unenclosed; (b) is enclosed but does not have

doors; (c) is enclosed but has openings other than doorways; (d) is

enclosed with cloth, paper, or similar materials without any sustained

fire stopping capabilities.

If a shaft other than a credited exit route (i.e. credited as one of the

multiple routes required in Parameter 10 or in determining travel

distance in Parameter 11) is enclosed on all floors but one and this

results in an unprotected opening between that shaft, and one and only

one floor, the parameter value assigned to that shaft is 0. If a required egress route is contained in that shaft the parameter value is

-2. If vertical firestopping is incomplete, the vertical opening so created is evaluated using the above criteria.

45
Two communicating floor levels are permitted without enclosure protection

between levels provided they meet the requirements of sections 14-3.1.2

or 15-3.1.2, as appropriate.

Vertical opening charges do not apply to open multi-tiered cell blocks

classified as single story buildings in accordance with the permission

6et forth in Parameter 1, Construction.

a. Smoke Tight - A complete enclosure is provided and is capable of

resisting the passage of smoke but does not meet the fire resistance

requirements of section 6-2. 2. 3. 2.

b. Fire Resistant - A smoke tight enclosure that also meets the fire

resistance requirements of 6-2. 2. 3. 2.

13. Smoke Control

Smoke control definitions are as follows:

a. No Control - There are no smoke barriers (or horizontal exits) on

the floor and accessible to those confined.

b. Smoke Compartment - Passive - The credit for smoke barriers is to b

credited to any facility meeting the requirements of sections 14-3. or 15-3.7, as appropriate.

c. Smoke Compartment - Mechanically Assisted - Mechanically assisted

smoke control on a compartment basis must include a smoke barrier

(or a horizontal exit) supported by a mechanism of automatic control

fans, smoke vent shafts, or a combination thereof to provide a pressure differential that will assist in confining smoke to the

compartment of origin. Fans involved may be special smoke control

fans or special adjustments of the normal building air movement

f ans

d. Heat and Smoke Vent System - A heat and smoke vent system is a system meeting the design criteria set forth in A-15-3.1.3,

Recommended Mechod of Calculating Expected Level of Smoke in a Smoke

Removal Equipped Cell Block or other satisfactory means so designed

as to maintain the level of smoke above head height in the residential housing area. The additional credit for this system shall be

given if the operation of the exhaust system is initiated automatically by smoke detection available in the zone.

46

0)
Fire Safety Evaluation Worksheet

Detention and Correctional Occupancies

Building Identification

Evaluator Date

Complete one worksheet for each building evaluated.

STEP 1: Complete the building identification, evaluator and date entries above.

STEP 2: Determine the most restrictive use condition in the facility. Check the

appropriate box below.

Use condition II - Zoned Egress

Use condition III - Zoned Impeded Egress

Use condition IV - Impeded Egress

Use condition V - Contained

NOTE: If use conditions III or IV are involved, the combination of staff location,

remote release locks, and/or fire detection must be sufficient to insure

the prompt release required by the use condition checked.

47
STEP 3: Determine safety parameter values - use Table 1.

A. Select and circle the safety value for each safety parameter that best describes the conditions in the zone. Choose only one value for each of the 13 parameters. If two or more appear to apply choose the one with the lowest point value.

Residential housing area: includes sleeping areas and any contiguous

day room, group activity space, or other common space. Table 1. Safety Parameter Values

1. CONSTRUCTION

TYPE 1st FLOOR

2nd FLOOR

3rd FLOOR

24th FLOOR

V(000)

-8<-2)A

-1 0(-2) A

V(1 1 1)

-2(0)A

~4(0)

!V(2HH)

-2(0)A

-4(0)A

111(200)

-8(-2)A

-10(-2)A

111(21 1)

-2(0)

11 ( 000)

-2

-5<-2)A -8(-2)A

11 ( 111 ) 11(222) or l(any)

Within Res. Housing Area

2. HAZARDOUS AREAS

Double

Deficiency

Single Deficiency

Outside Res. Housing Area

Double

Deficiency -4(-7)B

Single Deficiency

None or No

Deficiencies

3. FIRE ALARM

No Alarm w/o FD Notification w/ FD Notification w/o Man. Alarm w/ Man. Alarm -1 0 1 2

Residential Hot sing Area

Partial Coverage

Full Coverage

Corr. & Comm. Spa. & Lrg. Sleeping Rms. All Sleeping Rms.

0 2 4

4. SMOKE DETECTION

-4(-1)A

Total

Bldg.

5. AUTOMATIC SPRINKLERS

Residential Housing Area Entire Building 8

6. INTERIOR FINISH

(Corridors & Egress)

Class C Class B Class A

-3 -1 0

7. INTERIOR FINISH

(Other Areas)

Class C Class B Class A -2 -1 0

10

8. CELL/ROOM ENCLOSURE

Cells (rooms) Face on corridor (each cell is a separate

residential housing area)

intervening Common space Within Res. Housing Area

Open

-3(-5)C

(0)D

Smoke

Tight < 1 hr

0(-2)C

2 1 hr Fire Resistive

2(0)C

9. SEPARATION OF RES. HOUSING AREAS FROM

OTHER AREAS -6(2)K

Smoke Tight < 1 hr

» 1 hr Fire Resistive 2(4)H 4(2)B

< 2 Routes

Multiple Routes

10. EXIT SYSTEM Deficient No Deficiencies Direct Exit -6 -2 0 3

11. EXIT ACCESS

-2(0)G

>50 ft(l) -1(0)G

No Dead Ends > 50 fill) & Travel Is

-2(0)G

<225 ft S v 1 50 ft

- 1(0)G

12. VERTICAL OPENINGS

13. SMOKE CONTROL

Open or Incomplete Enclosures Enclc sed (E) Thru > 4 Floors 2-3 Floors 1 Floor Smoke Tight Fire Resistive - 1 0(0)F -7(0)F -2(0)F 0 2(0)F

No Control Smoke Compartments Heat & Smoke

Passive Mechanically Assisted Vent System -2 2 3 8 NOTES

A - Use ( ) if parameter 5 is 10 B - Use ( ) if parameter 1 is based on 11(000), 111(200), or V(000) construction and

parameter 5 is 0 C - Use ( ) for level V new when parameter 5 is 0 D - Use ( ) for all level II

- For level III if intervening space is £50 ft - For level IV if parameter 5 is £8 and intervening space is £50 ft. - Also use ( ) in existing buildings if either parameter 13 = 8, or if parameter 5

is 2 8 and parameter 4 is 20. E - Use 0 in 1 story buildings. F - Use ( ) if parameter 13 is 8. G - Use ( ) if parameter 10 is -6. H - Use ( ) for levels II new, III new, and IV new if cells are facing access corridor.

I - 20 ft for level V

K - Use ( ) for level II existing and cells facing on corridors.

48
STEP 4 : Compute individual safety evaluations - use Table 2.

A. Transfer each of the 14 circled safety parameter values on Table 1 to every unshaded block in the line with the corresponding parameter

title in Table 2. Where the block is indicated (^-2) enter only one-half

the value shown in Table 1.

B. Add the four columns, keeping in mind that any negative numbers deduct.

C. Transfer the resulting values for S-|, S 2 , S 3 , and S 4 to the blanks

marked S-|, S 2 . S 3 , and S 4 in Table 4.

Table 2. Individual Safety Evaluations

Safety Parameter

1. Construction

2. Hazardous Areas

3. Fire Alarm

4. Smoke Detection

5. Automatic Sprinklers

6 . Interior Finish

(egress, etc.)

7. Interior Finish

(other areas)

8. Cell/Room Enclosure

9. Separation of

Residential Housing

Areas From Other

Areas

10. Exit System

1 1. Exit Access

General Fire

Safety Provided

(S 4)

12. Vertical Openings

13. Smoke Control

TOTAL

49
STEP 5: Determine mandatory safety requirements - use Table 3.

A. Select the proper row of Table 3. Circle the appropriate values.

B. Transfer the circled values from Table 3 to the blocks marked

S a> Sb, S c , and Sq in Table 4.

Table 3a. Mandatory Safety Requirements

Partially Sprinklered and Non-Sprinklered Buildings

Use

Condition Height

Fire Control

S a

Egress

Sb

Refuge

S c

General s d

New Exist New Exist New Exist New Exist

II & III 1&2 Story

> 3 Story

4(5)

7

0(3)

5

6(8)

8

4(6)

6

6(8)

10

2(6)

8

6(8)

10

1(5)

7

IV 1&2 Story

> 3 Story

6(7)

9

2(5)

7

10(12)

12

8(10)

10

6(8)

10

2(6)

8

10(12)

14

5(9)

1

V

1&2 Story

> 3 Story

6(9)

9

6(9)

9

10(12)

12

9(1 1)

1 1

6(10)

10

6(10)

10

10(14)

14

9(13)

13

NOTE: Use ( ) values for 2 story buildings

Table 3b. Mandatory Safety Requirements

Totally Sprinklered Buildings

Use

Condition Height

Fire Control

S a

Egress

Sb

Refuge

Sc

General s d

New Exist New Exist New Exist New Exist

1&2 Story 2 2 4 2 -1 -1 2 0

II, III, IV >3 Story 7 2 6 2 5 -1 8 0

1&2 Story 10 10 8 6 7 7 10 8

V

3 Story 15 10 10 6 13 7 16 8

50
STEP 6: Fire safety equivalency evaluation

A. Perform the indicated subtractions in Table 4. Enter the

differences in the appropriate answer blocks.

B. For each row check "YES" if the value in the answer

block is zero or greater. Check "NO" if the value in the

answer block is a negative number.

Table 4. Fire Safety Equivalency Evaluation YES NO

Control . , Required ^ ^ D . . (S^ Less . (S a ) >0

Provided Control

|

Si

1

1

S a

I=|

c

Egress .

, Required , . ^ ^ Provided

(S 2> Less

Egress

(S »> i0

I

s 2

1

s b

l =l

E

p

RefUfH (S 3) Less

R

R

eq

f

Uired

(S C ) >0

Provided Refuge

S 3

1

S c

1 =

R

1

General Required

Fire (S 4) Less Gen. Fire (Sq) > 0

Safety Safety |

s 4

-1

Sd

1 =

G

CONCLUSIONS:

1. All of the checks in Table 4 are in the "YES" column. The

level of fire safety is at least equivalent to that prescribed

by the Life Safety Code.

2. One or more of the checks in Table 4 are in the "NO" column.

The level of fire safety is not shown by this system to be

equivalent to that prescribed by the Life Safety Code.

NOTE: The equivalency covered by this worksheet includes the

majority of considerations covered by the Life Safety Code.

There are a few considerations that are not evaluated by this

method. These must be considered separately. These

additional considerations are covered in STEP 7.

51
STEP 7: Considerations

The following items are required by the Life Safety Code as fire

safety features but are beyond the scope of equivalency evaluation

of the Fire Safety Evaluation System. They must be accounted for

separately.

1. Utilities and building services conform

to the requirement of Section 14-5 or 15-5 of the Life Safety Code.

2. 24-hour staffing is provided as required

by Section 31-5.1 of the Life Safety Code.

3. Furnishing and decorations combustibility is

limited in accordance with section 31-5.4

of the Life Safety Code.

4. Portable fire extinguishers are provided at

least at staff locations.

5. Standpipes are provided in all buildings over

75 ft. tall and non-sprinklered buildings over

3 stories in height.

6. If use conditions III or IV are involved, is the

combination of staff location, remote release

locks, and fire detection sufficient to insure

the prompt release required by those use

conditions?

52
Appendix B

WORKBOOK ON

FIRE SAFETY EVALUATION SYSTEM

FOR

DETENTION AND CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES

MARCH 1983

CENTER FOR FIRE RESEARCH

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

53
I NTRODUCTION

This guide is designed to assist those applying the Fire Safety

Evaluation System for Detention and Correctional Facilities, The

Guide includes the full text of the evaluations system plus

ADDITIONAL EXPLANATORY TEXT AND ILLUSTRATIONS. THE GUIDE IS

ARRANGED IN THE SAME STEP BY STEP ORDER AS THE EVALUATION SYSTEM

WORKSHEET.

SO THAT THE USER MAY EASILY DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN THE TEST OF THE

Fire Safety Evaluation System and the text of the expanded

EXPLANATIONS AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION, TWO DIFFERENT KINDS OF

TYPE HAVE BEEN USED IN THIS DOCUMENT. THE TEXT OF THE ACTUAL

FIRE SAFETY EVALUATION SYSTEM IS PRINTED IN ELITE (SMALL) TYPE

AND THE EXPANDED EXPLANATIONS AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION ARE

PRINTED IN ORATOR (LARGE) TYPE.

54
FIRE SAFETY EVALUATION WORKSHEET

DETENTION AND CORRECTIONAL OCCUPANCIES

BUILDING IDENTIFICATION

EYALUATOR DATE

Complete one worksheet for each building evaluated.

STEP 1. Complete the building identification, evaluator and date entries

above.

Procedure for Determining Equivalency

Using the "Fire Safety Evaluation Worksheets, Detention and Correctional

Occupancies" evaluate the entire facility as defined in Sections 14-1 and 15-1 on a single worksheet. Where different use conditions or fire protection

features are involved, portions of the facility separated from each other by

2-hour or greater fire resistive construction (including any members that bear

the load of detention use, egress, or refuge space and with Class 3 fire doors

in any communication opening) may be evaluated separately.

Maintenance

Any protection system, requirements, arrangements, or procedures which are not

maintained in a dependable operating condition, are used in such a manner that

the intended fire safety function or hazard constraint is impaired or are not

in a sufficient state of readiness should be considered as defective and

receive no credit in the evaluation.

Completing Step 1, Identification

Normally an entire building will be done on a single worksheet, In

SUCH CASE THE POOREST CONDITION IN THE BUILDING WILL CONTROL THE

EVALUATION. In LARGE FACILITIES HOWEVER WHERE INDIVIDUAL PORTIONS

ARE SEPARATED FROM EACH OTHER BY HEAVY FIRE RESISTIVE CONSTRUCTION

(E.G., BRICK WALLS ^ REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOORS, FIRE DOORS PROTECTING

COMMUNICATING OPENINGS AND STIRWELLS, ETC.) EACH INDIVIDUAL ZONE MAY

BE DONE SEPARATELY. THIS IS USUALLY BENEFICIAL IF DIFFERENT PORTIONS

OF THE FACILITY ARE OPERATED UNDER DIFFERENT LEVELS OF SECURITY

(I.E., ASSIGN DIFFERENT USE CONDITIONS BY THIS SYSTEM).

55
Step 2. Determine the most restrictive use condition in the facility.

Check the appropriate box below.

e=j Use condition II - Zoned Egress

Use condition III - Zoned Impeded Egress

Use condition IV - Impeded Egress

Use condition V - Contained

Note: If use conditions III or IV are involved,

the combination of staff location, remote

release locks, and/or fire detection must

be sufficient to insure the prompt release

required by the use condition checked.

Use Conditions

Use conditions are as defined in sections 14-1.4 and 15-1.4. The basic

definitions from those sections are repeated below. Use Condition I is not

covered by this evaluation system.

Use Condition I — Free Egress

Free movement is allowed from sleeping areas, and other spaces where access or occupancy is permitted, to the exterior via means of egress meeting the

requirements of the code.

Use Condition II - Zoned Egress

Free movement is allowed from sleeping areas and any other occupied smoke

compartment to one or more other smoke compartments.

Use Condition III - Zone Impeded Egress

Free movement is allowed within individual smoke compartments, such as within

a residential unit comprised of individual sleeping rooms and group activity

space, with egress impeded by remote control release of means of egress from

such smoke compartment to another smoke compartment.

Use Condition IV - Impeded Egress

Free movement is restricted from an occupied space. Remote controlled release

is provided to permit movement from all sleeping rooms, activity spaces and

other occupied areas within the smoke compartment to other smoke compartment (s).

Use Condition V — Contained

Free movement is restricted from an occupied space. Staff controlled manual

release at each door is provided to permit movement from all sleeping rooms,

activity spaces and other occupied areas within the smoke compartment to ether

smoke compartment (s)

56
Completing Step 1 , Determining Use Conditions

A CHECK IS PLACED IN THE BOX INDICATING THE MOST RESTRICTIVE USE CONDITIONS

IN THE FACILITY (OR ZONE WITHIN THE FACILITY) BEING EVALUATED. IHERE IS NO

BOX FOR USE CONDITION I. USE CONDITION I IS CONSIDERED TO BE A

RESIDENCE OR DORMITORY AND FROM A FIRE SAFETY STANDPOINT IT IS NOT SUBJECTED

TO THE SAME RESTRICTIONS AS PRISON HOUSING. If THIS WORKSHEET WERE USED TO

EVALUATE A USE CONDITION I FACILITY, IT WOULD HAVE TO BE GRADED IN TERMS OF

THE REQUIREMENTS FOR USE CONDITION II. In MOST CASES, THIS WOULD PRODUCE A

MORE RESTRICTIVE REQUIREMENT THAN SIMPLY GOING TO THE LlFE SAFETY CODE AND

APPLYING THE CRITERIA FOR A RESIDENT OR DORMITORY AS MIGHT BE APPROPRIATE.

In terms of fire safety requirements, both the Life Safety Code and the FSES/D2C

DIVIDE CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES INTO FIVE "USE CONDITIONS" WITH VARYING LEVELS OF

SAFETY REQUIREMENTS PRESCRIBED FOR EACH CONDITION. THIS RECOGNIZES THAT THE

OPERATIONAL AND SECURITY REQUIREMENTS VARY AND ARE A MANAGERIAL DECISION. It IS

FELT THAT FIVE CONDITIONS PROVIDE ENOUGH VARIATION TO ACCOMMODATE ALL OF THE

OPERATING ARRANGEMENTS. USE CONDITIONS ARE BASED ON THE LOCKING ARRANGEMENTS

USED. UNDERSTANDING THESE CATEGORIES IS ESSENTIAL TO USE EITHER THE LlFE

Safety Code or the Fire Safety Evaluation System. They are:

1 ///////// ' /

Figure 0-1 - use condition i

a. Use Condition I - Free Egress . There are no locks preventing

EGRESS THROUGH ANY DOOR THAT ANY OCCUPANT OF THE BUILDING MIGHT

USE UNDER FIRE EMERGENCY. SEE FIGURE 0-1

© rr \\\\\\\\\ ©

(SB) Figure 0-2 - use condition 2

0 LOCKED 0 LOCKED— REMOTE RELEASE OR ECUIVAlENT

(SB) SMOKE BARRIER CP. MOHIZONTAc it;iT

B. U.SE.CONDITl.Qfi .1.1. - ZONE EGRESS . ANY OR ALL OF THE EXIT DOORS

FROM THE BUILDING MAY BE LOCKED. EVERY FLOOR HOUSING PRISONERS IS

HOWEVER DIVIDED BY A SMOKE AND FIRE RESISTING SUBDIVISION AND THERE

ARE NO LOCKING ARRANGEMENTS THAT IN ANY WAY RESTRICT ANY OF THE

PRISONERS FROM LEAVING THEIR CELL, DORMITORY, RECREATION SPACE OR

OTHER AREA AND PASSING THROUGH THE SUBDIVIDING BARRIER. SEE FIC-UPE 0-2

57
\ \ \ 5 \ 77J

Figure 0-5 use condition 3

Q LOCKED 0 LOCKED-REMOTE RELEASE OR EQUIVALENT

0 SMOKE EARRIER OR HORIZONTAL EXIT

c. Use CONDITION.

5ITI0N 11 1

III - 7onf Impeded Egress . This is the same as use

CONDITION II EXCEPT THAT THE PASSAGE THROUGH THE SUBDIVIDING

BARRIER WHILE NOT FREELY AVAILABLE TO THE PRISONERS CAN BE

RELEASED BY A REMOTE CONTROL DEVICE OPERATIONAL BY A CONSTANTLY

MANNED STAFF LOCATION THAT IS CLOSE ENOUGH TO THE DIVIDING WALL

TO PROVIDE CONTINUOUS SUPERVISION. SEE FIGURE 0-3

Pigure O-U — use condition 4

0 LOCKED (0 LOCKED—REMOTE RELEASE OR EQUIVALENT

0 SMOKE SARRIER OR aDRiZGNTal EXIT

D. 11 sf Condition IV - Impfdfd Egress . Prisoners may be locked in

INDIVIDUAL CELLS OR ROOMS BUT REMOTE RELEASE CAPABILITY IS PROVIDED

FOR ALL CELL DOORS AND DOORS IN SUBDIVIDING PARTITIONS. SEE FIGURE lHI

°/jD'oW©W©'^|

Figure 0-5 - use condition 5

0 LOCKED 0 LOCKED- REMOTE RELEASE CR EQUIVALENT

0 SMOKE BARRIER OR HORIZONTAL EXIT

E. Use Condition V - Contained . This covers all other arrangement.

It IS PARTICULARLY DIRECTED AT FACILITIES WHERE PRISONERS ARE

LOCKED IN THEIR CELLS AND IT IS NECESSARY TO GO TO EACH CELL AND

USE A KEY OR OTHER DEVICE TO RELEASE THE PRISONERS ONE BY ONE.

See figure 05

58
STEP 3: DETERMINE SAFETY PARAMETER VALUES - USE TABLE 1.

A. SELECT ANO CIRCLE THE SAFETY VALUE FOR EACH SAFETY PARAMETER

THAT BEST DESCRIBES THE CONDITIONS IN THE ZONE . CHOOSE ONLY

ONE VALUE FOR EACH OF' THE »3 PARAMETERS. IF TWO OR MORE APPEAR

TO APPLY CHOOSE THE ONE WITH THE LOWEST POINT VALUE.

The residential housing area is the inmate occupied area, It includes

SLEEPING AREAS AND ANY CONTIGUOUS DAY ROOM, GROUP ACTIVITY SPACE, OR

OTHER COMMON SPACE, SEE FIGURE 0.6 FOR EXAMPLE.

Safety Parameter Table (General Discussion)

The safety parameters are a measure of those building factors that bear upon

or contribute to the safety of those persons who may be in the building at the

time of a fire.

Each of the safety parameters is to be analyzed. And the safety value for

each parameter that best describes the condition in the building is to be

identified. Only one value for each of the parameters is to be chosen. If

two or more appear to apply, the one with the lowest point value governs.

Completing Step 5, Table 1, Safety Parameter Values

Table 1 consists of 13 fire safety parameters that represent the 13 key

ELEMENTS CONTROLLING THE DEVELOPMENT AND SPREAD OF FIRE AND THE PROTECTION

OF THOSE EXPOSED TO IT. EACH OF THESE 13 PARAMETERS ARE SUBDIVIDED INTO

FROM 3 TO 8 LEVELS OF PERFORMANCE. THE LEVELS COVER BOTH CONDITIONS SPECIFIED

BY THE CODE AND OTHER CONDITIONS OFTEN FOUND IN THE REAL WORLD.

For SOME* OF THE parameter values, to or three scores are noted for a single

PARAMETER LEVEL. Jn EACH SUCH CASE THERE IS A FOOTNOTE TELLING WHICH TO USE.

Past experience with FSES worksheets suggest that it is best to ignore the

FOOTNOTES UNTIL ALL OF THE PARAMETERS HAVE BEEN COVERED AND ALL OF THE

APPLICABLE LEVELS CIRCLED, THEN REVIEW THE TABLE, IDENTIFY WHERE FOOTNOTES

APPLY AND DETERMINE WHICH. SCORE SHOULD BE USED,

59
Residential

-lousing

Area

A

Residential Housing Area

Sleeping Area + Contiguous Day Room,

Activity Space, Etc.

C

•H

CO3

O

S3

flj

-u eg e cu

0) l-l "C < •H

CO

(U Day

Room

aij a

•n

CO3

O

33

t—

I

03

•U cfl c d)

<u T3 <

•H

CO0) Pi

Activity

Space

Figure 0.6 Residential Housing

Area

i

60
1. Construction Type V(000) V(111) IV(2HH) 111(200) 111(211) 11(000) IK111) 11(222) Or l(ANY)

1st Fir -2 0 0 -2 0 0 2 2

-- 2nd Fir -2 0 0 -2 0 -2 2 2

3rd Fir - 8( - 2)A -2(0)A — 2(0)A - 8( - 2)A 0 I 5> l FT< 2 2

> = 4th Fir - 10( - 2)A -A(0)A -4{0)A — 10( — 2)A - 2(0)A - 8( — 2)A 0 2

A-Use (

' If parameter 5 Is 10.

1. Construction

Construction types are defined by the fire resistance and combustibility

of load bearing framing members, floor construction, and ro<^f construction in accordance with NFPA 220 (1979), Standards of Building Construction. The following table is abstracted from NFPA 220 (1979).

Table 3 Fire Reratmnce Requirement* for Type I through Type V Construction

EXTERIOR BEARING WALLS —

Sup; orcing more than one floor, columns or other bearing wails Supporting one floor only Supporting a roof only INTERIOR BEARING WALLS —

Supporting more than one floor, columns or other bearing wails Supporting one floor only Supporting a roof only COLUMNS —

Supporting more than one floor, bearing wails or other columns

Supporting one floor only Supporting a roof only BEAMS, GIRDERS, TRUSSES «c ARCHES —

Supporting more than one floor, bearing walls or columns ....

Supporting one floor only ....

Supporting a roof only ....

FLOOR CONSTRUCTION . . . ROOF CONSTRUCTION

' ~

EXTERIOR NONBEARING WALLS

Those members listed that are permitted to be of approved combustible material.

1 Requirements for fire resistance of exterior walls, the provision of spandrel wall sections, and the limitation or protection of wall openings are not related to construction type. They need to be specified in other standards and codes, where appropriate, and may be required in addition to the requirements of this Standard for the construction type.

* “H” indicates heavy timber members; see text for requirements.

Where the facility includes additions or connected structures of

different construction the rating and classification of the structure is

based on (a) separate buildings if a two hour or greater fire resistive

separation exists between the portions of the building and on (b) the

lower safety parameter point score involved if such a separation does not

exist.

61
The story used to determine the parameter values Is the highest story

used for confinement purposes. Story height is based on stories starting

with the primary level of exit discharge. When there are stories below

the primary level of exit discharge, the maximum value assigned the

construction parameter is based on a 2-story building or the actual story

height, which ever is the lower value.

A multi-tiered open cell block may be considered as single story

providing that one or more of the following conditions exist:

a. A smoke control system is provided (see recommended design criteria

in A-15-3.1.3) to maintain the level of smoke filling, from

potential cell fires, at least 5 feet above the floor level of any

occupied tier.

b. A smoke control system as described in a. above is provided to

maintain the level of smoke filling at least 5 feet above the exit

level where:

(1) The cell block is Occupancy Condition II, or

(2) The cell block is Occupancy Condition III and all persons

housed in the cell block can pass through a free access smoke

barrier or freely pass below the calculated smoke level with

not more than 50 feet of travel from their cell.

c. Complete automatic sprinkler protection is provided.

Parameter L .Construction

The construction parameter is based on both the type of construction and the

HEIGHTH OF THE BUILDING.

The height is based on the highest floor housing prisoners. In figuring out

THE FLOORS. TIER TYPE ARRANGEMENTS REQUIRE SPECIAL CONSIDERATION. If A POD

OR OTHER HOUSING AREA HAS A TWO-TIER LEVEL INSIDE THE POD. THE TWO-TIER LEVEL

IS CONSIDERED TO BE ONLY ONE STORY PROVIDED THAT THE SPACE IS SUFFICIENTLY

OPEN TO PERMIT SUPERVISORY PERSONNEL TO IMMEDIATELY RECOGNIZE A POTENTIAL

FIRE PROBLEM. THAT THE TOTAL EXIT CAPACITY MUST BE SUFFICIENT TO HANDLE

THE ENTIRE OCCUPANT LOAD OF BOTH FLOORS. AND THAT EACH LEVEL MUST HAVE EXIT

ACCESS DIRECTLY OUT OF THAT LEVEL WITHOUT TRAVEL ON THE COMMUNICATING LEVEL

TO HANDLE ONE-HALF ITS OCCUPANT LOAD. EACH TIER IN A CELL BLOCK HAVING MORE

THAN TWO TIERS (OR TWO-TIER PODS THAT DO NOT QUALIFY AS A SINGLE STORY) IS

CONSIDERED A SEPARATE STORY UNLESS THE ENTIRE CELL BLODK IS PROTECTED BY

AUTOMATIC SPRINKLERS OR WITH A SPECIAL HEAT AND SMOKE VENT SYSTEM (COVERED

UNDER PARAMETER 13. SMOKE CONTROL) . In THESE LATTER TWO CASES. THE ENTIRE

CELL BLOCK IS CONSIDERED A SINGLE STORY.

The construction types are indicated by roman numerals I through v, This

METHOD OF CLASSIFYING CONSTRUCTION MATCHES THAT IN THE NATIONAL FlRE PROTECTION

Association s standards, For the most part, correctional facilities are Class I (Reinforced concrete or concrete-protected steel construction); Class IT (000)

(Bare steel colimns. beams and girders); or Class v (000) (tod frame dormitories

or barracks), The following pages cover the classification and scoring of the

CONSTRUCTION PARAMETER IN GREATER DETAIL.

62
CONSTRUCTION TYPES

TO DETERMINE THE APPROPRIATE VALUE FOR CONSTRUCTION IT IS NECESSARY TO:

1. Identify the type of construction. There are five types, in the

ORDER LISTED IN THE FSES WORKSHEET THEY ARE:

Type V (WOOD FRAME CONSTRUCTION)

TYPE III (ORDINARY - MASONRY BEARING WALL/WOOD

, _ JOISTED

CONSTRUCTION)

TYPE IV (HEAVY TIMBER - MILL CONSTRUCTION)

TYPE II (NONCOMBUSTIBLE CONSTRUCTION)

TYPE I (FIRE RESISTIVE CONSTRUCTION)

2. For TYPE II, III, or V construction establish the level of

BUILT-IN FIRE RESISTING CAPABILITIES. IN THE FSES WORKSHEET THE

LEVEL OF FIRE RESISTING CAPABILITY IS SHOWN BY A CODE OF THREE

NUMBERS IN PARENTHESES UNDER THE TYPE. THESE NUMBERS SHOW THE

MINIMUM NUMBER OF HOURS OF FIRE RESISTANCE RATING FOR WALLS,

COLUMNS, FLOORS AND OTHER STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS.

3. If THE BUILDING is TYPE V; TYPE IV; TYPE III; TY*E 11(000)

AND THREE OR MORE STORIES, IT IS ALSO NECESSARY TO DETERMINE

IF THE BUILDING IS FULLY SPRINKLER PROTECTED BY A HIGHLY

RELIABLE SPRINKLER SYSTEM MEETING THE REQUIREMENTS FOR A

10 POINT SPRINKLER SYSTEM UNDER ITEM 5, In THAT CASE NOTE A

of the FSES Worksheet applies,

Type V - Wood Frame

Type V or wood frame construction is that type of construction in which the

exterior walls may be made up of closely spaced wood or steel studs, with

AN EXTERIOR COVERING OF WOOD SIDING, SHINGLES, STUCCO, BRICK OR STONE

VENEER OR OTHER MATERIALS. TYPE V CONSTRUCTION MAY BE CLASSIFIED AS

"PROTECTED" CONSTRUCTION OR TYPE V (111) IF THE ROOFS, FLOORS AND THEIR

SUPPORTS HAVE ONE HOUR FIRE RESISTANCE. EXAMPLES OF TYPE V OR WOOD FRAME

CONSTRUCTION ARE ILLUSTRATED BELOW (FIGURES 1-2 AND 1-3).

or other siding

Fig. 1-2 63

Fig. 1-3
The FSES worksheet covers too different levels of Type V (wood frame)

CONSTRUCTION AS FOLLOWS

A. TYPE V (111), ALSO CALLED "PROTECTED WOOD FRAME". To MEET THIS

LEVEL, ALL INTERNAL SURFACES OF WALLS AND BEARING PARTITIONS, ALL

THE FLOOR SYSTEMS, AND THE SHEATHING OF LOFTS, VOID SPACES, AND

UNUSED ATTICS HAVE FIRE RESISTIVE SHEATHING THAT PROVIDES APPROXIMATELY 1-HOUR FIRE RESISTIVE PROTECTION AGAINST STRUCTURAL

COLLAPSE OR FIRE PENETRATION TO THE OPPOSITE SIDE. THE SPECIFIC

DETAILS OF SUCH SHEATHING NEED TO CONFORM WITH THE ESSENCE OF

PUBLISHED LISTS OF FIRE RESISTIVE ASSEMBLIES SUCH AS THE

Underwriters' Laboratories listings. Many suppliers of gypsum

BOARD OR PLASTER SYSTEMS SEPARATELY PUBLISH DETAILS. TYPICALLY

THE 1-HOUR PROTECTION INVOLVES METAL AND LATH AND GYPSUM CEMENT

PLASTER OR 5/8 INCH THICK FIRE RATED GYPSUM BOARD SHEATHING,

b. TYPE V (000) . This level covers any facility that cannot meet

SOME OTHER TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION OR HIGHER LEVEL OF TYPE V CONSTRUCTION. This level requires only that common building

MATERIALS BE USED. UNUSUALLY HAZARDOUS OR UNKNOWN MATERIALS SUCH

AS EXPOSED FOAM PLASTIC OR TAR PAPER ARE NOT CONSIDERED BY THE

EVALUATION SYSTEM AND THIS SYSTEM SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR

EVALUATING BUILDINGS OF SUCH CONSTRUCTION.

Examples of the design of one hour fire resistant floor ceiling assemblies

in Type V (111) or Type III (211) construction (Figure 1-4).

1. 5/8" Wood Floor and 1/2" Plywood Subfloor

2. 2 x 10 joists at 16' O.C.

3. 1/2" Mineral Acoustical Ceiling

Panel Installed on Metal T-Bar

Grid With Hold-Down Clips

1. Similar to Adjacent con- struction but with 5/8" Gypsum

8oard (Type X) Attached to Bottom of Joists (or to Metal Furring Channels)

1. 23/32" Plywood Panels

2. 2 x 10 Joists at 24' O.C.

3. 5/8" Gypsum Board (Type X) Installed on Metal Furring Channels,

Spaced at 16" O.C.

1. 5/8" Stressed - Skin Plywood

Panel

2. 2x6 Joists at 12' O.C.

3. 1/2" Gypsum Board (Type X) Instal led on 1/2" Fiber

Insulation Board

Fig. 1-4

64
Type IV - Heavy Timber

This is a construction type in which the structural members are unprotected

WOOD WITH A LARGER CROSS SECTIONAL AREA THAN STRUCTURAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

ALONE MIGHT REQUIRE. NO CONCEALED SPACES ARE PERMITTED AROUND THE FLOORS,

ROOF OR OTHER STRUCTURAL MEMBERS. SHOWN BELOW IS AN EXAMPLE OF HEAVY

TIMBER CONSTRUCTION HIGHLIGHTING THE DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION (FIGURE 1-6).

The minimum dimensions of structural MEMBERS are summarized IN THE FOLLOWING

TABLE:

Fig. 1-6

Type IV - Heavy Timber Construction

Structural Element Nominal dimensions

Columns and arches 8 INCH X 8 INCH - FOR FLOORS

6 INCH X 8 INCH - FOR ROOFS

Beams and girders 6 INCH X 10 INCH - FOR FLOORS

4 INCH X 6 INCH - FOR ROOFS

Floors 4 INCHES

Roofs 2 INCHES TONGUE AND GROOVED

3 INCHES LAMINATED

Note: The presence of large wooden beams, columns and/or trusses does not

IN ITSELF CLASSIFY A BUILDING AS TYPE IV (HEAVY TIMBER). MASONRY EXTERIOR

WALLS AND HEAVY TIMBER FLOORS AND ROOFS ARE EQUALLY REQUIRED. FEW IF ANY

ACCOMMODATION BUILDINGS ARE LIKELY TO BE OF TRUE TYPE IV (HEAVY TIMBER)

CONSTRUCTION AS THIS IS GENERALLY FOUND IN OLDER INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS.

65
Type III - Ordinary

Two OFTEN USED TERMS ARE MOST SUITABLE FOR DESCRIBING ORDINARY CONSTRUCTION,

These are "brick-joisted" and "brick wood-joisted". As the terminology

INDICATES, ORDINARY CONSTRUCTION IS CHARACTERIZED BY BRICK OR OTHER MASONRY

EXTERIOR WALLS WITH THE INHERENT FIRE RESISTANCE OF MASONRY; AND ROOFS,

FLOORS AND SUPPORTING MEMBERS PARTLY OR WHOLLY OF WOOD CONSTRUCTION.

Examples of ordinary construction are shown below (Figure 1-5). In protected ORDINARY CONSTRUCTION, THE INTERIOR WALLS, ROOFS, FLOORS AND SUPPORTS

ARE PROTECTED WITH ONE HOUR FIRE RESISTANCE. THIS FIRE RESISTANCE IS

USUALLY PROVIDED BY SHEATHING THE WOODEN MEMBERS WITH SUFFICIENT THICKNESSES OF LATH AND PLASTER OR GYPSUM BOARD FINISH.

TYPICAL TYPE III

Fig. 1-5

The FSES Worksheet covers two different levels of III (ordinary)

CONSTRUCTION. THESE PARALLEL THE TWO LEVELS OF TYPE V CONSTRUCTION

EXCEPT THAT EXTERIOR WALLS MUST BE BEARING MASONARY WALLS TO OUALIFY AS

TYPE III CONSTRUCTION. THE LEVELS ARE:

A. TYPE Iir(ZLl),ALSO CALLED "PROTECTED ORDINARY"

b. TYPE III (200)

66
Type II - Noncombustible

Type II (Noncombustible) construction is characterized by structural

MEMBERS AND EXTERIOR CONSTRUCTION WHICH ARE NONCOMBUSTIBLE (FIGURE 1-7).

This type of construction is similar to Type I (Fire Resistive) construction WITH FIRE RESISTANCE REQUIREMENTS RANGING FROM NONE TO TWO HOURS

FOR ANY STRUCTURAL MEMBER.

'

The FSES Worksheet covers three different levels of TYPE II (Noncombustible)

CONSTRUCTION BASED ON THE LEVEL OF FIRE RESISTANCE OR EXTENT OF SHEATHING.

These are as follows:

A. TYPE II (222) A BUILDING WHERE ALL BEARING MEMBERS AND THE ENTIRE

BUILDING EXTERIOR IS NONCOMBUSTIBLE IN WHICH ALL OF THE BEARING

MEMBERS INCLUDING FLOORS HAVE 2-HOUR FIRE RESISTANCE. THE ROOF

AND THOSE MEMBERS THAT SUPPORT ONLY THE ROOF NEED BE OF 1-HOUR

CONSTRUCTION.

B. TYPE II (111) A BUILDING WHERE ALL BEARING MEMBERS AND THE ENTIRE

BUILDING EXTERIOR IS NONCOMBUSTIBLE AND IN WHICH ALL BEARING

MEMBERS AND THE ROOF AND ROOF SUPPORTS HAVE 1-HOUR FIRE

RESISTANCE.

c. ’TYPE II (000). Any building where all bearing members and the

ENTIRE EXTERIOR ARE NONCOMBUSTIBLE BUT THE LEVEL OF FIRE

RESISTANCE OR SHEATHING IS NOT SUFFICIENT TO QUALIFY FOR A HIGHER

LEVEL RATING.

oT1 Di

"2b' “ W

-Concrete

Slab

Direct applied fire retardant

All members are noncombustible

Floors, cloumns, beams, etc 2-Hour fire resistance

Floor and roof supports 1-Hour fire resistance

TYPE II (222)

This type is the same as Type II (000) except that

all members have at least

20 minutes fire resistance

or are sheathed with sound

lath and plaster or gypsum

board sheathing

All members are noncombustible

All or some elements have less than 1-Hour fire resistance Freauently all elements have no fire resisting capability

TYPE II (000) TYPE II (000) - Sheathed

1

XT

Roof or Floor

Deck

Ceiling optional

Fig. 1-7 TYPICAL TYPE II 67
Type I - Fire Resistive

3 hrs

2 hrs

Fire resistive construction is characterized by noncombustible structural

MEMBERS INCLUDING WALLS/ FLOORS/ ROOFS/ BEAMS AND COLUMNS WITH HIGH FIRE

RESISTANCE. DUE TO THESE FIRE RESISTANCE REQUIREMENTS/ CONCRETE/ STEEL AND

IRON ARE THE PRINCIPAL MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION. SHOWN BELOW IS AN

ILLUSTRATION OF TYPE I CONSTRUCTION AND TYPICAL METHODS OF PROTECTING STEEL

COLUMNS AND BEAMS (FIGURE 1-8).
2. Hazardous Areas Within Res. Housing Area Outside Res. Housing Area None or No Deficiencies

Double

Deficiency

Single

Deficiency

Double

Deficiency

Single

Deficiency

-7 -4 i .fe i Zf 00 0 0

B-Use ( jIf parameter 1 Is based on 11(000), 111(200), or V(000) construction and parameter 5 Is 0.

2. Hazardous Areas

The assignment of charges for hazardous areas is a four-step process.

Step. 1. Identify Hazardous Areas. Hazardous areas are defined in

sections 14-3.2 and 15-3.2.

Step 2. Determine the Level of Hazard. A hazardous area is classed as severe if it is a padded cell or if it has sufficient fire or explosion potential to defeat the basic integrity of the

building framing as defined in Parameter 1.

Step 3. Determine the Fire Protection Provided. Hie parameter value

for hazardous areas is based on the presence or absence of the

fire protection necessary to control or confine the hazard.

Two levels of fire protection are considered. The first

consists of automatic sprinklers or other appropriate extinguishing system covering the entire hazard. The second is

based on fire resistive enclosures including any bearing

members in the space, partitions separating the hazardous area

from all other spaces, and doors to the space sufficient to

exceed the potential of the fire load involved. Any hazardous

space that has either protection system is classified as having

single protection. Any hazardous space that is both fully

enclosed in a capable fire resistive enclosure and spricklered

is classified as having both (i.e. double level protection).

On this basis, any fuel load that has such potential as to

overwhelm the available structural capability of both its own enclosure and the basic structure could as a maximum have

single protection.

Step. 4 Determine the Degree of Deficiency and Assign Parameter

Values . The parameter value la finally determined on the basis

of the degree of deficiencies that the hazardous area has in

terms of the level of protection needed.

Figure 2 provides a matrix type table to assist in determining

degree of deficiency to be assessed.

In some situations, more than one hazardous area with the same or differing levels of deficiency will exist. The charge is

based on the single most serious charge for a hazardous area

found.

69
Parameter 2j Hazardous ^reas

The evaluation system bases the charge for hazardous areas on whether or not

THE HAZARDOUS AREAS ARE WITHIN THE BOUNDS OF A RESIDENTIAL HOUSING AREA AND

THE DEGREE OF PROTECTION PROVIDED FOR THEM,

NO PROTECTION

1

1 SPRINKLER

PROTECTION .

i

1

1-HOUR

FIRE RESISTIVE

ENCLOSURE .

SPRINKLERED & 1-HOUR FIRE RESISTIVE

ENCLOSURE

HAZARDOUS

AREA , . SINGLE

DEFICIENCY

I

NO DEFICIENCIES

SEVERELY

HAZARDOUS

AREA

DOUBLE

DEFICIENCY

L

SINGLE

DEFICIENCY

NO A DEFICIENCIES

DOUBLE B 'DEFICIENCY

SINGLE C

DEFICIENCY

NO A,C

DEFICIENCIES

SINGLE B DEFICIENCY

A. If fire resistance and structural strength exceed maximum potential of hazard.

B. If fire resistance or structural strength is not sufficient to withstand

potential of hazard.

C. Padded Cell

FIGURE 2 - HAZARDOUS AREAS - DEGREE OF DEFICIENCY

Figure 2 provides a table to assist in making this determination, Hazardous

AREAS ARE ANY TYPE OF STORAGE AREA., PAINT SHOP, OR OTHER AREA THAT PRESENTS

A COLLECTION OF BURNABLE MATERIAL MORE THAN WHAT WOULD BE FOUND IN CELLS OR

INVOLVES A SPECIAL HAZARD OF FLASH FIRE OR EXPLOSION, BECAUSE OF THE HISTORY

OF PROBLEMS WITH PADDED CELLS, PADDED CELLS ARE ALWAYS CONSIDERED HAZARDOUS

AREAS,. IN THIS SAME CATEGORY, PADDED CELLS, LARGE PAINT SHOPS, AND LARGE

STORAGE AREAS (AS MIGHT BE RELATED TO AN INDUSTRIAL OPERATION) ARE CONSIDERED

TO BE SEVERELY HAZARDOUS AREAS.

llT i§ Al$0 NECESSARY TO DETERMINE IF THE BUILDING IS OF TYPE II (000),Type

:IKzUG), or Type v(000) construction, and if the building is not spinklered

OR DOES NOT MEET THE REQUIREMENTS OF A 8 POINT SPRINKLER SYSTEM UNDER ITEM 5,

In that case Note b of the FSES Worksheet applies.

70
y\

2 • HAZARDOUS- AREA OUTSIDE RESIDENTIAL HOUSING AREA

Figure 2.1 -Examples of Hazardous Areas

Figure 2,1 provides examples of hazardous areas within the residential

HOUSING AREA, AND HAZARDOUS AREAS OUTSIDE THE RESIDENTIAL HOUSING AREA,

71
3. Fire Alarm

•No Alarm W/O F.D. Notification W/F.D. Notification

W/O Man. Alarm W. Man. Alarm

-1 0 1 2

Parameter 5, Fire Alarms

This parameter addresses the presence or absence of manually operated fire

ALARM BOXES. WHERE STAFF MEMBERS ARE CONSTANTLY PRESENT, THE BOXES DO NOT HAVE

TO BE AVAILABLE TO THE INMATES. SCORING IS BASED ON WHETHER OR NOT THERE IS

SUCH A SYSTEM, AND IF THERE IS ONE IS IT ARRANGED SO THAT IT AUTOMATICALLY CALLS

A FIRE DEPARTMENT.

3. Fire Alarm

a. No Alarm - There le no fire alarm system, or the system is incomplete and does not meet the requirements necessary for a higher

scored category.

b. W/O F.D. Notification - There is a manual fire alarm system or smoke

detection system conforming with the appropriate requirements of

14-

3.4 or 15-3.4 except that the requirements of 14-3.4.4 or

15-

3.4.4 covering automatic transmission of the alarm to the fire

department are not met.

c. W/F.D. Notification - There is a manual fire alarm or smoke

detection system conforming with the appropriate requirements of

14-3.4 or 15-3.4.

(1) W/O Manual Alarm - There is no manual alarm system but a smoke

detection alarm system or sprinkler system recognized under

Parameters 4 or 5 of this system is provided and is arranged to

transmit an alarm automatically to the fire department.

(2) W/Manual Alarm - There is a manual alarm system arranged to

transmit an alarm automatically to the fire deoartrent.

FlRE DEPARTMENT NOTIFICATION IS NORMALLY ACCOMPLISHED BY A DIRECT

CONNECTION BY TELEPHONE LINES TO THE FIRE DEPARTMENT DISPATCHER,

POLICE DEPARTMENT, AN APPROVED CENTRAL STATION WHICH IS A PRIVATE

COMPANY SPECIFICALLY DESIGNATED TO RECEIVE AUTOMATIC ALARM SIGNALS

OR THROUGH OTHER SUITABLE RECEIVING STATIONS. IN REMOTE AREAS CREDIT

CAN BE GIVEN FOR A DIRECT CONNECTION IF THE ALARM IS TRANSMITTED TO

A LOCATION OUTSIDE OF THE BUILDING WHERE THE ALARM WAS INITIATED,

AND THE LOCATION IS MANNED 24 HOURS PER DAY BY RESPONSIBLE PERSONNEL

DESIGNATED AND INSTRUCTED TO NOTIFY THE FIRE DEPARTMENT WITHOUT DELAY

WHEN AN ALARM IS RECEIVED.

The INTENT OF AUTOMATIC NOTIFICATION IS THAT THE SYSTEM IS DESIGNED

TO AVOID A DELAYED BY HUMAN INTERVENTION, SUCH AS THE PRISON STAFF

CHECKING THE BUILDING BEFORE CALLING THE FIRE DEPARTMENT. THE KEY

WORD IN THE EXPLANATION ABOVE IS THAT THE SYSTEM MUST BE AUTOMATIC.

72
\

Note

The locking of manual fire alarm boxes at staff locations in

lieu of resident accessible alarm boxes in sleeping room areas

is acceptable when staff is present and has immediate access to

the alarm boxes.

F MANUAL FIRE ALARM

*CAN BE LOCKED IF UNDER STAFF SUPERVISION

Figure 3.1- Manual Fire Alarm Placement

Figure 3,1 provides example of manual rire alarm placement . Aiarm

STATIONS MUST BE PLACED ACCORDING TO CODE, BUT MAY BE LOCKED IF UNDER

STAFF SUPERVISION,

73
4. Smoke Detection Residential Housing Area

None Partial Coverage Full Coverage

i oiai Bldg.

Ccrr. & Comm. Spa & Lrg. Sleeping Rms. All Sleeping Rms.

-4( — 1)A 0 2 4 5

A-Use( ) If parameter 5 Is 10.

Parameter 4, Smoke Detection

This parameter covers whether there are smoke detectors and if they are present

HOW MUCH COVERAGE IS PROVIDED. THE DETECTORS FOR COVERAGE OF CELLS OR OTHER

SLEEPING AREAS CAN BE LOCATED IN THE VENTILATION SYSTEM FOR THE CELLS. THERE

HOWEVER MUST BE A SEPARATE DETECTION ARRANGEMENT FOR EACH PROTECTED CELL

(sleeping room).

4* Smoke Detection

A detection system as used here Is one based on use of smoke detectors

meeting the Installation requirements of Sections 14-3.4.5 and 15-3.4.5

and NFPA Standard No. 72E‘with the extent of coverage as defined below.

No credit is given for thermal detectors in habitable spaces. The

detection system categories are as follows:

a. None - There are no smoke detectors or if present they do not meet

the requirements needed for a higher score.

74
Figure U.l -Corridors, Common Spaces and Sleeping rooms of More Than Four

Persons Detector Locations

b. Corridors, Common Spaces and Sleeping Rooms for More Than Four

Persons - Smoke detection requirements of such spaces located within

the residential housing area are covered by smoke detector installations in accordance with NFPA 72E.

See figure 4.1 for example

75
Figure 4.2- Sleeping Rooms Detector Locations

c* Sleeping Room3 - Smoke detectors are considered as meeting this

requirement when there is at least one smoke detector protecting

each sleeping room occupied or used by prisoners. In rooms having a dimension in excess of 30 feet, additional detectors are provided so that detector spacing does not exceed approximately 30 feet.

Detectors are not required in restrooms or closets.

See figure 4.2 for example

76
Figure 4.3 - Full Coverage Detector Location

d. Full Coverage - Meets the combined requirements for b. and c.

See figure 4.3 for example

77
Figure Total Facility Detector Location

e. Total Facility - Total facility detector credit requires confomance

with the requirements of NFPA 72E for total coverage.

See figure 4.4 for example

It is also necessary to determine if the building is fully sprinkler

PROTECTED BY A HIGHLY RELIABLE SYSTEM MEETING THE REQUIREMENTS OP A 10' POINT

sprinkler system under Item 5. In that case Note a of the FSFS Worksheet

applies.

78
5. Automatic None Residential Housing Entire Building

Sprinklers Area

0 8 10

A SPRINKLER SYSTEM CONSISTS OF A NETWORK OF PIPE, CONTROL VALVES AND

ACCESSORIES, AND SPRINKLER HEADS. SPRINKLER HEADS ARE ACTIVATED INDIVIDUALLY BY ELEVATED TEMPERATURES. THE AREA OF COVERAGE BY A SINGLE SPRINKLER

HEAD CAN VARY ACCORDING TO THE REQUIRED DESIGN CRITERIA, BUT THE MAXIMUM

AREA ALLOWED WILL NOT EXCEED 225 SQUARE FEET PER SPRINKLER HEAD. As A RULE

OF THJMB, SPRINKLERS ARE USUALLY SPACED 15 FEET OR LESS APART, AND NOT MORE

THAN 7-1/2 FEET FROM ANY WALL.

The system should be SUPPLIED by a reliable WATER supply such as a pressure

TANK, ELEVATED STORAGE TANK, OR WATER SUPPLY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM, SUFFICIENT

GALLONAGE AND PRESSURE MUST BE AVAILABLE.

5. Automatic Sprinklers

In evaluating sprinkler protection, the protection or lack of protection

of hazardous areas is considered separately and covered under safety

Parameter 2 except that total building protection must include hazardous

areas. Also the presence or lack of fire department notification is

considered separately under Parameter 3. In all other aspects, any

sprinkler installations shall conform to sections 14-3.5 and 15-3.5 and

be graded on the following basis:

a. None - No credit is given if there are no sprinklers or if

sprinklers, though present, are not sufficient to qualify for one of

the other categories listed herein.

Sprinklers are given credit only if there are enough to cover at least the

ENTIRE RESIDENTIAL HOUSING AREA.

79
b. Residential Housing Areas - The credit for sprinkler protection of

residential housing area is given for arrangements where sprinklers

are located throughout the areas such that all space within such area (including cells or sleeping rooms) are covered by the

protection spray pattern or sprinkler heads.

See figure 5.1 for example

80
c. Entire Building - The building Is totally sprinkler protected in

accordance with NFPA Standard No. 13 for light hazard occupancy (or

higher hazard occupancy for any apaces classified as higher hazard

by NFPA Standard No. 13).

oEE FIGURE 5.2 FOR EXAMPLE

81
6. Interior Finish

(Corrs & Egress)

Class C Class B Class A

-3 -1 0

7. Interior Finish (Other Areas)Class C Class B Class A

-2 -1 0

6. & 7. Interior Finish

Classification of Interior finish is in accordance with Sections

14-3.3.2 and 15-3.3.2, as appropriate.

No consideration is included in the Safety Parameter Value for any

finish with a flame spread rating > 200 or for any material not

rationally measured by the ASTM E84 Test. Materials not rationally

measured include: foam plastics, asphalt impregnated paper and/or

materials capable of inducing extreme rates of fire growth and rapid

flashover. In any case where these materials are involved, the

resultant risk is considered to classify any such finish area as a hazardous area to be evaluated under Parameter 2, Hazardous Areas.

Note : 1/4 inch plywood is considered as having a flame spread of 200 or

less.

Note : For Parameter 6, Interior Finish (Corridors and Egress Routes), the

credit for Class A interior finish is given only if the interior

floor finish is also Class I. The credit for Class B interior

finish is given only if the interior floor finish is also Class I or

II or is an existing floor finish having previously been evaluated

as having a flame spread of 75 or less in accordance with MFPA

Standard 255.

For Parameter 7, Interior Finish (other areas) the credit for

interior finish is to be based on walls and ceiling finishes without

consideration of floor finishes.

Parameters 6 & 7, Interior Finish

Interior finish is that final lining on the walls and roof, In many prisons

THE INTERIOR CONSISTS OF THE MASONRY, STEEL OR THE OTHER MATERIALS OF BUILDING

AND CELLS CONSTRUCTION. In THAT CASE THOSE MATERIALS ARE THE INTERIOR FINISH.

Many materials used for interior finish have Underwriters Laboratories

LABELS THAT SHOW THE FLAME SPREAD RATE OF THE MATERIAL, THESE ARE USUALLY

MANUFACTURED MATERIALS SUCH AS FIRE RETARDANT TREATED PLYWOODS, PLASTIC

LAMINATED MATERIALS, AND INSULATING MATERIALS.

Most common materials purchased in local lumber yards or building supply

STORES ARE NOT SO LABELED. FIGURE 6.1 IS A CHART TO ASSIST IN CLASSIFYING

SUCH MATERIAL.

82
During the period of approximately 1960 to the late 1975 a great deal of

USE WAS MADE OF A FIBERBOARD MATERIAL THAT WAS FACTORY IMPREGNATED WITH

FIRE RETARDANT TREATED SALTS. IHIS TYPE OF MATERIAL WAS FREQUENTLY USED

IN CEILING TILES. IT ALSO HAS A LOW FLAME SPREAD. EVERY TILE SO MADE HAS

SOME TYPE OF MARKING ON THE BACK OF THE TILE INDICATING THAT IT IS FIRE

RETARDANT TREATED. If NO SUCH MARKING IS FOUND IT CAN BE PRESUMED THAT IT

IS AN UNTREATED FIBERBOARD AND HAS A HIGH FLAME SPREAD.

Most cowon wood materials have flame spread between 75 and 200 unless they

ARE TREATED WITH A FIRE RETARDANT PAINT. In WHICH CASE THE FLAME SPREAD

MAY BE REDUCED BELOW 75 AND IN SOME CASES BELOW 25,

Less than a quarter inch thick plywood and untreated fiberboard both

NORMALLY HAVE FLAME SPREAD THAT EXCEED 200. IHE BASIC PREMISE OF THE

FSES IS THAT IF FLAME SPREAD EXCEEDS 200, THE BALANCES IN THE FSES ARE

INAPPROPRIATE. UNTREATED FIBERBOARD THAT HAS BEEN PAINTED WITH ANY LATEX

OR WATER BASED PAINT CAN BE CONSIDERED AS HAVING IMPROVED FLAME SPREAD TO

SOMETHING SLIGHTLY LESS THAN 200. THIN WALL PANELING, HOWEVER, REQUIRES

EITHER REPLACEMENT OR APPLICATION OF A STANDARD APPROVED OR LISTED FIRE

RETARDANT PAINT TO REDUCE THE FLAME SPREAD.

INTCIUOlt FINISH MATERIALS EXCLUDED: Foam Plastics. Asphalt

Impregnated Paper, .md/ur

Materials Capable of

WALLS & CEILINGS Inducing Rapid Fire Growth

Flashover (Various Clothes

FLAME SPREAD RATINGS

Figure 6.1 Flame Spread Ratings
8. Cell/Room Cells(Rooms) Face on Corridor Intervening Common Space Within Resid. Housing Area

Enclosure (Each Cell is a Separate)

Residential Housing Area) Open Smoke Tight <1 Hr. > = 1 Hr.

Fire Resis.

0 - 3( — 5)C

(0)D

0( - 2)C 2(0)C

C-Use ( ) for level V new when parameter 5 is 0. D-Use ( ) for all level II. •For level III If intervening space is < = 50 ft., -For level IV if parameter 5 is > = 8 and intervening space Is < = 50 ft. •Also use ( ) in existing buildings if either parameter 13 = 8, or if parameter 5 is > = 8 and

parameter 4 is > = 0.

8. Cell/ Sleeping Room Enclosure

The charges for cell or sleeping room enclosure are divided between those

for cells or sleeping rooms that face directly onto a corridor and those

where there is an intervening common space (i.e. day room, group activity

space or other space between the sleeping room and the corridor access).

See figure 8.1 and 8.2 for examples

If the path of emergency travel traverses a common use space or is open to any

SPACE HAVING COMBUSTIBLE CONTENTS, THEN THE ENTRIES IN LINE 8 ARE BASED ON

"INTERVENING COMMON SPACE WITHIN THE RESIDENTIAL HOUSING AREA. I HE PATH

OF EMERGENCY TRAVEL IS THE ROUTE FROM ANY CELL TO THE POINT WHERE THAT ROUTE

LEAVES THE BUILDING, ENTERS A FIRE STAIR, OR PASSES THROUGH A SMOKE BARRIER.

EXIT ACCESS CORRIDOR V

DAY ROOM

CELLS CELLS

EXIT ACCESS CORRIDOR

CELLS

Figure 8.2 Cells Face Directly Onto Corridor

(Each is a Residential Housing Area)

Figure 8.1 Intervening Common

Space Within Residential

Housing Area

84
a. Open - Open Includes any cell or sleeping room enclosure that

Includes opening In excess of 120 sq. Inches. In use condition V

the closure Is considered "open" If there are any openings exceeding

the minimum necessary for door swing and latch unless: (1) the

affected cells meet the smoke control requirements for mechanically

assisted In Parameter 13, or (2) there Is a closure for such

openings closeable from Inside the cell.

b. Smoke Tight - An enclosure qualifies in this category if the walls

are complete from slab to slab or to a continuous smoke tight

celling and doors are complete but some wall aspect (wall, celling,

etc.) Is less than 1-hr. fire resistive, or the door Is not capable

of resisting fire for at least 20 mlmltes.

c. Fire Resistive - An enclosure qualifies In this category if it meets

all of the requirements for b. above, and all wall aspects have at

least 1-hr. fire resistance and the door Is capable of resisting

fire for at least 20 minutes.

When considering this parameter it is necessary to know if the use condition

IS LEVEL V AMI THE BUILDING HAS NO SPRINKLER SYSTEM OR QUALIFIES AS A 0 POINT

SPRINKLER SYSTEM UNDER ITEM 5. If SO NOTE C OF THE FSES WORKSHEET APPLIES.

It is also necessary to know:

a. If the building is of use condition level II.

B. If the building is of use condition level III, AND. THE intervening

SPACE IS LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO 50 FEET.

c. If the building is of use condition level IV, m. the building

QUALIFIES UNDER ITEM 5 AS AN 8 POINT OR MORE SPRINKLER SYSTEM,

AND THE INTERVENING SPACE IS LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO 50 FEET.

d. If the building is an existing structure m. under Item l3 qualifies

FOR AN 8 POINT SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEM.

e. If the building is an existing structure and under Item 5 qualifies

AS AT LEAST AN 8 POINT SPRINKLER SYSTEM AND. UNDER ITEM 4 IT QUALIFIES

AS AT LEAST A 0 POINT SMOKE DETECTION SYSTEM.

In any of the above cases Note D of the FSES worksheet applies.

85
9. Separation of Residential Housing Areas From Other Areas

Incomplete Smoke

Tight<1 Hr > = 1 Hr. Fire Resistive -6 2(4) H 4(2)B

3-Use ( )

If parameter 1 is based on 11(000), 111(200), or V(000) construction and parameters Is 0.

H-Use ( ) for levels II, Hi, and IV new if cells are facing access corridor. •

9. Separation of Residential Housing Areas* From Other Areas

The charges for separation of residential housing areas are based on the

quality of the common walls and separating partitions and door between

residential housing areas and the rest of the building. The charge is

based on the residential housing area that has the lowest quality

separation. Where a building contains more than one residential housing

area, the separation of residential housing areas from each other is also

to be considered equally to the separation of a residential housing area

from some other type of space. In buildings entirely composed of a single residential housing area the separation is considered equivalent

to fire resistive if there is at least 30 feet separation from other

structures, smoke tight if there is a separation less than 30 feet.

See figure 9,0 for example of the walls which are of concern wen

CONSIDERING SEPARATION OF RESIDENTIAL HOUSING AREA FROM OTHER AREAS,

RESIDENTIAL

HOUSING

AREA /

RESIDENTIAL

HOUSING i AREA

^

ADMINISTRATIVE

AREA

FALL AND DOORS OF CONCERN

Figure 9-0 Separation Concerns

* Residential housing area includes: sleeping areas and any contiguous day

room, group activity space or other common space.

86
Classification of internal separations is based on the following:

a

a. Incomplete - Any separation that does not meet the criteria for b. or

c. below or if the doors involved are not self closing or automatic

closing as described in sections 5-2. 1.2.3, 14-2.11.5 and 15-2.11.5.

See figure 9.1 for example

87
b. Smoke Tight - An enclosure qualifies in this category if the walls

are complete from slab to slab or to a continuous smoke tight

ceiling and doors are complete but some wall aspect (wall, ceiling,

etc.) is less than 1-hr. fire resistive, or the door is not capable

of resisting fire for at least 20 minutes.

See figure 9.2 for example

88
Figure 9«3 Fire Resistive Separation

c. Fire Resistive - An enclosure qualifies in this category if it meets

all of the requirements for b. above, and all wall aspects have at

least 1-hr. fire resitance and the door is capable of resisting fire

for at least 20 minutes.

Zee figure 9,3 for example .

89
Parameter 9, Separation of Residential Housing Areas from Other Areas

This parameter relates to the separation between residential housing area and

THE ADMINISTRATIVE AREA OR BETWEEN ONE RESIDENTIAL HOUSING AREA AND ANOTHER,

The classification factors are essentially the same as in the separation

BETWEEN CELLS WITH THE TITLE IMCOMPLETE MEANING THE SAME AS OPEN IN THE

PREVIOUS PARAMETER.

IF THE PREVIOUS PARAMETER (PARAMETER 3, CELL ENCLOSURE) WAS SCORED AS "0"

BASED ON CELL ROOMS THAT FACE ON CORRIDORS, THIS SCORE IS BASED ON BOTH

THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE CELL FACES AND ON ANY SEPARATION BETWEEN THE TOTAL

RESIDENTIAL HOUSING AREA AND THE ADMINISTRATIVE PORTIONS OF THE BUILDING,

WHICHEVER HAS THE LEAST SMOKE AND FIRE STOPPING CAPABILITIES.

When evaluating this parameter it is also necessary to know:

a. If construction. Item 1, is based on I I (000), 111(200), or V(000)

CONSTRUCTION; AND. THERE ARE NO SPRINKLERS, OR THE VALUE FOR ITEM 5,

AUTOMATIC SPRINKLERS, WAS 0. In THIS CASE NOTE B OF THE FSES

WORKSHEET APPLIES.

B. IF THE BUILDING HAS USE CONDITIONS II, III, OR V NEW, m. THE CELLS

ARE FACING THE ACCESS CORRIDOR. In THIS CASE NOTE H OF THE FSES

WORKSHEET APPLIES.

On the following pages are explanations of fire resistance ratings of walls

AND DOORS,

90
Doors

Shown belcw are typical fire-resistance ratings for cowon worn doors

(Figure 9,5).

Less than 20 minute fire resistance

Wood Veneer

TTTTTTTTTTTTr rrrnrrrrrr

( F f r f l I.LIX

Wood Hollow-Core Flush

(or hollow Core with

Louvers)

Stile

Wood Panel

About 20 minute fire resistance

Wood Door Covered With

24 Gauge Metal Panel

3/8" Gypsum Board

Wood Solid-Core Flush Protected Wood Panel

Figure 9 . 5-€ommon Styles of Wood Framed Doors

Hollow steel or sheet steel doors have the equivalent of a 20 minute fire

RESISTANCE RATING

Greater than 20 minute fire_resistance

Rre door ratings can be obtained from either Factory Mutual or Underwriters'

Laboratories labels generally affixed to the door and frame, this is the onlv

WAY TO INSURE A GREATER THAN 20 MINUTE FIRE RESISTANCE RATING,

91
Walls

Partitions should be considered complete if the partition extends to the

UNDERSIDE OF THE FLOOR OR ROOF DECK ABOVE , (FIGURE 9,&i) OR TO A COMPLETE

CEILING MEMBRANE (FIGURE S.fe).

Complete Ceiling

Membrane (Plasterboard

or Lath and Plasterboarc

Figure 9.6a Figure 9.6b

Figure 9-7 Figure 9.8

92
10. Exit System <2 Routes Mulitple Routes

Deficient No Deficiencies Direct Exit -6 -2 0 3

10. Exit System

Exit routes are the paths of travel from the residential housing area to

outside of any of the types and arrangements described in Chapter 5 of

the Life Safety Code. The exit route starts at the corridor interface

with the cell or common space as Indicated by Parameter 8.

Parameter 10; Exit. System

This parameter is based on the number of exit systems and whether or not every

ITEM IN THE EXIT SYSTEM MEETS CODE REQUIREMENTS. IF THE NUMBER OF EXIT ROUTES

IS AT LEAST TWO BUT THERE ARE SOME DEFICIENCIES; THE EXIT SYSTEM IS CATEGORIZED

AS DEFICIENT AND SCORED ACCORDINGLY.

TO DETERMINE THE APPROPRIATE VALUE FOR EXIT SYSTEMS IT IS NECESSARY TO

DETERMINE:

1. DO THE WAYS OUT ACTUALLY QUALIFY AS EXIT ROUTES?

2. IS ANY OCCUPIED PORTION SERVED BY A SINGLE ROUTE?

3. IS THE EXIT FOR ANY OCCUPANT EXPOSED?

4. Are the exit routes deficient?

5. Is A HORIZONTAL EXIT PRESENT?

6. Are smoke proof stairs provided?

7. Are direct exits available for all sleeping rooms?

93
Exit Routes

An exit route is a clear arrangement of corridors, ramps, stairs, doors

INSIDE OR OUTSIDE OF THE BUILDING THAT CAN BE SAFELY TRAVERSED BY AN ADULT

WALKING IN AN UPRIGHT FORWARD MOVING POSITION. IHE SPECIFICALLY ACCEPTABLE TYPES OF EXIT ROUTES LISTED IN THE LIFE SAFETY LODE INCLUDE DOORS,

INTERIOR STAIRS, OUTSIDE STAIRS, SMOKE PROOF TOWERS, RAMPS, HORIZONTAL

EXIT WAYS, EXIT PASSAGEWAYS AND EXISTING FIRE ESCAPES, ESSENTIALLY, A

FIRE ESCAPE DIFFERS FROM AN OUTSIDE STAIR IN THAT IT MAY HAVE OPEN

GRATE STEPS AND/OR BE SO STEEP AS TO BE OF QUESTIONABLE SAFETY OR RETARD

THE SPEED AT WHICH EXIT CAN TAKE PLACE, THE FSES APPROACH GIVES A

CHARGE FOR DEFICIENT EXIT ROUTE, It IS POSSIBLE TO HAVE EXIT ROUTES

THAT MEET THE GENERAL CRITERIA LISTED ABOVE BUT WHERE DETAILS SUCH

AS LEVELS OF ILLUMINATION, EXIT MARKINGS, WIDTH, STAIR DIMENSIONS,

HAND RAILS, ETC, ARE NOT IN CONFORMANCE WITH DETAILED SPECIFICATIONS

FOR THAT TYPE OF EXIT IN THE LlFE SAFETY CODE, It IS ESSENTIAL,

THEREFORE, TO HAVE A BASIS FOR DETERMINING THE DIFCERENCE BETWEEN A

DEFICIENT EXIT AND AN EXIT THAT IS UNSAFE AND SHOULD THEREFORE NOT BE

CREDITED IN THE RSES. An EXIT WAY IS CONSIDERED UNSAFE AND NOT CREDITABLE

IF IT DOES NOT MEET AT LEAST ONE OF THE FOLLOWING CRITERIA.

A. It fully conforms with the detailed specifications for all of the

ELEMENTS AS CONTAINED IN THE LlFE SAFETY CODE, OR

B. It IS REGUURLY SAFELY USED WHEN TRAINING OCCUPANTS FOR EMERGENCY

EVACUATION.

Figure 10.1 Single Exit Route

Single Rqljtf

UNDER ITEM 11 IN THE CHARGE R3R "DEAD ENDS".

94
nOR*2C\7A c EXITS

Figure 10.2 Multiple Exit Routes

53 :*

a. Multiple Routes - Multiple routes exist when the occupants of any

residential housing area either have, from the residential housing

area or through access in a corridor adjacent to the residential

housing area, a choice of 2 separate exit routes to the outside of

the types listed in sections 14-2.2 and 15-2.2.

See figure 10.2 for example

b. Deficient - An exit route is deficient if it is useable with

reasonable safety but fails to meet any of the applicable criteria

in Chapter 5.

Deficient Route

An exit route is charged as deficient if there are any factors in which it

DOES NOT MEET DETAILS OF THE REQUIREMENT OF THE LIFE SAFETY CODE. THESE

WOULD INCLUDE ITEMS SUCH AS LACK OF EXIT SIGNS OR EMERGENCY ILLUMINATION,

NARROW DOORS, CORRIDORS, OR STAIRS, WINDERS ON STAIRS, MISSING OR INCORRECT

HANDRAILS, IMPROPER LATCHES OR SWINGS ON EXIT DOORS, OR ANY OTHER

DEFICIENCY. IF STAIRWELL ENCLOSURES ARE DEFICIENT, EITHER BY BEING INCOMPLETE OR OF LOW FIRE RESISTANCE RATING, THE STAIRWAY SHOULD BOTH BE

CHARGED AS DEFICIENT AND THE STAIRWAY CONSIDERED AS A VERTICAL OPENING IN

ASSESSING THE CHARGES OF CREDITS IN ITEM 12 ON VERTICAL OPENINGS.

95
OUTSIDE

"V “

V

CELLS

Figure 10.3 Direct Exits

c. Direct Exits - To be credited with direct exits, each cell or other

sleeping room must have a door that opens to the exterior at grade,

or to an unenclosed exterior balcony with direct access to an exterior exit or smoke proof tower. The locking of such door rust

be no more restrictive than that required for the least restrictive

exit or smoke barrier door for the use condition involved. In large

rooms the maximum travel distance from any occupiable location to a direct exit must not exceed 50 feet. Where the separation of the

individual sleeping roms involved from other spaces and from each

other is smoke tight, the credit for direct exits is applicable even

if there are no other exit routes from the involved sleeping rooms.

• See figure 10.3 for example

No exit shall be considered in this parameter unless the overall locking

arrangement of the exit system involved conforms with the criteria for

the use condition being applied to the facility.

96
11. Exit Access Dead Ends No Dead Ends>50 Ft (1) & Travel Is

>100 Ft >50 Ft (1) >225 Ft < = 225 Ft & >150 Ft. < = 150 Ft.

- 2(0)G -1(0)G -2(0)G - 1 (0)G 0

G-Use ( ) if parameter 10 is -6.

I -20 ft. for level V.

11. Exit Access

Exit access is the travel distance from any point in a room to an exit

(or smoke partition in an existing building). In addition, any exit

arrangement that does not conform with the supplementary travel distance

criteria listed below, is limited to a parameter value no higher than the

6core for egress travel that is > 150 and < 225 feet.

Supplementary Travel Distance Criteria: The travel distance

a. between any room door required as exit access and an exit does oot

exceed 100 ft. (30.48 m);

b. between any point in a sleeping room to the door of that room does

not exceed 50 ft. (15.24 m).

Exception No. 1 : The travel distance in a. or b. above may be

increased by 50 ft. (15.24 m) in buildings protected throughout by an approved automatic sprinkler system or smoke control system.

Exception No. 2: The travel distance in b. above, may be increased

to 100 ft. in open dormitories where the enclosing walls of the

dormitory space are at least of smoke-tight construction. Where

travel distance to the exit access door from any point within the

dormitory exceeds 50 ft. (15.24 m) , at least two exit access doors

remote from each other, shall be provided.

97
CELLS

L CENTER OF

f* DOOR

EXIT ACCESS

CORRIDOR

1, DE Af' pn- r.

1 * . r

I < 50 ft!15.24 rr-.)

CELLS

»

CELLS

CONDITIONTrTIT&TTr ^

APPROVED EXIT

CELLS

; CENTER OF

l"*—DOOR

Figure II.

Measuring Dead-End Corridors

The charge for deadend (D.E.) access is charged when any corridor affords

access in only one direction to a required exit from that corridor. The

calculation of the distance to determine the level of charge is the

measurement from the centerline of the doorway exiting to the corridor to

a point where there is a choice of two paths of travel to remote exits. (Flfi. 11.1)

Exit travel is the distance from the door to the corridor to the pcint

where the building is exited or a stairwell is entered which ever is

less. .Where the distance to the stairwell is the shorter distance, that

distance is based on the distance to the door enclosing the stairwell if

the stairwell is enclosed or to the top tread if the stairwell is open.

Parameter 11, Exit Access

This parameter simply measures the' distance involved and whether or not any

OF THAT DISTANCE INVOLVES A DEADEND. THE DISTANCE CONSIDERED IS FROM THE

MOST REMOTE OR MOST DEADENDED CELL UNTIL A PERSON CAN PASS INTO AN EXIT., OUT

OF THE BUILDING, OR THROUGH A SMOKE BARRIER.

When evaluating this parameter it is also necessary to know:

A, If THE VALUE FOR EXIT SYSTEM, PARAMETER 10, IS -6, I N THIS CASE

Note G of the FSES Worksheet applies.

b. If the building is of use condition V. In this case Mote I of the FSES

Worksheet applies,

98
12. Vertical Openings Open or Incomplete Enclosures Enclosed (E)

Thru > = 4 Floors 2-3 Floors 1 Fir. Smoke-Tight Fire-Resistive

-10(0)F - 7(0)F -2(0)F 0 2

E-Use 0 in 1 story buildings.

F-Use( ) if parameter 13 is 8.

12. Vertical Openings

These values apply to vertical openings and penetrations Including exit

stairways, ramps and any other vertical exits, pipeshafts ventilation

shafts, duct penetrations and laundry and incinerator chutes. The charge

for vertical openings is based on the presence of lack of enclosure and

the fire resistance of enclosure if present.

A vertical opening or penetration is classified as open (or Incomplete

Enclosure) if it is: (a) unenclosed; (b) is enclosed but does not have

doors; (c) is enclosed but has openings other than doorways; (d) is

enclosed with cloth, paper, or similar materials without any sustained

fire stopping capabilities.

If a shaft other than a credited exit route (i.e. credited as one of the

multiple routes required in Parameter 10 or in determining travel

distance in Parameter 11) is enclosed on all floors but one and this

results in an unprotected opening between that shaft, and one and only

one floor, the parameter value assigned to that shaft is 0. If a required egress route is contained in that shaft the parameter value is

-2. If vertical firestopping is incomplete, the vertical opening so created is evaluated using the above criteria.

Two communicating floor levels are permitted without enclosure protection

between levels provided they meet the requirements of sections 14-3.1.2

or 15-3.1.2, as appropriate.

Vertical opening charges do not apply to open multi-tiered cell blocks

classified as single story buildings in accordance with the permission

set forth in Parameter 1, Construction.

a. Smoke Tight - A complete enclosure is provided and Is capable of

resisting the passage of smoke but does not meet the fire resistance

requirements of section 6-2. 2. 3. 2.

b. Fire Resistant - A smoke tight enclosure that also meets the fire

resistance requirements of 6-2. 2. 3. 2.

When evaluating this parameter it is also necessary to know:

A, If THE BUI LING IS ONLY ONE STORY, 1 Vi THIS CASE NOTE E OF THE

FSES Worksheet applies.

B, If there is Smoke and Heat Venting that qualifies for an 8 point

SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEM UNDER PARAMETER 13, In THAT CASE NOTE F

of the FSES Worksheet applies.

For examples of vertical openings see Figure 12.1,

99
Stairwell Enclosures

should include all Upper

walls and wall open- Floors

ings. Determine if

construction is greater

than or less than one hour fire resistance.

Concrete block can be

considered to have First

at least one hour Floor

fire resistance.

STAIRWELL ENCLOSURES

Ventilation

Duct

Damper Required

VENTILATION SHAFT ENCLOSURES

Vertical opening charges do not

apply to multi-tiered cell blocks

if the building is classified as a single story building in accordance

with the permission set forth in

Parameter 1, construction(ie. smoke

and heat venting/ or sprinklers).

MULTI-TIERED CELL

BLOCK

Figure 12.1 Vertical Openings

100
13. Smoke Control No Control Smoke Compartments Heat & Smoke

Vent System

Passive Mechanically Assisted

-2 2 3 8

Parameter 15, Smoke Control

Two TYPES OF SMOKE CONTROL ARE CONSIDERED. THE FIRST TYPE IS PROVIDED BY

DIVIDING THE PRISONER SPACE INTO AT LEAST TWO SEPARATE COMPARTMENTS SO THAT

PRISONERS CAN BE MOVED FROM ONE TO THE OTHER WITHOUT HAVING TO TAKE THEM OUT

OF THE BUILDING. The SECOND TYPE INVOLVES A MECHANICAL HEAT AND VENT SYSTEM.

Such a system would have to be developed by a qualified fire protection or MECHANICAL ENGINEER.

13. Smoke Control

Smoke control definitions are as follows:

a. No Control - There are no smoke barriers (or horizontal exits) on

the floor and accessible to those confined.

b. Smoke Compartment — Passive - The credit for smoke barriers Is to be

credited to any facility meeting the requirements of sections 14-3.7 or 15-3.7, as appropriate.

See figure 13.1 for example

WITH 6-3 OR HORIZONTAL. <£XIT

IN ACCORDANCE WITH 5-2.4

(14-3.7.1 EXCEPTION No. 1)

Figure 13.1 Smoke Compartment Requirements

For New Facilities

101
SMOKE PARTITIONS

Appropriate credit may be given to smoke barrier partitions when these partitions

ARE CONTINUOUS FROM OUTSIDE WALL TO OUTSIDE WALL AND FROM THE FLOOR TIGHT TO THE

FLOOR OR ROOF DECK ABOVE IN ACCORDANCE WITH SECTION 6-3 OF NFPA 101, ALL PARTITIONS OF THIS TYPE MUST BE OF CONSTRUCTION HAVING A CAPABILITY OF RESISTING THE

PASSAGE OF SMOKE; SUCH AS MASONRY; TILE; OR GYPSUM WALLBOARD ON EACH SIDE OF

APPROPRIATE STUDS. IHE WALL MUST ALSQ MAINTAIN A CONTINUOUS; ALTHOUGH NOT

NECESSARILY STRAIGHT; PATH ACROSS THE ENTIRE BUILDING.

All openings in smoke barriers must be protected to stop the spread of smoke, to

ACHIEVE THIS ALL OPENINGS ARE USUALLY SEALED OR PROTECTED WITH DOORS OR DAMPERS

When such protection is normally held in the open position; it must be arranged

TO CLOSE AUTOMATICALLY IN THE EVENT OF ACTIVATION OF THE FIRE ALARM IN THAT AREA;

INCLUDING APPROVED AUTOMATIC SMOKE DETECTION LOCATED NEAR THE DOORWAY,

c. Smoke Compartment - Mechanically Assisted - Mechanically assisted

smoke control on a compartment basis must include a smoke barrier

(or a horizontal exit) supported by a mechanism of automatic control

fans, smoke vent shafts, or a combination thereof to provide a pressure differential that will assist in confining smoke to the

compartment of origin. Fans involved may be special smoke control

fans or special adjustments of the normal building air movement

fans.

Mechanically Assisted Systems

In ORDER TO RECEIVE FULL CREDIT FOR A MECHANICALLY ASSISTED SMOKE CONTROL

SYSTEM; THAT SYSTEM MUST BE DESIGNED AND INSTALLED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE

SPECIFIC SMOKE .MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS OF A PARTICULAR BUILDING. THE DETERMINATION OF SUCH INSTALLATIONS MUST BE MADE THROUGH SOUND ENGINEERING

EVALUATION NORMALLY INCLUDING A FIRE PROTECTION ENGINEER OR MECHANICAL

ENGINEER EXPERIENCED IN THIS AREA.

102
d. Heat and Smoke Vent System - A heat and smoke vent system ts a system meeting the design criteria set forth in A-15-3.1.3,

Recommended Method of Calculating Expected Level of Smoke in a Smoke

Removal Equipped Cell Block or other satisfactory means so designed

as to maintain the level of smoke above head height In the residential housing area. The additional credit for this system shall be

given if the operation of the exhaust system is initiated automatically by smoke detection available in the zone.

The methodology presented herein is based on the physics of the buoyant hot

GAS PLUME PRODUCED BY p I RE, THE RATE OF ACCUMULATION OF SMOKE ABOVE A FIRE

IS DETERMINED BY BOTH THE RATE OF BURNING (RATE OF ENERGY PRODUCTION) AND

THE AMOUNT OF AIR ENTRAINED IN THE RISING PLUME,

The DETAILS OF THE RATE OF ENERGY PRODUCTION DRIVING THE PLUME IS THE LEAST

PREDICTABLE FACTOR INVOLVED, CURRENT RESEARCH IS DIRECTED AT IMPROVING THE

ABILITY TO PREDICT THE ACTUAL COURSE AND DURATION OF ENERGY RELEASE DURING

A FIRE, To BRIDGE THE RESULTING UNCERTAINTY., THIS METHOD ASSUMES THAT THE FIRE

WILL CONTINUE TO BURN INDEFINITELY AT A GIVEN ENERGY LEVEL DEDUCED FROM FULLSCALE BURN EXPERIMENTS,

THE INTENT IS TO PRESCRIBE EXHAUST CAPACITY BASED ON THE MAXIMUM ENERGY RELEASE

RATES LIKELY TO OCCUR .AND THE SIZE OF THE CELL OPENING, THIS APPROACH RESULTS

IN A CONSERVATIVE OVERDESIGN WHICH IS NECESSARY UNTIL MORE DETAILED PREDICTION

OF FIRE DEVELOPMENT IS AVAILABLE,

A Recommen Rfcqmmended Method Method of Calculating Expected Level of Smoke in a Smoke Removal

Lquipped Cell Block,

This method for calculating the expected level of smoke has been developed from

DATA EXPERIMENTALLY PRODUCED IN FULL-SCALE BURNOUTS OF TEST CELLS. The TEST

CELLS WERE SIZED, LOADED WITH FUEL, AND CONSTRUCTED TO REPRESENT SEVERE CONDITIONS OF HEAVILY FUEL LOADED (APPROXIMATELY 6 LB/SQ FT (22.292 KG/SQ m)) CELLS

AS FOUND IN PRISON LOCATIONS. THE FILLING RATE AND TEMPERATURE OF THE EFFLUENT

GAS AND SMOKE HAVE BEEN CALCULATED USING THE DATA FROM THESE TESTS AND ESTABLISHED

FORMULAE FROM PLUME DYNAMICS.

The APPLICATION OF THIS METHOD SHOULD BE LIMITED TO SITUATIONS WHERE THERE IS AT

LEAST 10 FT 6.05 M) FROM THE FLOOR LEVEL TO THE LOWEST ACCEPTABLE LEVEL OF SMOKE

ACCUMULATION (Z)j THE RESERVOIR ABOVE THE LOWEST ACCEPTABLE LEVEL FOR Z IS AT

LEAST 20 PERCENT OF THE Z DIMENSION, THE LENGTH OF THE CELL BLOCK IS AT LEAST

EQUAL TO Z, AND THE FAN IS AT LEAST 10 FT (3.05 M)

HIGHEST CELL.

HIGHER THAN THE FLOOR OF THE

The DETERMINATION OF SMOKE REMOVAL REQUIREMENTS IS BASED ON THE DIMENSIONS OF

THE CELL OPENING. WHERE MORE THAN ONE CELL OPENING IS INVOLVED, THE LARGER

SIZE ON THE LEVEL BEING CALCULATED SHOULD BE USED.

The fan size, temperature rating, and OPERATIONS MEANS may BE DETERMINED BY THE

FOLLOWING PROCEDURE:

1. Acceptable smoke level. Determine the udwest acceptable level of

SMOKE ACCUMULATION IN ACCORDANCE WITH 15-3.1.3. The VERTICAL

DISTANCE BETWEEN THAT LEVEL AND THE FLOOR LEVEL OF THE ipWFST CELL

IS THE VALUE OF Z TO BE USED IN CONNECTION WITH FIGURE 15-10.

103
133i N! TMZ

Figure 15*10 Heat and Smoke Venting

AT

-

TEMPERATURE

OF

UPPER

LAYER

GASES

ABOVE

AMBIENT

VENTILATION

RATE

CURVES

CONSTANT

TEMPERATURE

RISE

CURVES

V

fan

-

FAN

DISCHARGE

CAPACITY

(AS

INSTALLED)

z

CLEAR

-

DISTANCE

FROM

CELL

FLOOR

TO

SMOKE

LAYER
6 ft. x 6 ft. (1.83 m x 1.83 m)

OPENING OPENING

2 ft. x 6 ft.(.6l m x 1.83 m)

OPENING

12 in. x 12 in. (30.U8 cm. x 30. U8 cm)

WINDOW

1+ in. (10.16 cm.) UNDERCUT

Figure 15*11 Typical Cell Openings

105
2. Characteristic cell opening. Determine the opening of the cell face.

Where there is more than one size of cell opening use the largest.

Match the actual opening to those shown in Figure 15-11 and use the*

corresponding curve on Figure 15-10. If there is no match between

THE SIZE AND SHAPE OF OPENING AND FIGURE 15-11, THEN INTERPOLATE

BETWEEN THE CURVES. IF THE OPENING EXCEEDS 6 FT BY 6 FT (3.34 SQ M),

USE THE CURVE FOR A 6 FT BY 6 FT (3.34 SQ M) OPENING. THIS CURVE IS

CONSIDERED TO REPRESENT THE MAXIMUM BURNING SITUATION AND INCREASING

THE SIZE OF THE OPENING WILL NOT INCREASE THE ACTUAL BURNING RATE.

3. Exhaust fan rate. Determine the exhaust fan capacity needed to

EXTRACT SMOKE AT A RATE THAT WILL MAINTAIN THE SMOKE LEVEL AT A

POINT HIGHER THAN Z. THIS IS THE RATE SHOWN ON THE BASELINE OF

Figure 15-10 corresponding to the level of Z on the vertical axis

FOR THE SOLID LINE (VENTILATION RATE) CURVE APPROPRIATE TO THE CELL

door size. This exhaust capability must be provided at a point

HIGHER THAN Z.

4. Intake air. Provide intake air openings that are either present

or automatically provided at times of emergency smoke removal.

I HESE ARE TO BE LOCATED AT OR NEAR THE BASELINE OF THE CELL BLOCK

TO ALLOW FOR INTAKE AIR AT THE RATE TO BE VENTED BY THE FAN. THE

OPENINGS PROVIDED SHALL BE SUFFICIENT TO AVOID A FRICTION LOAD THAT

CAN REDUCE THE EXHAUST EFFICIENCY. STANDARD AIR-HANDLING DESIGN

CRITERIA ARE USED IN MAKING THIS CALCULATION.

5. Fan temperature rating. Determine the potential temperature of

GASES THAT THE FAN MAY BE REQUIRED TO HANDLE. lO DO THIS, DETERMINE

THE DISTANCE FROM THE FLOOR OF THE HIGHEST CELL TO THE CENTERLINE

OF THE FAN (OR FAN PORTS IF THE FAN IS IN A DUCT OR SIMILAR ARRANGEMENT) . Determine the intersection of this new "Z" value with the

APPROPRIATE VENTILATION RATE CURVE (SOLID LINE) ON FIGURE 15-10.

Estimate the temperature rise by interpolating along the appropriate

VENTILATION RATE CURVE AND BETWEEN THE CONSTANT TEMPERATURE RISE

CURVES (DASHED LINES) ON FIGURE 15-10. PROVIDE ALL ELEMENTS OF THE

EXHAUST SYSTEM THAT ARE TO BE ABOVE THE ACCEPTABLE SMOKE LEVEL WITH

THE CAPABILITY TO EFFECTIVELY OPERATE WITH THE INDICATED INCREASE

IN TEMPERATURE.

6. Operation of exhaust system. The emergency exhaust system should be

ARRANGED TO INITIATE AUTOMATICALLY ON DETECTION OF SMOKE, OPERATION

OF A MANUAL FIRE AU\RM SYSTEM, OR DIRECT MANUAL OPERATION. THE

CAPABILITY TO MANUALLY START THE AUTOMATIC EXHAUST SYSTEM SHOULD BE

PROVIDED IN A GUARD POST IN THE CELL BLOCK AND/OR AT ANOTHER CONTROL

LOCATION. When appropriate, the emergency exhaust fans may BE USED

FOR COMFORT VENTILATION AS WELL AS SERVING THEIR EMERGENCY PURPOSES.

106
Appendix C

(FIELD TEST PACKET - JANUARY 1983)

FIRE SAFETY EVALUATION WORKSHEET

DETENTION AND CORRECTIONAL OCCUPANCIES

IDENTIFICATION CODE*

EVALUATOR DATE

Complete one worksheet for each building evaluated.

STEP 1. Complete the building Identification, evaluator, and date entries

above.

STEP 2. Determine the most restrictive use condition in the facility.

Check the appropriate box below.

Use condition II - Zoned Egress

Use condition III - Zoned Impeded Egress

Use condition IV - Impeded Egress

Use condition V - Contained

Note: If use conditions III or IV are involved, the combination

of staff location, remote release locks, and/or fire

detection must be sufficient to insure the prompt release

required by the use ^condition checked.

* Leave blank unless more than one facility is tested by a single evaluator.

In such case, assign a convenient code number for use if follow-up content

is needed.

107
STEP 3: DETERMINE SAFETY PARAMETER VALUES - USE TABLE 1.

A. SELECT AND CIRCLE THE SAFETY VALUE FOR EACH SAFETY PARAMETER

THAT BEST DESCRIBES THE CONDITIONS IN THE ZONE. CHOOSE ONLY

ONE VALUE FOR EACH OF THE 13 PARAMETERS. IF TWO OR MORE APPEAR

TO APPLY CHOOSE THE ONE WITH THE LOWEST POINT VALUE.

RESIDENTIAL HOUSING AREA: INCLUDES SLEEPING AREAS AND ANY CONTIGUOUS DAY ROOM. GROUP ACTIVITY SPACE. OR OTHER COMMON SPACE.

TABLE I . SAFETY PARAMETER VALUES

1. CONSTRUCTION TYPE V(OOO) V(11t) !V(2HH) 111(200) 112(211

11(000) 11(111) 11(222) OR I(ANY)

1ST IIR -4 .0 0 2 0 0 2 2ND 1 LR -2 . .0 0 -2 0 -2 2 2 3RD F LR -B ( - 2 ) A -2<0)A •2(0)

• 8 ( - 2 ) A . 0 - 5

( *2) A i . 2 >-4TH F LR - 1 0( • 2 ) A *4 ( 0)

-4(0)4 - 1 0( - 2 ) A - 2( 0 ) A • 8< -2)A 0 2

2. HAZARDOUS AREAS WITHIN RES HOUSING AREA OUTSIDE RES. HOUSING AREA NONE OR

DOUULE

DEFICIT NCY SINGLE

DCF 1C1TNCY DOUBLE PCMCIENCY

SINGLE DEFICIENCY

NO DEFICIENCIES

-7 -4 -4 ( -7)13 * 0

3. FIRE ALARM NO ALARM W/0 F.O. NOTIFICATION w/F.D.NOTl F 1 CAT ION W/0 MAN. ALARM W. MAN. ALARM

• 1 0 1 2

4. SMOKE DETECTION NONE RESIDENTIAL HOUSING AREA TOTAL

PARTIAL COVERAGE FULL COVERAGE BLDG. CORR.ACOMM, SPA. A LRG. SLEEPING RMS. 1 ALL SLEEPING RMS.

- 4

( - 1 )A 0 | 2 4 5

5. AUTOMATIC SPRINK- LERSNONE RESIDENTIAL HOUSING

AREA ENTIRE BUILOING

0 8 10

6. INTERIOR FINISH

(CORRSAEGRESS)

7. INTERIOR FINISH

(OTHER AREAS)

C.LASS S

CLASS C CLASS B

1

8. CELL/ROOM ENCLOSURE CELLS! ROOMS) FACE ON CORRIDOR

(EACH CELL IS A SEPARATE RESIDENTIAL HOUSING AREA)

INTERVENING COMMON SPACE WITHIN RESIO. HOUSING AREA

“(5>'en

-3( - 5 )C

(O)D

SMOKE

ticht_<ihr_

0( *2 )C

1

>• 1HR

FIRE RESISTIVE,

2(0)C

0. SEPARATION OF RESIO. HOUSING AREAS FROM OTHER AREASINCOMPLETE

*6

10. EXIT SYSTEM < 2 ROUTES

SMOKE TIGHT 2(4)H

>» 1 HR.

.»Rfi,..ElESlSL 4(2)8

Ve rm?fir

-2

11. EXIT ACCESS

MUITIPIE- BftUIfiS NO DEFICIENCIES DIRECT EXIT

DEAD ENOS NO DEAD ENOS > 50 FT (I) A TRAVEL ISl

> 1 OOF T >50FT I 1

>225FT <-225FTA>1S0FT <1 50FT . I

- 2 ( 0 )G 1 <0)G - 2 ( 0 )G - 1 < C )G (5 1 12. VERTICAL OPENINGS

13. SMOKE CONTROL NO CONTROL

OPEN OR INCOMPLETE ENCLOSURES ENCLQ! THRU >«4 FLOORS 2-3 FLOORS 1 F LR. SMOKE- TIGHT ^fTrIWtSTWF

- 1 0 ( 0 ) F - 7 ( 0 ) F - 2 ( 0 ) F 0 2

SMOKE. COMPARTMENTS

PASSIVE MECHANICALLY ASSISTED . 2 3

HEATASMOKE

VfcHT SYST.EM.

A - USE ( ) IF PARAMETER 5 IS 10.

B • USE ( ) IF PARAMETER 1 IS BASED ON 11(000). 111(200). OR

V(OOO) CONSTRUCTION ANO PARAMETER S IS 0.

C - USE ( ) FOR LEVEL V NEW WHEN PARAMETER S IS 0. 0 • USE ( ) FOR ALL LEVEL II

- FOR LEVEL III IF INTERVENING SPACE IS <-50 FT..

- FOR LEVEL IV IF PARAMETER S IS >»8 ANO INTERVENING SPACE IS <»S0 FT.

- ALSO USE ( ) IN EXISTING BUILDINGS IF EITHER PARAMETER 13 • 8. OR IP PARAMETER S IS >• 0 ANO PARAMETER 4 IS >- 0.

E - USE 0 IN 1 STORY BUILDINGS.

F - USE ( ) IF PARAMETER 13 IS 6 . G - USE ( ) IF PARAMETER 10 IS -6

H - USE ( ) FOR LEVELS II. III. AND IV NEW IF CELLS AhE FACING

ACCESS CORRIDOR.

1 - 20 FT. FOR LEVEL V.

108
Step 4. COMPUTE INDIVIDUAL SAFETY EVALUATIONS. TABLE 2

A. Transfer each of the 14 circled safety parameter values on Table 1 to every unshaded block in the line with the corresponding

parameter title in Table 2. Where the block is indicated (42)

enter only one-half the value shown in Table 1.

B. Add the four columns, keeping in mind that any negative numbers deduct.

C. Transfer the resulting values for S,, $«» S-, and S- to the blanks

marked S^ , S^, S

3

, and in Table 4.

J q

TABLE 2. INDIVIDUAL SAFETY EVALUATIONS

SAFETY PARAMETER FIRE CONTROL

PROVIDED

is,)

EGRESS

PROVIDED

< s*>

REFUGE

PROVIDED

»3>

GENERAL

FIRE SAFETY

PROVIDED

( S

4

)

1. CONSTRUCTION XXXXXXXXXXXX

XXXXXXXXXXXX

2. HAZARDOUS AREAS

*2

3. FIRE ALARM

* 2

XXXXXXXXXXX

xxxxxxxxxxx

4. SMOKE DETECTION 2

XXXXXXXXXXX

xxxxxxxxxxx

5. AUTOMATIC

SPRINKLERS *2 *2

6. INTERIOR FINISH

(EGRESS ETC.)

XXXXXXXXXXXX

XXXXXXXXXXXX xxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxx

7. INTERIOR FINISH

(OTHER AREAS) 2

XXXXXXXXXXXX)

XXXXXXXXXXXX) xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

8. CELL/ROOM

ENCLOSURE

XXXXXXXXXXXX)

XXXXXXXXXXXX)

XXXXXXXXXXXX

XXXXXXXXXXXX

9. SEPARATION OF

RES ID. HOUSING AREAS

FROM OTHER AREAS

*2

10. EXIT SYSTEM XXXXXXXXXXXX

XXXXXXXXXXXX

v 2

11. EXIT ACCESS XXXXXXXXXXXX

XXXXXXXXXXXX xxxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxx

12. VERTICAL

OPENINGS

*2

13. SMOKE CONTROL XXXXXXXXXXXX

XXXXXXXXXXXX

TOTAL V V S

3

s S 4°

June 11, 1982

109
1-

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no
Step 6. FIRE SAFETY EQUIVALENCY EVALUATION

1. Perform the indicated subtractions in Table 4. Enter the differences in the

appropriate answer blocks.

2. For each row check "YES" If the value in the answer block Is zero or

greater. Check "NO" If the value In tne answer block is a negative number.

TABLE 4 FIP.E SAFETY EQUIVALENCY EVALUATION YES NO

Control Required

Provided * S1 * Le55 Control

s

i C 1 II

Egress Required

Provided Less

Egress ^ S

b^ ii-q <2 1

Refuge Required

Provided 1,655 Refuge ^c^

1

S

3

S

£ R

-DO

General

Fire IS4

) Less *eRU,red

f S 1 v n Safety 6en - Fire '

Safety

Safety 1

S

4

s

d

6

-DO

CONCLUSIONS:

1. [ ] All of the checks in Table 4 are in the "YES" column. The level of fire safety is at least equivalent to that prescribed by the Life Safety Code.

2. [ ] One or more of the checks in Table 4 are in the "NO" column. The

level of fire safety is not shown by this system to be equivalent to that prescribed by the Life Safety Code.

The equivalency covered by this worksheet includes the majority of considerations covered by the Life Safety Code. There are a few considerations that are not evaluated by this method. There must be

i^STEP

1^

separate^'y * These additional considerations are covered

June 11, 1982

111
STEP 7

Considerations

(The following items are required by the Life Safety Code as fire safety

features but are beyond the scope of equivalency evaluation of the Fire

Safety Evaluation System. They must be accounted for separately.)

Yes No

1. Utilities and building services conform to

the requirement of Section 14-5 or 15-5 of the

Life Safety Code.

2. 24-hour staffing is provided as required

by Section 31-5.1 of the Life Safety Code.

3. Furnishing and decorations combustibility is

limited in accordance with section 3. 1-5.

of the Life Safety Code.

4. Portable fire extinguishers are provided at least at staff locations

5. Standpipes are provided in all

buildings over 75 ft. tall and

non-sprinklered buildings over

3 stories in height.

6. If use conditions III or IV are involved,

is the combination of staff location, remote

release locks, and fire detection sufficient

to insure the prompt release required by

those use conditions?

112

August 2, 1982
SUPPLEMENTAL BUILDING DATA

1. CONSTRUCTION .

The building is built of:

Wood Fire Proofed Steel

Brick (or Block) and Wood Reinforced Concrete

Bare Steel (with or without Other (Explain)

brick, block, etc.)

2. HAZARDOUS AREAS*

Are there any If so, are they

Padded cells

X-if yes Sprinkler

protected?

Enclosed in a fire resistive

room with a fire door?

Cells used as storage spaces

Paint

Shops*

Storerooms or Warehouse spaces

Other*

* Hazardous areas are spaces (rooms, cells, lockers, cages, etc.) where there

is a significant collection of combustible materials (wood, corrugated

cartons, bedding, paint, paper supplies, flammable liquids, etc.).

3. FIRE ALARM .

Are there fire alarm boxes?

Who has access to them? Staff Residents

What happens when a box is pulled?

Alarms sound in residential housing area. Alarm signal is given to staff control position.

Signal automatically goes to a fire department.

If there are no fire alarm boxes, is there a smoke detection or sprinkler

alarm system that automatically notifies a fire department?

4. SMOKE DETECTION .

Are there any smoke detectors in the building?

If so, approximately how many detectors are there?

Are the detectors connected together into a system?

Where are the detectors located?

5.

AUTOMATIC SPRINKLERS .

Is the building provided with automatic sprinkler protection?

If so, is the entire building so protected?

If less than full protection, what is covered by sprinkler protection?

113
SUPPLEMENTAL BUILDING DATA ( 2 )

6&7 . INTERIOR FINISH .

Are the walls or ceilings In any spaces made of, lined or padded** with,

wood, plastic, rubber, or other combustible materials? If so, describe

the areas and the materials involved.

Are any floors carpeted or padded? Carpeted ___

Padded (with what)

** Other than padded cells covered under Item 2, Hazardous Areas.

8. CELL/ROOM ENCLOSURE .

Describe the cell arrangement in terms of type of walls, front, doors;

locks (and unlocking); tiers or levels; and day rooms or other space within

the confinement space(s).

9. SEPARATION OF RESIDENTIAL HOUSING AREAS FROM OTHER AREAS .

Is the confinement area (cell block, etc.) a separate building?

If not (administration, security, dining, or other activities are in the same building as the cells), the separation between the residential housing

area (confinement area) and the rest of the buildings is:

a. All or part is open grill . b. Masonry with solid doors. Are the doors fire doors?

c. Other (explain)

10&11. EXIT SYSTEM AND ACCESS .

Please provide a diagram of the facility layout showing all proposed

emergency evacuation or relocation routes. Mark doors that might be used

to show type of lock or release involved. (In a large facility, one typical

residential unit is sufficient.)

12. VERTICAL OPENINGS .

Describe any open stairs, elevators, shafts, etc., other than those in

open tier spaces. _____

13. SMOKE CONTROL .

Are there any smoke resisting partitions that residents can be taken through

in an emergency? (If so, mark them on plan.)

Are there any other special smoke control facilities? Explain

114
CONCLUDING COMMENTS

1.

Who completed the form? (Job not name.)

2.

Was outside help used? If so, what type? 3.

Workability. (Could you do It, could It be made simpler? If so, how?)

4.

Fire Safety. (If a fire safety professional was involved.) Did the FSES/D&C

give an appropriate appraisal of the fire safety level in the facility?

Comments

115
Appendix D

Peer Consulting Group

A. Residential Occupancies

William Austin HUD - Public Housing

Donald Belles Belles Associate

J. Armand Burgun Rogers, Burgun Shanine

and Deschler

M. Prassar Prassar Associate

Arnold Gangnes Gangnes /Klappenbach

Architects

George Gray

Robert Lynch

Gray Associate

Donald Moore HUD - Research Center

Jonas Morehart Health and Human Services

Hank Roux Armstrong World Industries

J. Sanders Fire Marshal/State of

Oklahoma

Howard Summers, Jr.

B. Detention and Correctional Occupancies

Fire Marshal/State of

Virginia

Wayne G. Carson Carson Associate

Thomas Jaeger Gage Babcock & Assoc.

Robert M. Norris Virginia Dept, of Corrections

William E. Koffel Maryland Fire Marshall Office

116
NBS-114A (REV. 2-8C) U.S. DEPT. OF COMM.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET (See instructions

1. PUBLICATION OR

REPORT NO.

NBSIR 84-2976

2. Performing Organ. Report No. 3. Publication Date

January 1985

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

The Development of a Fire Evaluation System for Detention and Correctional

Occupancies

5. AUTHOR(S)

Harold E. Nelson and A.J. Shibe

6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION (If joint or other than NBS, see instructions

national bureau of standards

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

7. Contract/Grant No.

8. Type of Report & Period Covered

9. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS (Street, City. State. ZIP)

10. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

3 Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FIPS Software Summary, is attached.

11. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bi bliography or literature survey, mention it here)

A Fire Safety Evaluation System for Detention and Correctional Occupancies has been

developed. It can be used for determining if a facility has fire safety equivalent

to that obtained by meeting the requirement of a given code. The system was calibrated for use with proposed chapters for detention and correctional occupancies

of the Life Safety Code (1985) . There are separate sets of requirements for each of

four use conditions; one for zoned egress, one for zoned impeded egress, one for

impeded egress, and one for contained. Within each set, there are two levels of

evaluation: one for partially sprinklered and non-sprinklered buildings, and one for

totally sprinklered buildings.

12. KEY WORDS (Six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only proper names; and separate key words by .*- detention and correctional occupancies; fire safety; Fire Safety Evaluation Sy • t . jails; prisons

13. AVAILABILITY

Unlimited

[331 For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

[331 Order From Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington. D.C.

20402.

QX) Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, VA. 22161

14. NO. OF

PRINTEO PAGES

121

IS. Price13.00

glCOuu*OC
rnpiifram

,1