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DISCLOSURES ON:

Autoeditor—A Semi-Automatic

Copy-Editing Apparatus

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards
THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The National Bureau of Standards1 provides measurement and technical information services

essential to the efficiency and effectiveness of the work of the Nation's scientists and engineers. The

Bureau serves also as a focal point in the Federal Government for assuring maximum application of

the physical and engineering sciences to the advancement of technology in industry and commerce. To

accomplish this mission, the Bureau is organized into three institutes covering broad program areas of research and services: THE INSTITUTE FOR BASIC STANDARDS . . . provides the central basis within the United

States for a complete and consistent system of physical measurements, coordinates that system with the measurement systems of other nations, and furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform

physical measurements throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry, and commerce. This

Institute comprises a series of divisions, each serving a classical subject matter area: —Applied Mathematics—Electricity—Metrology—Mechanics—Heat—Atomic Physics—Physical

Chemistry—Radiation Physics —Laboratory Astrophysics2—Radio Standards Laboratory,2 which

includes Radio Standards Physics and Radio Standards Engineering—Office of Standard Refer- ence Data. THE INSTITUTE FOR MATERIALS RESEARCH . . . conducts materials research and provides

associated materials services including mainly reference materials and data on the properties of materials. Beyond its direct interest to the Nation's scientists and engineers, this Institute yields services which are essential to the advancement of technology in industry and commerce. This Institute is or- ganized primarily by technical fields: —Analytical Chemistry—Metallurgy—Reactor Radiations—Polymers—Inorganic Materials—Cryogenics2—Office of Standard Reference Materials.

THE INSTITUTE FOR APPLIED TECHNOLOGY . . . provides technical services to promote the use of available technology and to facilitate technological innovation in industry and government. The

principal elements of this Institute are

—Building Research—Electronic Instrumentation—Technical Analysis—Center for Computer Sci- ences and Technology—Textile and Apparel Technology Center—Office of Weights and Measures —Office of Engineering Standards Services—Office of Invention and Innovation—Office of Vehicle

Systems Research—Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information3—Materials

Evaluation Laboratory—NBS/GSA Testing Laboratory.

1 Headquarters and Laboratories at Gaithersburg, Maryland, unless otherwise noted; mailing address Washington, D. C,

20234.

2 Located at Boulder, Colorado, 80302.

3 Located at 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22151.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

C. R. Smith, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS • A. V. Astin, Director

NBS TECHNICAL NOTE 440

ISSUED APRIL 1968

DISCLOSURES ON:

Autoeditor—A Semi-Automatic

Copy-Editing Apparatus

David Robbins, Editor

NBS Technical Notes are designed to supplement the Bureau's regular publications program. They provide a means for making available scientific data that are of transient or limited interest. Technical Notes may be

listed or referred to in the open literature.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office

Washington, D.C., 20402 - Price 40 cents

This note is a disclosure on a semi-automatic apparatus for

incorporating editorial revisions in narrative text using punched

paper tape combined with mark-sensing techniques. Pencil marks

placed on the original draft by the editor are sensed and arranged

to automatically capitalize the first letter of a word, to capitalize

an entire word, or stop the apparatus at the point where a change

is to be made. Addition of text is entered manually with an electric typewriter; deletion of text is accomplished by activating a

"mark skip" key which advances the tape without typing until the

next control mark is sensed.

Other disclosures on various subjects may be found in NBS

Technical Notes 237, 253, 263, 282, 287, 295, and 437.

Key Words:

narrative text editing, editorial mark sensing, automatic

capitalization, automatic stop for revision, manual additions,

automatic deletions, punched paper tape typewriter.

in

AUTOEDITOR-A SEMI-AUTOMATIC COPY-EDITING APPARATUS

Martin J. Brennan

Ballard Jamieson

George Z. Kunkel

John E. Souders

This publication describes a semi-automatic apparatus for incorporating editorial revisions in narrative text using punched paper tape

combined with mark sensing techniques.

Pencil marks placed on the original draft by the editor are directly

used by the apparatus to perform a variety of editing functions.

The system utilizes a console with three basic components:

1. A paper tape reader for the unedited input tape of the original

manuscript;

2. A tape driven electric typewriter with tape punch and additional

edit control keyboard; and

3. A unique tape controlled mark-sensing device referred to as a copy-follower. (This device has a typewriter-like movement for scanning the original manuscript to detect the presence of pencil control

marks, while at the same time the typewriter, under control of the input

tape, semi-automatically types the new manuscript.

)

The sensing of the pencil control marks assist in the performance

of the editorial functions Indicated below:

1. Automatically capitalizes the first letter of a word;

2. Capitalizes an entire word; and

3. Automatically stops the reader and typewriter at the precise

point where addition, deletion, or substitution of text is required after

which:

a. Addition of text accomplished manually with the electric

typewriter; or

b. Deletion is accomplished by activating a "mark skip" key

which advances the tape without typing until the next

control mark is detected by the copy-follower; or

c. Substitution is accomplished by use of both a. and b.

above.
In preparing a daily publication with this apparatus, text is re- ceived via teletypewriter and printed on tear sheets in all upper case

characters. The tear sheets are encoded with editor and control marks

and are then positioned in the copy-follower. The corresponding tape,

received with the copy, is placed in the reader. The signals developed

by the reader and copy-follower are used to control the electric typewriter semi-automatically, which enables an operator to prepare an offset master and a tape containing the corrections and shift codes.

Terminology and Notation

The following standard editorial marks are represented in the tear

sheet in Fig. 2. Two horizontal lines under a letter indicate that the

letter will be capitalized, while two lines under an entire word indicate

that the word will be capitalized. When a letter is to be deleted and a new one inserted, a caret is placed before the deleted letter, a line is

drawn through it, and the new letter is written above the caret. When a

line is drawn through a word or phrase, the same will be omitted.

The mark-sense code shown in the figure is based on word increments. A vertical line or control mark drawn below a word denotes that

the first letter of the following word will be capitalized, and two vertical lines or control marks below a word denotes that the system will

stop at the end of that word.

When Figs. 6 to 15 are arranged as shown in Fig. 4, numbers

ranging from to 30 appear along the top and letters A and B appear in

the right-hand margin of Fig. 6. This forms a coordinate system that

may be used to locate the contacts of the relays in the figures. For

example, relay 90 in Fig. 6 is associated with rectangle 90 in Fig. 5B

which represents this relay and is divided into sections marked 28A,

29A, 13B, and 2A representing contacts 90-1, 90-2, 90-3, and 90-4 or contacts 1 to 4 of the relay, respectively. The notation in each section

designates the location of the associated contact in the figures. Thus,

to use the notation 2 8A to locate contacts 90-1, find the area between

the numbers 2 8 and 29 along the top of Fig. 15 and proceed to the A or upper-half of this figure.

When a number appears in a rectangle and a P nearby, it represents the pick coil of a relay, the number of which appears in the rectangle. A pick coil is energized quickly and is used for operations that are not to be maintained for a long period of time. When a rectangle has

an H nearby, it represents a coil used in a hold circuit for the relay

whose number appears in the rectangle.
With reference to Fig. 3, the armature of contacts 180 is resting

on the "normal" contact and, when actuated, engages the "transferred"

contact. When the armature engages the transferred contact, the contacts are designated as "transferred contacts 180" and when the armature engages the normal contact, they are designated as "normallyclosed contacts 180". Likewise, the armature of contacts 181 is resting

on the "normally-closed" contact and when operated by the cam is transferred to the "normally-open" contact. When this armature engages the

former contact, the contacts are designated as "normally-closed contacts

181," and when the armature engages the latter contact, they are designated as "normally-open contacts 181. "

Some of the terminals in the figures are represented by the number

of the terminal over a coordinate, for example, 1/6A in Fig. 6. This

indicates that terminal 1 is connected to a terminal marked 1 over a coordinate, which may be found at 6A.

Block Diagram (Fig. 1) and Photograph (Fig. 1A)

A prototype of the copy-editing apparatus, as constructed and

operated, is represented in the block diagram in Fig. 1 and is shown in

the photograph in Fig. 1A.

With reference to the tear sheet in Fig. 2, since the word "TEXT"

is to be omitted, keyboard 19 is used to position copy-follower 20 on the

letter "C" in "CARIO". The sensing elements in the 5-channel reader 21 are positioned on the code combination for the same letter in the tape

punched when the copy was received, and the automatic typewriter 2 2 is

used to indent the offset master. The operator then depresses the capstart key 23 on the auto-edit keyboard 24, and a signal is transmitted to

circuit 26, which conditions the typewriter to capitalize the first letter

of the next word sensed by reader 21. Circuit 26 transmits a signal to

circuit 27 to start the reader. The output of the reader in the form of a 5-unit code is applied to code converter 28 where it is translated to an

8-unit code that controls typewriter 22. Thus, the code combination for

the letter "C" is read out of the tape in reader 21, is translated to an

8-unit code and is applied to the typewriter. The typewriter, under

control of circuit 26, is shifted into upper case and after it prints "C"

on the offset master is automatically shifted to lower case, ready for the

next letter.

At the same time code converter 28 transmits a signal to copyfollower 20 which causes the mark-sense head in the follower to space

one character. The head senses the vertical line or control mark under

the letter "C" and transmits a signal to the circuit 26 to condition the

latter circuit for operation. The reader 21 continues to sense the codes

punched in the 5-unit tape and typewriter 22 prints the letters in lower

case until the word "Carlo" is printed on the offset master. The same

word is punched in the 8-channel edited output tape produced by the

typewriter.
At the end of every word reader 21 will sense a code for either a space, hyphen or line feed. When any of these codes is transmitted to

converter 28, a signal is generated and applied to circuit 26. When this

circuit has been conditioned for operation as described just above, the

latter signal will cause typewriter 22 to capitalize the first letter in the

next word encountered.

Returning to our example, circuit 26 is conditioned by the control

mark, occurring under "CARIO" and is operated by the hyphens between

"CARIO" and "UNDER" to cause typewriter 22 to capitalize the letter

"U" in the latter word. The typewriter is then automatically placed in

lower case and continues to print the remainder of the word "under"

followed by "the title". The vertical line under "T" in "TITLE" controls

the typewriter to capitalize the "T" in the word "The" printed on the offset master.

In the copy on the tear sheet, two control marks are positioned

under "THE" since the word "MINISTEG'S" contains a typographical

error. The mark-sense head in copy-follower 20 senses these marks and

transmits a signal to stop circuit 31, which conditions the latter circuit

for operation. At the end of the word "THE," converter 2 8 receives the

code for space and responds by sending a signal to circuit 31 which

causes reader 21 to stop. The operator may now use typewriter 22 to

type the word "Minister's," one character at a time so that the corrected

word is printed on the offset master. The word-skip button 32 is then

depressed to activate skip-control circuit 33 which in turn operates

control circuit 27 to turn on reader 21. The skip-control circuit also

turns off typewriter 22. This operation continues until a space code is

sensed by the reader and applied to converter 2 8 where a signal is generated to operate circuit 31 to stop reader 21. (The system would have

responded in the same way had the reader sensed the code for either a hyphen or line feed. ) At this point, the system has spaced over the

codes in the tape representing the misspelled word without printing anything on the offset master.

As an alternate method for correcting the misspelled word in the

above example, after reader 21 has stopped the operator may manually

depress the shift key on typewriter 22 and then the character-print key 36

on keyboard 24. Key 36 applies a signal to control circuit 27 so that

reader 21 senses one code in the tape and the typewriter prints the letter

"M': on the offset master. The operator now releases the shift key to

place the typewriter in lower case and depresses the character-print key

for each remaining letter in the word "MINISTEG'S" until she arrives at

the letter in error, i. e. , "G". She then strikes the key for the small "r"

on the typewriter to print this letter on the offset master. The operator

then strikes character-skip key 44 to apply a signal to control circuit 33.

The latter circuit activates 27 to turn on reader 21 which will stay on

until code converter 28 recognizes a code that will space copy-follower

20 and will generate a signal that is applied to stop circuit 31 to turn off

the reader. The operator then depresses a character- print key 36 and the

appropriate keys on typewriter 22 to complete the word " minister" s" on

the offset master.
In the Baudot code there are seven punctuation codes. To print the

punctuation marks that relate to these codes, automatic typewriter 22

must be first placed in upper case and after the mark, has been printed

the typewriter must be placed in lower case. As an example, consider

the apostrophe ('). When channel reader 21 reads the code for this

punctuation mark, converter 28 generates a signal that is applied through

circuit 31 to stop reader 21. Instead of transmitting the code for the

apostrophe to the typewriter, the code converter stores the code in uppercase code circuit 59. When this occurs, the latter circuit generates a signal that shifts typewriter 22 into upper case. After the completion of

this operation, the code stored in circuit 59 is fed to the typewriter

which then types the apostrophe ('). Circuit 59 then generates a signal

that causes typewriter 22 to downshift and generates a restart signal

that is applied to reader 21.

Returning to our example, since the first letter in the next word on

the tear sheet is to be capitalized, the cap-start key 23 is depressed and

the system is started in operation in the manner previously described to

print "Romances and" on the offset master. If the next word had not

been capitalized in the first mode of operation above, the operator would

have depressed the start key 45 immediately after the misspelled word

had been corrected. In the second mode of operation, she would have

depressed the start key after the apostrophe in the word "Minister's".

At the end of the line in tear sheet terminating in the word "AND, " channel reader 21 reads a carriage-return code in the 5-unit tape. The

code is applied to converter 28 which sends a signal to circuit 31 to stop

the reader and another signal to typewriter 22 to space the typewriter

carriage. The converter also sends a signal to copy-follower 20 which

causes the copy-follower to move its mark-sense head away from its

platen and effects a return and line feed of the pedestal-carriage on

which the mark-sense head is located. After the return of the pedestalcarriage the copy-follower generates a signal that is fed to control

circuit 27 to restart reader 21. The reader then recognizes another

carriage -return code which provides the copy-follower with another line

feed, even though the pedestial-carriage is in its initial position, and

which stops and then restarts reader 21 in the same manner as when the

first carriage return code was sensed. The second carriage -return code,

however, will not effect a spacing operation in typewriter 2 2. In the

course of the next read cycle, a line-feed code is encountered by reader

21. This causes the mark-sense head to be placed against the tear sheet

and reader 21 to be placed in automatic operation.

The words "the Government Crisis," are now automatically typed on

the offset master under restraint of the control marks on the tear sheet.
The offset master contains a justification area defined by a tab on

typewriter 22. When the typewriter carriage is in this area, the tab

causes a signal to be generated that is applied to justification circuit 46,

conditioning the circuit for operation. When converter 2 8 senses the next

carriage-return or space code, the justification circuit is operated and

transmits a signal through circuit 31 to stop reader 21. The justification

circuit generates another signal which is applied to typewriter 22 to

effect a carriage return. At the conclusion of the carriage return, the

typewriter provides a signal that is fed to control circuit 27 to restart the

reader 21.

The justification circuit 46 includes an arrangement for insuring

that only planned indentations occur on the offset master.

Continuing our example, assume that as the word "Crisis" is being

printed on the offset master and the carriage of the typewriter enter the

justification area. The justification circuit 46 will then be conditioned

for operation, and in response to the space that occurs after the quotation mark (") is typed, the typewriter would normally effect a carriage

return. In this case, however, since two vertical lines are located under

"CRISIS" on the tear sheet, the system stops after the latter quotation

mark has been printed.

EL-FINOPRESS, under our definition, comprises two words on the

tear sheet because of the hyphen between the L and F. As indicated by

the horizontal lines beneath them, these words are to be capitalized.

To accomplish this, the operator depresses the word-cap key 40 to

activate word-cap circuit 41. The latter circuit then causes typewriter 22

to shift to upper case and conditions stop circuit 31 for operation. Circuit

41 also applies a signal to 27 to start reader 21. The reader senses the

codes for the two letters that comprise the first word which is then printed

in upper case on the offset master. When the reader senses the code for

the hyphen, converter 28 generates a signal that operates circuit 31 to

stop the reader. The operator now depresses key 40 and the process just

described is repeated for the second word. After reader 21 reads the

space code appearing after the code for the letter "S," converter 28

develops a signal that causes the reader to stop.

The operator now strikes start key 45 which applies a signal to

control circuit 27 to restart reader 21. After the reader is restarted, the

system continues to operate in the fashion described above under control

of the mark-sense code on the tear sheet until the two control marks are encountered under "RESULT".
In the present arrangement two control marks may be positioned

beneath a character combination only if it contains three or more characters. Since the information to be deleted now is preceded by a twoletter word, "OF," the two control marks are placed under the preceding

word, "RESULT," which stops reader 21 after the latter word has been

printed on the offset master. The word "of" must however be printed on

the offset master. This is accomplished when the operator depresses

space-prompter key 52 which applies a signal to stop gate 53 and conditions the gate for operation. Key 45 is then depressed to start reader 21

which senses the codes for the next word. When the code converter 28

recognizes the code for a space, line feed or hyphen, it applies a signal

to stop gate 53 which then operates circuit 31 to stop the reader and, in

effect, the system. The result is that the reader is started, the codes

for the word "OF" are sensed, the word is typed in lower case on the offset master and the system is stopped. Space-prompter key 52 is then

returned manually to its normal position.

The mark-skip key 56 is now struck to energize skip-control

circuit 33. This starts reader 21 and turns off typewriter 22. The reader

will continue to sense the 5-unit tape and operate the copy-follower 20

through code converter 28 until the copy-follower senses the control

mark under "4". The copy-follower then applies a signal to skip-control

circuit 33 which conditions circuit 33 for operation. When converter 28

receives the next code for a space, it transmits a signal that operates

circuit 33, which stops reader 21 through circuit 31. This operation

would also have occurred if the converter had received a hyphen or linefeed code.

Start key 4 5 is now struck to turn on reader 21 which then reads

the codes for carriage return twice, line feed, "GENERAL ELECTIONS'*

and a period (. ). This will cause the pedestal-carriage on copy-follower

20 to return to its initial position, effect a double space and will also

operate typewriter 2 2 to print "general election" on the offset master.

After reader 21 reads the 5-unit code that represents the period (. ), (the same operation would be performed in response to the code for a question mark or an exclamation point) code converter 28 applies a signal

to cap-after-sentence circuit 50. This conditions 50 for operation. The

reader continues until it encounters a space code (the line-feed or hyphen

code would achieve the same result) when the converter generates another

signal that operates circuit 50. At the same time code converter 28

generates a signal that is applied to stop circuit 31, turning off the automatic operation of reader 21. When circuit 50 is operated, it shifts

typewriter 22 into upper case and starts a cap-first-letter-next -word

routine. During this routine, the letter "I" in the word "IN" on the tear

sheet is capitalized on the offset master, the typewriter is shifted to

lower case, and reader 21 is placed in automatic operation.

The reader now continues to read the 5-unit tape, and under control

of code converter 28 and copy-follower 20, the typewriter 2 2 prints the

remaining portion of the copy shown in Fig. 2.
Copy-Follower Keyboard

The copy-follower 20 comprises an IBM Selectric Typewriter with

its keyboard removed. In place of the type-ball, the pedestal is equipped with sensing brushes. The typewriter is provided with keyboard 19

and with related circuits that control the indexing and return of the

pedestal-carriage as well as the positioning of the brushes against and

away from the platen. The keyboard includes brush key 221, carriagereturn key 222 and indexing key 223, whose functions are described

below. It will be apparent that other arrangements could be used and the

one just set forth is not necessarily the best for copy-follower 20.

At the start of operation, the operator strikes key 221 (Fig. 12) to

energize brush solenoid 211. When 211 is energized, it operates a mechanical latch which allows a shaft (not shown) to revolve one revolution. During this revolution, the pedestal is positioned so that brushes

205 (Fig. 13) are removed from the platen. The operator then positions

the tear sheet in the carriage of copy-follower 20 and strikes carriagereturn key 222 to activate solenoid 212. This returns the pedestalcarriage to its initial position. The operator then strikes key 221 to re- energize solenoid 211. When the solenoid is energized again, the mechanical latch is released to permit another revolution of the shaft. During

this revolution the pedestal is positioned so that brushes 205 are placed

against the tear sheet. The operator then uses index key 223 (Fig. 11),

which controls solenoid 210, to index the pedestal-carriage until the

brushes are registered on the starting character in the tear sheet.

If the first character on the tear sheet is a letter, the operator

depresses a letters key (not shown) which places typewriter 22 in lettersshift operation. Conversely, if the first character is a figure, the operator depresses a figures -key (not shown), placing the typewriter in

figure-shift operation.

Finally, the reset key (not shown) is struck to reset all relays in

the drawings to their normal positions. This assures that the system is

in a restart position.

Code Converter

Code converter 28 (Fig. 1) comprises a relay matrix, including

relays 7 to 60 (not shown), which are used to convert from a 5-unit to

an 8-unit code. Some of these relays are provided with additional

contacts that are illustrated in the figures to obtain the functions indicated below.
Copy-Follower Index

Whenever a code, that would require copy-follower 20 to be spaced,

is sensed by reader 21a potential is developed in converter 28 that

energizes one of the relays 7, 8, 10 to 17, 19 to 56, 59, or 60 (not

shown) and the relay closes its highest numbered contact. (These

contacts are represented by contacts 7-4, 8-4. . . 59-6, and 60-4 in Fig.

11.) The closed contact cooperates with timing contacts CB-5, when the

latter are operated by the main timing shaft for the period shown in Fig.

16, to complete a circuit that energizes index solenoid 210 and advances

copy-follower 20 one step.

Stop-Code

When a stop code is encountered by reader 21, relay 6 is energized

and contacts 6-4 (Fig. 11) are opened. This will de-energize relay 68, as will be apparent from the material below, so that contacts 68-2 open

the circuit to the main clutch coil 202 and reader 21 stops.

Cap-First- Letter-Next-Word

One of three routines may be used to capitalize the first letter of

the next word on the tear sheet. In the first, the cap-start key 23 is

depressed. Typewriter 22 is then shifted into upper case and reader 21

is advanced one code at a time until it reads a letter code. The letter

related to the code is punched in the 8-unit tape and typed on the offset

master by typewriter 22 which is then downshifted. At the end of this

operation, a start pulse is generated to place the reader in automatic

run operation.

In the second, a control mark is placed in a first read-area on the

tear sheet under the word preceding the one whose first letter is to be

capitalized. When the control mark is sensed by copy-follower 20 a

routine is set up to capitalize the letter and is executed after a space,

hyphen or line-feed code is read by reader 21. (As set forth below under

"Stop-After Word" the control mark must be positioned in a first readarea defined by the space preceding the first character and the first two

characters of a word.

)

In the third routine, the first letter of the next word is automatically capitalized when reader 21 reads the code for an exclamation point,

question mark, or period at the end of a sentence.

The three routines are described in detail in Sections A, B, and

C below.
A. When cap-start key 23 (Fig. 6) is depressed, a circuit is

completed through contacts 182, 183, and 184 on typewriter 22, contacts

91-2, 23A and relay 87 to positive potential. This energizes the relay

and a holding circuit is established over contacts 87-1 and 84-2. Since

contacts 182, 183, or 184 are opened when typewriter 22 performs either a line-feed, carriage-return or backspace operation, respectively, if the

typewriter is performing any of these operations when key 2 3 is struck,

relay 87 will not be energized until the operation is completed.

When key 23 is released, its arm engages contact 23B and a

circuit is completed via contacts 87-2, 88-2, and relay 77, which is

picked up. Contacts 77-1 transfer to energize the auxiliary clutch coil

200 (Fig. 8) for the auxiliary timing shaft (not shown) which starts a revolution. Contacts 7 7-2 to 77-6 (Fig. 15) are closed and as timing

contacts CB-11 (Fig. 14) are operated by the auxiliary shaft during the

time interval represented in Fig. 16 a pulse is transmitted over the latter

contacts to translator 227. The output of the translator shifts typewriter

22 into upper case.

When relay 87 is energized as indicated above, contacts 87-3

(Fig. 7) close. As timing contacts CB-13 (Fig. 7) are operated by the

auxiliary shaft during the time interval indicated in Fig. 16 a pulse is

generated that activates relay 88. Contacts 88-1 then close, establishing a holding circuit for this relay. Normally-closed contacts 88-2 open

the circuit through relay 77 which drops out and the contacts associated

with 77 open. Typewriter 22, however, remains in upper case until downshifted.

Reader 21 is started in the following manner. Normally-open

contacts CB-14 and CB-15 (Fig. 8) are sequentially operated by the

auxiliary shaft as represented in Fig. 16. When both contacts are closed

a circuit is completed from the 0-volts bus through normally-closed

contact 83-3, transferred contacts 87-4, terminals 1/lA and 1/6A and the

coil 202 for the clutch of the main timing shaft which is not shown but is

located in reader 21. This releases the clutch to allow the main shaft to

make one complete revolution.

Relays 6 through 61 (not illustrated) are operated by suitable

potentials obtained in code converter 2 8. Some of the contacts controlled by these relays are shown in the figures and will be explained in

detail below.

10
Contacts 5-2, 6-5, 9-7, 12-7, 18-6, and 58-6 (Fig. 7) comprise

the circuitry used in the search for a letter code. During the revolution

of the main timing shaft noted a-bove, a read cycle is effected and timing

contacts CB-9 are operated so that the 0-volts bus is connected to the

contacts just named. If the code encountered by reader 21 represents a

letter-shift, contacts 5-2 transfer and a circuit is completed through

closed contacts 88-3 (relay 88 is energized) to pick up relay 4. Contacts 4-1 make to establish a hold circuit through contacts 69-4. Contacts 4-2 (Fig. 6) close to complete a circuit that applies volts through

normally-closed contacts 91-2 to clutch coil 20 2 which causes the main

timing shaft in reader 21 to make another revolution.

Contacts 2 50 (Fig. 11), which are located in reader 21, are operated for a period overlapping the time of operation of timing contacts

CB-11 represented in Fig. 16. When CB-1 are operated during each read

cycle relay 69 is energized. Thus, during the latter revolution of the

main timing shaft as a read cycle is effected, relay 6 9 is picked up to

open contacts 69-4, breaking the hold circuit for relay 4. Relay 69

drops out during the revolution, restoring contacts 69-4 to their normallyclosed position.

Likewise, if a figure-shift code is sensed by reader 21, contacts

58-6 transfer and a circuit is completed through contacts 88-3 and relay

4 to start the operation just described. Similarly, contacts 6-5, 9-7,

12-7, and 18-6 will transfer when the stop code, carriage-return code,

space code and line-feed code, respectively, are sensed by the reader

and a circuit is completed via contacts 87-10 to relay 4. It follows that

the reader will step one cycle at a time as long as any of these codes

are sensed.

If the code sensed by reader 21 is not one of the above codes, it must be a letter code. When a letter code is sensed by reader 21 and

timing contacts CB-9 are closed by the main timing shaft, a circuit is

established via the normally-closed contacts connected in series with

contacts 5-2 and via the closed contacts 87-6 (relay 87 is energized)

to pick up relay 85. The letter code, that was just sensed, it applied

to the code converter 28 to translator 227 to operate typewriter 22. The

letter is then printed in upper case on the offset master and is punched

in the 8-unit tape by the typewriter. During this operation contacts

87-8 (Fig. 15) are open to prevent a redundant upper-case code from

being punched in the 8-unit tape. This would occur, as will be apparent

from the description under "Punctuation Marks" below, when an uppercase punctuation mark precedes the letter to be capitalized.

11
When relay 85 is picked up, the typewriter is downshifted to lower

case as will now be described in detail. Contacts 85-1 close a hold

circuit for 85 through closed contacts 87-5 (relay 87 is energized)and at

the same time contacts 85-10 close a circuit through contacts 87-7, 87-6,

85-1, and 87-5 to energize the clutch coil 200. This will effect one

revolution of the auxiliary timing shaft. As the shaft rotates, timing

contacts CB-11 (Fig. 14) make and a circuit is completed through transferred contacts 8 5-9 and lower case 85-3 to 85-7. This will apply zero

potential to the translator 227 which downshifts the typewriter 22 and

produces a lower-case code in the 8-unit tape.

During the revolution of the auxiliary shaft just described, time

contacts CB-13 (Fig. 7) are closed for the time interval shown in Fig. 16

and a circuit is completed through closed contacts 85-2 to energize relay

84. This performs the following reset operations and places reader 21 in

continuous operation. Contacts 84-2 (Fig. 7) open the hold circuit for

relay 87 which then drops out. Contacts 87-5 (Fig. 8) open to deenergize relay 85. Finally, normally-closed contacts 84-3 (Fig. 7) open

to drop out relay 88. When timing contacts CB-14 and CB-15 (Fig. 8)

make, a circuit is set up through normally-closed contacts 83-3, 87-4,

and terminals 11/16B, 11/6A to energize relay 68. A hold circuit for this

relay is established through the normally-closed contacts in the bank

that includes contacts 44-3 and the one that includes contact 6-4, through

contacts 68-1 and start switch 45. Contacts 68-2 (Fig. 6) close to

complete a circuit that energizes the clutch coil 202 for the main timing

shaft and places reader 21 in automatic run operation.

B. The routine involving the control mark will now be presented.

The control mark is made with a pencil containing graphite, conductive

lead while the editor marks are made with a nonconductive lead so that

the mark-sense circuit will respond to the control marks only.

When brushes 205 (Fig. 13) sense control mark 206 a circuit is

completed to pick up relay 76. Contacts 76-1 close, completing a hold

circuit for 76 that extends through closed contacts 93-1, terminals

14/1 IB, 14/21B and contacts 71-4, 18-5, 12-3, and 36-3 in the markreset line. Contacts 7 6-1 also complete a circuit from the mark-reset

line through normally-closed contacts 94-3 to energize relay 9 6. Contacts 96-1 then create a hold circuit for 96.

As contacts 96-4 close a circuit to mark-reset line, relay 93 is

activated which indicates that the brushes 205 have sensed a control

mark in the first read-area under a word. Contacts 93-3 will now break

the line between the 0-volts bus and brushes 206 and contacts 93-1 will

open the hold circuit for relay 7 6, so that the mark-sensing circuit is

inactivated.

12
When relay 96 is energized as noted above, contacts 96-3 are closed and during each read cycle the main timing shaft operates contacts

CB-9 (Fig. 7) to send a pulse over the circuit that includes contacts

100-4, 110-2, 96-3, and 3-2. This pulse is applied to contacts 12-10,

18-7, and 36-5 which are operated when a space, line-feed, or hyphen

code is read by reader 21. In the presence of one of these codes, the

related contacts make and relay 87 is picked up, effecting the capitalization routine described in Section A. above.

Contacts 96-6 open to prevent the pulse generated by contacts

CB-9 from activating relay 4 over 87-10 which precludes reader 21 from

executing another read cycle at this point. This is done for the following reason. In the capitalization routine after relay 87 has been energized reader 21 is turned off and typewriter 22 is shifted into upper case.

If relay 4 were not prevented from starting the reader while the typewriter

is being shifted, the reader might read the code for the character to be

printed while the typewriter was being shifted into upper case. The

character would then be lost.

Since reader 21 in the present example is in automatic operation,

relay 68 (Fig. 11) is activated. The hold circuit for 68 contains two

parallel branches, the first starting with contacts 92-2 and the other

36-2. Both branches are tied through contacts 68-1 to start key 45.

When relay 96 is energized as noted above, contacts 96-5 open, breaking

one of the branches of this hold circuit, and when either a space, linefeed, or hyphen code is received one of the contacts 12-2, 18-4, or 36-2,

respectively, open to break the other branch. Relay 68 will then drop

out, contacts 68-2 will open, and clutch coil 202 will be de-energized so

that reader 21 will stop. Further, when one of the foregoing codes is

sensed by reader 21, one of the contacts 12-3, 18-5, or 36-3, respectively, in Fig. 9 will open the mark-reset line. This will cause relays 93

and 96 to drop out.

C. At the end of a sentence when either a code for an exclamation

point, question mark, or period is sensed by reader 21 the cap-aftersentence circuit 50 is conditioned for operation. When a space, linefeed, or hyphen code is then encountered, the reader is stopped and the

cap-first-letter-of-next-word routine is executed. After this routine is

completed, reader 21 is placed in automatic operation.

13
Relays 44, 56, and 17 (not shown) are located in code converter 28

and are energized when the code for an exclamation point, question mark,

or period, respectively, is read by reader 21. Either contacts 44-5, 56-5,

or 17-10 (Fig. 10) are then closed to pick up relay 92. Contacts 92-1

then establish a hold circuit over terminals 26/1 1A, 26/1 2B, and the markreset line. Contacts 92-2 open one of the parallel branches in the hold

circuit for relay 68 so that when a code for either a space, line-feed or hyphen is sensed by reader 21 during a read cycle, contacts 12-2, 18-4,

or 36-2, respectively, open the other branch of the hold circuit. Relay

68 then drops out, contacts 68-2 break, and reader 21 is stopped.

Simultaneously, either contacts 12-3, 18-5, or 36-3 (Fig. 9) in the markreset line open one branch of the hold circuit for relay 92. At the proper

time in the read cycle timing contacts CB-6 open the other branch of the

hold circuit that includes the mark-reset line and relay 92 is de-energized.

Before contacts CB-6 open to drop out relay 92, normally-open

contacts CB-9 are operated (See Fig. 16) to send a pulse over transferred contacts 92-3 and either contacts 12-10, 18-7, or 36-5 (depending

upon whether a space, line-feed or hyphen code was sensed) to operate

relay 87. This will start the capitalization routine described above under

Section A.

When relay 92 drops out, contacts 92-4 open to prevent the trailing edge of the pulse generated by CB-9 from energizing relay 4 through

contacts 87-10, which in turn prevents reader 21 from executing another

read cycle at this point. This is done for the following reason. In the

capitalization routine after relay 87 has been energized reader 21 is

turned off and typewriter 22 is shifted into upper case. If relay 4 is not

precluded from starting the reader while the typewriter is being shifted,

the reader might read the code for the character to be printed while the

typewriter was being shifted into upper case. The character would then

be lost.

When relay 87 drops out at the end of the capitalization routine

contacts 87-4 transfer, and when contacts CB-14 and CB-15 are operated

a pulse travels over terminals 11/16B and 11/6A to energize relay 68.

This places reader 21 in automatic run operation.

Stop-After-Word

When two control marks are located under a word on the tear sheet

a routine is established to stop reader 21 after a space, hyphen, or linefeed code is encountered by the reader, i. e. , at the end of the word.

To achieve this result, one of the marks must be positioned in a first

read-area defined by the space preceding and the first two characters of

the word, and the other must be positioned in a second read-area defined

by the remaining portion of the word. A character is denominated as any

code that will cause copy-follower 20 to index one position.

14
The start of the first read-area is delineated by a space or linefeed code. If a space or line-feed code is read by reader 21, contacts

12-11 or 18-8 make (Fig. 13). When contacts CB-9 (Fig. 7) close during

the first read cycle in the time interval indicated in Fig. 16, a pulse is

sent over terminals 9/22A, 9/6A and contacts 12-1 or 18-8 to energize

relay 101P. Contacts 101-1 close to pick up relay coil 101H which

forms a hold circuit for relay 101.

If the first control mark is now sensed, relay 76 is picked up and

relays 96 and 93 (Fig. 13) are then energized. Contacts 93-1 open the

circuit between brushes 205 and relay 96, while contacts 93-3 open the

circuit between the 0-volts bus and the brushes. The mark-sense circuit

is now inoperative and will remain so until relay 94 is activated in the

manner set forth immediately below.

During the second read cycle, if a character is read by reader 21,

when timing contacts CB-5 are operated (Fig. 1 1) a pulse is transmitted

through one of the contacts noted by 7-4, 8-4. . . 59-6, and 60-4,

through terminals 18/24A, 18/15Aand contacts 101-2 to energize relay

coil 102P. (Simultaneously, copy-follower 20 is indexed as described

previously under "Copy-Follower Index.") Contacts 102-1 close, energizing relay coil 102H to establish a hold circuit for relay 102. Contacts

102-3 close so that during this read cycle when timing contacts CB-9

are operated relay coil 107P is energized. Contacts 107-1 make to

energize relay coil 107H which creates a hold circuit for relay 107.

Contacts 107-3 open to drop out relay 101.

When relay coil 107 is energized during the second read cycle,

contacts 107-2 close and relay coil 108P is activated. Contacts 108-1

establish a hold circuit for relay 108 by energizing relay coil 108H.

Contacts 108-2 make so that the pulse generated by timing contacts CB-9

during the third read cycle is sent over contacts 108-2 to pick up relay

coil 103P. Contacts 103-1 then establish a circuit through relay coil

103H, which forms a hold circuit for relay 103. Contacts 103-2 make

and the pulse generated by contacts CB-5 during the fourth read cycle

picks up relay coil 104P. The timing contacts CB-6 (Fig. 9) are then

operated in the period noted in Fig. 16 to generate a pulse that is sent

through terminals 19/22A, 19/9A and contacts 104-1 to pick up relay coil

104H, establishing a hold circuit for relay 104. During this read cycle

contacts CB-9 transmit a pulse that picks up relay coil 94P through

terminals 9/22A, 9/6A, contacts 104-2 and transferred contacts 96-2.

(Relay 96 is energized. ) Contacts 94-1 then close a hold circuit for

relay 94 that extends through the mark-reset line and includes relay coil

94H. Now that relay 94 is energized and held up contacts 94-2 and 94-4

make and condition the mark-sense circuit for operation. Contacts 94-5

open the hold circuits for relays 101 to 103, 107, and 108, and when the

pulse generated by timing contacts CB-6 terminates relay 104 drops out.

15
Now assume that a mark in the second reading area is read bybrushes 205. Relay 76 will be energized and contacts 76-1 will close to

establish a hold circuit for relay 76 via the mark-reset line. When timing contacts CB-6 are operated by the main timing shaft, a pulse is

transmitted over terminals 19/22A, 19/9A, contacts 7 6-1, and transferred contacts 94-3. (Relay 94 is energized.) This pulse activates

relay 95. Contacts 9 5-1 then establish a hold circuit for 95 by way of

the mark-reset line. Contacts 9 5-2 close to pick up relay 114 which

opens contacts 114-1. This breaks the circuit that extends through

brushes 205 to relay 76, which drops out. Contacts 95-3 open the circuit

to relay 87 to prevent the occurrence of the capitalization routine described above under "Cap-First-Letter-Next -Word."

Since a mark was sensed by brushes 205, relay 96 is energized and

contacts 96-5 are open, breaking one branch in the hold circuit for relay

68. Thus when a space, line-feed or hyphen code is read by reader 21

at the termination of the word being read, either contacts 12-2, 18-4, or 36-2, respectively, open the other branch in the hold circuit for relay 68

which drops out. This causes contacts 68-2 to break the circuit for

clutch coil 202 so that reader 21 is stopped. Again, when a space, linefeed or hyphen code is read, either contacts 12-3, 18-5, or 36-3 (Fig. 9)

break the mark-reset line and relays 76, 94, 9 5, and 96 are de-energized.

It is noted that when a space code is read by reader 21, contacts

12-6 open so that a mark on the tear sheet cannot be sensed by brushes

205 in the area skipped by copy-follower 20 during the spacing operation.

When a space code is read by reader 21, contacts 12-11 close and

contacts CB-9, when operated, develop a pulse that energizes relay coil

101P byway of terminals 9/22A and 9/6A. Contacts 101-2 close, relay

coil 102P is energized and 102-2 close. If another space or line-feed

code is sensed during the next read cycle, either contacts 12-11 or 18-8

transfer and relay 106 is activated by the next CB-9 pulse. Contacts

106-3 will then open to reset relays 101 to 103, 107 and 108. A hold

circuit is established for relay 106 over contacts 106-1 so that 106

remains energized for the duration of the CB-9 pulse. At the same time

coil 10 IP is picked up. In this way if more than one space code is read,

only the last space code will be effective in operating the circuits just

described.

16
If a mark is not sensed in the first read area, timing contacts CB-9

will send a pulse through contacts 104-2, which are closed after three

characters are sensed by reader 21, and normally-closed contacts 96-2

to energize relay coil 105P. Contacts 105-1 establish a hold circuit

that includes coil 105H for relay 105. Contacts 105-3 then open to reset relays 101 to 103, 107, and 108. Stated differently, if a control

mark is not sensed in the first read area and two marks are sensed in the

second, the system will operate as though only one mark were present

and will capitalize, erroneously, the first letter of the next word. The

editor therefore is instructed to position the first mark under the first

letter of the word and is provided with the leeway of a space and letter

position in locating the mark.

Word-Skip

When a word is spelled incorrectly on the tear sheet, two control

marks are placed under the preceding word to stop reader 21. (See "StopAfter-Word" above. ) After the reader stops the operator types the cor- rected word on the offset master and then strikes the word-skip key 32 to

skip the misspelled word in the 5-unit tape sensed by 21 without operating typewriter 22.

When key 32 (Fig. 12) is depressed, contacts 32A make to energize

relay 70. A hold circuit is created through contacts 70-1 terminals

15/11B, 15/21Aand the mark -reset line. Contacts 70-2 (Fig. 14) and

70-3 (Fig. 15) open so that any pulse generated by contacts CB-3 and

CB-11 can not energize translator 227 in typewriter 22. Contacts 70-4

open one of the parallel branches in the hold circuit for relay 68. This

conditions the hold circuit so that it will drop out when the next space,

line-feed, or hyphen code is read by reader 21 as described below.

Further when key 32 is depressed, relay 71 is energized by way of

a circuit closed by normally-open contacts 32B. The hold circuit for 71

is established through contacts 71-2 and 69-3. Contacts 71-4 (Fig. 9)

open to reset any relays energized through the mark-reset line.

After key 32 is released, a circuit is completed through normallyclosed contacts 32B, terminals 21/17B, 21/21A, closed contacts 71-1

and the bank of contacts starting with 12-2 to energize relay 68. This

will cause contacts 68-2 to complete a circuit that energizes clutch coil

202 and starts the main timing shaft of reader 21. During the first read

cycle, contacts CB-1 and 250 (Fig. 11) are operated so that relay 69 is

energized and contacts 69-3 open to drop out relay 71.

17
When relay 68 is energized as indicated above, contacts 68-1

establish a hold circuit for 68 and reader 21 is placed in automatic

operation. However, since contacts 70-2 and 70-3 are open, translator

227 can not be operated and typewriter 22 will not print the information

represented by the codes encountered by the reader. This operation

continues until a space, line-feed or hyphen code is recognized by

reader 21 when one of the contacts 12-2, 18-4, or 36-2, respectively,

opens one of the parallel branches in the hold circuit for relay 68. Since

relay 70 is energized, normally-closed contacts 70-4 open the other

parallel branch in the hold circuit, and relay 68 drops out, which stops

reader 21. The same code causes either contacts 12-3, 18-5, or 36-3

to open the mark -reset line in the hold circuit for relay 70, which is

released. In this way the codes in the 5-unit tape for the misspelled

word are skipped without recording the word on the offset master.

Character-Print and Character-Skip

When the operator elects to correct a misspelled word by handling

one character of the word at a time, she depresses the character-print

key 36 for each correct character which is then printed automatically

on the offset master. Arriving at the incorrect character, the operator

prints the correct one on the offset master and strikes the character-skip

key 44 to skip the incorrect code in the 5-unit tape read by reader 21.

She then depresses start key 45 to place the reader in automatic operation.

As typical example, if a word is misspelled on the tear sheet two

control marks are placed under the preceding word so that reader 21 will

stop after the codes for the latter word have been sensed. The operator

then strikes the character-print key 36 (Fig. 6) to print the first character of the word to be corrected and a circuit is completed which energizes

relay coil 99P. When the key is released, a circuit is completed through

normally-closed contacts 44A and contacts 93-3, which were just closed,

to the clutch coil 202. The clutch will then activate the main timing

shaft, causing reader 21 to perform a read cycle.

As contacts 99-4 (Fig. 9) close, relay 100 is picked up and contacts 100-1 establish a hold circuit for this relay when contacts CB-6

are operated. Contacts 100-4 (Fig. 7) open to prevent the pulse generated by contacts CB-9 from restarting reader 21 as previously set forth

under "Cap-First-Letter-Next-Word." Contacts 100-2 (Fig. 12) open,

preventing relay 74 from being energized so that contacts 74-4 remain

open and relay 7 2 can not be picked up to start reader 21 as described

below under "Pedestal-Carriage-Return." Contacts 100-3 (Fig. 12) close.

If a carriage -return signal is now sensed by reader 21, contacts 9-6 make

and the pulse generated by CB-7 is directed over contacts 9-6 and 100-3

to operate solenoid 212, which returns the pedestal-carriage to its

initial position.

18
When relay coil 99P is picked up as described above, contacts

99-1 close to pick up relay coil 99H, establishing a hold circuit for

relay 99. As contacts CB-9 are operated by the main timing shaft during

the read cycle, another hold circuit for 99 is set up through terminals

4/6A, 4/1A.

Relay coil 75P is energized whenever solenoid 210 (Fig. 11) is

activated to index the pedestal-carriage of copy-follower 20. Accordingly, if the code encountered by reader 21 during the above read cycle

is not for a character, which is defined as any code that will step the

pedestal-carriage, the hold circuit for relay 99 will remain activated and

reader 21 will perform another read cycle. If during this read cycle the

reader senses a carriage -return code contacts 9-10 open and relay 99

drops out. The operator must then strike character-print key 36 again.

If, however, during the read cycle the reader encounters the code for the

first character in the word to be corrected, the sensed code is applied

through converter 28 to typewriter 22. The character related to the code

is then printed on the offset master and is punched in the 8-unit tape.

When timing contacts CB-5 (Fig. 11) are operated, a pulse is fed

through one of the contacts represented by 7-4, 8-4. . . 59-6, 60-4 to

index solenoid 210 which advances copy-follower 20 one space. The

same pulse will energize relay coil 75P. Contacts 75-2 then close,

completing a hold circuit for relay 7 5 that includes relay coil 7 5H,

contacts 75-2 and CB-6. Contacts 75-3 open to break one of the hold

circuits through relay coil 99H; when contacts CB-9 open in the same

read cycle, the second hold circuit for relay 99 is broken and 99 drops

out. After this, contacts 99-3 open the circuit for clutch 202, thereby

stopping reader 21. Contacts 99-4 open one of the hold circuits for

relay 100 and at the proper time contacts CB-6 break the other hold

circuit for this relay which then drops out. This completes one character-print cycle during which a code combination is read out of the 5-unit

tape by reader 21 and the related character is printed on the offset master

by typewriter 22.

The operator repeats the character-print cycle until the erroneous

character in the misspelled word is reached. The code for this character on the 5-unit tape is skipped when the operator strikes characterskip key 44 (Fig. 6) and contacts 44A close to complete a circuit that

energizes relay coil 99P. This will cause relay coil 99H and then relay

100 to be energizes to effect the operations described just above.

19
As the character-skip key 44 is struck, contacts 44B close to

energize relay 98P and contacts 44A energize relay 99. Contacts 98-1

establish a hold circuit for relay 98 by completing a path through relay

coil 98H and contacts CB-6, when CB-6 are operated, while contacts

98-2 establish another hold circuit for relay 98. Contacts 98-3 and

98-4 open related circuits to translator 227 so that typewriter 22 will not

respond to the code read by reader 21, and the erroneous code will be

skipped. Contacts 98-5 and 98-6 open to perform the same functions as contacts 100-2 and 100-3, respectively, described in this section in

connection with the character-print operation.

As the copy-follower 20 indexes one space, relay 75 is energized.

Contacts 7 5-3 open one hold circuit on relay 99, and when contacts CB-9

open the other hold circuit for 99 is broken and the relay is de-energized.

Thus, contacts 7 5-3 determine the particular read cycle and contacts

CB-9 the time in the cycle when the relay will be released. After relay

99 is de-energized contacts 99-3 open the circuit for clutch coil 202 and

reader 21 stops. Contacts 99-2 open one of the hold circuits for relay

98, and when contacts CB-6 open the other hold circuit for 98 during

this read cycle relay 98 drops out. Relay 100 is released in the manner

indicated above.

The operator now types the character that will correct the misspelled word and depresses a start-key 45 (Fig. 11) to place reader 21

in automatic operation. When the start-key is depressed a circuit is

completed to pick up relay 67 and a hold circuit is established through

contacts 67-2 and normaily-closed contacts 69-1. The latter contacts

are related to relay 69 and are operated during each read cycle through

contacts CB-1 and 250. This assures that relay 67 will remain energized until the reader has been started.

When start-key 45 is released a circuit is completed through its

normally-closed contacts, contacts 67-1, the bank of contacts starting

with 12-2, the bank starting with contacts 46-3 and relay 68. The latter

relay is then energized and contacts 68-2 close to complete a circuit

that activates clutch coil 202. The reader 21 then reads the code for the

next character in the misspelled word and since a hold circuit for 68 is

established through contacts 68-1 the reader continues in automatic

operation.

20
Pedestal-Carriage Return

At the end of a line on the tear sheet, reader 21 senses two

carriage -return codes and a line-feed code in the 5-unit tape. The first

code causes the pedestal-carriage on copy-follower 20 to move its

brushes 20 5 from the tear sheet and return to its initial position. During

the return, reader 21 is turned off and at the conclusion of the return is

restarted. After the carriage return the copy-follower automatically

effects a line feed. The second carriage -return code accomplishes a

line feed only while the reader is stopped and restarted. The line-feed

code now executes a line feed and brushes 205 are moved to engage the

tear sheet.

When reader 21 recognizes the code for a carriage return, relay 9

(not shown) is energized via a circuit in code converter 2 8 and a hold

circuit (not shown) is established for this relay via timing contacts

CB-6. Contacts 9-2 (Fig. 11) break dropping out relay 68, which opens

contacts 68-2 and stops the main timing shaft of reader 21. The reader

then stops.

When timing contacts CB-8 (Fig. 12) are closed a circuit is

completed through closed contacts 9-4 and 73-2 to energize brush solenoid 211, which causes the pedestal to move brushes 205 away from the

tear sheet. During this operation microswitch 213 closes a circuit over

contacts 98-5, 100-2, 9-5, and relay 74 is picked up. Contacts 74-3

close, establishing a hold circuit for relay 74 via microswitch 213.

Contacts 74-2 close so that when timing contacts CB-7 make a pulse

is transmitted through closed contacts 9-6 and 74-2 to energize the

pedestal-carriage return solenoid 212. When energized this solenoid

causes a mechanical arrangement in the copy-follower 20 to return the

pedestal-carriage to its initial position and to perform a line-feed

operation.

When the pedestal-carriage is in its initial position microswitch

215 is closed and a circuit is completed through contacts 74-4 and relay

72. The latter relay is energized and a hold circuit is set up by means

of contacts 72-1. Contacts 72-3 close to pick up relay 73, and contacts

73-1 create a hold circuit for this relay. Contacts 72-2 complete a

circuit that includes normally-closed contacts 87-11, the bank of contacts starting with 12-2 and the bank starting with contacts 46-3 to

energize relay 68. This will close contacts 68-2 to energize the clutch

coil 202 to start reader 21 and another read cycle. At the same time a hold circuit is formed through contacts 68-1. When contacts CB-1 and

250 are operated relay 69 (Fig. 11) is energized and contacts 69-2 open

the hold circuit for relay 72 which then drops out.

21
Reader 21 then recognizes the second carriage-return code, relay

9 (not shown) is re-energized and a hold circuit is established when

contacts CB-6 are operated. As contacts CB-7 make a pulse is transmitted through contacts 9-6, 74-2, and carriage -return solenoid 212.

The line-feed mechanism on the copy-follower 20 then provides another

line feed, even though the pedestal-carriage is in its initial position.

In this way the copy-follower obtains two line feeds, one for each

carriage return code.

During the operation just described, contacts 73-2 were open

since relay 73 was energized. Hence brush solenoid 211 was inactivated. Further, reader 21 was stopped and then restarted in the same

manner as when the first carriage-return code was sensed.

In the course of the next read cycle, a line-feed code is sensed

by reader 21, relay 18 (not illustrated) is picked up in converter 28, and

a hold circuit is established for this relay through contacts CB-6. Contacts 18-2 (Fig. 12) open to drop out relay 73. Contacts CB-8 are operated and a pulse is transmitted over closed contacts 74-1 and 18-1

to energize solenoid 211, which causes the pedestal to place brushes

205 against the tear sheet.

After the brushes are placed against the tear sheet, reader 21

continues in automatic operation since the hold circuit through 68-1 and

the bank of contacts including 92-2 keeps relay 68 energized.

In addition to energizing relay 9, the first carriage -return code

noted above is converted to a space code in converter 28. When timing

contacts CB-3 (Fig. 15) are operated a pulse is transmitted over a circuit

that includes contacts 97-4, transferred contacts 9-1 and closed contacts 73-3 to the converter. In response to this pulse the converter

sends the space code to translator 227 in typewriter 2 2 which then

punches a space code in the 8-unit tape. When the pedestal-carriage

is in its initial position, relay 7 3 is picked up as indicated above and

contacts 73-3 open to break the line between CB-3 and converter 28.

This will prevent the second carriage-return code from producing another

space code in the 8-unit tape and will insure that only one space will

appear between the last word of the line sensed by the copy-follower 20

and the first word of the next line.

22
When a space code is sensed by reader 21 contacts 12-1 make so

that when timing contacts CB-3 (Fig. 15) are operated a pulse is sent

through normally-closed contacts 90-1 and 112-3 to code converter 2 8. The converter then sends a signal to translator 227 in typewriter 2 2 which punches a space code in the 8-unit tape. When the space code is

followed in the 5-unit tape by two carriage -return codes and a line-feed

code, the first carriage -return code would normally produce a space code

in the 8-unit tape in the manner just described. However, since this

code was preceded by a space code relay 101 (Fig. 13) is energized as

indicated above under "Stop-After-Word," and the pulse generated by

CB-3 can not pass through contacts 101-3, which are open, to effect

the punching of a space code in the 8-unit tape. This insures that when

a carriage -return code is preceded by a space code, only one space will

occur between the related words on the offset master.

If a control mark is located under the last word on a line in the

tear sheet, the first letter on the next line is to be capitalized. When

the line-feed code noted in this section is read, contacts 18-7 (Fig. 7) are closed and contacts CB-9, when operated, send a pulse through

contacts 100-4, 110-2, normally-closed contacts 92-3, and closed

contacts 96-3, 18-7 to energize relay 87. (Relay 96 is now energized

since a control mark (Fig. 13) was sensed.) As the pedestal-carriage

return is concluded, contacts 72-2 close as noted above and a start

pulse is routed through transferred contacts 87-11, terminals 30/2B,

30/16A to the main clutch coil 202. This starts reader 21 and the lettersearch operation in the capitalization routine as set forth in detail under

"Cap-First-Letter-Next-Word" above.

Cap-One-Word

When word-cap key 40 is depressed reader 21 is started and typewriter 22 is shifted into upper case. Each letter in the word is then

typed on the offset master in upper case. At the end of the word, the

reader is stopped and the typewriter is shifted into lower case. When the word-cap key 40 (Fig. 10) is depressed, contacts 40A

and 40B close to pick up relays 110 and 111. Contacts 110-1 then

complete a hold circuit through the normally-closed contacts to start

key 45A and cap-start key 23b. Contacts 111-1 complete a hold circuit

through contacts 88-4. When the word-cap switch is released and

returns to its normal position, a circuit is formed from the 0-volts bus

through closed contacts 111-2 and terminals 8/3B and 8/13A to pick up

relay 87. The contacts associated with this relay effect the capitalization routine described in connection with the operation of the cap-start

switch 23 under "Cap-First-Letter-Next-Word" above.

When relay 110 is activated as noted just above, contacts 110-2

transfer, directing the pulse generated by contacts CB-9 through contacts

9-11, 12-12, and 18-9 to energize relay 4. Contacts 4-2 then make to

energize clutch 202 to start a read cycle, and the character for the code

sensed by reader 21 during this cycle is printed in upper case on the

offset master.

23
During each succeeding read cycle contacts CB-9 generates a pulse, and the character for the code read is typed in upper case on the

offset master. When a space code is read during a read cycle contacts

12-12 break the circuit to relay 4 which drops out. Contacts 4-2 will

then open the circuit for clutch coil 202 and reader 21 will stop.

The pulse generated by CB-9 during the latter cycle is directed

through contacts 12-12 and 87-6 (relay 87 is energized) to pick up relay

85. This will close contacts 85-9 and 85-3 to 85-7 to shift typewriter

22 into lower case when timing contacts CB-11 are operated as previously

described. After the typewriter has been downshifted the system comes

to rest since contacts 100-4 (Fig. 11), which are open, prevent timing

contacts CB-14 and CB-15 from sending a pulse over normally-closed

contacts 87-4 and terminals 11/16B, ll/6Ato energize relay 68, which

would restart reader 21.

If the word to be capitalized occurs at the end of a line on the tear

sheet, before the typewriter can be shifted into lower case, reader 21

encounters two carriage -return codes and a line-feed code, which are used to return the pedestal-carriage on copy-follower 20 to its initial

position. The first carriage-return code energizes relay 9 (not shown)

in code converter 28 and contacts 9-11 (Fig. 7) open. This prevents

the pulse generated by contacts CB-9 from energizing relay 4. The code

also initiates the routine that effects a pedestal-carriage return. (See

"Pedestal-Carriage-Return" above. ) After the pedestal-carriage has been

returned to its initial position, relay 7 2 is energized and contacts 72-2

close. A pulse is then transmitted over transferred contacts 87-11 and

terminals 30/2B, 30/16A to energize the main clutch coil 202, which

starts a read cycle. The second carriage -return code is read but the

pulse generated by CB-9 has no effect on relay 4 since contacts 9-11 are again open. The line-feed code is then read and relay 18 (not shown) in

code converter 28 is activated. Contacts 18-9 are transferred and the

pulse generated by CB-9 is directed through closed contacts 87-7 and

85-10 to activate the auxiliary clutch coil 200. This initiates a revolution of the auxiliary timing shaft. The same pulse is directed over closed

contacts 87-6 to pick up relay 85. Thus,- when contacts CB-11 are operated by the latter shaft a pulse is transmitted through lower case

contacts 85-3 to 85-7 to translator 227 and typewriter 22 is shifted into

lower case. After the termination of this revolution of the auxiliary timing shaft the system comes to rest.

In the material above when relay 87 is picked up, contacts 87-3

are closed so that when timing contacts CB-13 (Fig. 7) make relay 88

is energized. This opens contacts 88-4 to drop out relay 111. When

either the start key 45 or the cap-start key 23 is struck to restart reader

21 for the next operation contacts 45B or 23B, respectively, open and

relay 110 drops out.

24
Tustification Zone

A justification zone is defined by an adjustable tab on typewriter

22. When the typewriter carriage enters this zone, the tab closes microswitch 220 (Fig. 6) and efficaciously provides a justification instruction.

As soon as the next carriage-return code or space code is encountered in

the 5-unit tape by reader 21, the instruction is executed. The typewriter

then returns its carriage and punches a space code in the 8-unit tape.

(A carriage -return code in the 5-unit tape will return the typewriter

carriage only when it is in the justification zone. ) As the carriage on typewriter 22 enters the justification zone and

the tab closes microswitch 220, relay 90 is energized through a circuit

that includes normally-closed contacts 9-9 and 12-9. If, however, the

pedestal-carriage on copy-follower 20 is being returned or if a spacing

operation is in progress, contacts 9-9 or 12-9 are open and relay 90 is

not energized. Because microswitch 220 remains closed as long as the

typewriter carriage is in the justification zone, relay 90 is energized as soon as the foregoing operations are terminated. When relay 90 is energized, a hold circuit is established through contacts 90-4.

If the carriage of typewriter 22 were not in the justification zone

and reader 21 sensed a carriage-return code, contacts 9-1 would be

transferred and the pulse generated by CB-3 would be directed through

normally-closed contacts 90-2 and code converter 28 to the 5-line in

translator 227. This would cause the typewriter 22 to space one position

and would energize the 5-magnet in the typewriter to produce a space

code in the 8-unit tape.

However, in the present example the typewriter 22 is in the justification zone and relay 90 is energized. If a carriage -return code is

sensed, contacts 9-1 transfer but the pulse generated by CB-3 is

directed through transferred contacts 90-2 and converter 28 to the 8-line

in the translator 227. This will cause the carriage of typewriter 22 to

return to its initial position. At the same time, contacts 90-5 (not shown)

transfer the input of the 8-magnet to the input of the 5-magnet in the

typewriter which effects the perforation of a space code in the 8-unit tape.

If the carriage of typewriter 22 were not in the justification zone

and reader 21 sensed a space code, contacts 12-1 would be closed and

the pulse, generated by CB-3, would be directed through 12-1, normallyclosed contacts 90-1 and converter 28 to the 5-line in translator 227.

Typewriter 22 would then space one position and punch a space code in

the 8-unit tape. If, however, the typewriter carriage is in the justification zone and a space code is sensed, the pulse will be directed through

transferred contacts 90-1 and converter 28 to the 8-line in translator 227.

This will cause the typewriter to return its carriage to the initial position,

and since contacts 90-5 (not shown) are transferred the typewriter will

punch a space code in the 8-unit tape. (A carriage -return code appears in

the 8-unit tape only when manually punched at the end of a paragraph.

)

25
Returning to our example, when relay 90 is energized, contacts

90-3 are closed. When a space or carriage-return code is encountered

by reader 21, either contacts 9-8 or 12-8 make, and relay 91 (Fig. 10) is

picked up by a pulse generated by contacts CB-3 and applied over a

circuit that includes terminals 23/13B, 23/30A and either contacts 12-8

or 9-8. As relay 91 is energized, contacts 91-1 close a hold circuit for

this relay. Contacts 91-2 open the circuit to clutch coil 202, inactivating reader 21. As the carriage of typewriter 22 is being returned in

response to the carriage-return code, it leaves the justification zone and

microswitch 2 20 open. This breaks one hold circuit for relay 90. After

the carriage return has been initiated, the normally-closed carriage return

contacts 183 open. This breaks the other hold circuit for relay 90, which

drops out, and contacts 90-3 open to release relay 91. Then contacts

91-2 close but clutch coil 202 will not be energized since contacts 183

are still open. After the carriage return has been completed, contacts 183

close and reader 21 may be restarted.

If the operation described above started with a space code, relay

68 never dropped out. Hence clutch coil 202 will be energized over

contacts 68-2 and reader 21 is restarted as soon as the carriage return

contacts 183 are closed. If the operation started with a carriage return

code, copy-follower 20 will execute the same routine described above

under "Pedestal-Carriage Return". At the conclusion of this routine,

relay 68 is energized and contacts 68-2 close. Then after typewriter 22

has executed a carriage return, contacts 183 close the circuit to coil 202

which is energized to restart reader 21.

As set forth in detail above, when the carriage of typewriter 22 is

in the justification zone, relay 91 is energized when a carriage-return or space code is read by reader 21. Contacts 91-3 are then closed to pick

up relay 112 and contacts 112-1 close to establish a hold circuit for the

latter relay through closed contacts 113-2. Contacts 112-3 open the

circuit between timing contacts CB-3 and translator 2 27 so that typewriter

22 will preserve the left-hand margin on the offset master in the manner

that will now be described.

If during a read cycle a stop, carriage -return, space or line-feed

code is read, a respective one of the contacts 6-5, 9-7, 12-7, or 18-6

is opened and the pulse generated by timing contacts CB-9 (Fig. 7) will

not be transmitted over contacts 112-2, which are closed, to energize

relay 113. Relay 112 will remain up and translator 227 will fail to

respond to any code encountered by reader 21.

If, however, the code generated by reader 21 during a read cycle

is not one of the foregoing, it must be one for a character to be printed

on the offset master. None of the latter contacts will then be opened and

the pulse developed by CB-9 will pick up relay 113. Normally-closed

contacts 113-2 will open, releasing relay 112. Contacts 112-2 will open

but since contacts 113-1 are closed relay 113 is not released until the

pulse generated by CB-9 is terminated.

26
"When relay 112 drops out, contacts 112-3 close the line between

translator 227 and timing contacts CB-3, and typewriter 22 prints the

character related to the code recognized by reader 21 during the read

cycle. In this way the left-hand margin on the offset master is maintained and only planned indentations appear on the offset master.

Space -Prompter

The space-prompter circuits allow the system to be operated in

one-word increments. More specifically, when space-prompter key 52

is struck if reader 21 is running, it will stop automatically after the next

space, line-feed or hyphen code is sensed. After it is restarted, the

reader processes one word and stops. Likewise, if the reader has already

stopped, the space-prompter key is operated and the reader restarted.

The reader will then process the codes for one word and will stop automatically.

Space-prompter key 52 (Fig. 11) is a locking-type switch that

remains on until thrown manually to its off position.

Assume, as an example, that reader 21 has stopped because two

control marks were sensed under the preceding word and that only the

next word is to be processed. Space-prompter key 52 is then thrown to

its "on" position and start key 45 (Fig. 11) is depressed to start the

reader. When key 52 is in its "on" position relay 3 is energized through

contacts 52A and contacts 52B open one of the parallel branches in the

hold circuit for relay 68. The other branch of this circuit includes contacts 12-2, 18-4, and 36-2. One of these contacts will open after the

desired word has been processed and a space, line-feed or hyphen code

has been read by reader 21. Relay 68 will then drop out, contacts 68-2

will open the circuit to clutch coil 202 and reader 21 will stop.

When relay 3 is energized contacts 3-2 open the circuit between

timing contacts CB-9 and relay 87. This inhibits the start of an automatic capitalization routine. (The routine could still be started through

the cap-start key 23 or word-cap key 40. ) Contacts 3-1 open to break

the circuit to relay 9 2. This will prevent an automatic capitalization

routine from occurring that would normally capitalize the first letter of

the next word following a sentence. (See "Cap-First-Letter-Next-Word"

above. )

After the reader has processed the word and stopped, the spaceprompter key 52 is thrown to its normally-off position and relay 3 is

released.

27
Mark-Skip

When several words on the tear sheet are to be deleted and the

system is in automatic operation, two control marks are positioned under

the word preceding and a control mark is positioned under the last word

in the information to be deleted. After the two control marks have been

sensed, the system stops and the operator strikes mark-skip key 56.

When the mark-skip key 56 is depressed reader 21 senses the 5-unit tape

and copy-follower 20 senses the tear sheet but typewriter 22 is inactivated and the information is not recorded on the offset master. This operation continues until the control mark under the last word is sensed when

the reader stops at the end of the word under which the mark is located.

When the mark-skip key 56 (Fig. 10) is depressed, contacts 56A

close to pick up relay 97. A hold circuit is then established through

contacts 97-1 terminals 25/1 1A, 25/14B and the mark -reset line. Contacts 97-2 open to prevent any punctuation mark code in the 5-unit tape

being skipped from starting a capitalization routine as described below

under "Punctuation Marks". This is accomplished by precluding relay 92

from being energized. Contacts 97-3 open so that the system will not

respond to the control mark sensed with a capitalization routine. This is

accomplished when 97-3 break the circuit between relay 87 and timing

contacts CB-9. (See " Cap-First-Letter-Next-Word " above.) Contacts

97-4 and 97-5 open the respective circuits between timing contacts CB-3

and CB-11 and the translator 227. This prevents the typewriter from

responding to any code sensed by reader 21.

Again, as key 56 is struck, contacts 56B complete a circuit to

energize relay 109. Contacts 109-1 make, establishing a hold circuit

for the latter relay through terminals 20/1 7A, 20/1 5B and contacts 69-1.

After reader 21 starts another read cycle contacts CB-1 and 250 are operated and relay 69 is energized. Contacts 69-1 are then opened and

relay 109 drops out. The latter cycle is initiated after key 56 is released

and returned to its normal position when a circuit is completed through

contacts 56B and 109-2 to activate relay 68, which starts the reader.

When the mark-sense brushes 205 (Fig. 13) sense the control mark

under the last word to be deleted, relay 96 is energized and contacts

96-5 open one of the parallel branches in the hold circuit for relay 68.

When reader 21 encounters either a space, line -feed or hyphen code then

either contacts 12-2, 18-4, or 36-2, respectively, open the other branch

in this hold circuit. Relay 68 then drops out and the reader 21 stops.

At the same time either contacts 12-3, 18-5, or 36-3 (Fig. 9) open the

mark -reset line and relay 97 is released.

28
Punctuation Marks

After the code for a punctuation mark is sensed by reader 21, it is

stored in upper-case circuit 59, the reader is stopped, typewriter 22 is

shifted into upper case, and the code in 59 is read out to operate the

typewriter. The typewriter is then shifted into lower case and reader 21

is restarted.

The punctuation marks are noted in Fig. 9 over their related contacts. When, for example, the code for an apostrophe is read relay 42

(not shown) is picked up in code converter 2 8 and contacts 42-1 (Fig. 9)

close. Relay coil 86P is then energized and contacts 86-1 close to

establish a hold circuit through relay coil 86H when timing contacts CB-6

are operated by the main timing shaft during the time interval illustrated

in Fig. 16. Contacts 42-2 (Fig. 8) close to energize relay 81 and contacts 81-1 establish a hold circuit for this relay via normally-closed

contacts CB-14.

When relay 86 is picked up, contacts 86-2 to 86-6 make so that

when timing contacts CB-3 are operated by the main timing shaft in the

time interval in Fig. 16 a pulse is transmitted through these contacts to

translator 227, shifting typewriter 22 into upper case. Contacts 86-8 to

86-10 open to avoid the occurrence of back circuits in the translator.

Normally-closed contacts 42-3 (Fig. 11) open to break the hold

circuit for relay 68 which drops out. Contacts 68-2 then open the circuit

to clutch coil 202 and reader 21 stops. During the read cycle relay 42 is

released and contacts CB-6 open the hold circuit for relay 86.

During the present read cycle contacts CB-9 (Fig. 7) are operated

and a pulse is transmitted over the bank of contacts that start with 5-2

and through transferred contacts 86-7 to pick up relay 83. Contacts 83-1

create a hold circuit for 83. Contacts 83-2 make to energize clutch coil

200 and the auxiliary timing shaft starts a revolution. Since contacts

81-2, 81-3, and 81-4 are closed when contacts CB-11 are operated by

the auxiliary timing shaft in the time interval shown in Fig. 16, a pulse

is applied in parallel to channels 2, 3, and 5 in translator 227 and the

typewriter 22 prints an apostrophe on the offset master. As contacts

CB-14 and CB-15 are operated the normally-closed contacts CB-14 open

to break the hold circuit for relay 81 which drops out, and a pulse is

directed over CB-14, CB-15 and transferred contacts 83-3 to energize

relay 85. Since relay 83 is energized a hold circuit for 85 is formed via

contacts 85-land 83-4.

29
Because relay 83 is still held up, contacts 83-2 remain closed and

coil 200 remains energized. For this reason another revolution of the

auxiliary timing shaft is initiated. During this revolution, contacts CB-11

direct a pulse via transferred contacts 85-9 and contacts 85-3 to 85-7 to

translator 227, shifting the typewriter 22 into lower case. Since contacts 85-2 are closed the pulse generated by CB-13 activates relay 84.

Contacts 84-1 then open and relay 83 is de-energized. Thereafter contacts 83-2 open the circuit to clutch coil 200 and the auxiliary timing

shaft comes to rest. Contacts 83-3 transfer, breaking the hold circuit

for relay 85 which is inactivated. Contacts CB-14 and CB-15 are then

operated and a pulse is transmitted through normally-closed contacts

83-3, 87-4, and terminals 11/1 6B, 11/6A to energize relay 68. Contacts 68-2 then make and clutch coil 202 is energized to restart reader 21.

It will be understood from the drawings that when the code combinations representing the other punctuation marks in Figs. 9 and 14 are sensed by reader 21, operations similar to those just described will be

effected to print the marks on the offset master.

When a punctuation mark, e. g. , a parenthesis, appears before a

letter to be capitalized the following routine is executed. The cap-start

key 23 (Fig. 6) is depressed and when released relay 77 is picked up.

(See "Cap-First-Letter-Next -Word" above.) Contacts 77-2 through 77-6

are then closed and typewriter 22 is shifted into upper case. At this

point reader 21 is searching for the letter to be capitalized. Before the

code for the letter is found the reader encounters the code for the punctuation mark, in this example a parenthesis. Normally when the latter

code is sensed relay 86 is picked up as noted above in this section and

contacts 86-2 to 86-6 cause typewriter 22 to be shifted into upper case.

Here however relay 87 is energized during the capitalization routine and

contacts 87-8 open the circuit to the latter contacts. This prevents the

typewriter from punching a redundant upper case or shift code in the

8-unit tape. At the same time the code for the parenthesis is stored on

the contacts related to relay 78 (Fig. 14), and the pulse generated by

CB-9, is directed over transferred contacts 86-7 and 87-9 to auxiliary

clutch coil 200. This permits the auxiliary timing shaft to make one

revolution during which the parenthesis code stored on the above contacts are sent through translator 227 to typewriter 22 and the parenthesis

is printed on the offset master. Toward the end of the revolution contacts CB-14 and CB-15 are operated and a pulse is sent through normallyclosed contacts 83-3 and 87-4 to energize clutch coil 202. This activates the main timing shaft and places reader 21 back in the lettersearch operation.

30
31
Page 32

is blank.

32
33
(TEXT) _CAIRO—UNDER THE TITLE, "THE MINISTER'S ROMANCES AND

THE GOVERNMENT CRISIS, "EL-FINO PRESS SAYS THAT THE ROMANTIC

' 7 ' RELATIONS WHICH CHRISTINE KEELER HAD CONCURRENTLY WITH THE

' 7

RESIGNING BRITISH WAR SECRETARY AND THE FORMER ^SOVIET MILITARY

ATTACHE IN LONDON MAY SEEM TO BE THE CAUSE OF THE PRESENT

VIOLENT CRISIS FACING THE MACMILLAN GOVERNMENT, A CRISIS

/ =

WHICH IS ABOUT TO CAUSE THE TORIES TO LOSE THE POWER THEY

I =

TWICE COMMANDED AS A RESULT OF

/ I

LPAGE TWO RUQVLS -41

r GENERAL ELECTIONS. IN FACT, THIS SCANDAL IS ONLY THE STRAW

THAT BROKE THE CAMEL'S BACK, BECAUSE IT CAME IN THE WAKE OF A

SERIES OF OTHER CRISES WHICH HAD A GREAT EFFECT IN WEAKENING

THE POSITION OF THE TORIES AND IN DISCREDITING THEM, BOTH ON

THE LOCAL BRITISH AND WORLD LEVELS.

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• Engineering and Instrumentation

Reporting results of interest chiefly to the engineer

and the applied scientist. This section includes many

of the new developments in instrumentation resulting

from the Bureau's work in physical measurement,

data processing, and development of test methods.

It will also cover some of the work in acoustics,

applied mechanics, building research, and cryogenic

engineering. Issued quarterly. Annual subscription:

Domestic, $2.75; foreign, $3.50*.

TECHNICAL NEWS BULLETIN

The best single source of information concerning

the Bureau's research, developmental, cooperative

and publication activities, this monthly publication

is designed for the industry-oriented individual whose

daily work involves intimate contact with science

and technology

for engineers, chemists, physicists,

research managers, product-development managers, and

company executives. Annual subscription: Domestic,

$1.50; foreign, $2.25*.

•Difference in price is due to extra cost of foreign mailing.

Applied Mathematics Series.

tables, manuals, and studies. Mathematical

Building Science Series. Research results, test methods, and performance criteria of building materials, components, systems, and structures. Handbooks. Recommended codes of engineering

and industrial practice (including safety codes) developed in cooperation with interested industries,

professional organizations, and regulatory bodies.

Special Publications. Proceedings of NBS conferences, bibliographies, annual reports, wall charts,

pamphlets, etc. Monographs. Major contributions to the technical literature on various subjects related to the Bureau's scientific and technical activities.

National Standard Reference Data Series.

NSRDS provides quantitative data on the physical

and chemical properties of materials, compiled from

the world's literature and critically evaluated.

Product Standards. Provide requirements for

sizes, types, quality and methods for testing various

industrial products. These standards are developed

cooperatively with interested Government and in- dustry groups and provide the basis for common

understanding of product characteristics for both

buyers and sellers. Their use is voluntary.

Technical Notes. This series consists of communications and reports (covering both other agency

and NBS-sponsored work) of limited or transitory

interest. CLEARINGHOUSE

The Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and

Technical Information, operated by NBS, supplies

unclassified information related to Governmentgenerated science and technology in defense, space, atomic energy, and other national programs. For

further information on Clearinghouse services, write:

Clearinghouse

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