NBSIR, 73-110

CITY 1

PLAYER'S

MANUAL

COM-73-

TY GAMES
National Technical Information Service

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

P.O. Box 1551

Springfield, Va. 22151

Price of City Games

Computer Files Includes

Related Manuals
NBSIR 73-110

CITY I PLAYER'S MANUAL

Edited by John E. Moriarty

Technical Analysis Division

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

March 1973

Final Report

Sponsored by

National Technical Information Service

5285 Port Royal Road

Springfield, Virginia 22151

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Frederick B. Dent, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Richard W. Roberts. Director

Acknowledgement

We wish to acknowledge the significant contributions

made by the P.R.C. Systems Sciences Company to the development

of the Game and the preparation of written material used in

this Manual. We also wish to acknowledge the original work

of Dr. Peter House and Environmetrics for their contributions

to the City Games.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION 1

II. MODEL PROCESSES 12

A. The Computer 12

B. The Game Board 14

C. Levels of Aggregation and Scale 16

D. How to Begin Play of City I 16

E. The City I Round 17

F. Optional Citizen's and Mass Media Team 18

III. ECONOMIC SECTOR 19

A. Economic Land Uses 19

1. Development Level 20

2. Value Ratio 20

3. Capacity 21

B. Buyers and Sellers 22

1. The Commercial Process 25

C. Employment Process 26

D. Income 2 8

E. Expenditures 3 4

IV. INPUT 4 0

A. Economic Sector Decisions 40

1. Borrow or Lend Money 40

2. Transfer Cash 40

3. Invest in Speculative or Conservative

Stocks " 40

4. Restore Slums 40

5. Purchase and Bid on Land 4 0

6. Build or Upgrade Residences 41

7. Build or Upgrade Businesses 41

8. Demolish Residences 42

9. Demolish Businesses 42

10. Renovate Residences or Businesses 42

11. Change Prices or Salaries 43

v
TABLE OF CONTENTS

(Continued)

Title Page

B. Procedures and Formats 45

1. Decision Code 45

2. Additional Information 46

V. OUTPUT 52

A. Description of Economic Output 52

1. Detailed Property Statement 52

2. Summary Property Statement 6 0

3. Summary Financial Statement 6 3

VI. GOVERNMENT SECTOR 66

A. Chairman and Council 6 8

1. Explanation of the Role 6 8

2. Chairman and Council Decisions 69

3. Input Procedure 71

4. Sample Decisions 73

5. Computer Output 75

B. Finance Department 78

1. Explanation of the Role 7 8

2. Finance Department Decisions 79

3. Input Procedure 81

4. Sample Decisions 83

5. Computer Output 85

C. Public Works and Safety Department 88

1. Explanation of the Role 88

2. Public Works and Safety Department

Decisions 92

3. Input Procedure 95

4. Sample Decisions 97

5. Computer Output 99

D. School Department 104

1. Explanation of the Role 104

2. School Department Decisions 106

3. Input Procedure 109

4. Sample Decisions 111

5. Computer Output 113

VI
TABLE OF CONTENTS

(Continued)

Title Page

E. Highway Department 117

1. Explanation of the Role 117

2. Highway Department Decisions 119

3. Input Procedure 122

4. Sample Decisions 124

5. Computer Output 126

F. Planning and Zoning Department 133

1. Explanation of the Role 13 3

2. Planning and Zoning Department Decisions 134

3. Input Procedure 135

4. Sample Decisions 137

5. Computer Output 139
COMPUTER PRINTOUT

Title

Chairman's Report of County Budget for Round 1

Congestion Map for 1

Finance Department Report, Round 1

Game Board

Game Board Sample

Highway Department Report for 1

Municipal Services Map for Round 1

Planning and Zoning Department Report for 1

Public Works and Safety Department, Report for

School Department Report for 1

School Map for Round 1

Simulated County, 4 Areas

Summary Financial Statement for A, Round 1

Summary Property Statement for A, Round 1

Team A for Round 1

Total Cost Increment Map for 1

Utility Map, Round 1

Value Ratio Map for 1

viii
I. INTRODUCTION

City I is an operational simulation game in which

participants make economic, government and social decisions

affecting a hypothetical metropolitan area. Through the use

of a computer, the simulated urban system responds to the

participants' decisions as any real city would. Each

player in City I is assigned to a team which shares an

economic and governmental role. The interrelated decisions

made by teams will guide the way the simulated city changes

in composition and size.

The simulation approach to cities offers the players

an opportunity not only to make decisions but to implement

them as well. They receive a feedback from their actions

and see the effects from other forces that are constantly

at work altering the effectiveness of the players' decisions.

Players therefore have a learning experience in how to deal

with a changing environment. The round-by-round play gives

the players the necessary experience in selecting the type

of analysis to move them towards their objectives while the

allocation of their time and Game resources is a critical

determinant of the success they hope to achieve. As the Game

progresses, players learn to increase their involvement in

the management of the environment while at the same time

learning more about the relationships between business and

society.

One of the primary purposes of the Game is to improve

the players understanding of urban problems in systemic

terms. In other words, the aim is to encourage players to

view the activities of the City as being closely related

and interdependent (e.g., an unemployment problem will

exacerbate a health problem, the loss of industry and jobs

in the private sector will reduce the number and quality of

services offered in the public sector through reduced tax

revenues, etc.). The Game also encourages players to use

an interdisciplinary perspective when dealing with urban

problems; that is, to look at the problem not only from

the viewpoint of an economist, but also from the perspective

of a geographer, planner, political scientist, etc.. For

instance, if a player is dealing with a land use problem

such as zoning, he soon realizes that he cannot escape the

broader concepts of land-use planning. The problems of

housing, unemployment, education, health, highways, etc.,

are all related in a system of interconnected activities

and institutions to his original land-use problem of zoning.

Hence, many of the outputs of this particular gaming model

(e.g., land use maps, economic indicator tables, etc.) are

designed in such a fashion that the City can be viewed more

easily as a single entity than as several separate and disparate parts.

1
Although no two games are ever identical, most games

have common characteristics that are noteworthy. In a typical game, the economic decision makers can best be described as rather conservative and cautious players. This

aversion to risk-taking is especially noticeable in the

early rounds when players are uncertain as to the outcome of

particular decisions. Economic decision makers generally do

not have a game plan and most decisions in the early rounds

are not made in a systematic fashion or developed in a coordinated manner. In later rounds, many decisions are made as

the result of actions taken in earlier rounds. For example,

an economic decision maker might build some housing units

for rental purposes and then find that they are underutilized.

The decision maker might then consider building commercial

or manufacturing establishments close by in order to induce

more people to live in the underutilized housing units and

build up a good supply of labor. Just as likely, the procedure would be reversed, and the emphasis would be on

building housing units near a previously built manufacturing

plant in order to maintain an adequate supply of labor close

to the plant.

The economic decision makers usually make profits on

their business operations, although losses on particular

investments are not uncommon. It is characteristic of economic decision makers that profit maximization is the primary

motive for making decisions, subject, of course, to the

twin constraints of risk-taking and uncertainty.

The public decision makers attempt to make a concerted

effort to improve the welfare of the City, although the

indicators used to measure economic progress do not clearly

reflect the intensity of this effort. During the early

rounds, a typical game plan is to obtain additional revenue

to upgrade the school system and municipal services, while

at the same time attempting to redistribute the tax burden

to fall more heavily on the business community and to a lesser extent on the work force. Lower income residents

generally receive a tax break through the reduction of the

sales tax on goods and services while the tax on auto owners

is raised in the hope that the use of public transportation

will increase.

As in a real city, the public deficit looms as an

obstacle in the path of all social reforms. So it is with

the City game. The public administrators must face the

debt problem and solve it before money can be allocated in

significant amounts to create the Utopian society we all

dream about. These administrative processes that implement

social reforms require the integration of decision making

through the various disciplines. As the game progresses,

2
the conflict between the objectives of the public and private

sectors becomes amplified. Both sectors begin to realize

that they cannot perform their objectives independently

and the learning process begins. As an example of this

learning process, consider the micro-level analysis of

shopping centers which are simulated by the "personal goods"

and "personal service" industries. To perform this analysis,

appraisals are required along with business and property

analysis. Investment portfolio analysis is required to

manage a variety of business enterprises and a portfolio

of real estate resources. The constraints on the entrepreneur come from the public sector in terms of zoning

restrictions, building permits, taxes, utilities, etc.,

which can prove very formidable. Hence, the public and

private interests become interwoven and the Game provides

a way of demonstrating decision-making in a society where

there is a community of interest between the public and

private sectors. The inefficiencies of independent decisions become expensive not only to the developers but to the

community as a whole, so it becomes evident that it pays to

have an improved analysis of the problems of managing the

environment in order to achieve public objectives, whatever

they may be

The Players manual is designed to be a reference manual

for game players and cannot be read as a text book. This

manual is one of a set comprised of a Director's Manual,

Player's Manual, and Computer Operator's Manual. It is

assumed that players will be given complete instructions

in the rules for a particular game play by the Game Director

who is experienced in running this particular game. Individual players will use only those portions of the manual

that are applicable to their game role.

In the playing of the actual game, participants assume

various roles in the public and private sector as outlined

in the players manual. A Game Director who is familiar with

the Game in detail begins the Game with a classroom type

lecture devoted to the discussion of the major decision-roles

in the City Model as well as the many printouts and reports

that result from each role player's decision inputs. During

this session, players are assigned a particular role (i.e.

economic decision maker, mayor, school board member, etc.) and

asked to read that portion of the Player's Manual dealing with

his role. Using the manual as a technical guide, the players

address themselves to the mechanics of coding forms and interpreting the computer printouts. It is at this time that the

Director describes the preprogrammed city in the computer

to the players. The Director has the option of choosing

initial parameters such as economic growth rates, social

conditions, production capacities, etc. to suit the particular objects of the players and thereby making the Game more

flexible and susceptible to innovative approaches to urban

3
problem-solving. The Director can structure the role assignments to be directed at individuals who concentrate on single

objectives such as heavy industry to multi-disciplinary

task forces to consider urban problems within an interdisciplinary framework (e.g., a task force on transportation

policy might include a sociologist, political scientist,

geographer, planner, engineer and an economist)

.

With initial roles established, the game begins. The

Director generally starts the game by discussing possible

objectives with each player or group of players along with

the present or initial city conditions. For example, if the

Director chooses to use the planning-programming-budgeting

systems approach, each player or group of players must:

1. Define his general Goal which is Output Oriented . 2. Identify objectives which indicate conditions or

levels which must be obtained or maintained to

successfully reach the designated Goal . 3. Draft Programs which are designed to achieve the

standards set by the various objectives . 4. Evaluate the Programs to determine their effectiveness (in cost/benefit terms) as compared to alternative programs. Consider a political role

in the urban system that is abstracted as follows:

Political Goal : School Department

Develop a school system comparable to the best in

the nation, which will provide high quality,

accessible and meaningful educational experience

to the City's population.

Objective #1

Maintain the pupil/teacher ratio at less than 21/1.

Program #1

Using the population growth projections, determine

future student levels. Hire middle and high income

teachers, at the optimum mix, to meet this demand.

Program #2

Redistrict school boundaries to better utilize

existing City resources.

Program #3

Construct new schools or add to existing facilities

as projected. (Specific round-by-round projections

are used.)

4
Objective #2

Keep unmet demand for adult education at less than

10% of the total demand.

Program #1

Use the population growth projections, determine

future student levels. Hire middle and high income

teachers, at the optimum mix, to meet this demand.

It can be seen that the School Department has:

1. A definite goal (to be the best)

2. Identified meaningful standards of performance (student/teacher ratio of 21/1

and unmet demand for adults at 10% or

less)

3. Determined approaches to achieve these

standards (population projections, new

construction, redistricting , etc.)

The previous example of the School Departments (see page

104) political goal could apply to most school systems in any

City. We all want low student/teacher ratios and the best

possible teachers for our children. New construction, better

utilization of facilities and adult education programs with

the most competent teachers available is certainly a laudable

goal. The only obstacle to this Utopian dream is that other

government departments leave their dreams and all departments

compete for the lion's share of limited tax dollars. Besides

education, the government sector (see page 66) must consider

the problems of budgeting, taxation, assessment and bonding

(see page 78) , highways (see page 117) , fire and police

protection (see page 88)/ planning and zoning (see page 133)/

utilities and bus and rail transportation (see page 117).

Departments make decisions which include allocating capital

and current funds, changing salaries and maintenance levels,

requesting Federal-state aid, changing district boundaries,

constructing or demolishing public buildings and changing

levels of service.

In the game, all of the above roles are enacted by

various players who strive to optimize their goals just as

in the example of the school department. Collectively, the

Government players work from a tax base that is continually

being attacked by the tax payers as excessive and yet

their very employment is insured by the elective process

which, of course, is determined by the same tax payers

who are continually demanding more services from the

government. The source of government revenue is taxes

5
which are levied on the population just as in a real city.

Other players must assume roles in the city's economic

sector to create employment for the population. The

activities of the businessmen must include the operation

of the industrial, commercial, and residential establishments which in turn require land purchases and sales,

salary changes, maintenance level alterations, business

goods and services, purchases for operating exigencies,

boycotts of commercial firms, acquisition of long and

short term loans, and constructing, improving and demolishing businesses.

The commercial activities (see page 25) are subdivided

within the game into Basic Industries, Construction Industries, Commercial Activities and Residences. The Basic

Industry includes heavy and light industries and national

services (including Standard SIC classes) which spend

money for business goods and business services, utilities,

a labor force, transportation and above all taxes. The

Construction Industry (see page 41) builds and/or demolishes other developments and firms from outside of the

local area may also perform construction work. Commercial

activities spend money on many of the same items as the

basic industry in order to maintain a level of service

capacity. This service capacity is available to serve

local customers. Finally, the residences, (single-family,

townhouse , and highrise) spend money on goods and services,

utilities, taxes and earn income based on rent charged

and the number and type of occupants residing in their

housing units (see page 41).

The City model selected for game play may be a typical city or it may be the player's own city. The

model employs a grid board (see page 14 ) geographical map

that can be loaded with data from any regional or metropolitan area. The map contains 625 parcels in which each

parcel represents one square mile of land. Many of these

land parcels are unowned at the beginning of play and

those that are occupied are represented by a specific,

representative land use. For instance if a square mile

consists mainly of middle income residences, this parcel

would be designated as such even though there could be a few commercial businesses within the square mile. The

only requirement to assigning parcels is that the assignment typify the most representative land use. In a

similar manner highways and roads are represented along

the boundaries of the parcels. If you imagine a parcel

as represented by a square, then a road is described as

one or more sides of the square.

6
Once the representations are made, there remains the

task of determining the zoning classifications (see page

123)/ tne cash available to each player or team, salaries,

city financial resources, department expenditures, tax

base estimates, road configurations and utilities and

terminals (see page 28 ) • These inputs along with the

parcel classifications describe the starting city. The

files of this starting city are stored in the computer

and can be altered by the game director to suit the players

needs (see Director's Manual). Changes in these files

may affect the output of the computer but will have no

bearing on how the computer calculates the output. The

computer program directs the computer to act upon the

data files in fixed relationships using the various data

stored in the city file. In this way the computer can

respond to updated file changes, act as an outside system,

perform routine functions or processes that would be time

consuming for the players and finally act as a bookkeeper

(see Computer Operator's Manual).

At this point the game is ready to be played. Each

player studies his printout generated from the starting

city to evaluate his status as an individual and as a team member. Each team defines its specific problems,

establishes objectives and develops strategies. Various

groups will then gather for informal sessions for the

purposes of bargaining, trade-offs and consumating deals.

Eventually each group arrives at final decisions for

actions to be taken in that particular round of the game.

These decisions are then entered into the computer by a

special code and the model is ready to run. The computer

then prints out a new series of data representing the

changed city.

In a typical game play the players generally behave

in a predictable way with a minimum of player interaction

early in the game. Players tend to feel that most interrelations should be avoided for the sake of secrecy. Most

players use the guise of ignorance when talking to their

peers early in the game and their contacts are limited

to attempts at acquiring knowledge. As the player's

command over the technical content increases, so does

his awareness of the necessity for a properly functioning

system. The player realizes that his economic aspirations

will not be achieved unless his public counterpart can

create a suitable "service-rich" environment in which he

can operate. Typically, one or two players generally

emerge quickly with an extensive grasp of the system and

its technical content and assume the role of educator. In

a fashion similar to the old ward politicians, the educators disperse favors (the patronage in the form of technical explanations) , to gain the initial respect of his

constituents. Needless to say, it is then a simple matter

for the educator to insure his election to the mayoralty

of the City.

7
As time passes, other players come to understand their

role and the role of others and begin to realize that the

mayor, although helping the city to function, often is

insuring his own economic prominence at their expense. At

this point, the era of the ward politician is inevitably

(or generally) over and with this passing comes the emergence of the city-manager. The political cooperation that

grows from the new regime eventually leads to a full appreciation of the efforts of others and will open up higher

levels of discussion concerning city-wide urban problems.

Although the previous discussion concerns player behavior

during game play, the influence of the gaming process has

created a learning experience for the players. This

learning experience is one of the fundamental purposes

of City Games and these experiences with the game can be

transferred to the problem of the real city.

In most games, the Game Director's role diminishes

as the play progresses and players become more familiar

with the technical content of the game. Since bribes

and boycotting are allowed along with collusion and other

forms of special interest groups, a new aspect of the

game appears, namely law and order. Players rapidly

learn that disputes cannot be settled by opposing interest

groups and the enforcement of agreements and compromises

becomes almost impossible. Players demand legal systems

and police departments and the local government is faced

with new expenses to deal with. If these demands are met,

the City managers must generate more income to meet these

expenses and forego other spending plans. At this point,

the hypothetical city is becoming very real and very

complicated to run. Even though it is a hypothetical city,

players become emotionally involved and the intensity of

their involvement permeates the playing area. Time is a constant enemy for the players just as in real life. Everyone wants everything at once and a typical game play allows

the players about two to three hours per round to make

their decisions. One round of the game is equivalent to

one year of real time. If elections are required every

two years, only two rounds are played before new elections.

If the newly elected officials fail to honor prior commitments by their predecessors, well the best laid plans

It is within this framework that the City I manuals

are written. There are three manuals for City I: a Director's Manual, a Players' Manual, and an Operator's Manual.

The Director's manual is designed to explain the technical

content of the computer program including term definitions,

programming change procedure and the numerous technical

details associated with the game. It is assumed that the

Game Director has been taught the gaming operations prior

8
to assuming the Director's role and will use the manual

as his primary reference source rather than a set of

instructions for running the game. The manual further

assumes that a Director has had training in Fortran programming and understands formatting and coding in addition

to being knowledgeable about Urban problems. The Director designs the initial city conditions for the start

of a game. The manual provides initial conditions for

a typical city and specific computer commands for altering

these conditions.

The Players' manual is also designed to be a reference

manual and not a text book. The complexity of the game

requires extensive reading on the players part prior to

the start of a game or selective reference material which

is coordinated with the Director's introductory lectures

and possibly monitors who are trained in the gaming procedures and will coach the individual players when

required. This latter approach has proven to be the most

effective method of training players. If past games are

indicative, individuals seem to learn their roles much

faster when coached by a monitor during actual playing

conditions as opposed to concentrated reading and memorizing prior to the start of a game. It is not presumed

that players have prior knowledge of this game or even

simulation in general. The game is designed so players

do not need to know computer programming or how to operate

the computer. These functions lie with the Director and

the Computer operator.

The Operator's manual is written for an IBM 1131 and

presumes that the operator knows how to cold start the

computer and mount the tapes. This manual explains the

relationship between the programming data, the taped

program and the operation of the computer. Test sequences

are given along with a detailed explanation of switch

control and error messages. It is not required for the

operator to understand the Director's or Players' role but

only to be knowledgeable in operating the computer.

In general, the game should be played with at least

25 players utilizing a large room where players can

move freely about. Computer printouts are usually taped

on walls for easy access by all players. An optional

display would be a gaming board for visual display of the

city. The board is marked off in grids to conform to the

City map and plastic playing pieces are used to represent

the various types of buildings. Colored tape is used to

mark off highways and boundaries. Human interest is added

if one player agrees to become the Big City News editor.

The idea is to subtly report on the good and bad features

9
of the game play in a humorous way. The Game Director

reports the results of each round to the news editor who

proceeds to write his paper and distribute it before the

players learn the results of the round. The detailed

computer outputs are then distributed to the players so

that they may learn how well their particular game plan

went. In other words, the paper presents the overview

and the computer reports on the specifics. This method

allows the Game Director to concentrate his time on

selected areas rather than all areas at the end of each

round

.

In addition to the normal problems of the City, the

Gaming Model can be used for more sophisticated analysis.

The Economic Base can be investigated to determine the

causes of a changing growth rate along with identifying

the components of the economic base. Business cycles

can be explored since they are dependent upon sales of

goods and services outside the local economy and must be

supplemented by an analysis of the condition of the

National economy. This provides a useful yardstick for

measuring economic performance. By charting the prices

for basic industry output, the return on investments and

the interest rate on loans and bonds, the players can

determine which phase of the business cycle they are in,

which in turn, would partially explain capital investment

attitudes

.

Other basic studies important to public and private

decision-makers concern the tracing of population growth

and projecting future levels. Trends in employment (total),

employment distribution by industry, unemployment rates

and income distribution are available and in a usable

form in the City's output. Here again a PPBS format

would guide the player in assembling the pertinent facts

and disregard peripheral information.

Housing market analysis becomes important in any

geographic area where dwelling units are in competition

with one another as alternatives for the users of housing.

This problem incorporates many of the previously mentioned

types of analysis: economic base, employment trends, income

distribution and population analysis along with the additional component of housing stock or inventory. The

magnitude of the total housing stock in terms of dwelling

units, reflecting changes over time, is one of the most

significant indicators of city growth coupled with a changing distribution of the inventory by structural type.

Equipped with this knowledge plus an awareness of vacancy

rates, rents, property values and financial market

conditions, the private developer could make a rational

decision as to the advisability of a housing investment.

10
Appraisal theory can be utilized to aid prospective

purchasers and sellers as to the market value of particular parcels of land. The data needed to apply to the

cost, income and marketing approaches to appraisal theory

is available on the various output sheets supplied by the

game

The above are only examples of types of game play

because each time a game is played, it is structured to

meet the needs of the particular group of players.

11
II. MODEL PROCESSES

A. The Computer

The computer performs several major functions in

City I . First, it stores all the relevant statistics for

the ar ea ; updates data when changes are made, and prints

out yearly reports. Second, the computer acts as an

Outside System, simulating dec i s ion -maker s , influences and

markets that are outside the local metropolitan area. For

example, the computer simulates the National Economy

business cycle which determines interest rates on most

loans, determines the income of basic industries, and is

the source of required goods and services when the local

system is unable to supply them. Third, the computer

performs certain routine functions or processes that would

be time consuming if the players themselves were to perform

them. For example, the computer assigns workers to jobs

under the assumption that workers will attempt to earn as

much money as possible. Other processes include assessing

all property, assigning buyers of goods and services to

shop at particular commercial establishments, and assigning children to public or private schools based upon the

capacity and quality of the public schools.

Finally, the computer acts as a bookkeeper. It

records all the transactions of players, deducts their

expenditures and adds their incomes to their financial

accounts

.

The computer does not have a large vocabulary. Thus,

players must write their decisions or questions in a language developed specifically for the computer. This

language is an abbreviated code which the computer can

understand. For example, when economic team A wants to

change a salary, it will write $CS followed by the necessary information, instead of the entire word. In order

to send information to the computer, a player must fill

in certain blanks on the input decision form.

12

The Game Board

The City I metropolitan area is represented on a game

board consisting of 625 squares (25 x 25) . Each square

represents one square mile of land. Many of these land

parcels are unowned parcels at the beginning of play.

Unowned parcels may be purchased and developed by decision-makers during the course of the game. As players continue

to play City I over the course of several rounds , the physical

changes inherent to all cities will be visible on the playing board.

The game board and all computer maps are keyed to a coordinate system of even numbers. Each square mile

parcel can be identified by its coordinates. Horizontal

coordinates range from 70 to 118 and vertical coordinates

range from 12 to 60. Intersections are identified by oddnumbered coordinates and highways are identified by evenodd (east-west) or odd-even (north-south) coordinates.

In all cases, the horizontal coordinate (i.e., the large

number) is identified first.

For example, in the map below the shaded parcel is

identified as 7014. Further, the four mile highway indicated by ZZZ is identified as 7217, 7417, 7617, and 7817,

while the two mile highway indicated by XXX is identified

as 7318, 7320. The intersection marked A is located at

7317.

70 72 74 76 78

12

14

J

16 ZZ^yi z z z z z

:zzz

18 <

<<

<

<

<

22

— 118

60

^^jF SCALE

north i square = 1 square mile

14
Figure I-A shows the simulated county of four separate areas:

Central City, Estateville, Farmington, and Newtown and indicates the location and jurisdiction code (1-4) of these areas.

STATUS FtAP FOR BOUND

70 72 7* 7*

| B | i It II I 21 H|1H HI2I RS6I annum- . G M H 16 I HUU UGH RASI

70 »0 • 2

I 1 C j nu I • I H raiIparki ac*i AC4

I I I U

I

I A

4 1 Kit hH HI Kill

j s

lu! KAHPArfKl Hl)> HI2I SOU RS2 1 P4HK t "u

I I I I I I I IttHfnmiitt aid I ft Ifto u 1 in IS IS KG IF DC II IE

121 U I HSU Bo?» Hill • *?« nu »B?i PG3 III t n 12 n I

CENTRAL CITY

(1)

H j 1| C II M R»4j RC1

f HO

KlIM

G ~p~G

r h t PS2M RB21

H S I

SRCl

n

"A** M M 100 102 10* 104 |0« 110 112 114

C I M KC2I PGlh KB1I SI Ml |

I H M 4 I 4

i 8ciip»»«.l

'u iIpaXk

ESTATEVILLE

(2)

IIIIHIIH I 1-

i C i I t I *U t

I MCI I 9C1" RBI IPAKOJI |.L.|„.?L._j...Ji.

I IS MM I 'I ~i» u I i -t-l-f i c i 2c i lb

' i

RB2H

I I Mil Mil <f

.iltiiii««ii*titi«tiiiai<i.

FARMINGTON

(3)

• • n • • -I I M I I. f It H C IF 1 PSII RftiM RC1I I

I Mil I —- I M I I.

ft IE H D II I U RB2I HUH u I llll

1 I H I I

u I T —Ml

I S

F H 4

I RA2N u |£-5BiH C

I — I .

i

i

NEWTOWN

(4)

90 92 94 96 98 100 102 104 106 10* 110 112 114

PARCEL INFORMATION CODE TOP LINE : Economic Owner (A thru I)

OR Municipal (MU) MIDDLE LINE Private Land Use and Level. Park,

or Presence of Utility Service CU)

BOTTOM LINE:

HI Heavy Industry

LI * Licht Industry

BG * Business Goods

BS - Business Services

PG Personal Goods

PS Personal Services

RS • Slum Residences

RA - Low-Income Residences

RB - Middle-Income Residences

RC - High-Income Residences

Left Side: Units of Park (Maximum is 7)

Middle: School(s)

Right Sice: Municipal Service Unit (M)

ROAD INFORMATION

H or 1 - Type 1

H or - - Type 2

I or - - Type 3

- ROADBED TERMINAL INFORMATION

(at intersections of roads)

0 Type I X Type II 8 Type III UTILITY PL/NT

'at intersections of roads)

15
C . Levels of Aggregation and Scale

Since City I is a fairly complex model, it has been

necessary for the designers to build in a level of aggregation in order to simplify calculations. For example, land

is aggregated in square mile parcels, rather than acres or

blocks. Furthermore, people are considered in groups of

one thousand or more rather than as individuals.

In City I , all dollar figures are scaled down by a factor of 1,000. You will discover, for example, that

whereas an RBI supplies 1,000 middle income workers, the

typical salary is $5,000 per 1,000 workers. Hence, the

typical income of an RBI is $5,000 rather than $5,000 x 1,000

(workers) or $5,000,000. Furthermore, the typical income

for an HI1 (Heavy Industry) is $70,000 per year rather than

the more realistic number of $70,000,000 per year.

Since this scale factor is constant however, it does

nothing to affect the relationships in the City I model. On

the contrary, it simplifies the calculations that must be

performed by the players.

D. How to Begin Play of City I

At the beginning of play, participants should be divided

into nine economic teams (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I). These

teams should then nominate and elect a Chairman and two

Councilmen (1 from Central City and 1 from the suburbs,

Estateville, Farmington and Newtown). Voting can be done

either by a simple show of hand or by computing the voting

power of each team in the Central City and the suburbs. The

Game Director will help the players in determining their roles

and will describe the voting regulations at the beginning of

the Game. This is one of the reasons why the initial lecture

as described in the introduction is so important.

Once the Chairman has been elected, he should appoint

teams to serve as his bureaucracy: Finance, Schools, Highways, Public Works and Safety, and Planning and Zoning

Departments. It is recommended that most teams have at

least one governmental role in addition to its economic

role (remember, there are nine economic roles and eight

governmental roles.)

After teams have been found, the Director will then

ask each player to read the portion of the manual that

applies to his role. When this is done, there should be

a question and answer period for player's to ask questions

and the Director and monitors to supply the answers. At

this point, teams can begin to formulate their ideas and

learn the mechanics of filling out the computer input forms.

The Director should check the forms for accuracy and logic

prior to submitting them to the computer.

16
The City I Round

In the City I game, a round represents a year of change

in the life of the simulated area. From the standpoint of

the participants, however, a round may be thought of as a decision-making cycle which starts when they receive output

and ends when they feed their decisions to the computer.

During the early part of a typical round decisionmakers will be simultaneously reviewing their computer output and attempting to organize their possible actions.

Economic decision-makers for example, will probably bid on

the various unowned parcels of land and attempt to acquire

desirable land from other participants. They may attempt

to secure loans from local or outside sources, apply for

zoning changes, ana request utility expansions and increased

highway access.

Meanwhile, the governmental decision-makers may be

receiving requests from the economic and social decisionmakers to lower taxes , improve schools , provide better

municipal services, expand highways, build additional

utilities, enlarge the park system, and improve other

services. Budget officials are faced with the task of

finding additional revenue to meet expanding public needs

and dividing appropriations among the many local departments, all of which have attempted to justify their expanding budgets.

Toward the middle of the round, it becomes clear to

many decision-makers that all of their requests will not

be granted. Thus, trade-offs and bargains must be made.

Elected officials will begin to worry about staying in office.

Departments must plan to operate with less funds than they

had requested. Businessmen begin to look for short-cuts

to reduce their losses and increase their activity and

profit-making ventures.

As the round approaches a conclusion, the participants

formalize the bargains they have made, continue to record

their decisions for the computer, terminate the negotiations

on new wage levels and new prices, and complete any other

possible actions. When the round ends, participants campaign and carry out new elections, hold town meetings, debrief

their actions, and develop new strategies while the computer

is performing its functions and preparing new output on the

status of City I .

17
F. Optional Citizen's and Mass Media Team

A game director can choose to include a Citizen's and

Mass Media team in a City I play to reflect the dynamics

of public opinion and public pressure in an urban system.

The team could function as the news media, public interest

group, citizen's pressure group (as against more highways),

civic and neighborhood associations, and the like in any

combination of those activities.

The team can be selected in several ways: as a separate team at the beginning of play, or comprised of

representatives from other teams (to add a partisan or

economically-based influence that usually characterizes

such pressure groups) , or in other ways that the game

director may devise.

Some of the team's responses will be derived from

the output entitled "Socio-Economic Parameters For Round".

This output describes some of the factors which show how

well the social units of the game are doing. For example,

the Growth Desirability Factor for the Next Round is

essentially a dissatisfaction index that tells how contented

the residents are.

18
TTT. ECONOMIC SECTOR

There arc nine economic teams in City 1 . Hach

economic team (represented by A, B, C , etc.) is distinguished by the fact that it controls tangible assets.

In the first place, it owns land. Some of this land is

developed (i.e., has buildings on it) and some of it is

undeveloped. The economic team inherits the responsibility of operating the developments which are on its

land

Another asset of the economic team is cash. Each

economic team begins playing City I with a cash balance.

A team may use these cash resources for such activities

as acquiring new land, building new businesses, upgradin

or demolishing old ones and lending and investing money.

In a sense, the economic activity of the city provides a rationale for its existence, dynamic growth and future

development. In City I , therefore, the economic sector

is not only a series of individual teams concerned with

maximizing their own profit but also an entrepreneurial

community whose decisions, biases and judgements will

greatly influence and change the simulated area.

A. Economic Land Uses

There are ten types of economic land uses in City I Each of these land uses represents a development which i

owned and operated by an economic dec i s ion -maker . These

land uses are divided among basic industry, commercial

establishments, and residences. They include:

BASIC INDUSTRY

HI Heavy Industry: steel, petroleum automobiles, etc.

LI .... . Light Industry: electronic, pharmaceutical , etc

COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS

BG Business Goods: intermediate products,

raw materials, etc.

BS Business Services: computer, accounting , legal , et c

19
PG Personal Goods: food, drugs, appliances,

etc

.

PS Personal Services: banking, dry cleaning, restaurants, etc.

RESIDENCES

RA Low-income housing

RB Middle-income housing

RC High-income housing

RS Slum housing

1. Development level

Every land use has a development level. This

level indicates the size of a building, the capacity of a

business to produce output, etc. Levels range from 1 to

3 for all non-residential (HI, LI, BG, BS , PG , PS) land

uses and from 1 to 8 for RA or RS , 1 to 6 for RB and 1 to

5 for RC residences. On all computer output, the development level is indicated by the number immediately to

the right of the land use code. Thus, an HI2 is a heavy

industry at the second level of development.

2. Value Ratio

Every land use depreciates each round. Basic

industries (HI, LI) and residences (RA, RB , RC , RS)

depreciate at 5% of their original value; commercial

establishments (BG, BS , PG, PS) depreciate at 7% of their

original value times the number of RPU 1 s sold (output)

divided by their design capacity.

The value ratio of a building indicates its

condition. Value ratio is determined by dividing the

present value of a building by its original value (construction cost) . All buildings are, therefore, constructed

at a value ratio of 1.00 — the highest possible. A

building that has depreciated 5% would have a value ratio

of .95.

Value ratio affects the earning capacity of an

industry and the capacity of a commercial establishment.

Furthermore, a residence with a value ratio which falls

below .50 becomes inhabited by the next lowest income

class, until it becomes a slum.

20
3. Capacity

In City I commercial establishments (BG, BS

,

PG , PS) have design capacities. The design capacity

indicates the amount that a business can sell to customers in the local system during a round. Capacity

is expressed in terms of RPU's or Round Purchase Units.

The design capacities of commercial establishments are

outlined below:

Land Use Design

Type & Level Capacity

Business Goods

BG1 29 RPU's

BG2 43 rpu's

BG3 64 RPU's

Business Services

BS1 52 RPU's

BS2 69 RPU's

BS3 80 RPU's

Personal Goods

PG1 45 RPU's

PG2 64 RPU's

PG3 77 RPU's

Personal Services

PS1 51 RPU's

PS2 74 RPU's

PS3 90 RPU's

As mentioned before, the value ratio of a commercial

establishment affects its ability to produce and sell

RPU's. The design capacity is multiplied by the value

ratio to determine the actual number of RPU's that can

be sold. In other words, a PS3 with a value ratio of .90

can sell only .90 x 90 RPU's or 81 RPU's.

21
B. Buyers and Sellers

In City I economic land uses buy and sell goods and

services among themselves and the Outside System. These

intersector relationships are summarized as follows:

Land Use Buys From Sells to

HI BG, BS Outside

LI BG, BS Outside

BG Outside HI, LI, PG

BS Outside HI, LI, PG, PS

PG BG, BS RA, RB, RC, RS

PS BS RA, RB, RC, RS

RA, RB, RC, RS PG, PS

Basic industries (HI and LI) require business goods v (BG) and business services (BS) for the normal operation

of a plant each round. These BG and BS are purchased

from local establishments. The requirements are outlined

below

Requirements

Basic Industry BG BS

HI1 6 RPU ' s 6 RPU's

HI2 10 RPU's 10 RPU's

HI3 14 RPU's 14 RPU's

LI1 8 RPU's 8 RPU's

LI2 12 RPU 's 12 RPU'S

LI3 14 RPU's 14 RPU'S

Commercial establishments (BG, BS, PG, PS) also

require goods and/or services for their normal operation.

Since BG and BS establishments cannot buy from themselves,

22
however

,

from the

below

they are forced

Outside System.

to purchase goods and services

These requirements are outlined

Commercial Establishments Requirements

BG1 $1500 x RPU's sold*

BG2 $1500 x RPU's sold*

BG3 $20,000 + $1500 x RPU's sold*

BS1 $400 x RPU's sold*

BS2 $400 x RPU's sold*

BS3 $3000 + $400 x RPU's sold*

BG BS

PG1 2 RPU's 2 RPU's

PG2 3 RPU's 3 RPU's

PG3 4 RPU's 4 RPU's

PS1 — 2 RPU's

PS2 — 2 RPU's

PS3 — 2 RPU's

Residences require personal goods (PG) and personal

services (PS) for their normal operation. These goods

and services are purchased from local PG and PS establishments. The requirements are:

Requirements

Residences PG PS

RC1 3 RPU's** 3 RPU's**

RBI 2 RPU's** 2 RPU's**

RAKor RS) 1 RPU** 1 RPU**

These requirements are fixed and paid to the Outside

System.

**PG and PS requirements for residences are a function of

the development level. For example, a RC3 requires

3 x 3 or 9 RPU's of PG.

23
The price charged for BG, BS , PG or PS is determined

by the owner of the commercial establishment which is selling

the goods or services. The maximum prices (including transportation costs) that will be paid by each customer are as

follows

Maximum ——————————————— Prices That Can Be Paid for * Customer BG BS PG PS

HI1 $21,000 $10,000

HI2 34,000 16,000

HI3 50,000 26,000

LI1 30,000 13,000

LI2 46,000 20,000

LI3 56,000 23,000

PG1 6,000 4,000

PG2 10,000 5,000

PG3 13,000 6,000

PS1 — 4,000

PS2 4,000

PS3 -- 4,000

RC — -- 3,580 1,890

RB -- — 1,970 880

RA — 1,070 450

The transportation costs which the customer must

pay in order to travel to a particular establishment to

purchase goods and services are outlined below on a per

mile basis over a Type I road:

Travel to:

Customer BG BS

HI1 $ 500 $ 200

HI2 750 300

HI3 1000 400

LI1 500 50

LI2 750 80

LI3 1000 100

24
Travel to:

Customer BG BS

BG1

BG2

BG3 No transportation costs. BG and BS

purchase from the Outside System.

BS1

BS2

BS3

PG1 $ 150 $ 100

PG2 200 100

PG3 250 100

PS1 100

PS2 100

PS3 100

PG PS

RC1* 100 70

RBI* 60 40

RAl* 20 10

[NOTE: Costs are double for a Type II and triple for

a Type III road.

Residences pay transportation costs in direct multiples

of their development level. For example, an RC1 pays

$100 per mile and an RC3 pays $300 per mile.

1. The Commercial Process

Since it would consume too much time for players

to make individual contracts with commercial establishments,

the computer assigns buyers to particular commercial establishments. This assignment is called the Commercial Process.

During this process, the computer first calculates the least

transportation cost from each buyer to each seller. It then

adds the seller's price to the transportation cost and looks

at the seller at which the total cost (price plus transporta

tion) to the buyer is least. A buyer shops at the seller which

is "best" (least total cost) for him unless: 1) the total

cost to shop there exceeds the maximum; or 2) the seller is

already serving at its capacity. In case (1) , the buyer will

shop outside, since he cannot shop more cheaply locally. In

25
case (2) , the buyer will look at his second best shopping

location. Again , the buyer will shop at that second best

location unless: 1) the total cost to shop there exceeds

the maximum; or 2) the seller is already serving at its

capacity. In case (1) the buyer will shop outside and in

case (2) the buyer will look at its third best shopping

location. The process is repeated until the buyer finds

a shopping location with sufficient capacity or finds

it cheapest to shop outside.

C. Employment Process

The employment requirements vary for each business

type and level. These requirements are summarized below:

Workers

High Middle Low

(RC) (RB) (RA)

HI1 1 1 1

HI2 1 2 3

HI3 2 3 4

LI1 1 1 0

LI2 1 2 1

LI3 2 3 1

BG1 1 1 1

BG2 1 2 1

BG3 1 2 2

BS1 2 0 0

BS2 2 1 0

BS3 2 1 1

PG1 1 1 2

PG2 1 2 2

PG3 1 2 3

PS1 1 0 0

PS2 1 1 0

PS3 1 1 1

Residences do not employ.

26
When an economic team builds a business, it sets

salaries which that business will pay to employees of

each of the three classes. Typical salaries are $10,000

per high income worker, $5,000 per middle income worker

and $2,500 per low income worker. If a business requires

2 employees from a particular class, the same salary

is offered to each; the business does not set two different

salary levels within that class. Residents are assigned

jobs by the computer in the following manner.

The employment assignment process runs first for high

income (RC) , second for middle income (RB) , third for low

income (RA) , and last for slum (RS) residents. Each population group (actually 1000 workers) applies for the best

job available. The "best" job for a worker is at the

employment location for which the salary offered by the

business minus the transportation cost to get there is

greatest.* If there are more job applicants at a business

than there are job openings, those applicants having the

greatest dollar difference between their best and secondbest jobs are chosen to work there. The assumption is

that those workers will fight hardest for their "best"

jobs because of the dollar differential. An applicant

who is refused a job at his best employment location then

applies for a job at his second-best job location. This

process continues until either all workers have found

jobs or all jobs are filled.

If all jobs are filled and there are still workers

without jobs, those workers are the first to be hired

when the employment process runs for the next lowest

class and is paid the salary corresponding to that

lower class. Here the assumption is that an employer

would prefer more highly skilled labor, particularly

when the better labor does not have to be paid higher

wages

If the employment process for a class is finished,

all workers are employed and there are still job openings,

those unfilled jobs will be taken by labor from outside

the local economy. Outside labor must be paid an amount

double the typical local wage. For example, a highincome worker from the outside must be paid $20,000.

When calculating the transportation cost to an employment location, the computer selects the cheapest route.

When a road is congested, i.e., when there is more traffic

on it than it was designed to bear, the cost to travel on

it increases. If a road is being over-used by 50% of its

There is no transportation cost to get to a government 30b.

27
design capacity, the cost to travel on it is 50% greater.

Road congestion therefore affects the route selection.

Transportation costs per mile for workers over

the various types of roads are

Road Type

I II III

High Income (RC) $130 $260 $390

Middle Income (RB) 90 180 270

Low Income (RA) 30 60 90

Slum (RS) 30 60 90

Since the people are represented by the owners of

the residences in which they live, these owners should

ascertain that fair salaries are being offered and that

there are sufficient roads which are not overcrowded.

Furthermore, by building new residences, economic teams

can fill jobs which may presently be occupied by workers

from the Outside System.

D. Income

Economic teams owning different land uses earn

income from various sources.

Basic Industry (HI and LI) earns income from the

sale of its products to the Outside System representing the national economy. The normal incomes for these

industries at full capacity are:

Normal Income

Heavy Industry

HI1 $ 70,000

HI2 112,000

HI3 173,000

Light Industry

LI1 $ 83,000

LI2 129,000

LI3 162,000

28
The normal income for industries may fluctuate from

round to round. The factor by which it fluctuates is

the Ratio of Industry Income to Normal (see "Outside

Economic Status Report/1 p. 114). This ratio is determined by the computer, which simulates the business

cycle of the Outside System. By multiplying this ratio

times the normal income for an industry, you can determine the income for a particular round. If the ratio is

greater than 1, the income will be greater than normal;

if it is less than 1, the income will be less than normal

Another factor which affects the income of basic

industry is the value ratio . Since the value ratio

affects production, industries with value ratio less than

1.00 will earn an income equivalent to the Normal Income

times the Ratio of Industry Income to Normal times the

effect on production of the value ratio.

The manner in which the value ratio affects production is given in Figure II-A. For example, an LI3 with

a value ratio of .78 would be producing at 60% of its

capacity. Assuming that the Ratio of Industry Income to

Normal is 1.07, the LI3 would earn an income of $162,000

(normal income) times 1.07 (Ratio of Industry Income to

Normal) times 60% (effect of value ratio on production)

or $104,004 . Commercial establishments (BG, BS, PG, PS) earn

income from selling their goods and services (RPU's) to

customers in the local area and from the construction

that takes place in the area.

As mentioned before, commercial establishments sell

RPU's to basic industry, other commercial establishments,

and residences. Furthermore, teams owning commercial

establishments can set the price charged to each customer

This information is summarized below:

Commercial

Land Use

Design

Capacity

(RPU's)

Customer

Consumption

Business

Goods

BG1

BG2

BG3

29

64

43

HI1- 6 RPU's; LI1- 8 RPU's;

PG1- 2 RPU's

HI2-10 RPU's; LI2-12 RPU's;

PG2- 3 RPU's

HI3-14 RPU's; LI3-14 RPU's;

PG3- 4 RPU's

29
FIGURE II-A

PERCENTAGE OF GROSS INCOME RECEIVED BY

BASIC INDUSTRY AS A FUNCTION OF THE VALUE RATIO

o 78

.70 .60 .50 .40 .30 .20

Value Ratio

30
Commercial

Land Use

Business

Services

BS1

BS2

Design

Capacity

(RPU's)

BS3

Personal

Goods

PG1

PG2

PG3

Personal

Services

PS1

PS2

PS3

[*NOTE

64 V

77 J

Customer

Consumption

HI1- 6 RPU's; LI1 -8 RPU's;

PG1- 2 RPU's; PS1- 2 RPU's

HI2-10 RPU's; LI 2- 12 RPU's;

PG2- 3 RPU's; PS1- 2 RPU's

HI3-14 RPU's; LI3-14 RPU's

PG3- 4 RPU's; PS - 2 RPU's

RC1- 3 RPU's*

RBI- 2 RPU's*

RA1- 1 RPU's*

RC1- 3 RPU's*

RBI- 2 RPU's*

RA1- 1 RPU*

PG and PS consumption for residences is

a function of the development level. For

example, a RC3 requires 3 x 3 or 9 RPU's

of PG.]

MAXIMUM (TOTAL) PRICES THAT CAN BE CHARGED

Consumer Seller

BG BS PG PS

HI1 21,000 10,000

HI2 34,000 16,000

HI3 56,000 26,000

LI1 30,000 13,000

LI2 46,000 20,000

LI3 56,000 23,000

31
Consumer Seller

BG BS PG PS

PG1 6,000 4,000

PG2 10,000 5,000

PG3 13,000 6,000

PS1 — 4,000

PS2 — 4,000

PS3 — 4,000

RC1* -- -- 3,580 1,890

RBI* — — 1,970 880

RA1* — — 1,070 450

[*NOTE: Prices charged to residences of other

development levels are multiples of the

development level. For example, if a PS

charges 450 to a RA1 , it charges 1,350

to a RA3 .

]

Value ratio affects the number of RPU ' s that can be

sold. For example, a BG3 has a design capacity of 64

RPU's, but if the value ratio is .80, the actual capacity

is .80 x 64 or 51.2 (rounded to 51) RPU's. When the

computer assigns customers to that BG3, it will assign

at most 51 RPU's.

Also remember that the maximum prices paid by

customers include transportation costs. Transportation

costs for a Type I road are:

Travel to:

BG BS

HI1 $ 500 per mile $200 per mile

HI2 750 per mile 300 per mile

HI3 1,000 per mile 400 per mile

LI1 500 per mile 50 per mile

LI2 750 per mile 80 per mile

LI3 1,000 per mile 100 per mile

PG1 150 per mile 100 per mile

PG2 200 per mile 100 per mile

PG3 250 per mile 100 per mile

32
Travel to:

BG BS

PS1

PS2

PS3

$100 per mile

100 per mile

100 per mile

RC1

RBI

RA1

$ 150 per mile

60 per mile

20 per mile

70 per mile

40 per mile

10 per mile

[Note: Costs are double on a Type

on a Type III road.]

II and triple

Some commercial establishments (BG and BS) also earn

income from a share of the construction that is undertaken

by teams in the simulated county. In addition, construction consumes RPU ' s of BG and BS (the equivalent of

equipment and materials) which are subtracted from the

effective capacity (value ratio times design capacity)

of the establishment.

BG establishments can receive 75% of the total

expenditures for private construction in the county. BS

establishments can receive 25% of the total. The manner

in which an establishment derives its share of the

construction income is determined by the proportionate

amount of business which a particular establishment is

doing in the county. For example, a BG which is doing

1/8 of all the BG business in the county is eligible to

receive 1/8 of 75% of the total expenditures for construction

during that round. $2500 of construction income consumes

1 RPU of BG output and $1500 of construction income consumes 1 RPU of BS output. A BG or BS cannot receive more

construction income and/or be drained of more RPU 1 s than

its effective capacity (design capacity times value ratio)

Residences earn income on behalf of the workers which

they supply to the labor market. A RC1 supplies 1 high

income worker (typical salary $10,000); a RBI supplies 1

middle-income worker (typical salary $5,000); and a RA1

or RSI supplies 1 low income worker (typical salary $2500) .

33
Residences above the first level of development supply

additional workers in proportion to their level of development. For example, a RC3 would supply 3 high income

workers who, if employed and offered the "typical salary"

of $10,000 each, would earn a total income of $30,000.

Economic teams can also earn income from a variety

of sources not related to the operation of a particular

development. These sources include property sold,

subsidies received, return on investments, and interest

(fixed at 5%) on savings (i.e., unspent funds).

E. Expenditures

Basic Industries (HI and LI) and Commercial Estab- lishments (BG~ BS , PG, PS) spend money on salaries,

business goods (BG) , business services (BS) for normal

operation, transportation to BG and BS establishments

(except BG and BS) and transportation to terminals (HI

LI , and BG only)

.

Expenditures for salaries vary according to the

salary per worker which is set by the team owning an

industry, and the employment requirements of that industry.

The typical salaries are $2,500 per low income worker,

$5,000 per middle income worker, and $10,000 per high

income worker. If the local labor force does not supply

sufficient workers, the computer is forced to recruit

workers from the Outside System and salaries equivalent

to double the typical must be deducted. The typical wage

bill for all employees is given below:

Type of Business

Employment

Requirements Typical Wage Bill

High Middle Low

(RC) (RB) (RA)

HI1

HI2

HI3

1

1

2

1

2

3

1

3

4

$ 17,500

27,500

45,000

LI1

LI 2

LI3

1

1

2

1

2

3

0

1

1

15,000

22,500

37 ,500

BG1

BG2

BG3

1

1

1

1

2

2

1

1

2

17,500

22,500

25,000

34
Employment

Type of Business Requirements Typical Wage Bill

High Middle Low

(RC) (RB) (RA)

BS1 2 0 0 $ 20 ,000

BS2 2 1 0 25,000

BS J 2 1 1 2 7,500

PG1 1 1 2 20 ,000

PG2 1 2 2 25,000

PG3 1 2 3 27 , 500

PS 1 1 U 10 0 0 0

PS 2 1 1 0 15 ,000

PS 3 1 1 1 17 ,500

Businesses must buy goods and services for their

normal operation. The prices of BG and BS are set by the

owners of the establishments. Different prices are charged

' -u different customers. There is a maximum charge (including

transportation) that a buyer will pay. These consumption

requirements, maximum prices, etc., are outlined below:

Consumer Transportation Charges RPU's Consumed ^Maximum Prices

To BG To BS BG BS

HI1 500/mi le* 200/mile* 6 ($21 ,000) 6 ($10,000)

HI2 750/mile* 300/mi le* 10($34,000) 10 ($16 ,000)

HI3 1000/mile* 400 /mile* 14($56 ,000) 14 ($26 ,000)

LI1 500/mi le* 50/mile* 8($30,000) 8($ 13,000)

LI 2 750/mile* 80/mile* 12 ($46 ,000) 12 ($20 ,000)

LI 3 1000/mile* 100/mile* 14($56 ,000) 14 ($23,000)

BG1 $15,000 x # RPU's sold

BG2 H ii BG3 $20,000 + 15,000 x # RPU's sold

BS1 $400 x # RPU's sold

BS2 ii n it BS3 $3,000 + $400 x $ RPU's sold

PG1 150/mile* 100/mile* 2 ($6,000) 2 ($4,000)

PG2 200/mile* 100/mile* 3(10 ,000) 3 ($5 ,000)

PG3 2 50 /mile* 100/mile 4(13,000) 4($6 ,000)

35
Consumer Transportation Charges RPU ' s Consumed & Maximum Prices

To BG To BS BG BS

PS1 — 100/mile* -- 2($4,000)

PS 2 — 100/mile* ~ 2 ($4,000)

PS 3 100/mile* — 2 ($4 ,000)

* [NOTE : These costs are per mile on a Type I road.

Costs are double on a Type II and triple on a Type III road.

]

If total costs (including transportation) are below the

maximum, all industrial and commercial establishments

(except BG and BS) will purchase goods and services from

local BG and BS establishments until the supply is depleted,

in which case they purchase goods and services from the

Outside at prices equivalent to the maximum. There are no

transportation charges when purchasing goods and services from

the Outside.

Since HI and LI sell their output to the Outside they must

ship their goods to a terminal for distribution. BG establishments also incur transportation costs to terminals for

receiving goods from the Outside. These costs are summarized

below

Transportation Charges to Terminals on

Land Use Type I Road

HI1 $2 ,000/mile

HI2 3,000/mile

HI3 4 ,000/mile

LI1 500 /mile

LI 2 1 ,000/mile

LI3 1 , 500/mile

BG1 500/mile

BG2 1,000/mile

BG3 1 , 500/mile

[Terminals are built by the Highway Department. They

arc usually located at intersections of major roads in the

simulated areaj

*Costs are double on a Type II and triple on a Type III

road.

36
Residences * spend money on transportation to work,

purchases of PG and PS, transportation to PG and PS, and

in some cases, schools.

Costs for transportation to work on a Type I road are

summarized below:

Land Use Number of Workers Transportation Charges

High Middle Low

RC1 1 $130 per mile

RBI 1 90 per mile

RA1 (RS) - - 1 30 per mile

Like basic industries and commercial establishments,

residences spend money on goods and services required for

normal consumption. The amount of money expended for PG

and PS depends on the price charged by the teams owning

PG and PS establishments. However, there is a maximum

amount (including transportation to PG and PS) that a

residence will pay. This is summarized below:

Residence Requirement for Normal

Type Transportation Charges Consumption: RPU 1 s consumed and Maximum Price

To PG To PS PG PS

RC1 $100/mile $70/mile 3($3,580) 3($1,890)

RBI 60/mile 40/mile 2 ($1,970) 2 ( $880)

RAl (RS) 20/mile 10/mile 1 ($1,070) 1 ( $450)

[NOTE: These costs are per mile on a Type I road.

Costs are double on a Type II and triple on a Type III road.]

If total costs (including transportation) are below the

maximum all residential establishments will purchase goods

and services from local PG and PS establishments until the

supply is depleted; in which case they purchase goods and

services from the Outside at prices equivalent to the

maximum. There are no transportation charges when purchasing goods or services from the Outside.

*A11 costs and characteristics for residences of different

development levels are directly proportionate. For example,

an RB3 spends three times as much on transportation as an

RBI. The same holds true for PG and PS requirements, and

transportation to PG and PS.]

37
School costs are incurred by residences under either

of two circumstances: (1) if they are forced to attend

private schools because the local schools fail to meet

certain criteria for attendance; or (2) if transportation

costs for schools are excessive.

Students from a middle-income residence (RB) will not

attend a school with any one of the following characteristics

(1) a student-teacher ratio in excess of 16 to 1; (2) a

value ratio less than .65, or (3) a larger number of

middle- income teachers than high-income teachers. Similarly, students from a high-income residence will not attend

a school unit with (1) a student-teacher ratio in excess

of 13.0, (2) a value ratio lower than .85, or (3) a teacher

staff with less than twice as many high-income teachers as

middle-income teachers.

If a team has residence units whose students do not

attend local public schools, it is charged $2,000 per residence (development level) for private school costs.

Teams also pay for all the transportation costs to

school for residence units that have more than a $500

transportation charge. If the transportation cost for

students is $500 or less, it is paid by the School Department. Transportation costs to schools are $50 per mile on

Type I road, $100 per mile on Type II road and $150 per

mile on Type III road, per residence (development level).

Teams may also spend money on items not related to the

operation of a specific business. These include purchase

of land, loans granted, investments, loan payments, and

taxes and construction. Taxes are paid on the property

(the assessed value of land and developments) ; net income

(all parcels earning positive income); and sales (purchases

of personal goods) . All tax rates are set by the Chairman.

Construction costs involve building a new development or

upgrading an older development. These costs are:

Land Use Construction Costs

HI1

HI2

HI3

$100 ,000

150 ,000

200 ,000

LI1

LI2

LI3

120 ,000

175,000

200 ,000

38
Land Use Construction Costs

BG1

BG2

BG3

$150,000

175 ,000

200,000

BS1

BS2

BS3

150,000

175,000

200,000

PG1

PG2

PG3

50,000

75,000

100,000

PS1

PS2

PS3

30,000

45,000

60,000

RC1

RBI

RAl

30,000*

15,000*

7,500*

*NOTE: Construction costs for residences are multiples of the development level. For example, an RC3 would

cost 3 x $30,000 or $90,000.

Upgrading costs are the difference between costs for

the present level of development and for the level to be

attained. For example, it costs $80,000 to upgrade an LI1

to an LI 3.

Demolition costs (i.e., lowering the level of development) are 1/5 of construction costs.

39
IV. INPUT

A. Economic Sector Decisions

1 . Borrow or Lend Money

Economic teams may take out loans from the Outside

Economy or from other teams. When borrowing from another

team the interest rate and term of the loan is determined

by the teams involved. When borrowing from the Outside the

interest rate is determined by the computer (see Outside

Economic Status Report) and the term is five years.

Teams may not incur a debt to the Outside of greater

than 13.3% of their total assessed value (land and developments) .

2. Transfer Cash

Teams may transfer money to each other without

making loans.

3. Invest in Speculative or Conservative Stocks

Teams may invest outside the local economy. Two

types of national investments exist: speculative and

conservative. Speculative investments average a return

of between 4% and 14% for 80% of the time and -30% and + 30%

for 20% of the time. Conservative investments have an

average rate of return of between 3% and 9%.

4. Restore Slums

Low-income housing which has depreciated below

a value ratio of .50 (see page 9, value ratio) becomes slum

housing (RS) with a value ratio of 1.00. The workers are

out of the labor market for a round while the population

is in transition. Slum workers are the last to be considered

for low-income job-openings. Slums can be restored to lowincome housing at a cost per RS of $5,000 + (1.00 - value

ratio) x $20,000. When a slum has deteriorated to a value

ratio below .80, it is cheaper to demolish it and build new

low-income housing. A restored slum becomes a low-income

residence (RA) with a value ratio of 1.00. Restoration is

not affected by local growth restrictions. (For more information on growth restrictions, see "Socio - Economic Parameters

for the Round.")

5. Purchase and Bid on Land

Teams may trade, sell, or give away full parcels

of land among themselves. It is not possible for two teams

40
to own parts of the same parcel of land; but public and

private ownership of parts of the same parcel is possible

if the parcel is undeveloped or developed residential.

When land is sold to an economic decision-maker, all

buildings on the parcel are included in the transaction.

Teams may bid on unowned parcels of land.* The

minimum amounts of bid are in Estateville, $5000; in

Newtown, $300 0; and in Farmington, $1500. Bids must be

in multiples of $100. The probability of a land bid

being accepted is proportional to the excess of the bid

over the minimum bid. If an amount above the minimum bid

is offered then the probability of acceptance increases.

Regardless of the amount of the bid, however, the probability of acceptance does not rise above 70 percent. The

maximum probability of acceptance (70 percent) is reached

when $10,000 is bid in Farmington; when $15,000 is bid in

Newtown, and when $20,000 is bid in Estateville. When bidding on land owned by the Outside there is a bidding fee of

10% of the bidding price. This fee is charged regardless

of whether or not the bid is successful.

6. Build or Upgrade Residences

An economic team may build new residences or upgrade old ones (i.e., add an existing level of development).

The costs for construction are $30,000 for an RC , $15,000 for

an RB , and $7,500 for an RA for each level of development.

Only one type of residence may exist on a parcel.

When building residences on a parcel of land, the

economic team should check to see that zoning is not

prohibitive and that the parcel, if undeveloped, has

utility service installed. Zoning codes are listed on page 73.

7. Build or Upgrade Businesses

An economic team may build new businesses or upgrade (i.e., add an additional level of development) old

ones. The costs for construction are outlined below:

Land Use Construction Costs

HI1 $100,000

HI2 150,000

HI3 200,000

*These parcels of land are owned by the Outside Economy

41
Land Use Construction Costs

LI1 $120 ,000

LI 2 175 ,000

LI3 200 ,000

BG1 150 ,000

BG2 175 ,000

BG3 200 ,000

BS1 150 ,000

BS 2 175 ,000

BS 3 200 ,000

PG1 50 ,000

PG2 75,000

PG3 100 ,000

PSl 30 ,000

PS 2 45 ,000

PS 3 60,000

Only one type of business may exist on a parcel.

When building a business, economic teams should check to see

that zoning is not prohibitive and that the parcel, if

undeveloped, has utility service installed. (Zoning codes - page 98 J

8. Demolish Residences

Economic teams may lower the development level of

any residences. Demolition costs are 1/5 of construction

costs. A low-income residence may not be demolished unless

a low-income residence has been constructed previously in

the same round.

9. Demolish Businesses

Economic teams may lower the development level of

any business. Demolition costs are 1/5 of construction

costs

.

10. Renovate Residences or Businesses

Economic teams may renovate (i.e., raise the value

ratio) of any land use and thereby increase the value and

improve the physical condition and the capacity of a building. The cost of renovation is determined by taking the

difference between the present value ratio and the new

(renovated) value ratio and multiplying it times the

42
construction cost. For example, the cost of renovating

an HI3 with a present value ratio of .80 to a value ratio

of 1.00 would bo .20 times $200,000, or $40,000.

Renovation is necessary because the value ratio

affects the gross income from the Outside Economy for

basic industry; the capacity of a commercial establishment; and

the class of a residence unit. For all land uses , as the

value ratio decreases, the chances of natural disaster

increase (see page 120).

11. Change Prices or Salaries

A team may change the price charged at any of its

commercial developments by giving the location of the

development and the new price to be charged. For example,

a BG sets a price only for HI1, LI1 and PG1, and a PG sets

a price only for low (RA) , middle (RB) and high (RC)

Prices are set only for the lowest level of development

because the prices for higher levels of development are

specified proportions of those for the lowest level. The

maximum prices (including transportation charges) and the

proportional constants (for all other levels of development)

all consumers of goods and services are given below:

Buyers Sellers

Proportional Proportional

BG Constant BS Cons tant

HI1 21 ,000 1.00 10 ,000 1.00

HI2 34 ,000 1.62 16 ,000 1.6

HI3 56 ,000 2.67 26 ,000 2 . 6

LI1 30 ,000 1.00 13,000 1.00

LI2 46 ,000 1.53 20,000 1.5 4 LI 3 56 ,000 1. 87 23,000 1.77

PG1 6 ,000 1.00 4,000 1.00

PG2 10 ,000 1.67 5,000 1.25

PG3 13 ,000 2. 17 6 ,000 1. 50

PS1 4,000 1.00

PS 2 4 ,000 1.00

PS 3 4 ,000 1.00

43
Buyers Sellers

Proportional Proportional

PG Constant PS Constant

RC1 1,070 450

RBI 1,970 880

RAl(RS) 3,580 1,890

In other words, if a BG sets a price of $19,000 to

an HI1, it is charging an HI2 $30,780 (1.62 x $19,000) and

an HI3 $50,730 (2.67 x $19,000).

Residences are charged in direct multiples of their

development levels.- (i.e., an RB2 will be charged twice as much as an RBI .

)

Economic teams can also change the salaries offered

to employees at businesses which they own. The "typical"

salaries are $2,500 per low income (RA) workers, $5,000

per middle income (RB) workers, and $10,000 per high income

(RC) workers. Salary changes may be desirable in periods

of inflation or deflation in the local economy. If the

number of workers becomes scarce, employment services can

be acquired by raising salaries to an appropriate level*.

Conversely, if the number of residential units seeking

jobs is excessive, a lowering of salaries will still obtain

workers for the business offering the lowered salaries.

*Remember : If a business is forced to employ workers from

the Outside, it pays salaries which are twice those offered

to local workers.
B. Procedures and Formats

Since City I is a computer-assisted model, it is necessary

that information be fed to the computer in a certain format.

This format is quite elementary and requires no knowledge of

computer programming. It merely involves filling out forms

in the proper manner with the required information for each

decision.

In order to make a decision and feed it to the computer,

participants in the City I game must fill in an input decision form (see Figure V-A) with certain information. The

information which is required on the input decision form

varies with the type of decision being implemented. The

type of information which is required is explained on the

decision formats (see pages 136 to 143) . There are six inDut

explanation formats: one for economic teams, and one each

for the Chairman and Council, School Department, Public

Works and Safety Department, Highway Department, Planning and

Zoning Department. An input decision form has the following

components: Decision Code; (first card) and additional information (second card) . Each of these components is explained below:

1. Decision Code

This indicates the type of decision that is being made.

It is always a two-letter abbreviation preceded by a dollar

sign ($) . Essentially, the decision code describes the

type of decision being made to the computer. These codes

are summarized below:

borrow or lend money

transfer cash

Invest in speculative or conservative stocks

Restore slums

Purchase land or bid on land

Demolish residences

Demolish businesses

Renovate residences and businesses

1. $L0

2. $CT

3. $IN

4 - $RS

5. $PU

6. $DR

7. $DB

V $RN

45
9. $BR - Build and upgrade residences

10. $BB - Build businesses

11. $UB - Upgrade businesses

\ 12. $CS - Change prices and salaries

/ 13 * $ZO - Change Zoning

1 14. $LB - Grant appropriations

15. $TR - Change tax rate and estimate tax base

16. $SB - Grant subsidy

17. $UR - Construct and/or upgrade roads

18. $RR - Renovate roads

19. $BT - Construct and/or upgrade terminals

20 . $BM - Build MS plants and change MS employment

21. $RM - Renovate MS plants

— Flpmnl i eh nl ant1 anH Hpmnl i sh schools

2 3 SCH — Chanae M5? ^alarips and school salaries

f DU Dii i 1 H nf i 1 i fu t-m 1 an f c anH /or rhannP 11 1" OUl 1U ULlllLy piall lb allU / Ui Lll aiiy C "L 1 i tV

service

25. $BS - Build schools and change employment

1 26. $RS - Renovate Schools

2. Additional Information

The additional information concerning a decision is

filled in the spaces immediately following the decision

code. These spaces correspond to the columns marked (a),

(b) , (c) , etc. on the input decision form and the input

explanation form. The amount and type of additional

information varies with the type of decision being made.

To clarify the procedure for filling out forms, it is

suggested that participants review the sample decisions on

page 84 of this manual.

46
^4

in

4-*

U

_

to <U UJ c

!*-( Qju

H

(U £

-1iJ II

a

w (J B H * — u

•>* E "H '"3 o u IA • 'J) 0 +-1 - •—

5 1—1 p o 0) B ' ~ u Y-i 0

rl 0 0 H

U

.c vm

d

N

4-1 | T c C |

4J

C 4)

X e H >u 3 C O +J 0 *l u o a> P 111 w

•H

CP

H

w T3 e C U t C 0 \J •H (J . —1 c -—< w >-> c £ —| s CO

0) 0) 0 r-i

M 1m (A 0) •H -H 0)

C 3 (0 o o. 0)

u

B

x: c *—\ o i 2 "H Cu XI 4J c

E-Oz I >Do

ZD coH 0 u u 3 </>4 7
CU CU i—1

cu o

TJ o

TJ x: V£>O

-H +j CM

O

P,

m COin

•rH (U 00 o _Q r-H

4-1 co- n r—I o cu r—1 - o •rH i—1

LT) t> 1 1 fl) rj CO CO- C-i L fi) n

•H -p o

4J rd o 1—i

r—1 O

If) fd o

fl)p

W

J -H 0) Q CN

(1) CN

rd 4J • CO- i—i

fd rj ro cu

to

H 1 rM P 00

CU o CT»

—1

CP ,—| o

fd rj fd ^

rC

rj LO CN Q) Tj r-H n pr) r T rn CN n rH hH r—1

4J fd

fd j

-1 o rj

CU o w 1 j^; c: fi) to LO •H JG W L ' CO CO- rH

.,_( o CO 1—1

>—i U LO CQ CJ rH

O

CO CD CQ

O o 1—1 p CU CO «H rH LO r ) 4-> • ,—1 W .H 10 Q rd !h CQ n , til p P U-l Q U rd cd cu rd cu cu o •—1 CD +j 4-J O o 4-> \j ^ o r_)

«3< rH o

CO

n X!

O (J LTl 1—>

00 LO o

r- qj -H dP CN •H

O 00 00

r ) P P r-^ P i—l cr\ rH

CO o 0 c0-

rj £ C/} >

i (U c 0 'H n ti x; -h rj L 1 1 pq oj cj frt

CJ1 fd • -H " QJ i i ,—1

rd CJ CN

Q

n rH CJ)

U o

CO Tl CL CN o

CO CN

n cu • r-l o CN

4-j rH

g +»

cu o .p rH ^-—

Q t*

.,_) Uh" CO ,—i

fi)

O LO i | r1 CO COco- 4J LO Tj Tl Ti ryv v' cV-t r" rrt (d fd o DC > CQ

cu -r-j CU

U if) r-H CQ

g CO TJ r-H hH o •H 0 C u u U >H c cu 0 O O

•H

Q CO- 5-1 co- 4H 4-1 co- CO- CO- 48
cd

a) p

<tj ppw

0)u

a> pc

(0

•pc

CDe

•H

»4H •H CPC - H , 4J -d ©C »

a> 

c

CDop

CDa

d) 00

0) -H P —

CPc

•Hd

H CD e e P 3

0) CD p p

cd Did

O^H

-P P 3

0)

O

d = c

0) M-l i—I -H P CO c - 3 O 0 o E r—

(TJ </> pPo

SiE

(TJ CP

CD c P -H

a)0 S u u to c0H C

co o >i H -H P 0) U P o c P

<U S-S yi «4H P 0 (A O P 73

CO

u c <3

W

CD 0 0)

U (TJ

Q PP

J Bh

U

0)

cd en P (TJ o

cpc I I H P 3 P CD o o co

<u c a*- o <u W 0) o > ~ > ' -rH •H ,P

pJp

uN win cqI>

CD i i co p

cn to 10 c o

id > P CT> c P c •H6

<a

p (TJ tP

0) cd CD c P iw P •H zM I CD <TJ CO > > Mu o

•H P CD

(TJ CO P P rH C CO CO 3

CD 6 COO CD> P -H H W O >P e 8.

Co

•HP

(TJ oo8

T3

>i

CP i—

C CO C

•H -H

O *M

O

O CO StPd c c

•H (0 a. co P

MH

n CU TJ

C CO O -H

•HP rH P 0) O O

H Q<

M

CD (TJ CO TJ

U P >i c —' CD P 1-1 <D H C-HTJ P rH 3 -H

d) CD

O DltO

rH 10

O OIP

H 3

CD 4-1 CO P O

CO -H -H

O = P

CD

CO

fd x:op3p co c - 3 o O o oco

•H rH P CD

(TJ

U

O P O (TJ rH a p

CO

d

CD ^

CO P

(TJ

OC

43O

O T> ass

O* iJ CQ IaO

H

rH Q)

CD > > CD CD rH

T3 P 5 C

CD CD I I O e e O CD O TJ

—c

*4H CD

O

-H P -H

CD P

-rH -H o a-H 6

I4HO

0)

C

O o c

•iH 0) P TJ

(TJ -H O 10 O CD rH P U

CDcio

toco

CD js o

CO

C

•H CD rH TJ e co CD CD Q OS

49
4-> Cou

en -PeuoCo

•H

CO

••HO

CD Q

>4-l Oco

•H

4J

HJc

(0 rHaxwoo

CD COEoco0w

(81 uOU c0

•H

C

co

O

H •H O 4-) <y & Q •HO

(A

0) a

U0

rH0 X

a) -h

T3 II In

to o

CO 3 8

II

U rH

CDc

CQQ

cocoa> x co

10 CO •H 0) <H C O -H e to3 s 03

>HCDc§

CO-

(0

CO CO

a> a) (DOC

4->

C -H

cu

n > TJ 3 O -H CQ C CO

CD 0)u

os os o

in

0)c8

02

QQ

coco

CDo

0) c

<tj 'a U -H

t7> CO a a)

0)>

CD

4-> c

0)£ao

rH

d)>

CO 4J

w ea

tr>m to c x <u •h •»*• o c/i -H

T3 03 &.M

•h

a - "<h 3 >iM O <fl ja 4J j w

CD

—E co o - u o c o

•H rH

COx

tr c

•H -H

O

O 4-> c C CO to •H

C

O CO CD •H

•H 0) •H CD ^ CO M C M rH

<tj -h (0 TJ O CO H TJ IS O 3 (0 -H O rH H XI CO E U COS303

coco

CD

toCO

CD TJ C

rH -H

•H CO 3 3 a a

W J) !fl E -

co o o

<DOo H C rH

in -rJ co- 0 -r(

14H

CO

CQUOo

CQHH

CO

CQUO

O

4-» W

C

0) -H CP-— u

(fl rH

O

x to <h O ex, coco

*4H

CO

to a,

<D ., en*— to

m

u - o KHO o a. co- a<

to

CO

a,

O en— to v-i CQ U - O

(0 rH

O

**H

X

M rH o x:

•H o r1- co- a. o e

CO

10CDCTU

X ->

(0 CnCJ X -H 02 O X w co- O I —

4-»

C

— tO

•>H CQ -

tO 02O

CD CD

— rH

CrirH coin 73 <L) flf 6 C O -r4 O —

CO

O CO

CQ

O CU

4-> COkH

U

O to c o

CD *H

O CT

—' O CT-H

CQ In O, Li

T) <-H flj

J rtj

O

"4-lXrHUHX

O 02 rH

•r4

U

J -rl

O rH

—- COO 0) 4J Eo c

COO

H

CD

C

—'•«-•» to I rH

0)>

CD 4->

<d cu 5 E >

cd

a CD

CO rH

14Ho

4J

C

ITS -rH o in O 3

rH

X

uc

CQD

CO- & to a 3 3 03

50
id

0) n

o

u

C

O

•H C

M O

•H H

O 4Ja

•Hu

u

to

(U Q

co

•-<

<ou

o

COu

(A

0)o

-Hu

0)CPc

(0 x:u

co

CQ CO —

<u co

S-i u - O -H O

^1 H H

5 C

0) -H O

C — -P

cq

co^°

QQ 020)

CQ u o

O -Hu o a

u-t oj H C

CO I & w - c

l-i u -

CO o

rH 4-1 </> -i-t

o -h o x; a

u cr>—

x: a) £ c E

<u -h o o

c ^ -p o

CO —

PQ CO -~ CO — PQ v en 4-i - a> w d) ^ u - -i-i co cj O -H O C4 O &,</> M J-l X o

5 c

<D -H OU <D -H O

c — -p a, c «— -p

CQ

•HO-O

a</>-H e E O

5 c o

' c

H

CO

QQ CO —> 4-1 0) 05 H

M u - O -H O •« j o

44 Q) -H O O

CQ

03 — I 0) 03 C

CO O - -H

a< -h o

&,</> o

I—

^

C — -P cu c — -P

s

<N|

COu

u

OS op

>i E co

J-i o -

fd u o

<h c o

fll -H i—

co w

x: £ CP C

<D -H -H e x: —

>i cq 05

v-t a) a - h — o

rH -a O

id T3 0J H

E

0) O

C -P

o

u c c

(0

I 05 c —

H <J o

a o

id * ^

05 O W i—I 0) 5 EC

0) O O -H C -P o —

05

0)

0) -H

CP n

c «J

id iH

x: <d u co

51
V - OUTPUT

A. Description of Economic Output

The following section offers a detailed description of

computer output distributed to teams in the economic sector.

Each description includes samples of the output being discussed. When reading output participants should refer to

the Economic Sector Master Sheets on pages 30-32. This will

help them to understand the numbers with which they are

dealing

.

At the beginning of each round, economic teams receive

output describing their economic status. This output is

divided into three parts: Detailed Property Statement,

Summary Property Statement, and Summary Financial Statement.

1. Detailed Property Statement

This output summarizes the status of all the land

uses owned by the team. The type of information differs

between residences, basic industries, and commercial establishments .

a. For residences (RC, RB, RA and RS) it shows:

(1) Location - the even-numbered horizontal

and vertical coordinates which identify the parcel on all

maps

.

(2) Class - the income class of people who

live there: A (low) , B (middle), and C (high) and S (slum)

or none (where there are no residences but there is public

ownership of part of the parcel)

.

(3) Type - the type of land use on the parcel.

This is usually RES (for residence) but if the government

owns part of the parcel, it may indicate SCH (school), MS

(municipal service unit); or PARK (parkland). If the

government owns a portion of a parcel, it can only be

developed as residential .~

(4) Employment Location - the location where

the inhabitants of a residence are employed.

(5) Employment Number - the number of inhabitants of the residence which are employed at the

previously given location. In some cases, residential

units may be at different locations, or due to insufficient

jobs, there may be unemployment.

52
(6) Salary - the total salary earned by a residence at each employment location. "Typical" salaries

are $2500 per low income worker (RA or RS) , $5000 per middle

income worker (RB) , and $10,000 per high income worker (RC)

Depending on conditions in the local labor market, it is

possible for a worker to become employed below his residential class.

(7) Transportation - the transportation

charges incurred for travelling to work. These charges

take into account distance, type of road, and congestion

i f any

(8) PG or PS Location - the location of the

Personal Goods and Personal Services establishments to

which the computer has assigned the residence to purchase the

goods and services which it requires for normal operation.

A location of "OUT" specifies the Outside economy. This

means that the supply of PG or PS in the local area is

insufficient or the local prices are too high, and the

residence units purchase personal goods and services at a cost equivalent to the maximum.

(9) Payment - the total price paid for the

purchase of PG or PS . Prices are set by the teams owning

PG and PS establishments, but residential customers will

only pay up to a certain maximum (including transportation

costs) . If the price charged plus transportation costs is

greater than the maximum, they will purchase PG and PS from

the Outside system at prices equivalent to the maximum.

(10) Transportation - the transportation

charges incurred for travelling to PG and PS establishments.

There is no transportation charge when purchasing goods

and/or services from the Outside economy.

(11) MS Location - the location of the municipal service unit serving the residence. The extent of

damage that occurs when a parcel is struck by a natural

disaster is determined by the quality of the municipal

service unit that is serving it. (For explanation, see

page 120 )

(12) School Location - the location of the

school which the students in a residence are attending.

If the students are attending Outside schools because

local schools fail to meet minimum standards for a class, the location given is 70-62.

53
TEAM A FOR ROUND 1

RESIDENCES

EMPLOYMENT PG

LOCATION CLASS TYPE LOC NO SALARY TRANS LOC

70-16 RES* 70-14 3 $ 7500 $ 00 76-16

RES* 70-12 3 $ 7500 $ 90

82-16

82-24

RES:

SCH.

RES*

RES*

RES.

80-20

80-22

78-20

76-22

1 $10000 S 390 70-62

1 $10000 $ 00

1 $10000 $ 520

1 $10000 $ 650

84-22

82-26

102-46

100-48

C RES

RES,

PARK

80-24 1 $10000 $ 00 84-22

M*S 1 $ 2500 $ 00 98-46

0- 0

PS

PAYMENT TRANS LOC PAYMENT TRANS MS LOC SC LOC SC CST

% 6000 $ 180 74-18 $ 2400 $ 240 72-18 70-18 i

S 3580 $ 00 82-14 $ 1600 $ 00 84-16 82-24 4 J

$ 9000 $ 00 80-24 $ 4800 $ 00 02-22 70-62 $ toOOO

$ 3000 $ 00 80-24 $ 1600 S> 300 82-28 70-62 * 2000

$ 1000 $ 00 70-62 * 450 $ 40 98-48 100-46 $ o

00 $ 00 0- 0 $ 00 $ 00 0- 0 0-0 $

54
(13) School Cost - a residence must pay the

transportation cost of its students if it is greater than

$500. Costs are $50 per mile on Type I road, $100 per

mile on Type II road, and $150 per mile on Type III road

per residential level of development. If the travel cost

is $2000 or more, it will cost $2000 per residential level

of development to send students to schools in the Outside

System. It also costs $2000 to send students to Outside

Schools if local schools do not meet certain minimum

standards

b. For Basic Industries, the Detailed Property

Statement shows

(1) Type - the type of industry: HI (Heavy

Industry) or LI (Light Industry)

(2) Level - the level of development:

This ranges from 1 to 3.

(3) Location - the even-numbered horizontal

and vertical coordinates which identify the parcel on

all maps.

(4) Employee Location - the residence location

of the workers employed at the industry. A location of

"OUT" indicates that there is an insufficient supply of

local workers and that the industry is importing employees

from the Outside economy at twice the "typical" salaries.

(5) Employee Number - the number of employees

actually hired. Each industry has different employment

requirements for different levels of development.

(6) Class - the income class of the employees

working at the basic industry: (RC) high, (RB) middle,

and (RA or RS) low.

(7) Salary - the total salary paid to each

class of workers. "Typical" salaries are $2500 per lowincome worker, $5000 per middle-income worker, and $10,000

per high income worker. "Typical" salaries are doubled

if the industry is forced to hire employees from the

"Outside" economy.

(8) BG or BS Location - the location of the

Business Goods or Business Services establishments to

which the computer has assigned the industry to purchase

the goods and services which it requires for normal operation. A location of "OUT" specifies Outside

55
economy. This means that the supply of BG or BS in the local

area is insufficient or the local prices are too high and the

industry must purchase business goods and services at a cost

equivalent to the maximum.

(9) Payment - the total price paid for the

purchase of business goods and services. Prices are set by

the teams owning BG and BS establishments, but industrial

customers will only pay up to a certain maximum (including

transportation costs). If the price charged, plus transportation costs , is greater than the maximum, they will purchase BG and BS from the Outride economy at prices equivalent

to the maximum.

(10) Transportation - the transportation

charges incurred for travelling to BG and BS establishments. There is no transportation charge when purchasing

goods and/or services from the Outside economy.

(11) Terminal Location - the odd-numbered coordinates of the terminal (located at an intersection)

which is used by the basic industry. The computer assigns

a basic industry to a terminal on the basis of least transportation cost.

(12) Transportation - the charges incurred for

transporting output to a terminal for shipment to the

Outside economy.

c. For Commercial Establishments (BG, BS , PG, PS),

the Detailed Property Statement shows:

(1) Type - the type of commercial establishment: BG (Business Goods), BS (Business Services), PG

(Personal Goods), PS (Personal Services).

(2) Level - the development level for the

commercial establishment . This ranges from 1 to 3.

(3) Location - the even-numbered horizontal

and vertical coordinates which identify the parcel on all

maps .

(4) Employee Location - the residence location of the workers employed at the commercial establishment. A location of "OUT" indicates that there is an

insufficient supply of local workers and that the commercial establishment is importing employees from the Outside

economy at twice the typical salaries.

56
TEAM A FOR ROUND 1 (Cont.)

BASIC INDUSTRY

EMPLOYEE 8G

TYPE LEVEL LOCATION LOC NO CLASS SALARY LOC

HI 76-20 80-28 1 HIGH $10000. 74-22

78-18 2 MED. $10000.

78-22 3 LOW $ 7500.

BUSINESS GOODS SERVICES

EMPLOYEE BG

TYPE LEVEL LOCATION LOC NO CLASS SALARY LOC

BS 78-26 76-26 1 HIGH $10000. 0- 0

78-28 1 HIGH $10000.

LI 1 11000.

CHARGE TO

Hll

9000.

PAYMENT TRANS

BS

LOC PAYMENT TRANS

TERM

LOC TRANS

$ 29140. $ 0. 80-20 $ 14390. $ 300. 75-21 $

BS

PAYMENT TRANS LOC

TERM

PAYMENT TRANS LOC TRANS

0. $ 0. 0- 0 $ 0. $ 0. 0- 0 $ 0:

PG1

3400.

PS1

3400.

CUSTOMER LIST

LOCATION TYPE LEVEL RPUS CHARGE

80-24

74-26

82-30

102-44

TOTAL

PS

LI

LI

LI

$ 3400.

$11000.

$11000. $11000.

26 $ 36400. SERVICE CMAKotS i 10400

57
TEAM A FOR ROUND 1 (CONT .

)

PERSONAL GOODS * SERVICES

EMPLOYEE 86

TYPE LEVEL LOCATION LOC NO CLASS SALARY LOC

PS 80-24 82-26 1 HIGH $10000. 0- 0

PAYMENT TRANS

BS

LOC PAYMENT TRANS

TEKM

LOC TRANS

78-26 3400* $ 0- 0

CHARGE TO

fcSK SIR HIGH 400. 700. 1600,

CUSTOMER LIST

LOCATION TYPE LEVEL RPUS CHARGE

78-22

82-22

78-24

82-24

84-24

76-26

82-26

78-28

80-28

82-28

8<»-28

RA

RB

RA

RC

RB

RC

RC

RC

RC

RC

RB

3

2

3

3

1

1

12

11

1

3

4

3

9

2

3

3

6

3

3

2

$ 1200.

S 1400.

S 1200.

S 4800.

s

s

ss

$

$

$

700.

1600.

1600.

3200.

1600.

1600.

700.

TOTAL 41 S 19600.

58
(5) Employee Number - the number of employees

actually hired from each location. Each commercial establishment has different employment requirements for different

levels of development.

(6) Class - the income class of the employees

working at the commercial establishment: high (RC) , middle

(RB) and low (RA and RS)

(7) Salary - the total salary paid to each

worker (by location) . Typical salaries are $2500 per lowincome worker, $5000 per middle-income worker, and $10,000

per high-income worker. Typical salaries are doubled if

the commercial establishment is forced to hire workers from

the Outside economy.

(8) BG or BS Location - the location of the

BG or BS establishment from which a commercial establishment purchases BG or BS for normal operation. Since BG

and BS do not trade with each other, but with the Outside

economy, this location is always 0-0 for them. PG does

require BG and BS , however, and PG requires BS only. In

this case, a location of "OUT" would specify the Outside

Economy. This means that the supply of BG or BS is depleted

in the local area and PG and PS establishments must purchase

goods and/or services from the Outside system at costs

equivalent to the maximum.

(9) Payment - the total price paid for BG or BS

This applies only to PG which purchases BG and BS , and PS

which purchases BS only. Prices are set by the teams owning

BG and BS establishments, but customers will pay only up to

a certain maximum (including transportation costs). If the

price charged, plus transportation costs, is greater than the

maximum, they will purchase BG and BS from the Outside economy

at prices equivalent to the maximum.

(10) Transportation - the transportation charges

incurred for travelling to BG and BS establishments. This

is applicable only to PG which purchases BG and BS , and PS

which purchases BS only. There is no transportation charge

when purchasing goods and/or services from the Outside economy.

(11) Terminal Location - the location of the

terminal to which a BG has been assigned by the computer.

This is applicable to BG only , since BG must receive large

quantities of goods which it requires for normal operation

from the Outside economy. BG establishments are assigned

to terminals on the basis of least transportation cost and

the size of the terminal.

59
(12) Transportation - the costs paid by the BG

to receive goods at the terminal and transport them to the

location of the BG.

(13) Charges - this shows the prices which the

owner of a commercial establishment is charging to

its customers . BG and BS customers are LI, HI, PG and PS

Prices charged are specified for the first level of development, and prices charged for other levels if developments

are multiples of that price (see page 45) . PG and PS

customers are high (RC) , middle (RB) and low (RA or RS)

income residential units. Again, prices charged are

specified for the first level of development. Unlike other

customers, the prices charged to other levels of development for residences are direct multiples of their development level. For example, an RB2 will be charged twice as

much as an RBI.

(14) Customer List - the customers purchasing

goods and/or servi ces from commercial establishments; the

development level of the land use purchasing; the number of

RPU's of capacity consumed by each customer; and the charge

(i.e., the price paid) by each customer. This also includes

income earned from construction in the county.

(15) Service Charges - the amount paid to the

Outside economy for purchase of goods and services for

normal operation. This is applicable to BG and BS only .

(16) Construction Income - for BG and BS only , the income earned from a share of the construction undertaken

in the simulated area. For further explanation, see page 23.

2. Summary Property Statement

This piece of output summarizes the status of all

land and developments owned by an economic team. For each

parcel owned it indicates:

a. Location - the even-numbered horizontal and

vertical coordinates which identify the parcel on all maps.

b. Land Use - the type of land use and level of

development. Undeveloped land which is owned by the team

is specified by "UNO." If a residential land use is qiven

a development level of zero (i.e., RA(J the government

owns a portion of that land and only residences can be

built there (as long as the qovernment owns part of the

p ar ce 1).

60
UJ 1 £ 1 O 1 U 1 <M Z 1 (Nl »—* 1 4 ro vO l>4

UJ

COUJ<

CO

lOO<

COUJo

or<ru

LUu>

ccUJ

CO

cOUJ

13

or<r

CO<o

or<

UJ

CO3Oz<<o

-Jn

30 o

CO X>

n

4" rg o X) 1 -t 3)

3) CO CO <M f\l (A

—4 04 r\j 1 1

-O -O o CO co S\

—4

—

—1

—

:o CO ro

m

JO3

J-

.0I I .oI OO

(Nl

D3 O

Xi ropg

oo

x> o O 3 3 3 3 o o 3 o O O n J\ o 3 3 O

r— r- o 3 3 3

<M rg (M fM r-4 r-4 3O

J"\

in 3 3 O 00

CO Lf\ 3 3 O O

ao vO ON -O o 3 3 3 3 3 3 o 3 3 3 3 3

ro CO CO o O

O o

4- in 4- 3" rr—i co ro 3 3 co ao 4 >-) r-< 3 3

in co 3 3

r- 3

—t co 3 3 O

r-« 3 4 CO 3O

co

or (J I O 3 3 o o O 3 CO CO 3 3 o o O 3 3 O co

a. Z 1 3 O

O 3 3 O r—OO o 3 t-i 3 O O o in in O o >* <o in

>- cO • in

O o 3 og l-l «o o> -j- OT c0 • rH co H cO m CO co rt— | 3 m in in in O 3 < 1 3 r> r~ o o ror i r- r- ao ao o o in UJ 1 • • • • • • •

Z> 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 m

CNJ in

co 3 3 3 3 O 3 3 O 3

r-H r—

>-4 J- <*

CO f—

3 < < < or or or or or or

<o >r <o o r-4 CNJ f\i 1 1 1 1 1 3 fM CM CM CSi ao GO ao o

aoIOo CD3

CO 3

CMI•O r- ao

CO

CO

CO

<MIco

co

a. 3 3 3 z z z 3 3 3

CD3

CO 4 < (Nl CO CO < r\i »— <M fNJ 1 O 1 1 o 3 — vO 3 z co CD CO r- o CD < 3 3 or CO CO

61
c. Area - the political jurisdiction in which a land parcel may be located. They are: 1. Central City;

2. Estateville; 3. F armington ; and 4. Newtown.

d. Value Ratio - the value ratio of a development.

The value ratio affects gross income from the Outside

economy for basic industries and the capacity of a commercial establishment. When the value ratio of a residence

falls below .50, its occupants become members of the class

below their previous class, i.e., an RC would become an RB,

etc. Furthermore, the developments with the lowest value

ratios are those most likely to be struck by natural disasters (see page 79)

.

The value ratio of all undeveloped land is 0.00

and all new buildings have a value ratio of 1.00.

e. Gross Income - the total income earned by each

parcel. Owners of residences earn income by supplying

workers to employers in the county. Commercial establishments earn income from sellina aoods and services to the

local economy and from performing construction. Basic industry earn income from the sale of output to the outside economy

f. Transportation Charges - the total transportation charges paid by each land use. For residences, this

includes transportation to work, to PG , and to PS. For

commercial establishments, it includes transportation

charges to BG and BS (PG and PS only) and to terminals

(BG only) . For basic industry it includes transportation

charges to BG and BS and to terminal.

g. Service Charges - total purchases of BG, BS , PG,

and PS required for normal operation, whether purchased from

local establishments or from the Outside economy. School

costs (if any) for residences are also included in this

category

.

h. Wage Costs - total salaries paid by each development .

i . Taxes - total taxes paid by each parcel. Sales

taxes are levied on residences onlv (on Durchase of PG)

;

property taxes are levied on the assessed value of all

land and development, and income taxes are levied on any

developments earning a positive net income before taxes.

All tax rates are set by the Chairman.

j . Net Income - the gross income minus expenditures

(transportation charges, service charges, wage costs, taxes)

for each parcel. Usually, the net income for an undeveloped

62
parcel is negative, since it earns no income but must pay

a property tax.

3. Summary Financial Statement

This output is a combination of a cash flow

statement and a balance sheet. The cash balance sheet

shows

a. Cash on Hand at End of Round - cash available

at the end of the previous round, after all expenditures

have been made.

b. Previous Cash Balance - cash on hand at the

beginning of the previous round before any expenditures

are made.

c. Minus (Expenditures) - these include funds

spent for such items as: properties purchased, new construction, loans granted to others, investments (speculative or conservative) and loan payments to other teams or

the Outside economy.

d. Plus (Income) - income from various sources,

including: property sold, loan payments received from

others, subsidies received from the government, loans

granted by others or the Outside economy, the total

net income of all parcels (developed and undeveloped)

interest on savings (unspent funds earn 5% interest) ; and

miscellaneous (i.e., cash transfers from other teams,

stocks bought or sold)

e. New Cash Balance - cash on hand at the end of

previous round minus expenditures plus income. This

becomes the cash available for the next round.

The cash balance sheet outlines the following:

( 1 ) Assets

(a) Property - the market value of all

land and developments owned by a team.

(b) Speculative and Conservative Invest - ments - the amount of money invested in Outside stocks and

return on the investments.

(c) Accounts Receivable - money owed to

the team by others.

63
*

**

*

*

oro

U_z

UJ

UJ —*

lO< D — O

Z

<

2:

OO

o

(A

m

o

m

o rsl

co

CO

fM

rHo

O

u. • • • • • • • • •••••• • • • O 0 00000 OOOOMOO O O

> O 0 -00 O 0 00 vO < O 0 m

r\j CM «-» 0

51 (M ex «M D

cO

Ml

z O

D UJ O 0 >

CC UJ

cO UJ

•—4 ujo wO

U. < 0 ULJ z

O UJ IZ < UJ> 00 3E 0£ — > O z UJO <

z < D»-Q cO O UUJ COCO

UJ _J auiu »— _JK- UJ> 3

< 3t-cOZ ZO

t— CD cOCtZt-UJ cOLU UJ UJOUJ

Z < uj*-<zz; ZtflUZ z

UJ X —"COCXUi V >->-ujujot-<

2: CO t-<"a:wco-j UJ

UJ z < 1x0 »-a eta 0 ZUJ_I

t— < UJUcOcO uj M«/)*-»cruj z

< X a zujz azcoz UJU < »- »— cO OJ<>< 0<CD <*-»— cO _J UJ

cO z QCUJOZO aODOujz- < UJ 0 0 az_i—

•

_J Q._JcO_iZ—>5: 00 X

CO cO O X > 3 CO X

_J UJ z 3 cO UJ

u. < a. _l <

a 5" z

X

cO<

CJ

U. cOO

zz

ujo:

»-»—

cOUJ ujo:

>ZO

—z

UJO >3

£K<Z

UJ_J«~» 0.3

cu

CKUJ a a

co co

UJ

cO

CO<

cOU. »-o z

UJZ

h- 13 UJ cO»- _l UJUJ CD >a <

z >

Z UJ — UJ-* >o UJ •— D a: »- _i <U cO >z »- or«~

UJ

COz

o

u

3

o

u

<

<

X

X

<

•

CO

rrsj o

cO

h-CO

UJO

o

z

cO<

LU»- ~c0 X

O

z

o

cc

CJ£ O

CD —3 CC -JO O

—• 2

< 1-3

UJ UJ

_J z z

2

UJ <

CD

64
(d) Cash on Hand - cash balance from

Cash Flow Statement.

(2) Liabilities - Outstanding Debts - funds

owed to other teams or the Outside economy.

(3) Net Worth - assets minus liabilities.

65
VT . GOVERNMENT SECTOR

The Government Sector in City I comprises the elected

officials, a Chairman and two Councilmen (one

from Central City and one from the three suburban jurisdictions) , and the five bureaucratic departments: Finance,

Highways, Schools, Public Works and Safety, and Planning

and Zoning. Each team has at least one governmental role

in addition to its economic one.

Each team acting as a public official has a number of

responsibilities and resources which provide some general

direction for its behavior as a public official. For

example, the Planning and Zoning Department has the responsibility to acquire parkland and to maintain local

zoning regulations. The resources available to the Planning

and Zoning Department are its local appropriations and

federal-state aid and its power to change the zoning of up

Lo five parcels of land during each round. Given these

responsibilities and resources, the team acting as the

Planning and Zoning Department may attempt to achieve a vide variety of goals.

It is both the difference and the similarities in goals,

established by different teams and with different resources,

that bring about the dynamic interplay of decision-making

in the public sector. For example, the Planning and Zoning

Department may favor the development of industrial parks

and satellite residential communities, but the Public Works

and Safety Department may disapprove because of the need for

new utility plants and new municipal service units.

Naturally, the interests and desires of the private decisionmakers (as voters and entrepreneurs) could be for or against

the plan for any number of reasons.

As public decision-makers, teams should always remember

that as a group, they comprise all of the decision-makers

of the local system. Thus, the teams as a group may establish a legal system and enforce it if they so wish. At the

beginning of play, there are no legal restrictions on

private or public decision-making. (There are, however,

procedural restrictions that are imposed by the computer

programs). If teams want to, they may impose legal restrictions on the misuse of the powers of government office,

bribery, conflict of interest, or any one of the other types

66
of actions that might not meet with the approval of the

teams as a group. Once a law is passed by the teams in a demoractic vote, it must be enforced by the teams in any

way they wish.

There are several major government programs in actual

life, such as welfare and public housing, that are not

explicitly institutionalized in the City I Model. Public

programs such as welfare and public housing may be established through the use of public subsidies which are

granted by the Chairman through the budget of the Planning

and Zoning Department. For example, if a welfare program

providing unemployed residence units with a minimum payment

is desired, the Chairman team can establish the per residence unit payment and have the teams controlling unemployed

residence units apply for payment based upon proof of unemployment during the previous round.

67
A. CHAIRMAN AND COUNCIL

1. EXPLANATION OF THE ROLE

The Chairman team has the resources to be the most

powerful political force in the community. It is elected

by a majority of the teams and is responsible for appointing the five bureaucratic departments (Finance, Highways,

Schools, Public Works and Safety, and Planning and Zoning)

,

recommending tax rates and a budget to the Council and

voting with the Council on a final budget. In addition,

the Chairman controls the allocation of any public subsidies for private development.

The Chairman team has responsibility for and control over its bureaucracy, organizing and running the

bureaucracy in any way it wishes. The success of the

Chairman team is judged in the same manner as the success of

elected government officials is judged in a real life situation, (i.e., at the polls).

The Council is comprised of two Councilmen who

represent the four jurisdictions of Central City, Estateville, Farmington, and Newtown. A Councilman is elected

by a majority of the residences in the Central City and

suburban jurisdictions with the vote of each residence

weighted by income class.

The Chairman and Council base their decisions on

(1) computer output showing county revenues, expenditures,

and fiscal balance in the last round; (2) estimates of the

tax base for the round for which a budget is being prepared;

(3) department appropriation requests; and (4) city conditions which may indicate what public actions are

necessary. The computer output indicates public expenditures in the last round, the Finance Department estimates

the tax base and department requests show the need for

public expenditures in the round under consideration.

From this information the Chairman and Council attempt to

balance the public needs of the community with its fiscal

resources

.

68
CHAIRMAN AND COUNCIL DECISIONS

In order to carry out his governmental role, the Chairman may make any or all of the following decisions (subject

to the approval of the Council) during a round of play:

Grant Appropriations

The Chairman can grant appropriations to each of

four departments: Public Works and Safety, Schools, Highways, and Planning and Zoning. All appropriations come

out of local tax revenue sources.

It is the function of the Finance Department to

coordinate the budgetary process and review appropriations

requests from each department.

When granting appropriations, the Chairman should

be aware of the availability of federal-state aid for

each department. This aid is automatically granted by the

computer each round. The amount of aid is dependent upon

the population of the county and matching ratios for each

department. This information is summarized as follows:

Maximum Matching Ratio

Aid per 100 (Local Funds : FedDepartment Population eral-State Funds)

School $20.00 2:1

Public Works and Safety 7.00 5:1

Highway 18.00 1:2

Planning and Zoning .50 1:1

For example, if the population of the county is 300,000

the School Department is eligible for $60,000 in aid.

Under the matching ratio of this department (2:1), one

dollar in aid is allocated for every two dollars of local

funds that are spent by the department. Therefore, if the

department requests a budget of $120,000, the Chairman must

appropriate at least $80,000 for the department to be

eligible for the remaining $40,000 in federal-state aid.

Set Tax Rates and Estimate Tax Base

The Chairman may set tax rates of three types

sales, income and property. Sales taxes are paid by

residences on their total purchases of personal goods (PG)

income taxes are paid by all parcels owned by economic

teams which earn a positive income; and property taxes are

paid by economic teams on the assessed value of land and

developments which they own.

69
Tax base estimates are sent to the Chairman by the

Finance Department. This provides a method for predicting

revenue for the current round.

Transfer Cash

The Chairman may transfer cash to any economic

team. Cash transferred in such a way comes out of the

Chairman 1 s budget

.

Grant Subsidies

The Chairman may grant subsidies to teams for a variety of purposes, including development incentives,

tax rebates for low income housing, etc. Subsidies come

out of the budget of the Planning and Zoning Department .

70
3 . INPUT PROCEDURE

Since City I is a computer-assisted model, it is necessary

that information be fed to the computer in a certain format.

This format is quite elementary and requires no knowledge of

computer programming. It merely involves filling out forms

in the proper manner with the required information for each

decision.

In order to make a decision and feed it to the computer,

participants in the City I game must fill in an input decision form with certain information. The

information which is required on the input decision form

varies with the type of decision being implemented. The

type of information which is required is explained on the

decision formats. There are six input

explanation formats: one for economic teams, ana one each

for the Chairman and Council, School Department, Public

Works and Safety Department, Highway Department, Planning and

Zoning Department. An input decision form has the following

components: Decision Code; (first card) and additional information (second card) . Each of these components is explained below:

a. Decision Code

This indicates the type of decision that is being made.

It is always a two-letter abbreviation preceded by a dollar

sign ($) . Essentially, the decision code describes the

type of decision being made to the computer. These codes

are summarized below:

borrow or lend money

transfer cash

Invest in speculative or conservative stocks

Restore slums

Purchase land or bid on land

Demolish residences

Demolish businesses

Renovate residences and businesses

$L0

2. $CT

3. $IN

4 - $RS

5. $PU

6. $DR

7. $DB

V $RN

71
w

c

o

•HW

•HU

d) Q

0)

4-i >

•H

w

coH

W

•HU

0J Q

UH

r-H ja

' 9. $BR - Build and upgrade residences

-Li nU • yOD - Build businesses

11. $UB - Upgrade businesses

\ 12. $CS - Change prices and salaries

/ 13. $ZO - Change Zoning

f 14. $LB - Grant appropriations

15. $TR - Change tax rate and estimate tax base

16. $SB - Grant subsidy

17. $UR - Construct and/or upgrade roads

18. $RR - Renovate roads

19. $BT - Construct and/or upgrade terminals

20. $BM - Build MS plants and change MS employment

21. $RM - Renovate MS plants

22. $DS - Demolish MS plant and demolish schools

23. $CH - Change MS salaries and school salaries

24. $BU - Build utility plants and/or change utility

service

25. $BS - Build schools and change employment

26. $RS - Renovate Schools

Additional Information

The additional information concerning a decision is

filled in the spaces immediately following the decision

code. These spaces correspond to the columns marked (a)

,

(b) , (c) , etc. on the input decision form and the input

explanation form. The amount and type of additional

information varies with the type of decision being made.

To clarify the procedure for filling out forms, it is

suggested that participants review the sample decisions

in tnis manual

.

72
ooo

00

a; rH i—

CD o </> u o

x: V£> •» •H 4-> CN r—

to -H o o rQ

O P

4-1 >_i ,—

o CD rH

O o 4J •H O

LD "5i>

O—

V£> CO CN E 1 (D (N "H </> o

rd d)

Q

10 rd

CD

p CO «—

H CD fd ,—

J_l CD •H

fd 4J . •> ,—

rj ro CD

w •H 1 (Ji t—

00 >q

CD o cTi rd

CT> rl o 4j rj

rd rj fd

CD

rj LD CN £

I—

o CO Fh CM o rH

_p o rd • CO to o

(—^ cu o rn fn o

)_l to t LT) 1 1 —

CO to 1—

•>

»> </> rH >-l

r ) CD •H1 i O\j W 4J 10 i—' ^ 1 >—

U in OQ n o rH o

CD rd >—

o OQ o o p (l) to O rH in

t—

4J 1—

•H i—

rd CD *

J

v ^

r—

[-^ CO CD o pEh QI—

rd CO rd £ CD H ,—

•H 4J 4J ^ n I (1) o rd n r* X! o r 

_p LT) rH o ^ 

rri CN

H » * m

m o p P ni i—

C r— 00 00 Hi 1 SG (Ti rH

»-H 1 1 r1 tr< fl, *—i <J Mh

rH p. CO r \ rn {J H | M P XJ

(11 1)

M

v—

r" , 1 LO rd U CN H [—1

m * i i (—

u o

CO CM o

rH

n i o in CN

,__| CN

</5-

m

v>

C

C

C rd

fd

C rd 0

CD •H CD EC to 0 rH PQ S to T3 U rH M CQ o •H 0 C m u O CJ u c CD 0 0 0

•H

Q COu tO- M-l -P 00- v> •GO73
CO -P

tj6

>-i ObCo

•H

10 •Ho

0) Q

4-<OCo

•HP

f0axwuzDoua<5

4-1

0)

T3o

a>0o c0

•H c

to o H •H U -P

a> •Huo

a)

<y Q

CO I o

-P o

TS

U

O

C t!

H

(TJ Qj

W

0) CP'O c C -H

•H tJ»^ c c §-H -P c c

«w

a

n e o

4-1

CO T3

CO

4-1 Pc

CD >i 6

<« -p

X3 <TJ CT> CL

C

H CD -H

x: t)

—ooo

rH I P

>Ha

M cd o-o c- 4-1 H CO

co 0

T3O c x: 3 U

4-1 CO o P o C O

CD rH 6 </>

CO Muo5

co >1 -P - p c o

qj cy o

4-( E o

fl +J

H

rH (TJ x) Ti a c 3 C 4I'H a <TJ 13 —

u

mIaoMaa co < co

-P -H C -P

(0 ffl H -H O M

MO ft5 4-1 cH 4-1 CD O

— P -P

(0 CD 10

C

U E X! CD 0 -P o o c n C 0) CD h -p a X

(TJ p

-pc

to CDou

0)

CO CO JS. CD CD -P P rH C . A «j cd a

V-l CO 4J

(0 cH 4-1 P 4-1 — O

>i -P

-P

C

i-i co cd co cd xj o

cd a-p

•P o c

t0

U CD

m ap

uI

<tj cH 4-1 +J 4-1 — O

OS

(TJ H ID

CD <3 C CD

(TJ 4->

X

cd H

CD P

TJE

CD(0 x: as co <o UKUCQ

CO ooI o C rH •H W

CD

U

C

-P

O -H

(TJ 4-1

— £H CD CD p w e

CO (TJ

O

CD X)

O

CO

X CD

(Tj rH -~. P TJ CO 0) -

COO

CD

U POO (TJ 4-1 i—I e w H CD P CO C

CO (TJ -H

CD X)

—

X

(TJ -P

T3 IOMa c

CD P. -H -—.

•P

O

w CO

(fl 4-1 E >iO H CD -P O P CO U o

tfl (TJ 0) rH

cd x} a<n-

-P CO c - 3 O O o E <H

(TJ Vr

(TJ On

0) c

4J -H uuM

CD

4-(COs

1-1 EH

74
5 . COMPUTER OUTPUT

Both the Chairman and Council teams receive

copies of the entire county budget which includes detailed

department expenditures (by individual capital and current

items) , summary department finances (local funds appropriated, federal-state funds used, total funds, total expenditures, and the surplus or deficit for each department),

tax base, rate, and revenue by category, and the county

treasury balance and county population.

75
***QZ3o

QC

ocoQ3

03Z3Ouo

QCo

UJ

oc

cOz<

s:or

•—• <I *******

4c**

4cm

4c**

4c

4i****

4i4(

4c

4c

4c

4c4c

4c4<

4c

4c*

4c*

4c

4c4c

4c*

4c

4c

4c4c*

4c4c

4c

4c4i

4c

4c4c

4c

4c

4c

4c4c

4c4c

4c*

4c

4c

4c4c

4c4c

4c

oo

-a- —»

CM

Oo • 0 00 I >* I o IIIII • • • • • ooooo

oo o

OifV

O

vOrg so in

cO

UJoc3z

UJax<a

coz

CO CO UJU-3E

QCO <

COOz<

CO

v:aco

CD3a

oz—o

»—

—«

DU

or 3

»-ac

cot- zco oz

KJO

cO

U 3 U-lUh1-ZOcOZUJ —O <<Z Q«ZIJ« ZKOUQ.J

UJU

—OC

UJ»->

cOOO-J-J _iZZZ——•

<Ouj<»-»— a< • • • I OOao I OO-t I O-tO I rg |IIIII

cO

COUJ

QC3oz

UJ

cOz

UJaxz

z»- o<

•-OC

UJ <a

H-O

_j LVcoac _j < XUJOV <

»~ uj

—a.»- »-

O QCcO—

O

I- t- <Z_J IOD Z _!<•-• CD 3 UJ<0C*- 3

cO QCcOh-3 to

QC3 < Oo

ao

r- •oooo • I o I O I ao i Is- iI(t8 • • • I OOO I OO I eg ao |I vO IIlIi • • I OO I OO I OOO I inrg I >*<\J IIIIII z

UJ

z:t—

QC<

CLUJoOoIu

CO

cOt-O

UJU«

QC3»-cO 3QC<UJ

»-»->*/>

*-cOO< OZZI Z OUJW

UJUQCQC a 3 x _i _i a

uj OOOOO

_i nz

<uu< t— c0c0_J

»—4 a<

COUJ

QC3 ZO

CO3

cO

O »- z <

UJa cooc XUJO

UJ—Q. QCCO

»-<z

Z-J<

UJ<QC

QCC0»-

QC3U

CD3

CO

76
oom

f—

oo

CO

O I O II O III • I O I O I » 

o» IIIIII * I

oooo

ooo

or->o

00 0s c\ • • I OO I O I 00 IIIIIII 2o

uj—

—e ar UJ DU<«UJiO 3 UJ

(- Dtt»-t02 »- tO — tro<i<o a —< <

»— Gi-a>iu

ax z 2 tOW

UJ ujz zaj 2 UJ UJ0" a oqujo< < O •-~3 xuzira 2" ISI xoa

or uj <r

— o -1 < »— < Q iOO a -J< <2ce 03 2 -J0C2 Q

UJ

t—<

cto o<uj

(X —It— to o < o<• 2 Q < < »— < 2 I

IG

LA

x

a

»- <

CD »— 3 O

lO t- * • • 1 • • 4t 4c 3^0 i 'JO 4c * 4c ( nO ^ 4r * 3> | JS •A 4c

\&\ rsj | r^- -<J &\ 4c 1 4c 1 4c 4l 4c 1 4c t# 1 4c ^1

)tf 4c 4c 4c * * *

<l * ' O 4c 4j Q(f\ | 4c it O 00 I C30 30 4c 4c

4c 4: Z Nl 4c if * <C 4c -J o g 4c UJ 4c

4c | 4c ^3 o g 4c * < | 4c H *

UJ 00 CO o 4c

¥ > X\ i * 3

4c UJ —4

g o

4c 4c a: r—

1 4c ro

4c 4c 1 * •O * 4c 1 4c vO

4c • • 1 • 1 (r\

4c •w J^ ... 4c 4c >- jjj O sO fi o »o 4c 4c o oo i qq * 4c O O 1 o J* 4c 4c o

4c 4c 4c * 0 r -' ^ 4i * * 0 * lie <

4? I UJ 1 _J

4c 1 4c *

tft 1

4c 4c Q.

4c 4c o

4c * CL

jj * * 1JC 4c * < * < * • • 1 * # • 4c # 2: O | tT» o V o o o o

4c —JuJ

O 

• >—

4c

O 3E

O 0> 1 "O^ GO 00 <; CM f—

*

4c

O »—

O if\ | J"\ [S» 4c * * J- U- 00 | CSi (T\ r^ 4c *

4c

M <f 1 I8 4c 4c

4c (/) CL 1 4c 4c 4c UJ i 4c *

itf 1 4c *

xje & I 4c 4c * 41 4i 4c *

4c # 41 4c 4c 4c 4c * 4c J

LA

© • 8 • 4c # # 4c •

4< Jb

r "J 1 "*X 00 4c 4c 4c ry l_ ut, O | 4c : 1 

o H o 4c o

4c

O UJ 1 W' 00 4c tO iTS 4< 1 Ll_ *—4 | o-H >f 4c o %o o *

4c 4c

4c 4c 4c 4c 1 4c 4c

4c j /"*v c__i 1 ¥ 4> UJ 1 4c I

,, ,

4c

—\ ^ 4J1 1 trf | * 4c 4c 4c

4E 4c

4c 4c

4t 4c 4> 4t 4c 41 4c UJ 4c 41

V

4c 4i ct

c_> *^ 4c

4c 1 1 1 1 1 1 4c to Nil 4c 4c <

4c *-* UJ o 4c 4c UJ

UJ or UJ 4c 4c or o ^> f— 4c 4c i—

4c UJ

O UJ

¥ 41

4t ^_ (Y *—• (jj (Y 4c 4c z

4c (Y 4c 4c UJ ^. . ll 4c !7 1 1 1 /V liUJi 4c 4c

C_J L-J 4c 4c 2

4c

—

—J 4c 4c * UJ 4c 4c 2

4c l0 ^ Q. 4c 4c 1 3 4c < 41 0^ —J UW UJ CO 4c 4c

4t Q- <t 4* IX. 1 1 J 4c 4c O Ct —

-J _J 4*

V f i ^c

4c UJ or uj <t 4c Cl UJ ^c

4c 41 o _J »— * UJ

4c

a uj o o * or < O * <J

4c or

m 4c

a »—

* 2

4c < 4c UJ * <

4c

a 4c

X *

4c UJ 4c < * <

4c o 4c t— * 03
B. FINANCE DEPARTMENT

1. EXPLANATION OF THE ROLE

The Finance Department is responsible for estimating

the local property, sales, and income tax for the round

for which the Chairman is preparing a budget. The Chairman uses Finance's estimates to determine the tax rates

necessary to obtain the revenue required.

The department bases its estimates on computer

output which shows last round's tax bases and its estimate

of future county growth.

The Finance Department can also coordinate the

budgetary process between the Chairman and the departments

requesting appropriations; determine the eligibility of

the departments for federal-state aid; and report to the

Chairman on the status of bonding in the county.

78
2. FINANCE DEPARTMENT DECISIONS

Federal-State Aid

Federal-state aid is automatically allocated by the

computer when the departments spend their bcal appropriations . The amount of this aid is based on the population of

the county in the present round. Matching is at fixed ratio,

as shown in the table as follows:

Matching Ratio

Aid per 100 (Local: FedDepartment Population eral-state)

School $20.00 2:1

Public Works and Safety 7.00 5:1

Highway 18.00 1:2

Planning and Zoning .50 1:1

For example, if the population of the county is

assumed to be 300,000, the School Department is eligible

for $60,000 in federal-state aid. Under the matching

ratio requirements for the department (2:1), one dollar

in federal-state aid is allocated for every two dollars

of local funds that are spent. The department receives

the maximum amount of federal-state aid it is eligible

for if it spends at least $120,000 of its local funds.

Bonds

If the county revenue is less than county expenditures, the computer automatically allocates the necessary

money from any surplus the county treasury may have from

the past rounds. If treasury surpluses are insufficient

to meet expenditures, the computer looks first to see

whether the Chairman appropriated more than he received in

revenues. If so, it floats a general bond to cover the

deficit up to the difference between total revenues and

total appropriations. If there is still a deficit, the

computer chooses the department whose expenditures were

greater than its appropriations and floats a general

purpose bond in the name of that department. All bonds

have a duration of four rounds and the interest rate is

set by the computer. When the maximum bonding limit is

reached, the computer levies a special assessment on all

property to finance county expenditures. As the county

floats more bonds, the interest rates increase.

The bonding limit is 13.3 percent of the assessed

value of all land and developments in the county.

79
The Tax Base Estimate

The Finance Department has last round's actual tax

bases to use as a guide in estimating future tax bases.

If the game has been played for a few rounds, Finance can

use previous reports as an indication of future developments .

a. Property

When property is sold, the new assessed value

is a weighted average of the sale price and the previous

assessed value. If the sale price is less than 75% of the

previous assessed value, the new assessed value = 2 x

previous assessed value + sale price.

3

The assessed value of each parcel is then

calculated as the average of the value of the surrounding

parcels. The property tax base is the total of the full

assessed value of the parcels owned by teams in the county

(see "Assessed Value Map") plus the total construction costs

of the developments times their present value ratios (see

"Economic Sector Master Sheets.")

b. Sales

The sales tax is placed on personal goods (PG)

sales only. All residents must buy personal goods. The

maximum expenditures of residences for PG are given below:

Residence Maximum Expenditures for PG

RC $3580 per development level

RB $19 70 per development level

RA (or RS) $1070 per development level

In other words , if the county contains 26

levels of RC's, 30 levels of RB ' s , and 15 levels of RA's

(or RS's) , the maximum sales tax base would be 26 x 3580

plus 30 x 1970 plus 15 x 1070, or $168,230.

c. Income

The income tax is applied to the gross income

of each parcel, less service charges, wage costs, and

transportation costs. If this total is negative, the

parcel pays no income tax. Income estimates can be

obtained from economic teams.

Tax base estimates are sent to the computer on

the Chairman and Council input form.
3 . INPUT PROCEDURE

Since City I is a computer-assisted model, it is necessary

that information be fed to the computer in a certain format.

This format is quite elementary and requires no knowledge of

computer programming. It merely involves filling out forms

in the proper manner with the required information for each

decision.

In order to make a decision and feed it to the computer,

participants in the City I game must fill in an input decision form with certain information. The

information which is required on the input decision form

varies with the type of decision being implemented. The

type of information which is required is explained on the

decision formats . There are six input

explanation formats: one for economic teams, and one each

for the Chairman and Council, School Department, Public

Works and Safety Department, Highway Department, Planning and

Zoning Department. An input decision form has the following

components: Decision Code; (first card) and additional information (second card) . Each of these components is explained below:

a. Decision Code

This indicates the type of decision that is being made.

It is always a two-letter abbreviation preceded by a dollar

sign ($) . Essentially, the decision code describes the

type of decision being made to the computer. These codes

are summarized below:

borrow or lend money

transfer cash

Invest in speculative or conservative stocks

Restore slums

Purchase land or bid on land

Demolish residences

Demolish businesses

Renovate residences and businesses

rl. $L0

2. $CT

3. $IN

4 - $RS

5. $PU

6. $DR

7. $DB

V $RN

81
' 9 . $BR - Build and upgrade residences

10. $BB - Build businesses

11. $UB - Upgrade businesses

\ 12

.

$CS - Change prices and salaries

/ 13. $ZO - Change Zoning

14

.

$LB - Grant appropriations

15. $TR - Change tax rate and estimate tax base

16. $SB - Grant subsidy

17

.

$UR - Construct and/or upgrade roads

18. $RR - Renovate roads

19. $BT - Construct and/or upgrade terminals

20

.

$BM ~ Build MS plants and change MS employment

21. $RM - Renovate MS plants

22. $DS - Demolish MS plant and demolish schools

23. $CH -- Change MS salaries and school salaries

24. $BU - Build utility plants and/or change utility

service

25. $BS - Build schools and change employment

26. $RS - Renovate Schools

b. Additional Information

The additional information concerning a decision is

filled in the spaces immediately following the decision

code. These spaces correspond to the columns marked (a),

(b) , (c) , etc. on the input decision form and the input

explanation form. The amount and type of additional

information varies with the type of decision being made.

To clarify the procedure for filling out forms, it is

suggested that participants review the sample decisions

in this manual.

82
00

qj <D rH

1—

QJ

O </>

rH o • TjrH l t +J CVJ rH

f—c <y> i-H UJ 1—

•H QJ o Si

u {—•

4-1 1 r—

O QJ rH

O o •ri

LP) > O

(L) LD f A rvl r . CJ CN •H W o iH, fO QJ (J rH

UJ TO

(1) PA 1 UJ r—

•H 0) TO o rH t , M QJ •H

TO • >

rH

fO

U ro QJ

07 •H 1 CT1 c 00 Vh

QJ

u ^ tO C71 r* r^ C

/—ui 4Ji i r \ (J

10

u TO t—

QJ QJ

U LP) IN 4_j rH CJ CO r r. r CM O rH Em 1 +> O TO • CO u) 1

VU QJ o CT> CT> o

#-i rC

d *H

M (A s Lf>

v i r* •H 4^

CO •H CN i r < "o M »> 1 1 </> u CD •H (J w -I-1 (A JI3 M-l D d u U in r\ M o rH o

QJ

rri TO lo o o o r- OJ

/It

t/JO rH LI

r rH I -P i i -M i-H •H rH

/>Pj t . *5

/rt 10 QJ M-l CJ o r"\ Un es i f—

UJ

O

K £ v>

UJ CJ u3 UJ TO c ^ \ CU •H QJ T3 •H i i • 0 1 QJ O TO 0 C rQ o u LO U rH o a—

rC C7^ TO CN •H

v • ro ID o U •H

*-* 6 )H S <D •—

CO 00

CO

H

O 0 i—1 ffi 1—

d -P d P-i

u 0 CO o 'd .d 0 u OJ U *H 0

•4-1

w J-l

CL>

O •P

M

O • o • d • 0 o

rH ID to*

U CN •H

Q ro 4-1

O

y <£> o

*" CO CN o

rH Q)

O ID CN rH O </> CN

</> t +J rH

Li 1 -(J Ti to- d C d

(t3

C (0 0 5 -

(1) •H QJ

a tn 0 rH e CO T5 u rH H CQ o H 0 d EC o u u tH d QJ o 0 0 H Q to- MH -P <o- •CO83
0)

T3O

r.3 OO o

iH" c

CO o

•H •H o

QJ a. Q •HMO

10

0> Q

co i o

-p o

T)

MO

C <0 -H

(TJ a</>

QJ tr>TJ c C -H •H CP —

co

C

G

C flCC 3H O ID

V4o

4-1

in -PC

d) >i E

jc; <da

G

•h o> -h

x: tj

—ooo

i-H l -Pa

O TJ

G

—

M-l -H CO

CO

O

T3

O

C SZ 3 O

<W CO

O P O C o E </> o

CO T3c3

><-P

-P

C ooo

OSePM

idO.

C

CD -H

pa

t-4" Iaouaa co < co

•H

-P

(0 id U -H

to o X o u Id i o 0 c H

(1-1 c •H </y •H iw T> 0 CD M G P 4-> 4J O •H

fd 0) CO

G Id 4-1

M

g x: 0) E 0 •p o •H 0) <L»

X o c u +) to S c 0! CO .13 0 P •H 4J a (1) i3 o

to

X a> c -P id to CO <D V) (0 10 5 o to o

0) 0) <Dn o I J

iH

d 0) 0 o

ill id QJ

a «-W rH

u (0 4J </>

id

H 0)

n

C -P to c m 0 •H U-l to m •H 0

>1 -p

-P c U co 0)

to a> .c o a a-p m

-p o C 0)

"3

u a)

a ^ a-p x ^ c

II)

O "H 'H

4J 14_I

—

O

X

ffl

x EH

id Eh T3 0) ±J

d) § idE C 0) -H •V

id 4-> +J to £ id tn id U PS H eg

X

<d -p ioa

TJ c

0)

M -H ^

-P o w to

(TJ U-l E >iO

•H (D4JO

-P to >-l o

to <d

d rH

tu xj a<A P to c - 3 O O o E 1-1 Sj told tT> Q) C

-P -H u

EhUM

0)

<4-l 0)c x:

id to

ui <d Eh U

-P to c - 3 O O o E rH

ID <o- I>

0)u

0)E

ifl cr> 0) C

4J -H

03tnI §

CO

4-)

id T3 M -iH O to
5 . COMPUTER OUTPUT

At the end of each round, the computer prints a

two-page report of the county's financial transactions

during the round. The tax bases estimated by the Finance

Department for the round, the true tax bases, the estimated

base as a percent of the true base, last round's tax rates

and last round's revenue from each source are listed. Next,

a list of each department's appropriations of local funds,

federal-state aid available, federal-state aid used, total

expenditures, and surplus or deficit. Old and new bonds

floated to cover the differences between revenue and

expenditures, the names of the department (s ) incurring

them, the interest rate, and the principal are listed.

The last part of the report gives the county's

overall financial condition. Last round's cash balance

(including new income from sale of public land) , the

income from taxes, federal-state aid, and new bonding are

listed and totaled to give the total amount of funds available last round. The total department expenditures plus

bond payments equal the county's expenditures last round.

The new cash balance is the difference between funds available and expenditures.

The last item on the report is the new bonding limit

13.3 percent of the assessed value of all land and developments in the county less the amount outstanding in bonds.

85
* 4c 4c 4« * 4c 4> 4c (/>•••! • 4c QC • •••{• 4> * + QCrsioao 1 o 4c O -O sO vO«-« 1 ao * * * lu <o<r\r-* | 4c t— Is- >o»Ofn i o 4c * * 3 jonoo I <-« 4c i/>«-« ao ao mo 1 vO 4c * Z—JsOcAin 1 f*» 4c DU >t r-t O r\j | ^ 4< 4c * UJ O —* 1 r\l * * 4c * > O «-« 1 r-4 4c OlLl. 1 1 4c * * UJ 1 * QCLU 1 4c * * QC Z 1 * JO 1 4= 4c * 4c 4c 4c

4t 4c 4= 4c * 4= 4c 4c

4c 4: 4c * 4c 4c 4c

4c 4c • • • • | • 4c 4c * LULJ * OcoOOO I ao 4c 4c

4c 1—&. * UJ^ OOO 1 J" * * * z< 4c J*)Q « 00 r*> ao 1 O 4c 4c * UJQCOOO 4c * 4c * X • • • 4c ZaJrNjroO I vO * 4c QC X—«c\icm 4c DO. 1 t*> 4c * D < 4c U_ X I 4c 4c * * LU | 4: * * 4c 4c 4c * 4c 4c 4c * 4c * 4c * 4c 4c 4c * 4c . * * * t— 4c LU • • • • 1 • 4c Q • 4c * LUCJ 4c t— Q^ c*\ \0 h | vO 4c oo 4c * Z cOQ. 4c <t LU r\j {t^ vf) | 4c oo 4c * 4c H-cOOOaoco 1 o 4c QL Of\i 4c * 4c U) 3«~* if* O«~ 1 O 4= <—irn 4c QC • • • * 1 cM«J-vO I c\J 4: {J * O •vO<*'in 4c • O 1 —«

4c z 4c * act— >ot>j^ 4c Q—• 1 4= *

0C i/) 1 |

4c LU< | 4= QC * LULU 4c U_ <A | M 4c CL 4c * 4c 4: 4c * 4c 4c 4c

4c 4c 4c 4c

4c * 4c * (/)••• 4c 4c * * UJ QC f~(Oh 4c I- JHQ'fH | O t— uu 4t

4c UXO*^0 4c ^•-•^ vOrO<*> | vO 4c c0 Ql CL 4c

4c (-<>Ot\jOoo | vO 4c LU LU 4c

4c ao

_io oo 4c CO 2>if\ CT>iX^«—I | \0 * on- *

4c OOOO 4c 4c us <. • • * * LUOsOOJf^ 4c • 1 —•

4c t— QC sOQO 4c * Z) m 4c QQ 1 4c z * * or z 4c LU«— 1 4c »—«

>— 4c U.<tA 1 w 4c 4c * * 4c 4c * 4c 4c 4c * * 4c * * 4c Q 4c 4c * (/)••• * LU • • • • 1 • * t— * * 4c t— OOOO 1 o 4c z o 4c

4c UXOOO 4c <oooo 1 o * UJZ 4c < JOOO 4c i/)«0000 1 o 51 •-• c0_J 4c

Q * co joor^ * QQfOOOO 1 O * t— QC _J< 4c Z * OOOvO * zo.r-«ooir»t-« i in 4c oc ac OQC 4c 3 4c 4c 4c < D Olu * O * >o * U.0C 1 * IZ *

QC * cOZ * a. i 4c ujz OLU 4c

4c LU 4c CLVl 1 tft 4c COO 4c • 4c 4c < 4c 4c t— 4c 4c 4c *

OC 4c 4c 4c 4c o * * * 4c tv 4c * z * 4c LU 4c 4c 4c QC 4c * >- z 4c *

4c 4c a: o 4c * — 4c * 4c 4c z * 4c 4c *

UJ 4c 4c Z c0

O 4c 4c 3l 4c 4c 3 z * *

t— 4c 4c c0 -f < * 4c oc 4c 4c * 4c < 4c >- 4c _l i O * 4c CL 4c t— 4c < cO>Z 4c O 4c UJ 4c UJ ac 4c t— LV_J<— * z 4c o 4c S COLU .J 4c Z _J 4c *

4c OUJQ- < 4c UJ JOIZ < 4c o 4c UJ 4c VJ-JO *— 4c i CQ IO< »— * z 4c KJ 4c o * t— DU«J O 4c o *

4c IX O.U7XQ- r— 4c (D * < 4c UJ * < 4c 4c z 4c X 4c a 4c 3E *

4c < 4c UJ * UJ 4c U- 4c 4c Q 4c z 4c

86
* * * »

4c * 4c 4( * • * 4c * 4c 4c *. * * * 4c 4c * 4< 4c

4c 4< 4c

4c 4c 4c * 4c 4c

4c 4e 4c * (A 4< 4c * 4c 4c * 4c 4c * 4c 4c 4c 4c 4c 4c • • 1 * 4c * 00 1 4> 4C >r 1 4c 4c 4c O |

4c 4c * U> m i * #

4c o l 4c 4c * <n | 4c 4c

4c 1 4c 4c * 1 4c 4c * * 1 * 4c * 4c 4c * 4c 4c * 4c 4c * 4c a 4c * • • • • i • • 4c z 4c —* OvOO 1 CXJO 4c 4c * inino 1 * O 4c * o 4c <r 4c 4c r-»»m i m 4c 4c

4c IMfMO I 4c »— 4c

4c HHH | m 4c

X 4c * 1 4c UJ 4c

4c 1 4c z * * Ml I M 4c 4c * 4c • 4c

4c * 4c lit 4c * CO 4c CM 4c f-t * UJ 4c >o 4c * a 4c r\i 4c * D * 4- 4c * t— 4c 4c * 4c r-t 4c o * o 4c 4c z z 4c 4c D * UJ 4i 4c o * a 4c 4c * x 4c 4c 4c UJ cO 4c o 4c • 4c Q UJ 4c u. 4c c— * as 4c 4c a. 4i < UJ z D 4c a 4c o 4c _j UJ 4c UJ 4c a 4c UJ IS 2lc0 4c 4c UJ 4c C0»- < Q 4c < 4c CC 4c uj<o _J az Z 4c o 4c 4c z 3»-Z <UJ UJ 4c _J 4c f— 4c < Zt/)—

< az a 4c u. 4c z 4c uj i a > UJ> X 4c 4c UJ 4c < >JZ < COO< UJ UJ 4c UJ 4c 3E 4c CO uj<o uj a. CJ 4c CD 4c c— 4c OTIC CO _J _l z 4c 4c

4c I UJ < < < 4c > 4c < 4c CO xo X >— »->-z _J 4c < 4c

4c < <UJUJ o mOO o < 4c 4c UJ 4c UJc~U.Z CD 4c 4c Q * z 4c CO 4c * to o UJ I 4c a 4c UJ 4c D u a CO * z 4c w 4c o z X < 4c o 4c z 4c M UJ u 4c CD 4c < * > 4c 4c z 4c UJ 3 4c 4c * UJ 4c UJ 4c u. * a. z 4c z 4c

87
C. PUBLIC WORKS AND SAFETY DEPARTMENT

1. EXPLANATION OF THE ROLE

The Public Works and Safety Department is responsible

for building and maintaining municipal service units which

provide such services as sanitation and fire and police

protection to all residences, and for providing the utility

service necessary for developing a parcel.

Municipal Services

An MS unit can be built for $50,000 and is designed

to serve people living in residences. The number of people

living in each of the various types of residences is summarized below:

Residence Number of People Living There

RC 3800 per development level

RB 3400 per development level

RA (or RS) 2300 per development level

a. Capacity

An MS unit with 1000 employees and a value

ratio of 1.00 is designed to serve 30,000 people. The

computer assigns residences to be served by MS units.

The assignment is on the basis of the lowest cost for

transportation. The Public Works and Safety Department

pays $100 per mile on Type I roads, $200 per mile on Type

II roads, and $300 per mile on Type III roads to transport

service to a residence.

Since all residences must be assigned to an MS

unit, it is possible that an MS unit will be .forced to operate

beyond capacity. As the ratio of total population/employment

of MS unit increases above 30:1, the MS unit begins to become

overused. The extent to which an MS unit operates at its

design capacity is defined as

:

%capacity = . Population Served _—__ x 10 o 30,000 x value ratio x total employment of MS

~~

To"uO

For example, an MS unit with a value ratio of .80,

a total employment of 1,000, and a population served of

60,000 people is operating at:

3Mfl0'S°?M x looo x 100 or 250% of caP acity

1000

88
Maximum efficiency occurs when an MS unit is

operating at 100% of capacity.

. The degree of damage suffered by a residence

which is struck by a natural disaster is determined by the

percentage of capacity at which the MS unit serving that

residence is operating.

As will be seen later, the team representing

Public Works and Safety Department can increase the capacity

of an MS unit by exercising one or more of the following

three options

(1) Building new MS plants to take the load

off of overused MS units.

(2) Renovate (i.e., raise the value ratio) of

MS units which are over capacity.

(3) Hire new employees or reallocate ones (in

100 8 s) from other plants. Employees are

essential to the operation of all MS units.

b. Employment

The Public Works and Safety Department hires

low income (RA) and middle income (RB) workers only. There

are 1000 workers in each group, but due to a level of

aggregation in this model salaries are only paid to 1

worker per 1000. The department may request additional

workers at a plant in order to increase the capacity of the

plant. In the example above, if 1000 additional workers

were hired for the MS unit with a value ratio of .80 serving

60,000 people, the unit would be operating at a capacity

of : 60 ,000 _ ... 30,000 x 80 x 2000 x 1UU ~ LZ **

instead of 250%. Furthermore, increasing the value ratio

to 1.00 would result in a capacity of

60 ,0 00 . _ _ I5T600 x 1 x 2600 x 100 = 100%

1000

and the unit would be operating at its design capacity and

the maximum efficiency level.

MS employees are hired in groups of 1000' s and

allocated to individual MS units in groups of 100' s.

89
The degree of damage suffered by a residential

land use is also affected by the employment mix of a particular MS unit. The damage tends to be less great

when there are more middle income workers than low-income

workers employed. When the situation is reversed, the

degree of damage incurred at a residential parcel increases

substantially. It is therefore advisable to allocate more

middle-income workers than low-income workers to each MS

plant. Furthermore, there can be no more than 1500 workers

of one class at each unit ."

The following table summarizes the employment

requirements of MS units.

If Population Employees Re- To Maintain Optimal PopulaServed is

:

quired are: tion Served/Employment Ratio

30,000 1,000 ' 30:1

60,000 2,000 30:1

90,000 3,000 30:1

Uti lities

All land uses require utilities. These requirements are summarized below:

Land Use Utility Units Required

HI 10 per level of development

LI 5 per level of development

BG 1 per level of development

BS 1 per level of development

PG 2 per level of development

PS 1 per level of development

RA (or RS) 1 per level of development

RB 1 per level of development

RC 1 per level of development

Public Works and Safety provide utility

service by building utility plants and installing utility

units on a parcel. A utility plant costs $50,000 and must

be located at an intersection. Utility plants do not require

land. One utility plant can provide a maximum of 200

utility units, although operating costs increase substantially above 100 utility units. It costs the department $1,000 to install service in a parcel and $500 to

transfer service on a parcel from one plant to another.

The parcels served by a utility plant must always be

contiguous to each other.

90
The cost function of operating a utility plant

is given on the following page:

Average Cost Total

Units Served Per Unit Operating Cost

20 92.00 1,840

40 81.59 3,264

60 71.19 4,272

80 63.19 5,056

100 60.00 6,000

120 63.99 7,680

140 77.59 10,864

160 103.19 16,512

180 143.19 25,776

200 200.00 40,000

91
2. PUBLIC WORKS AND SAFETY DEPARTMENT DECISIONS

The Public Works and Safety Department may make any or

all of the following decisions during a round of play:

Purchase land

The department may purchase land for the construction of MS units. MS units may only be constructed on

residential parcels or parkland. When purchasing a portion

of a parcel, the computer will automatically allocate the

necessary amount of land required for an MS unit. Land

requirements for an MS unit are 1/5 of an RC parcel, 1/6

of an RB parcel, of an RA parcel or parkland.

When purchasing land from another team or the

outside (i.e., unowned land) the department should offer a

price equivalent to the amount of land which it will be

using, since it cannot purchase the entire parcel.

Build MS Units

The Public Works and Safety Department can build

MS units at a cost of $50,000. The department should make

sure that they own sufficient land before attempting to

build an MS unit.

Demolish MS Units

The department may demolish an MS unit at the cost of

$10,000.

Build Utility Plants

The Public Works and Safety Departemnt can build

a utility plant at a cost of $50,000. A utility plant has

a capacity of 200 units. A Utility plant must be built at an

intersection.

Install Utility Service

The Public Works and Safety Department can install

service on undeveloped parcels which lack utility service

at a cost of $1,000 per parcel. There is a cost of $500

to transfer service from one utility plant to another. All

parcels which are being served by the same utility plant

must be contiguous. No private development can take place

on a parcel which lacks utility service.

92
Renovate MS Units

The value ratio of an MS unit depreciates at 5% of

its original value per year. The Public Works and Safety

Department may renovate (i.e., raise the value ratio) of an

MS unit at a cost of $50,000 times (new value ratio minus

former value ratio) . The value ratio of an MS unit affects

the capacity of that unit, and hence, the extent of damage

that occurs when any parcel served by it is struck by natural

disaster.

Change MS Employment

The Public Works and Safety Department can also

increase the capacity of an MS unit and thus lower the

population/employment ratio of that unit by changing the

number of low and middle income employees working there.

Employees must be assigned in groups of 100. Since the

department pays salaries on the basis of 1,000 (i.e.,

"typically" $2,500 per 1000 low income workers; $5,000

per 1,000 middle income workers) it is best that the

total employment requested in each class add up to

multiples of 1,000. Otherwise, the department would be

paying for employees which it hadn't assigned to MS units.

Change Salaries

The department can change the salaries which it

offers to low and middle income workers. The "typical"

salaries are $2,500 per low income worker and $5,000 per

middle income worker. However, if there is a shortage

of workers in the county, the department may want to

raise salaries in order to assure that it will have full

employment. If there is a surplus of workers, the department may wish to lower salaries. See the employment

summary (page 78 ) for labor market conditions. Remember

because of the level of aggregation in the City I model

(see page 5 ) the department hires workers in groups of

1,000 but only pays 1 worker per 1,000 working there.

Suggestions on Expenditures and Income

Federal-state aid pays a maximum of $7 per 100

population, matching one federal-state dollar for every

five dollars of local funds spent.

An MS unit costs $50,000 to construct and can

serve 30,000 people. Two MS units may not be constructed

on the same parcel of land.

The original value ratio (i.e., 1.00) of MS units

depreciates at a rate of 5% per round. Renovation cost

is defined as (proposed value ratio minus present value

ratio) x $50,000.

93
An MS unit may only be located on a residential

parcel or parkland. Land requirements are 1/5 of an RC

parcel, 1/6 of an RB parcel, and 1/8 of an RA parcel or

parkland

.

Public Works and Safety employs low-income and

middle-income residence units (1000 workers each) in MS

units. Employees are assigned in groups of 100. The

department sets the salary for each class of employees and

competes for labor with every other employer in the system.

The department must set a salary for low-income or

middle-income employees only if a salary is to be different

from the last round's salary. Typical salaries are $2,500

per low-income worker (actually 1000 workers), and $5,000

per middle-income worker (1000 workers)

.

The computer allocates residences to MS units on

the basis of least transportation costs incurred. Transportation charges are incurred by the Public Works and

Safety Department to transport services from an MS unit to

the residence which it serves. These charges are $100 per

mile on a Type I road; $200 per mile on a Type II road; and

$300 per mile on a Type III road. The department can cut

the transportation costs by building and locating MS units

in an optimal pattern.

Utility plants can serve up to 200 utility units,

although operating costs increase sharply above 150 units.

Plants are located at intersections and require no land or

employees. The construction cost is $50,000. The cost to

install utilities on a parcel is $1000. The cost to

transfer service from one plant to another is $500.

The costs of operating a utility plant depend on

the number of units served. These costs are given below:

Utility Units Average Cost Total Operating

Served Per Unit Cost

20 $92.00 $1840

40 81.59 3264

60 71.19 4272

80 63.19 5056

100 60 .00 6000

120 63.99 7680

140 77.59 10864

160 103.19 16512

180 143.19 25776

200 200.00 40000

As you can see, the per unit operating cost is

least when 100 units are served, and increases substantially after 120 units are served.

94
3. INPUT PROCEDURE

Since City I is a computer-assisted model, it is necessary

that information be fed to the computer in a certain format.

This format is quite elementary and requires no knowledge of

computer programming. It merely involves filling out forms

in the proper manner with the required information for each

decision

In order to make a decision and feed it to the computer,

participants in the City I game must fill in an input decision form with certain information. The

information which is required on the input decision form

varies with the type of decision being implemented. The

type of information which is required is explained on the

decision formats- There are six input

explanation formats: one for economic teams, and one each

for the Chairman and Council, School Department, Public

Works and Safety Department, Highway Department, Planning and

Zoning Department. An input decision form has the following

components: Decision Code; (first card) and additional information (second card) . Each of these components is explained below:

a. Decision Code

This indicates the type of decision that is being made.

It is always a two-letter abbreviation preceded by a dollar

sign ($) . Essentially, the decision code describes the

type of decision being made to the computer. These codes

are summarized below:

borrow or lend money

transfer cash

Invest in speculative or conservative stocks

Restore slums

Purchase land or bid on land

Demolish residences

Demolish businesses

Renovate residences and businesses

A. $L0

2. $CT

3. $IN

4 - $RS

5. $PU

6. $DR

7. $DB

V $RN

95
9. $BR - Build and upgrade residences

10. $BB - Build businesses

11. $UB - Upgrade businesses

\ »• $cs - Change prices and salaries

\ 13. $zo - Change Zoning

\ 14. $LB - Grant appropriations

15. $TR - Change tax rate and estimate tax base

16. $SB - Grant subsidy

17. $UR - Construct and/or upgrade roads

18. $RR - Renovate roads

19. $BT - Construct and/or upgrade terminals

20. $BM - Build MS plants and change MS employment

21. $RM - Renovate MS plants

22. $DS - Demolish MS plant and demolish schools

23. $CH - Change MS salaries and school salaries

24. $BU - Build utility plants and/or change utility

service

25. $BS - Build schools and change employment

26. $RS - Renovate Schools

Additional Information

The additional information concerning a decision is

filled in the spaces immediately following the decision

code. These spaces correspond to the columns marked (a)

,

(b) , (c) , etc. on the input decision form and the input

explanation form. The amount and type of additional

information varies with the type of decision being made.

To clarify the procedure for filling out forms, it is

suggested that participants review the sample decisions

in this manual

.

96
ooo

COO

<u I—

T5

•a•H6o

4-1 oo

in

</>o

4->

10

Q) •HM

ffl rH

(TJ CO

0)CPcU0

4-1

COOX

to

CD

TJ

in

a)

r4

4->

to •HEu

(V -P

0)

Ehg

nj

0) 4JU

•Hgocou

<uo

4-> Oo

in

oo

rH o </> o

V£> - (N iH

COH

a; xi oooo o

10 CM •H C0- M

CO

XI 00

4->

(Nom

•H

0)

CT> Jh xu

cu

Eh

Xi

0> C7> C "HX

(N

CO •H CO rsi TJ H co- rH

M

U a> •H 0 w -M X to 3 4-1 Q c u o m T3 CQ X!

O rH o

CD fCC

O CQ

O o W e a> (1) CO o rH in

4-> 4J rH •rH rH

AMP

Sh

flj CU a gCQ

U

O

CO 1

De

inco team is team nd$ 0 1 cd o 0 X jQ o u 4J in u rH o X ct> •H <N H - • ro in o O -H g >-i £ CD rH 00 00

co

x no

4-> 0 rH

K c T3 rn OS rH

a>

u 0 CO 0 T3

X 0 0 CDO -H 0

Eh i4-i

w er

W

g 4J o u o • o • c . 0 o

i—( m

u CM •H

Q

m u-i o U o

to CMO

iH CD o in CM

1—

x o co- <N

co- 4-> rH

in T3

TJ T5 coC c c

ffl on

ra

(1) •H CD s to 0 rH CQ g CO T3 u T5 rH H CQ 0 •H 0 C 33 o 0 u 3 U c 0 0 0 0

•H

Q •tou •to- MH 4-> •CO- CO- CO97
»4HO

CD TJOu

a0

•H

a

CO 0

•H •H U p

CD

a

Q •Huo

(A

CD a 3co

•HP

HJUo

CO73C

t-J

<D01

HJ x:o3

0- o

CD 0! **H rH o o

-a CD ti >i in 0 a> 1 rH rH a a E -H 0 CD -P

>H CD 3

0) EE- 0 o o c o C -H r-t c •H w c

•r-t 4H 1 0 0

01 o

cd - c u o CD rH

•H

O 1

i-i rH 0 c

•H <4H w 0

01 V)

0) 0)

(1) rH o -H

0U rH

O E 3 ©

CD E H co

•HpU0

03

CO- 2

V) 13 P

rH

C

•H «J 3 rH

03 & c0

•HP

HJ002

CQ

copc

cdE

0) >i

CP o C rH

(«

a

j= E U W c 0H rH P tfi 0

«J

tH o

TJ

O

4) 0) rH

01 ?H CO rH m 0) a) > rH 0"> a a> 03 % X -P 01

<U 0) c (1) c w -H H co

•HPu02

0) *i

«J o) > -P 0 c c «J CD rH

OS cu c0H

-P

«JUosQ

coco

0)o c E <0

CD rH a cu

73

CD •H

UH

•HO

CDQu

CO

CD XIP

0)EC0HPmoo

rH

-H

CD 4-

0) \fN

CD £i (N CO O c 1 CD 1 CO -H CO 00 0

cq

C \ •H

CD -H

u 'd rH 10 o P

•H cd

u 0 0) CP •H (N

u

lH CD

M - P * c u

O CD

ITJ rH

u o T3 >i-H CD 00

— 01 rH T3 0 o CO CD J3 T3 p * M

«3 TJ 5 rH rH (J

C CO * * CD

0) -H co- CD -H 73 CD T3 • \ P E cu O > CD CD C 3 E C )h U T3 TJ 0 • CN •H

CD 0 0 H ITJ CD -H

C •H

O

C P o ^ Oj 0) > fl P >— 00 P —

(TJ rH

CN

0) in

CD

u

—

O cu oo •H 1 01 0) p

>H

CM - " CD (TJ -

<tj -h r-l

O T3 CP

—

u • rH O o rH C CD 0 CD H (0 0 rH • 0) 0 co- 3 x: -h •H rH ai X) o > CD ' E C — >H

(D o 0 H CD

m to

C P O " rH |0| 0) 0)

to -u P <TJ c c

nj -h 0 rH T3

CU >H c o 0 >! 0 H * •P 0 p p •H

n3

C rH T3

U <TJ

H T3 0 rH P 0

cu rH a.D 1 T3

CD "Xi CJ 0 C s D H >i u CQ C/3 X)

to- co- *

>1

>i

U P P 0 "H

•H *—. rH

rH t3 -H

co •HC -P

X oi 4J « 3

CD 3 CD

0) -H 01 CD

O

CP >H T3 -P CT-H C «J rH n c >

rtJ rH

h «d id

u

JS * 3 rH jC CD U tfi 03 IX U CO

98
5. COMPUTER OUTPUT

The computer output for the Public Works and Safety

Department is divided into four main parts: (a) a status

report on municipal service units, employment , and utility

plant operating costs, (b) a summary report on municipal

services and the department budget, (c) a map of residences

served by each MS unit, and (d) a map of utility service

provided by each plant.

a. The status report for each MS unit lists the

code number assigned to the MS unit, the location of the

MS unit, its value ratio (the ratio of present value to

original value) , the number of people served, the number

of low-income workers, the number of middle-income workers,

and the ratio of the population served to employment.

Under the employment heading, the location of each residence

employed, the income class, and the salary paid to each residential unit are listed. Under the utility heading, the code

number of each plant, the number of utility units served, and

the operating cost of each plant is listed.

b. The summary report shows the local population,

the average population served per MS unit, the total MS

employment, and the ratio of total population served to

employment.

The Public Works and Safety Department budget

shows the revenue of the department, the capital and operating expenses, and the budget surplus or deficit. Revenues

are comprised of local appropriations plus federal-state

aid used (i.e., matched at the designated level of 5 local

dollars to 1 federal-state dollar up to a maximum of $7 per

100 population) . Capital expenditures are made for construction of MS units, renovation, land purchases, construction

of utility plants, and construction of utility lines. Operating expenditures are made for salaries, transportation of

MS services to the populations served, and utility plant

operation. If total expenditures exceed total revenues, the

budget has a deficit, and if revenues exceed expenditures,

the budget has a surplus. The percent of revenues actually

spent is listed as the final item on the summary report.

c. The Municipal Service Map shows the location of

each MS unit and the location of all residential units

served by each MS unit. The residences served by an MS

are numbered with the code number of that MS unit.

d. On the Utility Map each parcel served with

utilities is numbered with the code number of the plant

serving the parcel. Parcels served by a single plant must

be contiguous to each other.

99
Q.20

1—

Q- <

a.

cMro>tmo>* com.*oor^ao I m

• ••••••••••••I • sOmAJ<MmrgrgmAI<MfMiA I cA

>-o

CL 3

LlI - I

OOOOOOOOOOOOO I

o

0000000000000 I o

«.T >} r\J <A rg fA iA if\ <t iA iA rA I O

OOOOOOOOOOOOO i o

I

O

vor^- in so <t in ->j 4- m<f ca<a I o

CO z O O

-«Q OOOOOOOOOOOOO

1

0

»- UJ OOOOOOOOOOOOO 1

0

O

<> <\jcooia<aco -3- -3-.* <to<00> 9 <a z

_j a iA«t AjcM*-f-fv-iAmcg«-4O>0 1 3 UJ vO vj- (\i r-» og mf\i (M rvj -J- | Q. 1/) 1 <a <

O

Q.

>- OOOOOOOOOOO I

O

LU

Q. QC OOOOOOOOOOO 1

O

O

O < oooooiaiaiAiaiaia \ 0

y_

<c lA lA lA lA lA fvj fSJ f\J f\J fNJ c\j 9 0

1

WTia u&Wtfi WT <aWI tAVI iaVT yi»» m iaH 1I OC (A O LU

OL 0 >

LU or

OC t— LU < oooooinoinoinmoo 1 to tO m a: to _J_l_J_i_J

>— Oaoaor^co-X)0eoc30fi0ooc>oo | CO < CO z LU • ••••••••••••j • -J ««mm«000000 »—

LU O OOOOOOOOOOOOO 1

0

u SIIIIJJJJJJ

2 _J z

t— < D

a: >

<

a

LU z

0 0

(M co 00 Ai 00 4- «0 rg (si rg 0

ZO

> J— »-« ¥- < 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 f— LU Z fMOvOCO^-^f^JsOvO^O <

U. O 0 cot*- qo 0^ ao co 0 r^- r- < _l t~* 0 1-<

11(1111111111

vO fN4 fM ^CO 4* 00 fM >fi 00

_J 0 r- ao 00 r» r- eor- co h- 00o» ©» z O

< to

CO z

ct <

a: 0 -1 0 1- z a

UJ

LU < 5:

r - 4 CO 0

>

0

r-

-J • *-* ca ca >t rf> 0r«- co 0»-«m<a •— -J _J

CD l/J a Cm--; Z> • 2: t- a 2 LU 3

• • • • I •

ro»-«tAvO I ao ooca^co I rg COmiAfM 1 o

) <NI

I

I

I

i *

0>C\J(A(A I h- rg^com I ao ^ t (V

I

tAr-tCAlA ^»<MAI>3

I I I I r-aor-o^

«-»AJfA>3

100
O

• I CO I

I ~« I vO I -M I

I

I

r-CO

o

o

• I CO I 4 I -0 I rH |

I

II

r-4

• •

1 Oe\l 1

• • • • • 1 OOOOO

OO O 1

• • • i OOCO I OO-J | OO 1 OuTV o 1 0«*fV 1 o | s0r\j so 1 o—<o 1 U. OOOfl ONO •

f-lfM | ^ 1 in i

i 4- fM 1

1 »— 1 I 1 <C CO *-!<*> 1 I 1 o 1 l CL en MM 1 lAMM 1 UJ -

» o

»- • Z »-c0

UJ < ZUJ

ac <z

t— UJ _l—

a: U t- a -J CO < — z UJ a > UJ >>- o

UJ a: z a cr Q UJ >-o SE • _l—

<

> -1 D cO u *—UJ a a

UJ 5" a

• t-h- Z DD a

u. a uj o CO z

< z < UJU. U.U.

to z z CO oro cooo CO Zh CO o o ZUJ ZD UJ UJ 0< UJ o z Ot- t-Z cOZZ co —-or at z *-zt- —

—O <CO Z K-UJ < <LU< o t— 1— uj <a t— u <C0 ZhOUt-t- _J a i-o

CO KJ — 1 UJU-KUU < xcoa: < Q aoa < £T _J UJUJO>- Z

ac ZOJO a< x a < a er a: o o UJ o oaaa oor UJ»-> K- oorco»-« h- CL — 5" < coctuj < cOOOcOcO 1 Z<Z-J 1 X

»-UJUJ_J iuao -JZZZZZ CO CD UJ CJ <o _J u 3CLUJ o <OUJ<00 D t~ <oc*~ D » _J<_J< z Z<U. »— t-uajuu co <cOI-D cO _J < UJ ac <

CD Q.UJH-UJ z > a UJ >— z> o>o> UJ < a o

a a<t-o U. ac u o

COD

_Ja

orO

CO

UJa

*-0

UJ

a:UJ

cO

a

o

a:a

a

<

u_o

UJu

ac

UJa

101
MUNICIPAL SERVICES *AP FOR ROUND 1

70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 8b 90 92 94 96 98 100 102 1C4 lu(

• « •**

1 2 • I ( ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( ) ! 2 ) « 2 * ( 2 ) ( ) ( M ) () ( *»** *»** • •**

14. ( )( )( 1)* 1 * ( 1) ( ( 2)* 3*( 3)( 3)( ( ) ( ) I ) ( ) ( ******** ********

16 • ( 4 I ( ) » 5 * ( ) ( 1 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) * 7* ( 3 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ( ) I ) ( ) ( ) ( ******** *••* ****

18 . ( 4 * 4* ( ) ( 5 ) * 6* I ( 7 ) ( 7)( 7M )( 3)( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( **** •••*

20 . ( 4 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 3 ) ( ) ( ) ( 1 ( ) ' ) ( ) ( ) ( ***•

22 • ( 5 ) ( ) < ) ( 8 ) * 9* )( H ' ) ( ) ( ) ( *«** ***»

C 4 • /in I 1

U

HUM M 0 1* O* f 0 1 1 7 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ***« *«**

26! ( 10 • 10«< ) ( 8 ) ( ) ( 11 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 ( ) ( j (

)

1 ) ( *•** * ***

C 0 • HUM M 1 I 0 ' 1 1 * 1 1 * '11'' l ' ' ' ) I ) ) i ' ' ( ) I ) ( • ***

30 . ( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) { ) { ) { ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 J ( J ( J ( )

/ ) ( 32 • ( ) ( (11) ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ] ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 34 • ( ) ( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 1 ( ) ( ) I ) ( ) ( 36 • ( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( (

' ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( } ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 38 • ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (

'

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( M ) ( 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 40 • ( ) ( ( ) ( ) ( \

( ) I ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ' ) ( 42 •

! »( ,( x >

' I c 1 1 1 1 M 1 I

\ 1 44 • , | ( )( »( )( U ) ( ) ( 12 ) ) ( * * * 46! ( ] ( > < * < > ( > 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) t ) ( ) ( ) ( 12 ) * 12* ) ( 13 ) I 13 ) ( ) ( 48! M12H *13»< H ) ( ) ( »* *«

so! ) ( 52*.

) i 54! ) ( 56! ) ( 5e! ) ( 60! ) (

80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 102 104 106

ASTERISKS ENCIRCLE SITES OF ALL FACI LI T I ES

102
UTILITY MAP * ROUND

70 72 74

12. 1 1 1

1 1 1 16! 1 1 1 is! 1 1 1 20! 3 — 3 22! 3 3 3

2<»! 3 3 3

2 6 I 3 3 3 2e! 3 3 3

74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 102 104 106

2 2

2

2 2

2 —

4

4 4

4 4

4 —

4 4

4 4

4 4

4 4

70 72 74 76 79 80 82 84 86 eC 90 92 94 V6 98 100 102 104 106

103
D. SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

1. EXPLANATION OF THE ROLE

The School Department is responsible for providing

education facilities for the community by building and

maintaining school units and by employing teachers.

The department bases its decisions on computer

output describing last round's actions and the status of the

school system.

The computer assigns students to school units

starting with slum residences (RS) and ending with high

income residences (RC) . Slum and low-income (RA) students

are assigned to the nearest (in terms of transportation

costs) school unit which has available space. The maximum

capacity of a school unit is 10,000 students and students

from a residential parcel will not be assigned to a school

unit if they force the school unit to exceed the maximum

capacity. The school allocator assigns middle (RB) and

high (RC) income students to the nearest (in terms of

lowest transportation charges: $50 per residence level

along Type I roads; $100 along Type II; and $150 along

Type III) school unit that fulfills the following criteria:

SCHOOL ASSIGNMENT CRITERIA

Student Student-Teacher Value Ratio Ratio of High/

Class Ratio of School Middle Teachers

Middle (RB) 16.0 .65 1:1

High (RC) 13.0 .85 2:1

This means that students from a middle-income

residence would not attend a school with any one of the

following characteristics: (1) a student-teacher ratio

equal to or in excess of 16.0, (2) a value ratio equal to

or less than .65, or (3) less than 1 middle-income teacher

for each high-income teacher. Similarly, students from a high-income residence would not attend a school unit with

(1) a student-teacher ratio equal to or in excess of 13.0,

(2) a value ratio equal to or less than .85, or (3) a teacher staff with less than twice as many high-income

teachers as middle-income teachers.

104
The number of students in each residential class

is : Residential Class Number of Students

RC (High) 760 per development level

RB (Middle) 850 per development level

RA (Low) 690 per development level

RS (Slum) 690 per development level

For example an RA3 and an RB2 would have a total of

690 x 3 + 850 x 2 or 3770 students.

If a team has residence units whose students do not

attend local public schools, it is charged $2000 per residence

level for private school costs. Teams also pay for all the

transportation costs to school for residence units that have

more than a $500 transportation charge. If transportation

costs per residential level for students is $500 or less, it

is paid for by the School Department.

105
2„ SCHOOL DEPARTMENT DECISIONS

The School Department may make any or all of the

following decisions during a round of play:

Purchas s Land

The department may purchase land for the construction of school units. School units may only be constructed

on residential parcels or parkland. When purchasing a portion of a parcel the computer will automatically

allocate the necessary amount of land needed for a school

unit. Land requirements for a school unit are 1/5 of an

RC parcel, 1/6 of an RB parcel, and 1/8 of an RA parcel,

and 1/8 of parkland or undeveloped land.

When purchasing land either from another team or

the Outside (i.e. , unowned land) , the department should

offer a price equivalent to the amount of land which it

will be using.

Build School Units

The School Department may build a school unit at a

' Only one school can be built on a parcel

of land. A school unit has a capacity of 10 ,000 students.

Demolish School Units

The School Department can demolish school units at

a fixed cost of $10,000.

Renovate School Units

Since the value ratio of a school depreciates at

5% of its original value each round, the department can

"-ce (i.e., raise the value ratio' of a school unit.

The cost of renovation is $50,000 times (new value ratio

minus former value ratio) . The value ratio of a school

affects the class of students who will attend the school.

Change School Employment

Since the department is responsible for hiring

employees to create a desired mix of teachers and

students, it has the option of changing employment at

different school units. Employment must be changed in

ipi of 100 Since the department pays salaries on the

basis of 1,000 (i.e., "typically" $5,000 per 1000 middle

income teachers, and $10,000 per 1000 high-income teachers)

it is best that the total employment add up to multiples

of 1,000.

106
Change Teacher Salaries

The department can change the salaries which it

offers to middle and high-income teachers. The typical

salaries are $5,000 per middle-income teacher, and

$10,000 per high-income teacher. Remember, because of

the level of aggregation in the City I Model , the department hires workers in groups of 1,000 but only

pays one worker per 1,000 actually employed.

Suggestions on Expenditures and Income

Federal-state aid will automatically match one

dollar for every two dollars spent in local funds to a

maximum of $20 per 100 population.

School units may be constructed by the School

Department at a cost of $50,000. Only one school unit

can be constructed per square mile parcel of land, and

each school unit has a capacity of 10,000 students.

School units may only be located on residential

parcels or existing parkland. Land requirements for a

school unit are 1/5 of an RC parcel, 1/6 of an RB parcel

and 1/8 of an RA parcel, parkland or undeveloped area.

The original value ratio (i.e., 1.00) of a school unit depreciates at the rate of five percent (5%)

per round. As the value ratio declines, the quality of

school services provided also declines. A low value ratio

represents outdated school buildings, obsolete equipment

and old textbooks. The value ratio can be raised to any

desired level by an appropriate renovation payment.

Renovation cost is defined as proposed value ratio minus

present value ratio times $50,000.

Total salaries paid by the School Department

depend on the salary level for high-income (RC) and

middle-income (RB) teachers employed by the school system

and the number of residential units employed. The School

Department hires residence units (1000 workers in each

residence unit hired) and then allocates the teachers in

groups of 100 to school units in such a way as to accomplish the desired mix of teachers and students.

107
The total number of residence units hired by

the department is determined by the number of teachers

assigned to school units. For example, if the department

assigns a total of 3400 high-income (RC) teachers, then

the department must hire four RC residence units with a

total of 4000 high income teachers. Each residence unit

has 1000 workers , so any time the department assigns more

than 1000 teachers of a particular income class , another

residence unit must be hired.

The School Department determines the salary

level of high and middle residence units employed as

teachers. If the department fails to attract workers

from the county, it must hire workers from the outside

system at double the average salary level for each income

class. Typical salaries are $5,000 per 1000 middle-income

teachers and $10,000 per 1000 high income teachers.

The School Department must pay the cost of transporting students to school (up to a maximum of $500 per residence unit) . The transportation charges from a residence to

a school unit are $50 per mile on Type I roads; $100 per mile

on Type II; $150 per mile on Type III roads. If the transportation charges for students from a residence to the nearest school

unit are in excess of $2000 then the students from that residence

will attend outside education facilities at their own cost.

108
3. INPUT PROCEDURE

Since City I is a computer-assisted model, it is necessary

that information be fed to the computer in a certain format.

This format is quite elementary and requires no knowledge of

computer programming. It merely involves filling out forms

in the proper manner with the required information for each

decisi/on.

In order to make a decision and feed it to the computer,

participants in the City I game must fill in an input decision form with certain information. The

information which is required on the input decision form

varies with the type of decision being implemented. The

type of information which is required is explained on the

decision formats . There are six input

explanation formats: one for economic teams, and one each

for the Chairman and Council, School Department, Public

Works and Safety Department, Highway Department, Planning and

Zoning Department. An input decision form has the following

components: Decision Code; (first card) and additional information (second card) . Each of these components is explained below:

a - Decision Code

This indicates the type of decision that is being made.

It is always a two-letter abbreviation preceded by a dollar

sign ($) . Essentially, the decision code describes the

type of decision being made to the computer. These codes

are summarized below:

borrow or lend money

transfer cash

Invest in speculative or conservative stocks

Restore slums

Purchase land or bid on land

Demolish residences

Demolish businesses

Renovate residences and businesses

W

e

o

•H

CO •HO

S

0)

>

•HU

a*

$LO

2. $CT

3. $IN

4 - $RS

5. $PU

6. $DR

7. $DB

V $RN

109
' 9. $BR - Build and upgrade residences

10. $BB - Build businesses

11. $UB - Upgrade businesses

\ 12. $CS - Change prices and salaries

/ 13. $ZO - Change Zoning

I 14. $LB - Grant appropriations

15. $TR - Change tax rate and estimate tax base

16. $SB - Grant subsidy

17. $UR - Construct and/or upgrade roads

18. $RR - Renovate roads

19. $BT - Construct and/or upgrade terminals

20. $BM - Build MS plants and change MS employment

21. $RM - Renovate MS plants

22. $DS Demolish MS Dlant and demolish schools

23. $CH Change MS salaries and school salaries

0 A. ouiiu utility plants ana/or cnange utility

service

25. $BS Build schools and change employment

26. $RS Renovate Schools

b. Additional Information

The additional information concerning a decision is

filled in the spaces immediately following the decision

code. These spaces correspond to the columns marked (a)

,

(b) , (c) , etc. on the input decision form and the input

explanation form. The amount and type of additional

information varies with the type of decision being made.

To clarify the procedure for filling out forms, it is

suggested that participants review the sample decisions

in this manual

.

110
oo

00

CD CD rH

i—1

Q) o co- U o

•a•H •P CM rH 6 • • v> H • CO

>H •H <D 0 X! 0

4-1 e -P 4H w rH o Q) rH o o -P •H o

in £ o

CD

CO CN

co- En a) CN •H C0- O JH P • rd CD q rH £1

to aS

CD £ CO rH H QJ rcj o rH

5-1 (1! •H

-P • rH

fflU ro CD

CO •H 1 Ch £ 00 Sh CD O CT> cd

CT>

C

CO P u

<d

U as

CD <D

u LT> CN £

rH

O

O Eh CN o rH -P m

-p o as • to CO o Z CD o tn O £2 * •H H CO • in •H £5

CO •H CO CN t3 H u CO- rH Sh U CD •H 0 W CO 14-1 Q u U in CQ X! CJ rH

O

a) aS

C o CQ

O o W e <D CD CO o rH in

4-) -P rH •H rH U

aS

a CQ

U o a E r- rH

CO Q) 0 £ » £ CO- - Q u co ffl c CD •H CD TS rH •H -P P C • 0 CD o aS 0 o U -P in O rH o A •H ffl CN •H ro m o U •H £ >H E CD <H 00 00

CO £ 0 0 rH 33 rH c +J d TS Oi

CD >H 0 CO 0 T3 O u 0) u •H 0 -

4-1

w >Hu £ -P

a)

O

p

u o o • c 0 o

rH in OS

u CM •H

Q 4-1 o U o

CO CN o

rH 0 o in CN rH o <o- CN

00-

p rHin

T3 coC

a

C as

as

C <d 0 £ -

CD •H CD EC CO 0 rH CQ 6 CO T3 U T3 rH H CQ 0 •H O C S3 u u u a c 0 0 0

•H

Q co- Sh 4-1 -P CO- CO111
4-1

CD

<D T3OO §

•H

C

W 0

-i-t

H

O 4J as-Ho

01

u

in

0) - u o H O

awp

ITJ Oo

0)CO

ITJ on3

04

10a co

-P

(TJ O0

CQooo

•H3

00

Co

•HU

ITJ O0

00

0) >i

0*

O

C rH

in

a £ g u w

(0

CO

CD

C -H

O TJ •H

M P CO O

(0 ITJ U

O

T)

O

1) (LI <—I 3 0) H to l-i (0 CD CD > u tr> a cd 5 X 4J

CD CDC co

•ft •P

ITJ Ooa

toCD •P

ITJ >0

CD

O co

•H

4->

ITJ UOu

COQ

inCO

to

10M I CD >iC£ w -H O

A3 <TJ •H JG CD

(TJ CH-P

10 -H£ CD 5 6

CDO

O

C -P

O

0) rH

T3

(0

<TJ -0 CD CD

CD

O

C -P

O

O

O «J C CD H -P

CJu

(0CD

<D -H

C7> ^ C ITJ

IT) rH

JS « U W

112
5. COMPUTER OUTPUT

The computer output for the School Department is

divided into three main parts: (a) a map of residence

parcels served by each school unit, (b) a status report

on school units and employment, and (c) a summary report

on school service and the school budget.

a. The school map shows the location of each

school unit. Each residential parcel has the code number

of the school unit which the students attend.

b. The status report for each school unit lists

the code number assigned to the school unit, the location

of the school unit, its value ratio (the ratio of present

value to original value) , the number of students enrolled,

the number of middle-income teachers , the number of highincome teachers , and the student-teacher ratio. The

residential income-class, and salary paid to each residential unit employed as teachers are listed under the

employment summary. Each residential unit employed by the

School Department provides the school system with 1,000

teachers. These 1,000 teachers are assigned to work in

school units in groups of 100.

c. The summary report shows the local school age

population, the number of local students enrolled in the

local school system, and the number of local school age

population not enrolled in the local system, and therefore

receiving educational services from outside the local

school system at additional expense to the Economic Sector

Also shown are the number of school units, the average

enrollment per school unit, the total number of teachers

employed, and the overall student-teacher ratio for the

local school system.

The school budget shows the revenue of the

School Department, the capital and operating expenses, and

the surplus or deficit. Revenues are comprised of local

appropriations plus federal-state aid used (i.e., matched

at the designated level of two local dollars to one federa

state dollar up to a maximum of $20 per 100 population.

Capital expenditures are for construction, renovation, and

land purchases. Operating expenses are for salaries to

teachers and transportation of students to local school

units. If total expenditures exceed total revenues, the

budget has a deficit and if revenues exceed expenditures

the budget has a surplus. The percent of revenues actually spent is listed as the final item on the summary report

113
X

o OOOOOOOOO I o

</>r 00000000010

uj 1 m

z

u

<

UJQ OOOOOOOOO I o OOOOOOOOO 1 o X ino4<*oj<Mtn<*-4-oj I o

I cn

to»—z

UJo

OOOOOOOOO I

o

<OONOOOm4eo I cn

I

to

000000 1

o

000000 1

o

000000 1

o

OOOiAJMA I its

I ^

>—<

•—1 UJD

_J<

QC >

O

U.

»—0

a

UJ z

QL 0

« t— *- Z <

UJ u

X 0

t- -J

a:<

a

UJ0

_jO _J0

I 0

u I

to u

to

Lf>iriooinoOi/>ir» | o

00 00 ^* 00 00 00 CO I 00 • ••••••••I • OOOOOOOOO 1

o

<-«.-«t-4.-»(\j.-i(\jrg>$-

I l l l l I 1 I I ^ vOO>JTslOf\IOO

r-«5ooaoaDr-r-«)0

to*o<

z

o

<

u

O

x

>-o

_Ja

x

iiijjj 000000

u xxxxxx

ao <^ ^ ao ^co

I I I I I I (^Okaoa^(hao

114
SCHOOL DEPARTMENT REPORT FOR

SCHOOL AGE POPULATION 89030

STUDENTS IN LOCAL SCHOOL SYSTEM 77630

STUDENTS ATTENDING OUTSIDE 11400

NUMBER OF LOCAL SCHOOLS 9

AVERAGE STUDENTS PER SCHOOL 8620

TOTAL TEACHERS 6000

OVERALL STUDENT/TEACHER RATIO 12.9

FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING

REVENUES

APPROPRIATIONS

FEDERAL-STATE AID USED

TOTAL

80000.

45933.

i 125933.

CAPITAL EXPENDITURES

CONSTRUCTION

RENOVATION

LAND PURCHASES

SUB-TOTAL

0.

64200.

5800.

$ 70000.

OPERATING EXPENSES

SALARIES

TRANSPORTATION

SUB-TOTAL

TOTAL EXPENDITURES

DEFICIT

45000.

22800.

$ 67800.

$ 137800.

S 1 1 66 6 *

109 PERCENT OF APPROPRIATIONS WERE SPENT

115
SCHOOL MAP FOR ROUND 1 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 102 104 106

, *«»*

12. ( M )• 1»( 1 H ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( M ) ( , #### *#«*

14. ( M ) ( 1 ) ( ) ( 3 ) ( ) ( )* 4*( 4) < 5) ( 5

, »### •••«

16. ( 6 ) ( ) ( 6 ) ( ) ( 3 ) * 3»( 5 ) ( ) ( 4 ) ( ) ( , **# «*«* *•*•

18. * 6»( 7)( )( 3>( 8M )( 3M 2)* 2*< M 5

, **«« *###

20. ( 6 ) ( ) ( ) < ) ( » ( ) ( M ) ( ) ( 5)

(

22! ( ) ( 7) ( ) ( M 8) ( ) ( 5) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( , •*** #***

24. ( 5>* 7*( ) ( 7) ( 8) ( )* 5*< 5M 5)< ) ( . ««** •*»#

26. ( 9M 7) < ) (— ) ( M ) ( —) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( , ####

28. ( >(--)< J< )(--)» 8*( —)( 8)( )( )(

, ###

30. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( M

32* ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( S £ Sit ) ( ) ( ) ( 34!

36.

38?

40!

44! ( )( )( )( )( )( )( )( )( )( )( )( )( M 9)( )( )(

, ***«

46. ( )( )( >< >< M )( )( )( )( M )( )( —X M >« 9*( 9

a *«##

46. ( )( )( )( )( )( M M )( )( )( )( )<--)( )( 9)( )(

50. ( ) ( ) ( X ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( 52! ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) < ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) < ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 54! ( )( )( )( )( )( )( I H )( )( )( )( )( )( M )( )( )(

56! ( ) ( ) ( H ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( M ) ( ) ( ) ( J ( ) ( ) ( ) I 58*. t ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( > ( ) ( > ( ) ( ) < ) ( ) ( ) 1 ) < 60*. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( M ) ( ) ( ) ( M ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( .***70**72**74**76* * 78**80* "82** 84*' 86* "86* *90** 92** 94^

ASTERISKS ENCIRCLE SITES OF ALL FACILITIES

116
E. HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT

1. EXPLANATION OF THE ROLE

The Highway Department is responsible for constructing roads and terminals and maintaining roads. Although

the private sector pays the cost of travel on roads , that

cost is a function of the type and quality of roads.

Basic industries ship their goods to terminals, BG establishments receive goods through a terminal, and the

closer the terminal, the more profitable the business.

Highways

a. Types

There are three types of highways in City I ; Tyee I, II and III. A Type I road is the largest road

and Type III road is the smallest.

b . Capacity

Roads are used by employees living in residential units to travel to work (peak-hour) and to purchase

personal goods and services, and by businesses to ship

their goods to terminals and receive goods from each other

(off-peak hour). The capacity of roads (i.e., the number of

journeys on a road segment) affects peak-hour travel

only

.

The design capacities of the roads in City I

are Type 1-6 (worker) journeys; Type II - 4 (worker)

journeys; and Type III - 2 (worker) journeys.

c. Depreciation

The design capacity of a road depreciates at

a rate of .05 times number of journeys to work/design

capacity of segment. In other words, if there is a Type I

road being used by 12 workers it would depreciate at the

rate of .05 x 12/6 or .10.

If the former value ratio of this road segment

was 1.00, its new value ratio would be .90, and the effective capacity (capacity due to depreciation) of the segment

would be .90 times 6 (design capacity) or 5.4 (rounded off

to 5 journeys)

.

117
d . Congestion

Congestion occurs on a road when the number of

workers using it exceeds the effective capacity of the road.

Workers who travel on congested roads must pay additional

transportation costs in proportion to the amount of congestion that occurs. For example, if a road is overcrowded

by a factor of 20%, the workers using the road must pay 20%

additional transportation costs.

e . Land Requirements

A Type III road requires no land. A Type II

road requires 1/5 of an RC parcel, 1/6 of an RB parcel, or

1/8 of an RA parcel from either side of the road. A Type

I road has the same requirements as a Type II road, but

from both sides of the road.

Land requirements apply only when the parcels

adjoining a road are developed as residences . All land

must be purchased before construction of a road. Any parkland can fulfill the land requirements for road construction

Terminals

Terminals are used by basic industries (HI and LI)

to ship their goods to and by BG to receive its goods from

the Outside economy. There are three types of terminals

(I, II, and III). Type III is the smallest and Type I is

the largest. Terminals must be located at the intersections

of roads and require no land. Different types of terminals

can serve different maximum industry levels.

The information is summarized below:

Minimum Required Maximum

Terminal Road Intersection Industry Level Service *

Type I Four Type I roads Level of Development :3

Type II Two Type I roads Level of Development :2

Two Type II roads

Type III Four Type II roads Level of Development :1

*For example, a Type I terminal can serve any level of BG,

HI or LI, but a Type II terminal cannot serve a BG3, HI3, or

LI3. A Type III terminal can serve only a BG1, HI1, or LI1.

118
2. HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT DECISIONS

The Highway Department may make any or all of the

following decisions during a round of play:

Purchase Land

Land is required for all proposed new roads (except

Type III) which adjoin a residential parcel. A Type II

road requires 1/5 of an RC parcel, 1/6 of an RB parcel or

1/8 of an RA parcel from either side of the road. A Type

I road has the same requirements as a Type II road, but

from both sides of the road . When purchasing land from a team owning a residence,

the computer will automatically allocate the amount required,

but the purchase price is agreed upon by the teams involved.

Terminals do not require land.

Build or Upgrade Roads

The department may build new roads or upgrade

existing ones from one type to another. New roads may be

constructed on any horizontal or vertical coordinate (roadbeds) on the map. The costs for constructing new roads or

upgrading existing ones are:

Type of Construction Upgrade to Upgrade to

Road Cost Type I Type II

I $30 ,000 $ $

II 25,000 5,000

III 17,000 13,000 10,000

Renovate Roads

The Highway Department may counter depreciation

and its effects — congestion and greater transportation

costs — by renovating (i.e., raising the value ratio)

existing roads in the simulated area. The cost of renovation is defined as the original construction cost of a road

times (proposed value ratio minus former value ratio) . The

original construction costs of roads are $30,000 (Type I),

$25,000 (Type II), and $17,000 (Type III).

Build or Upgrade Terminals

The Highway Department may build or upgrade terminals.

119
The construction costs are $40,000 (Type I), $30,000

(Type II) and $20,000 (Type III). Remember that terminals

must be located at intersections.

NOTE: When specifying the location of highway segments on

decision forms, the department must always use either oddeven (north-south) or even-odd (east-west) coordinates.

Since terminals are located at intersections, they are

identified by odd-odd coordinates.

—

70 72 74 76 78

12

——-•

14

16

zzz: :zzz

18

ZZ^

i

1 <

20

i

•

i

<

<

<

<

22

60

118

^ = Terminal

XXX = Road

north

In the example above, the east-west road segments

are identified as 7217, 7417, 7617, and 7817 and the northsouth road segments are identified as 7318 and 7320. The

terminal is located at 7317.

Suggestions on Expenditures and Income

Federal-State aid is automatically granted in

the amount of two Federal-state dollars for every one

local dollar spent on highway construction up to a maximum

of $18 per 100 population.

120
Construction includes both upgrading existing

roads (i.e., going from a Type III to a Type I or II) and

building new roads on roadbeds. The department should base

its decisions on the value ratio and congestion maps for

existing roads and on anticipated development for new

roads

.

Construction costs are:

TYPe Cost Upgrade to : Type I Type II

I

II

III

$30 ,000

25,000

17 ,000

$5,000

13,000 $10 ,000

Renovation (i.e., raising the value ratio) as:

(proposed value ratio - present value ratio) x original

cost. Original costs are: Type I - $30,000; Type II - $25,000; Type III - $17,000.

A Type I terminal costs $40,000, a Type II

terminal costs $30,000 and a Type III terminal costs $20,000.

The cost to upgrade a terminal from one type to another is

the difference between their original costs.

121
3. INPUT PROCEDURE

Since City I is a computer-assisted model, it is necessary

that information be fed to the computer in a certain format.

This format is quite elementary and requires no knowledge of

computer programming. It merely involves filling out forms

in the proper manner with the required information for each

decision.

In order to make a decision and feed it to the computer,

participants in the City I game must fill in an input decision form with certain Information. The

information which is required on the input decision form

varies with the type of decision being implemented. The

type of information which is required is explained on the

decision formats .' There are six input

explanation formats: one for economic teams, and one each

for the Chairman and Council, School Department, Public

Works and Safety Department, Highway Department, Planning and

Zoning Department. An input decision form has the following

components: Decision Code; (first card) and additional information (second card) . Each of these components is explained below:

a. Decision Code

This indicates the type of decision that is being made.

It is always a two-letter abbreviation preceded by a dollar

sign ($) . Essentially, the decision code describes the

type of decision being made to the computer. These codes

are summarized below:

borrow or lend money

transfer cash

Invest in speculative or conservative stocks

Restore slums

Purchase land or bid on land

Demolish residences

Demolish businesses

Renovate residences and businesses

cnco

•H

(A •HO

2

P

>

•Hu

1. $L0

2. $CT

3. $IN

4 - $RS

5. $PU

6. $DR

7. $DB

V $RN
! 9. $BR Build and upgrade residences

10. $BB Build businesses

11. $UB Upgrade businesses

\ X2. $CS Change prices and salaries

/ 13, $ZO Change Zoning

I 14. $LB Grant appropriations

15. $TR Change tax rate and estimate tax base

16. $SB Grant subsidy

17. $UR Construct and/or upgrade roads

18. $RR Renovate roads

19. $BT Construct and/or upgrade terminals

20. $BM Build MS plants and change MS employment

21. $RM _ Renovate MS plants

uciuuilon iuo yxcuiu oiiu titJUitj x x s n bunuuio

23. $CH Change MS salaries and school salaries

24. $BU — Build utility plants and/or change utility

service

25. $BS Build schools and change employment

26. $RS Renovate Schools

b. Additional Information

The additional information concerning a decision is

filled in the spaces immediately following the decision

code. These spaces correspond to the columns marked (a)

,

(b) , (c) , etc. on the input decision form and the input

explanation form. The amount and type of additional

information varies with the type of decision being made.

To clarify the procedure for filling out forms, it is

suggested that participants review the sample decisions

in this manual.

123
ooo

CO

0) CD rH

iH 0) o </>

r-l o

x: •H -p CN rH 6 • </> H • w

S-i •H CD 0 X! 0

M-) e -P

4-1 rH o <L) rH

O o -p •H o

LD o

CD ** x: Cfi CN

</> CD CN •H V> o ** -p • 03 CD i—1

X!

to fd

0) e C/) rH •H CD rd o rH

>-i 0) •H

fd -p • rH

fO

u

m CD

W •H 1 e CO *-i 0) 0 Ci rd

tx> c * X! ** C 0 -p U

fd o fd X! 0) CD o in CN x:

TS rH 0 n o Eh CN o rH -p CQ

-p o fO • w o X!

0) o Cn Cr> o x: £ •H H to • LD *" •H XJ * CO •H W CM T3 H S-i <y> rH >-l (J CD •H 0

W' -P XI CO 4-1 Q c U U LD CQ X) o rH o

CD fd

C

O o o W £ CD CD to O rH in

i-l -P -P rH

H rH

cu S-i *

IS fd CD CQ

U

O £ r-» rH

(U 0 e * £ </> D u rd fd c Q) •H CD rH •H -P -P £ • 0 1 CD o fd 0 X) o U -p in u rH o

x: -H fd CN

H * • on in o u •rH 6 S-l e CD <H CO 00 x: 0 o rH ffi CTi rH C -p c 0 w 0

x: 0 u <u * o H 0 -

4-J S-l

w e -p

0)

O -p >H

O • • c • 0 o

rH ID rd

U CN •HQ CO 4-1

O

u

O - Ui * CN rH CD o in CN rH x: o </> CN

</> -p rHin t(

X!c C rd

rd

C fd O

0) •H CD DC

w TSL

O rH CQ e U rH H CQ 0 •H 0 C o U CJ c 0) O 0 o

•H

Q CO- >-i </> 4H -P •tO- CO124
TJ

0) T3OO

Co

•H

C

(0

O

•H -H O -P a 5-MOW

<U Q

0)

W

0) - u o

•H

O

J-t r-1 co

•HP

fOUOD

T3V

(A

<0O3

<u o a

>i *

-P <N 5 -

CJ •—I -—- *Co

•H

-P

asOO

OHD s

</> CO- \ OT T3 •a0

a) P T3 o <c <u 3 U p U tJ> •pan >

<n 3 tj 0 c <a c o u o a) cj o n OS3

iH

<0> O

•H * +J

d) (0 c u *eoP

tooo a

>i

d>c«*coP

n)OO

CQ

13

0) P TJ

W

O (0 iH 2M <0 CP C

a-H 3 g P

COC

U

O

U d>

U

O -P

d) In c • o 0

•H *WHO

U)

H <D

d) 00 tfl 1 1 l-l <W d) C * H • C

TJ d) •H M • O 'H Tj 0 •*3 U 0) 0

0> ' C P TJ

d) "3 Tj

»>

CO

(1) *H 1 Tj (0 -a u p

•H o oo >i c XI •H Tj

Tj Tj

TJ 0 d)

ft) 1 H

•H

C *M

4-1 d) •iH •H P r % U r i *ii d) 0) a

Im Tj u]

(0 c

10

m

•H

W * •H W rH TJ (u

«S

C • tj o •H -— c 0u x: d> !**• •p P r* 3

10 0

<*4—

u3 * w1 U-t d> *w x: W o • O P TJ •H

(0 c —

C 0 0 0 o c ^ •H

W

•H P d) p ^1 p (0 P

as

O cn

O 10

O *4H d) 0 c O rH -H

i-H l T3

00 P 0) V-i d) H (0 x: o

X! r» (0 Eh 0

Eh Is- 0) o * **

125
5. COMPUTER OUTPUT

The computer output for the Highway Department

consists of four main parts: (a) a summary report on

expenditures last round; (b) a highway map of the county;

(c) a summary listing of the condition of roads; and (d)

three maps of the condition and cost to travel on each

road segment.

a. The Summary Budget Report shows the revenue

and expenditures last round. Revenues include funds

appropriated by the Chairman and federal-state aid used.

Federal-state aid is granted to the department in the

ratio of $2 federal-state aid for every $1 in local funds

up to the maximum of $18.00 per 100 population. Expenditures are for road construction, road renovation, land

purchase, and terminal construction. If total expenditures exceed total revenues, there is a deficit; if

revenues exceed expenditures, there is a surplus. The

percent of revenues actually spent is listed as the final

item on the Summary Report.

b. The Highway Map shows the type of each terminal

and road segment, including roadbeds (undeveloped roads).

The symbols for terminals and road types are at the bottom

of the sheet.

c. The summary listing of road conditions lists

the number and location of roads with low value ratios

and high congestion. As mentioned before, roads have

varying capacities: Type 1-6 journeys to work; Type II -

4 journeys to work; Type III - 2 journeys to work. A

road segment depreciates at a rate of:

( .05 x number of journeys to work )

( design capacity of segment ) per round. Depreciation may be offset by expenditures

for renovation.

The ratio of the number of journeys to work

to the design capacity is the amount of congestion on a

road. The congestion cost, paid by those who travel to

work along a road is expressed as an average percent above

normal cost to travel on the road.

d. The Value Ratio map shows the value ratio of

each road in the county. No value ratio is printed for

roads with a value ratio of 1.00.

126
The congestion map prints the additional cost

(percent above normal cost) to travel on congested roads.

The total cost increment map prints the total

percent above normal cost to travel on roads which are

deteriorated and/or congested. The total cost to travel

to work on a road is a function of normal cost on the road,

the value ratio, and the congestion. No cost increment is

printed for roads with normal cost.

127
HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT REPORT FOR

FUNDS AVAILABLE

APPROPRIATIONS

FEDERAL-STATE AID

TOTAL

S

s 50000.

60866.

110866.

EXPENDITURES

ROAD UPGRADING S

ROAD MAINTENANCE S

LAND PURCHASES $ TERMINAL CONSTRUCTION $

TOTAL S*

48000.

39700.

3600.

0.

91300.

SURPLUS

PERCENT OF APPROPRIATION SPENT

128
HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT REPORT FOR 1

THERE ARE 0 ROAO(S) WITH A VALUE RATIO LESS THAN .80

THERE ARE 0 ROAD(S) WITH A VALUE RATIO LESS THAN • 75

THERE ARE 2 ROAD(S) WITH CONGESTION COSTS GREATER than 56 percent

7413 7813

THERE ARE 1 ROAD(S) WITH CONGESTION COSTS GREATER THAN 96 PERCENT

7613

NUMBERS OF ROADS

VALUE RATIO... 1.0-0.9 0.9-0.8 0.8-0.75 0.75-0

ROAD TYPE •

1 33 0 0 0

2 64 3 0 0

3

• 263 0 0 0

CONGEST. COST... 0 25 56 96 AND UP*

ROAD TYPE

1 ! 33 0 0 0

2 I 64 0 2 1 3 I 262 1 0 0

129
CONGESTION MAP FOR 1 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 iOO 102 104 106

• 12*

+• 4

I I I I I I I I I I I I • 56 + 934 4 4 4 4

14. I I I I I I I I I I I I • 4 4 4 4

16 • I I I I I I I I I I I I • + 4 4 4 4

18 • I I I I I I I I I I I I • 20 • I I I I I I I I I I I I • 4 4 + 4 + 4

22* I I I I I I I I I I I I • + + 4 4 4 4

24. I I I I I I I I I I I I • 4 4 +• + • 26. I I I I I I I I I I I I • 4 + + 4 + < + 4 * 28. I I I I I I 1 I I I I I • 4 4 4 + + 30. I I I I I I I I I I I I + + + + + 32. I I I I I I I I I I I I + + 34. I I • 4 + + + + + + + + + + + 4

36. I I + + + + 4 + + 38 . I 1 + + •f 4 + 4 + + + + 40. I r + + 42^ I I 1 1 1 1 1 + + + + + + 4

44 ! I i 1 1 1 1 1 • + + 4

46! I 1 1 1 1 1 1 + + + + + 4

48? I 1 1 1 I 1 1 + + f + + + 50l I 1 + + • 52. I 1 + + 4 f + 4

54! I 1 + + 4 4 + + 56! I 1 + + + + + + + + 4 4 + 5a! I 1 + + • f + + 4 60! I 1

•f + + 4 4 + 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 102 104 106

130
VALUE RATIO MAP FOR 1 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 102 104 106

12*

+ + + + + + +

I I I I I I I I I I I I —

+

95 + 90+ 87 + 90+ 94 + 96 + + + + + + + + 14^ I 97 I 95 I I I 99 I I I I —

+

99 + 95 + + + + + + + + 16 ! I 95 I 98 I I I I I I I I 97 + + + + + + + 18 ! I I I 97 I I 97 I I I I I • --+

20* I "i I 99 97 I I I I I I I 99+- 98 + 97+-—

+

97 + 97 + 97 + +- + + + + + + 22! I 97 97 I I 95 I I I

1A 1A I + + + + + + + 24* I I I I I 98 I 97 I

T

1 TA I +—

-+ + + + + + + + 26. I I I I I 98 I 97 I

T

1 TA I + + + + + + + 28. I I I I I I I 99 I I I I • 30.

+ + + + + + +

I I I I I I I 99 I I I I • + + + + + + + 32. I I I I I I I 99 I I I I 99 + 99 + 99+- + + + + + 34! I 99

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 36? I 99

+ + t- + + + + + + + + 99+ 99 + 99 + 99+ 99+ + + + 38. I 99

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 40. I 99

42!

+ + + + + + + + + + + +- —+- +

I I T 1 99 1 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + 97+- + 44! I I 97 1 99 1 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + +---+ 97+ 99+

46! I I 97 1 1 1 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + +- 48! I I 1 1 1 1 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + 50! I 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 52! I 1 54!

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

I 1 56!

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

I 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 5e! I 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 60! I 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 102 104 106

131
TOTAL COST INCREMENT MAP FOR 1 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 102 104 106

f

12! I I I I I I I I I I I I —

f

3 + 73+122* 73* 6 + 3 + 14* I 3 I 5 T I I 1 I I I I P T

16. I 5 I 1 I I I I I I I I c ~ + + + + + 18« I I I

TA I 2 I I I I I 2o! I I I

T

1 y I I I I I I I

\ + 1 * 3+- 2 + 2+ 2+- ——

+ + 2l\ I 2 2 1a

I

1 5 I I I I I I +

2<t! I I I

1

T1 1 I 2 I I I I 26! I I I 1

t1 1 I 2 I I I I + 2s! I I I

T

1

I

i I I I I I I I * •f + + 3o! I I I i

t1 I I I I I I I + •t- + 32 I I I I

t

1

TI I I I I I I I + + + + 3^1 1 I + + + + + 36? t

1 I + + + + + + 3d! I 1 + + + + + + + + 4o! I 1 + + + + + 42! I I I I 1 I I + + •f f + + 2+- f

44« I I 2 I 1 I I + + + + f 2 + 1 + 46! I I 2 I I I I + + f + + + + 4b! I I I I I I I + + 50! I I + + + f + + 52! I I + + + 54! I I + + + f

bb\ I I f •f •f • 58! I I + •f 60! I I + + + + •f •t- + 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 102 104 106

OVERALL COST INCREMENT 22 PERCENT

132
F. PLANNING AND ZONING DEPARTMENT

1. EXPLANATION OF THE ROLE

The Planning and Zoning Department is responsible

for the acquisition of parkland and the administration of

the zoning process. Although Public Works and Safety,

Schools, and Highways may purchase land, their purchases

are classified as parkland until developed. This means that

all public land is controlled by Planning and Zoning. All

private developments must meet the zoning requirements, so

Planning and Zoning can in effect control the development

of the county.

The department bases its decisions on computer output listing the previous year's expenditures; the amount of

parkland, and the present zoning classifications; team

request for zoning changes; and whatever other criteria

it may establish.

Zoning Codes

The Planning and Zoning Department in City I can

specify zoning codes which limit not only the type of

land use on a parcel, but also the density (i.e., level

of development) on a parcel. The zoning codes are;

10 - Any Industrial 32

11 - LI only

20 - Any Commercial 33

(BG, BS, PG, PS)

21 - BS or BG 34

22 - PS or PG

23 - BS only 35

24 - PS only

25 - BS or PS 36

30 - Any Residential

(RA, RB, RC) 37

31 - Any residential,

maximum development 40

level - 1 50

32 - Any residential, devel- 51

opment levels 1 , 2

60

- Any residential, development levels 1, 2 - Any residential, development levels 3, 4, 5 - Any residential, development levels 1,2,3, ,5

- Any residential, development levels 1,2,3,4,5,6

- Any residential, development levels 6,7,8

- Any residential, development levels 5,6,7,8

- Parkland

- Any commercial or LI

- Any residential, development levels 3,4,5, or BS , PS

- Any use

133
PLANNING AND ZONING DEPARTMENT DECISIONS

The Planning and Zoning Department may make any or all

of the following decisions during a round of play. The

department may purchase an entire parcel from another team

or the Outside Economy. When purchasing a portion of a

parcel, the department may only purchase land on parcels

where residences are located. In such a case the computer

will allocate 1/5 of an RC parcel, 1/6 of an RB parcel, and

1/8 of an RA parcel.

A recommended ratio of population per square mile of

parkland is 30,000 to 1. (See "Socio-Economic Parameters,"

page )

.

The Planning and Zoning Department may change the zoning

codes on a maximum of five parcels during a round.

134
3. INPUT PROCEDURE

Since City I is a computer-assisted model, it is necessary

that information be fed to the computer in a certain format.

This format is quite elementary and requires no knowledge of

computer programming. It merely involves filling out forms

in the proper manner with the required information for each

decision.

In order to make a decision and feed it to the computer,

participants in the City I game must fill in an input decision form with certain information. The

information which is required on the input decision form

varies with the type of decision being implemented. The

type of information which is required is explained on the

decision formats . There are six input

explanation formats: one for economic teams, and one each

for the Chairman and Council, School Department, Public

Works and Safety Department, Highway Department, Planning and

Zoning Department. An input decision form has the following

components: Decision Code; (first card) and additional information (second card) . Each of these components is explained below:

a. Decision Code

This indicates the type of decision that is being made.

It is always a two-letter abbreviation preceded by a dollar

sign ($) . Essentially, the decision code describes the

type of decision being made to the computer. These codes

are summarized below:

borrow or lend money

transfer cash

Invest in speculative or conservative stocks

Restore slums

Purchase land or bid on land

Demolish residences

Demolish businesses

Renovate residences and businesses

1. $L0

2. $CT

3. $IN

4 - $RS

5. $PU

6. $DR

7. $DB

V $RN

135
9 £RR - Dili DU1XU1/^ ar^iH CLi I LI linn U^*y JL. y uUCD i, " co lUcil^Cb -ii Hon poc

10. $BB - Build businesses

11. Sub -

L 12 V O di lvj tr £J X. X Ot"*: o culLX bdial ico

\ 1 ^ Lnange zoning

9 bo brant appropii ations

£TR -- PVi ^lAcliiyt; anno +-taAa v JL

>•* a_t> 4-Uco cuiu. ari *oe+*Tma+-£i cb Lllliatc 4-tdXa v Kaco DabG

ten _ 9 O J3 LjiTtanu suDSiuy

1 7 <; T1R — V U i\ LUila t~\ n G 4"Uiv" 1*1 ut +*L CULU/ an H / r\y~ UX nnrrya/^o U|J Y* /-\ a /I e Lj X, cl Lit: LUcAClo

1 8 <srr — Acjiuv ate xuciuo

1 Q yDl — f~\Y\ c 4- t** 1 1 Luno lj. uut/"** 4>» cinu anH /c\y nnrtTa^ia 4- v*rr\ i n al e / kj l upy x aUc ucxluinaXb

^ v/ a CRM — dux xu rio ^jx cuius cillui LilalKjc no cIupxuyiticnL

21 SRM — IVC Pp 1*n1 U> V OL3 f-U *oC 1MQlO tiUJ X1 ante OU I Lb

22. $DS - Demolish MS plant and demolish schools

23. $CH - Change MS salaries and school salaries

24. $BU - Build utility plants and/or change utility

25. $BS

26. $RS

service

Build schools and change employment

Renovate Schools

b. Additional Information

The additional information concerning a decision is

filled in the spaces immediately following the decision

code. These spaces correspond to the columns marked (a)

,

(b) , (c) , etc. on the input decision form and the input

explanation form. The amount and type of additional

information varies with the type of decision being made.

To clarify the procedure for filling out forms , it is

suggested that participants review the sample decisions

in this manual.

136
oo

CO

UJ /It UJ rH i—1

UJ o </> tM, o

X)

/—•

A-t r-J CM rH

ei COM

UJ . *H dl o X) 0

M—I

+J

U-l

H

A o UJ rH o /-—"1 It •H o

LO •s o

UJ i f-\ (-t H—i

to CM

{/)-

r

1) CM •H </>

UJ td (D

t—

J

r—1

i2

rA fd

ft \ UJ rH .• _jri <D v > rH

UJ 1 •H

rrt ID i -M • >

r—1

rH<U CO

UJ I CT> 00 r-l

ft t U o> ro

(J 

p* Xi

r-« U

U +J 0

*r< 1U

U rd Xh /I \ UJ CU U in CM

rH UJ

m (D Eh CM

u rH CQ ^

) rd • rnUJ f A t—»

ft \ UJ

v > Cn rjn

U A~iC •H

rTMi

fft * UJ LO •rH UJ •ri UJ i i r—1 i/y rH rH r \ UJ UJ •H O

M-l +-* a-« UJ P IH

[—1S-H UJ

O LO

U M-l

a rH

UJ 'U i-H

O CP o ^)

l-M

C rnUJ UJ to

O rH LO 1—1

4—' 4—

1 -H rH

l-M « i IU UJ

m

U o i rH

rn U^ UJ E -co- l—} UJ UJ rd

Ut UJ rn CD TS

>1 "rTM( +J

C

UJ 1 dtUJ

(^*-\

v.

J rd

»—M

PiU P* A-i -Q

O

r \ UJ i l I U rH

V ^ p1 rn "MJ tri i0 ^ N •H CO LO r \ i U -H e CD >H 00 CO

UJ A-i

u 0 rHm CTi rH c c t) a.

ft\ I i UJ H o CO 0

AA

O o CD 0 •H o

fcH U—I w iM, w e -p

UJ o -P

M

O * CD c 0 O

r—1 u i rd

U IN *H /—\ UJ CO M-l

O

u

O

CO CM o i

\ UJ O IT) i—1

A-! o -co- CN

CO- i j rn

in

-coC c C rd

rd

C fd O

cd •H 0) IS CO ^a. 0 rH CO e u Hi rH H OQ 0 •H 0 C o u u c O O 0

•H

Q >-l v> CH +J co- CO137
tdo

facoHW

•Ho

<u Q

<+HOCo

•H

-p

rdCaw2a

CmwQOM2oo2M2

•a

mio0u c0

CO 0

•H •H U •p

(!) Cu a •H

rHoWa

>H o 3 Q4M-1 a o

>H tfi

C

•h id o

--Hi

u -u cu

uO T>H U

CD <4H rH

cu D| W Ol

0-i

10

CJ - o o

•rH

O

U rH o,<a

+J

iduo

T3

10(duu3

CU

CT> c

•»HcoN 0

•S T3

CD

O

C

U co

•H

-P

(fl O0o

CnC

•rHCO

to

<D

ct» c

<d -cu

138
5. COMPUTER OUTPUT

The computer output for the Planning and Zoning

Department is divided into three main parts: (a) a map

of parkland; (b) a summary report; and (c) a map of

existing zoning.

a. The parkland map shows the fraction of each residential or undeveloped land parcel that is devoted to

parkland. Parkland represents recreational land that is

used by the local population. The fraction represents

the proportion of a square mile that is parkland, and therefore, available for recreational use by the local population.

b. The summary report shows the local population,

the number of square miles of parkland, and the population per square mile of parkland. Also shown are the

zoning changes made during the past round. The department budget shows the local appropriations for the last

round; the amount of federal-state aid received, and the

actual expenditures for parkland and subsidies.

c. The zoning map indicates the existing zoning

for the city. All construction just be in accordance with

these codes, unless changed.

139
PLANNING AND ZONING DEPARTMENT REPORT FOR 1

POPULATION 366300

SQUARE MILES OF PARK 14.75

POPULATION PER SQUARE MILE 24819

FUNDS AVAILABLE

LOCAL APPROPRAT IONS

FEDERAL-STATE AID

TOTAL

10000.

1831.

11831.

EXPENDITURES

LAND PURCHASES

SUBSIDIES

TOTAL

9800.

0.

9800

SURPLUS

PERCENT OF APPROP RA T I ONS SPENT

2031.

82

140
PLANNING AND ZONING DEPARTMENT REPORT FOR 1

PARKLAND OWNED

70 72 "74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 102 104

1/8

8/8

••••••••••

. 8/8

7/8 •

8/8

• 2/8

1/6 • 2/5 .

• • 1/8 .

•••••••

8/8

7/8 .

••••••••••

8/8 8/8

8/8 1/5 8/8

8/8

8/8

1/8

•••••••

1/8

1/6

7/8

••••••

1/5

1/8 1/8

••••••

70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 e6 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 102 10*

141
PLANNING AND ZONING DEPARTMENT REPORT FOR 1

ZONING MAP

70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 9* 100 102 104 106

12. 10 10 36 35 40 34 34 32 40 40 32 32 32 32 32 3<: 32 32 3^

14! 10 21 37 40 34 11 22 34 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32

16.J 37 34 22 33 34 34 40 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 3*

is! 35 34 22 33 33 40 34 32 32

" 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 3^

20! 34 40 10 10 21 40 40 32 40 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 3t

22! 32 20 21 11 11 33 22 40 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 12. 24* 32 33 22 36 34 20 34 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32

26! 32 32 11 34 21 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 3^

2s! 32 34 34 34 32 40

30! 34 11

50.

52.

54!

56!

58!

60!

32. — — — — — — — — 20

3^! — — — — — — — — —

36. — — — — — — ~i — — — — — — — — — — — —

38! — — — — — — — — — -- — — — -- -- — — —

40! — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

42! — — — — — — — — — — — — — 20 35 35 — -- <<! — — — — — — — — — — — — — 35 ic — u —

46! — — — — — — — — — — — — 20 40 — 20 21 — —

48! — — — — — — — — — — — 30 — 20 20 — -- --

70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 *8 100 102 i04 106

142
BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA 1- Report No. 2. SHEET

3. Recipient's Accession No. COM-73- 11191

A itl*=> o nn *Niir\f"iflf1 H> J. lilt: aliU OUUL 111C CITY I Player's Manual

5» Report Date April 1973

6.

7. Author(s)

Mr. John E. Moriarty, Editor

8. Performing Organization Rept. No.

9. Performing Organization Name and Address National Bureau of Standards

Department of Commerce

Washington, D. C. 20234

10. Project/Task/Work Unit No.

11. Contract/Grant No. 956.2106

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address

National Technical Information Service

5285 Port Royal Road

Springfield, Virginia 22151

13. Type of Report & Period Covered

Final

14.

15. Supplementary Notes

16. Abstracts City I is an operational simulation game in which participants

make economic, government, and social decisions affecting a hypothetical

metropolitan area. Through the use of a computer, the simulated urban

system responds to the participant's decisions as any real city would.

Each player in City I is assigned to a team which shares an economic and

governmental role. This manual describes the player details for the

economic and government sectors along with general information re- quired for game play. It is one of three manuals necessary for game

play. (Player's Manual, Director's Manual, Computer Operator's Manual).

Each of these manuals ire designed to be used for reference and by themselves will not describe enough details for a complete game play. The game

is run on an IBM 1130 computer with 8K core and single disc'

17. Key Words and Document Analysis. 17a. Descriptors

City; computer; directors; economic; games government; metropolitan;

players; sectors; simulation; social; urban.

17b. Identifiers/Open-Ended Terms

17c. COSATI Field/Group

18. Availability Statement 19. Security Class (This

Report)

UNCLASSIFIED

21. No. of Pages

150

20. Security Class (This

Page

UNCLASSIFIED

22. Pric

USCOMM-DC 14952-P72

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRiNTING OFFICE: 1974- 543—048:34