U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

R. P. LAMONT, Secretary

STANDARDS YEARBOOK

1931

Compiled by

THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

GEORGE K. BURGESS, Director

Bureau of Standards Miscellaneous Publication No. 119

UNITED STATES

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON : 1931

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.' C. - - Price (cloth) $1.00
LETTER OF SUBMITTAL

Department of Commerce,

National Bureau of Standards,

Washington, November 22, 1930.

Sir : I have the honor to submit herewith for publication the fifth issue of the Standards Yearbook.

In this publication there is presented a picture of the standardization movement in various fields of industry conducted by certain

national and international agencies. The present volume contains

outlines of the standardization activities and accomplishments of not

only the National Bureau of Standards and other agencies of the

Federal Government and the States, counties, and municipalities

but also those of technical societies and trade associations.

Among the special features of the present yearbook is a series of

articles contributed by experts in the several fields of transport.

The articles are intended to give a panoramic view of the value of

research as an aid to standardization, together with brief summaries

of the accomplishments in the respective fields covered.

Special attention has been paid to the current standardization

programs of American standardizing agencies, their accomplishments

to date, with special reference to the year just past, without reproducing the information concerning their methods of appointing

standardizing committees, authority bestowed upon these committees,

and their functions and procedure, which can be found in previous

editions of the Standards Yearbook. An attempt has been made

in this issue to include in the outlines such methods as are emplo}r ed

by these agencies for making their standards and specifications

effective throughout industry and to determine whether or not their

requirements are being complied with.

There is also included in this issue a bibliography of recent publications relating to standardization, contributed by courtesy of

William Adams Slade, chief division of bibliography, Library of

Congress.

The Standards Yearbook is proving of much value to manufacturers, industrial experts, and engineers, as well as to purchasing

agents, both governmental and general.

Respectfully,

George K. Burgess,

Director National Bureau of Standards.

Hon. R. P. Lamont,

Secretary of Commerce.

n
CONTENTS

Page

I. Standardization in transport—a symposium 1 Introductory 1 Standardization in aeronautics 1 Standard forecasts for air and marine navigation 6 Standardization in the Lighthouse Service 7 Standardized data and charts for water transportation 9 Standard charts for marine navigation 10 Standardization in the marine field 12

Precise control of dimensional standards in the manufacture of automobiles 14 Standards for interstate common carriers 17 Standardization on railways 19 Standards in automotive research 20

Standards for highway and traffic control 22

Elevator standardization 24

Standardization in transport of electrical energy 26

Standards for transmission of speech 28

Standardization of oil and gas pipe lines 29

Standardization of automotive traffic rules 31

Standardization of air mail service 33

II. International standardizing agencies 35

International Committee on Weights and Measures 35

Advisory Committee on Electricity 35 Photometric units and methods 37

Proposals regarding the primary standard of light 42

International Bureau of Weights and Measures 48

World Engineering Congress 51

International Astronomical Union 51 Proposed International Calendar—Progress in its Simplification 52

International Geodetic and Geophysical Union 54

American Geophysical Union (American section, International Geodetic and Geophysical Union) 60

International Geodetic Activities 63

International Electrotechnical Commission 64

International Technical Consulting Committee on Radio

Communication 67 World Power Conference 68

International Steam-Table Conference 69

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry 70

International Commission on Illumination ^ 70

International Standards Association 70

III. National standardizing agencies 75

National Bureau of Standards 75

National Physical Laboratory 75

Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt 80

Laboratoire National d'Essais Mechaniques, Physiques, Chimiques et de Machines 87

Laboratoire Central d'Electricite 89

National standardizing bodies 90

Australia 91

Austria 93 Belgium 95 Canada 96 Czechoslovakia 97 Denmark 98 Hi
IV CONTENTS

III. National standardizing agencies—Continued.

National standardizing bodies—Continued.

Finland

. 99 France 100 Germany 103 Great Britain 104 Hungary 105

Italy 106 Japan 107 Netherlands 109 Norway 110 Poland 111 Rumania 113 Russia 114 Sweden 115 Switzerland 116 United States of America 116

IV. Federal standardizing agencies 117 Executive departments 117 Department of Agriculture 117 Bureau of Agricultural Economics 117 Bureau of Chemistry and Soils 118 Bureau of Home Economics 119 Bureau of Plant Industry 119 Bureau of Public Roads 119 Food and Drug Administration 122

Forest Service 123

Office of Experiment Stations 124 Department of Commerce 124 Bureau of Fisheries 124 Bureau of Lighthouses 125 Bureau of Mines 127 Bureau of Standards. (See Sec. V.) Coast and Geodetic Survey 133

Office of the Secretary I 134 Steamboat Inspection Service 134 Department of the Interior 135 Bureau of Reclamation 135 Freedmen's Hospital "[36 National Park Service 136

Office of Indian Affairs 138

St. Elizabeths Hospital 138 Department of Labor 139 Bureau of Labor Statistics 139

Children's Bureau 139 Women's Bureau 140 Navy Department 140 Bureau of Aeronautics 140 Bureau of Construction and Repair 141 Bureau of Engineering 142 Bureau of Medicine and Surgery 144 Bureau of Navigation 145 Bureau of Ordnance 145 Bureau of Supplies and Accounts 146 Bureau of Yards and Docks 146

Office of the Secretary 147 United States Marine Corps 147 Post Office Department 148 Fourth Assistant Postmaster General 148 Second Assistant Postmaster General 148 Treasury Department 149 Coast Guard 149

Director of the Mint 149

Office of Supervising Architect 150

Office of the Treasurer of the United States 150

Public Health Service 150 War Department 151
CONTENTS V

IV. Federal standardizing agencies—Continued. Page

Independent establishments 155 Board of Surveys and Maps of the Federal Government_ 155

Federal Radio Commission 156

Federal Trade Commission 156 General Accounting Office 156 Government Printing Office 158 Inland Waterways Corporation . 160

National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics 160 National Screw Thread Commission 161

Office of the Chief Coordinator 161 Federal Liquidation Board 162

Federal Purchasing Board 162

Federal Specifications Board 162

Federal Standard Stock Catalogue Board 164

Federal Traffic Board 165 Interdepartmental Board of Contracts and Adjust- ments 166 Interdepartmental Board on Simplified Office Proce- dure 166 Permanent Conference on Printing 167 Pan American Sanitary Bureau 168 Pan American Union 169

Personnel Classification Board 170

Public Buildings and Public Parks of the National

Capital 170 The Panama Canal 170 United States Bureau of Efficiency 171 United States Civil Service Commission 171 United States Shipping Board and United States Shipping

Board Merchant Fleet Corporation 172 United States Veterans' Bureau 172

V. National Bureau of Standards 175

Relation to governmental agencies 175

Relation to science, commerce, and industry 175

Publications 175 Research and testing 176 Research 176

Testing 179

Commercial standards 180 Commerce 180

Liaison 183 Some activities and accomplishments 187

Practical application 187 Aeronautics 187 Automotive engineering 191 Building and housing and building construction 194 Cement and concrete 195

Certification and labeling 198 Chemistry 199 Clay and silicate products. 201 Colorimetry and photometry 205

Commercial standards 206

Dental materials and methods 206

Electricity 207

Fire resistance 209

Gas analysis and service 210

Glass and vitreous enamels 212 Heat and temperature measurements 215

Identification 218

Leather 218 Lens design 219

Lime and gypsum 220

Lubrication and liquid fuels 221 Mechanics 222

Metals . 223

Metrology 230
VI CONTENTS

V. National Bureau of Standards—Continued.

Relation to science, commerce, and industry—Continued.

Some activities and accomplishments—Continued. Page

Paper 233 Photography 235 Photometry 236

Physical constants _._ 236

Protective coatings 236

Public utility relations 237

Radio 238

Railroad track and other high-capacity scales 240

Rubber 244

Safety codes 245

Simplified practice 246

Specifications 247 Spectroscopy and atomic structure 248

Stone 249 Sugar 249

Textiles, dyes, cleaning, etc 251 Therapeutic accessories 252 Thermal expansion 253

Time 254

Weights and measures 254

VI. Municipal, county, and State purchasing agencies 259

Municipal purchasing and standardizing agencies 259

County purchasing agencies 261

State purchasing and standardizing agencies 261 Standards for highway traffic control 262

Alphabetical list of State purchasing agencies 264

VII. General standardizing agencies 269

American Standards Association 269

American Marine Standards Committee 272 American Society for Testing Materials 274

Central Committee on Lumber Standards 277

VIII. Standardizing activities of technical societies and trade associations- Standardizing agencies alphabetically arranged 279

IX. Bibliography 363 X. Index 377
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931

I. STANDARDIZATION IN TRANSPORT—A SYMPOSIUM

INTRODUCTION

Transport is a fundamental industry. Its scope embraces all means

of motion in which passengers, material, power, and communications

are moved from one place to another.

The fact that modern civilization involves a complex interlocking

time schedule of operations necessitates a standardization with respect

to time, place, speed, rates, and carrying capacity to meet predetermined schedules. In turn, these schedules affect profoundly the

travel and transport of persons and things, and the operations of commerce and industry.

Those familiar with the vast extent of such standardization in

transport facilities and operations, of course, realize that a symposium can touch only lightly some of the more important aspects of

transport standardization.

To include communication of ideas, pictures, and power is a natural

step quite consistent with the extension of the transport idea to include elevators, balloons, submarines, and belt conveyors. In in- dustry the local materials handling enterprise is a miniature of the

railroads, of the ship loading crane, and of other facilities of largescale outdoor transportation. Elevators have, indeed, become in the

larger buildings a problem of transportation engineering quite comparable with that of a railroad.

The purpose of this symposium is to present briefly some of the

standardization aspects of transport in the broadest sense. The

airplane has brought all degrees of freedom of movement of man

and things. The radio and wireless have made communication in- stantaneous. The tractor rides roughshod through an unbroken forest or across untrod terrain. The distinct trend is toward a standardized transport service for everything which can be moved and to make such facilities universal. Indeed, this century has made it possible to bring transport facilities to the door of every home with a great quickening of social intercourse and a notable enrichment of

human life. The articles in this symposium range from general descriptive

bird's-eye views to the detailed specific examples of standardization

in the transport field. STANDARDIZATION IN AERONAUTICS

By Claeence M. Young, Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Aeronautics

Standardization and uniformity are ultimate results of careful

planning, consistent action, and unity of thought toward the achievement of a definite goal. The elimination of mistakes and sometimes

1
2 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

costly errors are results of uniform policies and plans of procedure.

Standardization of procedure is recognized as being the most practical and economical plan in nearly all activities concerned with

repeated action.

The formulation of definite rules and policies for guidance in

activities where repetition is involved aids in eliminating false steps

and fallacious courses, which are costly both in their consumption of

time and in their effect upon policies of sound economics. In attempts

to exclude these evils, standardization has become one of the most

valuable assets to business and other organized activities.

t Aeronautics, being one of the newest industries, offers untold possibilities for the establishment of standard practices. As a new

industry, it is inevitable that a few unsound and uneconomical practices may creep in without warning in some of its many phases.

Many of these evils can be eliminated by standardization, which most

certainly has a definite place in the field of aeronautics.

Standardized methods are needed for the guidance and assistance

of the new industry as it grows in order to bring about sound eco- nomic practices and to exclude unwarranted mistakes. The trial and error method has no permanent place in established industry,

and aeronautics, although still young, may definitely be placed in

that category.

The necessity for standardization in aeronautics is becoming more

and more apparent. The airplane has abolished boundaries of travel. In the period before the advent of the locomotive and automobile

the distance which could be traveled in a day was measured in tens of miles. To-day it is measured in thousands. It is possible to fly across the country in less time to-day than it took to travel 100 miles

in the days before fast means of transportation came into existence.

With a full knowledge of the necessity of standardization, the

Aeronautics Branch of the Department of Commerce has carefully

planned its work along well-defined and clearly-outlined courses of

action. It employs standardization in its establishment and maintenance of airways, rules and regulations governing air traffic, and

in its requirements for the construction and operation of aircraft

and engines, in its licensing of pilots and planes, in its operation of

communication systems along the airways, and in nearly all of its other activities. These functions of the Aeronautics Branch are

carried out by specific methods, with the result that confusion and

unwarranted consumption of time and money have been eradicated.

The Aeronautics Branch proceeds through the use of standard

plans in the establishment of its airways from the time that the sur- vey is made until the last intermediate field is lighted and ready for

operation. It has also standardized its operation and maintenance

of the airways after they have been established. It has formulated

certain plans of action and policies to follow which have resulted in

uniformity throughout. It employs the same type of equipment on

all of its airways and operates them all in an identical manner. In the establishment of the Federal airways system standardization

has been definitely chosen as an ally—a choice which has been well

justified.

This choice has resulted in the establishment of 15,000 miles of

airways, uniform in their equipment, so that an airman who has used

the airways in the eastern portion of the United States will find
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 3

airways nearly identical in nature and operation in the Western

States. He will find the same type of 24-inch, 1,000,000-candlepower

beacon light every 10 miles. He will find the same general type of

intermediate landing field every 20 or 30 miles with the same type of

equipment in the State of California that he found in New York.

All intermediate fields are built according to standardized plans.

They all are marked with a 50-foot white circle at the intersections

of the runway center lines, with white panels 20 feet long and 2 feet wide extending from the outside of the circle along the runway

center lines to indicate the landing directions. The lighting is uniform on all intermediate fields; consisting of boundary lights, a beacon light, course lights, range lights, obstruction lights, and

illuminated wind indicator. A standard 24-inch revolving beacon is provided at each field, with the exception that in mountainous or

isolated regions it is sometimes necessary to install electric or acetylene

beacons. The airman may expect to find the fields lighted and

marked in an identical manner for landing either by day or by night.

The airman will also find the same type of service rendered by the

automatic telegraph typewriter circuits—furnishing him with the same type of weather information in all parts of the country. The

radio-communication stations and equipment which are used for the

broadcasting of the information gathered for him by the automatic

telegraph typewriter circuits are standardized to a very high degree

;

they are even housed in buildings which are built to standards.

The standardization has resulted in features of safety and reliabil- ity which have been justified on many occasions. It has made it possible for air transportation—both scheduled and private—in

nearly every section of the country to proceed over the Department

of Commerce airways in as regular and uniform a way, as do auto- mobiles over arterial highways.

The procedure employed in establishing and maintaining airways

has been carefully planned and the work is divided among different

units of the airway division, as follows : Survey, weather and communications, construction, and radio.

The survey unit determines airway routings, selects sites for

beacons and landing fields, and concludes all negotiations for licens- ing these sites and for conditioning the fields for use by aircraft.

The construction unit arranges for the purchase and shipment of

all lighting equipment and supervises its erection and installation

under contract or by airways division field forces. The weather and

communications unit selects, establishes, and supervises the operations

of airways weather reporting stations and airways communication

stations. The radio unit designs, procures, and supervises the erec- tion and installation of radio equipment for communications stations

and radiobeacons. All units have definite methods and standards to guide them.

Standardization is employed in the regulation of aeronautics to protect the flying public and the aeronautic industry by obviating as far as possible insufficiently trained pilots and unairworthy aircraft.

All of the regulatory functions of the Aeronautics Branch are coordinated under the director of air regulation. The director of

air regulation and his staff are primarily concerned with the construction and operation of civil aircraft in all its phases.
4 NATIONAL BUBBATJ OF STANDARDS

By determining and enforcing definite standards of safety this

organization has established and maintained public confidence and

thereby played an important part in the phenomenal growth of air commerce and of the aircraft industry.

This work includes the inspection and approval of airplanes and

flying schools; the examination and licensing of pilots, mechanics,

and flying-school instructors; and all field work in connection with

engineering inspection.

The Aeronautics Branch has standardized its licensing of pilots to the extent that certain requirements must be met before the

license is issued. Before the student is allowed to take instruction

it is required that he pass a physical examination and procure a student permit.

An airplane to be eligible for general commercial use shall comply

with the airworthiness requirements of the Air Commerce Regulations, which constitute a set of rules embodying requirements for

structurally airworthy aircraft which serves as a guide to the air- craft industry as to what will be required on new designs.

The manufacturer submits to the Aeronautics Branch the design

of the aircraft he proposes to build. When this design has been

approved the manufacturer is required to present for inspection an

aircraft built to that particular design. The aircraft itself is not

only examined to determine if it is built according to the design

submitted, but it is also checked for details in design, workmanship,

and materials to see that certain standards of airworthiness have

been complied with. The aircraft is then weighed and thoroughly

flight-tested to make sure that it satisfies the stability requirements

of the Aeronautics Branch. Even the factory is inspected to determine whether it is suitably manned and equipped to produce aircraft

similar to the design submitted.

When the Aeronautics Branch has decided that its requirements

have been fully complied with, the manufacturer is issued an approved type certificate which entitles him to build aircraft of exact

similarity to an approved model, which are then eligible for commercial licenses, so long as the workmanship, materials, and design are adhered to according to required standards and are found by periodic inspection to be in airworthy condition.

The Air Commerce Regulations provide that all airplanes engaged

in interstate commerce shall be equipped with power plants of a type

approved by the Aeronautics Branch. Although there are no standard requirements as to weight per horsepower, or fuel or oil consumption per horsepower-hour for these engines, they are required to meet

certain standards of design, material, workmanship, and performance.

Before engines are approved they shall demonstrate their efficiency

by actual test. Principal among the tests to which each individual

type of aircraft engine is subjected by the Aeronautics Branch is a

50-hour " endurance " run. This test is run off in 10 different

periods of five hours each. Before the engine is submitted to the

Aeronautics Branch for test it shall have been run for at least 25

hours by the manufacturer.

In a continuation of its policy of supervising aircraft for the protection and safety of those who use them, the Aeronautics Branch

has placed in effect air traffic rules governing the operation of air- craft. These rules, which form a part of the Air Commerce Regu-
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 5

lations, shall be complied with by all aircraft, licensed or unlicensed,

whether flown privately or engaged in interstate or intrastate commerce, and at all times. The Air Traffic Kules form a standard

of requirements for the navigation, protection, and identification of

aircraft and include rules as to safe altitudes of flight and rules for

the prevention of collisions. Kealizing that a suitable, economical, and comprehensive plan for

the radio requirements of aviation should be adopted, certain fre- quencies have been set aside solely for the use of aircraft, and rules

governing their use have been placed in effect. For the purpose of surrounding air lines engaged in the scheduled

transportation of passengers in interstate commerce with all possible

safeguards and with the view of providing air transportation with

virtually the same uniformity of operation as is now enjo}^ed by the

major railroads and steamship services, the Department of Commerce has prepared and promulgated a supplement to the air commerce regulations requiring the operators of scheduled air-passenger

transport services in interstate commerce to obtain from the Secre- tary of Commerce a certificate of authority to operate such service.

The certificate of authority is issued only to those operators who

effect complete compliance with the regulations and in the interpretations thereunder. These regulations constitute a standard or code

of minimum requirements governing the operation of scheduled

interstate air-passenger routes and are expected to bring about unprecedented records of safety and reliability in this phase of civil aeronautics.

These requirements specify, among other things, that aircraft shall be provided with suitable instruments and equipment ; that they shall be adaptable to the nature of the service involved; that an adequate

number of qualified airmen be employed ; and that the equipment be

maintained in a certain manner.

Realizing that there exists an urgent need for the development of

standard signal systems suitable for both day and night use, for

controlling air traffic on and in the vicinity of airports, and for communicating special information to pilots, the Aeronautics Branch

has organized a special research committee to study such systems.

This committee is making a comprehensive study of the subject and

will report its findings and recommendations.

The Aeronautics Branch is encouraging the adoption of uniform

laws by States in order that the requirements to be met by aircraft

and their operators will be the same throughout the United States. The adoption of uniform State laws will go a long way toward

developing and simplifying the operation of aircraft on a nationwide basis. In an effort to bring about uniformity in airport field rules

throughout the United States, the Aeronautics Branch has prepared

a set of suggested rules for adoption by owners of airports and landing fields. The uniform field rules have been printed in bulletin

form and have been given wide distribution.

Standardization is also employed in the classification and approval

of schools giving instruction in flying, which are classed as flying

schools, ground schools, or ground and flying schools. Those schools

are examined and rated by the Aeronautics Branch upon application.
6 NATIONAL BUBEAU OF STANDAKDS

The Aeronautics Branch endeavors to bring about a certain amount

of standardization in the design and construction of airports. Under

its Airport Eating Kegulations, the department will rate airports, on application, as to the general equipment and facilities, the effec- tive landing area, and the aeronautic lighting equipment. The rat- ings are designated b}^ symbols, such as "AlA," which is the highest

rating given. However, the regulations set forth the minimum re- quirements for each rating, and, hence, it should be borne in mind

that airports limited to the requirements for an "AlA" rating will

not necessarily be adequate to meet the needs of every community

or service. In addition to bringing about a certain amount of

standardization in the design and construction of airports, the rating

serves to indicate clearly to a pilot who is not familiar with the rated

airport, the extent of the facilities available.

Obviously, the adoption of standard practices has proved extremely

beneficial in the activities of the Aeronautics Branch. The order,

lack of confusion, and the absence of complexities in the execution

of its many functions are due in a large part to the early realization

of the need for well-defined policies, plans, and programs of action.

The merits of standardization are well demonstrated in the thousands of miles of airways established by the Aeronautics Branch

which have helped to make it possible for air transport to be operated over 100,000 miles on schedule every 24 hours, safely and re- liably, and for aircraft employed in private and miscellaneous operations to be flown untold thousands of miles in safety. They are again shown in the great degree of airworthiness attained in presentday aircraft, in the efficiency of power plants, and in the competency

of pilots.

As the aeronautic industry continues to grow, standardization will

play an ever-increasing part in the development of sound business

practices and in the elimination of waste. STANDARD FORECASTS FOR AIR AND MARINE NAVIGATION

By C. F. Marvin, Chief, Weather Bureau, United States Department of Agriculture

The standard forecasts and warnings of the Weather Bureau are based chiefly on simultaneous observations of local weather conditions taken and telegraphed from a network of representative sta- tions in the continental United States. They are supplemented by

weather messages obtained from ships at sea and by interchange with

other national services. The standard observations are taken at 8 a. m. and 8 p. m., seventy-fifth meridian time, and the general

forecasts of the bureau for aerial and marine navigation are based

upon weather maps prepared by charting these reports. Observations at intermediate hours form a basis for special forecasts and

warnings.

On May 1, 1930, the Weather Bureau began on 20 selected vessels the use of the new International Code for reports from ships at sea. This code was adopted at a conference of the International Meteorological Organization at Copenhagen in September, 1929. It is a figure code in standard forms and when in general use it will make

possible transmission of reports from ships of any nationality to the

meteorological service of any country party to the agreement.

Adoption of this code is an important advance in the development
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 7

of forecasts for marine navigation and will obviate the necessity

of numerous code books for translation of reports received, and the

vessel master will be asked to send only one message in the standard

form in place of several messages in a variety of codes.

There have been no material changes in the standard observations

from land stations other than the addition of a word for visibility

and height of ceiling ending the standard 8 a. m. and 8 p. m. message

from selected stations.

The standard forecasts of the bureau are issued for fixed areas or

districts. Since the forecasts are issued to cover a definite period

in the near future, speed in transmission is essential. They are dis- tributed over considerable areas and to be useful must arrive at destination in advance of the period of time covered in the forecasts. Brief messages are handled more rapidly, hence the standard forecast, in the smallest number of words in which it can be effectively

presented, contains the essential features of weather expected for a given area. Standard forecasts for marine navigation are of two types. General forecasts, based upon the 8 a. m. and 8 p. m. reports are issued

for certain coastal and adjacent ocean areas. They embody in general terms the outlook for the weather during 24 hours in those

regions. Hurricane, storm, and small-craft warnings are based upon

the principal observations, or special observations obtained for the

purpose. In the standard form they give the location of the dis- turbance, its probable direction of movement, intensity, and advise

caution in certain regions when the disturbance is of such proportions

as to endanger shipping.

Forecasts for air navigation are of three types. The general flying

forecast is based upon the 8 a. m. and 8 p. m. observations and gives

the weather outlook at the surface and in the free air during a 12- hour period in the standard aviation zones. Route or trip forecasts are issued for the benefit of air navigation along designated routes. In addition to these, there are standard 3-hourly summaries for

designated airways, which contain information as to weather existing

along the airways and forecasts for brief intervals ahead along comparatively narrow and limited air lanes. Occasional forecast and informational service is furnished for

transoceanic flying and the standard service for this type of air

navigation consists of weather forecasts and summaries from the

meteorological service of the country from which the flight originates,

supplemented by advices from the meteorological service of the country in which the flight terminates.

STANDARDIZATION IN THE LIGHTHOUSE SERVICE

By G. R. Putnam, Commissioner of Lighthouses, United States Department of Commerce

It is probable that no organization has under its jurisdiction more

diversified engineering activities than are found in the Lighthouse

Service and in none is the need for uniformity more essential, for to the Lighthouse Service is delegated the task of safeguarding the

water routes over which the ships of commerce travel, with the re- sponsibility for human lives and merchandise.
8 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Since the organization of the American Marine Standards Committee for standardizing various marine-construction details, the

work has progressed steadily and about 100 different publications

for standards of ship-construction details and fittings have been promulgated with the cooperation of the various shipyards and marine

industries. These standards and others which are now in process of

adoption will be of great economic benefit to the marine field. While

their use is not mandatory, their adoption will simplify specifications

and enable vessel owners to obtain the same class of construction or replacement in widely different localities, thereby producing uniformity in details which does not now exist generally.

The Lighthouse Service has found it increasingly evident that

standardization has received the approval of many shipyards and

the classification societies in that they are offering to use these standards in their designs. The Lighthouse Service desires to cooperate

in furthering this work, which will eventually result in better and

safer methods of construction.

There are many other ways in which the Lighthouse Service has

found it possible to standardize its work. Several examples will be

cited. Certain types and sizes of buoys for use in all locations have been

adopted, for the manufacture of which standard specifications are

used. This results in a uniformity of design, which is necessary if confusion to shipping is to be avoided, and provides a standard of

quality of workmanship for all contractors to follow and with which

all inspecting officers are familiar. Drawings are made on standardsize sheets with standard title, standard forms of advertisement,

proposal, instructions to bidders, and contract. The distinctive coloring of buoys according to a prescribed standard has been in practice for many years, that item of standardization

having been authorized by an act of Congress in 1850, so that passing

up the coast or entering a bay, harbor, or channel, red buoys with

even numbers will be passed on the starboard or right hand, black

buoys with odd numbers on the port or left hand. On lighted buoys

the light on the red buoys is red and on the black buoys white. It is desirable that reasonable uniformity in buoyage eventually be ex- tended to embrace all maritime countries of the world, and an international conference on this subject is to be held this year. In the field of radio marked progress toward standardization has

been made by this service. Standardization of tube-type trans- mitters is being continued and has resolved itself into three major

channels ; the use of three general power ranges, the adoption of master oscillator power-amplifier circuits, and the clock control of apparatus. Power ranges have been divided into local low-power trans- mitters with output ratings not exceeding 10 watts, intermediate

power stations with ratings from 100 to 200 watts, and primary

stations rated at 500 watts. The use of master oscillator* poweramplifier circuits is becoming more general, all new equipment being

so designed, and considerable progress has been made in replacing

and modifying other circuits in older equipment. Transmitters for

such circuits are being built with all keying and control apparatus

incorporated in the same frame and panel, greatly facilitating the

replacement and duplication of apparatus. Clock control of radio-
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 9

beacons is in operation at a large proportion of the stations maintained by the Lighthouse Service, and, in addition, group synchronization of radiobeacons for conservation of frequencies and the reduction of interference has made much progress, about 40 per cent of the

stations being so controlled.

When electric lamps in lighthouse lenses first came into general

use many different shapes and sizes were purchased. The Lighthouse Service has now eliminated many of the sizes originally tried out and is confining its purchases to a small group which covers

all the needs of the service so far as navigational purposes are concerned. This procedure follows closely the program of standardization carried out by the lamp manufacturers, who have discontinued

many types and sizes. Lighthouse lenses have also been standardized. All lighthouse

lenses are classified according to orders or sizes, and a moderate

number of different sizes supplies all the needs of the service. The steel towers for minor lights throughout the service are standard, and it is now possible to procure such a skeleton tower

for the height required, using the same drawings and specifications

for all. The benefits from the use of the standards already adopted are important. Xot only are substantial economies in the initial cost and future maintenance of engineering equipment effected but the

efficiency is materially increased.

STANDARDIZED DATA AND CHARTS FOR WATER

TRANSPORTATION

By G. W. Littlehales, Eydrographic Office, United States Navy

The nautical chart holds the primacy for the aggregate of its influences in promoting the security of the shipping engaged in

the sea-borne commerce of the world and safeguarding the lives of seamen. No cargo is ever exported or brought home without its fostering aid. It is a miniature representation upon a plane surface, in accordance with a definite system of projection or development, of a portion of the navigable waters of the globe, generally

including the outline of the adjacent land together with the sur- face forms and artificial features that are useful as aids to navigation, and always setting forth the depths of the water, especially

in the near approaches to the land, by soundings that are fixed in

position by accurate determinations. Except in charts of localities so limited in extent that the curvature of the earth is inappreciable on the scale of construction, a nautical chart is cus- tomarily framed over with parallels of latitude and meridians

of longitude, in relation to which the features to be depicted on

the chart are located and delineated, and the mathematical rela- tion between the meridians and parallels of the chart and those

of the terrestrial spheroid determines the method of measurement

to be employed on the chart and the special uses to which it is adapted.

From a deep-rooted origin in the maritime world the Mercator

chart—resulting from the development upon a plane surface of
10 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

an enveloping cylinder tangent along the Equator on which the features of the earth have been projected in such a manner that

the track of a ship as long as she pursues the same true course

will appear upon the chart as a straight line—has become the

universal standard in nautical usage, rendering mutual understanding in the use of charts in navigation among mariners comparable

to that which is realized with respect to numbers by having universally in current use a certain character to represent a given

number of units. International usage has not yet attained to the

stage of strict uniformity in regard to the conventional signs and

symbols employed in charts to portray natural forms and artificial structures, but rather has it reached a stage of similarities among

these conventional signs recognizable for the purpose of reading

the information represented by the chart.

Nautical charts all have the fundamental characteristic of indicating the hidden dangers to be avoided by mariners and the channels

where safety is to be sought in the guidance of shipping. Their

numbers reach thousands and thousands, and they are all graded in

their design and execution to suit the needs of those who need the

sea—to tell the seafarer when there is a favoring tide and by how

much his compass declines from the true meridian and where his

safety is beset. The data gathered in the marine hydrographic surveys from which

charts are made serve also to supply supplementary descriptive in- formation of advantage in piloting and the practice of navigation,

which is embodied in manuals of sailing directions to accompany

the charts.

The advance toward standardization of data for water transportation extends also to the descriptive lists of lighthouses and beacons

and the register of radio stations and sea marks maintained in aid

of navigation, which are issued by the hydrographic services of the

maritime nations. These national services are associated together

in the International Hydrographic Bureau at Monaco with the aim

of endeavoring to obtain uniformity in hydrographic documents and

of coordinating effort for rendering navigation easier and safer in

all the seas of the world.

STANDARD CHARTS FOR MARINE NAVIGATION

By Capt. R. S. Patton, Director, Coast and Geodetic Survey, United States Department of Commerce

Of the four major classes of transportation, namely, rail, water,

highway, and air, it can be said that the first mentioned is the only one which has reached real standardization. The highway is making

rapid strides in that direction, but it will probably be many years

before water transportation reaches the high degree of standardization the railroad now enjoys. It will be still longer in the case of

the newest means of travel, that by air. The question may well arise as to why water transportation, one of

the earliest methods known to man, has not yet reached the degree

of standardization of the railroad and that which we can forsee for

the highway. One of the reasons would seem to be that the ocean
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 11

liner has no well-defined path to follow along the shortest practicable route such as has the express train or the automobile. Instead, on

each of its journeys a new path must be determined and, under unfavorable conditions, this is seldom the shortest practicable route and

quite frequently not the safest. If an automobilist passes a cross- road onto which he should have turned off, he is only slightly inconvenienced, but should the navigator at some critical point along his

route, determine and steer an erroneous course, the result would

undoubtedly be disaster with possible loss of life. The principal aid to the navigator in keeping his vessel on the

track which he desires to follow and on one which will avoid the numerous dangers that beset his path, is his chart. The extent to which his chart serves this purpose depends on the detail and ac- curacy of the information shown thereon and, in this respect, much

is demanded by the present-day, scientifically equipped navigator.

When modern science rendered practicable the accurate measure- ment of the velocity of sound in water and developed echo sounding,

it furnished the mariner with an extremely valuable tool. Without

reducing the speed of his vessel it is now possible for him to have

a continuous record of the depths over which he is passing. If the

chart shows the configuration of the bottom accurately and in suffi- cient detail, these records can be used in fixing the position of his

ship even under conditions which render other methods of no avail. On the other hand, if the chart does not portray a true contour map

of the bottom, the position of his ship becomes uncertain. This

uncertainty means greater precautions, slower voyages, delayed arrivals, and increased operating expenses. It can readily be understood then why it is that the development of echo sounding has

accelerated the demand not only for more accurate and more detailed surveys, but also for the extension seaward of such surveys. To accomplish the surveys necessary to furnish standard data for

a modern offshore chart is not always a simple matter. For every

practical purpose a sounding must be considered as having three

dimensions. A measurement of depth is of value, not simply in

proportion to the accuracy with which it was made, but equally in

proportion to the accuracy with which we locate the point on the

ocean's surface from which it was made. A group of accurate soundings plotted on the chart in their correct positions relative to each other will give an accurate indication of a submarine valley or any other characteristic feature suitable for use by the mariner as a landmark. The same soundings incorrectly placed with reference to each other may give a seriously erroneous picture.

Therefore, in order to bring our charts into keeping with the

resources of modern science, it has been necessary to devise new and

improved methods, of surveying those extensive areas which lie out

of sight of land, but still fall on the shelves which border our coasts. On the Pacific coast these methods have been well standardized, and

rapid progress is now being made toward the completion of a new

series of standard charts. On the Atlantic coast the standardization

of methods has been somewhat slower, but this process is now reaching the final stage and we can foresee within a few years the same

rapid progress that is being made on the Pacific coast. 27171—31 2
12 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

STANDARDIZATION IN THE MARINE FIELD

By A. V. Bouiluon, Secretary, American Marine Standards Committee

The movement to bring about collective standardization in the

marine field was initiated at a conference held at the Marine Exposition in November, 1922, under the auspices of the American

Marine Association. Prior thereto standardization of ship fittings

and equipment had been practiced only by individual shipbuilders,

shipowners, and manufacturers, although attempt was made by the

Emergency Fleet Corporation to establish some national standards

in carrying out the war shipbuilding program. The conference was

suggested by the Department of Commerce to discuss the possibility

of simplification of practice and elimination of waste in the marine

industry with the idea that waste in construction, maintenance, and

operation of ships could be reduced through unification of design

and specifications for numerous fittings, materials, and items of

equipment susceptible to standardization.

A committee was appointed, which met at the Department of

Commerce in December, 1922, and tentatively planned steps to form a permanent organization. Subsequent meetings resulted in the or- ganization in June, 1923, of the American Marine Standards Committee, as a national association of marine and related interests, to be self-governed through the annual election, from and by the membership, of an executive board.

The field of activities comprises design, construction, and manufacture of hulls, machinery, equipment, and fittings for ships and

port facilities and their maintenance and operation, particularly in

relation to the merchant marine of the United States. The objects are: (a) To encourage, promote, adopt, and promulgate standards, rules, or recommendations, to bring about simplified

practice in the marine field; (b) to cooperate with any individual or group engaged in the study or promotion of simplified practice in

fields of engineering, commerce, and industry here and abroad on

projects affecting the marine industry.

At the outset the marine industry was at a low ebb and inclination was lacking to undertake the work at its expense. This was over- come through cooperation of the United States Shipping Board and

the Department of Commerce. The former supplied a secretary

and the Department of Commerce furnished office facilities, assist- ance, and incidental expenses for organization and administration.

This arrangement has since prevailed and the results achieved have

been made possible only through this governmental cooperation.

However, all concerned have liberally responded to requests for data,

technical service, travel expenses to meetings, and in some cases

staff members of various organizations have devoted much time to the

work.

Most of the members of the original committee have been

repeatedly elected to the executive board. This has made possible a continuity of policy conducive to good progress. The technical activities are carried on under the direction of

technical committees. The secretary's office is the clearing house and

correlating center for the administrative and technical activities. Four technical divisions have so far been organized, viz, hull details

;
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 13

engineering (machinery) details; ship operation details and supplies ; port facilities, each of which is headed by a technical committee, the members of which are recruited at large independently of

the membership. The governing rules are flexible and permit simple

procedure under all circumstances.

The subjects dealt with are greatly diversified as may be noted

from the following

:

Hull Construction and Fittings.—Air ports ; fixed lights ; mooring

bitts ; cargo booms and fittings ; rigging details ; scuppers and drains

;

marine glue ; rat proofing of ships ; chocks ; mooring pipes ; locks and

other joiner hardware; fittings for oil-tight hatches; water-tight

doors ; sockets for hatch beams ; ventilation cowls and fittings ; cleats

;

ladders and gratings; cargo handling gear; steel specifications;

standard shapes for ship construction.

Ship Machinery.—Insulation methods and materials; propellers;

shaft details and accessories ; condenser tube ferrules, tube sheets and

metallic packing ; refractory materials ; pressure and vacuum gages

;

boiler materials ; flanged pipe fittings and pipe flanges ; water-tight

electrical receptacles; machinery spare parts and supplies for sea- going ships.

Ship Equipment.—Fire and other hose ; medical and surgical outfits; textiles; safety equipment and methods; table glassware, china- ware, and silverware; pilot ladder; sizes and general requirements

for lifeboats; lifeboat disengaging apparatus; fire-hose racks; wire

ropes; metal frame berths and accessories.

Ship Operation, Care, and Upkeep.—Operation, care, and upkeep

of boilers and machinery ; care and maintenance of steel hulls ; dis- tinctive markings for piping; care and operation of oil-burning

apparatus and handling of fuel oil; uniforms for merchant marine

officers. Ship and Machinery Design.—Loading and stability of ships;

rules for design and construction of boilers and pressure vessels. Port Facilities.—Bollards and cleats for docks; reinforced concrete piles for wharves and piers; structural-steel cargo masts for

docks; platform cargo slings.

Most of the subjects mentioned are covered by standards already

promulgated. Others represent current work.

The economic benefits to accrue from the committee's work are widespread, but may be summed up generally as follows

:

To Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.—Simplified plans,

specifications, and bills of materials by reason of standard materials,

methods, fittings, and appliances.

To Shipbuilders.—Simplified planning, purchasing, shop orders,

and shop tools and methods; economy in producing or purchasing

standard fittings and equipment; less stock by reason of fewer varieties ; less storage space for patterns and stores ; reduced dead in- vestment and consequent savings in overhead expenses; saving in

time of construction by simplified operation.

To Ship Operators.—Simplified purchasing, longer life of fittings

and equipment due to improved design and specifications ; simplified

operation by standardized methods; decrease in maintenance work;

time saving in repairs and renewals ; reduced stores for replacements

;

increased efficiency and safety.
14 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

To Manufacturers.—Possibility of mass production; simplified

shop practice; less stock of raw materials; savings in stores and

tools and their storage ; quicker handling of orders.

To Ship Repair Plants.—Work simplified by standardized fittings,

materials, and methods ; less stock by reason of fewer varieties ; less storage space; time saved; operating expenses reduced.

PRECISE CONTROL OF DIMENSIONAL STANDARDS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF AUTOMOBILES

By C. E. Johansson, Engineering Laboratory, Ford Motor Co. In the early stages of the automobile industry, parts were made

to fit certain master gages or templets rather than to specific dimensions, and were interchangeable only in a limited way. However,

the demand for more accurate work and fully interchangeable parts,

together with the fact that parts had to be manufactured in widely

separated plants, made it necessary to manufacture the parts to

specific dimensional standards.

The manner in which the precise control of the dimensional standards has been accomplished and the methods and means which are used therefor at the Ford Motor Co. will be described and set forth

in this article.

t

1. ACCURACY IN CONTROL OF DIMENSIONS

Quite early in my research work, in the art of measuring dimensions of length, I came to the conclusion that, in comparison with

earlier practice, it should be with necessary means only slightly or perhaps no more difficult to manufacture parts on a mass-production

basis to dimensional standards with close limits without increasing

the cost or decreasing the speed. This has now been proved at the

factory where, in the production of the current model car, dimensional standards with limits of one ten-thousandth part of an inch

are specified and maintained on several parts, with mass production

heretofore unequaled.

The foundation for all precision measurements of length for our company is the Johansson combination block gages. The use of

these standards makes possible the manufacture of gages, tools, and

fixtures to specific dimensions and gives the inspectors a positive

method of determining at any moment their condition, which is very

important, as, one gage worn to the point where it does not check

the specified limits properly may mean, in a one-hour run, several

thousand defective automobile parts, stopping the operation of the

assembly line or retarding the production activities of some branch

in a distant part of the world. All close-limit gages are therefore

checked every day and many as often as once every four hours.

The gage blocks are manufactured with the following degrees of

accuracy

:

Working set___ " B "±0.000008 ( eight-millionths mch)( P<? ^

lock ^ f*

Inspection set. "A"± .000004 (four-millionths inch)

Laboratory set_ "AA"± .000002 ( two-millionths inch) \

[ ^SoK blocks The inspection of working gages for wear is made with special

size, standard design, Johansson gage blocks. These blocks are mounted with special design holders, in units of three, representing
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 15

the " minimum," " maximum," and " wear-limit " sizes. The wearlimit size on female gages has been determined as the sum total of

the maximum limit plus 20 per cent of the total limit or difference

between the maximum and minimum sizes. These special size gage

blocks are checked for size with Johansson combination block gages,

of which approximately 200 sets are in constant use at one of the

plants. An average of 10 of these are sent each week to the engiCERTIFICATE of INSPECTION ACCURACY

(Aj 68° Fahrenheit) AA-. 000002 Inch PROPERTY CP JOHANSSON GAGE BLOCKS

Issued by P0KD MCT0R COMPANY C< E' JOHANSSON, Inc.

JJivioion ot BQUGE P'juAIIT WITT INSP.

.000

> lech and per

longer blocks. SET No. 1-B

SERIAL No. 729 DATE 10-16-1929

SPECIFIED ACTUAL Variation From

Recommended

Replacement!! SPECIFIED

SIZE ACTUAL

SIZE

Variation From

Specified Site Recommended

Replacement!! racy racy 0.050" O.K. 0.131' O.K.

0.100 O.K. 0.132 O.K.

0.1001 .100085 .000015 X 0.133 O.K.

0.1002 O.K. 0.134 O.K.

0.1003 .100265 .000015 X 0.135 O.K.

0.1004 O.K. 0.136 O.K.

0.1005 O.K. 0.137 O.K.

0.1006 O.K. 0.138 O.K.

0.1007

| O.K. 0.139 .138985 .000015 X

oioos O.K. 0.140 .159988 .000012 X

0.1009 O.K. 0.141 O.K.

0.101 O.K. 0.142 O.K.

0.102 O.K. 0.143 O.K. . 0.103 .102985 .000015 X

0.144 Q.K.

0.104 ,- O.K. 0.145 O.K.

0.105 .104965 f 000015 :< 0.146 O.K.

0.1 06 O.K. 0.147 O.K.

0.107 .106988 .000012 X0.148 1 .000012 -X—

0.108 .107980 P 000020 X0.149 .....148985 .000015 X

0.109 ,103985' . 00001,

5

X

0.150 O.K.

0.110 o.':. 0.200 CUK,

0.111 O.K. 0.250 .249980 .000012 X

0.112 .111985 .000015 X0.300 O.K.

0.113 O.K. 0.350 O.K.

. 0.114 O.K. 0.400 n t Trt 0.115 O.K. 0.450 | O.K.

0.116 O.K. 0.500 .499985 .000015 X

0.117 1 O.K. 0.550 O.K.

0.118 | Qr.K. 0.600 O.K.

0.119 O.K. 0.650 .649985 .000015 X

0.120 O.K. 0.700 O.K.

0.121 , 120985 .000015 X0.750

j O.K.

0.122 0,K, 0.800 n,tr. 0.123 O.K. 0.850 O.K.

0.124 O.K... .. 0.900 .099985 .000015 X

0.125

. ,124983 .000017 . X

0.S50 O.K.

0.126 O.K. 1.000 ,299930 .000020 X

0.127 O.K, 2.000 O.K.

0.123 O.K. 3.000 O.K.

0.129 O.K. 4.000 O.K.

0.130 (MS.

' THE MEASURING SURFACES.

inspected byi ATLIB JAHSS0N

REMARKS: x ^ - ^ pc3<

C. E. JOHANSSON, Inc.

Division of

10"

>£3 Figure 1 neering laboratory for inspection and if necessary, replacement by

the Johansson division. When a gage block in the working set (eight millionths inch accuracy) shows wear of more than ten millionths of an inch (0.000010") under its nominal measuring value,

it is discarded and replaced with a new gage block of the same

nominal size. In other words, the working sets of Johansson gage
16 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

blocks used on the current model car are kept accurate within ten millionths of an inch, and when they exceed that limit they are discarded.

Figure 1 is the reproduction of a certificate of inspection which

illustrates how the working set " B " of Johansson gage blocks is inspected and kept within the limit of ten millionths inch accuracy.

These sets are used to check and ascertain dimensions of length on

gages, tools, and fixtures in the tool and inspection departments and

to certify the accuracy and setting of amplifiers, micrometers, and

measuring instruments throughout the factory.

The set "A," with an accuracy of four-millionths of an inch,

is inspected and kept within a limit of six-millionths of an inch.

These sets are used to check and ascertain dimensions of length on

gages, tools, and fixtures that have exceptionally close limits and to make sure that they are within the specified limits of accuracy.

The laboratory set

: 'AA," with an accuracy of two-millionths

of an inch, is kept within the limit of three-millionths of an inch.

This set is used to check and set measuring machines and other fine instruments that are used in the factory gage inspection department.

When a gage block in the inspection sets wears more than six- millionths inch (0.000006) under its nominal measuring value and

the wear is less than ten-millionths of an inch, it is used to replace a worn gage block of the same nominal size in a working set. The

same procedure is followed with worn gage blocks in the laboratory

sets where blocks with more than 0.000003 inch and less than six- millionths inch wear under the nominal size are placed in the inspection sets. This allows a wear limit on " B " blocks of 0.000002 to 0.000018

inch; on "A" blocks of 0.000002 to 0.000010 inch and on "AA"

blocks of 0.000001 to 0.000005 inch.

2. SIGNIFICANCE OF UNIFORM MEASURING TEMPERATURE

During the time between the years 1896-1906, while working out

the details and methods on my first sets of combination block gages

I discovered that it was very important to maintain a constant

temperature when adjusting and measuring the block gages. I also determined that the best results were obtained with a temperature

of 20° C. (68° F.) in the adjusting and inspection rooms. As my

block gage sets became better known and in more general use in

different manufacturing plants I urged, in order to get better

results, that parts or gages to be measured be brought to the same temperature as the block gages and this temperature to be

20° C. (68° F.). In cases when limits on parts were not too close and the above ideal condition could not be obtained, means should

at least be provided for bringing the parts and gages to the same

temperature.

The exceptionally close limits specified on the present model car were such that it was found difficult or nearly impossible to get the

desired results on the more important parts, such as piston pins of

hardened steel; pistons of aluminum; connecting rods made of steel and bronze, due to the difference in metals and the different coeffi- cients of expansion.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 17

To overcome these difficulties we then followed a method heretofore used only for adjusting and measuring high-grade precision

gages and tools, namely, measuring in constant temperature rooms. At one of the plants there were constructed four rooms inclosed by

double walls. These rooms were placed in the production line and

conveyors moved in and out of the room, carrying parts to be

measured. The temperature of these rooms is maintained at 68° F. and parts are kept in the room long enough to take the same temperature before they are inspected. With the erection and operation of

these constant-temperature rooms, all difficulties on measurements of

length were eliminated and specified sizes can now be maintained to precise dimensions.

The difficulties overcome can be better understood from data on

experiments before the constant-temperature rooms were installed

and put into operation.

It was found that 13° F. added to the normal temperature of 68°

F., a total of 81° F., increased the size of the connecting rod 10/

100,000 inch; the piston 20/100,000 inch, and the piston pin 10/100,000

inch; and a total temperature of 90° F. increased the size of the con- necting rod 14/100.000 inch, piston 33/100,000 inch, and piston pin

15/100,000 inch.

By using the latest and most-modern measuring instruments with

the Johansson combination block gages as the foundation measurement, in constant-temperature rooms at 68° F., it is now possible to maintain and control the dimensional sizes of machine parts with

utmost precision.

STANDARDS FOR INTERSTATE COMMON CARRIERS

By T. A. Gillis, Acting Secretary, Interstate Commerce Commission

The Interstate Commerce Commission prescribes standard systems

of accounts for steam roads, water carriers, electric railways, sleeping-car companies, express companies, pipe-line companies, telephone

companies, and telegraph and cable companies, subject to the interstate commerce act. All such carriers are required to file annual,

monthly, and quarterly reports, and the commission publishes the

results in 25 series of publications. These statistics record the

growth, the technical progress, and the financial condition of these

industries. Freight commodity statistics published show the ton- nage carried for each of 157 varieties of traffic. Such data over a

period of years have a bearing on the discussions of the future of

the railways, and will answer whether traffic has reached a static condition or will continue to grow and demand added facilities and new capital in the future as in the past. Monthly wage statistics pic- ture the hours worked and compensation of 148 classes of employees,

and are much used in adjustment of wage disputes by the United

States Board of Mediation. The comparative statement of operating averages exposes to view the operating performance of each

railway by means of averages for a series of years dealing with the

maintenance of way and of equipment, and with the performance of

locomotives, cars, and trains. An annual accident bulletin is pub-
18 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

lished, containing a detailed classification of the causes of accidents.

Less detailed statistics are published concerning carriers by water,

telegraph, and telephone companies, pipe-line companies, and electric railways.

The commission prescribes rules governing the form, arrangement,

filing, and posting for public inspection of the tariff schedules of

carriers, and advises and instructs the carriers in the matter of the

character and publication of their tariffs, to bring about simplification, clarity, and uniformity.

The commission deals with several standardized features of rail- way operation, including the use, control, supply, movement, distribution, exchange, intercharge, and return of locomotives, cars, and

other vehicles used in the transportation of property. Such standardization of railway operating practices make it possible for the rail- roads to function as a unit in the free movement of traffic. The commission prescribes regulations for the transportation of explosives

and other dangerous articles by common carriers engaged in inter- state or foreign commerce by land or water. The commission, under authority of law, has prescribed the maximum and minimum height of drawbars for freight cars. Carriers

are required to have couplers which are coupled automatically by

impact and can be uncoupled without the necessity of a man going

between the ends of cars. Standardization of couplers under the

provisions of law has been in progress since 1903. Under the law

and orders of the commission a minimum of 85 per cent of the cars in each train are required to be equipped with air brakes under the

control of and operated by the engineer. The commission has issued

tentative specifications and requirements for power brakes, and service tests are now in progress to determine the practicability of apparatus designed to conform to these specifications. The commission

is now participating in an investigation looking toward the development and standardization of automatic train pipe connectors for air,

steam, and signal lines. The commission has issued specifications

prescribing the number, dimensions, location, and manner of application of certain safety appliances required on cars and locomotives,

such as sill steps, handholds, ladders, running boards, and hand

brakes.

The commission prescribes rules, regulations, and instructions

covering equipment, maintenance, inspection, and testing of all parts

and appurtenances of locomotives used on the lines of common-carrier railroads.

In the investigation of accidents the commission frequently makes

recommendations as to corrective measures, the purpose of which

generally is to bring about standardization of railroad operating

rules, regulations, and practices so far as possible consistently with

peculiar characteristics existing on individual lines. The primary and most important benefit derived from the safety

and locomotive-inspection laws is increased safety of employees and

travelers upon railroads.

The commission also fixes the limits of the standard time zones for

the continental United States and Alaska.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 19

STANDARDIZATION ON RAILWAYS

By W. C. Cushing, Engineer of Standards, the Pennsylvania Railroad

To the railways standardization means the economical purchase

and use of materials, tools, appliances, and supplies.

To the industrial manufacturing establishments it has the signification of mass production. The entire train of operations is mechanized and standardized, and elimination of waste the effort of constant watchfulness.

In both services it is unified practice.

In the resulting efforts of studious technical associations, lacking

organization authority, it becomes recommended practice.

In the semiaccomplishment of reduction in variety and numbers

for selection it becomes simplified practice.

Industrial Standardization, published by National Industrial Conference Board (Inc.), New York, 1929, stated:

It is a widely known fact that the average consumer's knowledge of market

values is so hopelessly inadequate that a persistent sales campaign can make

him believe almost anything. The greater the multiplication of varieties, sizes, and terms, the worse his confusion becomes. Standard practice is expressed by:

1. Specifications.

2. Plans in more or less complete detail.

3. A code of instructions or rules (Kailways' Book of Rules).

4. A selected list of suitable materials or articles, similar and

equalized.

Specifications are a description of the article, appliance, device, or material desired, together with methods of examination and proof

testing for ascertaining their compliance with the requirements.

They are prepared in such form that they can be used in the regular routine of office work and avoid the necessity for dealing with

each new request as though it were a new subject, thus clogging the

working machinery and limiting the effectiveness and range of ac- complishments of the daily task. When rightly prepared they save time and dispose of a problem

so that it will be dealt with without delay in a routine way through

systematic prescription covering all the steps to be taken.

Specifications should be prepared so that:

1. They will inform the purchasing agent of the kind and quality

of the article required.

2. They will instruct the manufacturer upon the terms and conditions, in precise statement of desired attainments, which will be

proof tested in the manner described for checking the fulfillment.

3. They will inform the inspector of the purchaser of the conditions of purchase, manufacture, examination, and proof testing so that he will be the final authority for acceptance for the purchaser.

4. They will keep at hand conveniently for the ready reference

of the engineers charged with the preparation of specifications, and

of those who use the articles, appliances, devices, or materials a statement of the details of preparation in each case. Convenient in-
20 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

formation of this kind saves time in searching elsewhere, when the

multiplicity of articles required for construction and maintenance is borne in mind. To many of them they are desirably instructive. It would be impossible for a busy officer offhand to state clearly

and precisely the description necessary for the purchase of the hundreds of things required daily.

When the description of the article to be purchased involves the

general physics, that is, the science of forces or forms of energy of

inorganic nature, the research laboratory becomes the valuable in- strument for the study of the mechanics of materials and of applied

chemistry in the arts and manufactures. These research and prooftesting laboratories have become the fundamental basis for maintaining the integrity of materials, tools, and machinery upon which

the safety of the vast transportation business depends.

Approachment in perfection of specification writing leads to a wider field of usefulness, and the resultant acceptance as a national

standard. For this accomplishment, the cooperative assistance of

the manufacturers is desirable and necessary. The active agencies

for bringing about this result are in many cases the engineering

societies and the associations of manufacturers. In this way the

specifications for crossties have been made a national standard, and

in like manner it is expected that the principal features of track

bolts will become a national standard. Much work of this kind is in progress, notably the effort to nationalize the specifications for

bridges.

Standardization by the railways began probably by the elimination of odd gages for tracks. Then followed the necessary unification

of interchange dimensions for rolling stock, September 19, 1866.1 Then occurred, in 1875, the general-time convention, which worked

out the plan for standard time in the United States in 1883, without

which it would be difficult to adhere to the transportation regularity

of the present time. The name of this group of railway organizations was changed to American Railway Association in 1891,2 since

which time it has been enlarged by the incorporation of technical

railway associations, and is the influential central agency of the rail- ways for mutual standardization.

Specifications are thus a standardized description of the article to be purchased, but the utmost vigilance must be at hand for the

revision made necessary by the increased severity of the use. Frozen standardization is an enemy to be avoided.

Mobile standardization is the friend and assistant of well-organized

business, the fundamental unit of which is the transportation

industry.

STANDARDS IN AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH

By Dr. Chaejles F. Kettering, President General Motors Research Corporation

The standards used in the automotive industry are largely based on

experience. Eesearch work, on the other hand, looks to the future,

and generally is an effort to escape from, or improve upon, existing

standards. Nevertheless, the standards have been influenced profoundly by research work. If we had the facilities and the patience,

1 Railway Age, p. 1423 ; June 22, 1929.

2 Proc. Am. Railway Eng. Assoc., 30, p. 78 ; 1929.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 21 we probably could trace every specification back to fundamental ex- periments conducted by some one at some time. Such an activity

would be very difficult, however, because of the length of time which

elapses between experimental work and the general use of the results obtained. Matters which are the subject of research to-day probably

will be, in many instances, standards of the future but not, however,

until they have been proved and modified in service. The lacquer

finish and the chrome plating used universally to-day each required

about five years between initial experiments in connection with the

automotive industry and general adoption. This is an unusually

short time and perhaps an indication that the improvements were

very much needed. A much longer time elapsed between the fundamental experiments and general adoption. Literature on the subject

indicates that cellulose nitrates were known in 1845 and Bunsen

worked with chrome plating in 1854.

Some of the standards may be termed " standards of necessity."

It would not be possible, for instance, to make our vehicles very much

wider, because our roadways would not accommodate them. Similarly, vehicles can not be made much lower, because even the best

boulevards are at times rough and rutty with snow and ice. It is entirely reasonable to believe that the automotive industry

could not have attained its present economic and engineering status without standards. It is also important to note that most of the

standards apply to relatively minor details. Any attempt to standardize the major factors of design would interfere with progress.

People have their own ideas as to what their automobiles should

do and how they should look. These wishes must be respected. If he

prefers artistic elegance, that, too, must be forthcoming. Most

present-day cars are compromises combining some measure of both

of the qualities just mentioned.

Standards in use to-day have been formulated largely with a view

to economy and manufacturing expediency and, in addition, to en- hance the performance or permanence of the product. It would

be entirely possible to make an operable automobile with a different

thread for every bolt and screw. Cylinders and pistons would operate even if they were not all the same size. There are a vast number

of possibilities with respect to spark-plug sizes, ball-bearing sizes, tire sizes, etc. Some such conditions existed in the early days of the

industry, and the purchaser of repair parts required a vast amount

of patience and perseverance as well as a very loose purse string.

After a minor part, such as a lamp socket or fan pulley, has been

designed and has been proved in service, there may appear to be no

good reason for designing and proving something different. The con- tinued use of such a standard not only saves time and expense in designing but also justifis installation of special equipment which, in

turn, results in low manufacturing cost. In many instances, however, further experiments show that changes may be made in wellestablished designs that will produce additional economies in

manufacturing.

It has been almost 20 years since the compositions of the steels commonly used in the industry were standardized. A few revisions

and additions have been made from time to time. These specifications are not based entirely on commercial experience, but have been
22 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

the subject of many experiments and tests. Tensile strength, toughness, resistance to repeated stress, resistance to shock, etc., have been

studied in many test laboratories on many occasions.

An ideal specification would admit all materials suitable for the

purpose at hand, and exclude all else. Inasmuch as there generally

is no sharp distinction between the suitable and the unsuitable, and

because of uncertainties of inspection, many practical specifications are unnecessarily stringent. A better understanding of requirements

and a better understanding of materials would do much toward rem- edying this undesirable situation. Much experimental work has been

done in this connection and much more is needed.

STANDARDS FOR HIGHWAY AND TRAFFIC CONTROL

By C. W. Staek, Assistant Manager, Transportation and Communication

Department, United States Chamber of Cormnerce Standardization of highway and traffic control has been the subject

of intensive study during the past six years, and much progress has

resulted. The development of these standards has been effected

largely by the National Conference on Street and Highway Safety

under the chairmanship of the Secretary of Commerce with the co- operation of the national associations directly interested in the traffic problem, and the service in committee work of public officials and

private citizens from every part of the country and representing

every interest affected. The National Conference of Commissioners

on Uniform State Laws has collaborated in the preparation of the

Uniform Vehicle Code, and that body and the American Bar Association have indorsed the code.

From a general statement of desirable uniform principles adopted

by the First National Conference on Street and Highway Safety

in 1924, the plan of standardization has resolved itself into three

parts—uniform State motor-vehicle legislation, uniform municipal

traffic ordinances, and uniform street and highway-traffic signs, signals, and markings.

The first of these standards, the Uniform Vehicle Code, was

drafted in 1926. It consisted of four acts—a uniform motor vehicle

registration act, a uniform motor vehicle antitheft act, a uniform

motor vehicle operator's and chauffeur's license act, and a uniform

act regulating traffic on highways. This subdivision of the code

recognized widely varying degrees of control of motor vehicle operations or need therefor in the different States, and made it possible

readily to adopt parts of the code for which a given State was ready.

Act IV, that regulating traffic on highways, included certain basic

rules of the road necessarily applicable to cities and towns as well

as to the open country, but left the details of urban traffic control

mainly to the individual municipalities.

The model municipal traffic ordinance was developed by a committee of the conference in 1928. The model ordinance repeated cer- tain provisions of the State code applicable particularly to municipalities, but embraced mainly matters not covered in Act IV of the

code, such as parking regulations and details of pedestrian control. It defined the meaning of traffic signs and signals and laid down

certain conditions under which they might be erected, but did not

provide engineering specifications for them.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 23

In 1926-27 the American Association of State Highway Officials and the United States Bureau of Public Koads, recognizing the need

for uniformity in highway signs and markers, through a joint committee prepared a manual for such signs and markers. Late in 1926

the American Engineering Council undertook the preparation for

the national conference of a manual on street traffic signs, signals,

and markings, and this was developed in harmony on the one hand

with the above-mentioned manual for rural highway signs and

markers and on the other hand with the requirements regarding signs

and signals of the model municipal traffic ordinance. This manual,

which involved study of installations and operations in more than

100 cities, was completed early in 1929.

In 1929-30, a committee of the national conference organized for

the purpose, reviewed all of these standards and submitted them with

recommended revisions to the Third National Conference on Street and Highway Safety held in May, 1930. These were approved by

the conference with other revisions, and the amended Uniform

Vehicle Code was approved by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws and the American Bar Association

at their annual meetings in August, 1930.

A notable change made in Act IV of the Uniform Vehicle Code was

the incorporation therein of a large part of the model municipal

traffic ordinance. In the four years from 1926 to 1930 prevailing

sentiment advanced from a belief that each municipality, large or

small, must be allowed to control its traffic in accordance with its peculiar conditions, with a minimum of interference by State law, to one that the basic considerations in virtually all traffic matters except

the details of parking restrictions and prohibitions are essentially

the same in all communities and should be standardized by State

law. The New Jersey Legislature took the lead in this direction in

1928 in its State law, and Wisconsin and New York followed in 1929.

Twenty-five States have adopted at least one act of the Uniform

Vehicle Code or have revised their existing laws to bring them into

closer harmony therewith. Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Arizona

have adopted the entire code with slight modifications in some particulars. North Carolina, Virginia, North Dakota, Idaho, and New

Mexico have adopted all but the operators' and chauffeurs' license act. Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Louisiana, and South Dakota have

adopted the act regulating traffic on highways.

California, by successive revisions of its existing laws, has brought

them into substantial harmony with the code. All of the New

England and North Atlantic States with the exception of Maine and

Delaware had operators' license laws with mandatory examination,

in substantial harmony with the code, prior to the drafting of the

code, and Delaware has since adopted the code. Maine, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Washington, and Oregon have brought their rules

of the road into closer harmony with those of the code. Maine, West

Virginia, South Carolina, Michigan, Indiana, Wisconsin, Nebraska,

Washington, and Oregon have adopted license laws for drivers, but

without the mandatory-examination feature deemed essential to the

full effectiveness of the law. Numerous other States require licenses

without examination for chauffeurs only.
24 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

In addition to all municipalities in New Jersey, New York, and

Wisconsin, which are brought under the model municipal traffic ordinance by State law, some 30 or 40 cities have remodeled their

traffic ordinances in substantial harmony with the model ordinance.

The traffic authorities of an equal or greater number of cities have

adopted the manual on street traffic signs, signals, and markings,

while practically all of the State highway departments have adopted

the manual for rural highways.

The National Conference on Street and Highway Safety has constantly emphasized the great importance of uniform standards for

highway and traffic control, both from the standpoint of safety and

that of expediting traffic. The motor vehicle has wiped out local and State boundaries, and variations in traffic rules inevitably result in misunderstanding, disrespect for the law, accidents, and chaos.

Uniformity, with enforcement, means assurance and respect for the

law for every motorist desiring to operate properly ; it means orderly

flow and the expediting of traffic—and it certainly offers promise

of a stemming of the tide of traffic accidents with their appalling

destruction of property and loss of life. ELEVATOR STANDARDIZATION

By J. A. Dickinson, Research Associate, National Bureau of Standards

The development of transportation equipment within the past

half century is in a large measure responsible for the tremendous

strides made in industry and the improved standard of living. This

remarkable growth has been in no small measure due to standardization, both in methods of manufacture and in equipment. There is one form of transportation which, while its growth has been exceptionally rapid, has been to a large measure handicapped because of a lack of uniform standards. This is vertical transportation. Because

elevators are used for public conveyance, they are very closely regulated in many States and cities. These codes have been largely

drawn by local groups without regard to other existing regulations

of similar nature. An unfortunate angle to the present multiplicity of codes is the

wide divergence of requirements for the same piece of equipment.

For example, the factors of safety of hoisting cables may vary from

5 to as high as 12. If the factors of safety are too low, wear will

be extremely rapid, and a cable which is apparently in fairly good

condition at the time of inspection may fail before the next inspection, because it is operating at a stress high enough to cause rapid

deterioration. Conversely, if the factor of safety is placed too high,

the building owner may be penalized by being required to buy cables

of too large a size at a price considerably above that of cables which

would give adequate safety over a reasonable period of time. It might be said in passing, however, that in most cases factors of safety on elevator equipment have not been too high. In fact, in many

cases, considering the nature of the stresses involved, particularly the

impact stresses during starts and stops, such factors have been low

in comparison with structural engineering practice.

This wide range in requirements for the same piece of apparatus

has one exceedingly unfortunate commercial aspect. At the present
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 25

time there is, aside from the question of motors and controls, no real

standardization in the elevator industry. When a contract for an

elevator or a bank of elevators is placed it is necessary for the manufacturer to study most carefully the city or State regulations governing that particular installation, so that practically every job is built

especially to meet local requirements. The question will naturally

be asked, Why do not manufacturers build to a high enough standard

to meet all State or municipal regulations? In the case of highspeed, high-rise passenger elevators this is done; that is, in many

cases they build to factors of safety far beyond that required by

many local codes and ordinances, and at the same time provide many

safety devices or features that are not called for in the local code.

In the case of moderate and slow-speed elevators the manufacturer

is probably in competition with other elevator builders, including

local concerns, some of whom may be building principally on a price

basis. Such a builder, using a factor of safety of 4 on a car frame,

would have a marked advantage over a manufacturer doing a national business who would have established his own standards,

using a factor of 7 for his cars. The latter will be much heavier,

involving stronger cables, heavier counterweights, and a more powerful hoisting engine, all of which costs money. If a manufacturer

doing a national business is to compete in a jurisdiction where such

competition is encountered, he must build equipment comparable in

price to that permitted by the local rules, which obviously will

interfere with the standardization of his product.

In an endeavor to provide a standard code which might serve as a basis for State and municipal regulations, the National Bureau

of Standards, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and

the American Institute of Architects have assumed joint sponsorship, under the procedure of the American Standards Association,

for, and have drawn up, through the medium of a suitable sectional

committee, a safety code which is now the basis for a number of

State and municipal regulations. If such a code is widely adopted,

it will ultimately permit the commercial standardization of such

equipment.

When the first revision of the code was prepared in 1925 it was

evident that there was not available sufficient information regarding the performance of certain safety equipment to draw adequate

code rules. The committee, therefore, decided to establish a research

fellowship at the National Bureau of Standards to study the performance of such devices. Thanks to the whole-hearted cooperation

of the industry, adequate financial support was assured, and the

work started. This research work which has been going on for approximately

four years has developed engineering tests for oil buffers which have

been included in the 1930 revision of the American Standard Safety

Code for Elevators. Many manufacturers have taken advantage of

the data obtained during these buffer tests which have been made

during this period, with the result that buffers have been redesigned

to give a performance which will meet these code requirements.

Work is actively being pushed on the development of apparatus and

equipment for testing undercar safeties. This preparation has in- cluded the design and construction of a high-speed camera capable
26 NATIONAL BUKEATJ OF STANDAKDS

of photographing a very accurate metal tape at intervals of 1/60

second and with an exposure as short as 1/25000 of a second. From

the time-travel record obtained from such a film velocity and re- tardation of the car under the action of safeties may be computed

for any instant of its travel. The results of these tests should do

much to improve the performance of such apparatus, and it is hoped

that ultimate specifications for performance tests may be drawn up

which will insure apparatus of adequate design for conditions apt

to be encountered in the field. Work of this kind supported by the entire industry will give

engineering data which could not be obtained by any one company

without the expenditure of sums far in excess of their individual

contribution.

STANDARDIZATION IN TRANSPORT OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY

By Wh. McClellan and It. H. Barclay 3 Standardization in the transport of electrical power has made

more rapid progress during the decade just past than in any of

those preceding. Formerly most systems were operated as separate

isolated units, each having some standards adapted to its own needs.

With the advent of interconnection these problems peculiar to the

isolated system, which previously had received only a small amount

of general consideration, required reconsideration from the broader

standpoint of their effect upon the enlarged system and this has

furnished the added stimulus for more universal standardization.

The development of standards has been made possible largely

through the cooperative efforts of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, National Electric Light Association, and National

Electrical Manufacturers' Association, representing, respectively, the

engineering, operating, and manufacturing branches of the industry.

These organizations have not only compiled a large number of standards in their own particular fields but in cooperation with others

have assisted in the production of the National Electrical Safety

Code sponsored by the National Bureau of Standards and the National Electrical Code sponsored by the National Fire Protection

Association. The former deals largely with such factors as safety

to life or property and the latter with the minimum electrical and

mechanical requirements of electrical installations. Like all standards in an art which is still in a period of development these codes

are modified or enlarged from time to time to keep abreast of recent

progress. Standardization of electrical characteristics such as voltage, number of phases, and frequency are virtually obligatory, because, with

relatively few exceptions where apparatus has been specially designed, it is not possible to use equipment designed with one set of

characteristics on a system operating under different characteristics.

For the same reason it is likewise impossible to interconnect several

systems of different electrical characteristics without the use of

special coupling means.

3 Courtesy of Stone & Webster Engineering Corporation.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 27

At the time of their initial adoption direct current and alternating

current, single and two phase systems, were in turn the ultimate in

the electrical transmission of energy. The decision was, of course, reached after a consideration of the economic and technical aspects

of electrical science as it was then known, and the ability of manufacturers to produce apparatus having the proper characteristics.

The elimination and retirement of these systems are now rapidly

taking place except for certain special applications where their

characteristics are peculiarly suited or where economic considerations

are the governing factors. The present standard is to employ the

3-phase, 3-wire system for the transmission of energy in varying

amounts from moderate to large quantities.

Twenty-five and sixty cycles, the latter being much more universal, are now regarded as standard frequencies. A notable exception

exists in large systems, however, in the case of the Southern California Edison Co., which operates at 50 cycles. A multiplicity of

distribution and transmission system voltages has been standardized

to meet the conditions encountered in the various systems throughout

the country, the highest being 220,000 volts. Systems employing

this potential exist in California. New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and

Maryland, and the most recent application has been made in New

England in the States of New Hampshire and Massachusetts. Certain electrical and physical characteristics of a high potential trans- mission system are governed by the conditions of the particular

problem under consideration and can be varied by the designing

engineers, within certain limits, generally in accordance with standard practice. Natural conditions, however, such as ice, sleet, wind,

temperature, lightning, and topography of the country, are unfortunately not subject to universal standardization, and extremely wide

variations in these conditions occur in different parts of the country.

General agreement is to be found, however, in certain details not

lirectly affected by sectional variations in natural conditions, and

other details more directty affected will be found in general agreement in particular areas. In transmission systems where use is made of ferrous and nonferrous metals, textiles, ceramic, and petroleum products, rubber,

paper^ and timber, the result of standardization has been not only

to assist the engineer in specifying the proper material, but has

enormously simplified the manufacturing and marketing procedure

involved in the progress of raw materials from their natural state to the point of utilization. For instance, standards relating to con- ductors include specifications for quality, standardized tests, and

uniformity in dimensions. In the case of insulators, there has been

so much development in matters of design that standardization has

been limited largely to methods of testing and to eliminating some

of the older and less-used designs in the smaller sizes. Standardization of wood poles has not progressed so very well, largely due to the fact that poles are a product of nature and not of manufacturing processes. Dimensions have been standardized and a minimum

quality has been established, but of those which are " passed," no

definite standards have as yet been established for segregating them

into various grades. Standardization of cross arms has had prin27171—31 3
28 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

cipally to do with establishing uniformity of dimensions and drill- ing for distribution arms. A survey is now being made in the

field which it is hoped will lead to the standardization of steel towers. Standardization of physical characteristics, such as the size of

apparatus used in the transport of electrical power in terms of

its electrical units, physical dimensions and location of terminals

is particularly desirable from the standpoint of low manufacturing costs and interchangeability of apparatus. Whereas physical

dimensions of a particular piece of apparatus may vary somewhat

between different manufacturers, electrical capacities and location

of terminals have been standardized within the ranges most com- monly found in practice. Considerable latitude is permitted the

manufacturer in the selection of materials entering into the construction of apparatus, but through the agency of the various or- ganizations previously referred to standards have been adopted by

which to judge the electrical and physical limitations of the materials and thereby obtain a measure of their value in any particular

instance.

STANDARDS FOR TRANSMISSION OF SPEECH

By William H. Harrison*

Since the earliest days of the telephone, the need for a unit in

which to measure the transmission efficiency of telephone facilities has been recognized. The introduction of cable in 1896 afforded a stable basis for a convenient unit and the " mile of standard "

cable came into general use shortly thereafter. This unit was

employed up to 1923 when a new unit was adopted as being more

suitable for modern telephone work. The new transmission unit is widely used among the foreign telephone organizations and recently

it was termed the " decibel " at the suggestion of the International

Advisory Committee on Long Distance Telephony.

The decibel may be defined by the statement that two amounts

of power differ by 1 decibel when they are in the ratio of 10 01

and any two amounts of power differ by N decibels when they are

in the ratio of 10 The number of transmission units expressing

the ratio of any two powers is therefore ten times the common

logarithm of that ratio. This method of designating the gain or

loss of power in telephone circuits permits direct addition or subtraction of the units expressing the efficiency of different parts

of the circuit and is therefore especially advantageous in facili- tating the design and maintenance of the telephone plant. The

decibel is also of particular advantage in that, being based purely on power ratio, it has the same value for the same ratio at different

frequencies. The " mile of standard " cable because of its distortion characteristics expressed a different ratio of power at different

frequencies.

As a basis for expressing transmission efficiency, a standard refer- ence circuit was adopted about 25 years ago, the circuit consisting

of standard commercial transmitting and receiving equipment.

i American Telephone & Telegraph Co.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 29

cord circuits, and an artificial line variable in equivalent length.

Improvements in the art during recent years have permitted the

replacement of the older reference system with a new circuit which

is substantially free from distortion. This new master reference

system," as it is called, consists of transmitting and receiving ele- ments interconnected by a variable artificial line. The transmitting

element of this reference system consists essentially of an air- damped condenser type transmitter with a stretched duralumin

diaphragm and an associated vacuum tube amplifier. The receiving element is composed of an air-damped receiver of the moving

coil type and an associated vacuum tube amplifier. The connecting

line or attenuating element is composed of a distortionless resistance

line with a variable range from to 101 decibels in steps of 0.2

decibels. The transmitting and receiving elements both have electro- acoustic characteristics that are substantially distortionless and,

as the impedances of the different elements are matched, the air-toair reproduction ratio is practically distortionless.

The electrical and acoustic specifications of all parts of this

master reference system are defined and measured in terms of

definite physical quantities and every part of the system can, therefore, be exactly reproduced from the specifications. Each element

is also provided with suitable adjustments for maintaining the

standard of performance as determined by measuring and calibrating

equipment associated with the system. The artificial line can, of

course, be calibrated by common methods. For the basic calibration of the transmitting and receiving elements, however, a thermophone is employed. This instrument expresses a definite relation

between electrical input and acoustic power and is itself capable

of specification in definite physical constants. In order to facilitate the measurements of commercial circuits

which are not free from distortion, provision is made in the master

reference system for the insertion of distortion networks.

This master reference system has also been recently adopted by

the International Advisory Committee. By the adoption of the same reference system throughout the world and similar or comparable transmission units, a very great step has been taken toward

the development of generally accepted world-wide standards of ref- erence for all measurements relating to telephone transmission. In

view of the rapidly expanding scope of intercontinental telephony

at this time, it is particularly fortunate that these common standards have been adopted.

STANDARDIZATION OF OIL AND GAS PIPE LINES

By E. L. Rawlins, Natural Gas Engineer, United States Bureau of Mines

Standardization of pipe lines for the transmission of oil and gas

implies more economic installation and more efficient operation.

Such standardization is now in an early state of development.

Facilities for transmission of oil and gas in their relation to each

other are dependent upon many complex factors; and standardization at this time is primarily a process of eliminating nonefficient

and uneconomic practices rather than of recommending particular

equipment and methods for construction and operation. Present
30 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

codes relating to oil and gas transmission refer more particularly

to the pipe than to pipe-line construction methods; however, these

codes are flexible and permit the recognition of development in the

science of pipe manufacture.

Specifications have been prepared jointly by the Special American

Petroleum Institute Committee on the Standardization of Specifications for Steel and Iron Pipe for Oil Country Tubular Goods and the

Technical and Research Committee of the Natural Gas Department

of the American Gas Association for line pipe which satisfy the

requirements of both the petroleum and the natural-gas industries.

These specifications apply to welded and seamless steel and welded

iron tubular goods for pipe-line purposes, and include manufacture

of pipe, chemical properties and tests, physical properties and tests, standard weights and lengths, workmanship and finish, inspection

and rejection, and gages for screw pipe.

Research is an important factor in the development of pipe manufacture and pipe-line construction equipment. Some research

projects contributing to this development are

:

1. Welding research is contributing much to better standards for

welded line construction, especially to the development of the tech- nique for welding high-carbon steel.

2. The use of electric welding for pipe lines in recent years has

aroused considerable interest, and its further application is being

studied by manufacturers and individual pipe-line companies.

3. A study of the effect of high phosphorous steel for welded

line pipe is now being conducted by the National Bureau of Standards for the American Society for Testing Materials and

the American Petroleum Institute.

4. In both oil and gas transmission, thought is being directed

toward definite specifications of pipe and other equipment for withstanding higher pressures than in the past.

5. Experimentation by individual companies, assisted by manufacturers, relating to the use of different kinds of joints has not only

resulted in a better understanding of such usage, but has also re- sulted in the development of more efficient joints. The selection of a particular type of joint, or a combination of types, for a pipe-line

installation depends upon the conditions of the installation and the

preference of the designing engineers.

6. The American Petroleum Institute and the National Bureau of

Standards are cooperating in an intensive research program on protective coatings to resist corrosion. This work is helping, first, to develop a code on the application of hot bituminous coatings, which

is being followed to a large extent by many pipe-line companies, and

second, to permit a more intelligent selection of sections of pipe line

requiring protection.

The practices of individual companies in their construction work

on the transmission of oil and gas show definitely the trend toward

the elimination of uneconomic and nonefficient practices.

In the oil and gasoline industries, pipe-line construction methods

are practically standardized: that is, all lines recently constructed

have been solidly welded from one end to the other. On the other

hand, the oil and gasoline pump stations are not so definitely standardized; they are subjected to personal preference as to types of

pumps and methods of operation. An automatic oil-pump station.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 31

which is a permanent exhibit at the International Petroleum Exposition in Tulsa, Okla., is an example of research which tends to evolve more efficient and reliable equipment.

It is debatable as to whether standardization has had any direct

effect on the construction of long-distance transmission lines for

petroleum products and natural gas. Long pipe lines for the trans- mission of oil were constructed and used before any definite standardization of the pipe was considered ; and the construction of longdistance pipe lines for transmission of natural gas has been due

mainly to the discovery of large natural-gas fields and the assurance

that sufficient reserves of natural gas exist to warrant this construction.

The nature of standardization in construction for natural-gas

transmission lines is somewhat different from that for the trans- mission of other petroleum products because of the many dissimilar

problems which are peculiar to natural-gas transmission. Pipe lines,

compressor stations, and other facilities are subjected to personal

preference of the engineers who design them. Standardization is limited to the equipment which is used to build the pipe line rather

than to an}^ method of construction. Operating companies, however,

maintain certain standards, but these standards vary so much among

different companies that they can not be used as a collective unit.

These standards include such items as types of weld and methods

of making welds; drip construction and location, dependent upon

particular needs; meter installations, which in general embody the

standards advocated by the Technical and Research Committee of

the Natural Gas Department of the American Gas Association;

length of joints of pipe, the longer joints being considered an advancement for man}' installations; leakage determinations and elimination, and protection against corrosive action. All of these factors

are, of course, subject to research, and more definite and useful

standardization is possible only with continued research and the

correlation of research already made.

At present it is not considered practical to attempt definite recom- mendations of standardization practices in the construction and

operation of natural-gas transmission lines, and to some extent oil transmission lines, that would be applicable under all conditions;

there are too many varying factors that have to be considered. Certain basic practices, however, can be and are being standardized, and

the applicability of such basic principles is a distinct asset when

used by competent engineers in designing pipe-line installations for

the transmission of natural gas and other petroleum products.

STANDARDIZATION OF AUTOMOTIVE TRAFFIC RULES

By Eenest N. Smith, Executive Vice President, American Automobile Association Adoption of an effective and harmonious system of traffic rules, as well as an orderly procedure for promoting safety, offers the only

hope for the efficient and safe movement of the 35,000,000 motor

vehicles that will be on the streets and highways by 1940. The

greatest problem will be, as it has been in the "past, within the

limits of cities and towns where the principal streets were laid out

prior to the advent of the automotive era.
32 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

In the past, as facilities for expediting traffic were provided and

safety plans were perfected, they proved obsolete when considered

from the standpoint of the year-to-year increase in the number of

automobiles. As a result it became apparent that all efforts to set up standards for the desired smoothness in the flow of traffic, with

safety to those at the wheel and pedestrians alike, must be considered in the light of future needs.

The so-called saturation point with regard to the number of motor

vehicles in use, often predicted, is not yet in sight.

Scientific research, however, has made it possible to consider pres- ent-day traffic and anticipate the future volume on the basis of

experience. Therefore, much progress has been made and much

more will be made. But the progressive nature of the problem

necessarily makes it a continuing one, requiring constant study and

research.

The goal sought is a system which will facilitate understanding

by the highway user of the requirements of any State or locality

in which he may find himself. This objective, in terms of industry,

is " standardization." In the field of traffic it is customary to use the term " uniformity."

The American Automobile Association, since its organization in

1902, has always been to the forefront in sponsoring uniformity and

encouraging a coordinated program for all agencies interested in

facilitating the use of the automobile with safety. It has sponsored

uniformity in rules of the road, in the meaning of warning and

direction signs, as well as traffic signals. It has sponsored uniformity in rules and regulations governing the operation of motor vehicles on the streets and highways. It has sponsored uniformity in the

methods used to promote safety. Through its National Committee

on Highway Widening and Planning, the A. A. A. has also sought

to develop a uniform program for the use of political subdivisions

and municipalities in " building safety into the highways " through

the elimination of " bottle necks " and other points of congestion,

as well as in planning arteries of travel to assure maximum use. Noteworthy progress has been made in all of these fields. The achievements in securing uniformity in marking the highways

have been particularly impressive. The car owner now finds standard warning and direction signs on virtually all of the interstate

highways, and State agencies are rapidly placing them on secondary

roads, but there are fields of even greater importance.

When the number of automobiles in use passed the 15,000,000

mark, six years ago, the American Automobile Association reaffirmed

its belief that the multiplicity of diverse State and local laws governing car operation threatened to strangle motor transportation. The

support of President Hoover, then Secretary of Commerce, was

enlisted, and plans formulated for a National Conference on Street and Highway Safety.

Out of this and subsequent conferences there was developed the

Uniform Vehicle Code and the Model Municipal Traffic Ordinance.

The unqualified support of the more than 1,000 affiliated A. A. A.

motor clubs was thrown behind this program of model legislation,

and it has contributed in no small way to the revision of motor

laws throughout the country. Without this effort traffic conditions

to-day would be much worse.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 33

Aside from lending its prestige and support to unified national

efforts to improve conditions, the A. A. A. has met with signal success in its individual activities. Through a national committee of 17, it promulgated the safetyresponsibility law in 1928 and offered it as an effective weapon to curb the reckless driver. Although this suggested legislation, designed to encourage uniform laws affecting the drivers of automobiles, has been before the country less than three years, more

than a third of the motor-vehicle owners in the United States and

half of those in Canada are operating under one or more of the

essential principles. Its appeal comes through the equitable idea

of curbing the reckless without penalizing the great majority of

careful drivers.

Uniformity has also been extended to the great humanitarian work

of educating children to protect themselves and in assuring their

safe passage across the lanes of traffic en route to and from the

school room. This program includes the distribution of safety les- sons and posters to more than 3,000,000 school children. It also includes the activity of 175,000 school-boy patrolmen in 500 cities,

who daily guide 2,500,000 children through the maze of vehicular

traffic. The result has been a steady decline in fatalities and accidents among children of school age. But space does not admit a lengthy review of every phase of uniformity as it has been applied by organized motordom. So, in conclusion, let me turn to the phases of A. A. A. activity where the

industrial term " standardization " may well be used. In this classi- fication comes the standardized brake and headlight tests engaged in over the country to aid the motorist to keep his car mechanically

safe. In it falls the standardization of 5,000.000 maps and tour

publications issued annually. In it falls the national reciprocal

service at the touring counter where the motorist in the far West

receives the identical service offered in the more populous East,

but it is sufficient to say that the standards sponsored by the national organization for its member clubs have improved the general

conditions under which the owners and operators of 26,000,000 motor

vehicles now enjoy the new freedom that the automobile has offered. STANDARDIZATION OF AIR MAIL SERVICE

By E. B. Wadsworth, Superintendent of Air Mail Service, United States Post

Office Department

When the experiment of carrying mail by airplane was begun in

the spring of 1918, between New York and Washington, the planes

and pilots were provided by the War Department, and the ground

force consisting of field managers, mechanics, and miscellaneous employees were provided by the Post Office Department. Such standardization of equipment as practicable at that time was worked out

by the War Department.

Approximately six months after the service began the Post Office Department assumed the entire performance, relieving the War Department. The equipment obtained by the Post Office Department by

purchase or transfer from other departments was so varied in character that standardization would have required more of an expenditure than was available in the appropriations for the entire service.
34 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

In addition, the planes available at that time were not of such sta- bility of design or construction as to warrant standardization of any

model until its performance had been observed over a considerable

period. Owing to the access of the Post Office Department to excess equipment in the War Department of planes and equipment of the

DH type with Liberty motors, attention was directed to their use in

the service, and such improvements as were indicated thereby were

standardized, such as landing and motor gears, mail compartment,

cockpit equipment, etc., resulting in economy, speed in production,

and the development of the air mail type of the DH plane, the per- formance of which is a matter of record and was, at that stage of

development of aircraft, the subject of most favorable comment.

Concurrent with the relinquishment of the Government-operated

service to private interests under contract, the furnishing of flying

equipment devolved upon the contractors. At the same time the

lighted airway between New York and San Francisco, together with

the emergency fields, were transferred to the Department of Commerce. During the development of this system the idea of standardization of landing fields and beacons was constantly a subject of study,

which was directed toward ' efficiency combined with economy of

maintenance.

Under the contract system standardization by the department is possible only in regard to contract forms and regulations governing

the performance of the service.
II. INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZATION AGENCIES

INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE ON WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON ELECTRICITY The advisory committee on electricity is a subsidiary of the Inter- national Committee on Weights and Measures, authorized by the

general conference of 1927. (Standards Yearbook, 1928, pp. 8-9.)

Its membership is limited to 10. Eight members have been appointed, including one representative each from the national laboratories of Germany. Great Britain, Japan, Soviet Republics, and the

United States, and one from the Laboratoire Central d'Electricite

at Paris. The other two members appointed are the director of the

International Bureau of Weights and Measures and Prof. L. Lombardi, of the Royal School of Engineers at Rome.

The advisory committee met first in 1928, when it adopted resolutions looking definitely toward the establishment of electrical units

based directly upon the centimeter-gram-second system instead of

upon arbitrary standards, such as the mercury ohm tube and silver

voltmeter, which are the basis of the present international units.

(See Yearbook, 1929, pp. 179-181: Yearbook, 1930, pp. 11-13. 144-

146.)

In 1929 the International Committee on Weights and Measures

approved these proposals of the advisory committee and asked for

continued assistance on electrical units and standards. It also decided to take up the problem of obtaining international agreement on measurements of light, and instructed the same advisory committee to consider methods, units, and standards for such measurements. Consequently, the 1930 meeting of the advisory committee,

held in Paris, June 23, 24, and 25, was devoted largely to this new

problem.

A considerable part of the proceedings centered around documents

submitted by the Director of the Bureau of Standards. On account

of their importance and general interest, two of these are printed

elsewhere in this volume. (See Photometric Units and Methods,

p. 37, and Proposals Concerning the Primary Standard of Light,

p. 42. ) In these documents it was proposed that a " black-body " radiator at the freezing point of pure platinum be adopted as the

primary standard of light. This type of standard was originally

proposed by Waidner and Burgess in 1908, but has only recently

reached the stage of actual realization in a satisfactory form. Work

on it which has been carried out in the laboratories of the bureau

during the past year has given results of high precision, as reported

in the second document mentioned above.

The conclusions reached by the advisory committee with regard

to standards of light were expressed in the following resolutions

(translated from the official French text) : 35
36 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

A. Primary standard of light:

1. The advisory committee on electricity supports the opinion of the Inter- national Commission on Illumination that a black-body radiator operated under

specified conditions should be adopted, at the present stage of technical development, as the primary standard of light.

2. The advisory committee requests the several national laboratories to examine the specifications for the construction and operation of the black-body

standard submitted by the Bureau of Standards and to give their opinions

regarding the practicability of adopting the standard thus specified.

3. The advisory committee recommends that additional determinations of the brightness of the black-body radiator be made, especially under the conditions prescribed in the proposed specifications or at least under conditions comparable

with those prescribed. B. Units of light

:

1. The advisory committee believes that it would not be expedient to change

the unit which has been in common u*e in several countries since 1909 and

which has been adopted by the International Commission on Illumination.

2. The advisory committee expresses the hope that all countries may accept

this unit as soon as pending questions of measurement are settled. C. Maintenance of units:

1. The advisory committee proposes that the national laboratories immediately exchange and compare groups of carbon-filament lamps, or of others operated at a corresponding color, and submit for the International Committee

on Weights and Measures precise information regarding the relative values of the units of candlepower as now maintained in the several laboratories.

2. Assuming that any differences disclosed by such comparisons will be re- moved by agreement among the national laboratories, the advisory committee

proposes to make periodic comparisons in the future under the auspices of the international committee.

3. Recognizing the importance of uniformity and continuity in the values of the practical secondary standards, the advisory committee recommends that any future adjustments of these values which may become necessary as a result of reference to the primary standard shall be made by international agreement approved by the International Committee on "Weights and Measures. D. Secondary standards for diverse colors of light.

1. The advisory committee recognizes the importance of the cooperative

studies now being made by the national laboratories on the measurement of transmission of colored filters, and expresses the hope that these studies will lead to agreement on a standard method for making such measurements as well as to accepted values for the particular filters.

2. The advisory committee will be pleased to receive for its own information,

and for transmission to the International Committee on "Weights and Measures,

any reports on the progress of these studies which can properly be published.

With regard to electrical units and standards, the following conclusions were reached

:

1. With regard to the unit of resistance, the ohm, considering that methods

of determining the absolute ohm are sufficiently advanced and that the agree- ment between the measurements of the coils (secondary standards) of the dif- ferent laboratories remains within the limits of precision of the measurements,

it is not necessary at present to undertake further comparisons of the resistance

coils with mercury ohms.

2. As to the units of electromotive force, on the contrary, the international comparisons of standard cells show differences exceeding the limits of possible

precision between the values of the electromotive force of the standards of

different countries. The committee considers that it is absolutely necessary

to make new determinations of the electromotive force of the international Weston cells in each national laboratory by means of the silver voltameter. The conditions under which the silver voltameter should be used are specified

sufficiently in the report of the international committee which met in Washington in 1910. The advisory committee recommends, however, that the national laboratories use the Smith or the Kohlrausch voltameter, avoiding all organic material since it has a bad effect on the electrolytic deposit.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 37

The groups of Weston cells prepared in the several laboratories can be con- sidered as sufficiently constant until the absolute unit of current shall be

established. The advisory committee also made recommendations regarding the

equipment of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures

and plans for cooperation between that bureau and the national

laboratories in work on electric and photometric standards. Since

another general conference on weights and measures is due to be held

in 1933, the advisory committee felt that it should meet again before

that time to study the comparisons of standards which shall have

been made and to assign values in absolute units for the standards of

resistance and of electromotive force. PHOTOMETRIC UNITS AND METHODS

A Memorandum Submitted to tha Advisory Committee on Electricity of the International Committee on Weights and Measures by George K. Burgess, Director, Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C., United States of America At its 1929 meeting the International Committee on Weights and

Measures adopted the following resolutions (Proces Verbaux, p. 67) : 1. The International Committee on Weights and Measures, considering the importance of unifying the methods used in photometry, decides to study the

question of the adoption of an international system of units of light.

2. For this purpose the international committee charges the advisory committee on electricity to advise it on all questions relating to the methods of measurement and to the units and standards of light.

3. The International Committee on Weights and Measures authorizes the advisory committee to solicit for the study of these questions the collaboration

of the national laboratories and of the International Commission on Illumi- nation. This resolution indicates the desire of the international committee

to assist in obtaining world-wide agreement on photometric units and

standards, while recognizing the progress already attained through

other agencies.

There are several reasons which make it desirable that the international committee assume jurisdiction over photometric units and

standards. This action would centralize in a single organization the

responsibility for photometric and electric standards, as well as those

of length, mass, and temperature. It would simplify the handling of

international comparisons of standards and avoid duplication of

organizations for similar purposes. In fact, the creation of another

organization having the legal status of the bodies which now deal

with weights and measures would be quite impracticable. If we are

to have any formal and legal establishment of international units, it must be accomplished through the international committee, acting

under the authority of the general conference.

On the other hand, standards of light are very different from the

standards of length and of mass hitherto recognized. Light is essentially a transient phenomenon. The " standards " used are really

equipment for producing a desired effect. In this respect they are somewhat similar to the standards which represent the electrical

units.

For this reason an international agency would not be expected to establish a single basic standard to which those of the several coun-
38 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

tries must conform. It should rather serve to coordinate the results of experimental work done in all laboratories and to make those

results available to all countries.

Fortunately the principles and general procedure suggested above

have already been recognized as applying to international electrical units and standards. The way seems clear, therefore, for the con- sideration of photometric questions on the assumption that they will

be dealt with in a similar manner.

Present Status of Candlepower Standards.—At present there is no reproducible primary standard generally accepted as a basis for

measurements of light. The units used in several countries were

originally derived from various primary standards, but in actual

practice those units are usually based upon groups of carbon-filament

electric lamps for which candlepower values (at specified voltages) were adopted many years ago. Such groups of electric lamps have

been found to show changes over long periods much smaller than the

uncertainties which would be introduced by deriving new values from

the primary standards.

Nevertheless it is granted that the electric lamps change with use, and that some accurately reproducible primary standard should be

devised and accepted as a basis for our system of units. The establishment of such a primary standard is logically the first step to be

taken, but it need not necessarily be taken first in order of time. Two

other problems need to be considered concurrently with it: in fact,

for practical purposes they are even more pressing.

These two problems are, first, the existence of two distinct units,

and, second, the further divergences which have arisen in extending

measurements from the basic carbon-filament lamps to more modern

types operating with the filaments at higher temperatures. These

divergences increase as operating temperatures and efficiencies are increased, and have attained a magnitude of at least 5 per cent for some lamps in common use. The Primany Standard of Light.—As a result of many years of

study and experiment, it is accepted that the most promising possibilities for a primary standard that would be both theoretically satis- factory and practically attainable are found in the " black body " or complete radiator. The International Commission on Illumination

at Geneva in 1924 adopted the following resolutions

:

The International Commission on Illumination recommends the international

adoption., as the primary standard of light, of the brightness of a black body

operated under conditions which are subject to accurate specification.

This commission recommends to the national laboratories that they take

steps

1. To formulate standard specifications for the construction and the conditions of operation of the black body as a primary standard of light.

2. To establish a definite value for the brightness of the black body operated

under these conditions, expressed in international candles per square centimeter. These resolutions left for future study the determination of conditions of operations of the black-body furnace. There are, however, strong reasons for adopting the freezing point of platinum as the basic fixed point in a scale of brightness. This is a temperature

readily obtainable by present technique in furnace operation; plat-
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 39

inum can be prepared with a high degree of purity; the use of its freezing point as the specified temperature makes the standard

independent of arv numerical scale of temperatures and also avoids

the interpolation or transfer of values by any temperature-measuring device : finally, the color of the light is practically identical with

that given by the present carbon-filament standards, so that a very

accurate comparison with those dependable practical standards can

be made.

Values of brightness of the black-body furnace at points of higher

temperature might later be established; for example, the melting

point of rhodium might be taken, since it would give a color nearer

to that of the lamps most commonly used. In fact, a complete scale of brightness correlated with the temperature scale might be adopted.

In either case, however, the platinum point would be desirable as a primary point of reference.

There are now available two very precise determinations of the

brightness of the black body at the platinum point, and these agree

as closely as the relative values of the carbon-filament standards are known. Brodhun and Hoffman 1 at the Physikalisch-Technische

Reichsanstalt found a brightness of 65.24 Hefner candles per square

centimeter. The Hefner unit is supposed to be 0.9 of the <; international " unit, so that this result corresponds to 58.72 international

candles per square centimeter. At the Bureau of Standards, Wensel,

Roeser, Barbrow, and Caldwell 2 have obtained the preliminary value,

58.88 candles per square centimeter, using the radiation from a black

body immersed in molten platinum.

It is believed that the conditions used in this latter work are more

favorable for exact reproduction in other laboratories, and, hence, more suitable for adoption as defining the primary standard. The

numerical value given is subject to some correction, depending on

the transmission of the optical apparatus used in connection with

the black body. Final results will be reported later to the advisory

committee, and definite proposals for specifying the standard will

be submitted. It is hoped that other laboratories will make experimental tests of the procedure in the near future.

It is understood that experimental work on this subject is in progress in France,3 Germany,4 Great Britain, and Japan so that other

numerical results comparable with those mentioned above may soon

be available for the committee.

The Unit of Light.—Light as a visual effect involves physiological

and psychological reactions. These reactions depend so largely on

the conditions of observation that there seems to be no real advantage in choosing a unit of light having a specified relation to the

unit of mechanical or electrical power.

If the black-body furnace is adopted as a primary standard some

simple fraction of its brightness (intensity per square centimeter)

1 Zeitschrift fiir Physik, 37, p. 137 ; 1926.

2 Progress report presented before Optical Society of America, Oct. 24, 1929. Further

experiments are in progress and final results will be published in the Bureau of Standards

Journal of Research.

3 See report on work of P. Fleury. J. Choppius, and others, Proc. Int. Com. on Ilium., pp. 1102-1115, 1928. -C. Mueller, Proc. Int. Com. on Ilium., pp. 1116-1137, 1928.
40 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

might be taken as a unit, but this simplification would be useful only

in defining the unit while the change of units would cause mucbi

trouble and annoyance.

Our present units of light have arbitrary values. Their magnitudes arose from the natural limitations on the size and brilliance

of open flames. Nevertheless the only good reason for considering a change in them is the fact that we have two. Unfortunately the difference between the two units is so large

that the adoption of a compromise value would have all the disadvantages of a change for every one, and would give us for a time the

added confusion of three units instead of two. Consequently, the

question resolves itself into this : Are the advantages of international

uniformity important enough to justify asking the countries which

use the Hefner unit to change their practice ? If such a change in units is ever to be made, it could most naturally

be done when a new primary standard is adopted. Whether a change

of the kind suggested is practicable is a question which the international committee can not decide. The best course it can take is to promote the establishment of standards in which the simple ratio of

9 to 10 between the two units shall be accurately maintained, and

to hope that all countries will eventually find it expedient to use the larger unit.

Maintenance of Fundamental Units.—It is hoped that a primary

standard can be adopted which will be so simple and convenient that

frequent confirmation of the fundamental units will be practicable.

The incandescent-filament lamps will nevertheless continue to be the

actual working tools of the photometric laboratory. They will serve

to maintain the units in the intervals between redeterminations by

the primary standard. They also afford the only practical means of

transferring values from one laboratory to another, and thus of

comparing the results of different primary determinations.

It is desirable, therefore, that a complete and precise comparison

of fundamental incandescent-lamp standards be made among the

laboratories concerned, in preparation for the assignment of a specified numerical value for the primary standard. An interchange of

carbon-filament lamps for this purpose has already been initiated

between the national laboratories. If discrepancies are disclosed

by this comparison they can be adjusted in fixing the primary

values.

Periodic intercomparisons should be made at suitable intervals

among the national laboratories by means of incandescent-filament

lamps, for the purpose of maintaining uniformity; changes in the

values assigned for working standards made necessary by new primary determinations should be made only by international agree- ment ratified by the International Committee on Weights and

Measures.

Standards at Higher Temperatures.—When satisfactory standards are established for light like that from the carbon filament,

the measurement of practical commercial lamps still presents diffi- culties because of differences in color of the light. For these diffi- culties no solution can be given by purely physical methods. At

some stage the physiological and psychological processes of vision
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 1 41

must come in, and these give different results under different

conditions.

Various devices have been used to remove the difference of color

in such measurements. For example, filters of colored glass or liquid

may be chosen which make the transmitted light from one lamp

similar to that emitted from another. In assigning values of trans- mission for such filters, however, one must make measurements on

the lights of different color. Agreement on transmission factors

for particular filters is therefore a mere expedient ; the fundamental

question is the method to be used in measuring the transmissions.

Similiarly, the establishment of different sets of standard lamps for

light of different colors or the acceptance of equations representing

the variation of intensity of light with the voltage or current supplied to the lamp, must depend on having some method of measuring the light satisfactorily over a considerable range of color. In addition to setting up satisfactory fundamental standards, it

is therefore necessary to establish also a standard method capable of

giving reliable values for other lamps differing from the fundamental

standards in color of light. This problem has been the subject of

discussion between the national laboratories for several years, and an

experimental project including measurements on colored filters in

four laboratories has been in progress for the last two years. In

view of this activity, the advisory committee may well call on these

laboratories for special advice on this phase of the general problem. In the expectation that the advisory committee will wish to refer this question to the national laboratories, no discussion of the

merits of different methods of measurement will be attempted in

this memorandum.

If the cooperative measurements now in progress open the way

to an agreement among the laboratories, satisfactory to them and

to the International Commission on Illumination, the International

Committee on Weights and Measures might be advised to add its formal approval so as to give still wider recognition to the accepted

method of measurement. Considering the urgent industrial demands

for settlement of this question, the advisory committee should stress the desirability of action by the national laboratories and the Inter- national Commission on Illumination at the 1931 session of the

commission.

Suggested Resolutions.—In order to summarize this discussion in a form suitable for definite action by the advisory committee, the

following resolutions are proposed

:

(a) Primary standard:

1. The advisory committee on electricity supports the view of the Inter- national Commission on Illumination that a black-body radiator operated under

specified conditions should be adopted as the primary standard of light.

2. The advisory committee recommends that the freezing point of pure

platinum be adopted as the basic reference temperature of the black-body

standard.

3. The advisory committee requests the several national laboratories to examine the specifications for the construction and operation of the black- body standard submitted by the Bureau of Standards, and to give their opinions

regarding the practicability of adopting the standard thus specified.

4. The advisory committee urges the desirability of additional determinations

of the brightness of the black-body radiator, especially under the conditions
42 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

prescribed in tlie proposed specifications or at least under conditions comparable with those prescribed.

(&) Units of light:

1. The advisory committee believes that it would net be expedient to change

the unit which has been in common use in several countries since 190$, and

which has been adopted by the International Commission on Illumination.

2. The advisory committee expresses the hope that all countries may eventually find it possible to accept this unit so as to bring about complete uni- formity of units.

(c) Maintenance of units:

1. The advisory committee suggests that the national laboratories immediately exchange and compare groups of carbon-filament lamps, or of others operated at a corresponding color, and submit for the International Committee

on Weights and Measures precise information regarding the relative values

of the units of candlepower as now maintained in the several laboratories.

2. Assuming that any differences disclosed by such comparisons will be removed by agreement among the national laboratories, the advisory committee

suggests the desirability of periodic comparisons in the future under the

auspices of the international committee.

3. Recognizing the importance of uniformity and continuity in the values

of the practical secondary standards, the advisory committee recommends that any future adjustments of these values which may become necessary as a

result of reference to the primary standard shall be made by international agreement approved by the International Committee on Weights and Measures.

(d) Standards for diverse colors of light:

1. The advisory committee recognizes the importance of the cooperative

studies now being made by the national laboratories on the measurement of transmission of colored filters, and expresses the hope that these studies will lead to agreement on a standard method for making such measurements as

well as to accepted values for the particular filters.

2. The advisory committee will be pleased to receive for its own information,

and for transmission to the International Committee on Weights and Measures,

any reports on the progress of these studies which can properly be released.

3. The advisory committee hopes also that an agreement on methods for measuring lights of diverse colors may be formulated in time for consideration by the International Commission on Illumination at its 1931 session.

(e) Functions of the International Committee and the International Bureau:

1. The advisory committee believes it to be appropriate and desirable that the International Committee on Weights and Measures take jurisdiction over

international work on photometric units and standards in order to avoid dupli- cation of organization and division of responsibility.

2. The advisory committee recommends, however, that the international committee continue to seek the advice and cooperation of the International Commission on Illumination, since that commission represents those most concerned

with measurements of light.

3. The advisory committee expects that eventually the International Bureau

of Weights and Measures will fulfill the same functions for the photometricstandards as are assigned to it for electrical standards, but, in view of the

limited staff and lack of facilities, its operations for some time must be

confined to secretarial work in connection with the exchange and comparison

of standards. PROPOSALS REGARDING THE PRIMARY STANDARD OF LIGHT

Submitted to the Advisory Committee on Electricity of the International Committee on Weights and Measures by George K. Burgess, Director, Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C,

United States of America The general memorandum on Photometric Units and Methods

submitted to the advisory committee under date of March 4, 1930,

set forth the advantages of using an integral radiator (black body)

at the freezing point of platinum as the primary standard of light.

The proposal made by Waidner and Burgess 3 in 1908 has very re-

* Electrical World, 52, p. 625 ; 1908.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 43

cently been developed into an experimental procedure suitable for

precise reproduction. This work has been done at the Bureau of

Standards by Wensel, Roeser, Barbrow, and Caldwell, and a detailed report, will be published in the bureau's Journal of Research.

Essential details of the apparatus are described in the specifications for a primary standard which are forwarded herewith for the

consideration of the advisory committee. As was indicated in the

general memorandum, the results obtained with this apparatus agree

with those of Brodhun and Hoffmann 6 at the Reichsanstalt as closely as one knows the relative values of the candlepower standards used

as bases for the two results. However, as compared with the method

of Brodhun and Hoffmann, which requires the production of a space

at uniform temperature in a resistance-wound furnace the method

now proposed seems to offer better promise of reproducibility in

different laboratories.

The preliminary value given for the brightness of the standard

(58.88 candles per square centimeter) was subject to correction re- sulting from more accurate determination of the transmission of the

optical parts used to project the light from the radiator upon the

photometric surface. The final value is 58.84 candles per square

centimeter- This can be expressed also by saying that an intensity

of 1 candle is given by an area of 1.700 square millimeters. These

values are based upon a group of 6 carbon-filament lamps constituting part of the 45 lamps used by the Bureau of Standards to maintain the unit of candlepower adopted in 1909.

The ratio of the electrical resistance at 100° C. to that at 0° C. of

the platinum ingot No. 1 was 1.3918 before and 1.3903 after the 150

melts and freezes made during this and other work.

The precision and consistency of the results can be judged from

the following tabulations of data. The parts of the apparatus

mentioned are shown in the description including Figure 3 at the

end of the proposed specification.

1 . Data on transmission of lens and prism

Observer Box

method

Pyrometer method Mean

A

Per cent

« 76. 93

» 76. 93

« 76. 89

» 76. 97

Per cent

« 77. 03

' 76. 93

« 76. 85

Per cent 76.98

76.93 76.87 76.97 B

C__ D

Mean 76.92 76.94

° Average of 12 sets. b Average of 6 sets. e Average 4 freezes. Value used 76.93 per cent.

6 Zeitsch. f. Physik, 37, p. 137 ; 1926. 27171—31 4
44 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

2. Data on black-body brightness

PLATINUM INGOT No. 1 Observer

1 A- - • > B C D

Cp/cm*

58.69

58. 87

59. 15 59.09

Cp/cm*

58. 48

58. 54 58.78

58.82

Cp/cm*

58.92 58.56

59. 23 59.15

Cp/cm*

58. 46 59.10 58.67

59.07 Mean. ..58. 95 1 58.66 Mean of ingot No. 1=58.85 cj 58.96 cm».

58.83 PLATINUM INGOT No. 2 Observer A B C D

Cp/cm3 58.61 58.88

58.65

59.14

Cp/cm*

58. 81 58.86

58. 59

59.01

Cp/cm*

59.13 58.97

58.46

59. 09

Cp/cm*

58. 53

58. 95 58.73 59.02 Mean. ..58. 82 ! 58.82 1 58.91 Mean of ingot No. 2=58.84 c/cm».

58. 81

Ingot Observer A B C D

No. 1... No. 2Mean

Cp/cm*

58.95

58.82

Cp/cm*

58.66 58.82

Cp/cm*

58.96

58. 91

Cp/cm*

58.83

58. 81 58.88 58.74 58.93 58.82 Grand mean= 58.84.

8. Summary of data

Focal length of lens cm__ 25 Diameter of opening in diaphragm cm 1. 9082 Distance diaphragm to test plate about cm 340 Distance standard lamp to test plate about cm__ 125 Distance comparison lamp to transmitting test plate about cm__ 125 Candlepower of group of 6 carbon primary standard lamps, average 17. 723 Transmission of lens and prism per cent 76. 93

Brightness of black body immersed in freezing platinum__candles/cm 2__ 58. 84 Discussion of Sources of Errors.—The diameter of the diaphragm

was measured both on a dividing engine and with standard gages,

the error in the area being too small to affect the result by more than

3 or 4 parts in 10,000. The distances from the test plate to the

standard lamp and to the diaphragm were measured to an accuracy

of 0.1 mm by means of a long steel bar graduated and checked by

the length measurements section of the bureau. The error from this source, since the errors made are accidental and will largely balance
STANDAEDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 45

out, is not sufficient to affect the result by more than 2 parts in 10,000.

The rated candlepower for the six standard lamps, average for the

group, is taken as exact, the result being expressed as relative to this group of lamps.

The value obtained for the transmission of the lens and prism is considered good to 5 parts in 10,000.

The experimental error in matching the photometer is considered

to be 1 part in 1,000.

Summary of possible errors Per cent Area of diaphragm ±0. 03 Distance measurements ± . 02 Transmission of lens and prism ± . 05 Lack of black body conditions — . 1 Photometric matching ± . 1 It is believed that the result is not high by more than 0.1 per cent or low by more than 0.2 per cent. SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY STANDARD OF LIGHT

1. General.—1. The primary standard of light shall be an integral

radiator (black-body radiator, Hohlraum).

2. The radiator shall be operated in pure platinum at its freezing

point.

3. The present unit of light, "the international candle," is rep- resented by such a radiator having a projected area, normal to the

line of sight, of 1.700 square millimeters.

II. Construction of the Standard Radiator.—1. The method of

heating shall be by electromagnetic induction, the heat being generated directly in the platinum.

2. The crucible containing the platinum, the crucible cover, and

the sight tube immersed in the platinum shall be made of a material which will not contaminate the platinum. (See Sec. III.)

A recommended material is fused thorium oxide ground to such a fineness that all will pass through a sieve having openings approximately 0.15 mm

square. A suitable binder for the oxide is a solution of 1 gram of thorium

chloride in 5 ml of water. The thorium oxide can best be ground in a

steel ball mill, the iron thus introduced being subsequently removed by an

acid treatment.

3. The crucible shall be disposed practically as illustrated in

Figure 2 herewith, and the dimensions shall be as follows

:

Inside diameter of crucible at top 22 mm ± 2 mm

Inside diameter of crucible at bottom 17 mm ± 2 mm

Inside height of crucible 45 mm ± 5 mm

Inside diameter of sight tube 2.5 mm ± 0.2 mm

Thickness of wall of sight tube, between 0.25 mm and 0.50 mm

The opening in the cover of the crucible shall be at least 0.8 mm

in diameter less than the inside diameter of the sight tube. The

opening in the crucible cover, the sight tube, and the crucible shall

be coaxial. The sight tube shall be filled to a depth of 10 to 15 mm

with the material from which the crucible and sight tube are made.
46 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The crucible shall be thermally insulated by packing around

it more of the material from which it is made.

Packing with the fused and ground thorium oxide adjacent to the crucible as indicated in Figure 2 is advantageous because it avoids shrinkage of the material and prevents the platinum from leaking out through the cracks which usually occur in the crucible.

III. Purity of the Platinum.—1. The criterion for purity of the

platinum shall be the temperature coefficient of electrical resistance.
Miscellaneous Publications, Bureau of Standards No. I 19

Figure 4.Platinum ingot and parts of crucible used in the black-body standard of light

STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 47

2. The platinum used shall be of such purity that the ratio of its electrical resistance at 100° C. to its electrical resistance at 0° C.

shall not be less than 1.390.

3. Tests shall be made to determine that the material used for

the crucible does not contaminate the platinum sufficiently to reduce

the coefficient below the specified value.

IV. Method of Operation.—1. Only the observations taken during

the transition of the platinum from the liquid to the solid state shall

be used.

2. During the period preceding freezing, energy shall be supplied

to the induction furnace so as to secure uniformity of temperature

in the metal by the stirring effect thus produced.

3. During freezing the power supply shall be controlled so as to give a constant intensity over a period of at least three minutes.

V. Photometric Methods.—The apparatus and methods to be

used in comparing the luminous intensity of the primar}7 standard

with that of secondary standards are not prescribed. It is obvious,

however, that accurate measurement of the actual area of the aperture of the radiator is impracticable. Consequently a method should

be used which depends upon the brightness (intensity per unit

area), rather than upon the total luminous intensity of the radiator.

METHOD USED BY THE BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The following procedure has been used at the Bureau of Standards

and is recommended : A diagrammatic sketch of the apparatus is shown in Figure 3, and the parts

in Figure 4. The test plate H of magnesium carbonate is illuminated first by light from the standard lamp -at I and next by light from the black body

immersed in freezing platinum at J. The lens L forms an image of the black body opening on the test plate H. The diaphragm at K serves to define the

solid angle used.

Figure o The ratio R of the illumination falling on the test plate in the two cases above

is determined from D c

' and D c" the respective distances of the comparison

lamp M from the test-plate A

7 at which a photometric match is obtained

between this test plate and the test plate H in these two cases. The color temperature of the comparison lamp was adjusted to be approximately midway between that of the standard lamp and that of the black body

during the freezing of the nlatinum.
48 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The brightness (candlepower per cm 2 ), B, of the black body and the candle- power S of the standard lamp are related by the formula

S (_DYfD/Y

where T is the transmission of the lens and prism and A is the area of the diaphragm opening in cm.

2 The light transmission of the lens and prism used at the bureau was deter- mined by two methods. In the first method, a light box was used and the transmission determined from the two distances of the comparison lamp from

the translucent test plate at N when this test plate was matched first with

the box directly, and next with the box when the lens and prism were inter- posed. In this work, the color temperature of the light from the box and that

of the comparison lamp were made equal to that of the black body. In the second method an optical pyrometer, with red screen removed, was

first sighted through the lens and prism into the black body, J, during freez- ing of the platinum. The optical pyrometer was then sighted into the black body during a freeze, the lens and prism being replaced by a sector disk of ap- proximately the same light transmission (as determined by the box method).

The other sector disks were also used, one of slightly greater and one of slightly

less transmission than the first. The variation of the pyrometer lamp cur- rent with transmission was thus determined and used to determine the differ- ence in transmission between the lens-prism combination and the sector of nearest value. As it happened this difference was only 1 part in 10,000 in current or 1 part in 2,000 in transmission. The average results obtained with the two methods are practically

identical, but the pyrometer method seems to have decided

advantages.

INTERNATIONAL BUREAU OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

(Paris, France) (From a Memorandum Received from the Director) The International Bureau of Weights and Measures has been busily

engaged, during the past year, with the addition of a section dealing

with electrical standards. For this, the advisory committee on elec- tricity, which had met once at the Pavilion de Breteuil, held a second

session in June of this year. This session was held in order to take

up at once the general program of the consulting committee from

which would issue the program of work of the international bureau.

It was decided to add the photometric units to the electrical units,

and to give the committee the title of advisory committee on elec- tricity and photometry. Furthermore, the recently published report

of this committee contained numerous documents relative to the

comparisons already made between the standards of the volt and of

the ohm of various countries. Mr. Jimbo, of the Electrotechnical

Laboratory of the Ministry of Communications of Tokyo, visited

the various laboratories in 1928 and 1929 and gathered important

data on the values for the present standards. Mr. Chatelain and his

principal collaborators have published a series of notes on the standards. Other notes are from the Director of the Bureau of Standards in Washington, from the Executive Committee of the National

Physical Laboratory, from the President of the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt. from the Director of the Laboratoire Central

d'Electricite, etc. The ensemble of these reports forms a series of

very complete data, which will constitute a guide for the work of the
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 49

international bureau. This latter has wished to commence the comparisons without further delay, but the laboratories have not yet

been completed, although they will be soon. It is well known that

these new laboratories have been built, thanks to the donation of

John D. Kockefeller. The bureau has been, and is still, engaged on

the expansion of the metric prototypes. It is now agreed that the

experiments of Messrs. Guillaume, Maudet, and Volet show that

the expansion of all the standards of the same melt is identical,

within the extreme limits of error of the observations. Therefore,

to determine the expansion of the International Prototype Meter,

which is inaccessible, it is possible to use other standards of the same

melt. Use has been made of prototypes Nos. 20 and 26, T2 and T3 , employed at the bureau for various determinations. This time A.

Perard was added to the preceding observers. The most probable

figures now appear to be given by the formula

:

Lt = L [1+ (8.620 + 0.00180) 10~6 ] These figures are still subject to revision.

The quartz standards for which everything was prepared in

1927 have been delaj'ed in construction, because too high a price for

these standards was set. Samuel S. Stratton, former Director of

the Bureau of Standards and member of the International Committee of Weights and Measures desired to come to the aid of the

bureau by giving to the bureau a beautiful piece of quartz, with

which all the standards might be made, if, finally this quartz proved

to have a satisfactory homogeneity.

Effort has been made, meanwhile, to establish a definite price for

the quartz of the requisite dimensions. But a new difficulty has

arisen: the Bureau of Standards has made standards of fused

quartz, a substance which, exposed to a very high temperature for

its fusion no longer undergoes, it seems, modifications in the course

of time, so that the Bureau of Standards has some doubt concerning

the need for length standards of crystal quartz. A study of this

subject, on these materials, will be undertaken by the international

bureau as soon as a decimeter of fused quartz will have been sent through the effort of the Bureau of Standards.

It is evident that the question is receiving due attention and will soon be settled. The international bureau had conceived the idea of a verification

of its mural base of 24 m, by the determinations of 24 m wires

measured on this base and sent to various laboratories where they

would be measured.

This was begun by sending them first to the National Physical

Laboratory. Four wires carefully studied were rolled on a drum,

and sent to Teddington. There they were determined on the base,

and were found to differ by 0.05' mm from the value of 24 m

at Teddington. They were then sent to Charlottenburg, where they

remained more than a year, so that because of the variation possible in the length of the wire in the course of time, one can not

draw any certain conclusions from the comparisons which have been

made.

It seems, however, that the problem should be divided, and the

wires measured not upon the secondary base of the bureau, but
50 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

directly by means of microscopic markings on the primary base. The bureau has then to establish wires whose small graduated scales are arranged to be observed by the microscope, so that the comparison will be made directly by these new wires. Their construction has

been nearly completed, and the work of comparison will commence

immediately thereafter.

Thermometry is completely reestablished at the bureau. It should

be remembered that the difficulty of obtaining hard glass of constant

quality has compelled the bureau to renounce the use of this material. Moreover the death of Baudin, who was for a very long

time the only furnisher of precision thermometers, made it impossible to obtain thermometers of the first order. The thermometers received from various countries have not given satisfaction.

The Corporation of Chemical Factories of ithone-Poulenc, now

accustomed to the needs of the international bureau, furnishes

very excellent thermometers. For the bulb, which forms the es- sential part of the thermometer, Jena glass 16 111 has been secured

;

this is used with French glass for the stem, and thermometers,

comparable with the old ones, are now being made. The bureau

has, at this moment, under study, thermometers which ought to occupy it for many months.

Besides this work, the bureau has constantly to make determinations for State institutions or for individuals who address it in

order to obtain suitable standards. The new countries, such as Poland and Czechoslovakia, as organized at the time of the war, had been forming their bureaus of weights and measures and, above

all, central bureaus. The international bureau has provided for

the determinations of the principal standards for these bureaus.

The geodetic wires have brought much work; the U. S. S. R.

alone has called for 65 at one time. These must undergo all the

processes which precede their determination properly so-called, and

for this, 100 individual measurements on the base had to be made.

These determinations, with numerous measures of expansion have

not permitted the undertaking of individual work during the year. However, Volume XVIII of the Travaux et Memoires was completed in March, and has been distributed to the contributory nations. This volume contains : " Nouvelles etudes thermometriques,"

by Ch. Ed. Guillaume; "La temperature d'ebullition de l'eau d'apres les experiences de P. Chappuis," by Ch. Volet ; " Applications

pratiques des interferences lumineuses a l'etude des calibres industries et autres longuers a bouts," by A. Perard and the " Comptes

rendus des Sixieme et Septieme Comference General des Poids et Mesures."

As to the^ Etudes Thermometriques completed about 1900, but to which Ch. Ed. Guillaume has not been able to devote time necessary

for the study of the ensemble of the question and for the preparation

of the memoire, it relates to the capillary action on the meniscus of

the thermometer, the study of the hypsometric thermometer, and

the action of various temperatures upon thermometers of hard glass,

English crystal, and of Jena glass, as well as comparisons of thermometers of these two latter glasses with thermometers of hard glass.

The short memoire of Ch. Volet relates to the temperature of

boiling of water under pressures in the neighborhood of atmospheric

;
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 51

he reaches the conclusion that the experiments of Regnault ought

not to serve as a guide to this question, and that the experiments of

P. Chappuis are very close to the truth.

As to the memoir of A. Perard, it treats of the practical verification of industrial gages and of new instruments devised to make

such determinations.

There is not much further to be said which is not given in the

report of the sixth and of the seventh conference. The international

bureau is, to be precise, engaged in carrying out the decisions of the

seventh conference. As a supplement to the report of the sixth conference there is a report of Ch. Ed. Guillaume upon Eecent Progress

of the Metric System where there is noted the extension of the metric

system especially in Asia, which was emphasized even before the

conference of 1927.

WORLD ENGINEERING CONGRESS

(Tokyo, Japan)

The World Engineering Congress at Tokyo during October and

November, 1929, was a notable international event—the first international gathering on engineering ever held in the Orient. There

were present 3,750 delegates, representing 29 countries, and 812

technical papers were presented, covering every branch of engineering and industry.

The results are being published in 20 bound volumes comprising

16,500 pages, and will be distributed by the Kosei-Kai Publishing

Office, Yuraku-Kan Building, Maranouchi, Tokyo. Standardization was discussed in connection with general problems concerning en- gineering, the papers being printed in Volume II of the proceedings.

INTERNATIONAL ASTRONOMICAL UNION

At the third general assembly of the International Astronomical

Union in July, 1928, it was recommended by the wave-length commission " that vacuum-arc and furnace spectra be investigated carefully to determine if their use will improve the system of secondary

standards." An important contribution to this subject has since

been reported in a paper on Wave Lengths and Atomic Levels in the

Spectrum of the Vacuum Iron Arc, appearing in the publications

of the Allegheny Observatory, Vol. VI, No. 11. Some 600 lines ex- tending from 2,800 to 8,800 A have been measured by simultaneous

exposure with neon with a median accuracy of 1 part in 5,000,000.

About 1,200 additional wave lengths have been computed for the vacuum arc on the neon scale between 2,100 and 9,000 A.

Another contribution to spectroscopic standards has been completed at the Bureau of Standards and is being published as a re- search paper entitled " Interference Measurement in the First

Spectra of Krypton and Xenon." About 40 of the stronger lines

in each spectrum have been compared with neon standards and the

errors in relative value of the wave lengths as tested by " constant

differences " in wave number appear to be only 1 part in 20,000,000 on the average.
52 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

PROPOSED INTERNATIONAL CALENDAR—PROGRESS IN ITS

SIMPLIFICATION

Furnished by Dr. Charles F. Marvin, Chief, United States Weather Bureau Those who have followed the discussion of this question in pre- vious issues of the yearbook will remember that simplification of the

calendar has been under active consideration by astronomers, chambers of commerce, business organizations, and scientific societies for more than a score of years past, culminating in 19*23 when the

League of Nations appointed a Committee of Enquiry on Calendar

Simplification, which reported in 1926. Subsequently its findings were accepted by the general assembly, and under date of September

27, 1927, the secretary general addressed a letter on the subject to

all nations, which for convenience of reference may be repeated here

:

The Advisory and Technical Committee for Communications and Transit

decides to request the secretary general of the League of Nations to invite

all the administrations and organizations concerned to give the committee

all information of value to it on any action taken on the suggestions contained

in the report of the committee of inquiry into the reform of the calendar and, more particularly, on the proposal for the establishment of national committees

of inquiry to study this reform. Among the various nations, the United States was the first to organize a national committee, and its report was submitted to the

League of Nations by the Secretary of State as of August 14, 1929.

Within the United States vigorous opposition has been aroused

by certain religious groups, such as those of the Jewish and the Sabbatarian faiths, to the proposed change in the calendar, which necessitates a week of eight days once in each year and twice in leap year. Late in the year 1929 the national committee for the United States sought to canvas the extent of the prevalence of religious convictions

of this character among the clergy and laity of the Protestant re- ligions. The results of this inquiry have not been fully compiled,

but it is understood that they show that only a small percentage of

the Protestant clergy shares the religious objections of the Sabbatarian groups. (Returns show 80 per cent without objection.) It may be well to explain here that one of the greatest defects of

the present calendar is the incessant change, from year to year, of

the week day name for the first day of each calendar year. This

carries with it a progressive dislocation, that is a " wandering " of

the successive days of the " week " with reference to definite points

in the solar year. This dislocation or wandering impairs or prevents

intelligent analysis and comparison of many kinds of annual statistics, especially those representing weather and other natural

phenomena.

The two types of calendar simplification found acceptable to the

League of Nations propose that this serious defect be overcome by

giving a nonweek day name like " Yearday " to the last day of the

year, and similarly in leap years to call the intercalated day

*' Leapday." By this proposal January 1 will always begin on Sunday, the first day of the week. This necessarily causes an interval

of 7 days, instead of 6 days, between the so-called Sabbath days

in the weeks in which these nonweek day names occur. In a word, at
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 53

the present time the week day names wander with reference to fixed

positions in the solar year. If the week day names are fixed with

reference to the points in the solar year, then necessarily the so-called

Sabbath days, if they occur inexorably at intervals of 7 days, wander

with reference to the day called Saturday in the simplified calendar.

This wandering is deemed objectionable to certain religious faiths,

but, as mentioned in the above canvas, these appear to be distinctly

in the minority. It may be mentioned here that this aspect of calendar change was thoroughly considered by the League of Nations.

Moreover, in 1923, when the Orthodox Churches of Greece and other

eastern nations adopted the modern European calendar, it was

distinctly agreed in Ecumenical Council that, although those

churches would prefer a calendar conserving the continuity of the

week, nevertheless the occasional interruption of the continuity

of the Sabbath to secure a calendar with every year beginning on the same week day involved no question of religious dogma or canon law

;

therefore, they were willing to agree with other nations in the

adoption of such a calendar.

The conflict on this question of calendar simplification is, therefore, purely one which involves the wishes of a very few whose reli- gious views are not in accord with the wishes and religious views of

a very large majority.

Among the organizations which went on record during the year in

favor of calendar reform and the participation of the United States

in an international conference were

:

The Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers.

Association of Government Officials in Industry.

Academy of Science of New Hampshire.

American Optometric Association.

Progress abroad in preparation for the international discussion of

calendar reform in 1931 was considerable. Mr. Cotsworth's tour in

South America, alluded to in the previous yearbook, was fruitful in

stimulating the organization of national committees by a number of

the Pan American States. Mr. Cotsworth explained the need of

preparation for the international discussion and supplied the committees with information on the subject. He is now making a tour

of Japan and other far eastern countries for the same purpose.

The action of the general assembly of the League of Nations,

alluded to in the previous yearbook, which authorized the Fourth

General Council on Communications and Transit to be prepared at

its meeting in 1931 to consider recommendations concerning the

calendar submitted by national committees and other sources, paved

the way for consideration of calendar reform in 1931. At the pres- ent time the plans for the international discussion have not been fully

formulated, but it is understood that a preliminary and preparatory

conference, to be held in the late spring of 1931, is contemplated, and

a final conference of Government delegates with full powers would

be held near the end of the year in conjunction with the Fourth

General Conference on Communications and Transit. It is expected

that the reports and suggestions of the existing national committees

will have been received at Geneva shortly, and that meantime committees representing other countries will have been formed, including
54 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Great Britain, Canada, Denmark, and Czechoslovakia, where, in particular, preparations are being made by leading citizens. From pres- ent information it appears that 25 nations have formed their national

committees, as per list below:

Europe:

Belgium.

France. Germany.

Holland. Hungary.

Italy. Poland. Sweden.

North America:

Mexico.

United States.

South America.

Argentina.

Bolivia.

Brazil.

Chile. Colombia.

Ecuador.

Paraguay.

Peru.

Central America : Costa Rica. Cuba.

Guatemala.

Honduras.

Nicaragua. Panama.

San Salvador

INTERNATIONAL GEODETIC AND GEOPHYSICAL UNION

Contributed by J. A. Fleming, General Secretary of the American Geophysical Union General.—The functions of the International Geodetic and Geophysical Union include consideration of what researches and

standards are important in geophysical problems and stimulation

of such researches and fixing of standards, both nationally and

internationally. Naturally it is difficult to preserve boundaries between scientific discussion necessary to such functions and more

general scientific communication such as is the field of a scientific society. The delegates to the international assemblies of the Geodetic and Geophysical Union are appointed by the various national

research councils, and must be citizens of the country from which

appointed. Funds for carrying on the work of the union are con- tributed by the various governments adhering to the statutes and

thus the assemblies have a really international official status. The

union's assemblies, held about every three years, bring together

investigators in all geophysical branches from every part of the

civilized world, and afford excellent means for the interchange of

ideas and of reports of national progress, thus preventing over- lapping and duplication, making possible effective coordination of

the efforts in different countries, and leading to the attack and

solution of many problems far wiser in extent than the boundary of

a single country.

Previous reports of various activities taken pertaining to standards, standard instruments, and nomenclature by this organization

in geodetic and geophysical fields are given on pages 20 to 24, 36

to 40, and 22 to 25 of the Standards Yearbook for 1928, 1929, and

1930, respectively.

Publications of transactions, of resolutions adopted, and of scientific papers and reports for the various assemblies of the union and

its sections or associations may be procured through the general

secretary of the union (Brig. H. St. J. L. Winterbotham, War Office,

London, S. W. 1, England) or through the secretaries of seven asso- ciations among which the activities of the union are divided. These

are : Geodesy, General G. Perrier, 78 rue cl'Anjou, Paris (8e

)

, France

:

seismology, Prof. E. Eothe, 38 boulevard d'Anvers, Strasbourg

(Bas-Khin), France; meterology, Capt. Ph. Wehrle, 176 rue de
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 55

l'Universite, Paris (7e ), France; terrestrial magnetism and electricity. Dr. Ch. Maurian, 191 rue Saint-Jacques, Paris (5

e ), France;

oceanography. Prof. Rolf Witting. Konstantinsgatan 8. Heisingfors,

Finland: volcanology, Prof. A. Malladra, R. Osservatorio Yesuviano,

Resina (Napoli), Italy; and hydrology, M. Dienert, 6 rue de la Seine, Paris (6), France.

Thus far. four assemblies of the international body have been

held, namely, at Rome in 1922, at Madrid in 1924, at Prague in 1927,

and at Stockholm in 1930. The next assembly is to be held at Lisbon.

Portugal, in 1933.

Stockholm Assembly.—During August 14 to 23, 1930, at the

fourth assembly in Stockholm, Sweden, some 302 delegates and

guests represented 36 countries. The United States was represented through the attendance of 16 official delegates and 4 official guests—a total delegation of 20 and only 1 of whom could not be

present in person.

At this assembly new statutes for the union to be effective in

1931 at the close of the present 12-year convention of the Inter- national Research Council, of which the union is a part, were dis- cussed and prepared. Other important matters upon which action was taken by the assembly included

:

1. Approval of the project for a Jubilee International Polar Year 1932-33

as proposed by the Commission on Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity of

the International Meteorological Committee. The developments of apparatus

and methods of recording, as well as of new means of scientific approach and

observations concerned with geophysical problems since the International Polar Year of 1882-83, are such that any concerted international effort for the

prosecution of a simultaneous program of geophysical observations will yield data of incalculable value in the study of problems of geophysics. The pro- posal for a Jubilee International Polar Year 1932-33 by the Commission on

Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity of the International Meteorological

Committee was given, therefore, the approval and support of the union in the following resolution favorably recommended by the Associations of Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity and Meteorology:

The union accepts the invitation of the International Meteorological Committee to cooperate in organizing and carrying out a second Polar Year with a

similiar object to that of the first Polar Year 1882-83, and appoints the follow- ing commission for this purpose: Stormer (chairman), Chapman, la Cour,

Maurain, and Wehrle.

2. It was agreed that every means should be promoted to affect the cooperation of the International Research Council and its unions with societies, associations, or institutions engaged in work that extends beyond national

lines. This action was taken because of the many organizations engaged in geophysics which extend beyond national lines and yet which are not at present

coordinated with the work of the International Geodetic and Geophysical

Union as, for example, the Pacific Science Congress, the Baltic Geodetic Association, the Pan-American Institute of Geography and History, the International Committee for the Exploration of the Sea, the International Hydrographic

Congress, and many others. Geophysical sciences and data will be materially

advanced by effective means promoting cooperation of the International Research Council and its unions with such societies, associations, and institutions.

3. Provision was considered to bring about more effective distribution of publications of the union and of each of its associations. Thus coordination and understanding of the efforts of various national societies will be for- warded through systematic distribution of complete files of publications to each national organization and to representative libraries for reference

purposes. The proceedings of the meetings of the seven associations center around agenda prepared by the executive committees of each and

based upon reports and suggestions from the national committees
56 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

which are published and distributed well in advance of an assembly.

The following paragraphs briefly summarize the proceedings of

each association with particular reference to actions involving standards, instruments, procedure, and resolutions.

Association of Geodesy.—Activities as regards standards are in- dicated by the following partial list of 17 standing and special committees submitting reports: Intensity of gravity; latitude; projection; earth tides; specifications for triangulation and base measure- ments; specifications for first-order leveling; longitude; and bibli- ography. Specifications for first-order triangulation and first-order

leveling were adopted following the reports of the special committees on these subjects. An outstanding feature was the report submitted by Dr. F. A. Vening Meinesz, of the Dutch Geodetic Commission, on his gravity-at-sea work in the vicinity of the East

Indies. The standardized type of triangulation tower developed by

the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey in the Bilby portable

steel tower used since 1927 was also the subject of report.

Among the resolutions adopted were: (1) Commending the navies

of Holland and the United States for making possible determinations

of gravity at sea and expressing the hope that additional work

might be done in the Indian Ocean and to the east of the Philippine

Islands and Japan; (2) recommending the execution of such tri- angulations as may be necessary to have an arc extending east and

west across Europe approximately along the forty-fifth parallel

of latitude with probable eventual extension of this arc eastward

across Asia; (3) advocating connections of the triangulations of the

Philippine Islands, of the various islands of the East Indies, and of

Australia since the results of such connections would be valuable not

only in charting and mapping the areas involved, but also of great

scientific use in studying isostasy and the shape of the geoid.

Two different types of apparatus for the determination of gravity were exhibited and described, one designed by Dr. P. Lejay, S. J., of the Zi-ka-wei Observatory in China and the other by Dr. Gustaf

Ising, of Sweden.

Association of Seismology.—The national reports submitted

showed fine progress being made in seismological countries, those

of Denmark, Spain, Japan, and the United States being especially

noteworthy.

The subject of an international catalogue of seismic stations was

discussed, but no action was taken since the Xational Research Council of the United States has in preparation the revision of its 1921

catalogue of such stations. A new code for transmission of earthquake messages, presented by Dr. H. Labrouste of France, was

agreed to. Publication of travel-time tables and curves of Dr. James

B. Macelwane, S. J., after revision by him, was authorized.

In view of the expected increase in funds available to the asso- ciation, it was agreed that there should be maintained hereafter a

central bureau at Strasbourg, that the International Seismological

Summary at Oxford should be continued, and that aid should be

extended in special studies.

Among the reports submitted, the following were particularly

noteworthy: On microseisms, on wave transmission and interpretation of records, on significance of earth tilts, on probable errors of
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 57

time determinations for a large number of seismograph stations,

and on recent performances of the Wood-Anderson seismometer and

the Wenner seismometer. A strong-motion instrument designed by

Wenner was also discussed.

Association of Meteorology.—Among the resolutions concerned

with the standardization and nomenclature may be mentioned the

following : Nature of meteorological data indispensable for the synthetic characterization of the climate of a given locality; necessity

of standardizing pluviometric instruments and methods; publication of 18 reports on the practice of weather forecasting ; definition of

the work of the association as chiefly discussion of scientific questions without intention to replace the usual means of publication

of scientific ideas; request for consideration to the International

Meteorological Committee of possibly including in publication of

daily observations the data necessary for the calculation of the

entropy of the air ; importance of defining the turbidity of the air

in a simple quantitative manner in order that it can be easily used

in synoptic studies and eventually included in wireless issues;

approval of general program of research on the problem of atmospheric ozone and the appointment of a subcommission on this subject; importance of a final conclusion for the establishment of an

absolute pyrheliometer ; welcoming the establishment in Trappes

through the help of the Czechoslovakian Government of a central

actinometric institute to cooperate with institutes at Stockholm,

Potsdam. Washington, and Pare St. Maur in investigations for the

production of a standard actinometer; recommendation for publication of a bibliography of works on radiation; recommendation that

systematic observations of rains of mud in regions where they are not rare and the collaboration of meteorologists and, mineralogists

to determine (a) frequency of the phenomenon, (b) origin of the

dust in the path of the particles, (c) variations in the composition

of the mud either by progressive sedimentation in the atmosphere

or as a function of the location relative to dust currents, (d) class of clouds associated with the phenomenon and their direction, and

(e) accompanying optical phenomena; relations between the extension of polar ice and the seasonal character of the weather over large

areas in connection with oceanography, with a recommendation that

information be developed on this subject by means of an international organization, particularly during the Polar Year; recom- mendation that researches on sounding by atmospherics be pursued

in different countries in view of the interest of such researches from

the viewpoint of dynamic meteorology, and inviting the attention

of the International Scientific Radio "Union to this matter and the

interest of its commission on atmospherics in organizing an international network for recording atmospherics, especially during the

Polar Year. A number of other resolutions related particularly to the Polar Year as stated elsewhere in this note. Among the commissions of the association may be mentioned the

commission on solar radiation and the commission to consider the

use of geopotential in geophysical sciences as the vertical coordinate

in the representation of the position of a point with reference to the

earth for the purpose of geodynamic problems. As the latter commission is one in which the other associations of the union are concerned, it includes a member from each association.
58 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Association of Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity.—The meet- ing devoted considerable attention to applied and theoretical economic

aspects of the association's activities. These included the application of geophysical principles to the investigation of the earth's crust and development of machine-methods to facilitate the complex

computations and compilations required in studying accumulated data

from many observatories. Much attention was also given the proposal

for the Jubilee Polar Year of 1932-33 by the Polar Commission of

the International Meteorological Committee, and the desirability of

adherence in the udertaking of all governments was stressed. Detailed progress-reports of magnetic operations were received

from 20 countries. Special committees appointed were: Committee

to consider existing and desirable distribution of magnetic and electric observatories and to consider plans for better coordination of

efforts of all the interested organizations ; committee to plan for and

to secure well-distributed secular-variation data; and a committee

to be appointed jointly by the associations of seismology, geodesy,

and terrestrial magnetism and electricity to collaborate in the solution

of problems in geology through geophysics.

The report of the special committee on the preparation of a photographic atlas of aurora with type-descriptions and instruction for

the purpose of visual observation was received and approved, and

authority was given that copies of the atlas be distributed without

charge to observatories and organizations where worth-while auroral

observations might be made. Following the report of the special

committee on criteria of measures of magnetic activity, the formulas

for characterization of days (HRH + ZRZ) / 10,000 or (NRN + WRW

+ ZRZ) /10,000 were adopted, where R represents the absolute daily

range of the element indicated for the Greenwich day, and arrangements were proposed that such data be published by the International

Commission of Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity in its regular

publication of magnetic character of days.

The importance of standardizing ion counters was agreed to and

the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution

of Washington was appointed as a central office to which matters

could be referred pertaining to ion counters for compilation, dis- cussion, and determination of the standard. The importance of

continuing comparisons of standard electromagnetic instruments of

various governments was emphasized, as also the' design of portable

apparatus of this character. It was agreed that the various suggestions on the subject of a uniform terminology be published for

further consideration. The importance of adding to the program of

certain observatories observations of atmospheric electricity and of

earth-current work was unanimously voted.

Following discussion of the electric field of the atmosphere, it was agreed that tabulations to determine electric character of day

might best be limited to electrically calm days. The adoption of

Greenwich mean time for the publication of magnetic data was

referred for further consideration to a special committee.

A report by a special committee on international collaboration for

the advancement of studies of the influences of the moon on geo- physical phenomena was favorably considered, and a plan for the

assembling of data making use of Hollerith methods for compilations
STANDAEDS YEARBOOK, 1931 59

was noted and satisfaction expressed that a practical trial of the

application of this method was in prospect, thus paving the way

for a definite proposal for international cooperation later. A re- porter was appointed to summarize the progress in the study of

theories in terrestrial magnetism.

Among the communications of particular interest was one on the

direct recording of air-earth current at the Kew Observatory by the

C. T. K. Wilson method ; such records may be compared with indirect

determinations through the records also being made of the conductivity and potential gradient of the atmosphere.

As regards the overlapping of the work being done by the Association of Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity and the Commission on Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity of the International

Meteorological Committee, it was unanimously agreed upon that it is not necessary to set a rigorous definition of the domain of each

organization, as no difficulties have been met with in practice and no

unnecessary duplications have been encountered, and as the respective officers can continue their effective cooperation in avoiding

these. As a result of the joint meeting of the Associations of Meteorology

and of Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity and the deliberations

of a special joint committee, the resolution adopted by the General

Assembly regarding the Polar Year 1932-33 as above quoted was

adopted. Other resolutions proposed by the joint committee were

adopted by the association. One emphasizes the very great importance for the advancement of geophysical science for the Polar

Year as planned and its approval that the observations should not

be confined only to polar regions. The association, realizing the desirability that all cameras, plates, and spectroscopes used in the

observations of the aurora should be of equal sensitivity, voted

15,000 gold francs for the provision of instruments of a standard

type. It was further unanimously resolved that all observations

should be reduced according to an agreed plan and that the Commission for the Polar Year should consider the best method for making

the detailed results available for all those interested, further suggesting that all published volumes should be put on sale and that the

various associations of the union should subscribe for a number of

copies.

The importance of study of the correlation of the reception of

wireless signals and geophysical phenomena was referred to two

joint meetings of the union with the International Scientific Radio

Union held August 18 and 19 at Stockholm, the association express- ing itself as approving any program assuring the broadcasting of

cosmic phenomena to facilitate the study of correlations concerning

radio communication and the magnetic and electric condition of

the earth.

Association of Oceanography.—The resolutions adopted by the

American Geophysical Union, May 2, 1930, relating to physical

oceanography in all oceans, especially in the vast expanse of the

Pacific Ocean, and in view of the unexpected and regrettable in- terruption of the extremely important scientific work so success- fully inaugurated by the Carnegie, urging all organizations inter27171—31 5
60 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

ested in the science of the seas to cooperate in securing the means

necessary to insure the vigorous prosecution of this work, were

considered and the motion unanimously taken to do everything

possible along the lines suggested.

Various communications related to oceanographic work done on

various expeditions, the deep water of the Pacific, the distribution

of oxygen in the Pacific as an index to the circulation of the water,

the phosphate content of the water in the Pacific as an index of

circulation, the origin of the deep water of the Pacific, apparatus for

determination aboard ship of the salinity of sea water by the electri- cal conductivity method, the determination of azotized compounds

of sea water, and bathymetric charts of the oceans. The association unanimously expressed itself favorable to the

creation of a commission consisting of oceanographers interested

in the publication of a general bathymetric chart of the oceans,

this commission to be constituted and assembled by the International Hydrographic Bureau. The national committees were asked

to elect one or two persons competent to report results of all cruises having hydrographic or fishery aims executed by different

countries, these results to be published twice a year by the central

bureau of the association. Publication of list of international

treaties and conventions with regard to oceanographic and scientific questions dealing with safety on the sea and fishing was authorized

with the understanding that the proofs of the publication would be

sent to the various national committees to be edited and corrected

before publication. A commission was appointed to deal with

question relating to the preparation of an encyclopedia of ocean- ography. Proois of a handbook for scientific observations at sea prepared by a special commission were considered and the preparation of additional volumes of a handbook was assigned to the commission on the encyclopedia. The continuation of the publication

of a general bibliography of the sciences of the sea, already initiated

by Professor Magrini, was authorized.

Association of Volcanology.—At the time of preparing this sum- mary (November 10, 1930), no detailed report of the proceedings of

the Association of Volcanology had been received.

Association of Hydrology.—Among the more important matters

discussed was the report on the measurement of glaciers in Europe

submitted by the Commission on Glaciers. With this, considerable

discussion was also given limnological observations, snowfall and

rainfall observations, observations of subterranean waters, and

gaging of streams.AMERICAN GEOPHYSICAL UNION

Contributed by J. A. Fleming, General Secretary of the American Geophysical Union The eleventh annual meeting of the American Section of the Inter- national Geoedetic and Geophysical Union, namely, the American

Geophysical Union, was held in Washington May 1 and 2, 1930.

The transactions and subjects discussed at that meeting may be

summarized as follows

:

General Meeting of the Union.—In addition to resolutions eulogizing the memory of five deceased members and a resolution ex- pressing grief and regret over the tragedy in the loss of the ship
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 61

Carnegie, the following resolutions pertaining to physical ocean- ography, Jubilee International Polar Year of 1932-33, and an additional seismological station in South America were unanimously

adopted

:

Whereas, In view of our present inadequate knowledge of the physical

oceanography in all oceans, especially in the vast expanse of the Pacific Ocean,

and in view of the unexpected and regrettable interruption of the extremely

important scientific work so successfully inaugurated by the Carnegie, be it Resolved, That the American Geophysical Union urges all organizations

interested in the science of the seas to cooperate in securing the means

necessary to assure the vigorous continued prosecution of this work, and be it further Resolved, That copies of this resolution be sent to the Secretary of the United States Navy with copies for the Hydrographic Office, the Naval Research

Laboratory, the Naval Observatory, and the Bureau of Aeronautics; the United States Coast Guard; the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey;

the United States Bureau of Fisheries; the Oceanographic Committee of the National Academy of Sciences; the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; the Scripps Institution of Oceanography of the University of California; the Museum of Comparative Zoology of Harvard University ; the Buffalo Museum

of Science; the Carnegie Institution of Washington; the International Committee on Oceanography of the Pacific of the Pacific Science Association, with

copies for transmission to each chairman of the national committees; the

British Admiralty ; the Deutsche Seewarte ; the Hydrographic Office of Japan

;

the Marine Biological Laboratory of the United Kingdom ; the Institut fur Meereskunde ; the International Fisheries Commission ; the Section of Ocean- ography of the International Geodetic and Geophysical Union; and the

International Hydrographic Service. Whereas, The International Committee of Meteorological Directors has

through its Commission on Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity

and its Commission for the Reseau Mondial and Polar Meteorology proposed a

Jubilee International Polar Year for 1932-33, this being the fiftieth anniversary

of the first International Polar Year, and has appointed a commission for the Polar Year 1932-33, and

Whereas, The scientific work planned for the stations proposed during this polar year is of large geophysical interest particularly in terrestrial magnetism, atmospheric electricity, and meteorology, therefore, be it Resolved, That the American Geophysical Union favors the proposals for an

International Polar Year 1932-33 and recommends that the International Geodetic and Geophysical Union support the undertaking ; and be it also Resolved, That the American Geophysical Union strongly indorses the proposal

that the United States Government take part in the establishment of certain

stations for the Jubilee International Polar Year 1932-33 ; and be it further

Resolved, That copies of this resolution be sent to the President of the United States, the President of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and to the executive officers of those departments of the Government of the United States which are concerned in the scientific character

of the work which is proposed for the Jubilee International Polar Year 1932-33, as well as those private research organizations which are interested, and to the International Committee of Meteorological Directors, its Commission on Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmosphere Electricity, its Commission for the Reseau

Mondial and Polar Meteorology, and its Commission for the Polar Year 1932-33. Whereas it is important that additional seismological stations equipped with

modern instruments be established in South America; and

Whereas the Magnetic Observatory of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution of Washington at Huancayo, Peru, because

of its trained personnel, is in a position to operate seismographs and transmit

promptly reports of earthquakes without material additional expense; and

Whereas a station at this observatory, because of its southerly geographical

position, would furnish data of great importance in the location of epicenters

and for other seismological investigations : Be it Resolved, That the American Geophysical Union expresses the hope that the Carnegie Institution of Washington may find it possible to equip the Huancayo

Observatory with modern seismological instruments.
62 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

" The advisability of geophysical investigations in the arctic by

submarine " was the subject of an address by Sir Hubert Wilkins,

and was discussed particularly with reference to what geophysical

observations were most needed that might be undertaken on his pro- posed arctic expedition by submarine in 1931. A series of six papers was presented in a general symposium on "The utility of geophysics," including the subjects of geodesy, seismology, meteorology,

terrestrial magnetism and electricity, oceanography, and volcanology. In addition to the six sections indicated in this symposium, authority was given for the formation of a seventh section on hydrology.

Section Meetings.—Reports and actions taken at the individual

meetings of the various sections may be summarized as follows:

Progress reports on work in Canada, Mexico, and the United States, on methods for the precise measurement of time and determination of gravity,

and on correlative studies of latitude-variations featured the meeting of the Section of Geodesy. In view of common interests, the Section of Seismology,

after a short business session May 1, met jointly with the Eastern Section of the Seismological Society of America on the morning and afternoon of May

5 at the Bureau of Standards and May 6 at the Georgetown University; six of the papers were presented by members of the union and a symposium

on the publication of earthquake data was led by Harry Fielding Reid, of the union. The Section of Meteorology discussed the relation between the

Section of Meteorology of the International Geodetic and Geophysical Union

and the International Meteorological Committee, as well as reports on units of

time, solar radiation, details of instruments, data required for indicating the

climatological character of a region, and a final report on the Bulletin on

Meteorology in the series " Physics of the Earth " to be published by the National Research Council. The papers given before the Section of Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity dealt with the proposed International Polar Year

1932-33, the significance and importance of continuance of magnetic and

atmospheric-electric observations on the oceans with accounts of instruments

suitable for work at sea, secular variations in the United States and over

the Earth's surface, and possible relationship of earth movements and ter- restrial magnetic variation and of the aurora and the Earth's magnetism. The

Section of Oceanography had two sessions, one May 1 and a second May 2, hearing papers concerned with oceanographic work in its various phases

and particularly with relation to physical oceanography and its relations

to marine biology and meteorology. The program of the Section of Volcanol- ogy dealt with volcanic activity and the central African volcanoes. Miscellaneous.—The transactions of the tenth and eleventh annual

meetings were published in June, 1930, in a special bulletin of the

National Kesearch Council containing 314 pages. Information re- garding this and other publications of the American Geophysical

Union may be secured from the general secretary, J. A. Fleming,

5241 Broad Branch Koad NW., Washington, D. C. The union submitted for consideration at the Stockholm assembly

of the International Geodetic and Geophysical Union a number of

recommendations, all of which were favorably acted upon at that

assembly. Briefly these were:

(a) Recommendation for the establishment of a program of broadcasting

of information regarding magnetic and electric conditions; (b) approval

of the project for a Jubilee International Polar Year 1932-33 as proposed by

the Commission on Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity of the International Meteorological Committee; (c) appointment of a joint committee

from the associations interested on the application of geophysics to the solu- tion of geological problems; (d) consideration of means to promote the cooperation of the International Research Council and its unions with societies,
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 63

associations, or institutions engaged in work that extends beyond national

lines; (e) provision for distribution of geophysical publications of the Inter- national Union and its associations insuring complete files for reference in each national union and a supply for distribution by each national Union.

INTERNATIONAL GEODETIC ACTIVITIES

Famished by United States Coast and Geodetic Survey A geodetic project of international value and importance, al- though carried on by only one country (Holland), has been the

determination of gravity at sea at more than 200 stations in the

Indian Ocean and in the waters of the East Indies during the past

year. A few gravity-at-sea determinations were also made in the

Pacific Ocean by the ill-fated nonmagnetic ship, the Carnegie of

the Carnegie Institution of Washington, during the months just

prior to the destruction of the ship by lire. Several other countries

realize the importance of gravity work at sea and are planning to take part in the work as soon as instruments have been obtained

and arrangements have been made for the use of submarines on

which such work is usually done.

During the spring of 1930, the United States Coast and Geodetic

Survey cooperated with the International Expedition to the Bahamas

under the auspices of Princeton University, which is making a sci- entific study of the Bahama Islands, by determining gravity at

six stations on the islands at the northwestern end of the group.

These stations supplement a number of gravity-at-sea stations in

the adjacent waters which were determined in 1929 by the United

States Navy, in cooperation with Dr. Vening Meinesz, of Holland,

and the Carnegie Institution of Washington.

Through cooperation between the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey and the Geodetic Survey of Canada, first-order tri- angulation, based on the 1927 adjustment for the western half of

the United States, has been extended into Alaska. This is only one

item of a large amount of cooperative work carried on by those

two organizations and largely made possible by standardization of

methods and instruments.

In preparation for the triennial meeting of the Section of Geodesy

of the International Geodetic and Geophysical Union, to be held in

Stockholm, Sweden, in August, 1930, the geodetic organizations of

the many countries adhering to that union have prepared special

reports outlining the geodetic accomplishments of each country

during the 3-year period since the previous meeting and making

recommendations in regard to desirable international cooperation on special projects and in regard to standardization of instruments

and methods. Geodetic operations of all kinds are greatly aided

by these triennial meetings and by the activities of international

committees which work during the interim between meetings of the

union. Numerous technical papers, dealing with geodetic subjects,

appear in the Bulletin Oeodesique, a periodical issued by the Paris

office of the Section of Geodesy, and a ready exchange of information among various countries is thus promoted.
64 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION

(28 Victoria Street, Westminster, London, England)

Furnished by Clayton H. Sharp, President United States National Committee of the I. E. C. The International Electrotechnical Commission was organized in

1906, an outgrowth of a resolution adopted by the International Electrical Congress of St. Louis, in 1904, to the effect that steps should

be taken to secure the cooperation of the technical societies of the

world by the appointment of a representative commission to consider

the question of standardization of nomenclature and rating of elec- trical apparatus and machinery.

The work of the commission is at present carried on by advisory

committees on the following subjects : Nomenclature, rating of elec- trical machinery, symbols, hydraulic turbines, steam turbines, rating

of rivers, internal combustion engines, lamp caps and sockets, aluminum, voltages, electric traction equipment, insulating oils, rules and

regulations for overhead lines, radio communication, electrical measuring instruments, shellac, terminal markings, and rating of switches

and circuit-breakers.

Of the subjects under consideration by the International Electrotechnical Commission five are in charge of the United States National Committee, to which are intrusted the duties of the secretariat as follows: Nomenclature (which by a vote of the committee of

action includes letter symbols for scientific and engineering quantities), steam turbines, hydraulic turbines, internal-combustion engines,

and rating of rivers.

The terms of appointment of members of the United States National Committee having expired with the holding of a plenary

meeting of the commission, the constituent bodies have made new

appointments without, however, changing the personnel of the committee to any large extent. At a meeting of the United States National Committee, held on

October 28, Dr. Clayton H. Sharp, Eightieth Street and East End

Avenue, New York, N. Y., was reelected president and Dr. Harold

S. Osborne, 33 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York, N. Y., was

reelected secretary-treasurer. The committee is continuing its work

in a routine manner. During 1929 meetings of Advisory Committees of the International Electrotechnical Commission were held as follows : Advisory Committee No. 2 on Eating of Electrical Machinery,

July 10-12, 1929, in London.

Advisory Committee No. 9 on Electrical Traction Equipment,

July 8 and 9, 1929, in London.

Advisory Committee No. 7 on Aluminum, November 6, 1929, in

Berlin.

Advisory Committee No. 13 on Electrical Measuring Instruments,

November 6 and 7, 1929, in Berlin.

The Seventh Plenary Meeting took place from June 27 to July 9, 1930. The opening meetings were held in Copenhagen, the meetings of the advisory committees were held in Stockholm, and the

final meeting to approve the work done was held in Oslo. Professor

Enstrom, of Sweden, was elected president in succession to Professor

Feldman, the restiring president. It was decided to hold the next
STANDAKDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 65

eighth plenary meeting in Czechoslovakia in 1934. About 300 delegates representing 22 countries took part in the meetings of 17

advisory committees which dealt with the various subjects. Thirtytwo delegates represented the United States National Committee.

The following is a brief summary of the accomplishments of the

above meetings and of current standardization projects.

Nomenclature.—There is under preparation a comprehensive vo- cabulary of technical definitions in French and English. Parts dealing with fundamental and general definitions, also telegraphy, telephony, and signaling are practically completed. The former group

contains, among others, definitions of fundamental importance, such

as relate to the constitution and properties of matter, electricity and

magnetism, electrochemistry and units, and systems of measurement.

A particularly important action was the official adoption by the

I. E. C. at the Stockholm meeting of the following names for the

magnetic C. G. S. units : Magnetic flux, maxwell; flux density, gauss;

magnetic field intensity, oersted; magnetomotive force, gilbert.

Electrical Machinery.—Agreement to a revised standard, which

is subject to final review and ratification by the various national

committees, was reached at the Stockholm meeting.

Symbols.—Graphical symbols for radio communication and a revision of Publication 35 dealing with graphical symbols for heavycurrent systems were adopted. Certain symbols relating to tele- phones and telegraph were also approved but the list will be made

more complete later in collaboration with the Comite Consultatif

International pour la Telegraphie, should this committee forward

any proposals for discussion. A small subcommittee was appointed

to draw up proposals for symbols for electric traction. The various national committees were requested to submit lists of symbols

in use in their countries in connection with relays and other auto- matic devices, preparatory to standardization.

Steam Turbines.—A document was completed and approved. It

will consist of two parts comprising

:

Part I. Specifications

:

Appendix A. Information to be supplied with inquiry or order for

steam turbines.

Appendix B. Suggested standard ratings of steam turbines.

Appendix C. Suggested standard boiler steam pressures. Appendix D. Graphical symbols for steam turbine plant layouts.

Part II. Kules for acceptance tests: Section 1. Object and scope. Section 2. Enumeration and description of terms, including letter symbols for heat and thermodynamics.

Section 3. Guiding principles.

Section 4. Mandatory rules for instruments and methods of measurement.

Section 5. Computation of result. Section 6. Eeport of tests carried out in accordance with I. E. C.

rules for acceptance tests. Further consideration will be given to an appendix to be added

later to Part II comprising informative data relating to instruments

and measurements and which is intended to be supplementary to the

rules as adopted.
66 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Lamp Caps and Sockets.—Agreement was reached concerning

most of the essential dimensions of the bayonet cap and the medium,

flashlight (miniature), and Goliath (Mogul) Edison screw caps. Certain unsettled questions were referred back to a subcommittee,

which was authorized to submit its decisions for ratification to the

International Commission on Illumination, which will hold a meeting in September, 1931. It is expected that these recommendations

will come up for final approval of the I. E. C. at its next plenary

meeting.

Aluminum.—The adoption of an international standard for harddrawn aluminum was postponed on account of failure to agree upon

a standard value for the resistivity regarding which Ajnerican and

European practices are different Investigations are being made

preparatory to the establishment of standards for annealed aluminum

wire.

Standard Voltages and High Voltage Insulators.—It was

decided not to add 132 kv to the list of standard voltages published

by the I. E. C. in Publication 36, but to provisionally adopt 400 kv.

As regards insulators, agreement was reached relative to the duration and methods of applying the test voltage, rhe position of the

insulator during tests, and the angle of incidence, intensity, and resis- tivity of the water spray. Other points remain to be settled. The meeting asked the National Committees to approve, under the

six months' rule, taps of plus and minus 4 per cent for distribution

transformers with primary voltages less than 60 kv.

Electric Traction Equipment.—Considerable progress was made

toward completing standards for traction motors. The various national committees were asked to submit proposals regarding other

apparatus used in traction systems, including mercury arc rectifiers, also data regarding overvoltages of the power supply.

Insulating Oils.—Certain principles for making tests were agreed

upon, which will be formulated into a code, after which comparative

tests will be carried out by the various national committees, mainly

with the object of determining the accuracy with which results may

be obtained by the various laboratories. Methods of sampling proposed by the 'United States National Committee were accepted for

adoption under the six months' rule. For international purposes viscosity will be expressed in kinematic centipoises.

Rules and Regulations for Overhead Lines.—Study and comparison of the rules in force in various countries was continued. A

proposal relating to the calculation of the mechanical stability of

conductors was discussed at length, but no final conclusion was

reached. Replies from the national committees relative to principles underlying the program for future work were read and dis- cussed. These views will be collated and distributed to the national

committees.

Radio Communication.—Agreement was reached as regards cer- tain dimensions of tubes and bases, and connections and other

requirements for bases. Tentative recommendations were made

regarding standard directions of rotation for switches and other

controls. Proposed safety regulations were reviewed concerning

which further discussion will take place. The advisability of est ab-
STANDABDS YEARBOOK, 1931 67

lishing a committee to study nonradio electrical interference with,

radio reception was referred to the national committees. A comparison was made of the letter symbol in use by various countries

for the amplification, slope, and internal resistance with a view to standardization later. The committee considered that the time is ripe to undertake to define the general lines of acceptance specifications for radio tubes. These would apply to both receiving tubes

and power tubes and would include definitions, data to be specified

in purchasing tubes, selection of samples, and test methods in general

terms. The subject of the proposed specifications was referred to the national committees for study.

Measuring Instruments.—Specifications for two classes of a. c. watt-hour meters and two classes of current and voltage transformers more especially intended for use with watt-hour meters were

approved.

Rating of Rivers.—Bases for computing and units for expressing

waterpower resources for statistical use and for the purpose of

making comparisons between different rivers, river basins, regions,

and countries were adopted.

Shellac.—It was agreed to enlarge the scope of the committee to include lac and synthetic resins for insulating purposes. Various

tests, including tests to determine rosin and ash content, were considered. Further proposals for research and methods of test are

solicited from the national committees for consideration at the next

meeting.

Terminal Markings.—Agreement on a system of marking is held

up on account of three radically different schemes in use in different countries. Enlargement of the scope of the committee to include a definition of the direction of rotation, indications of

transformer diagrams, and colors for polarity of batteries and for

conductors was requested.

Oil Switches and Circuit-breakers.—Definitions or rules for the

following items were agreed upon: Operating duty, series of operations, standard series of interrupting operations, standard series

of circuit-making tests, recovery voltage, making and breaking

current for determining the performance of the circuit breakers,

short-time current, power factor, breaking power, and breaking

capacity.

Internal-combustion Engines.—The Stockholm meeting being the

first meeting on this subject the attention of the committee there was

given to reviewing the proposals of the various countries and to reaching agreement as to what subjects would be given the first consideration.

INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONSULTING COMMITTEE ON RADIO

COMMUNICATION

This committee was organized by the International Radio Conference held in Washington in 1927. It was provided that this

committee should be formed, for each meeting, of experts representing governments or radio operating companies. Its function should

be to advise the radio administrations of the world on technical

radio problems.
68 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The first meeting was held at The Hague, Holland, in September.

1929. Agreements were reached on recommendations on a wide

variety of technical radio problems, including such important subjects as the standard frequency separation of assigned radiofrequencies, and the tolerances to be permitted in the frequency

variation of transmissions from radio stations. It was decided that

the next meeting would be held in Copenhagen, Denmark, in May,

1931. In the summer of 1930 an American committee was organized

under the auspices of the Federal Radio Commission, at the request

of the State Department, to prepare United States proposals for the

Copenhagen meeting. This committee prepared, in behalf of the

United States, recommendations on the following questions, which

are on the agenda for the meeting in Copenhagen

:

First question.—Organization of a commercial radiotelephone service between

mobile stations and the land networks. What are the most suitable methods, from a technical standpoint, to insure

the good organization of a commercial radiotelephone service, especially long

distance, connecting mobile stations—and particularly passenger-carrying vessels—to the public telephone networks?

Second question.—Coordination of radiotelephony between fixed stations with

the telephony on the land networks. Coordination of radiotelephony between fixed stations with the telepony on the land networks, particularly as concerns the following questions:

(a) What is the most suitable method for measuring noise levels under the

special conditions of a radiotelephone circuit? What should be the maximum tolerable limit of the noise level measured

by this method?

(&) What instrument would be suitable to permit the special operator who

is situated at the junction point between the radiophone connection and the metallic circuit to measure the voice level? Third question.—Stabilization of transmitters. The study and perfecting of methods technically available for maintaining

constant the stability of a transmitter. Fourth question.—Comparison of frequency standards. The study and perfecting of methods for the comparison of frequency

standards. Fifth question.—Calibration of wave meters. Sixth question.—Reduction of interference in shared frequency bands above

6,000 kc. The study of methods to be adopted to reduce interference in the bands

shared by fixed and mobile above 6,000 kc (wave lengths below 50 m).

Seventh question.—Reduction of the frequency band of a transmitter. The study of technical possibilities of reducing the frequency band occupied

by a transmitter, by the partial suppression of the frequency band transmitted

(that is, the emission of a single side band only or of a side band and the

carrier wave) for various types of transmission and types of service. WORLD POWER CONFERENCE

The Second World Power Conference held in Berlin this sum- mer brought together nearly 4,000 delegates from all parts of

the world.

The object of this conference is international consideration of the

problem of power production and utilization. The interest in stan- dardization is secondary; nevertheless there are various phases of

the general subject where matters of standardization are of prime

if not of major importance. The prospectus for the conference contains the following pertinent comments on standardization:
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 69

From consideration of the above questions (referring to the subjects pre- sented for discussion) it will be seen how important it is for their solution

in the simplest and most economical manner, that simplification should be

brought about by national and international standardization. Although the World Power Conference does not itself wish to carry out such standardization, the year 1930, will without doubt, provide a large range of problems

to be dealt with by the appropriate standardizing organizations.

Among the items on the program which concern standardization

are the following

:

A memorandum was presented based on reports regarding their respective

fields of activity by the International Electrotechnical Commission, the Inter- national Federation of National Standardizing Associations, and the New

International Association for Testing Materials. Resolutions were presented

concerning questions of nomenclature in various lines, the object of which was to promote international uniformity.

The executive council was urged to exert every effort to insure international agreement on various usages, such, for instance, as the use of either the gross

or net calorific value of fuels, and the methods of defining the characteristics

of liquid motor fuels. The transactions of the conference, not yet available, will contain many

items which show the predominant importance of standardization in the field covered by this conference. INTERNATIONAL STEAM-TABLE CONFERENCE

STANDARDIZATION OF PROPERTIES OF STEAM

The second International Steam Table Conference held in Berlin

during the week of June 23, 1930, was attended by two representatives of the National Bureau of Standards, who presented the results of extensive calorimetric measurements of properties of steam made

at this bureau.

The substance of these results was included in the skeleton steam

table, which will presently be published, as revised at this conference.

The International Steam Table Conference is the agency through

which international cooperation in research is encouraging standardization of working steam tables for use of engineers, and the Inter- national Skeleton Steam Table is the instrument by which the re- sults of study and experiment are brought together. This skeleton

table consists of a set of chosen numerical values of the thermal

properties of steam at certain distributed points, forming a net- work, which may be used as a standard for appraisal of any working

table. In addition to the chosen definitive values, tolerances are chosen within which limits a given table is to agree with the skeleton

table in order to be considered an international table. The skeleton table is regarded as tentative, subject to revision by

successive conferences in the light of new experimental data.

The conference is informal and unofficial, and its activities purely

advisory. The countries represented at present are Great Britain,

Germany, United States, Czechoslovakia, Switzerland, and Sweden.

Already the effect of international cooperation is becoming apparent in the gradual convergence of the working tables which are being

brought out from time to time. The prospect is good for attainment of the ultimate goal of a complete working table of the properties of steam which by virtue of its truth will be universally

acceptable.
70 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

INTERNATIONAL UNION OF PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY

The international arrangement with the National Bureau of Standards reported in the 1929 Standards Yearbook with respect to the

preparation and distribution of pure organic chemicals to scientific investigators has been continued under the direction of Dr. G. E. F. Lundell of the National Bureau of Standards, at Washington, to whom inquiries for information may be addressed.

INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ILLUMINATION

The International Commission on Illumination is a federation of

national committees, each of which includes representatives of the

various organizations in its own country which are actively con- cerned with illumination. The central office of the commission is at the National Physical Laboratory of Great Britain; the secretary

is W. S. Stiles. The secretary of the United States National Committee is G. H. Stickney, Nela Park, Cleveland. Ohio.

Sessions of the commission are regularly held at intervals of

three years. The latest one took place in the United States in

1928. (See pp. 26 to 28, Standards Yearbook for 1929.) The 1931

session is to be in Great Britain, from September 3 to 19, inclusive.

Like the 1928 session, it will be made the occasion for an International Illumination Congress. Meetings of the Congress will be

held in succession in London, Glasgow, Edinburgh, Sheffield and

Birmingham, concluding with meetings of the commission at Cambridge.

The technical work of the commission is assigned to 18 committees as follows : 1, vocabulary ; 2, definitions and symbols ; 3, automobile headlights: 4, factory and school lighting; 5, heterochromatic photometry ; 6, street lighting ; 7. signal glasses ; 8, diffusing

materials; 9, photometric test plates; 10, photometric precision; 11,

light flux distribution; 12, daylight illumination; 13, cinema lightlighting practice; IT, aviation lighting; and 18, lighting education.

For each of these technical committees the secretariat is assigned

to a specified national committee which is responsible for management of the project and for the presentation of a report to the

next session of the commission. The United States National Committee has this responsibility for four of the projects listed (Nos.

3, 4, 16, and 17) , and has representatives on all of the other technical

committees.

(Resume of the May 19 to 28, 1930, Conferences in Paris, France, of the Association) From Report of United States Trade Commissioner Thomas Butts There follows a resume of the meetings held during the Conference of the International Standards Association, held in Paris

from May 19 to 28 last and organized by the Association Francaise

de Normalisation (AFNOK).

Paper sizes.—The subject discussed was the question whether the

series of metric paper sizes adopted in about a dozen European

ing; 14, fundamental research ;lare; 15, colorimetry; 16, applied

INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ASSOCIATION
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 71

countries are to be considered as the untrimmed or as the trimmed

sizes. Holland held the former standpoint, claiming that the un- trimmed sizes are the ones that count in manufacturing paper.

The Germans prefer to leave the question of the untrimmed sizes to the paper manufacturers, holding that the most important thing

is to have the sheets, forms, books, etc. (that is, the trimmed sizes),

in a uniform size. Holland was backed by Poland and by the personal opinion of the

Italian and French delegates (in these countries, the matter had not

yet been discussed). All of the other countries were in favor of

considering the standard sizes as trimmed sizes. A recommendation

to this effect was made, with the addition that the tolerances should

be held as small as possible.

Technical Drawing.—The program of work for an I. S. A. technical committee on this subject was laid down as follows: Letter- ing; thickness and type of lines; arrangement of views and sections;

simplified representation of screwed parts; cross-hatchings of sec- tions; sizes of drawings and method of folding them; symbols for

indicating finish of parts; method of indicating sections by lines;

indication of dimensions, tolerances, and fits; and simplified repre- sentation of machine elements, such as gears, springs, etc. It was decided that Switzerland would be recommended for taking charge of the secretariat.

The American delegate brought to the attention of the other

delegates the draft standards so far worked out by a technical committee under the auspices of the A. S. A. In this connection, two

points were of special interest. First, most European standards or drafts give inclined lettering

for drawings, whereas the American draft recommends vertical let- tering. At the meeting, it appeared that, after all, eight countries were in favor of adopting both inclined and vertical lettering.

Second, the United States and Holland are the only countries

where the third-angle projection has been adopted. All other countries favor the first-angle projection, as taught in descriptive geometry. It was recommended that the I. S. A. technical committee

give this point reconsideration.

A resolution being adopted to the effect that the conference recom- mended unanimously that the work on the above points be taken

up, the United States delegate made a statement that this did not

mean, as far as the United States is concerned, that the American

committee will wish to have formal membership in this I. S. A.

committee. This question must be left to the decision of the American committee.

Small Tools (Twist Drills, etc.).—The French committee had

asked the I. S. A. to have this subject taken up. It was so decided

and the scope of the work was expanded to include also other kinds

of tools. Machine tools and their elements were excluded. The

scope adopted was as follows: Drills, machine tapers, threading

tools, reamers, squares for tool shanks, sections of cutting tools (in

connection with tool post openings, etc.), milling cutters, and

nomenclature.

The French committee to take care of the secretariat, but certain

subdivisions of the work to be done by other national committees,
72 NATIONAL BUREAU OP STANDARDS

in so far as the secretarial work is concerned. Thus, for example,

the Germans would take care of the secretariat for " machine tapers."

The American delegate informed the meeting about the latest developments in the American committee on " small tools and machine tool elements," especially with regard to " machine tapers,"

"twist drills with cylindrical shanks," and "milling cutters." Test Pressures for Land Boilers.—The purpose of these discussions was to see whether uniformity could be reached, internationally, in the test pressure expressed in terms of working pressure. If P be the working pressure, the United States (Boiler Code of

the A. S. M. E.) specifies a test pressure of 1, 5 P. Japan goes as high as 2 P. All other countries have or are tending toward a lower

test pressure on the ground that many boilers are damaged by a test pressure which is considerably higher than the working pressure.

Initial cracks may be produced and lead to fatal results later on.

It was decided to study the matter further, as it did not seem

impossible for the Continental countries to come to a uniform practice. Four countries: Germany, Switzerland, Czechoslovakia, and

Holland were already very close together.

Japan was to be invited to consider whether it would not come down to the Continental figure or at least to 1, 5 P, as the United

States has.

The Czech body hold the secretariat for this work. The United

States does not participate in the work and on behalf of the Boiler

Code Committee our delegate made a statement that it did not wish to have formal membership in the I. S. A. committee, but would be

glad to supply technical information about American developments and be informed about the European work.

Wrench Openings (Width Across Flats of Bolt Heads and

Nuts).—The Swedish secretariat had worked out and submitted at the last moment a proposal for a series of new wrench openings

smaller than those at present adopted in a number of European

countries, such as Germany, Switzerland, Holland, Sweden,

Austria, etc. Our delegate stated that from the American standpoint there

seemed to be no doubt that the series as proposed would not be

considered for adoption by the American committee on " bolt, nut,

and rivet proportions," an American standard having been adopted

in 1927, after years of painstaking work, and recently revised at the

request of the manufacturers. At present the standard seemed to be satisfactory to everybody.

In the course of the discussions it came out that the European

wrench openings were so much larger than ours only because some

years ago the Germans had adopted these larger heads and nuts,

thinking that the so-called " U. S. standard " was really a national

standard in the United States. However, in 1924 it was found that

only 3 per cent of the American production was made in these sizes,

most heads and nuts used in the industry being considerably smaller.

It was also stated that it was no use trying to work out a proposal for a standard on this subject, supposed to be internationally

accepted, if the United States and Great Britain did not

participate.
STANDAKDS YEARBOOK, 1931 73

Our delegate then asked the chairman to lay the following questions before the meeting

:

1. Do the American small sizes of heads and nuts, or sizes close to these, appear to be acceptable to the other committees, considered from the technical point of view? (That is, leaving aside the difficulty of making a transition from the existing standard to a new standard, whatever that standard may

be.)

2. Are round millimeter sizes essential for a new series of wrench openings,

in the opinion of delegates?

The answer to the first question was " yes " and the answer to the

second was "no." The Swedish secretariat was asked to work out

a new proposal, keeping in mind the existing American series. Rivets.—An exchange of opinon was held between the "metric"

delegates concerning a proposal worked out by the Dutch secretariat. Our delegate gave no opinion as he had not yet received the

reply from the American subcommittee to whom the proposal had

been submitted some months ago. Coal.—The question of assorting coal on the basis of grain size has

been raised by the Polish body. In the correspondence on this subject with the A. S. A., some confusion had been caused by the fact

that " classification " and even " analysis " of coal had been spoken

of. Our delegate, therefore, made the following statement

:

That there were three distinct subjects; that is

1. Assortment of coal on the basis of grain size.

2. Sampling and analysis of coal.

3. Classification of coal on the basis of its physical and chemical properties.

He showed the meeting copies of a series of technical papers

read at the February, 1930, meeting in Cleveland, Ohio, of the

American Society of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers.

It was decided that subjects 1 and 2 would be taken up and, perhaps, later 3. Secretariat to go to Poland.

Nomenclature and Methods of Test of Petroleum Products.—It was decided that the I. S. A. council be asked to appoint an I. S. A.

technical committee on this subject and invite the American group

to take charge of the secretariat. (This will be the first American

I. S. A. secretariat.) This was done as suggested.

The Russians, who some years ago asked that " specifications for

petroleum products " be taken up, declared themselves willing to take charge of the secretariat for this subject. The American group

does not favor taking up this work too quickly (progress still being

too fast and changes consequently too rapid to permit the setting up

of standards at present).

Traffic Signals.—A controversial subject, a draft standard worked

out by the League of Nations was the most favored and the other

proposal (Dutch) was withdrawn.

Meeting of Secretaries.—Next conference fixed for September 22

to October 3, 1930, to be held in Vienna.

Plenary Meeting.—Under the plan of rotation Germany and

Czechoslovakia withdraw from the council on January 1, 1931, to make way for the United States and Russia, respectively. The

central office is transferred from Zurich to Basle.

III. NATIONAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES

(Governmental)

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

(Washington, D. C, United States of America)

(See Chapter V)

The primary function of the National Bureau of Standards in- cludes the development, construction, custody, and maintenance of

reference and working standards, and their intercomparison, improvement, and application in science, engineering, industry, and

commerce. Most of the bureau's work is accomplished through vol- untary cooperation of the Federal, State, and municipal governments; scientific and professional societies; trade associations; and

other organizations concerned with the bureau's research results. The extent of this cooperative activity is shown by the fact that

the bureau is cooperating in its standardization program with over 200 scientific, technical, and industrial organizations. At the close of the fiscal year there were also 97 research associates, representing 38 industries, and associations, at work in the bureau on research

problems of interest to the industries concerned.

NATIONAL PHYSICAL LABORATORY

(Teddington, England)

During the past year the work for industrial firms and public

bodies has expanded. The volume of investigations and tests for

which reimbursement is made exceeded any previous year. Many

industrial researches were carried out while the basic work on

standards continued actively.

The work of the laboratory is carried on in seven sections

physics, electricity, metrology, engineering, metallurgy, aerodynamics, and that of the William Froude national tank.

The work on international standards originating in 1927 with

the Seventh General Conference (International) of Weights and

Measures, was continued. Equipment for the establishment of the

wave-length standard of length including the standards has been

installed. A determination of the meter in terms of the red cadmium radiation will soon be made. Preparations for determining

the ohm by two independent methods—Lorenz machine and Campbell alternating-current bridge—have been continued and certain

difficulties overcome. This work is an essential preliminary to the

proposed international adoption of the absolute c. g. s. electrical

units in place of the present international units.

In the work on the International Temperature Scale the platinum

resistance thermometer scale and the Tonnelot and Baudin mercury27171—31 6 75
76 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

in-glass thermometers have been compared and the results published.

An international intercomparison of resistance theremometers and

thermocouples is in progress. Instruments from the National

Bureau of Standards and the Physikalische Reichsanstalt are being

compared with those of the National Physical Laboratory, and the

work will be repeated by the first two laboratories named. The

standard optical pyrometer of the laboratory has been calibrated at the melting point of gold, and work has been done on the melting

point of palladium.

Many intercomparisons have been made with other laboratories

as part of the work on maintenance of standards. Among these are the measurements on resistance coils and standard cells from

America, Japan, and Russia. Fifteen years of intercomparison of

resistance coils show a progressive change in the relative value of

the American mean ohm as preserved at the two laboratories which

led to a difference of about 2 parts in 100,000. Larger differences

exist between the laboratory unit and those of Germany and Russia,

which will be investigated further.

International frequency comparisons show an accuracy beyond

the limits of constancy of the means used. Measurements on the

subdivided mica condenser from the National Bureau of Standards

show that they are identical at lower frequencies, but differ at higher

frequencies. A more stable capacity standard will be used in further

investigation.

A number of sets of lamps covering a wide range of efficiencies and sizes have been received from America for the comparison of the

values of the lumen output and efficiency obtained in the two

countries.

Research on Noise.—Measurements of noise in airplane cabins

during flight show that such noise is a thousand times that in an

express train. The effect of speed, blade section, and blade angle on

the noise of the propeller, and the effect of silencers on the noise of

the motor have been studied. Preliminary studies have been made

of street noises and especially the noise of motor horns.

Using the principle of Barkhausen a method for measuring noise

intensity has been devised. A variable sound source is compared

with the noise to be measured by the use of a telephone, and adjusted

to equality. The current is varied until the telephone note is just

masked by the noise. A scale of loudness given by the device has

been calibrated in absolute units.

Pivots and Jewels.—An investigation of pivots and jewels yielded

interesting results. Without lubricant the frictional torque remained

constant at 2 dyne-cm for 500,000 revolutions, reaching 48 dynes

after 22 days. With lubricant 15,000,000 revolutions was attained

without appreciable change in the torque, which increased to 10

dyne-cm after 16,500,000 revolutions. The research shows no appreciable difference in initial friction with lubricant, but the useful

life is prolonged from 500,000 to 15,500,000 revolutions by

lubrication ; that is, from 12 days to 6 months.

Research on Gears.—Research on the efficiency of power transmission by gears shows that the endurance of the teeth is determined

by fatigue failure rather than by load or abrasion. Gears ground

to a smooth semicircular root curve, go several times the average

life of the standard tooth under like conditions.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 77

Physics.—A magnetic field at right angles to heat flow in a single

crystal of bismuth lowers the conductivity. A negative temperature coefficient was found perpendicular to the trigonal axis. The

ratio of specific heats of gases is being measured by the velocity

of high-frequency sound. A wet and dry bulb hygrometer for

measuring moisture in timber-seasoning kilns has been built. The

free moisture in fogs has been measured, and research on refrigeration problems has been continued.

The use of X-ray methods in industrial research has been the

subject of research; for example, in studying the mechanism of

distortion of single metal crystals involving some 50 X-ray analyses

of various metals. A standard ionization chamber for the realization of the international " rontgen " (r) unit of X-ray intensity

has been completed and the X-ray pastille dose has been evaluated

in r-units. The radium samples tested have been greater than heretofore on account of purchases by the National Eadium Trust. Electron tubes are being used to amplify ionization currents and thus

facilitate comparison of radium samples. A record number of hospital X-ray departments have been inspected during the year. Efforts are being made to measure sound intensity in absolute

units, with promising results. Three methods are being used to measure particle velocity in a sound wave. The study of sound

transmission through partitions has been extended to higher and

lower frequencies, weight appearing as the predominant factor in

sound reduction for single panels.

Various new methods of making optical settings have been devised and tested during the year, and papers have been issued

dealing with skew pencils of rays and reflection caustics. Fifty- seven standard colors for ready-mixed paints have been measured,

covering a schedule of the British Engineering Standards Association. These are the first published collection of colors standardized on the laboratory's colorimetric system. An apparatus has

been devised for accurate visual spectro-photometry, in which two

photo-electric cells are balanced against each other. The energy dis- tribution of daylight is being determined over a year to aid in the

design of a simple device for determining the variation of energy

distribution in the daylight spectrum at different stations.

Precision measurements of the self-inductance and effective resis- tance of telephone loading calls are so important that a bridge

method has been developed permitting the comparison of specially

designed, fixed self-inductance standards and the coil under test. The method will be further developed for other uses. To ascertain

the most suitable material for terminal boards, etc., an investigation of the effect of exposure to sunlight and light from the mercury arc on standard instruments has been made, and the surface

resistivity of ebonite, heramoc, and bakelite was determined. The

latter two were scarcely affected, but the ebonite was greatly reduced

by a few hours' exposure to sunlight.

The methods of testing magnetic materials have been further

developed. The Epstein testing set is completed, and a comparison

has been made of bridge and wattmeter methods of measuring total

losses at power and telephonic frequencies.

Important progress has been made on researches on power losses in dielectrics and on dielectric measurements at radio-frequencies.
78 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Interesting results have been obtained in radio-frequency standardization.

Considerable progress has been made in improving methods of

alternating-current measurement. Facilities for tests of high-voltage insulators have been added to permit testing such insulators

under artificial rain, and a tank has been provided for tests in oil. Tests have been made of insulator systems, both dry and in artificial rain, several of them connected with the 132 kv national electricity

scheme.

In cooperation with industry there has been produced a coppernickel wire having a low temperature coefficient of resistance of only

±0.00001. The first application of this wire has been for a shielded

potential dividing resistance for 40,000 volts for voltage-transformer

testing, and of three air-cooled noninductive resistors giving a 2-volt

drop with a current of 200 amperes, having a change in resistance

of less than 1 part in 10,000 over the current range. These resistors

have already proved of great value in the work on nickel-iron

transformers.

An electrometer photo-electric photometer is almost completed on

a permanent basis. A photo-electric photometer with a vertical

bench has been made for measuring mean spherical candlepower.

Talbot's law was studied with the unexpected result that the law is generally valid for nonlinear as for linear cells, as to the effect of

periodic excitation of the retina at frequencies too high to give the

sensation of flicker. Some new types of red-sensitive cells were found 10 times as sensitive as the older type for light from a vacuumelectric lamp, but not so constant. Photo-electric methods were

used in the design of a continuous-daylight recorder, and in the

measurement of the spectral transmission through colored glasses.

The determination of the yellow-blue ratio has been completed by

25 members of the staff. Among other subjects studied were the illumination of buildings,

dock lighting, and diffusion by opal glasses.

Metrology.—Preliminary results on a vibration clock designed by

the metrology department of the laboratory give promise of an in- dependent measure of time such that the accuracy of a single observation will approach 1/5000.

Preliminary trials of a method for the absolute determination of

" g" give promise of an accuracy of 1 part in 50,000.

A bench to take lead screws up to 14 feet in length has been provided, and facilities for measuring tapered plugs and ring gages up

to 16 inches are now available. Research is under way to improve

the properties of gage steel, and to obtain more suitable materials

for gages. A primary standard barometer has been constructed and awaits

only the temperature-control devices before being put into service. Provision for the direct testing of barometers is being made.

Engineering.—The critical speed has been determined at which a vortex ring formed behind a flat circular plate at right angles to the flow of a fluid breaks up into a spiral discharge. Analysis of

experimental results shows that the ball indentation test for hardness is not likely to be useful for determining elastic limit and yield

stress. A large range of ball and roller bearings were tested to
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 79

determine the loads at which they were stressed beyond the elastic

limit of the material.

Experiments on skidding made it possible to design apparatus

for testing a full-sized chassis and balloon tires of normal dimensions. Remote electrically recording accelerometers have been designed to study the effect of wheel dimensions on road wear. Numerous researches have been in progress on the properties of specific

materials. The periodic measurements of the stability of the buildings of the Tower of London and of the vibration of the building

of New Scotland Yard have been continued.

Metallurgy.—X-ray photography has been applied to the study of

the difference between solid solutions and intermetallic compounds.

A wire-drawing calorimeter has been used to measure the heat

evolved in drawing aluminum and copper wires. After a study of

methods of producing single metallic crystals a large number of such

crystals have been produced for use in the laboratory. The alloys

research on iron and its compounds with silicon, chromium, and

manganese has been continued and some of the difficulties of temperature measurement have been overcome. Interesting results have

been obtained on light alloys, minor metals, and the effects of gases

in steel. Cooperative work has been continued on alloys for use at high temperatures, wrought-iron chains, spring steels, and welded

containers for the transport of compressed gases. Aerodynamics.—The problems of wing and tail flutters have been

further investigated, and the problems are now fully understood

so that the designers can avoid the flutter. The question of air

propeller flutter proves complex, but a solution is expected shortly.

The problem of airplane spin is still under investigation. It is hoped to complete the new compressed air tunnel and its equipment

during the current calendar year 1930. New experimental data

have been obtained on the use of slotted wings.

In the research on fluid flow the tensor notation has been applied

to the 3-dimensional equations of a viscous fluid and an attempt has

been made to correlate with theory the results of experiments on the

" boundary layer " of a cylinder in a wind stream. The intensity

of skin friction on a circular cylinder has been estimated over a

definite range and the effects of turbulence and surface roughness on the flow around a cylinder has been studied.

Experiments of a model of the Eock of Gibralter have yielded

important data to pilots flying in the vicinity of the rock. Automatic

wind speed controls have been added to all the wind tunnels of the

laboratory. The success of the British machines in the contest for

the Schneider trophy is a striking instance of the value of tests on

models in the wind tunnel.

William Froude National Tank.—Research on the air resistance of

the above-water part of a ship's hull, including the superstructure,

has included tests on models of three vessels for which data have

been obtained at sea—an oil tank steamer, an express cargo ship,

and a high-speed, first-class liner—the results having been communicated to the Institution of Naval Architects at their 1930 summer meeting.

Comparisons of wave resistance with results on models were .also obtained. A research was made on the effects of unbalanced and
80 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

balanced rudders on the maneuvering of ships. The effect of immersion of the propeller was studied by means of a full-scale test on a collier under various conditions of draft and speed. Model

tests on a family of propellers at varying immersions were

completed.

Interesting comparisons were made between model and ship data

for designs tested in the tank. A beginning has been made on a research to obtain data for common forms of coasters and tugs.

The comparison of results on stream-line models working in air and

in water has been completed.

PHYSIKALISCH-TECHNISCHE REICHSANSTALT

(Berlin, Germany)

Presidential Division: Laboratory for Radioactivity.—There

were 382 radioactive preparations tested, which were intended for

medicinal use, as well as a large number of weakly radioactive substances, such as ores and the like. The emanation standards (radium

standard solutions) were continuously tested and 45 certified radium

standard solutions distributed. Researches on the measurement of

very weak gamma radiation by the automatic counting of the deflections of a Geiger counter are in progress. A method also was worked out to count automatically the coinciding deflections of two

Geiger counters exposed to the same radiation. These methods were

to be applied in the investigations of cosmic radiation.

Chemical Laboratory.—The chemical laboratory was engaged

principally in inorganic analytical work. In particular the analytical characteristics of the rare elements (ruthenium, osmium,

rhodium, iridium, palladium, platinum, gallium, geranium, selenium,

tellurium, masurium, rhenium) were investigated in order to improve the methods for detecting and separating these elements from

minerals and technical products.

In connection with these activities investigations were carried on

concerning the relative quantitative distribution of all elements in the

earth and in meteorites.

The work on the chemical and physical characteristics of the new

elements rhenium and masurium was continued.

Research was started on the preparative separation of isotopic

mixtures.

Analyses of chemical products and measurements on the constancy

of glasses were conducted for industry.

Photographic Laboratory.—In the photochemical work the energy

transformations of various photochemical reactions (for example,

the carbon dioxide assimilation) were measured.

Further the Rontgen spectroscopy and arc spectroscopic investigations for the analysis of minerals and chemical products were carried

out. Further attention was also given to the development of the

term schemes for the E, Z, and M series. The effect of supersonic waves on chemical reactions was studied. Tests were made of photographic materials for industry.

Cryogenic Laboratory and Laboratory for Electrical Atomic

Research.—In the cryogenic laboratory more than 14 cubic meters

of liquid nitrogen, more than 1.5 cubic meters of liquid hydrogen,

and more than 75 liters of liquid helium were prepared. The liqui-
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 81

fied gases were used, in part, in the cryogenic laboratory and partly

in other laboratories of the Reichsanstalt. The liquid hydrogen

was, in part, also given to other physical institutes. The helium supply of the cryogenic laboratories amounts, at this

time, to about 20 cubic meters, of which 10 cubic meters was obtained

from America.

Contrivances were devised to draw off and to transport liquid

helium from one place in the laboratory to another and there deliver it into the research apparatus without losing any helium.

The most important accomplishments of the cryogenic laboratory

are the following:

Investigations on supraconductivity of metals, alloys, and combinations. The supraconductivity of titanium, thorium, columbium,

copper sulphide, and of many carbides and nitrides were discovered.

Investigations on the contact resistance between nonsupraconductors and supraconductors. Measurements on the plasticity of metal

crystals as low as 1.1° absolute. Investigations on the effect of a magnetic field on the resistance of single crystals of gold. In the

electrical atomic research laboratory, investigation of researches on

lithium atom rays for the accurate determination of its magnetic

moment were so far advanced that the final measurements will soon

follow. Further work was done on a sensitive method for measuring

direct current, including development of a special galvanometer with

a sensitivity independent of the frequency.

Laboratory for Fine Mechanics and Acoustics.—The arrangements for the testing of cylindrical and taper screw standards were

further expanded. With the development of methods for measuring internal screw threads, the testing based on methods already devised at the National Bureau of Standards for taper ring gages was

begun. The verification of existing and the construction of new

tuning-fork standards were continued.

Principal Workshop.—In the laboratory there were constructed,

among other things, an oil-pressure press for pressures up to 7,000

kg/cm 2

, parts of a vacuum spectrograph, a current standard with

variable plate interval, a variable current standard, a new construction of the contact for rotating spark gap, and various parts belonging to a screw thread measuring apparatus. A number of etalon

rings and a thermostat of special construction were built. Mass and Weight.—New ordinances, the mass and weight ordi- nance of May 30, 1908, as well as other proposed important regulations and notices have been gathered in book form under the title " Eichordnung of November 8, 1911, in the group of February 21,

1930, official edition," and have appeared in the press of the German

National Lawbook for Commerce, Industry and Trade, Berlin W 9, Schelling Street, 12. The contents of this book is a compilation of all national legal

decisions which now control the weights and measures service of

Germany.

Krypton tubes which serve for the absolute measurement of a 200 mm end measure were certified in larger numbers.

We can not agree to the proposal of Meggers, de Bruin, and

Humphreys to substitute the strong yellow krypton line 5,871 for

the weak yellow-green krypton line. The yellow krypton line 5,871

has two satellites of very low intensity lying close to the principal
82 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

line, while the yellow-green krypton line 5,650 shows no indication

of fine structure, as already reported in the Report of Activities of

the Physikalisch-Technischen Reichsanstalt for 1928.

In accordance with the recommendation of the International Committee of Weights and Measures in the year 1913, there were meas- ured with highest possible accuracy four invar wires 24 m long

(which had already been measured in Sevres and Teddington).

In agreement with the National Physical Laboratory, the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt, has established the precise meas- urements of English inch gages, which according to the relation

found by the latest measurements by Sears, Johnson, and Jolly

(Phil. Trans., Roy. Soc, A227, p. 281, 1928) yield the relation between the English and metric systems of measures, namely, 1 inch =25.399956 mm.

The following accomplishments in the field of measuring instruments and measuring machines for length and for surface are to be noted

:

Type tests of length and surface measuring apparatus; the defi- nite admission of two types of construction of material measuring

devices with numerical and chart printing mechanism.

Calculations and measurements on the magnitude of the possible

thickness errors of the Sawyer leather-measuring machine.

The graphical representations of the hitherto defined permissible

forms of construction of length and area-measuring machines, as well

as preliminary work in the expansion of the testing service for

accessory measuring tools and measuring machines for length and

area. Capacity Measures.—In the field of capacity measuring apparatus

for liquids, many type tests, especially of measuring appliances for

motor fuels (benzine and the like), have been carried on. The

regulations have been expanded to keep pace with advancing needs.

The efforts of the metal industry to construct testworthy metal

containers for lager beer and for pasteurizing of sweet beer and

export beer in kegs under internal pressure have continued. A

number of forms are being tried out. The study of metal vessels in use in the brewing industry with

respect to the change of volume in response to the needs has been

extended to the first two permitted forms of barrels. There were

also tested many sets of weights, scales, and grain testers for domestic and foreign trade.

Researches have been taken up to ascertain the effect of atmospheric humidity on the pouring quality of the grain in grain testing.

Instructions for the testing of scales have been modified in con- formity with the development of the technique and the requirements of trade ; in this connection many problems of test procedure

have arisen as the result of the adoption of new ordnances. The

decisions concerning the testing of scales were broadened and completed, in particular for wooden platform scales, for scales with

tilting weight arrangement, for built-in scales with solid foundations, for railroad scales for continuous weighing, and for automatic

scales. The type tests of scales with pendulum weights, counterpoise weight arrangement, and of automatic scales were continued.

The standardization of scale construction was extended to the knifeedges of large scales.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 83

Hydrometry and Chemical Measuring Apparatus.—Investigations were conducted for the establishment of the connection between density and percentage content of various glue solutions in

the temperature range of 40° to 80°. The standardization of apparatus was further carried out in the organization of the German

Associations for Chemical Apparatus.

Many type tests of gas meters of new construction were made

and also of gas meters of high capacity.

The task was undertaken of assembling the special regulations

for high capacity gas meters, and the special directions for testing

and instruction.

Electricity and Magnetism.—On the basis of the conclusion of

the International Committee on Weights and Measures to go over from the international units to the absolute units within a rea- sonable time, two of these units must be realized in the absolute

system. Since at the Eeichsanstalt only one conclusive determination, the absolute ohm, is yet available, the evaluation of a second

unit (the absolute ampere) has been taken up. The systematic investigation of the transformation phenomena

in metals has been extended to semiconductors.

The work of setting up the new frequency scale has progressed.

The possibility of using the transversal vibration of a piezo-electric

light tube as a fixed point of the scale for the frequencies 1 to 20 kc was fully investigated. The natural frequencies were determined

with an absolute accuracy of ±5 millionths; they have remained

constant within this accuracy of measurement during the year. The mean temperature coefficient between 0° and 20° C. amounted

to about — 9X10 -6 at 1° C. For the frequency range of the scale from 30 to 600 kc longitudinally vibrating luminous resonators were developed. These are similar in construction to the trans- versally vibrating light tubes. Their frequency was in error by

only 1 part in 5,000,000 and the temperature coefficient amounted

to —2 to —3X10 _6 at 0° C. The international frequency measure- ments were continued. They showed, using a transverse vibration

light resonator of 10 kc as comparison standard, an agreement between the Eeichsanstalt, the National Physical Laboratory, the National Bureau of Standards and the Electrotechnical Laboratory in

Tokyo, of better than 1 part in 10,000,000.

A thermowattmeter for the measurement of small loads was thoroughly investigated and used for the measurement of the phase

angle of very large capacities. To check the values attained several

bridge methods were worked out. Several new types of air condensers were built for the standard

set of the Eeichsanstalt, among which were three plate condensers

of 0.1/^f capacity with air dielectric and quartz insulation. Despite

the slight plate separation of about 1 mm, the time variations of this

apparatus did not amount to more than 1 part in 10,000 as far as present experiments indicate.

Further, a suitable handy measuring bridge was developed for

the measurement of very small capacities down to 0.01 ju/xf

.

The compensation device for ionization measurement was further

improved, in that the variable uranium oxide ionization standard was so arranged that its capacitance in every position remained

the same.
84 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

For the purpose of standardizing dosage meters by means of weak

Bontgen rays (" Grenzestrahlen " according to Bucky), a standard

ionization chamber was constructed which has a standard value in- dependent of the quality of the radiation from the hardest to the

softest rays. Jointly with the Sanitas Electrical Co., a Rontgen apparatus was

developed which makes available the practical use of voltages up

to 400 kv for the excitation of X rays of hitherto unattainable

hardness.

The introduction of the protective regulations against radiation

required the development of equipment of great sensitiveness in

order to permit doses of 10 ~5 r/sec. which occur mostly outside of

the protective screens. An instrument developed for this purpose permits the measure- ment of the doses within 10 ~ 7 r/sec.

The measurements of ferromagnetic allo}^s with high initial per- meability was continued. The conditions were investigated for the

smallest possible dependence of the permeability on the field strength

with weak magnetizing force and the corresponding technical processes given. For measuring the initial permeability of sheet-metal

specimens, a differential arrangement was constructed, using as a

test sample, a bundle of Epstein strips weighing 1 kg.

The influence of impurities on the weathering stability of dynamo

and transformer steel was investigated and the favorable effect of limited copper additions was demonstrated, by which the cor- rosion resistance was notably raised without loss of the magnetic

characteristics.

After suitable heat treatment, the nickel-manganese alloys of

about 24 per cent manganese show about 15 per cent higher satura- tion value than pure nickel.

Data on a structural transformation was obtained, according to which the manganese atoms are distributed either statistically in the

nickel lattice (paramagnetic condition) or are distributed according

to the arrangement Ni3 Mn (ferromagnetic condition).

A new process was discovered for estimating the lubricating value

of oils in the region of limiting lubrication with the aid of orientation

effect. The orientation effect can be measured by the rectifier action

during the passage of an alternating current through the bearing.

The bearing then operates as a valve and rectifies a part of the

alternating current. A new process for the measurement of rapidly varying pressures was developed in which the pressure to be measured was trans- mitted to a piezo quartz crystal. The charges arising on the crystal were carried to an electrostatic tube voltmeter and traced by an

oscillograph. The acceleration of a motor during starting, the

cutting pressure on a slide lathe, the impact load on a steel wire, and

the gas pressure of a high-speed internal-combustion engine can

be measured and registered in this manner. For the stroboscopic testing of revolution meters there was developed an electrically operated tuning fork with tube control, as well as an electromagnetically driven tuning fork with a finely adjustable mercury contact. The frequency of the forks amounted to
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 85

50 cycles per second and can, with the aid of a phonic wheel with

counting mechanism, be determined accurately within ±0.01 per

cent. Heat and Pressure.—A series of projects in the field of international cooperation were carried out, which related to the temperature scale (especially in the field of thermoelements), the physical

characteristics of steam, and the comparison of viscosity measurements. The determination of the compressibility, as well as the

thermal expansion and pressure coefficient of the thermometrically

important gasses, has been completed and a new basis thereby at- tained for the correction of the gas thermometric measurements on

the thermodynamic scale as well as for the absolute temperature of

the ice point (273.16° K.).

Following Bonhoeffer and Harteck's discovery of para and ortho

hydrogen, of which the boiling points differ by 0.1°, a method was

worked out by which the two kinds of hydrogen at the temperature

of their melting point can quickly be brought into thermodynamic

equilibrium and by which the dependability of boiling hydrogen

as a thermometric fixed point will be assured. The investigation was also extended to the boiling point of nitrogen.

Resistance thermometers with thick platinum wire have been

found available for use up to the melting point of gold, and excel

the thermoelement in accuracy. The quadratic formula relating

resistance and temperature will be altered only by a small additional

term of a higher order.

An objective method for the optical measurement of temperature

by the application of the photo-electric cell is being worked out. A pyrometric determination of the melting point of chromium

using an electrically heated slab gives a value of 1,765±10°. The

slab was provided with a hole which radiated as a black body.

To determine the heat radiation of carbon dioxide the absorption

band of this gas at 2.7 was studied in the range of 20° to 900°.

It has been found possible to establish the molecular volume of

chemical compounds at low temperatures from the course of the

closed transformation of the specific heat of solid methane, also by

the inconstancy of the thermal expansion at about 20.3°. The new concept of the contribution of vibrational energy of

polyatomic molecules to the specific heat of a gas consisting of these

molecules necessitated a new calculation of the earlier data obtained

at the Reichsanstalt in the temperature range of 20° to 1,350° on

the specific heat of nitrogen, oxygen, carbondioxide, and water vapor. The result showed a satisfactory agreement between observation and theory.

The research on the heat of vaporization of water was carried to higher temperatures. At 310° C. it gave 315.9 cal./g.

The heat transfer with condensation of steam flowing through

pipes was further investigated. Under the same experimental conditions, it was found that with rapid condensation the superheated

steam in the axis of the pipe was cooled less than if the condensation was slow. The reason was ascertained to be that the steam

whirls which formed during rapid condensation streamed back less in the middle of the tube than with slower condensation.
86 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The arrangements for the measurement of higher pressures were

completed, as well as those for the investigation of vacuum pumps

and for determining the humidity of air. During the year 1929 there were tested 503,710 clinical thermometers, 6,551 expansion thermometers, 393 items for electrical

and optical temperature measurement, 415 devices for pressure

measurement, 426 pieces for oil investigations, and 125 miscella- neous articles. Optics.—Plates of glass or quartz half-silvered on both faces were

successfully combined with each other for the excitation of sharp

interference.

Measuring apparatus devised for navigation with infra-red radiation (fog navigation for ships and aircraft) proved to have a high

directional sharpness and a high degree of independence of outside

influences. Through transverse combination of two arrangements,

both azimuth and altitude directions were obtained at the same time.

Also an optical signalling system for railways was successfully

developed using infra-red radiation.

A new interference apparatus was constructed for the quantitative

measurement of strains in glass. This has proved very dependable

and by means of a simple observation of Haidinger rings in re- flected polarized light the existing tension can be expressed numerically in terms of the magnitude of the double refraction.

The present universally used 100 point of the saccharimeter is defined through the standard quartz plate which rotates spectral

pure sodium light (made by volatilizing a stick of cast soda in a Linneman illuminating gas-oxygen blowpipe, without the loss of

drops of soda dropping off) about 34.657 angular degrees at 20° C. In order to get rid of the expensive quartz wedge compensation and

also to reduce appreciably the setting and reading errors, the new

Pirani sodium arc lamp in vacuum has been successfully introduced

into saccharimetry. The lamp burns at 1.3 amperes with extreme

brightness while the optical center of gravity does not change appreciably with time. A circle reading instrument illuminated with

this light, spectrally purified, on the basis of the measurements con- ducted here between the zero and the 100 point must read 34.664

angular degrees if the sugar solution in this apparatus shall give

the same sugar value as in the saccharimeter with quartz wedge compensation for white light. As would be expected, the quartz plates of

100 sugar degrees ought to indicate only 99.970 sugar degrees with

the circle apparatus as so defined (with the new sodium lamp) at 20°. A new color mixing apparatus of very high precision has been constructed. By means of a trichromatic setting, the position of a color

in the Helmholtz-Young triangle can be found by a single measurement.

A method of investigating the vibrations of diaphragms was worked out especially for those used in loud speakers. Vibrations

excited in the acoustic medium of a tone-transmitter were made

visible by a diaphragm provided with a mirror, of frequency n

by means of a high-voltage alternating current of frequency n A n, (in which A n is ver}^ small compared to n) in a glow tube of a special

form. Light reflections are developed which afford characteristic

paths of motion to the observer for the state of vibration and the
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 87

characteristic frequency of the diaphragm. From the observed

turning of angle of the surface element and the geometrical position one can construct an expressive model picture of the vibrating

diaphragm at any desired point of time. This method may be used

to investigate any vibrating surface of mechanically excited bodies,

in case there are angle turnings present in the surface element of at

least 30 seconds of arc. LABORATOIRE NATIONAL D'ESSAIS MECANIQUES, PHYSIQUES,

CHIMIQUES, ET MACHINES

(Du Conservatoire National des Arts et Metiers, Paris, France) The Laboratoire d'Essais (National Testing Laboratory) is installed

in the Conservatoire National des Arts et Metiers (National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts) and is attached to the Ministry of

Public Instruction and of Fine Arts (Undersecretary of State of

Technical Education).

A technical committee of 23 members controls its operations. The

director is J. F. Cellerier.

This is the national testing laboratory of France for various materials and machines. It comprises at this time a personnel of 188

members. The activities are divided into six departments: Physics,

verification of measuring instruments, metals, materials, machines,

and chemistry.

From October 1, 1928, to September 30, 1930, there were 3,609

requests for tests, namely:

Physics 548

Verification of measuring instruments 152 Metals 945

Materials 718 Machines 131 Chemistry 1, 115

Total 3,609

Physical Tests.—New apparatus for determining coefficients of

thermal conductivity of heat-conducting materials have been established. They are provided with electrical heating pads placed

between two identical samples to be verified. The regulation of the

apparatus is easy. Comparative tests have been made of the transmission of sound

by partitions made up of materials intended for building construction. A novel apparatus has been constructed permitting the suppression of interior echoes. The experiments are to be conducted

in cooperation with the important group, the " Touring Club of

France."

The scientific study of art paintings has been continued. The processes previously employed (X rays, ultra-violet, various luminous

radiations, spectrography, and so on) have been further developed.

New studies have been undertaken pending the definite installation

of a laboratory of scientific research at the Louvre Museum, the

direction of which has been entrusted to J. F. Cellerier.

Verification of Measuring Instruments —This department has

made verifications of measuring apparatus, such as thermometers,

alcoholometers, hydrometers, boiling-point apparatus, measuring

glassware, etc.
88 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The legal verification of clinical thermometers was an important

accomplishment. The number of these latter instruments controlled

by the laboratory tests, from January 1 to October L 1930, was

870,000, of which the great majority are of French manufacture.

On demand of the Syndicate of Vinegar Producers of France,

the testing laboratory has undertaken a study relative to the defini- tion of the acidimetric " degree " of vinegar and to the procedure

to be followed in the determination of this degree. The technical

researches corresponding to this study have been divided into two

parts : 1. Chemical study relative to the standard test liquids utilized

in the study of vinegars and to the control of these liquids; this

part has been intrusted to the service of chemical tests.

2. Metrological study relative to the apparatus to be used in

utilizing these standard test liquids and to their control. This part

has been intrusted to the service of verification of measuring instruments.

Tests of Metals.—The very numerous requests for tests have not

permitted devoting any considerable time to research. We may,

however, mention

:

The study of the friction of lubricating materials and of metals

under great pressures at high or low temperature and high velocity.

A special machine has been set up for the purpose.

The photomicrography with polarized light utilized for minerals

and ferrous products has been extended to the examination of michrochemical reactions upon pigments; with the aid of special screens it has been possible to identify and determine the color of certain

colored pigments.

Studies of the hardness to rebound have been undertaken on the

teeth of yarn combs.

We may likewise mention that with the aid of a series of special

devices we are obtaining, in macrography and micrography, a con- tinuous gamut of magnifications from one-fifth to more than 1.000

diameters.

We may also j)oint out that special arrangements permit illumination of objects to be studied under all incidences from normal inci- dence up to grazing incidence.

Tests of Structural Materials.—Xew apparatus have been used for

test, notably amplifying, registering apparatus permitting the recording of the study of deflections obtained in tests of beams and of

boards; and a penetrometer with arrangement for electromagnetic

control for the study of the penetration of bitumen, tars, and

asphalts. For the study of paint, intended for construction, an

apparatus has been constructed by the laboratory for wear with a sand jet under low but fairly constant pressure^

Particular studies have been made concerning the resistance to rupture of different types of terra-cotta hollow slabs, and the waterproofing of mortars and concrete by the use of certain water-resistant

products and by the addition of diatomaceous earths. Finally, an interesting study has been begun having for its object

research on the best means of avoiding the destruction of the stone of historical monumental structures. This study consists of a series of special tests of various products and of investigating the protective coatings for calcareous and granite stones.
STANDAEDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 89

Tests of Machines.—Work has been carried on concerning the

study of output of boilers for heating under different conditions, on the acceptance of installation of central heating in homes,

schools, etc., as well as the characteristics of radiators functioning

with hot water or with steam. There is to be noted, particularly,

the very interesting study on a new process of boiler heating with

the aid of automatic burners permitting the utilization of mazout.

A new study is nearly ended on methods of testing pneumatic

hammers. This will be the object of an early bulletin of the laboratory. Besides, tests have been made of all kinds on thermal motors,

vaporizers, and carbureters, regulators, compressors, joints for steam

piping at high pressure, and smoke consumers. Chemical Tests.—As usual every year, products of all kinds involving metals and alloys, structural materials, lubricants, combustible

solids and liquid fuels, paints, rubber, and organic materials, have

been analyzed.

There is to be noted a certain number of projects on corrosion,

degalvanizing, antifreeze products, various cleaning products, and

products destined to improve the combustion of combustibles and

motor fuels, etc. As stated in the section on " verification of measuring instruments," an important chemical study has been undertaken apropos of

the definition of the acidimetric " degree " of vinegar and of the

procedure to be followed in its determination.

Standards.—The studies affecting standards have been considerably developed in France during late years, and this branch of

national activity has itself also been reorganized.

At the Ministry of Commerce has been created the Higher Committee of Standardization which is none other than the old Permanent Commission of Standardization enlarged by the addition

of large new groups.

The standards are elaborated and studied technically by the

various bureaus of standardization which are either private organizations (Committee on Mechanical Standardization, Committee on

Foundries, Union of Electrical Syndicates, Bureau of Standardization of Automobiles, etc.), or State organizations constituted in the

Ministerial departments (air, war, navy, public works, etc.).

The Laboratoire National d'Essais (National Testing Laboratory) has collaborated in various technical activities of standardization of various metals and materials, solid and liquid motor fuels

and of various parts of machines.

LABORATOIRE CENTRAL D'ELECTRICITE

(Paris, France) The laboratory has executed a series of measurements on aluminum

conductors of French make, the results being intended for use by the

International Electrotechnical Commission in fixing the characteristics of standard aluminum. Likewise it has conducted researches

to determine permissible current densities in aluminum conductors

of various cross sections.

The researches related to the determination of electrical units

in absolute measure, in particular the determination of the absolute

value of the ohm, have been under way. A mutual-inductance
90 NATIONAL BUKEATJ OF STANDARDS

standard designed to serve as a point of departure for these measure- ments has been produced; at the same time progress has been con- tinued in the measurements required for this determination.

In the course of the year 1930 the laboratory has had occasion to compare its resistance standards with those of the PhysikalischTechnische Reichsanstalt and of the Central Chamber of Weights

and Measures of the Union of Socialistic Soviet Republics.

A new form of incandescent lamp intended to serve as a standard

of luminous intensity has been studied, and the standards of lumi- nous flux of the laboratory have been compared with those of the

Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt.

For the study of the transmission factor of colored filters in- tended to solve the problem of heterochromatic photometry which

arises on the passage from primary standards of luminous intensity

with carbon filaments to the secondary tungsten-filament standards,

a procedure based upon the use of photo-electric cells has been

developed.

Finally the laboratory has continued its collaboration with French

physicists who seek to realize a luminous standard based upon the

properties of a black body.

Among the projects contemplated for the end of 1930 and for

1931, the following may be mentioned:

The completion of a new inductance standard.

The continuation of researches relative to the determination of

the ohm in absolute value.

A new determination of the electromotive force of standard

cadmium cells in terms of the silver voltameter, conformably to the

decisions of the advisory committee on electrical units.

New comparisons of standards of luminous flux with those of

foreign laboratories, for the purpose of eliminating certain divergencies which have appeared in the previous comparisons.

NATIONAL STANDARDIZING BODIES

Brief outlines of the activities and accomplishments of the national standardizing committees or associations in 21 countries in

which such organizations are now functioning are given below, in

alphabetical order, with the exception of those of the American

Standards Association, which are presented in Chapter VII.

The order of organization of the national bodies is as follows:

Great Britain, 1901; Holland, 1916; Germany, 1917; United States of America, 1918; Switzerland, 1918; France, 1918 (reorganized in

1928); Belgium, 1919; Canada, 1919; Austria, 1920; Italy, 1921;

Japan, 1921; Hungary, 1921; Australia, 1922 (reorganized in 1929) ; Sweden, 1922; Czechoslovakia, 1922; Norway, 1923; Poland, 1924;

Finland, 192-1; Russia, 1925; Denmark, 1926; and Rumania, 1928. The method of cooperation developed by the British is followed,

with more or less modification, by all of the national bodies. Technical decisions involved in the formulation of standards are rendered

by so-called sectional committees made up primarily of accredited

representatives of the various groups interested therein.

Through the interchange of information arranged in regular form

on uniform blanks, all of the national bodies are kept posted as to the new projects, drafts of standards, and general tendencies in the
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 91

national standardization work in all other countries. All approved

standards are interchanged as a matter of routine, and each national

standardizing body acts as a sales agent for the approved standards

of the other bodies. The sketches given below are based chiefly on

information supplied by the foreign national bodies to the American

Standards Association and on material furnished by the foreign

offices of the United States Bureau of Foreign and Domestic

Commerce.

An international federation commonly known as the International

Standards Association has recently been formed to serve as a con- necting link between several of the national bodies dealt with in

this section. A more complete treatment of this organization is given in Chapter II, page 70. Australia.—Standards Association of Australia, W. R. Hebblewhite, general secretary, Macleay House, 16 College Street, Sydney,

New South Wales, Australia.

The Standards Association of Australia was established as a con- sequence of the appointment in Great Britain of a Central Committee

on Standardization and Simplification and the initiation of a project to secure unification of standards throughout the Empire and

the development of simplification on an Empire basis. It was felt that a more effective support could be given to this movement by co- ordination of the existing standardizing bodies, and hence, in July,

1929, the Australian Commonwealth Engineering Standards Association (founded 1922) and the Australian Commonwealth Association of Simplified Practice (founded 1927) were amalgamated to form the Standards Association of Australia.

The Standards Association is the body officially recognized as the

authority for promulgating national standards in Australia, and re- ceives the indorsement of the Commonwealth and State Governments

and their departments, and of professional, industrial, trade and commercial organizations. The association has complete autonomy, but

in order that the Commonwealth Government may be kept informed

of the association's progress and its requirements and may thus

be enabled the more effectively to render assistance, a liaison has been

provided through the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research

which is under the ministerial control of the vice president of the

executive council of the Commonwealth Government.

The association is governed by a council comprising representatives

appointed by the governments of the Commonwealth and each State

;

the Institution of Engineers, Australia; Australasian Institute of

Mining and Metallurgy; Australian Chemical Institute; Royal Australian Institute of Architects ; Federated Master Builders' Association ; Australian and New Zealand Railways Conference ; Associated

Chambers of Manufactures of Australia; Associated Chambers of

Commerce of the Commonwealth of Australia; Bureau of Steel

Manufacturers of Australia; and the Federal and State purchasing

departments.

The technical work of the association is directed by two divisions,

standards and simplified practice, and by a special committee for

power survey, which is engaged in a survey of the power resources of

the Commonwealth and their development and coordination.

27171—31 7
92 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

In the standards division, specifications are drafted by sectional

committees of the usual representative character. At present 33 sec- tional committees are operating, which with more than 300 subcommittees and panels, have a personnel of 2,600. In order to secure

suitable collaboration in the preparation of specifications that are of general interest to two or more sectional committees, each of the

committees concerned appoints representatives to a coordinating committee, whose decisions are, however, referred back to the parent

sectional committees for indorsement. Specifications, when drafted, are printed and circulated widely in proof form for public comment

prior to final review and publication. In preparing standard specifications, the national and institutional standards of other countries are studied in order that no unnecessary departure shall be made

from the best current practice. In particular, it is the policy of

the association to follow British standard practice as closely as local conditions and requirements will allow without detriment.

The simplified practice division does not as a rule appoint per- manent committees. After a careful staff investigation of any project, and compilation of statistical data as to relative production and

sales numbers, a report on the position is placed before a representative conference and a draft recommendation approved. This is then

reviewed by similar conferences in other States of the Commonwealth.

The final stage in the drafting is the coordination of State views for

the issue of a recommendation representing the consensus of opinion

throughout the Commonwealth. Before final adoption a recommendation must receive the indorsement of 80 per cent of suppliers by

volume of trade.

The association's revenue is contributed for the most part by the

Federal Government, while State and local governments assist to a

lesser degree. Organizations and firms, besides contributing the

services of their officers in committee work, enroll as subscribing

members, of which there are about 350. The rate of subscription is voluntas, subject to a minimum annual fee. Technical societies and

universities give every possible support, in some instances appointing

their own committees to collaborate with those of the association.

The association has published 135 approved specifications and re- ports, while 30 projects have been circulated for general criticism.

Of these, about 60 deal with the electrical industry, 40 with the paint

and varnish industry, and 30 with railway permanent way and roll- ing stock. Others relate to iron and steel, cement and concrete, pipes

and fittings, plumbing accessories, machine parts and accessories, and

chemical industry.

In the section on safety codes, work is going forward on codes for

safeguarding human life and property, and for design and erection,

among which are regulations dealing with concrete, reinforced concrete, and steel frame structures, elevator (lift) installations, cranes and hoists, boilers and unfired pressure vessels, and electrical wiring.

Of these, the last two are of particular importance.

The boiler code has been prepared during the past two years with

the assistance of a great number of departmental officers and private

experts, in order to remedy the disabilities attending the use of un- coordinated and somewhat inadequate regulations in force in the
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 93

respective States of the Commonwealth. The code will be a comprehensive compilation dealing thoroughly with boiler and unfired

pressure vessel design, erection, maintenance, and inspection.

The electrical wiring rules in general use in Australia were framed

by the Institution of Engineers, Australia. Kecently, at the request

of the institution, the association undertook the revision, extension,

and subsequent direction of the rules. A draft of the new rules is now about to be issued and will be influenced by the results of recent investigation and by modern developments in the electrical industry.

No simplified practice recommendations have yet been published,

but good progress has been made with a number of projects, many of

which indicate striking possibilities of reduction in diversification.

A survey showed that 150 different varieties of galvanized iron ridging, guttering, and down piping could be reduced by TO per cent. One

hundred and twenty sizes of plywood panels for doors have been

reduced by 60 per cent. Banking and allied interests are working on

the simplification of bank checks and other documents. Other subjects under consideration are road gully gratings, shovels, laminated

steel springs for automobiles, wire netting, high-pressure water fit- tings, brass plumbing and sewerage fittings, and building material

classification. The Power Survey Committee has issued a report on the coal re- sources of Australia, which deals comprehensively with the geological

and geographical distribution of the various coalfields, the chemical

and physical characters of the different coals, and the suitability of

such coals for various purposes and industries. A report on power

alcohol treats the subject from the point of view of a potential source

of power in the Commonwealth. A further report describes progress

in the development of combustion of Victorian brown coal. In international activities the association is represented by its Power Survey Committee, which is, by Government authority, the

Australian National Committee for the World Power Conference,

and by its Electrical Committee, which is the Australian Committee

of the International Electrotechnical Commission. These two committees are actively participating in their respective international

movements.

Austria.—Osterreichischer Normenausschuss fiir Industrie und

Gewerbe (ONIG), Dr. Jaro Tomaides, secretary, Vienna, III. Lothringerstrasse 12, Austria.

The Austrian Standards Committee was established in September,

1920, by the National Society for Austrian Industry, with. the co- operation of the Austrian Union of German Engineers (OVDI).

Together with the Committee for Economic Management (AWB),

and the Society for Heat Economy (GW), the ONIG now consti- tutes the technical division of the National Society for Austrian

Industry; moreover, these three organizations (the ONIG, the AWB,

and the GW) have operated since 1928 as branches of the Austrian

Committee for Economy (OKW).

The ONIG is the central Austrian standardizing organization, and

strives for the standardization of industrial products and production
94 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

along the following lines : Adoption of German industrial standards

already existent or in preparation, with any necessary modifications,

through fundamental recognition of their adaptability to the needs

of Austrian standardization; setting up of Austrian national and

branch standards by consideration and revision of existing standards

and by the formulation of additional standard proposals; and co- operation with the standards committees of other countries.

Since its foundation, the ONIG has developed an extensive organization, which now includes divisions for general standards,

building practice, mining and smelting practice, chemical in- dustry, electrotechnics, fire fighting, hospital practice, agriculture,

mechanical engineering, and commercial practice.

The work of preparing Austrian standards is begun, on evidence

of satisfactory general interest, by committees representative of

producers, distributors, consumers, scientists, and Government departments. For the sake of securing adequate criticism, proposals

are published for a suitable period in the magazines, " Sparwirtschaft " and " Elektrotechnik und Maschinenbau," as well as in

other technical periodicals.

In the event that criticism is made of a proposal, it is returned

to the committee for revision, until complete agreement is established. Finally, the proposal is sent to an editorial committee, where

it is criticised for form and style, as well as for agreement with

other standards, and then to the executive committee for final examination and approval, after which it is published as an Austrian

standard (ONORM).

The ONIG has taken an active part in the work of the Inter- national Standards Association, having been made a member of the

technical committees for metric screws and threads, tolerances, paper

forms, rivets, pressure testing for stationary steam boilers, pipes for

canalizations, .iron and steel, agricultural machinery, and .sieves. Further, the ONIG has been given the secretariat of the technical

committee for formulating rules for the construction of sprinkler

systems, and has been intrusted with the preparation of the report on the international standardization of wood screws. The committee has published 434 standards, while 309 projects are under way. Of the latter, 105 have been published for criticism.

The following table shows the status of work in the nine industrial

groups.

Industrial groups Completed

standards Publishedfor criticism Work

under way Total

A. General standards . . B. Building..4

6240

15

54

7

41

312442 12740

36

115

7

1110 298

57

BH. Mining and smelting

C. Chemical industry _ . . 14

5

1

756

6118

36

25

E. Electrical engineering . . F. Fire fighting K. Hospitals _ L. Agriculture 232

3 M. Mechanical engineering . 230 V. Traffic 29 Total- 434 105 204 743
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 95

The following projects are under way in the various technical

committees: Standards for technical organization; mechanical test- ing of materials; business forms; office furniture and appliances;

kitchen utensils; building regulations (regulations for the performance of building work, also for steel buildings, hoists, etc.) ; building

materials (tiles, clinker plates, stove tile, sand, etc.) ; street paving

materials; fittings for doors and windows; canalization subjects;

mining tools ; water analysis ; glue ; rosin ; oils and fats ; dry paints

;

tar; lime; electrical conducting materials; crane motors; chemicals

for fire extinguishers; hospital beds; surgical instruments; nursing

apparatus; parts for agricultural machines; screws; steels; elements

of steam-boiler firing; gas meters; air travel; traffic; wheels; hose

valves ; construction parts.

Belgium.—Association Beige de Standardisation (ABS), Gustave

L. Gerard, general secretary; Max Eeichert, secretary, 33 rue Ducale,

Brussels, Belgium.

The report of the Belgian Standards Association, as of July, 1930,

shows the completion of 47 standards, with work progressing on 17

other projects. These standards and projects may be classified according to industrial groups as shown in the table.

Standardization projects Industrial groups Complete Incomplete

A. Civil engineering ._ 9 2 B. Mechanical engineering.. . . 20 6 C. Electrical engineering (Belgian Electrotechnical Commission) ... 16 1 H. Metallurgy ... . ... . 1 1 K. Chemical industry .... 2 M. Mining . 2 P. Paper industry. 1 Z. Miscellaneous Total 47 17

Completed standards cover such subjects as metallic construction;

galvanized-iron roofs and walls; bridges; electric motors and trans- formers; wire rope; transformer oil; impregnated paper cables;

reinforced concrete; rubber-covered wires and cables; paper sizes; zinc ores ; copper rivets ; cast-iron pipe ; aggregates ; insulators ; tele- graph poles; machine screws; structural steel; electric-cable terminals; electrotechnical symbols; lamp sockets; tolerances; gages; in- sulated conduits; incandescent lamps; cements; and small electrical

apparatus.

The latest standard to be published, Keport No. 29-1930, deals with

profiles. Studies carried on since 1919 led, in the latter part of

1928, to the adoption of four series of shapes of beams, of U-sections

of equal and of unequal angles. Because of the length of time nec- essary for the calculation of characteristics, the report includes, at present, preliminary tables which contain only the principal dimensions and weights of the shapes definitely adopted by the association,

but which already permit the adoption of simplified practices by

producers and consumers. The report in its final form will include
96 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

elaborations of the present tables, and further tables covering

T-sections.

The association has published, for general comment and criticism, a project on the chemical testing of oils. The project contains test methods for the determination of the content of saponifiable matter,

the index of acidity, the asphalt content, and the ash content. Although the need for an aging test has been felt, such a test was not

included in the project, because there is at present no method generally accepted in Belgian laboratories.

Canada.—Canadian Engineering Standards Association (CESA),

B. Stuart McKenzie, M.E.I.C, secretary, 46 Elgin Street, Ottawa,

Canada.

The organization of the Canadian Engineering Standards Association is patterned after that of the British Engineering Standards

Association. Work is carried on under the direction of a main

committee, composed of representatives of technical, educational, and

industrial bodies. Under this committee are seven sectional committees, covering various branches of engineering. Working committees, under the supervision of the sectional committees, perform

the work of actually preparing reports on projects. Membership

of these committees is composed of representatives of producing and

consuming interests, as well as of technical advisers. The association's policy of dealing directly with business firms or organizations,

and not through sponsor bodies, helps to establish cordial and inti- mate relations with industry, and saves time in the completion of the

various projects.

The association has completed 32 standards, while work is going

forward on 25 other standardization projects, as shown in the table.

Standardization projects Industrial groups

A. Civil engineering. B. Mechanical engineering C. Electrical engineering D. Automotive work

E. Railway work

G. Ferrous metallurgy M. Mining machinery

Total The 1930 revision of Part I of the Canadian Electrical Code has

been issued. This code agrees rather closely with the National Electrical Code in use in the United States, and also conforms in part

with the National Electrical Safety Code. Other material includes

a section on maintenance and operation, instruction for resuscitation

from electrical shock, a table for lead-covered communication cables,

and a cross-reference list showing changes from the previous edition.

Among other recently-issued publications are standards for trans- formers, steel structures, and steel bars and billets. Standard No.

C2-1929, for single-phase distribution transformers, applies to 25

to 60 cycle oil-filled transformers up to and including 200 kv-a at
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 97

or below 15,000 volts, and does not cover auto, testing, dry type, or other special transformers. The standard is subdivided into sections on classification, taps, operation, ratio, rated capacities, polarity,

tests, leads, cases, standard accessories, and markings.

Four standards for commercial-quality steel bars and billets, Nos.

G24-1929, G25-1929, G26-1929, and G27-1929, deal, respectively,

with standard methods of sampling for the analysis of steel billets,

bars, and shapes; carbon-steel billets and bars of forging quality;

hot-rolled bar steels; and cold-finished bar steels and cold-finished

shafting.

A revision of the specification for steel structures for buildings

has been issued as standard No. A16-1930. Certain radical changes

have been made in the new edition, chief among them being the

increase of the allowable unit stress for axial tension from 16,000

to 18,000 pounds per square inch, with a corresponding increase in

other unit stresses; revisions of the column formula and the allowable unit stresses for bending, shearing, and bearing; and changes

in the recommended live loads for snow load on roofs and for wind

load.

For some time the Canadian Engineering Standards Association

has been negotiating with the Canadian National Committee of the

International Electrotechnical Commission with a view to establishing closer relations. It is hoped that the Canadian National Committee, previously under control of the Engineering Institute of

Canada, can be transferred to the sponsorship of the CESA. This

should prevent much overlapping in the work of electrical

standardization.

Czechoslovakia.—Ceskoslovenska Normalisacni Spolecnost (CSN),

B. Eosenbaum, director, Dura Cs. Inzenyru, Prague I, Czechoslovakia.

About 57 standards, printed both in Czech and in German, have

been published by the Czechoslovakian Standards Association, ac- cording to its May, 1930, report. Work is going forward on various

projects.

Completed standards cover the subjects of threads, screws, nuts,

and washers; wrench openings; rivets; keys and springs; angle

irons; tees and zees; cotter pins; machine tool couplings; preferred

numbers; steam-boiler testing; tongues and grooves for planed lumber; car wheels and trucks; steel sections; transmission; rolled and

forged carbon steel; color shades of enamel; soft and hard solders;

rules for acceptance testing of cooling plants; tables and diagrams

for refrigerants; rules for testing water turbines; tanned leather

belting; elevators; bolts and nuts; steel rails; steel castings; hand

wheels and grips; chains; copper sheets; mechanical drawings; test- ing of steel; pipe systems; cast-iron pipe, and traps for gas and

water conduits; steel pipe; form of specification for construction;

iron and timber structures in tall buildings; copper, brass, and

aluminum sections, wire, and plates; rules for carpentry; tolerances;

grey-iron castings; rules for pressure vessels and steam boilers;

flanges; mechanical couplings; central heating and ventilation; gas

installations; xyolite; copper; brass forms; paving stone; water

power; and clay sewer pipe.
98 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Czechoslovakia!! manufacturers of wooden flooring have agreed

to open a central rationalization office to standardize the measure- ments for wooden flooring, and the quality of raw materials. An

executive committee has been appointed, and measures have been

taken to insure that work will begin in the near future.

At a national standardization conference convened in Prague by

the Czechoslovak National Committee for Scientific Management,

the field of work was expanded to include hand tools and machine

tools, porcelain, and timber for sawing. Intensified standardization

in the building industry was agreed upon. It was requested that

uniform principles of accountancy, covering cost accounting, sales,

and purchases, should be worked out for typical industrial undertakings.

The necessity of centralizing all standardization work in the

Czechoslovakian Standards Association was unanimously recognized,

and it was recommended that corporations which had hitherto studied standardization work outside the standards association should

effect closer cooperation with that body to prevent unnecessary

division of forces. Recommendations were adopted concerning the general use of

Czech standards by Government departments, autonomous bodies,

and corporations, universal adoption of standard paper sizes, Government support of the standards association, and the intensified

spreading of standardization propaganda.

Denmark.—Dansk Standardiseringsraad (DS), H. E. Glahn, secre- tary, Industribygningen, Copenhagen B, Denmark.

The Danish standardizing body, which recently received the new

designation, " Danish Standards Council," represents an affiliation of those technical, industrial, and trade organizations which are

interested in standardization, together with the various Government

departments. Its 24 members are appointed by the Ministry for

Industry. About one-half of the expenses of the council are borne by

the Government.

The work of the council is carried on by a business committee

and 13 technical committees, whose members serve without compensation. The personnel of these technical committees and their 22

subcommittees numbers 159. The work covers the following subjects

:

Doors, windows, and hinges; threads, bolts, and nuts; general technical standards; drawing standards; paper sizes; Edison threads;

fire-hose couplings; gas cocks; agricultural machinery; lettering of

drawings ; textiles for hospitals ; steel and iron ; and land rollers. The business committee is empowered to make decisions on behalf

of the council, except as regards acceptance of standards, membership of the council, yearly budget and program, and approval of

the annual report. Among other duties, the business committee

collects information regarding standardization activities at home

and abroad, and corresponds with foreign standards bodies; determines the origin of proposed standards, their influence on other

standards, and if they have been properly submitted for comment

and criticism by interested parties; and investigates the degree of

correlation between the proposals under consideration and similar

foreign standards.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 99

At its two meetings in 1929, the council accepted, as Danish

standards. 15 proposals for standard cones; standard roundings;

metric screw threads, 1 to 10 mm; trapez threads, 10 to 300 mm;

slotted screw-heads, 6 to 36 mm; gas cocks for kitchens; and technical drawings (projection methods, thicknesses and sorts of lines,

infration lines, indication of cutting planes, and standard letter- ing). Thirty-one proposals were accepted as temporary Danish

standards—2 for width across flats (nominal sizes and width across corners) and 29 for limits and fits for diameters. The report as of

July 1, 1930. shows a total of 66 accepted standards, with 91 projects

still in progress. These standards and projects may be classified as shown in the table.

Standardization projects Industrial groups Completed Under way

A. General 49

12 2412

2

340

4

3

12

B. Mechanical engineering. .. ...... ... ... ... ... C. Electrical engineerine.. . . ... ... Q. Civil engineering .. _. . _ ... .. ... ...... 3 H. Ferrous metallurgy .... . L. Textile industry . . ... . ... N. Agriculture

P. Paper industry

Z. Miscellaneous .. .... ... . 2 Total 66 91 Projects under way include: Symbols for drawings (architective,

mechanical, and electrotechnical drawings, and drawings for sanitary installations, railways and streets, building materials, and reinforced concrete) : tolerances for width across flats; hexagonal and

castle nuts; bright, semibright, and rough round washers; square

and hexagonal bolt heads; keys and shafts; gas-meter screws; steel and iron ; textiles for hospitals ; rings for rollers ; plows ; paper sizes

;

and furniture and chattels for hospitals.

The Danish Standards Council has adopted the symbol, DS, as

a mark which may be used on manufacturers to show that they

conform to the requirements of Danish standards. The right to use the symbol is given free upon application, with the provisos

that the product be manufactured in Denmark, and that it actually

conform to the requirements of the standard concerned. Penalties

are attached to the misuse of the symbol.

Finland.—Finlands Standardiseringskommission (SFS), A. Willberg, secretary, Mikaelsgatan 19. Helsingfors, Finland.

The Finnish Standards Committee was founded in June, 1924,

beginning its work in October of that year. It is composed of representatives of the departments of national defense, commerce and

industry, and agriculture, the Government railroads, the board of

directors for public buildings, the national association of wood

utilization, the national agricultural products association, the national industral products association, technical societies, and the

national university. About two-thirds of the expenses of the committee are defrayed by the Government, and the remainder by

interested private organizations.
100 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

According to the report for October 15, 1930, the committee has

approved 217 standards which are now in use in Finland. Work

is going forward on 500 projects. The table classifies the standards

and projects according to the various industrial groups.

Industrial groups Standards

A. General standards B. Mechanical engineering. C. Electrical engineering... H. Raw materials K. Chemistry N. Agriculture

P. Paper

Z. Miscellaneous

177

1

30 Total. 217 The board of directors of the Association of Finnish Architects is considering a plan for the standardization of smooth-surface plywood doors. Under the plan, these doors would be standardized at widths of 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, and 1,000 mm., and at a height of

either 2,050 or 2,100 mm. Such standardization, it is believed, not

only would facilitate the work of Finnish architects, but would

also reduce production costs at plywood factories to an extent that

would enable them to produce quantities at a competitive price for

export.

France.—Association Franeaise de Normalisation (AFNOR), R.

Girardeau, director general, 27 Avenue de Friedland, Paris. France.

The French Standards Association was created in 1926 by the representatives of various industries, to encourage French economic

expansion and develop the domestic market by the simplification of

machines and manufactures. Although it is granted a Government

subsidy, it is a private organization, and receives most of its income

from its membership subscriptions.

The association centralizes French standardizing activities, represents them internationally, and acts as a liaison between industry

and the Higher Committee on Standardization, a Government

organization which controls French standardization through general

instructions transmitted to the AFNOR, and which has the authority

to give final approval to completed standards.

The technical work of standardization projects is conducted by

standardization associations, or, in industries where such associations do not exist, by competent committees appointed bv the

AFNOR.

Among the subjects for which committees are now operating, are

:

Hydraulic presses, iron and steel products, liquid measures, sta- tionary boilers, naval construction, steel shapes, preserve cans, roofing sizes, drawm-wire products, ballast forks, and hand-tool

products.

The status of projects and completed standards, as of July' 1, 1930, is as shown in the table below. Included are the standards

of the mechanical, electrical, and automotive standardization

bureaus, which have been submitted to the Higher Committee on

Standardization for its official approval, and the projects of the

Bureau of Standardization of the Air Ministry.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 101

A. Metallurgical products

B. Construction materials C. Electrical industry

International Electrotechnical Commission

French Electrotechnical Committee and Union

of Electrical Syndicates

E. Machine elements Committee on Standardization of Mechanics

F. Metallurgy and metallic construction H. Thermal machines and hydraulics

J. Naval construction K. Mining industry

L. Cycles and automobiles (Bureau of Automobile Standardization) M. Units of measure and tolerances O. Aeronautics (Bureau of Standardization of the Air Ministry)

P. Construction

Q. Paper

R. Containers and packing methods

S. Tools X. Rational numbers

Total

vv oi'K m rtevisions Total standards progress in progress

8 3 8 19 9 2 11 18 18 2 2

15 15 12 12 70 27 1 98

2 3 5

1 1 14 14

1 1 66 29 95

2 2

37 37

1 1 Q I o

5 5 6 6

1 $ 1 190 114 41 345 The Ministries of Interior and Public Works have approved a

series of 13 important road signs, standardized as to sizes of letter- ing, colors, dimensions of signs, donor's name, height from ground,

and other details. This series was recommended by a committee

composed of representatives of touring clubs, automobile associations,

the National Tourist Office, and the French Automobile Chamber of

Commerce. The new markings cover signs showing directions and

distances, turns, railroad crossings, entrances into towns, etc. The French Standards Association maintains representation in

the Institute of Commercial and Industrial Organization (Institut

d'Organization Commerciale et Industrielle) which was recently or- ganized by the Paris Chamber of Commerce, with the encouragement

of the Minister of Commerce and the Undersecretary of State for

Technical Instruction, for the purposes of coordinating the activities of the various French organizations which devote part or all of their time to finding systems and methods of aiding the progress

of the rational organization of production and trade ; promoting, by

their centralization, the development of the studies relating to such

matters; and arriving at practical conclusions from the results so achieved.

The institute consists of a directors' committee, a financial commission, and a consulting committee. This last group, besides representatives of the Paris Chamber of Commerce and the French

Standards Association, contains representatives of the Ministry of

Commerce, the Undersecretariat for Technical Instruction, the National Committee for French Organization, the Commission of Scientific Organization of Work of the General Confederation of French

Production, the Statistical Institute, the Laboratory of Experimental

Psychology, and the Laboratory on the Physiology of Work.

There follows a list of some of the standards approved by the

Higher Commission on Standardization:

Metallurgical products.—Nomenclature of aluminum and alloys;

aluminum ingots, plates, and strips, and electrical conductors; low

and high resistance alloy plates, strips, tubes, bars, and sections;

pure platinum; platinum-copper; platinum-iridium ; platinum chlo-
102 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

ride; industrial lead; and industrial tin (ingots, rods, plates, sheets,

strips, and tubes).

Construction materials.—Burned-clay and silicocalcareous bricks;

tiles ; natural and artificial cut stone ; glass for windows and mining

lamps; nomenclature and testing methods for wood; timber; joinery

wood for doors, windows, etc. ; and wood for paving blocks.

Electrical industry.—Electrotechnical vocabulary ; international

symbols ; standard annealed copper ; electrical machinery ; sections of

copper and aluminum bars for distribution boards; armored cable

insulated with impregnated paper ; carbon brushes ; aluminum wires

and cables ; range of current intensity for electrical apparatus ; large

electrical fittings; diameters of copper conductors; bases and slabs

of marble, slate, and other insulating material used for large elec- trical fittings ; and meter terminal boxes.

Machine elements.—Threads; profile of screw threads; play and

tolerances for threads; standard countersinks; rough or machined

square-head or hexagonal-head bolts ; rough or machined cylindricalhead bolts; rough or machined round-head bolts; rough or machined countersunk-head bolts; large square-head bolts; camberedhead bolts, square collar (Japy bolt); countersunk or camberedcountersunk wood bolts; wheel bolts; plowshare bolts; prismatichead metal screws; slotted-head round or cylindrical metal screws;

slotted-head countersunk or cambered-countersunk screws; rough or machined stud bolts; length of shank, length of thread, and shrinkage allowances for bolts and stud bolts with a single nut and for

screws, diameters 5 to 36 mm; length of shank, length of thread, and

shrinkage allowances for bolts and stud bolts with nut and lock

nut, diameters 6 to 36 mm ; hexagonal rough or finished nuts ; square

nuts ; standard castle nuts ; cotter pins ; taper pins ; rivets ; headless

flat-end and pointed-end screws; square-head and fillister-head

pointed-end screws; square-head dished screws; headless, squarehead, cylindrical-head and hexagonal-head teat-screws; technical

drawings (arrangement of projections and cross-sections; lines;

hatchures; lettering; margins and shaping; threads; indication of

pieces of revolution); machine tool centers; center drills; millingmachine arbors; high castellated and pin nuts: round nuts; collar nuts; T slots and tongue slots; grips for cranks, hand wheels, levers,

etc.Cycles and automobiles.—Driving gear of tachometers, taximeters,

etc. ; carburetor gaskets ; spark plugs ; radiator filling plugs ; housing

dimensions of tachometers, thermometers, speedometers, amperemeters, etc. ; batteries ; carburetor shut-off valves ; brake lining ; timing

and firing ; bolts, nuts, screws, rivets, washers, and pins ; automobile

bumpers ; machine tool centers ; license plates ; carburetor adjustment

levers ; electric lamps ; steering wheels ; feed pipes ; generators ; head

lamps, search lamps ; light, medium, and heavy ball bearings ; rubberhose connections for water systems; industrial vehicles; control

pedals ; straight valves and valve threads for pneumatic tires ; magnetos; grease cups; standard countersinks; accelerators; metal rims

for cycles ; pumps for cycles ; lamp holders for cycles ; speedometers

:

and motor-cycle batteries.

Miscellaneous.—Copper and brass round, hexagonal, and square

bars, struts and hollow bars, trolley wires, and sheets; aluminum

sheets, bars, tubes, and sections ; test pressure for acceptance of new

stationery boilers; and rational numbers.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31

Germany.—Deutscher Normenausschuss (DNA), Dr. Engineer

Hellmich, managing director, Berlin NW. 7, Dorotheenstrasse 47,

Germany.

The German Standards Committee is an organization for public

benefit, composed of producers, distributors, consumers, scientists,

and Government officials, which conducts German standardizing activities. Each group in German industry sets up standards in ac- cordance with the principles of the Standards Committee, and

submits the results to the central body of this committee for admission into the field of standardization. An editorial committee re- views each standard for form and style, as well as for agreement with

existing standards. Completed standards carry the legally protected

symbol DIN, which, originally meaning " German Industry Standard," to-day is applied to all classes of standards.

When standards originate in other organizations, they are given

their place in the general collection of standards. Some of the bodies

which cooperate with the DNA are the Society of German Professional Engineers (ADB), Committee for Economic Production

(AWF), Committee for Economic Management (AWV), German

Metallurgical Association (DGfM) , German Association for Testing

Engineering Materials (DVM), National Committee on Specifications (EAL), and Union of German Engineers (VDI).

The number of completed German standards, as given in the annual

standards catalogue, is over 3,200. More than 1,000 projects have

been published for criticism, and further proposals are in preparation. These figures are not inclusive of the work of the Merchant

Marine Standards Committee (HNA), which has completed 1,200

standards and is working on 100 others.

There is given below a review of the various classes of German

standards. The first table summarizes the " Dinormen," or standards

prepared under the supervision of the DNA. The second table comprises " Fachnormen," standards prepared by affiliated organizations,

which bear not only the DIN designation but also the indicated

symbol of the parent organization.

Table 1

Classification

Number of standards

Total

General fundamental standards and technical fundamental

standards Gas masks

Fittings (valves, pressure gages)

.

Gas-welding industry

Burial practice Building industry Library practice

Office and drafting equipment... Steam boilers Railroads

Bottles Dispatching means Foundry practice Housekeeping

Hoisting machinery

Heating Trunks and baggage Load and acceptance testing ,

Completed

340 320

3 134 39

14 14

1 413 343

5 4

3

a. 3 32 30

6 3

1 1 7 2

75 65

18 16

5

1 1 2 2

Classification

Machine tools Furniture Sewing machines Photography

Piano construction Pipes and tubes Typewriters Shoe manufacture Welding practice Construction materials

Street-railway practice Transmission Weighing and testing machines.

.

Water turbines. Tools Machine tools Underground construction Total

Number of standards

Total

367

58

7

5 208

29

8

592

52

282

5 277

514

2, 217

Completed

331

3

64

2

12726

1 25

15

21136

1, 71!
104 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Table 2

Classification

Number of standards

Total Completed Mining (BERG) | 250 Chemical apparatus (DENOG)...; 74 Printing trade (N AGRA) 6 Railway cars (WAN) \ 76

Electrical engineering (VDE) i 377 Bicycle building (FAFA) I 44 Fire fighting (FEN) J 44 Meat-cutting machines ( VDF) 1 10 Woodworking machinery (VDH) . i 24 Motion-picture industry (KIN)... 7 Automotive industry (Kr) 259 Hospital practice (FANOK) , 61

16070

667

33543 ! 1910 I 10 I 7 224 ! 25

Classification

Agriculture (LAND)

Locomotive construction (LON)..

Air travel (L) Material testing (DVM)

National Committee on Specifica- tions (RAL)__.

X-ray practice (RONT)

Shipbuilding (HNA)

Textile industry (TEX)

Surveying practice (VERM)

Number of standards

Total

78 27 491 392

53 40

35 16

3 3 2 2

1, 300 1,200

103 43

Total 3,305 Besides the individual standards leaflets, which are issued in the

international size A 4 (210 by 297 mm), the standards committee

publishes Dintaschenbiicher (pocket handbooks), Dinbiicher (manuals), and DIN-Wandtafeln (wall charts).

The pocket handbooks contain a large part of the standards of

the DNA in certain lines of work, and are printed in size A 5 (148 by 210 mm) for handy reference. Handbooks have appeared on the subjects of fundamental standards ; governing signs and symbols ; technical rules for construction ; standards for raw materials

;

contract form for construction work; tools; electrical machinery,

transformers and apparatus; electrical wiring material, cables, and

overhead lines; standard sections; bolts, nuts, screws, and rivets;

gages ; machine parts and working standards ; installation material

;

street construction and drainage.

The Din manuals (size A 5) give a survey of the development,

purpose, and direction for the development of certain classes of

standardization work. Up to the present manuals have been published on form for standards, threads, screws, fits, transmission,

drafting standards, keys, and -cotters. The Din wall charts, in size A 1 (594 by 841 mm) are intended for use in offices and schools, covering preferred numbers, standard di- ameters, paper sizes, wrench openings, and drafting rules. Great Britain.—British Engineering Standards Association

(BESA), C. le Maistre, C. B. E., director and secretary, 28 Victoria

Street, London, S. W. 1, England.

Under its electoral system of management, brought about by the

royal charter granted in 1929, the association's work is handled by

industry sections. These sections, each of which deals with a different phase of standardization, appoint such technical committees

as are necessary in the carrying out of standardization projects.

Each section acts independently, using its own judgment in cooperating internationally in any particular project.

Between January and June, 1930, the association issued 22 new

or revised specifications, bringing its total of specifications and re- ports to 395.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 105

The Government has decided to increase its annual grant to the

association from £105 to £3,000, with the additional provision that

£1 extra will be contributed for every £3 that the association raises

through industrial subscription in excess of £13,000. The total an- nual grant, however, may not exceed £5,000.

The Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, with the

cooperation of the BESA, is sponsoring a program for the development of standardization, safety rules, and statistical analysis in the

chemical industry. A proposal for the organization of a chemical

standardization body received the enthusiastic support of the various

chemical interests, and a special committee is investigating the proposed field of work.

The South African branch of the British Engineering Standards

Association carries on the standardization in South Africa. This

body consists of representatives of practically every Government

department, mining firm, municipality, and technical society. Its committees cover the subjects of mechanical engineering, electrical

engineering, civil engineering and architecture, chemical industry,

agricultural implements, and explosives.

The South African branch reviews and criticizes drafts of proposed British standards, and popularizes the use of the completed

standards in South Africa, adapting them where necessary to suit

climatic and other local conditions. In addition, the organization

has prepared its own standards for the subjects of lime, coal sampling, coal analysis, white metal alloys, soaps for industrial purposes,

and water pipes and fittings.

In the Standards Yearbook for 1930 was given a partial list of

standards published by the British Engineering Standards Association. Other approved standards are as follows

:

Gypsum plaster; asphalt for roofing; sand-lime brick; cast-iron soil, heavy

rainwater, and ventilating pipes; schedule of grades for commercial plywood;

paints, varnishes, and paint materials ; schedule of colors for ready-mixed

paints ; definition of fire resistance ; methods of testing timber. Wire and manila ropes, derrick cranes ; tramway axles ; twist drills ; grinding wheels ; circular saws ; lathe centers ; leather belting ; rubber belting ; spur and helical gearing; engine indicators; compressed air receivers; welding;

chains and fittings ; rope terminal attachments ; engineering symbols and

abbreviations.

Steels ; iron and steel castings ; spark plugs ; magnetos ; piston rings

;

splines ; electric cables and wires ; switches and circuit-breakers ; carbon-fila- ment lamps ; generators and motors ; insulating materials ; aluminum and cop- per conductors for overhead power transmission; electric fans; primary and

secondary batteries. Concrete pipe ; road tar ; sampling and analysis of coal ; soft, silver, and braz- ing soldiers ; zinc ; copper ; airplane dopes ; portable photometers ; optical projection apparatus ; and classification of symmetrical light distributions from

lighting fittings. Hungary.—Magyar Ipari Szabvanyosito Bizottsag (MISz), Ed.

Gellert, secretary, Realtanoda utca 13-15, Budapest IV, Hungary.

During the past year, the Hungarian Engineering Standards Committee has approved no new standards, but the number of standardization projects under way has been increased to 78. A summary of

the work of the committee, as of July 1, 1930, is given in the table.
106 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Standardization proj- ects Industrial groups

Total I Completed

A. Civil engineering and building industry B. Mechanical engineering C. Electrical engineering (Hungarian Electrotecimical Commission)

G. Ferrous metallurgy

I. Engineering drawing practice M. Mining

P. Paper industry

Z. Miscellaneous

9

38

1412

5

76

11

3 Total 92 14 The fourteen standards already approved by the Engineering

Standards Committee cover the items: Paper sizes; application of

paper sizes ; sizes of drawing papers and scales for drawings ; standard voltages for three-phase alternating current ; standard voltages

for direct current ; primary and no-load secondary voltages of standard transformers ; standard voltages of three-phase generators ; cop- per wire ; aluminum wire ; rubber-insulated conductors ; specifications

and tests for machines and transformers; testing iron laminations;

lead-covered cables ; and insulating oils for transformers. The elec- trical standards were prepared by the Hungarian Electrotechnical

Commission, an organization formed in 1920 for establishing standards in the field of electrotechnics. This body maintains close cooperation with the Engineering Standards Committee.

At present, 12 sectional committees are functioning under control

of the Engineering Standards Committee, on the subjects of engineering drawing practice, machine parts, tolerances, building materials,

piping, house-heating equipment, coal and bituminous materials,

ferrous metallurgy, and paper industry. Twelve special committees

are working out standard forms of building contracts. A sectional

committee for the preparation of standard specifications and tests for

lubricating oils is at present being organized.

Italy.—Ente Nazionale per l'Unificazione nelPIndustria (UNI),

I. Locatelli, general secretary, Foro Bonaparte 16, Milano, Italy.

The new National Association for Industrial Standardization was

established by the Royal Decree of July 18, 1930, under the auspices

of the General Fascist Confederation of Italian Industry. For some

time the Confederation of Industry had realized the great importance

of the activity of technical and industrial standardization as a form

of modern discipline indispensable for the progress of industry and

for national economy. With the object of giving to standardizing

activities an adequate organization and a more ample development,

the confederation promoted the formation of the new association,

with full control over the various branches of industry, advantageously transforming and enlarging the committee for standardization

in the Mechanical Industry (UNIM), which was created in 1921

through the initiative of the National Association of Mechanical and

Affiliated Industrialists.

The purposes of the new organization, as set forth in its constitution, are to unify standards and general precepts relating to production as well as related factors ; to establish standard types of goods,
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 107

instruments, and machine parts; and to promote the distribution

and adoption of unified standards. In order to attain its goal, the

organization may maintain contacts with technical organizations in

other countries.

Membership in the UNI is accorded to syndicates adhering to the

General Fascist Confederation of Italian Industry; other scientific,

technical, professional, corporate, and economic organizations, which

have among their aims, the promotion of activities in harmony with

the work of standardization; interested Government departments;

and the Committee for Civil Mobilization. A minimum annual payment of 25,000 lires is required of members.

The UNI is controlled by a board of directors composed of representatives of member organizations, and whose president is elected

by the General Fascist Confederation of Italian Industry. The board

of directors decides on applications for membership; determines the

best means for popularizing the work of standardization, and for

assisting the practical application of the results attained by the UNI

;

approves the budgets of the organization and handles its finances;

establishes general rules for the functioning of the Central Technical

Commission and the technical committees ; ratifies the proposals and

decisions of the Central Technical Commission; and harmonizes the

work of the UNI with the directives of the General Fascist Confederation of Italian Industry. An executive committee, composed of

the president, the two vice presidents, and two other members of the

board of directors, develops the aims of the organization, and exercises all other functions assigned to it by the board of directors.

Standardization projects are prepared by technical committees, operating directly under the UNI or under affiliated or subordinate or- ganizations. A Central Technical Commission, composed of the

presidents of the various technical committees and other particularly

competent persons, reviews these projects, harmonizes them with similar domestic and foreign standards already published or in preparation, and publishes them for general comment and criticism. After

any necessary revisions, projects are edited and submitted to the board

of directors, which may approve them as Italian standards.

A general secretary, appointed by the General Fascist Confederation for Italian Industry, provides for the organization and operation of the offices and services of the UNI and discharges the duties

assigned by the president, the executive committee, and the board of

directors.

No report is available concerning the progress of the Standards

Association. However, under the supervision of the old General

Committee for Standardization in the Mechanical Industry, 128

standards were approved and published, covering such items as: Rules for technical drawings, different types of threads, standard

diameters, tolerances and fits, bolts and screws, splines, limit gages,

and keys and key ways. Many of the published standards were made mandatory for Government departments and public administrations.

Japan.—Japanese Engineering Standards Committee (JESC),

Y. Goto, general secretary, care of Bureau of Industrial Rationalization, Department of Commerce and Industry, Tokio, Japan.

27171—31 8
108 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

In its latest report, the Japanese Engineering Standards Committee announces the approval of 109 standards, with work

progressing on 45 other projects, as shown in table.

Classification Approved Under way

A. Civil engineering and building trades.. — _ .. 1322

8

1124

3

8

4

6

6

B. Mechanical engineering _ . .__ .... ... . C. Electrical engineering E. Transportation ... F. Naval architecture and marine engineering. . . . 1126

177

2

12

Q. Ferrous metallurgy ..... .... ...... _.. ... H. Nonferrous metallurgy.. . _ ..........

X. Chemical industry ..

...

. .. ... 0. Wood industry

P. Pulp and paper industry

Z. Miscellaneous 1 Total. 109 45 The use of specifications in Japan has been greatly facilitated by

an order from the Department of Commerce and Industry to the

effect that Japanese Engineering Standards shall be mandatory

upon the various Government departments.

In organizing its program, the committee gives preference to the standardizing of materials having the greatest use in industry,

but which, because of a lack of standards, are found to be inconvenient and disadvantageous in their production, consumption, and

handling. In connection with the work on a standard, studies are made on such collateral subjects as test pieces, preferred numbers,

methods of analysis, limit gages, and drawings.

The preparation of a standard involves the drafting of the proposal by the technical subcommittee, with the aid of expert advice,

the results of scientific experiments, and critism by interested parties. Foreign standards for similar subjects are taken into consideration. After approval by the sectional meeting, drafts are brought

before the general meeting for final approval as standards.

Besides the Engineering Standards Committee, other Japanese

organizations engaged in standardization are : The Japanese Electrotechnical Commission, the Electrical Association, the Japanese

Technical Society of Portland Cement, the Associated Society of

Building Materials, the Osaka Limit Gage Society, the Society

of Naval Architects, and the Association of Chemical Industry.

These bodies maintain close contact with the Engineering Standards

Committee, and are of great assistance in its work.

The Japanese Electrotechnical Commission, whose 30 members

are appointed from the membership of the Electrical Association,

is engaged in the unification of technical terms concerning electricity, and the drafting of standards for electrical machinery and

apparatus. As a member of the International Electrotechnical Commission, the committee is in contact with the progress of electrical

work abroad. The committee has played a prominent part in pre- paring the drafts of various Japanese Engineering Standards for

electrical materials.

The Electrical Association, an amalgamation of several Japanese

electrical associations, is engaged in the standardization of such
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 109

commodities as high-voltage insulators, single-phase oil-immersed

transformers for use on poles, and electric cables for mines.

The Association of Chemical Industry, formed in 1918, is working toward the development of the chemical industry, and in 1927

made a proposal to the different Government departments regarding measures to be taken for this development. A committee was formed by the association for the study of oils and paints.

The Japanese Technical Society of Portland Cement encourages the establishment of standards for cement and its manufacture,

and prevention of disasters. A standard for sand has been developed, also a standard test method for Portland cement to be used

by the Government.

The Associated Society of Building Materials aims at standardization of the grades, dimensions, and designations of building

materials. Specifications for dimensions and designations of lumber

and common brick, prepared by this association, have been approved

as Japanese Engineering Standards. The association also prepared

the drafts for standards on roofiing tile, stone earthenware pipe,

and slate. The Osaka Limit Gage Society is engaged in the study of various

systems of limits and fits in use in Japan and in foreign countries.

The society is drafting specifications on this subject for submission

to the Engineering Standards Committee.

The Society of Naval Architects is composed of representatives of

dockyards, shipping companies, and other interested Government and

private organizations. It has engaged in the unification of existing

standards for ship's equipment, and the preparation of standards

for other marine engineering subjects.

The metric system law, effective on and after July 1, 1934, provides

that all new standards shall be in accordance with the metric system.

The application of the metric system to standards for materials

produced mainly in Japan, such as lumber, brick, roofing tile, stone,

and earthenware pipe, presents few difficulties; however, in certain

industries introduced from Great Britain and the United States,

machines and tools must, to a considerable extent, be imported, since

Japanese production is at present insufficient to meet the demand.

Consequently, in standards for such items as screws, structural steel, steel tubes, and drills, two systems have been provided, one of the

English system converted into metric measurements, and one using

purely metric units. In some cases, a system of metric measure- ments mixed with English measurements, has been provided to meet

the requirements for the time being.

Netherlands.—Hoofdcommissie voor de Normalisatie in Neclerland

(HCNN), secretary J. A. Teyinck, director of the Centraal Normalisatie Bureau, Koningskade 23, The Hague, Holland.

Since its institution in 1916 through the Society for Industry and

the Royal Institute of Engineers, the General Committee for Standardization in the Netherlands has extended the sphere of its activity

to such fields as mechanical engineering, electrical engineering,

shipbuilding, architecture, locomotion, drafting and graphics.

e In 1929, 35 new standards were issued and 49 published for criti- cism, making a total of over 300 standards and about 150 tentative
110 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

standards. The results of its work in 1930 have not been made

available.

The general committee contains about 20 members, the most prominent persons of industry, commerce, and science, functioning as the

representatives of the large groups interested in standardization.

Its role is one of general direction and coordination of standardizing

activities, and of approval of standards.

The standards themselves are the work of technical committees,

composed of representatives of producing, commercial, and consuming organizations, together with scientific experts. Work on a project is begun only on satisfactory evidence of a general interest. At

present 43 technical committees are in operation, which, with their

47 subcommittees, have a membership of more than 600 persons,

all serving without compensation. The Central Standardization

Bureau, with a personnel of about 20, functions as secretariat for

these committees.

The conclusions of the technical committees are published as projects. After criticism of form and style by an editorial committee,

these projects are subjected to the approval of the general committee, and are then published in the technical press for a period of 6

months, to invite general comment and criticism. The projects are then returned to the technical committees for any necessary changes,

given final approval by the general committee, and published as standards. To encourage their wide distribution, the price of

standard sheets is set very low.

Some of the subjects on which standards have been published or work is in progress, are given below.

Mechanical engineering.—Rivets, bolts and screws, various kinds of

machine-tool work, pipe lines and fittings, containers for compressed

gases, steel wire, chains and hooks, calibers and tolerances, fire-fighting equipment, and sieves for testing purposes.

Electrical engineering.—Wire, cables and cable fittings, insulation

and installation material, standard voltages, safety codes for elec- trical systems and installations, and incandescent lamps.

Shipbuilding.—Anchor chains, cables and rope work, scuttle ports,

parts of rigging, loading equipment, and bollards.

Architecture.—Tests for wood, natural stone, brick, art stone,

bonding materials, tile, bituminous materials, dry paints, prepared

paints and oils for paints, iron and steel, and sanitary service and

equipment.

Locomotion.—Ties and ballast material for railways and tramways, standardization of narrow-gage railways, and traffic signals on the right of way.

Miscellaneous.—Arrangement of technical drawings, sizes and

weights of paper, maps, card systems, proofreaders' marks, glass

bottles for milk, beer, carbonated beverages, and wine, and hospital

textiles and furnishings.

Norway .—Norges Industriforbunds Standardiseringskomite

(NIS), Kaare Heiberg, secretary, Drammensveien 4, Oslo, Norway.

The work of the Norwegian Standards Committee is now being

carried on by 40 sectional committees, with a personnel of about 200. The latest available report, dated April 1, 1930, lists 227 standards

which have received the approval of the NTS, and which may be

classified by groups as in the table.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 111

Groups

General Drawings and drawing-room practice Mechanical engineering Shipbuilding House building Packings and packing cases Total. -

Standards

8

24

1165

56

18 227 A partial list of approved standards was given in the Standards

Yearbook for 1930. Among the standards which recently were approved by the XIS are the following : Black, semifinished, and bright

square and hexagon nuts and bolts ; Whitworth and metric threads

;

set screws; wing nuts and screws; sunk taper keys: gib-head keys;

sunk feather keys; Woodruff keys; key-bars; and keyways for

tangential keying.

Special attention is being paid to packing methods and materials.

The committees working in this field are composed of representatives

of the sawmills, wooden-case manufacturers, fishing, agricultural,

and market-gardening industries, the import and export trade, Norwegian State railways, shippers' associations, coastal trade and

steamer associations, and hotel and restaurant proprietors. Standards have been adopted for wooden cases for fish, fruits, vegetables,

cheeses, and butter, and for sacks for potatoes, carrots, and cabbages.

Other standard packings are being developed for berries, eggs, and

jams and jellies. In order to encourage the use of standardized packings, the Norwegian State railways have announced that fruit packed

in standard containers will be carried at reduced rates. The following table shows the number of projects on which work

progressed during the second half of 1929.

Groups Projects

A. Civil engineering B. Mechanical engineering

F. Shipbuilding.. G. Ferrous metallurgy

Z. Miscellaneous I Total... 79

These projects include: Builder's hardware; building specifications, inquiry, and contract; brick; concrete pipe; screw threads:

bolts and nuts; hand tools and machine tools; pins and washers;

shafting ; pipes and fittings ; bollards ; anchor chains ; hatchway and

batten cleats; stanchions; ventilators; fittings for cargo booms;

iron and steel : agricultural implements ; and fish nets. Poland.—Polski Komitet Normalizacyjny (PKN), A. Bogiriski,

director, Ministerstwo Przemyslu i Handlu, Elektoralna, 2, Warszawa, Poland.

The report of the Polish Standardization Committee shows the

completion of 272 standards, with work in progress on 496 proposed

standards, which may be summarized as in the table.
112 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Proposed

standards Proposed

standards

Aircraft 25 300

90

15

155

Textiles 1024

12 Civil engineering ... - _ . Automobiles. . .. . Mechanical engineering..- . - . Miscellaneous . ... Metallurgy Chemical industry Total 496 Fuels and lubricants The main body of the Polish Standardization Committee consists

of 54 delegates and alternates, including a director appointed by the

Minister of Commerce and Industry, and representatives of the

various Government departments, industrial, economic, and scientific organizations, and higher institutions of learning. Two-thirds of

its expenses are borne by industry, the remainder by the Ministry of

Commerce and Industry.

Routine business is carried on by an office committee, which con- ducts correspondence and keeps the archives of the PKN ; exchanges

information with foreign standards bodies; compiles information

needed by the technical committees ; transmits proposals to the main

body for consideration ; publishes the work of the PKN ; and carries on advertising and propaganda.

Technical work is handled by 20 technical committees, which, with

their 50 subcommittees and 37 sections, have a membership of over

500 persons. The names of these technical committees are as follows

:

I. General Committee.

II. Committee on Ferrous Metals.

III. Committee on Piping.

IV. Committee on Fire Fighting.

V. Committee on Sanitation Equipment.

VI. Committee on Building Construction.

VII. Committee on Machine Parts. VIII. Committee on Tolerances and Adjustments.

IX. Committee on Machinery.

X. Committee on Automobiles.

XI. Committee on Steam Boilers.

XII. Committee on Chemical Technology.

XIII. Committee on Aviation.

XIV. Committee on Textiles.

XV. Committee on Leather.

XVI. Committee on Ameliorations.

XVII. Committee on Grain.

XVIII. Committee on Nonferrous Metals.

XIX. Committee on Classification of Coal Sizes.

XX. Committee on Wheels and Wagons.

The general committee is composed of the director of the PKN,

a secretary, and the chairmen of all technical committees. It handles proposals of a general character, such as terminology,

markings, forms, and drawings, and investigates certain aspects of

all proposals. The technical committees are made up of balanced

numbers of scientists, producers, and consumers. Subcommittees

and sections are created as necessary. Committees may begin work

on projects on their own initiative, with the knowledge of the direc- tor of the PKN.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31

Projects completed by technical committees are transmitted to the

main body for its consideration, and are then published in the offi- cial technical journal for three months to invite comment and

criticism. After any necessary adjustments by technical committees,

the projects may then be accepted as standards. On decision of

committee chairmen, a standard may at any time be subjected to

revision.

For some time the Polish Standardization Committee has been

actively interested in the formulation of an international standard

for coal sizes. The matter was brought before the International

Standards Association at its conference in Paris in May, 1930. As

a result, a recommendation was adopted regarding the appointment

of an ISA technical committee on the subject, the proposed secre- tariat to be in Poland, and the scope of the work to be : Methods of

sampling and analysis of coal, and classification of coal on the basis

of size. The PKN is also concerned with standards for sieves, and for

several years past has been collecting sieve data with a view to obtaining international agreement in the matter. In addition to the Polish Standardization Committee, there are now established in Poland five other organizations, for the purpose

of promoting specific standardization: The Polish Electrotechnical

Committee, which engages in electrotechnical standardization; the

Standards Commission of the Ministry of War, the primary aim

of which is the unification of war materials ; the Ministry of Communications, which covers the standardization of materials used

exclusively by the railroads ; the Institute of Scientific Organization, an independent commission of the PKN, which is very helpful in introducing and applying Polish standards; and the Polish Committee on Power, which participates in the work of the World

Power Conference and its International Executive Board; gives

opinions in matters connected with the production, distribution, and

application of power in every form; and cooperates in supporting

activities tending toward the rational use of power, in supporting

and collecting scientific publications relative to the use and production of power, in collecting data for the preparation of a balance

sheet on the use and production of power in Poland, and in the

popularization of information concerning the basis of proper use and production of power.

Rumania.—Comisiunea Romana de Normalizare, P. P. Dulfu,

secretary, 6 rue Clemenceau, Bucharest 3, Rumania.

The Rumanian Committee for Standardization, organized in

1928 by the Rumanian Institute of Scientific Management, aims at the simplification of economic activity, coordination of standardizing

activities, and representation of the standardization movement at home and abroad. The organization is composed of representatives

of the various Rumanian interests concerned with standardization.

It is operated by an executive committee of 10 members.

Work is contemplated or is actually under way, on standardization

projects for such subjects as a Rumanian technical dictionary, drill tubing for use in the oil industry, mechanical parts, transmission

belts, and forms of purchase specifications.

In January, 1930, there was established under the auspices of the

Ministry for Commerce and Industry, a Rationalization and Stand-
114 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

ardization Office, to establish specifications for materials purchased

by the Government, and to rationalize the Government administration. This office will make use of standards created by the Committee for Standardization, and foreign standards on subjects for

which standards do not exist in Rumania. It maintains the closest cooperation with the Rumanian Committee for Standardization.

Russia.—Standards Committee (GST), Council of Labor and

Defense, Union of Socialist Soviet Republics, Z. A. Papernoff, sec- retary, Varvarka 12, Moscow, U. S. S. R.

The Russian economic program, which is now being carried out

according to a carefully elaborated plan, has created conditions particularly favorable to standardization work. It is acknowledged

that all reconstruction work must be based on standards, and con- sequently the creation of standards must go forward with all rapidity

for the early reestablishment of the country's economic prosperity.

The Government has given a great impetus to standardization in

providing penalties for infractions of Russian standards.

Preparatory standardization work, such as the simplification of

sizes of industrial products, the selection of the most rational types

of constructions and machines, and the establishment of standards

for the consumption of raw and semifinished materials, has been sys- tematically introduced into every plan of reorganization of individual

branches of industry, and is vigorously carried on as most important

for the concentration of production, specialization, and cooperation

of manufactories. In this connection, the establishment of a standard

system of fits and tolerances is recognized as of paramount importance. But this represents the primary stage in the standardization problem and calls for full consideration by the Standards Committee of

the results obtained, with a view to the establishment of quality

standards for finished materials.

The Standards Committee solicits the close cooperation of the

various consuming interests in formulating its annual programs for

standardization work.

The increasing activity of the Standards Committee is shown by

the numbers of completed standards published from year to year. Up to October 1, 1927, 125 standards had been approved by the committee; from that time to October 1, 1928, 221 standards were approved; and in the following year, 378 standards were approved.

Between October 1, 1929, and July 1, 1930, the number of approved

standards was 772, while it was expected that during the last three

months of 1929-30, 500 or 600 additional standards would receive

approval, bringing the total of Russian standards, on October 1, 1930,

to well over 2,000.

The following table illustrates how the approved standards are

distributed among the different industrial groups.

Industrial groups Number Industrial groups Number

Agriculture Building Chemistry

Foodstufls

Electrotechnics Leather and furs... : Metallurgy.. Paper manufacturing and printing.

ISO70 204

11640

90 33027

Petroleum industry.

.

Silicates and ceramics.

Textiles and clothing- Transportation Woodworking

Total. 1,446

25

4698

17050
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 115

The growth of the standardization movement has necessitated a

reorganization of the technical committees functioning under control of the Standards Committee, with a consequent increase in

personnel.

Besides directing the progress of standardization work throughout the country, the Standards Committee is also authorized to supervise general adherence to standardization laws. As a result, all State bureaus of weights and measures, whose principal duty is to verify the adherence of materials to standard samples, and the

bureau of inspection for metals, coal, and chemicals, are subordinate

to the Standards Committee.

Sweden . —Svenska Industriens Standardiseringskommission

(SIS), Amos Kruse, general secretary, Malmtorgsgatan 10, Stockholm 16, Sweden.

The Swedish Industrial Standards Committee, organized in 1922

at the initiative of the Swedish Industrial Association, supervises

and coordinates the work of standardization in the various fields of

Swedish industry. Expenses are paid largely by a Government

subsidy. A central committee, the chairman of which is appointed

by the Government, directs the standardizing activities of the vari- ous technical committees. The membership is representative of

Swedish industrial and scientific organizations and Government

departments.

According to the latest report, 288 standards have been approved

by the committee, while 23 revisions and 161 new projects are under

way. The status of work according to industrial groups is as shown

in the table.

Industrial groups Approved Under way Revisions Total A. Civil engineering and building industry

B. Mechanical engineering 263

5

1557

13

1

12

62

2

3

14

1

18 334

19

11362

192

12

10

C. Electrical engineering

F. Shipbuilding --. -- - G. Ferrous metallurgy - - 1 M. Mining - ... - 11 3

1 2 8 1 1 Total 288 161 23 472 Standardization in mechanical engineering is carried on by the

Swedish Society of Mechanical Engineers, in cooperation with the

SIS. Since the last report, 20 mechanical engineering standards

have been completed, bringing the total to 263. Through the SIS,

the Society of Mechanical Engineers has taken part in a number of

international standardizing conferences. Among those subjects on which committees are working are metric thread systems, screws and

bolts, tolerances, roller bearings, drafting-room practice, standard

diameters, pipe and fittings, keys, couplings, axle heights, axle ends,

and pressure tests for boilers.

The Electrical Standardizing Commission (ESK), which also

functions as the Swedish Electrotechnical Commission (SEK) and

handles the Swedish operations of the International Electrotechnical

Commission, is in charge of standardizing activities in the electrical

field. With the cooperation of other electrical societies, the Electrical Standardizing Commission has drafted a series of Swedish
116 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

electrotechnical standards, and is working along the following lines

:

Insulated leads, insulation materials, electrical heating appliances,

symbols and nomenclature, electrical machine standards, hoisting

apparatus, copper wire, insulators, power and regulatory devices,

high and low voltages, transformers, lightning arrestors, and fuses. The Office for the Promotion of the Iron and Steel Industry has

worked out and published a proposed Swedish standard for machine

tools and machine parts, which has been distributed among various

industries for criticism. The question of standards for iron and steel was taken up by this office in 1928 in connection with international

work in this line, and has been divided into two parts, namely, for

strength tests, and for dimensions and tolerances.

The Committee for the Standardization of Building Materials has

been working for several years on a revision of a standard building

catalogue, first published in 1921. In cooperation with other Scandinavian countries, standards are being prepared for timber dimensions

and tongues and grooves for planed lumber.

Agricultural standardization is divided into two parts, commercial

and technical. The Technical Society for Agriculture has published

a proposal for Cambridge and ring rollers, and has taken up the

simplification of types and sizes of plowshares.

Standardization has entered, to greater or less degree, into numerous other Swedish industries. Subjects on which work has been proposed, or is actively going forward, include hospital chinaware and

porcelain ware, fire prevention materials, porcelain sanitary ware,

bicycles, castings, and general terminology.

Switzerland.—Schweizerische Normalien-Vereinigung (SNV), H.

Zollinger, secretary, Zurich, Lavaterstrasse 11, Switzerland.

Standardization work in Switzerland is controlled by the Swiss

Standards Association, an organization composed of representatives

of the various national institutions interested in standardization.

Completed standards are issued by the standards bureau of the

Vereins Schweizerischer Maschinenindustrieller, the Society of Swiss

Machine Industrialists. These published standards, most of which

are printed in French as well as in German, now number over 300,

and include such subjects as drawings ; steel wire rope ; screw threads

;

pipe threads; bolts, nuts, screws, washers, pins, and rivets; stoppage

plugs; standard diameters; keys; ball bearings; hand grips; cones; T slots; milling machine attachments; machine tool centers; tool

squares; grinding wheels; screw keys; elevators; kitchen stoves; tolerances ; pressure gauges ; and valves for pressure gauges.

A concerted effort for the elimination of waste in labor is being

made in Switzerland by the Commission Romande de Rationalisation, an organization formed in 1929, with headquarters at Geneva,

to popularize the rational organization of labor by the distribution

of propaganda, and to aid its practical application. The commission is composed of representatives of industry, agriculture, arts and sciences, commerce, and public and private administrations. Not

only are technical questions dealt with, but also problems necessitating the collaboration of science and various economic organizations.

The commission's work is expected to increase the output of work and

diminish net costs, and thus to better the general living conditions.

United States of America.—American Standards Association, P. G. Agnew, secretary, 29 West Thirtv-ninth Street, New York,

N. Y. (See Ch. VII, p. 269.)
IV. FEDERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES

Among other duties, the Federal Government through its various

agencies, establishes standards for its own protection and for the

benefit and protection of the people. These standards are the result

of governmental research, study, experience, and also cooperation

between the various agencies of the Government and industry. The

following outlines of standardization and specification making activities of the Government have been based on information supplied

b}7 the respective agencies. Information concerning earlier activities and accomplishments of Government agencies can be found in

the Standards Yearbooks of 1927 to 1930.

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

BUREAU OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

Standardization work since the last issue of the Standards Yearbook has consisted chiefly in perfecting existing standards and in

extending their use rather than in the formulation of additional

standards. There is now an urgent demand for standards to apply

to fruits and vegetables for canning purposes; therefore, in addition

to those for cannery tomatoes, already in use, standards for canning

spinach have recently been formulated, and work toward standards

for other cannery commodities is planned.

Evidences of consumer interest in standards have increased during

the year and have stimulated work for consumers. For instance,

about 50,000,000 pounds of beef were graded and stamped by grade,

for sale on the markets (exclusive of beef stamped for Government

hospitals and other Government institutions), and more than 700,000

turkeys were graded and stamped for the holiday trade. A device

has been perfected for branding the grade name on U. S. Fancy

Aged American Cheese as a result of grading by Federal workers

at point of production.

Publications issued relating to standardization are as follows

:

Technical Bulletin 154. A method for determining color of agricultural products. Circular 103. Market classes and grades of dressed veal and calf carcasses. Miscellaneous Publication 75, Method of testing capacity of fruit and vegetable containers under the United States standard container acts. Service and Regulatory Announcement 117. Proceedings of the International Universal Standards Conference of 1928. Service and Regulatory Announcement 118. Classification of leaf tobacco. Circular 8, entitled " National Standards for Farm Products," has been issued

in a revised form and a poster in colors has been issued for work in con- nection with cannery tomatoes. Plaster models have been devised for use

in demonstrating the grades for hogs. 117
118 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY AND SOILS The carbohydrate division of this bureau has carried out investigations on maple-sirup standards. Suitably controlled standards

are of great importance in the buying and selling of maple sirup.

The work in this division has made possible the evaluation of the

standard caramel and the Bryan color units in terms of per cent transmission of light at 560 mm in a 1-cm cell. These standards can now be made quickly by using any good grade of commercial

caramel preparation.

The protein and nutrition division standardizes certain foods for

their vitamin content and value. The results of this work are used

in the enforcement of the Federal food and drugs act. The industrial farm products division of this bureau participates,

through its membership in the paper specifications committee of the

Joint Committee on Printing of Congress, in the preparation of

specifications and schedules for papers for the public printing and

binding. This division is also represented on the technical committees on paints and oils, and leather products, of the Federal Specifications Board, and on the paper products and the leather and

leather goods committees of the Federal Purchasing Board. The

division cooperates with the American Society for Testing Materials,

the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, the American

Leather Chemists Association, the Tanners Council of America, and

the Pine Institute of America, in developing and standardizing

methods for the examination of materials.

The fertilizer and fixed nitrogen investigations unit, in its work

of the drillability of fertilizers, has made a number of measurements

of the angles of repose and apparent specific gravities of samples

of fertilizers which were furnished by the State chemists of New

York, New Jersey, South Carolina, Georgia, and Tennessee. Measurements have also been made of fertilizers at factories and in the

hands of farmers.

The usual range of angle of repose measurements is from 30° to 65° and the range of apparent specific gravity from 0.50 to 1.30. The delivery rate obtainable with most distributors when adjusted in

any particular way varies greatly with both of these measurements.

It is therefore impossible to calibrate distributors at the factory.

For efficiency it is absolutely essential that a farmer should know

how to set his implement to obtain the proper rate of application.

He can not calibrate it once for all because the drillability of the same brand of fertilizer varies widely from time to time. He must,

therefore, determine the necessary adjustments of his distributor

every time he wishes to apply a fertilizer, or do his work in a wasteful and inefficient manner. Either course is very unsatisfactory

and the only alternatives are the development of distributors capable

of doing highly efficient work with any kind of fertilizer, or the

standardization of fertilizers. The bulk of the fertilizer used consists of complete mixtures.

The mean angle of repose of 418 complete mixtures thus far meas- ured in this laboratory is 41.4°, and 303 of the measurements fell between 38° and 43°. It is therefore tentatively recommended that an angle of repose of 40° be recognized as the standard for a complete mixed fertilizer. The mean apparent specific gravity of these
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 119

goods is 0.9T. Fertilizer distributors deliver by volume, yet farmers wish to apply so many pounds to the acre. If the apparent

specific gravity were 1 it would greatly simplify the problem. Since

the mean is already near this value it is recommended that 1 be

provisionally recognized as the standard for the apparent specific

gravity of complete mixed fertilizers. BUREAU OF HOME ECONOMICS

The Bureau of Home Economics is cooperating with the American Home Economics Association and the American Standards Association in an effort to set up standards for commodities being

purchased by home makers. The chief of this bureau is a representative of the Department of Agriculture on the American Standards Council and a member of the staff is the representative of the

American Home Economics Association on that council. Tavo members of the staff are members of the committee on Commercial

Standardization and Simplification of the American Home Economics Association.

This committee recently petitioned the American Standards Association to invite manufacturers, distributors, and consumers to utilize their procedure for the consideration of specifications for refrigerators, bed sheeting, and blankets. Members of the bureau's staff are members of the technical committees now working on these specifications. In this connection, research on the measurements of the construction and performance of refrigerators and blankets is now being

carried on by this bureau.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY

Seed Laboratory

The laboratory, by continued participation in the Association of

the Official Seed Analysts of North America, assists in formulating

rules for testing of seeds. These rules are adhered to by seedmerchandising interests and seed-testing laboratories of United

States and Canada.

This laboratory is represented on committees of the International

Seed Testing Association. This organization assists international commerce in seeds by formulating rules governing the testing of seeds

passing in international trade and by drafting a form of certificate to accompany such sales. There is continued activity toward placing the work of all seedtesting laboratories on a more practical basis to the extent that

reports of analysis will more accurately indicate the plant producing value of seed rather than an arbitrary tabulating value which

often represents what may be expected from the seed under most

favorable conditions.

The Federal seed act limits the quality of seeds imported, requires

the coloring of imported alfalfa and red-clover seed for identifi- cation, and prohibits interstate shipment of misbranded seeds. BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS

Considerable progress has been made in standardization of specifications for Federal-aid highway construction, particularly in those
120 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

sections relating to administrative control, legal and business rela- tions, and measurement and payment for completed work. The

specification arrangement and phraseology adopted by the bureau

and the American Association of Highway Officials has been set up

as the standard, and at the present time 37 States have adopted the

form of arrangement and at least a part of the phraseology.

As an aid in studying specification trends and practices, all State

specifications received are analyzed and the elements entered in a continuing quick reference tabulation. Comparisons can be made

between different years or different States which will show the

trend of specification practice.

Other standardizing activities of the bureau, directed toward the

production of standard specifications for road materials and

methods of construction and the adoption of standards of practice

in the highway field, have been carried on through cooperation

with organizations which are national in their influence.

Cooperation with the American Association of State Highway Officials.—Through membership on various committees and

subcommittees the bureau is assisting in the preparation of standard

specifications in such a way as to promote uniformity without interfering with the adoption of betterments as they become evident.

All specifications conform in form and arrangement with the

standard outline of specifications adopted by the bureau and the

association. Activhr^ during the past year is described as follows

:

Committee on Materials.—This committee, on which the bureau

is represented by four members, is engaged in the preparation of

standards governing methods of testing and specifications for road

materials. Activities during the past year have had to do principally with revisions in the present tentative specifications of the

association, as well as the preparation of certain new proposed

methods of testing.

Committee on Bridges and Structures.—This committee is now

engaged in the preparation of a tentative draft of specifications for

movable bridges, as well as the revision of provisions governing the

quality of concrete of the tentative standard specifications for

bridges and incidental structures of the association. The committee

is also engaged in the study of load restrictions on highways. The

chairman of the committee is a member of this bureau.

Special Committee on Concrete Road Specifications.—This committee has completed the preparation of tentative standard specifications for the construction of concrete pavements. The chairman

of the committee is a member of this bureau.

Special Committee on Brick Pavements.—This committee has

completed its work and has been discontinued.

Special Committee on Bituminous Macadam Roads.—This committee, on which the bureau is represented by one member, is con- tinuing the development of specifications for bituminous macadam

roads of the penetration type.

Special Committee on Mixed Bituminous Tops.—This committee, on which the bureau is represented by one member, is preparing

specifications for bituminous concrete and sheet asphalt wearing

courses.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 121

Cooperation with The American Society for Testing Materials.

Cooperation with this society is through membership on various

committees.

Committee on Cement.—The bureau cooperates with this committee in its development of standard methods of testing and specifications for Portland cement by conducting tests and otherwise

assisting in obtaining data for the use of the committee. The

secretary of this committee is a member of this bureau.

Committee on Brick.—This committee is developing methods of

test and specifications for brick.

Committee on Concrete and Concrete Aggregates.—The bureau

is represented on this committee by two members. It conducts, from

time to time, laboratory investigations at the request of the committee for the purpose of obtaining data which will assist in the

standardization of methods of testing concrete. Committee on Cast Iron.—The interest of the bureau in the work

of this committee is chiefly in connection with specifications for cast- iron culvert pipe. A subcommittee has recently been formed, with a member of this bureau as chairman, for the purpose of studying this

problem.

Committee on Corrosion of Iron and Steel.—This committee, on which this bureau is represented by one member, is continuing the

study of factors which affect corrosion of iron and steel, with special

reference to road culvert pipe.

Committee on Road Materials.—The bureau is represented on this

committee by one member. It is engaged in the preparation of

standard methods of testing and specifications for materials used

in road construction, such as stone, gravel, slag, asphalt, and tar. Laboratory tests are conducted in cooperation with other members

of the committee for the purpose of obtaining standardization data.

Committee on Clay and Cement Concrete Pipe.—This committee, on which this bureau has one member, is continuing its study of

specifications for clay and concrete culvert pipe.

Committee on Methods of Testing.—The bureau is chiefly interested in the work of this committee because of the efforts which are being made to standardize procedure as regards methods of testing

for size of mineral aggregates. There are so many conflicting in- terests that very little progress was made during the past year. Cooperation with the American Concrete Institute.—Cooperation

with this organization has been continued through membership on

the Committee on Aggregates and the Committee on Concrete Road

Specifications. The latter committee, on which the bureau is represented, will endeavor to coordinate its activites in connection with

the preparation of standard specifications for concrete roads with a similar committee of the American Association of State Highway

Officials, on which the bureau is also represented.

Cooperation with the Highway Research Board.—Cooperation

with this organization is through membership on the following

committees

:

Structural design of pavements,

Materials and construction,

Methods of curing concrete, Specifications for rail steel for reinforcing.

Aggregates.
122 NATIONAL, BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Each of the above committees is engaged in the coordination of

various research activities in its particular field. Reports of progress are made annually to the board and are published in annual

proceedings.

Cooperation with the Federal Specifications Board.

Technical

Committee on Road and Paving Materials.—This committee has

under its jurisdiction the preparation of Federal specifications for

road and paving materials, exclusive of Portland cement and metallic

materials. Activities during the past year have been concentrated on revisions of the 22 Federal specifications which have been promulgated. Complete revised specifications for fine and coarse ag- gregates for concrete pavement construction have been prepared.

The chairman of this committee is a member of this bureau.

Committee on Cement, Limes, and Plasters.—This committee

prepares Federal specifications for materials of this type. A bureau

representative is a member of this committee.

Committee on Lubricants and Liquid Fuels.—This committee

is engaged in the preparation of specifications for materials of this

type. A member of the bureau staff is a member of the committee.

Committee on Metal Culverts.—This is a subcommittee of the

metals committee of the Federal Specifications Board and is con- cerned with the preparation of specifications for metal culverts. A

bureau representative is chairman of the subcommittee.

Cooperation with the American Standards Association.—The

bureau has members on the sectional committee on Portland cement

and the sectional committee on road materials.

FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION

The Food and Drug Administration of the United States Department of Agriculture is charged by Congress with the enforcement

of six Federal laws—the food and drugs act, the tea act, the insecticide act, the naval stores act, the import milk act, and the caustic

poison act. Specific standards for the commodities covered are es- tablished by some of these acts, and standards are adopted by the

Secretary of Agriculture for use in the enforcement of others.

Food and Drugs Act Food Standards.—By act of Congress a standard for butter was

established for use in the enforcement of the Federal food and drugs

act. In general, however, definitions and standards for food products subject to the act are recommended by the food standards committee appointed by the Secretary of Agriculture. Definitions and

standards adopted by the committee must receive the approval of the

Secretary of Agriculture before they become officially recognized.

During the year revisions were made of the definitions and standards for mayonnaise salad dressing, for milk, for pasteurized milk,

for skimmed milk, for goat's and ewe's milk ; the definition for coffee was revised to include cultivated coffees of the robusta variety;

definitions were adopted for fruit juice, grape juice, and orange

juice; a definition was adopted for whole wheat flour, entire wheat

Hour; and the definition and standard for white flour was revised.

Definitions were formulated, but not adopted, for various soda-water

beverages and beverage flavors. These proposed definitions were
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 123

published for comment and criticism but have not been recom- mended for adoption.

An amendment to the food and drugs act approved July 8, 1930,

authorized the Secretary of Agriculture to establish standards for

quality, condition, and/or fill of container for canned food products;

except meat, meat products, and milk. Standards for the several

classes of canned foods are in course of preparation. (The standards

for food products now in force are given in Service and Eegulatory

Announcement, F. D. No. 2.)

Drugs.—A drug sold under or by a name recognized in the United

States Pharmacopoeia or National Formulary must conform to the

standard laid down in the Pharmacopoeia or Formulary. (Service

and Eegulatory Announcements, F. D. No. 1, p. 5 and 17.)

The cooperation between the administration and the Combined

Contact Committee of the American Drug Manufacturers Association and the American Pharmaceutical Manufacturers' Association was continued during 1930. As a result of this cooperation during

the year tolerances were recommended for three drugs in ampule

form, so that at present tolerances have been recommended for 26

drugs in compressed or molded tablet form, 18 in hypodermic tablet

form, and 3 in ampule form.

Tea Act Objective tea standards were prepared and submitted by the board

of tea experts and were established as standards under the tea act for the following

:

Formosa Oolong (used for Foochow and Canton Oolong).

Congou. Java (used for all fully fermented East Indian teas). Gunpowder, green (used for all China green tea).

Japan.

Scented orange pekoe (used for capers).

Scented Canton. These standards apply to tea shipped from abroad on or after

May 1, 1930. Tea shipped prior to May 1, 1930, was governed by

the standards which became effective May 1, 1929.

FOREST SERVICE The Forest Products Laboratory of the United States Forest

Service, located at Madison, Wis., assisted in the following standardization activities by representation in the respective organizations

:

American Railway Engineering Association.

Committee on Wooden Bridges and Trestles.—The association published, during

the past year, a manual which presents the standard grading

rules and working stresses for structural timbers adopted by the

committee.

American Mining Congress, Standardization Division.

Committee on Mine Timber Preservation.—This committee has under

consideration the adoption of standard specifications for preservatives and for treating methods. Voting on the report is now in

progress, and definite action will be taken during the current year. Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry.

Committee on Alkaline Pulping Processes.—This committee has been

27171—31 9
124 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

considering the standardization of the nomenclature used in soda

and sulphate pulp mills and has appointed a subcommittee to consider the terms used in describing certain analytical procedures.

The laboratory is represented on committees of the following

standardizing agencies : The Federal Specification Board, the American Mining Congress, the American Standards Association, the

American Society for Testing Materials, the American Railway

Engineering Association, the American Wood Preservers' Association, the American Chemical Society, the Technical Association of

the Pulp and Paper Industry, the American Institute of Chemical

Engineers, the American Paper and Pulp Association, the American

Association of Civil Engineers, and the Building Code Committee

of the Department of Commerce.

OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS

Such standardization activities as the experiment stations engage

in are mainly in connection with farm operating equipment, such as machinery and structures. The standards for these in the long run

are handled by the standards committee of the American Society of

Agricultural Engineers whose headquarters are at St. Joseph, Mich.

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

BUREAU OF FISHERIES The original functions of the Bureau of Fisheries, did not specifically include standardization activities, however, several such activities have become necessary as a means of carrying out its principal

functions. This has reference to studies to determine the most desirable methods of prosecuting the fisheries, preserving and maintaining the gear, and utilizing the catch. The bureau, however, has

only advisory functions in this respect and submits the results of

its studies to the fishing industries to receive application where

desired.

Scientific investigators of the bureau have determined that the

several types of gear require different types of preservative treat- ment. During the past year a brief paper was published in which

several standard preservative treatments were listed and discussed

according to the type of gear for which they were most applicable.

Through the efforts of the bureau, the troublesome question of governing the size of the mesh of fishing twine is being studied in co- operation with the National Bureau of Standards in hopes of

establishing not only a uniform standard for each size mesh, but a uniform method of measuring a mesh both in the field and in the

factory.

The bureau has been studying methods of manufacturing fish meal,

fish oil, and related by-products with a view toward standardizing

present practices and methods of reduction, thereby decreasing losses now encountered. One of the recent conclusions drawn from this

work is that the adoption of low temperature drying as a standard,

in preference to drying by intense heat, would reduce loss of material

and produce higher quality fish meals.

Biochemical studies and cooperative feeding tests have brought

into being new standards of value and of usage for the various
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 125

products of the fisheries. The bureau is urging the use of fish meal

as a feed-stuff rather than as a fertilizer. Xutritional studies have

shown that the method of manufacture frequently has more influence on the nutritional value of the meal than the nature of the raw

material. This may be expected to lead to the standardization of

fish meals according to method of manufacture as well as the general type of raw material from which they were made.

The bureau is also studying improved methods of handling fresh

fish. As the various possible improvements become more fully recognized the more desirable may be expected to acquire preference

as more or less standard procedure.

BUREAU OF LIGHTHOUSES

The chief constructing engineer represents the Department of Commerce on the executive committee of the Federal Specifications Board,

and members of the bureau represent the Department of Commerce

on six technical committees of the Federal Specifications Board.

The bureau is a member of the American Standards Association,

sectional committee on electrical installations on shipboard.

The Commissioner of Lighthouses has served for several years as the representative of the American Council on 64 Joint Conference on Standard Contract Forms,"' a conference which has worked under

the auspices of the Department of Commerce.

The superintendent of naval construction represents the Department of Commerce on the board of managers of the American Bureau

of Shipping, in connection with the classification of vessels owned

by the United States in accordance with the merchant marine act of

1920 (sec. 25, 41 Stat. 988), and is a member of the committee on naval

architecture.

The superintendent of naval construction is also a member of the

executive board of the American Marine Standards Committee and

of nine technical committees.

Various individuals of the bureau and the district superintendents

of lighthouses (19) are constantly engaged at work making improvements on apparatus and methods for lighthouse service which lead

to general standardization. Forty-seven such individual items have

thus been standardized.

Current activities tending toward standardization include the fol- lowing : Radiobeacons and radio compasses. Lights for aerial navigation. Vessel moorings. Iron and wooden buoys.

Synchronization of radiobeacons

and aerial fog signals.

Primary cell lights.

Distant control of lights and fog

signals by radio. Improvements in Apparatus and Equipment.—The extension of

commercial power lines, the design of dependable small generators,

and the increased number of radiobeacon installations have made it practical and economical to increase the use of electricity for furnishing the current for lights and power to operate sound signals

and other light-station equipment. Minor electric lights in considerable number have been installed in which the current for the lamp

and for the operation of the flashing mechanism is furnished by
126 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

several primary cells or dry cells. In displacing oil lanterns by this

apparatus the cost of maintenance is practically eliminated, and on

the acetylene lights the cost of equipment reduced. Experimental

installations of such flashing lights are being tested on buoys also,

with a view to their more extended use where practicable.

Considerable study is still being given to the proper electric light

for rapidly revolving lenses and for lightship lanterns. Improvements in the present electrical equipment on several lightships have

been made and others are projected. Interesting experiments are under way to improve the light from the masthead of lightships by

increasing the divergence of the beam. At several light installations

where storage batteries are provided for auxiliary electric current supply, a relay system has been devised to cut in and out auto- matically the rectifier charging the battery.

Three light stations in the service are now equipped with wind

electric plants for furnishing currents. At Kalae Light Station,

Hawaiian Islands, because of the almost constant winds, it has been

found practicable to give the battery a lower charging rate and keep

it in an almost charged state. During the year equipment was provided to replace all obsolete

spark transmitters on lighthouse tenders with the latest type tube or modulated continuous wave transmitters, in compliance with the 1927

International Radio Conference. Further improvement in the design of transmitters to provide greater frequency stability, as well

as compactness and ruggedness for service on lightships has been

made. A continuous-wave transmitter was permanently installed at Cape Henry Lighthouse for observation and test as opportunity permits. Tests of last year indicate that the design and the principle

is feasible pending the modernizing of existing ship's radiocompasses.

A special low-power radiobeacon transmitter was also developed for use at harbor approaches and at points of lesser importance. These

transmitters were designed to operate on 60-cycle alternating current,

and to emit signals at any one of five tones from 400 to 1,600 cycles.

This differentiation of tone will be tested as a third method of dis- tinguishing between radiobeacon stations, in addition to characteristic

and frequency. Over 30 transmitters of this type were built and

installed during the year. A policy was adopted to operate all radiobeacons, with minor exceptions, for a definite period each hour

during clear weather, this being made possible by the development of

successful clock control, and automatic operation. This is being

carried out as rapidly as the equipment can be installed. In this

connection, an alarm system which will inform the keepers of any

failure of the automatically operated radiobeacons during the operating period has been developed, with very satisfactory results. Two more isolated stations in the service were interconnected and

placed in touch with the shore through the installation of radiotelephones of low power. These installations are providing very

proving very valuable in the efficient operation of the stations, and

are also a potent factor in keeping up the morale of the personnel.

Synchronized radiobeacon and sound-in-air signals, similar to that placed at Cape Henry in 1929, have been installed at five other

stations, and are being tested. By this means the navigator is able

to determine his distance from the station at any time when he can

hear the signal.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 127

A further test was conducted during the year of a system pre- viously developed of remote control of fog signal by radio. The

device has been permanently installed at an important station and

is in constant use to control the operation of a fog signal at a near-by

station. This apparatus makes it practicable to place an efficient minor fog signal out at the point of danger and control it from shore.

A number of fog signals of the vibrating disk type are in commission, and these types of signals are being further investigated.

The replacement of worn out steam fog-signal plants with more modern equipment has been continued during the year. At Manitou

Island Light Station, the diaphone fog signal has recently been fitted with two resonators, a vertical mushroom horn and a long, flared

horizontal horn. Alternate blasts are sounded on each, the signal

from mushroom horn for all directions of the compass, and from

the long, flared horn for maximum audibility in the direction of

the most used shipping lane. Development of equipment for use on lighted airways is being

continued. Further improvement was obtained in the illumination

of the standard wind cone through the use of a full parabolic reflec- tor installed in the base of the cone. A new motor-driven sign flasher was designed utilizing cam-operated mercury tubes for obtaining

desired code flashes. Amber lenses on course lights installed at in- termediate fields were discontinued and green adopted as the standard color. Further refinements were made in the astronomic dial

time switch. Improvements were made in the standard control

cabinets. A ventilator system was developed for the standard code

beacon, so that 500-watt lamps can be used as light sources without

undue heating of the 300 mm fresnel lenses for use as the standard

auxiliary airport beacon. Arrangements were made for the use of

a monoplane filament instead of the semibarrel type used heretofore

in the standard 1,000-watt, 110-volt, T-20 beacon lamp, reducing the

aviation lamps to a single standard for all purposes. Service tests were made of 3KVA single-phase, full automatic engine-generator

sets for use at sites where commercial current is not available, and

where distances between power plants and beacons require trans- mission of power at high voltages.

BUREAU OF MINES

•Members of the Bureau of Mines represent the department on

several technical committees of the Federal Specification Board and

on 24 sectional committees of the American Standards Association.

The bureau is also a member of the A. S. A. Mining Standardization

Correlating Committee and the Safety Code Correlating Committee.

Among the investigations closely concerned with standardization

in which the bureau, in cooperation with various technical and

scientific agencies, was especially active in the obtaining of pertinent

data in 1930 are the following:

Methods for sampling, analysis, and testing of coals. Plasticity of coal. Quantitative determination of fusain in coal. Methods for determining agglutinating value of coal. Methods for determining the melting point, plasticity range, and setting

temperature of coal. Gas, coke, and by-product-making properties of American coals.
128 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Micropyrometer method for determining fusibility of coal ash. Classification of North American coals. Accelerated method for determining the slacking properties of coal. Methods for determining coal friability.

Improved apparatus for the quantitative air separation of very fine sizes of powders.

A rapid method for the determination of potassium.

Ore dressing and grinding methods. Transfer of heat from a moving gas stream to a column of irregular solids. Method of testing blasting devices. Methods of testing strength of explosives.

Water determination in explosives.

Mine Safety Board.

Experimental mine.

Coal-dust explosion hazards in surface plants.

Coal-mine ventilation code. Ventilation requirements of coal mines.

Ventilation requirements of metal mines. M ning community health and safety work.

Uniformity in the methods at first-aid contests. Mine gas indicators. Gas masks for use in mining, metallurgical, and allied industries. Mine-rescue methods and apparatus used in mine-rescue work.

Cooperative methods of first-aid instruction. Mine safety standards. Methods for reporting mine accidents. Uniform mine-accident statistics. Specifications for lubricants and liquid fuels, and method for sampling and

testing. Measurement of flow of gases. Methods for Sampling, Analysis, and Testing of Coals. —The

work of the coal analytical laboratory of the Bureau of Mines consists

chiefly of analysis of coals belonging to or for the use of the United

States Government. The methods used in this analytical work are described in Bulletins 22, 85, 116, 119, 123, 193. and 230 and Technical

Papers 8, 76, and 133. In the course of this work, the methods used by the bureau have

been widely adopted in many laboatories, or are used as a standard

check in comparing results of other laboratories. Samples are exchanged with several commercial laboratories for the purpose of

checking their methods of analysis and to improve their standards.

Referee analyses are often made.

Plasticity of Coal.—A new method and apparatus have been developed for determining the plasticity of coal when heated under

coking conditions to various temperatures.

Quantitative Determination of Fusain in Coal.—A method and

apparatus have been developed for quantitatively determining the I amount of fusain in coal. Methods for Determining Agglutinating Value of Coal.

Methods for determining the agglutinating value of coal are being

studied with special reference to the use of sand and Acheson

graphite as inerts. Methods for determining the Melting Point, Plasticity Range,

and Setting Temperature of Coal.—Methods are being studied for

determining the melting point, plasticity range, and setting temperature of coal on being heated under coking conditions with a view to developing standard procedures for these determinations.

Gas, Coke, and By-product Making Properties of American

Coals.—In cooperation with the American Gas Association the
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 129

Bureau of Mines has developed a method and apparatus for determining the gas, coke, and by-product making properties of American

coals in charges of 80 to 100 pounds. The method includes quantitative determination of yields and the physical and chemical properties of all the products. The properties of the coals, as shown not only by the usual chemical analysis, but by new and less usual

physical and chemical tests and by microscopic examination, are being correlated with the carbonization results. Classification of North American Coals.—The Bureau of Mines

is cooperating with the American Standards Association's sectional

committee on the classification of coal by contributing the chairman

of the committee and performing certain laboratory work in connection with the development of suitable testing methods and the interpretation of data thus obtained.

Accelerated Method for Determining the Slacking Properties of

Coal.—An accelerated test is being developed, in cooperation with the

American Standards Association, sectional committee on the classi- fication of coal, for determining the slacking or weathering properties

of coal. The test is being applied to various ranks of coal and it is hoped that it will be helpful in differentiating between bituminous

and subbituminous ranks of coal. Methods for Determining Coal Friability.—Methods for determining the friability and resistance to breakage of coal by both

shatter or drop tests and tumbler tests are being investigated in cooperation with the American Standards Association's sectional committee on the classification of coal as an aid to coal classification. Improved Apparatus for the Quantitative Air Separation of

Very Fine Sizes of Powders.—The customary methods for air elutri- ation of fine powders have been greatly improved by the Bureau of

Mines during the past year. Fractions can now be cut within a very

few microns in size. A Rapid Method for the Determination of Potassium.—A method

depending upon the precipitation and titration of potassium acid

tartrate which can be carried out in less than 30 minutes has been

developed and found to be suitable for rapid determinations of

potassium.

Ore Crushing and Grinding Methods.—Work has been continued

at the Intermountain Experiment Station of the Bureau of Mines,

Salt Lake City, Utah, and at the Mississippi Valley Experiment

Station, Rolla, Mo., on the development of methods for determining

the fundamentals lying behind the crushing and grinding of ore and the development of new formulas to describe such conditions

whenever old ones have been proven inadequate.

Transfer of Heat from a Moving Gas Stream to a Column of

Irregular Solids.—Extensive work by the North Central Experiment

Station of the Bureau of Mines, Minneapolis, Minn., has been done

toward developing a mathematical equation expressing the manner

in which heat is transferred from a moving gas stream to a column of

irregular solids. Method of Testing Blasting Devices.—Test requirements for permissible blasting devices other than permissible explosives have been

formulated, and three such devices tested and approved. These devices employed as the blasting agent liquid carbon dioxide confined in a steel shell.
130 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDAEDS

Methods of Testing Strength of Explosives.—Work is in hand

which aims to afford information of value in standardizing methods

of testing the propulsive strength of mining explosives and to select the method which best represents the performance of an explosive

in actual blasting. During the past year, work has been completed on the Trauzl lead block.

Water Determination in Explosives.—Dynamites of the permissible type often contain, in addition to hygroscopic moisture, salts having water of crystallization. Analysis is made even more difficult hy the frequent presence of the slightly volatile ethylene glycol dinitrate. A standardized method for the analysis of these explosives

has been developed.

Mine Safety Board.—The mine safety board of the bureau (comprised of representatives of different technical divisions) formulates

decisions on certain, questions of mine safety which, on approval by

the director, form the basis of teaching and policy in making recom- mendations on standard mining practice to the mining industry.

Experimental Mine.—Relative explosibilities of coal-mine dusts

from different mines of the country are tested from time to time

with the object of determining the proper means of preventing coal- dust explosions. In addition, the following problems are receiving

consideration: The effect of the location of coal dust in mine pas- sages on the explosibility with the object of determining the best means of lessening the hazard; the effect of small percentages of in- flammable gas on the relative explosibilities of different dusts; the

minimum quantity of methane under different conditions that will

ignite coal dust ; the minimum electric arc or spark which will ignite

coal-dust in suspension ; determination of factors in generalized rock

dusting for prevention of coal-dust explosions with a view to modifying the code formulated by the Bureau of Mines and approved

by the American Standards Association; the effect of size and character of rock dust as a means of preventing coal-dust explosions in

mines ; the distribution of rock dust to prevent coal-dust explosions

;

rock-dust barriers for approval by the Bureau of Mines ; the strength

of mine stoppings that will resist explosions, a cooperative investigation with the National Bureau of Standards, with a view to formulating specifications for coal-mine regulations on the public domain.

Coal-dust Explosion Hazards in Surface Plants.—The bureau has

assisted in the betterment of safety codes, in cooperation with the

Dust Explosion Hazards Committee of the National Fire Protection

Association, more especially for the installation of pulverized fuel

systems, coal pneumatic cleaning plant installations, and the use of

inert gases for preventing explosions and fires. Coal-mine Ventilation Code.—In cooperation with the American

Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers a code covering

the best practices of ventilation in coal mines is being developed.

Ventilation Requirements of Coal Mines.—The bureau cooperated with the American Mining Congress in preparing standard

methods for ventilation of coal mines. This code was issued March

15, 1929. Ventilation Requirements of Metal Mines.—The bureau is cooperating with the American Mining Congress and other agencies in

preparing a proposed standard code for ventilation of metal mines.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 131

Mining Community Health and Safety Work.—As part of its efforts to bring about greater safety and health not only in mines,

but also in mining communities, the bureau has organized and aided

in the maintenance of a considerable number of Holmes Safety

Chapters through which safety and health data are given not only

to the miners, but also to their families. Up to July 1, 1930, there

had been 198 of these organizations fostered by the bureau.

Uniformity in the Methods at First-Aid Contests.—As part of

the bureau's field work in advancing the training of miners in

methods of first aid to the injured, the bureau has for a number of

years fostered the holding of a considerable number of first-aid contests. At present the holding of these contests is very widespread, there being far more than one hundred of them annually,

in which the bureau's personnel not only helps in the team training

before the meets, but also prepares the problems, makes up the dis- count sheets for the judges, and in many instances chooses and

instructs the judges, or even does the judging.

Mine Gas Indicators.—An important part of the bureau's permissibility system lies in making field tests of the apparatus and

the promulgation of data as to the limitations as well as capabilities of the apparatus as applied to use in mines. Field tests are made of the safety and efficiency of methane detectors with the aim

of providing data which might be used in standardizing this type

of equipment.

Gas Masks for Use in Mining, Metallurgical, and Allied Industries.—The bureau has adopted definite routine tests to determine the

safety of gas masks when worn in known concentrations of vari- ous mining and industrial gases. The limitations as to the use of

gas masks are of utmost importance. Although gas masks may offer

full protection to the wearer in so far as breathing is concerned, some gases absorbed through various parts of the body may be

harmful. The standardization of limiting conditions in actual use

is equally as important as the ability of the mask to give full protection. The bureau, through its tests and field observations, provides information which is being used generally by the various

industries in the establishment of standards of gas masks and for

their use. Mine Rescue Methods and Apparatus Used in Mine Rescue

Work.—Mine rescue work is hazardous, and unless conducted along

definite lines of careful procedure may endanger the lives of the

rescuers as well as of those to be rescued. The bureau has con- ducted courses of instruction in standardized methods of mine res- cue procedure and has given demonstrations in the proper use and

limitations of rescue apparatus. Such instruction has been supplemented by the publication of essential data contained in the course. The bureau's recommended practices have been very widely accepted

as standard by the mining industry in the United States. The handbook on Self- Contained Mine Rescue Oxygen Breathing

Apparatus has been revised, enlarged and reissued.

Cooperative Methods of First-Aid Instruction.—The benefit of

having all men at a mine or a plant instructed in first aid has led to the adoption of a standardized method of instruction whereby key

men are given thorough training by Bureau of Mines' instructors,
132 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

and these key men, under the supervision of the bureau, train all men in the mine or plant. This method is rapidly being adopted

as standard by the mining industry as well as by other industries more or less allied to mining.

The manual of instruction in first aid has been revised to include aew methods and to further standardize the methods of instruction

oi the Bureau of Mines, which are used also by other Government

agencies and industrial organizations.

Mine Safety Standards.—Frequent and at times urgent requests

are made for standard forms of mine safety procedure. Suggestions

to govern the safety and welfare of coal miners in mines other than

anthracite mines have been prepared and similar suggested methods

of procedure for metal mines and for the petroleum industry are in course of preparation. The bureau's engineers have assisted the

mining department of various States in connection with phases of

their regulations or codes; in one State aid was given in formulating

regulations governing drilling oil and gas wells through workable

coal beds ; in another State suggestions were given as to suitable rockdusting requirements, etc. A course of instruction in prevention of

coal-mine accidents is in preparation. The object of this course is to teach a standardized method of mine safety in the production of

coal. There are also in preparation a series of scenarios for talking

moving pictures illustrating safety methods and practices in coal

mines.

The bureau has cooperated with the National Safety Council in

preparing several papers on standard safe practices in the mining

and allied industries.

Methods for Reporting Mine Accidents.—The Bureau of Mines

has prepared a standard form of report for the use of mining and

quarrying companies in reporting mine accidents.

Uniform Mine-accident Statistics.—The need for comparable statistics of accidents for mining and other industrief ' recognized by

all accident-prevention engineers. For this reason the bureau participates in the general movement in the United States to prepare acci- dent statistics for all industries on a comparable basis. Specifications for Lubricants and Liquid Fuels and Methods for

Sampling and Testing.—Standardization work dealing with these

specifications consisted in the formulation of preliminary drafts of

revisions to existing specifications for motor fuels, in connection with

the work of the Committee on Lubricants and Liquid Fuels of the

Federal Specifications Board.

Two semiannual gasoline surveys were made to determine the

quality of motor fuels marketed in the United States. The results of these surveys and a study of the sulphur content of the gasoline

sampled during the twenty-first survey were published. The cor- relating laboratory and refinery studies of sulphur in petroleum were

continued. Progress has been made toward a revision of the specifications for lubricating oils, which work probably will be completed

in time for use in making purchases for the fiscal year beginning

July 1, 1931.

Measurement of Flow of Gases.—The Bureau of Mines has con- tinued work on three major problems of standardizing methods for

measuring natural gas.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 133

In cooperation with the National Bureau of Standards and the

American Gas Association on the measurement of gas flow with the

orifice meter, natural gas engineers of the Bureau of Mines assisted

in planning experimental work, in actually carrying out some of the

experiments, and in analyzing the results of tests, preparatory to issuing a set of tentative recommendations. Publication of the rec- ommendations and supporting data, which will follow, rests with the

National Bureau of Standards and American Gas Association.

The study of flow of natural gas through high-pressure gas-transmission lines has progressed to a point where, with a few exceptions,

the actual field work has been completed and a final report, to be

issued as a Bureau of Mines bulletin, is in preparation. The re- maining tests consist of check runs on telescopic lines to determine

whether or not actual deliveries are appreciably higher than the

substitution of values in Weymouth's formula indicates. The bulletin will contain complete data on all tests and much additional

information regarding conditions of lines and methods of testing,

which were not included in Serial 2942. It is planned to include a

revision of Serial No. 2942 with the original table, augmented and

brought up to date, in the American Gas Association Code Book.

Since publishing the 2-part treatise, " The study of a fundamental basis for controlling and gaging natural gas wells" (Serial

Nos. 2929 and 2930) in 1929, the Bureau of Mines has continued the

important work of gathering data from a large number of gas wells

in different fields. Many of these data are gathered by engineers

of member companies of the American Gas Association, who are intimately familiar with the project; thereby making it possible to extend the scope of the work. Natural gas engineers of the Bureau

of Mines personally attended the orifice tests which were conducted

in the Texas Panhandle and Deer Creek Field, Oklahoma. In connection with the field tests a large number of orifices were calibrated

and tests mac1 o determine critical and noncritical flow conditions

through orifices' of larger diameter than those used previously.

This work has broadened the field of investigation with reference

to flow of gas from wells. A third companion report on the fundamental study of gas well flow is in preparation.

COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY

The Coast and Geodetic Survey continued the standardization of

its instruments and equipment. Particular attention is being given

to reducing the number of sizes of screws, and the standardization of

instrument parts to permit interchangeability and replacements in

the field. The standards and specifications adopted for its own hydrographic

and geodetic work continue to be adopted by other nations, the

United States thus occuping a place as a leader in hydrographic and

geodetic theory and practice.

The magnetic work continues to be standardized in cooperation

with the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie

Institution of Washington, and the International Meteorological

Committee of the Commission on Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity.
134 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

In the production of charts, symbols have been standardized not

only nationally, through the Federal Board of Surveys and Maps, but

internationally, through the International Hydrographic Bureau.

The number 01 styles of lettering used is being reduced, making it practicable to do more lettering by mechanical means. In the preparation of airway maps, not only the symbols and

lettering have been standardized, but the limits of the sections made

to conform to those adopted for the International Million Scale Map

of the World, a step greatly desired by librarians for the easy classi- fication and description of maps in general.

Representatives of the Coast and Geodetic Survey have been active

members of the Federal Board of Surveys and Maps, and of committees of the Federal Specifications Board.

OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY

The National Committee on Wood Utilization, is composed of 155

members representing the Government and private organizations

of consumers, distributors, and producers of forest products functioning to bring about closer wood utilization and better manufacture and distribution of forest products.

Fifty-five national associations are represented on the committee.

During the past year the committee has completed and issued publications relating to the following subjects: The uses and economies

of treated lumber, devoted to a discussion of the methods of pre- serving lumber and the possible use of treated lumber by the small consumer; the results of the test of the Scandinavian gang saw

in converting small logs into lumber; a report on a veneer edge

gluing machine which eliminates the use of tape ; the second volume

of a series of bulletins containing suggestions for making useful and

ornamental objects from discarded wooden containers and odd pieces

of lumber: a treatise on the use of wood in rayon production; the

report on sawdust, wood flour, and shavings has been revised and

enlarged.

The second edition (consumers) of the series of bulletins to en- courage the more extensive use of small-dimension stock, is in preparation, as are also publications treating of the following subjects:

Education of the public as to what is good design and construction

in furniture; the use of insulating material in house construction ; a bulletin for the prospective home owner relative to the points to be

considered when judging a house: a manual for carpenters treating

of light frame construction. The projects of the committee are promoted through the efforts of its members who make recommendations to the trade groups with which they are affiliated and by means

of educational exhibits and publicity. In its efforts to put its recommendations into practice the committee cooperates with Government agencies as well as with other consumers and producers.

STEAMBOAT INSPECTION SERVICE

For several years it has been the desire of the Steamboat Inspection Service to draft a boiler code that would be second to none in

the world. A special committee has been formed to review the boiler
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 135

code, as drafted by this service, with a view to harmonizing any

differences that may exist between that boiler code and the boiler

code drafted by the American Marine Standards Committee, the

boiler rules of British Lloyds, etc., with a view to having a standard code, and a code that will represent the best modern practices.

Representatives of the Steamboat Inspection Service have also

been cooperating in the establishment of standard specifications for

life preservers intended to be used by the Government departments.

DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR

BUREAU OF RECLAMATION

This bureau is represented on two technical committees of the

Federal Specifications Board, and on two sectional committees of the

American Standards Association.

Standardization work that has been approved since September

26, 1929, and now being used by the Bureau of Reclamation includes

the following:

36, 42, and 48 inch diameter screw-lift gates. 10 : 1 worm-gear gate hoist, single or multiple units, power operated. 20 : 1 worm-gear gate hoist, single or multiple units, power operated.

Line shaft for above.

8-inch internal differential needle valve, hydromechanical control. 42-inch internal differential needle valve and controls. 48-inch internal differential needle valve and controls. 54-inch internal differential needle valves and controls. 60-inch internal differential needle valves and controls. 16 to 18 feet radial gate heads, 5 to 6 feet. 16 to 18 feet radial gate heads, 6 to 7 feet. 16 to 18 feet radial gate heads, 7 to 8 feet. 18 to 20 feet radial gate heads, 6 to 7 feet. 8 to 10 feet radial gate heads, 6 to 7 feet. 2 : 1 spur gear set. 2 : 1 bevel gear set. Metering float switch.

Cipolletti weir blades, 2 to 8 feet crest. Reversing switch cabinet pipe rail mounting.

Concrete pipe turnouts, single barrel, 18 to 24 inches diameter. Concrete pipe turnouts, double and triple barrel, 30 to 60 inches diameter. Stems for cast-iron gates, 2 to 3% inches diameter. Now being prepared

:

Special designs for the Boulder Canyon Dam, power plant, and appurtenant works on the Colorado River are in preparation.

Standardization work done in this bureau in the past, now in progress, and contemplated in the future, is limited to the development of designs and practices to be adopted as standards by this

bureau only, for use in connection with the Federal irrigation projects in the West. In this the interests of this bureau are the controlling factors, and cooperation with outside interests in the matter

has been largely incidental. Standard designs have been prepared

and are now in use for about 30 groups and classes of machinery and

structures, including 600 drawings.

A revised list of publications (No. 8) has recently been issued

containing a list of many of the standard and special designs issued.
136 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

FREEDMEN'S HOSPITAL

Commodities used in this hospital not covered by the Federal

specifications, such as butter, eggs, poultry, green fruits, and vegetables, are required to conform to the standards set up by the Bureau

of Agricultural Economics, Department of Agriculture.

In the matter of hospital activities, the Freedmen's Hospital has

cooperated with the American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, and various nursing boards in the matter of

advancing the minimum standards.

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

Standardization of specifications for the purchase of equipment

and supplies for the various national parks is a difficult matter to adhere to. The needs of the individual parks vary greatly as regards

details even for the same general class of supplies.

The field headquarters division, during the buying season from

January 1 to July 1, 1930, prepared specifications for approximately

300 different articles, the various individual articles having been

combined in 131 contracts—many of them for joint purchase for

several parks. These specifications have covered a great variety

of commodities, including practically everything in the machinery

or equipment line which is used in the operation of the national

parks.

Such purchases have included: 10 to 80 h. p. tractors, variously

equipped ; air compressors of various capacities, together with drills,

jack hammers, sharpening tools, air hoists, and other allied appurtenances; power drag-saws, power snowplows, blade graders, and

many other road-making tools; electric hand saws; motor cycles;

oil-burner stoves; folding-camp stoves; power saw tables: road oil distributors of various sizes; oil tanks from 800 to 30,000 gallons

capacity; dynamite of various grades; caps, fuze, and electric ex- ploders; portable fire pumps and accessories; fire hose; air hose;

tents of many sizes; folding steel camp cots and mattresses; power

shovels, one-half yard and three-quarters yard; porcelain enameled

signs; reinforcing steel for bridges; telephone material of many

kinds; water tanks of 1,000 to 3,000 barrel capacity; blankets, complete heating plants for buildings of various capacities; complete

refrigeration plants of various capacities for several parks; trail

oil furnaces; complete lighting systems for several parks; electric- operated trip hammers; shingle stain, and special formula paint;

complete camp and kitchen outfits of aluminum for 10 and 35 men

camps ; oxyacetelene welding outfits ; road oil of various consistencies

;

emulsified asphalt; electric floor polishers; special orchard wagons;

garbage cans; pipe and plumbing supplies of indefinite variety;

lawn spray nozzles; sewage treatment plant supplies; sewage pumping plants; power meat slicers; power valve grinders; pumps of

many varieties; gasoline and Diesel engines; power street sweepers; and many varieties of passenger automobiles and trucks.

During the period mentioned the service purchased 72 automotive

trucks of capacities ranging from one-half ton to 5 tons, equipped

with various classes of bodies and special equipment as needed by

the park for which purchased.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 137

AVith the great variation required in various parks, even for the same class of equipment, this service has been unable to write a standard specification which could be used in all cases; but, certain

clauses have been standardized, particularly in truck specifications

covering, in general, the particular requirements of all of the national

parks with regard to sturdiness, and ability to perform satisfactorily

under any weather conditions.

This service has also standardized on clauses which will determine

the fitness of various motor-driven equipment, by a method of comparison between equipment of various makes when considered with

the definite limitations set forth in the specifications, and with rec- ognized published ratings.

Thus, in the matter of motor trucks, this service has a standard

questionnaire which must be filled out by all bidders, covering the

equipment bid on, and these data are used in determining the fitness of the truck in its constituent parts to meet the specified loading and

other requirements of the specifications.

With regard to other equipment, this service has standardized

specifications as to requirements as nearly as may be, giving due

consideration to changing commercial practices.

About a third of the machinery and equipment specifications are now standardized from year to year, and the service maintains a supply of specification sheets which can be drawn upon at any time,

and with the addition of a bid sheet can be circulated on short notice. It is endeavored to so write all specifications, as requirements are determined, that repetitive writing on minor articles would become

unnecessary, except at rare intervals.

In the writing of specifications for supplies, such as dynamite,

blasting powder, caps and fuse, paints and stains, cement, and other

commodities of a like nature, the service has standardized on certain

specifications which are being used whenever the occasion arises. This service has endeavored to follow simplified practice recommendations whenever applicable to the particular needs of the supply

purchase in hand. They are also using to a great extent, the Federal

specifications, in so far as they will apply to purchases without the

necessity of a laboratory test to determine compliance.

In the purchase of paints or pigments, cement and like articles,

samples are mostly submitted to the local bureau of standards for

determination of compliance, if time allows ; but, in the purchase of

textiles, or most raw materials which are covered by Federal specifications, the service is obliged to rely upon the approved list of

certified manufacturers as a determination of the fitness of the products purchased, inasmuch as most such purchases are of an

emergency order and there is not sufficient time to have laboratory

tests made to determine compliance.

A more or less standardized specification has just been devised

for various classes of motor vehicles and motor-operated machinery,

this being in skeleton form with complete standard sheets giving

general information which will be the same for all machinery, with

special complete sheets covering the class of machinery to be bought

and the specific requirements for the particular article. It is hoped

it will thus be possible to make up a set of truck specifications, for

example, whether it be for a 1-ton truck or a 5-ton truck, by using
138 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

these standard sheets with suitable inserts as to the power unit

required, and the various measurements and dimensions and other

special data required for each individual truck. These special single

sheets may be changed as often as stock models for the class of

machinery desired are changed, without changing the whole

specification. OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS

This bureau has revised and enlarged certain of their specifications heretofore used in connection with the purchase of some articles, as for instance, the specification for pianos which has been

revised after communication with many of the leading piano

manufacturers. This has resulted in the formulation of a specification which will be the means of procuring a better grade of instruments, and at the same time, appears acceptable to the trade. After

consulting with representatives of other branches of the Government

service and with various manufacturers, the specifications for X-ray

equipment have been revised and now appear satisfactory in every

way.

There was also prepared and adopted a specification for passengercarrying elevators which meets Indian Service requirements for

service in two and three floor stop hospitals.

New specifications were prepared and used for the first time this

year for case furniture. These specifications have resulted in

procuring a more substantial grade of furniture.

This bureau is represented on several committees of the Federal

Specifications BoardST. ELIZABETHS HOSPITAL

St. Elizabeths Hospital has been cooperating with rthe Federal

Specifications Board in standardizing various specifications for use

in the institution. This hospital has been doing ever}i;hing possible

to agree upon standardized forms for contracts, leases, proposals,

bonds, and all other paper work of the hospital that would lend

itself to standardization with other branches of the Government

and commercial institutions.

The hospital has agreed upon the standardized forms for rendering reports for financial and statistical use not in conflict with re- ports required by law. In this way statistical reports are rendered on forms similar to those requested by the National Committee on Mental Hygiene, and of mental institutions, and others on those

recommended by the American Medical Association.

Representatives of the hospital are very often in conference in

classifying care and treatment of its patients, as well as segregation

in proper buildings and proper wards. As the care and treatment

of mental patients are the primary objects of this institution all other work might be said to be by-products, and while in connection

with such care and treatment the hospital has an up-to-date power,

heat, and lighting plant, and includes mechanical equipment of all sorts in making various supplies, shoes, brooms, and brushes, in its laundry, bakery, etc., yet the hospital is somewhat limited in its standardization, subject to the requirements connected with the

patients.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 139

DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS The Commissioner of Labor Statistics represents the Department

of Labor on the executive committee and the executive council of

the American Standards Association.

By arrangement with this association the workers' representatives on safety code committees are selected and appointed through the

Department of Labor, by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Practically all of the American Standards Association codes which

deal with safety of workers are published by the Bureau of Labor

Statistics. The Commissioner of Labor Statistics is secretary-treasurer of

the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and

Commissions, and appoints the representatives of that association on the American Standards Association safety code correlating

committee and the various safety code sectional committees.

The bureau is represented on the safety code correlating committee

of the American Standards Association.

In its survey of productivity and longshore labor conditions in the

principal ports of the United States the bureau will emphasize the

need for the adoption of a uniform standard of cargo measurement

to be applied to all ports, a universal safety code for longshore

operations, and a gradual decasualization of the waterfront in order

to mitigate the hardships of unemployment and underemployment

which are inherent in this most casual of all industries. It also has connections with the various State bureaus of labor

statistics having for its purpose the standardization of methods of

collection and tabulation of statistics. It sends experts to the various

States to plan their statistical policies and methods whenever called

upon, with a view to such procedure.

CHILDREN'S BUREAU

During the year the Children's Bureau has carried on the following

activities relating especially to the development of standards

:

Assistance in birth-registration campaigns in one State (all but

two States are now in the birth-registration area)

.

Cooperation with State boards of health in 15 States in a study

according to a uniform plan of causes of maternal mortality.

Collecting on a uniform schedule, and compiling, reports on employment certificates issued to working children in various States and cities. For the calendar year 1929 such information was obtained

from the District of Columbia, 18 States, and 51 cities in 15 other

States. Collecting on uniform cards, and compiling information concern- ing juvenile-court cases of delinquency, dependency, and neglect.

About 150 courts are now cooperating, and reports for the entire

calendar year 1929 were tabulated for 96 courts in 27 States and

the District of Columbia.

Collecting and compiling current statistics in child welfare and

related fields. Monthly reports are received from 1,870 social

27171—31 10
140 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

agencies in 39 cities. This work was formerly done by the Joint

Committee of the Association of Community Chests and Councils and

the Local Community Research Committee of the University of

Chicago, which are now cooperating with the bureau.

Preparation (not yet completed) of a handbook on the administration of mothers' aid," undertaken at the request of the National Committee on Public Aid to Mothers of Dependent Children in Their

Own Homes.

Plans for a second conference of State departments of public

welfare, to be held at the Children's Bureau in 1931, to discuss

problems of dependency and child protection, especially methods of

obtaining uniform statistics of child dependency.

WOMEN'S BUREAU

The following is a brief outline of the general standards that have

been submitted and recommended by the Women's Bureau for safe- guarding the interests of women workers

:

Hours of Labor.—Not more than an 8-hour day, including two 10-minute rest periods ; not less than one and one-half days of rest in the week ; no night work

;

and at least 30 minutes for a meal during the workday.

Wages.—Adequate wages based on occupation, not on sex. Working Conditions.

Comfoet and Sanitation.—Clean work places, with

special attention to floors to prevent slipping; enough light, but no glare; comfortable temperature ; provision against excessive heat and cold ; adequate

ventilation ; provision against heat, humidity, dust, fumes ; pure and accessible drinking water ; individual cups or sanitary fountains ; sanitary and accessible washing facilities ; hot and cold water, soap, individual towels ; sanitary toilet

facilities, separate for men and women, in the ratio of 1 installation for every

15 women; dressing rooms for change of clothes, rest rooms for rest periods;

and a clean, comfortable lunch room, with hot food where possible. Posture and Physical Strain at Work.—A chair for each woman, built on

posture lines, adjusted to both worker and job. Neither constant standing nor

constant sitting ; mechanical devices to prevent unnecessary and repeated lifting of heavy weights for women, and other motions abnormally fatiguing to women.

Safety and Health.—Guarded machinery ; protection against fire and other hazards; no prohibition of women's employment in any industry except those proved by scientific investigation to be more injurious to women than to men

;

protection against health hazards involved in contact with poisonous fumes

or substances or the handling of material which, because of some process in its preparation or conditions, might cause an infection or in other ways affect the

well-being of women workers or conditions surrounding the industrial processes

in which women are engaged ; and adequate first-aid equipment.

Home Work.—No industrial home work for women. NAVY DEPARTMENT

BUREAU OF AERONAUTICS

The Bureau of Aeronautics and the Army Air Corps are continuing

their program of standardization of aeronautical materials, processes, and design requirements. Each standard is considered not only on the basis of its military value, but with a view toward its adaptability to commercial aeronautics as well. This procedure was

found necessary and desirable because of the lack of standardization within the industry. Army-Navy standards are primarily in- tended, however, for use by the military branches of the Government. Originally they covered a few of the more important materials used in the construction of aircraft, but they have been
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 141

gradually expanded to include articles of equipment, such as instruments and power plant parts, processes of manufacture, and design

requirements. Of particular interest among recent developments is an agreement reached by the services to prepare a standard design

handbook. It will be some time before this publication will be

available ; nevertheless, work is proceeding rapidly in preparation of

the data to be incorporated therein.

A preliminary conference is held annually at which representatives of the Air Corps and the Bureau of Aeronautics discuss and

agree on subjects for standardization and on the necessity for refin- ing existing aeronautical standards. Work on preparing new standards and on revising existing ones is undertaken and, when completed, is referred to interested manufacturers for comment. A general conference is held as soon as practicable after the preliminary

conference at which representatives of the industry are invited to be present and to submit their comment on the various standards

proposed. In bringing into conference the experts who specialize

in the manufacture of the various materials and products employed,

the best and most suitable grade of the output of each basic industry

is made available for both military and commerical aircraft use. Some of the more important items of standardization are listed

below

:

Acceptance test of aircraft engines.

Airspeed indicators. Altimeter. Aluminum alloy forgings.

Aluminum and aluminum alloy, tubing, sheet, rods, and bars. Aluminum and aluminum alloy

rivets. Batteries, aircraft. Bolts, hexagon, head, aircraft. Cable, high tension ignition.

Cable, low tension, aircraft. Chrome-vanadium steel. Crating airplanes.

Dope, aircraft. Electric heater. Gauge, fuel quantity.

Generator, radio. Helmets, summer. The Bureau of Aeronautics is particularly active in the research

and development of aircraft materials, and in this connection

cooperates closely with the following organizations:

American Standards Association. National Advisory Committee

American Society for Testing for Aeronautics.

Materials. Society of Automotive Engineers. Federal Specifications Board.

BUREAU OF CONSTRUCTION AND REPAIR This bureau has been actively engaged in the work of research

and standardization, and in the development of new specifications. It is represented on the following organizations

:

Federal Specifications Board: 38 committees and 15 subcommittees.

American Standards Association: 3 administrative committees and 13

sectional committees.

Hose, gasoline.

Hubs, propeller. Inclinometer.

Indicator, turn. Induction compass.

Jackets, leather. Luminous material.

Oil pressure gauge.

Propellers, metal.

Pulley, control.

Suit, summer flying. Tie rods. Tubing, copper, seamless.

Tires, airplane.

Tubes, inner. Webbing, linen. Weight forms. Welding procedure.

Wheels, landing.
142 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

American Society for Testing Materials: 12 main committees and 21 subcommittees.

American Marine Standards Committee: 5 main committees and 8 sub- committees.

Federal Purchasing Board, committee on commodities: 1 subcommittee

and 12 advisory groups. In its standardization and research activities the bureau cooperates

with the following organizations

:

Fine Arts Commission. Bureau of Standards, division of simplified practice.

Bureau of Standards, commercial standards unit. National Screw Thread Commission.

National Lumber Manufacturers Association. Hemp Brokers Association. Cordage Institute. During the past year, 9 new Navy Department specifications and

50 revisions of existing specifications have been issued. In the development of Federal specifications the Bureau of Construction and

Kepair has been especially active in collecting data on metals, laundry machinery, abrasives and polishing materials, brushes and

brooms, refrigerators, beds and bunks, textiles, rubber, and cordage.

In addition to a large number of minor laboratory investigations

and reports, 115 principal research tests have been completed.

Marked research developments and improvements have been made

in connection with the following materials

:

Periscope tubes. Tools. Bullet proof steel. Corrosion resisting wire rope. Corrosion resisting steel gasoline tanks. Bed spreads.

Curled hair woven on burlap (heat insulation). Protective coatings.

Some of the principal investigations under way cover

:

Aluminum furniture. High elastic limit steel. Welding.

Corrosion resisting steel. Corrosion of rivets. Corrosion of pipe.

Standardization of corrosion tests. Copper bearing steel (sea water immersion).

New paint formulas. Rubber gasket material. Nonscatterable glass. Manila rope. Tools. BUREAU OF ENGINEERING

The bureau maintains its relations with other Federal departments

and with industry in general as to standardization and specification

formulation and revision through the medium of the following

technical societies and committees:

Federal Specifications Board: 16 committees.

American Standards Association : Council and 19 sectional committees.

American Society for Testing Materials: 16 committees and 31 subcommittees.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 143

American Society of Mechanical Engineers: 12 sectional committees.

American Marine Standards Committee: Executive board and 13 committees. National Screw Thread Commission.

American Gage Design Committee.

American Institute of Electrical Engineers : 2 committees.

American Institute of Radio Engineers: 1 committee.

American National Committee of the International Electrotechnical Commission.

National Electric Light Association: 2 committees. Federal Technical and Scientific Board.

Advisory Committee on Nonferrous Metals of the Bureau of Standards. Chief Coordinator's Committee on communication, purchase, supply, etc. Interdepartmental Radio Advisory Committee.

During the past year the bureau has investigated, in laboratories

under its control, a very considerable number of different types of

apparatus, materials, and processes, with a view to selecting the best

available in the commercial field for standardization, methods of

employment, and for the preparation of adequate specifications. In

some cases investigation has been continual from previous years, in

others investigation has just been inaugurated. Typical examples

are as follows

:

Electrical measuring instruments for shipboard use. Electric cable for shipboard use. Electrical equipment for metal arc welding.

Carbon-brush material.

Lighting-circuit voltages. Incandescent electric lamps for shipboard use. Electrical-insulating material (solid and liquid). Electric machinery temperature gradients.

Lead-acid radio B batteries. Dry batteries. Portable lead acid batteries. Electric heaters, air, for shipboard use. Electric heaters, radiant. Hard fiber for instrument board use. Cotton sleeving insulating material.

Asbestos, linen, and silk insulating tapes. Commutator conditioning devices. Portable electric drills. Motors and controllers (direct current).

Insulating varnish. Portable electric ventilating sets. Sound motion-picture projectors for shipboard use. Outboard gasoline engines.

Fireroom draft gages. Water meters. Fuel oil meters. Pump governors. Temperature regulators.

Vacuum traps. Propeller-type forced-draft blower. Hard-rubber jars for submarine storage batteries. Electric telegraphs (alternating current) for shipboard use. Antinoise telephones for shipboard use. Storage battery testing outfits. Radio high-frequency receivers and transmitters. Radio wave propagation.

Materials having piezo-electric effects. Instruments for measing high frequencies.

Radio traps. Devices for measuring and recording the direction of static. Equipment for the transmission of photographs.

Equipment for writing maps and sketches.
144 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Equipment for measuring airplane and submarine antenna constants. Radio indicating meters. Resistance and resistors for naval radio equipment.

Condensers (radio).

Vacuum tubes for naval radio equipment.

Transmission ranges of radio-frequency. Aircraft radio installations. Tachometers, chronometric and centrifugal types. Steam traps. Pressure reducing valves. Ball bearings.

Apparatus for testing ball bearings.

Bolts, nuts, and screws. Taps and dies. Miscellaneous valves for shipboard use. Heat insulating materials for use with temperatures about 1,500° F. Autogenous welding in the fabrication of engineering apparatus.

Antiseize compound for use in threaded aluminum and aluminum alloy

parts. Copper-nickel alloy condenser tubes. Spring material for Diesel engine valves. Boiler feed water treatment. Chromium plating in naval use. Centrifugally cast-iron liners for large air pumps.

Corrosion fatigue of metals. Gasket material. Packing.

Tool steels. Cutting oils. Lubricating oils. Boiler refractories: Fire-clay brick. Fire-clay dust. Plastic fire-brick material. High-temperature cement. Diatomaceous earth insulating block. Spark plugs.

Grinding compounds.

Gauge glasses.

C02 indicating instruments. Brushes for motor-driven boiler-tube cleaning outfit. Shafts for motor-driven boiler-tube cleaning outfit. Fuel oil. Diesel fuel oil. Storage batteries, reduction in water consumption.

Storage battery explosions—investigation of causes. Storage battery ventilation—hydrogen detector. Strengths of materials at elevated temperatures.

Diesel engines for motor boats. Aluminum foil as a heat insulating material.

Steel casting technique.

Mineral wool for heat insulation. Surface treatment of distiller tubes, superheater tubes, and boiler-feed water tanks. Tank gauges. BUREAU OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY

The Bureau of Medicine and Surgery has representatives on sev- eral technical committees of the Federal Specifications Board and

through them takes an active part in the plans and specifications

for standardization, particularly of hospital supplies and equipment.

At the Naval Medical Supply Depot, Brooklyn, N. Y., all medical supplies and equipment, and X-ray apparatus used by the Navy
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 145

are carefully tested to determine their conformity to specifications.

Much material used by the Veterans' Bureau and the Indian Medical Service is also examined in the testing laboratory of the Supply

Depot.

BUREAU OF NAVIGATION

The Naval Observatory, under the jurisdiction of this bureau, is the source of standard of time in the United States. The Naval Observatory has representation on the National Committee on Calendar Simplification and on several international commissions of the International Astronomical Union. The observatory investigated several subjects in its field with a view toward

improving the character of work or materials, by means of new and

modified specifications, operating instructions, or detailed reports.

The Hydrographic Office of this bureau works on specialized

standardization between other branches of the Government under

authority of Executive Order, September 30, 1919, which created

the Board of Surveys and Maps. This office maintains membership

in this board for the purpose of coordination and standardization

of its chart and map construction.

The Hydrographic Office is represented on the United States Geographic Board for the purpose of standardizing names entering

into its charts and publications; also cooperating with foreign

hydrographic services. An International Hydrographic Bureau was

established in 1921 for the purpose of standardizing and making

uniform practices of hydrographic offices maintained by various

nations. The United States is represented on this International

Bureau.

The efforts of the Bureau of Navigation are directed toward

standardization of forms, symbols, characters, and methods of sur- veying, chart construction for navigation and aviation charts, and

the publication of nautical books.

BUREAU OF ORDNANCE

The Bureau of Ordnance has membership in a number of technical

committees of the Federal Specifications Board, and, in addition,

is a member of the National Screw Thread Commission and the

American Standards Association. Within the Navy Department

itself, this bureau is a member of the departmental specifications

board, which is continually at work on specifications, scrutinizing

and revising as necessary Navy Department specifications now in

existence, drawing up new specifications to conform to the needs of

the various bureaus, and correlating department specifications with

those of the Federal Specifications Board.

The work of this bureau during the past year, in the matter of

standardizing specifications and practice, has developed logically

along the lines followed in previous years. As Federal specifications

have been promulgated, immediate steps have been taken to bring

this bureau's specification requirements in conformance therewith.

Many years of design and manufacture of ordnance equipment have

brought into existence, in the bureau and its subsidiary plants, an

extensive set of specifications for materials, as well as complete

information, required for manufacturing purposes, relative to
146 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

material to be used, dimensions, fits, tolerances, finishes, etc. This

information is carried on ordnance drawings and sketches, of which

upward of 200,000 are now on file. The majority of these drawings

bear notation referring to Navy Department specifications and

Bureau of Ordnance manufacturing standards. Obviously, it is impossible with present drafting room forces to attempt, in addition

to current work, a revision of such a mass of drawings, making them

refer to a new set of specifications. With the cooperation of the

Federal Specifications Board, permission was granted during the

past year to print the Federal specifications in leaflet form, each

bearing the old Navy Department specification number or symbol

to which it corresponds or from which it has been taken. This serves immediately to connect ordnance drawings with the Federal specifications which properly apply to them.

In connection with design work, the Bureau of Ordnance maintains a list of standard stock parts which can be obtained commercially in large quantities and at a saving in cost. It is true that a large amount of material used in ordnance manufacture is, of

necessity, special and noncommercial; but many stock fittings and

parts find satisfactory use in ordnance, to the advantage of the

Government. Design draftsmen are required to be familiar with

Bureau of Ordnance standards and with the standard stock list, and

to use material from this list where applicable and proper. National

Screw Thread Commission standards for screw threads have been

adopted. New design is in accordance therewith, while new manufacturing gages embodying these standards are, as fast as funds

become available, being substituted for the old standards which were

in use in previous years. BUREAU OF SUPPLIES AND ACCOUNTS

Members of the bureau represent the Navy Department on a number of technical committees of the Federal Specifications Board,

and the assistant chief of this bureau is the Navy Department representative thereon. Representatives are also assigned to the Federal

Purchasing Board, Federal Traffic Board, and Federal Standard

Stock Catalogue Board.

This bureau, during the fiscal year 1930, has issued 172 new and

revised Navy Department specifications. Of this number, 53 of the

new specifications are based on Federal specifications. In addition

to the complete specifications, there were four issues of the Index

to Specifications, also revisions of Appendixes II, III, and IV to General Specifications for Inspection of Material.

BUREAU OF YARDS AND DOCKS

Members of this bureau represent the Navy Department on 21

technical committees of the Federal Specification Board

:

The bureau is also represented on advisory groups of four subcommittees of the committee on commodities of the Federal Purchasing

Board.

The bureau also has membership on committees of the following

organizations: Navy Department specification board, American

Standards Association, and American Society for Testing Materials.
STANDAKDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 147

Long-time endurance tests of galvanized materials at the naval

station. Key West. Fla., are being conducted by this bureau.

The bureau is conducting experiments to establish standards for

concrete in sea water at the navy yard, Portsmouth, N. H., and at the Xaval Operating Base, Hampton Eoads, Ya., the former for

Portland cement and the latter for high alumina cement. Experiments are also being conducted on copper-bearing steel sheet piles

and electroplated reinforcing bars at the naval station, Kev West,

Fla.

The bureau is also cooperating with the Chemical Warfare Service in field tests of timber preservatives, and is contributing funds

for this work. The bureau is also conducting field tests of treated

timber in connection with protection against termites.

During the past year the Design Data, Public Works of the Navy,

was printed and distributed. The following standards were published or are now in preparation:

3Ta. Standards of Design for Concrete; new, printed. 4Yb. Concrete Pavements : revision, printed. 9Yc. Electric Apparatus—Distributing Systems and Wiring; revision, printed. 12Ya. Standards of Design for Structural Steel ; Supplement No. 1, printed. 13Ya. Concrete Construction: new. printed. 14Ya. Electric Elevators and Dumb Waiters : new, printed. 16Ya. Refrigerating Equipment ; new, printed. 17Ya. Piping Installation (hydraulic, fuel, air, hearing) ; new, in preparation. 18Ya. Dredging : new. printed. 21Ya. Steel Welding (structural) ; new, in preparation. 22Ya. Mechanical Equipment, including installation; new, in preparation. 23Ya. Terrazzo: new, printed. 24Ya. Lathing, Plastering and Stucco; new, printed. 25Ya. Brick and Hollow-Tile Work; new, printed. 26Ya. Earthwork; new. printed. 27Ya. Screens (Doors. Windows and Porches) ; new, printed. 2SYa. Carpentry and Joinery ; new, printed. 29Ya. Timber Work; new, being printed.

.°)'!Ya. Bituminous Pavements; new, in preparation. olYa. Plumbing, etc., new. being printed. 32Ya. Metal Doors and Trim : new, in preparation. 33Ya. Steel, Iron and Bronze Work ; new, printed. OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY

The Navy Department specifications board standardizes the form

for Navy Department specifications as far as practicable; unifies

specifications for material used in common by two or more bureaus,

as far as practicable; and expedites action on all matters relating

to the issue or reissue of Navy Department specifications.

The board consists of officers and technical assistants of various

bureaus of the Navy Department, with the technical aide to the

Secretary as senior member. The board cooperates closely with the

Xavy Department's member of the Federal Specifications" Board.

This office also handles all matters received from the division of

simplified practice of the 'National Bureau of Standards.

UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS

The Marine Corps is employing Federal specifications in all purchases where such specifications apply, and Marine Corps specifications are revised to conform with Federal specifications where
148 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

such revision is necessary. Officers of the Quartermaster's Department, Marine Corps, are representatives on nine technical committees of the Federal Specifications Board, and one officer is detailed to full-time duty with the Federal Specifications Board,

and is serving as vice chairman and technical secretary.

POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT

FOURTH ASSISTANT POSTMASTER GENERAL

Division of Equipment and Supplies With the cooperation of the National Bureau of Standards, the

department has improved its specifications for letter-box enamel

which should prolong the life of this equipment and give it a better

appearance.

Heretofore, malleable iron letter-box time-card frames have been

used on letter-box equipment. It has been found that after a cer- tain amount of rust develops there is a streaking of the letter-box

time card. With a view to eliminating this condition the department has adopted time-card frames manufactured of brass in accord- ance with a formula furnished by the National Bureau of Standards.

For some time past, the department has been purchasing the ordinary commercial cash boxes for use in the Postal Service. In view

of the number of such boxes used annually and the hard service

they receive, a new specification has been drawn covering a more

substantial type of box which will undoubtedly effect a considerable saving over the type previously furnished.

During the past fiscal year all official envelopes and various jackets

supplied to the Postal Service were purchased from the several contractors under standard specifications. These specifications covered

each item as to the quality of paper, substance, bursting strength,

printing, packing, inspection, delivery, etc., and. in addition thereto,

a drawing or blueprint specifically showing the size, style, gumming,

and overlapping of seams of each item accompanied the advertisement. The prices obtained show no material changes over former

years ; however, the department has greatly benefited in that it pro- cures stronger and more substantial envelopes.

Owing to the high prices that prevailed for mucilage made from

pure gum acacia, at the time bids were opened on the department's

annual proposal, and the fact that comparable practical results were

obtained from a product containing a synthetic gum, all bids received were rejected and a new advertisement issued calling for mucilage

made in the latter manner, in consequence of which a saving was

effected. The specification used was one devised by the National

Bureau of Standards several years ago when the use of synthetic

gums by manufacturers was quite universal.

SECOND ASSISTANT POSTMASTER GENERAL

Railway Mail Service The work of standardizing railway post office cars was continued

during the year. Two hundred and fifty new standard all-steel railway post office cars were built and placed in service during the year, and 50 addi-
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 149

tional all-steel cars are under construction. At the end of the year

all full railway post office cars in actual service were of standard all- steel construction and all mail apartment cars in service were either

of all-steel, steel underframe, or wood (steel reinforced) construction.

There were only 29 wood mail apartment cars and these were held in

reserve by the railroad companies and used only in emergencies.

During the year 62 cars were brought up to the required standards

and 57 cars were strengthened as to construction and equipped with

interior fixtures so as to more nearly meet required standards. Sanitary fixtures were installed in 74 cars and 2-16 cars were equipped with

electric fans. One hundred and twenty-six cars were equipped with

electric light, in lieu of gas or oil lights, during the year. The rail- road companies continue to cooperate with the Post Office Department in the work of standardizing mail cars and satisfactory progress

in this work was made during the year. The work of standardizing quarters occupied by terminal railway

post offices located at or in railroad stations was continued during the

year and at several points new quarters were obtained in modern

buildings of fireproof construction and the quarters occupied by the

terminal railway post offices were equipped with standard heating and

lighting fixtures, toilet facilities, and ventilation.

TREASURY DEPARTMENT

COAST GUARD

The Coast Guard is represented on several of the Federal Specifications Board technical committees, and is especially interested in

the development of standard specifications and standard articles for use on vessels and at shore stations. During the past year, efforts have been continued toward the standardization of boat equipment,

boat davits, and the handling facilities. In the construction of several new vessels, an opportunity has been presented for the approval

of a considerable amount of material made in accordance with Federal specifications or certified to meet the requirements of such

specifications. When material meeting Federal specifications is furnished to the Coast Guard, it is considered standard equipment.

Interchangeability of parts is required for competitive replacements.

DIRECTOR OF THE MINT The Director of the Mint represents the Treasury Department on

the technical committee on refractories of the Federal Specifications

Board.

Gold and silver domestic coins are examined and tested by the as- sayer of the Bureau of the Mint to determine whether they conform

to the legal standards as to weight and fineness. Tests of gold and

silver alloys are made for other Government departments to check

samples submitted and deliveries made to them on contracts based on specifications.

Assay commissioners designated by the President meet annually

at the Philadelphia Mint and examine and test the gold and silver

coins executed and reserved by the several mints for the purpose of

securing a due conformity to the respective standards of fineness and

weight.
150 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Among the investigations in which the bureau laboratory is especially active are the preparation of proof gold and proof silver for use as standards in assaying.

i

OFFICE OF SUPERVISING ARCHITECT

This office has representatives on several technical committees of

the Federal Specifications Board.

Standard miscellaneous drawings used in building construction

have been revised to date, and the use of standard types of plans

for certain buildings modified and adapted to suit various conditions

have been continued.

The use of standard specifications for materials not yet covered by

Federal specifications has been continued.

OFFICE OF THE TREASURER OF THE UNITED STATES

This office has taken no active part in the standardizing or specification making work, but it has cooperated to the fullest extent with

the various Federal agencies in these activities. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE

Official standards or official tests of the National Institute of Health

include diphtheria antitoxin, scarlet fever streptococcus antitoxin, tetanus antitoxin, botulinus antitoxin, perfringens antitoxin, antidysenteric serum, antimeningococcic serum, antipneumococcic serum;

bacterial vaccines made from typhoid bacillus, paratj^phoid bacillus

A, paratyphoid bacillus B ; diphtheria toxin-antitoxin mixture, diphtheria toxoid, diphtheria toxin for Schick test, scarlet fever strepto- coccus toxin for Dick test, scarlet fever streptococcus toxin for

immunization, and arsphenamine and its derivatives.

Through its section of industrial hygiene and sanitation the Bureau

of the Public Health Service is represented on the sectional committee of the American Standards Association for the development of an industrial sanitary code, and is sponsor for the project. The

third draft of the code has been completed and has been tentatively

submitted to the association. With the assistance of the association

a new committee has been formed to consider the present draft and

to suggest necessary changes both in its general construction and as to its field of application. It is also represented on a further sec- tional committee of the same organization for the revision of the

previously adopted code of lighting of factories, mills, and other

work places, sponsored by the Illuminating Engineering Society. A

review of the rules and regulations at present prevailing in the lighting of school buildings in the United States has been published in

the Public Health Eeports (reprint jSTo. 1261).

In cooperation with the National Safety Council a considerable

portion of the year has been spent in making studies of the sandblasting industry for the purpose of providing standards of allowable dustiness for this industrial process. Further studies of the

practical efficiency of ventilating devices in various types of industries are being continued, each study having in view the obtaining of

sufficient data to allow tentative standards of air velocities which

will control the dust or fume hazard in the particular dust process.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 151

In connection with the public health control of milk supplies, the

standardization work of the Public Health Service has included the

issue of the 1929 edition of the Standard Milk Ordinance and Code.

This new edition embodies suggestions received from various public

health and dairy organizations since the issue of the 1927 edition,

which have been approved by the Public Health Service. The

Standard Milk Ordinance and Code represents an endeavor to standardize so far as possible, and on a purely voluntary basis, the

milk control work of the various States and cities. The number of

cities which have thus far adopted the standard milk ordinance is 379. They are located in 22 States. A representative of the Public Health Service is serving as a member of the Federal Standard Stock Catalogue Board. Kepresentatives of the Public Health Service are serving on various committees

for the preparation and revision of Federal specifications.

During the past 10 years the Public Health Service has been

evolving means and methods of eliminating rat harborage on shipboard, and during the past year collaborated with the American

Marine Standards Committee in the preparation of American Marine

Standard 11-41 which contains specifications for the rat proofing

of maritime vessels. WAR DEPARTMENT

Military Standardization.—All items of equipment peculiarly

military are subjected to the following procedure before standardization : The military requirements of an item having been set up by the

using services are coordinated by the general staff' and developed

by the proper supply branch. When the article proposed for adoption as an item of military equipment has passed the experimental

stage, it is passed on by the using arm or service, usually by a service

test of the article, and then recommended for adoption as standard.

It is then considered by the technical committee of that service

which has had charge of the development of the article. This committee consists of representatives of the interested supply service

and a representative from each of the other arms and services. It is posible that a need for the article under consideration exists in arms or services other than the one which recommended it for standardization. It is a function of this committee to determine if and

where such need exists and as far as possible to adapt the article accordingly. Following favorable action by the technical committee,

the application for standardization is forwarded to the Assistant

Secretary of War. The Assistant Secretary of War determines

whether the components of the article as well as the article itself can be procured in sufficient quantities to meet military requirements

in time of war. If so, he clears this item for procurement. The application is then passed to the supply division of the War Department General Staff. It is then processed by the supply division

through other interested divisions of the General Staff where any

remaining differences are adjusted, then finally recommended to the

Secretary of War for standardization.

The standardization of an item does not serve to stop further

development; the desire to obtain perfection should not delay the

standardization of at least one item for every military requirement
152 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

so that, in case of emergency, the procurement plan of each supply

branch may be promptly launched. Items of equipment are classified as follows

:

" Standard articles " are the most advanced and satisfactory that have been adopted and are those which are preferred for procurement to meet supply

demands not met by the issue of available adopted types.

" Substitute standard articles " do not meet requirements so well as stand- ard articles, but are usable substitutes for standard articles and would, when

necessary, be procured to supplement the supply of standard articles.

" Limited standard articles " do not meet requirements so well as standard

articles; nevertheless they are suitable for military use and are either in use or are available for issue to meet supply demands. Such articles will not be reproduced for the purpose of issue.

" Obsolete articles " are items of equipment and supply remaining on hand

that have been designated by the War Department as unsuitable for further

military use. During the past year 45 important items of military equipment

have been standardized.

Commercial Standardization.—In its standardization work other

than purely military, the War Department is directly associated with

the work of the Federal Specifications Board, the American Standards Association, the division of simplified practice of the National

Bureau of Standards, the International Electrotechnical Commission, and the National Screw Thread Commission, and cooperates

with a large number of engineering societies and trade associations.

The department is interested in industrial standardization in two

ways—first as a large purchaser of supplies it is concerned with an

extraordinary large range of specifications for materials and apparatus; second, in research work it is in contact with innumerable

problems which are being actively studied in the commercial world.

Direct contact with this work is maintained by the office of the

Assistant Secretary of War.

Federal Specifications Board.—The supply branches of the Army

have 113 members who represent the War Department on a number

of technical committees of the Federal Specifications Board. Federal

specifications form the basis of all related specifications prepared by

the War Department. Under the procedure now in use, Federal

specifications have become actual purchase specifications, and the

War Department expects to gradually reduce its own commercial

specifications and substitute directly the Federal specifications. As

this will involve changes in reference on a large number of drawings

and related papers this change in the interest of Government econ- omy and efficiency, affecting a large number of the commercial specifications of the War Department, will require a considerable period

of time but will be ultimately effected. It will not affect the strictly

military specifications not within the scope of the Federal

Specifications Board.

American Standards Association.—The War Department is a member body of the American Standards Association, and is repre- sented on the standards council by a member detailed from the office of the Assistant Secretary of War and an alternate from one of the

supply services in New York City, at present the Corps of Engineers.

The department is represented on 31 sectional committees of the

association. This representation is divided among the various

supply branches.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 153

Division of Simplified Practice.—The War Department participates constructively in the work of the division of simplified practice

of the National Bureau of Standards. Active liaison is maintained

with the division through the office of the Assistant Secretary of

War. As each project is outlined and submitted, it is assigned for

study and participation to the supply branch most closely interested,

and the department is thereby represented at all conferences

involving its activities. National Screw Thread Commission.—Two members of the Ordnance Department represent the War Department on the National

Screw Thread Commission.

The department is represented (Watertown Arsenal) on the joint

committee on investigation of the effect of phosphorus and sulphur

in steel. International Electrotechnical Commission.—The War Department is represented on the United States National Committee of the

International Electrotechnical Commission.

Present Status of War Department Standardization and Results

Accomplished during 1930.

Quartermaster Corps.—Approximately 150 new and revised specifications were prepared and approved during the year. While numerous projects were in course of

development and standardization, none were completed during the

year. Ordnance Department.—Forty-eight new and revised specifications were prepared. The metallurgical laboratory of the Ordnance

Department has done considerable work during the past year in

standardizing etching reagents for macroscopic and microscopic ex- amination of metals, and has completed this project. The work of

inspecting castings and other large structures for internal defects

by means of X-ray examination has been continued with excellent

results. The development of a high-speed tool steel wherein molybdenum is substituted for the strategic material tungsten has been

completed and tools of various types are now undergoing an exhaustive test in Government arsenals. Suitable gun steels without nickel content have been developed and tested. Manufacture of gun car- riages by welded construction has been adopted.

Corps of Engineers.—The civil engineering activities of the Corps

of Engineers bring this service in close contact with the industrial

work of the Nation and cooperation is continuously and actively

carried on by the Board of Engineer Equipment, Fort Humphreys,

Va., the various district engineer offices, and the supervising office in

Washington. Thirty-one new specifications were adopted during

the year. There were several outstanding achievements by the Corps of

Engineers as a result of studies, research and development, and tests covering the following commodities

:

Construction Plant, Mobile.—In the interest of economy, this is a new

development, which combines the development of a truck crane and pile driver into a mobile construction plant; that is, adaptable to military needs. The plant consists of the following components

:

A 6-ton truck crane mounted integrally on a reinforced 5%-ton truck equipped

with a detachable Christie crawler attachment ; air compressor unit ; air pile

hammer; one-half-yard clamshell digging, and one-half-yard dragline buckets: and a supply of pneumatic hand tools and air hose.
154 NATIONAL BUKEAU OF STANDARDS

Exploder, 10-cap capacity.—A new development of a small magneto exploder

that is capable of firing 30 caps when properly wired together. The 10-cap

exploder is practically waterproof and of approved electrical design. It is a

suitable substitute for the 30-cap capacity magneto exploder which is now

in use by the Corps of Engineers, and by reason of the small exploder s size and weight will result in reducing the cubage 93 per cent and weight of 82 per cent below that of the 30-cap exploder. Generator Set, 5 kw,—In this particular case the Corps of Engineers has

been using a 5-kw generator set that was of special design and weighed

approximately 2,300 pounds, which was excessive. The new development covers

a 5-kw generator set of commercial design. The weight is reduced to 745 pounds on skids, plus 94 pounds for the tools in a box and spares in a box,

totaling approximately 819 pounds for the complete set. Tests have proved

that the capacity of the set after continuous use and its ruggedness, which

are the main points, cover the requirements as a satisfactory portable set for military use. Strategic Raw Materials.—By reason of further studies conducted on this subject the emergency requirements on two materials reduced as follows

:

Ferro-manganese (80 per cent minimum) from 48,791 to 17,720 long tons; and

wool, from 3,085 to 3.19 short tons. Medical Corps.—Severity-nine specifications covering items of

medical and hospital supply were completed and approved, bringing

the available number of specifications up to a total of 747, which

cover 1,133 items, or about one-third of the expected total. During

the year 76 specifications have been canceled.

The Medical Department maintains close contact with all other

medical services and with governmental and commercial standardization agencies. The following list shows some of these commercial

agencies

:

American Standards Association. The American Chemical Society for Reagent Chemicals.

Commission on Standardization of Biological Stains. Committee of Scientific Apparatus Makers of America.

The Cotton Textile Institute. The American Rubber Association. The American Society for Testing Materials. Signal Corps.—Eapid advance in the art of communication and in

the science of related equipment involves a continuous change in

materiel, in which work some of best talent of the country is constantly engaged. The Signal Corps is in the forefront of this work

both on a cooperative basis with the general industrial and engineering movement and in its own laboratory and experimental test- ing. Much of its work originated for Army use has developed

commercial significance and has been released for the general advancement of the art. It is the general policy of the Signal Corps

not to adopt any specification until it has proved its value and has

been passed upon by industry; thus complete standardization from

research laboratory through the manufacturer to the user is assured.

Outstanding in the Signal Corps is the continuing work being done on the wires used in the field by communication troop.

Air Corps.—-The specification activities of the Air Corps are confined to equipment and materials used in military aircraft. The

present program of the Air Corps includes studies and conferences

for the purpose of standardization of additional items and co- ordination of design and material requirements of the Array-Navy

aeronautical activities for equipment common to both services. During the past year 100 new standard specifications have been

promulgated and 38 standard specifications revised.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 155

In a recent Army-Navy standards conference which was attended

by approximately 200 representative aircraft and aircraft accessary

manufacturers, 63 specifications and certificates covering requirements of aeronautical equipment and materials were approved.

Standard specifications and drawings are being prepared to in- corporate the recommendations as set forth in the minutes of the

recent Army-Navy conference.

Standardization of design requirements for aircraft equipment

and materials which are not subject to regular specification procedure

are acknowledged by certificates. These certificates are approved

by both the Army and Navy and the certified requirements are incorporated in drawings and specifications where applicable.

In addition to the preparation of standard specifications for the

Air Corps and standardization of requirements between the Army

and Navy, the Air Corps cooperates with the Society of Automotive

Engineers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and the Tire

and Rim Association in establishing standards for aircraft equipment and materials for commercial use. Chemical Warfare Service.—The Chemical Warfare Service has

placed special emphasis on the preparation of specifications and the

standardization of manufacturing processes during the fiscal year

1930. Seventy-two new specifications were written and 14 were re- vised. All specifications have been cleared through industry and

commercial practices involving quantity production are incorporated

in all specifications.

In connection with the manufacture of materiel at Eclgewood

Arsenal, all procedures have been standardized and process directives

prepared.

Coast Artillery Corps.—Specification activities of the Coast Artillery Corps are limited to equipment and materiels for controlled

submarine mines, about half of which have now been completed.

Bureau of Insular Affairs.—The Bureau of Insular Affairs is the agency through which the insular governments of the Philippines

and Porto Rico secure the services of the various standardization

and specification making agencies of the United States Government.

Since 1918 this bureau has maintained direct liaison with the National Bureau of Standards in regard to matters of interest to the

insular governments. The bureau also procures standard specifications from manufacturers in the United States for distribution

to the government offices of both the Philippines and Porto Rico.

The items on which information of this nature has been obtained

embrace a wide range of raw materiels and manufactured articles. INDEPENDENT ESTABLISHMENTS

BOARD OF SURVEYS AND MAPS OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

The board approved a joint report of the committees on hydrographic charts and technical standards. In this report consideration was given to recommendations of the International Hydrographic Conference for symbols to be used on nautical charts. These

standard symbols are recommended for adoption by the member

States of the International Tlydrographic Bureau.

27171—31—-11
156 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The following recommendations were approved

:

Coloring of light sectors; reference to adjoining charts; standardization of the titles of charts ; standardization of the dating of charts ; dimensions of charts; scale of charts; insertion of meridians and parallels on charts; indi- cation on charts of the direction of buoyage of channels ; method of insertion of echo soundings on charts ; nautical information concerning canals for inland

navigation.

The symbols for ice limit, any kind of station, and dredged channels have

been modified. Standard symbols have now been approved by the board for: Rock awash;

telegraph cable ; leader cable ; observation spot ; ferry ; temple, pagoda ; mosque, minaret ; marabout ; windmill ; water mill ; fort ; battery ; dry dock ; patent

slip; floating dock; leading line; course or channel recommended; ice limit; any kind of station (the position of which has been fixed), including semaphore, signal, and telegraph stations ; fish weir ; fixed beacon ; floating beacon

;

light beacon ; light buoy ; chimney, tower ; bench mark ; wireless stations

;

sunken rocks ; conventions for wrecks ; compulsory seaplane anchorages on marine charts, and for various limits, such as fishing zones, air ports, and

maritime limits in general.

FEDERAL RADIO COMMISSION

The duties of this commission are the regulation of all wireless

communication activities, including broadcasting, ship, amateur, and

point-to-point services within the jurisdiction of the United States; the issuance of all licenses and the allocation of frequencies, etc., for

the purpose of bringing about clearer and better transmission and

reception.

The commission issued General Order No. 91, and adopted General Order jSto. 92 during the past year. FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION

The Federal Trade Commission contributes to standardization

chiefly through its trade practice conferences. It sponsors gatherings

of a number of representatives of a given industry for consideration

of unfair methods of competition. At the conference an industry

usually adopts a set of business principles condemning unfair practices common among its members, and thenceforth these standards,

providing they have been submitted to the commission for approval

and have been acted upon, serve as guides to such an industry.

Conferences have been held in the last four years for close to 125 industries.

GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFFICE Motor Fuels Tax Exemption Forms.—In cooperation with the

Bureau of the Budget and the Chief Coordinator the General Accounting Office was able to secure the adoption and promulgation of

the following standard forms in connection with the procurement

of motor fuels, lubricants, and antifreeze liquids for the purpose of

securing the exemption of all Federal activities from the payment

of State or local tax thereon:

Standard Form 44, United States Government motor fuels tax exemption

certificate. Standard Form 45, United States Government motor fuels tax exemption

identification card. Standard Form 1066, United States Government motor fuels tax exemption

receipt.
STANDAEDS YEARBOOK, 1931 157

Each Government officer or employee seeking to procure gasoline or other taxable motor fuel, etc., for official use will be suitably

identified by means of an identification card (Form 45) which will

be officially furnished him for the purpose.

The certificate (Form 44) will be given in each case to the dealer or contractor for the purpose of evidencing the noncollection of tax on the materials furnished for official use of the Government.

Form 1066, which will be prepared simultaneously with Form

44, constitutes the record of the purchase of motor fuels, etc., and

furnishes the retained evidence in case of each purchase that payment was made at the net rate; that is, without the imposition of

State or local tax. The form will also serve the purpose of a

receipt for payments made by Government employees for motor

fuels, etc., procured and used in connection with authorized travel,

for which reimbursement is sought on an actual expense basis. Index to Decisions of the Accounting Officers.—This office compiled and sent to the Public Printer for printing and binding in one volume an " Index to the Published Decisions of the Accounting Officers, with statutes, decisions, and opinions cited therein (also cross references), 1894-1929." Part 1 of the index comprises a consolidated index by subjects to the decisions included in the published

decisions of the Comptroller of the Treasury from 1894 to June 30,

1921, and of the Comptroller General of the United States from July

1, 1921, to June 30, 1929. Part 2 contains a consolidation and tabulation of statutes cited in decisions covering the same period ; by refer- ring to this part of the index, references may be immediately secured

to decisions rendered in connection with the provisions of a particular

statute. Part 3 contains similar references with respect to decisions

of the accounting officers and the courts and of the opinions of the

Attorney General.

Progress in Uniform Accounting.—The progress made by the

General Accounting Office in the standardization of fiscal and administrative accounting records and procedures, and toward the

ultimate goal of uniformity in and standardization of all Federal

accounting, is briefly reviewed as follows

:

1. Classification has been made, for budgetary and other purposes, of all governmental expenditures by objects. (Bulletin No. 1, and Supplements

Nos. 1, 2, and 3, General Accounting Office.)

2. There has been developed and promulgated a uniform system for administrative appropriation and fund accounting. Provision has been made for the development of cost accounting, and, in several instances, the General Accounting

Office has cooperated with the administrative offices in preparing proper ac- counts for cost purposes. A cursory survey shows that the system has been

installed—in whole or in part—in approximately 40 per cent of all the bureaus

of the Government. Some departments and establishments have not installed

it, while it is in operation in a number of establishments and in many bureaus

and divisions of certain departments. (Circular No. 27, General Accounting

Office.)

3. An accounting system for disbursing offices has been prepared and installa- tions have been made in a number of offices in Washington and the field.

4. Procedures for receiving, disposing of, and accounting for remittances

received by administrative offices, for scheduling and summarizing disbursement

vouchers, for adjusting charges between appropriations of the several depart- ments and establishments, and between appropriations of bureaus and offices within a department, have been standardized and prescribed. (General Regulations Nos. 21, and Supplement No. 1; 40, and Supplement No. 1; and 72, General Accounting Office.)
158 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

5. Standai d forms—applicable to all offices—have been prescribed for accounts

current, pay rolls, schedules of collections, schedules of disbursements, requisi- tions for funds, public vouchers for services other than personal, for reimburse- ment of travel expenses and for advertising, and for special and regular salary

receipts. (General Regulations Nos. 34, and Supplements Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4;

36, and Supplements Nos. 1 and 2 ; 41 ; 43, and Supplements Nos. 1 and 2 ; 51, and

Supplements Nos. 1, 2, and 3 ; 60 ; and 66, and Supplement No. 1, General

Accounting Office.)

6. Provision has been made for the consolidation of separate special deposit

and regular accounts, thereby reducing the number of accounts to be prepared

and forwarded to this office for settlement, and reducing also the number of disbursing accounts on the books of the Treasurer of the United States. (General Regulations No. 71, General Accounting Office.)

7. The symbolization of all receipt accounts, and all appropriation, special

and trust fund accounts, has been effected, facilitating the making of entries

in the records and insuring greater accuracy, especially where bookkeeping

machines are used. (General Regulations Nos. 44 and 67, General Accounting

Office.)

8. A procedure for accounting for deductions from salaries of employees for the civil-service retirement and disability fund, and for ascertaining the liabil- ity of the United States, has been prescribed. (General Regulations Nos. 54, and Supplement Nos. 1 and 2; 65, and Supplement No. 1, General Accounting

Office.)

9. A uniform procedure has been prescribed for obtaining advances of public funds by Federal employees under the provisions of the subsistence ex- pense act of 1926. (General Regulations No. 59, and Supplement No. 1, General

Accounting Office.)

10. General Accounting Office requirements were prescribed for the alloca- tion of funds by one department or establishment to another. (Circular No.

22. General Accounting Office.) 11. Prior to 1921 the handling of Government checks and warrants differed widely in the various offices of the auditors. For the better control of such

important papers a procedure for proving out promptly disbursing accounts was established, and, from time to time, directions were issued for the proper

safeguarding, negotiation, etc., of checks and warrants. (General Regulations

Nos. 23, and Supplements Nos. 1 and 2 ; 31, and Supplement No. 1 ; and 61

;

Bulletin No. 3 and Supplements Nos. 1 and 4, General Accounting Office.) 12. For the purpose of providing an orderly procedure for the settlement

of claims against the United States, rules applicable to all claims were pre- scribed for their submission to this office and for the action of all departments

and establishments in connection therewith. (General Regulations Nos. 42, and Supplements Nos. 1 and 2; and 50; Circular No. 21, General Accounting

Office.) The standardization of accounting forms and procedures assists in a marked degree in improving methods of accounting. Accounting forms and procedures are prescribed, revised, consolidated or

canceled, thereby securing improvement in the accounting system,

and at the same time permitting a reduction in the number of forms

required and resulting in the destruction of Government Printing

Office plates thereby made useless. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE The Government Printing Office maintains a technical division for

the purpose of inspecting and testing all materials offered and delivered for the use of the office ; to prepare or assist in the preparation

of specifications for the purchase of materials ; to maintain technical

control over the quality and production of various materials manufactured by the office, such as printing inks, press rollers, type metal

alloys and adhesive compositions, and to conduct research with rela- tion to the various materials and processes used by the office. By the act of May 14, 1928, Congress authorized the Government

Printing Office to engage in cooperative research work in the same
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 159 manner as other branches of the Government service. This cooperative work is conducted under the research associate plan by which

associations or groups in the printing and binding industries place

technically trained men at the Government Printing Office for the

intensive study under the supervision of the technical director of

problems approved by the Public Printer. The laboratory facilities and equipment of the Government Printing Office are available for

such research work.

The results of the cooperative research work are made available to the industry through trade publications or Government bulletins, as

is the case with other work done by the technical division. At the

present time there are two research associates at the Government

Printing Office, one, representing the mechanical section of the American Xewspaper Publishers Association, is working on newsprint

paper and news inks; the other, representing the Employing Bookbinders of America, is working on bookbinding materials.

The following is an outline showing the scope of the technical

work by the Government Printing Office

:

Materials

:

Paper.

TextilesBookbinding cloths. Book-sewing threads. Bookbinding leather. Ruling inks. Adhesives. Book-stamping materials. Detergents. Press rollers. Printing and writing inks

(a) Raw materials.

(&) Finished inks.

Materials—Continued.

Type metal alloys

(a) Linotype metal.

(&) Monotype metal.

(c) Stereotype metal.

(d) Electrotype backing-up

metal. Processes

:

Electroplating.

Stereotyping.

Photo-engraving.

Various printing processes such as

offset, etc. Research work on the above subjects is conducted in cooperation

with

Employing bookbinders of America.

Mechanical department of the American Newspaper Publishers Association. Standardization committee and research department of the United Typothetae

of America.

National Association of Glue Manufacturers.

Technical association of the Pulp and Paper Industry.

Paper manufacturers. Type metal supply companies.

Bookbinding leather manufacturers.

Individual printing, binding, and allied manufacturers. The Public Printer is a member of the standardization committee

of the United Typothetse of America and the research and survey

committee for the printing industries division of the American

Society of Mechanical Engineers.

The Government Printing Office is represented on the Federal

Specifications Board by the technical director and is also represented on several technical committees of the Federal Specifications Board.

The Government Printing Office has three representatives on the

paper specifications committee appointed by the Joint Committee on

Printing to fix the standards for paper and envelopes for the public

printing and binding and for use of the Government departments

and establishments in the District of Columbia.
160 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

INLAND WATERWAYS CORPORATION

During the past year the Inland Waterways Corporation has

developed standard barges capable of operating with a certain load on a 6-foot channel and double that load on a 9-foot channel, standard towboats for operating upon a channel depth of 4 to 6 feet, one for operating on a channel depth of 6 to 8 feet, and one for

operating upon a channel of 8 feet deep or greater.

In addition, standard terminals have been developed for the interchange of freight between rail and water carriers and standard

divisions of accruing revenue between participating rail and water

carriers have been established.

NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS

Standardization of Method of Analysis of Aircraft Accidents.

During the past year the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, through its committee on aircraft accidents, has revised its report on Aircraft Accidents—Method of Analysis, and published

the revision as Technical Report No. 357. The committee which pre- pared this revision includes in its membership representatives of the

air organizations of the Army, Navy, and Department of Commerce.

The report, which was prepared in its original form in 1928 by a

special subcommittee organized in response to the need for a satis- factory basis for the classification and comparison of aircraft accidents

in various organizations, presents a standard method of accident

analysis which is now in official use in the War, Navy, and Commerce Departments.

This standard method provides for the analysis of aircraft acci- dents from the point of view of both personnel and materiel problems, and permits the analysis of a particular accident into two or more distinct causes, making possible, by the use of percentages, the

indication of the relative weight of each cause. The system provides

also for the analysis of crashes according to the nature of the accident

(take-off accidents, tail spins following engine failure, etc.) and to the degree of seriousness of personnel injuries and amount of damage

to materiel, and, in addition, by the use of a cross-analysis method,

allows for the analysis of pilots' errors and materiel failures according to the underlying causes of these errors or failures. All these

bases of analysis have been combined into a single chart, which is intended to be used in the study of each individual accident, and is accompanied by definitions and explanations as to its use. The revised report includes the analysis chart as originally published, together with the definitions and explanations, a number of

which have been clarified in the light of the experience gained in the

classification of accidents according to the standard method, in the

War, Navy, and Commerce Departments. The report contains also a brief summary of some of the statistical results obtained in this

accident analysis.

The committee on aircraft accidents will continue its study of the

problem, considering in particular information obtained from time

to time in the analysis of accidents which appears to indicate the

desirability of changes in existing features of aircraft operation or

construction.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 161

NATIONAL SCREW-THREAD COMMISSION

The activities of the commission during the year have been

directed principally along lines calculated to bring the screw-thread

standards established by the commission into wider and more effec- tive use in industry. The latest report of the commission (Bureau

of Standards Miscellaneous Publication No. 89), has been subdivided

into three sections and republished as separate pamphlets covering:

I. Standard Threads; II. Special Threads; and III. Plain and

Thread Plug and King Gage Blanks. These are intended primarily

for shop use. They have also been submitted to industry, through

the division of trade standards, of the bureau, for acceptance as commercial standards.

The commission has continued to cooperate with the American

Petroleum Institute, the Federal Specifications Board, and with

sectional committees organized under the procedure of the American

Standards Association.

Plans are now under way for the carrying out of a survey, in

cooperation with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers,

to determine the extent to which the commission's screw-thread

standards are being followed in industry.

American Gage Design Committee (organized under the procedure of the A. S. A.).—The report of the American Gage Design

Committee (Bureau of Standards Miscellaneous Publication No.

100), which was printed during the year, has met with wide ac- ceptance and approval by manufacturers and users of limit gages.

Its wide use has resulted in substantial savings in industry.

The conspicuous success of this committee indicates that it might

well extend its activities to include additional sizes and types of

limit gages.

OFFICE OF THE CHIEF COORDINATOR

During the year the office of the Chief Coordinator, with the as- sistance of the National Bureau of Standards, continued its efforts to secure standardization of telephone service and promote operating economy through the consolidation of private branch exchange

telephone switchboards in Federal buildings outside the District

of Columbia housing two or more Government activities. Field

telephone traffic surveys were conducted and recommendations for

consolidation made in a number of localities. The program of concentration in one building of all Federal activities renting space in a given city was advanced by this office during the year. The expected advantages of this program have been

realized wherever concentration has been effected and the project is being continued actively in several cities. Recommendations to Government departments and establishments

relative to the adoption of standard procedure in the storage and

issue of Federal property were made by this office during the year. The general adoption within the Government service of these recom- mendations will produce a more economical administration of its supply functions with increased efficiency.

With a view to promoting the standardization of practice among

the several Government activities having common operating prob-
162 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

lems, this office promulgated during the year circular letters of

advice on the following subject

:

Formula for polish, furniture, for varnish and paint coatings on wood.

Oil, lubricating, selecting for automotive equipment.

Ship bottom paints applied to Government vessels.

The policies and plans formulated by the Federal Liquidation

Board for the liquidation of surplus supplies and the coordination of

sales throughout the several departments and establishments having

been adopted and become routine, its function as a coordinating

agency was no longer necessary and it was dissolved by direction of

the President on November 15, 1929.

The Federal Purchasing Board has standardized the practice of

transferring materials and supplies between Federal departments

and establishments, by adopting the uniform policy, wherever practicable, of adding a surcharge to the stock or issue price of articles so transferred. This surcharge is based on the actual (or estimated)

cost of handling and any other incidental expenses, and does not

include any arbitrary addition. If estimated, its accuracy is verified from time to time, and any necessary revision is made

accordingly.

The board has also standardized the procurement of lumber,

through the adoption of a uniform policy under which bids are

solicited and considered for both grade-marked lumber and lumber

covered by a certificate of grading, in addition to the usual plan of

inviting and considering bids for lumber under ordinary conditions

of inspection or grading. The policy includes the preferential con- sideration of bids for lumber of the categories mentioned, in the

order named, when all other elements are equal or afford greater

advantages.

There is also in process of standardization, by the board, a uniform policy to govern all Federal departments and establishments in

the rejection of materials and supplies found upon inspection not to conform to specifications, and in the determination of price to be

paid in event of use thereof nevertheless, in cases of emergency.

There have been promulgated the following new Federal specifications, during the past year

:

Federal Liquidation Eoard

Federal Purchasing Board

Federal Specifications Board

F. S. No. 622a. Gasoline, Motor, United States

623. Motor Fuel V.

624a. Asparagus, Canned.

625a. Beans, String, Canned.

626a. Beets, Canned.

627a. Corn, Canned.

628a. Peas, Canned.

629a. Pumpkin, Canned.

630a. Sauerkraut, Canned.

Government.

F. S. No. 631a. Spinach, Canned.

632a. Tomatoes, Canned.

633. Towels, Crash, Mixed Linen and

Cotton.

634a. Fruits, Dried (Evaporated).

635a. Jams.

636a. Barley, Pearl.

637a. Biscuit. 638a. Cornmeal (White or Yellow).

639a. Cornstarch.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 163

F. S. No. 640a. Crackers, Soda.

641a. Flour, Wheat.

642a. Flour, Buckwheat.

643a. Flour, Graham (Whole Wheat

Meal).

644a. Tapioca.

645a. Hominy Grits and Hominy Grits, Coarse.

646a. Hominy, Lye, Canned.

647a. Rice.

F. S. No. 648a. Spaghetti, Macaroni and Vermicelli. 649b. Tea.

650b. Cocoa.

651b. Chocolate. FS. Symbol:

ZZ-T-391 Tires; Automobile,

Solid. ZZ-T-721 Tubes; Automobile and

Motor Cycle, Inner. The following specifications have been revised during the past

year : F. S. No. 107a. Packing, Semimetallic.

161b. Coffee. 215b. Aprons. Surgeons', Rubber.

216a. Bags, Ice, Helmet-Shaped.

220b. Bottles, Hot-Water, Cloth-In221b. Bottles, Hot-Water, Rubber.

224a. Cots, Finger. Rubber.

226b. Cushions, Ring, Cloth-Inserted.

227b. Cushions. Ring, Rubber.

230b. Pads, Surgical Operating.

231a. Pillowcases, Rubber.

232b. Pillows, Air, Rubber.

233b. Sheeting, Rubber.

234b. Syringe, Fountain, Cloth-Inserted. 235b. Syringe, Fountain, Rubber.

242a. Pipe, Wrought-Iron, Uncoated

and Zinc-Coated (Galvanized).

269a. Rods, Welding, Nonferrous, for Gas Welding.

317a. Oatmeal and Rolled Oats.

396a. Brushes, Calcimine.

397a. Brushes, Dust, Ceiling and Wall.

399b. Brushes, Flat Fitch. 400a. Sweep, Floor, Hair.

401b. Brushes, Glue, Round.

402a. Brushes, Glue, Flat.

F. S. No. 403a. Brushes, Lacquering, Flat. 404b. Brushes, Marking.

405a. Brushes, Mottling.

406b. Brushes, Sash Tool, Oval.

512a. Brushes, Flowing Badger Hair.

513a. Brushes, Flowing, Squirrel Tail Hair.

514a. Brushes. Flowing Skunk Hair.

515a. Brushes, Paint, Flat Metal

Bound (High Grade).

516a. Brushes, Paint, Flat Metal

Bound (Medium Grade).

517a. Brushes. Radiator Bronzing.

518a. Brushes, Roof, Knotted Style,

Three Knots.

519a. Brushes. Stencil (Flag Ends

Cut).

520a. Brushes, Stencil (Flag Ends

Preserved).

521a. Brushes, Varnish, Flat (Triple

X Thickness).

522a. Brushes, Varnish, Flat (Double

X Thickness).

524b. Brushes, Whitewash.

525a. Dusters, Painters', Flat. 526a. Dusters, Painters', Round.

574b. Sausage, Frankfurter-Style.

576b. Sausage, Vienna-Style, Canned.

FS. Symbol:

H-B—141. Brushes ; Calcimine. H-B-241. Brushes ; Fitch, Flat. HH-T-101. Tape ; Friction. ZZ-R-601. Rubber-goods; general

Specifications

(Methods of Physical Tests and Chemical Analysis).

FS. Symbol—Continued.

ZZ-T-381. Tires; Automobile,

Pneumatic.

ZZ-T-391. Tires ; Automobile,

solid. ZZ-T-721. Tubes; Automobile

and Motor Cycle, Inner. Federal Specification No. 185, General Service Bed, has been

withdrawn, pending adoption of a revision.

Federal Specification No. 115, Titanium Pigment, Dry and Paste,

has been canceled for the reason that the description of the com- modity covered a patented article which can be secured only from

one source. Federal Specification No. 379, Colored Waterproof Drawing Ink,

has been withdrawn pending further research and adoption of a

revision.
164 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The following Federal specifications for paper were canceled, and

the respective specifications of the Joint Committee on Printing, as indicated on the opposite side of the table, were adopted for field services. No new issues of Federal specifications for paper will be

issued

:

Specifications canceled

U. S. Q.M.

No.

Title

Specifications adopted

Lot No. Title

127a

128a 129a

130a

131a

132a

133a

177a

178a

319 320

321 322

323 3241

325

327 328

329

331a

484a

Paper, Blotting, 25 Per Cent Rag, White) and Colored. J Paper, Blotting, Desk, Colored. Paper, Chart.

Paper, Mimeograph.

Paper, Mimeograph, 50 Per Cent Rag.

Paper, Wrapping, Wood Manila.

Paper, Wrapping, Rope, Manila.

Paper, Wrapping, Kraft. Paper, Wrapping, Sulphite Manila.

Paper, Bond, 100 Per Cent Rag, White.

Paper, Bond, 50 Per Cent Rag, White andf

Colored. I Paper, Ledger, 100 Per Cent Rag, White. /

( Paper, Ledger, 75 Per Cent Rag, White f and Colored. I Paper, Manifold, 100 Per Cent Rag, Whitef and Colored. \ Paper, Map, Lithograph-Finish.

Paper, Map, 50 Per Cent Rag, Lighograph-1

Finish. / Paper, Map, 75 Per Cent Rag, Lithograph-1

Finish. j Paper, Blotting, White and Colored. Paper, Bond, Sulphite, White and Colored-j Paper, Writing, Sulphite, White and|

Colored. \ Paper, Ledger, 100 Per Cent Rag, Heavy,\ White. / Paper, Manifold, 50 Per Cent Rag, White? and Colored, Glazed. \ Paper, Manifold, 50 Per Cent Rag, Whitef and Colored, Unglazed. \

356-357 358-359

43-44

47 209-210

213-214

220 211-212

128-129

120-123,

incl. 176-181,

incl. 168-173,

incl. 78-81,

incl.6465 66-67 354-355

101-105,

incl. 55-61,

incl.196

73-76,

incl. 73-76,

incl.

(25 Per Cent Rag Blotting, White and

I Colored. Desk Blotting, Colored.

J100 Per Cent Rag White Chart Paper

1 Lighograph-Finish, Tub-Size, Air-dried. fChemical Wood Mimeograph, White and

\ Colored.

30 Per Cent Rag Mimeograph.

Wood Manila. Rope Manila.

Kraft. Sulphite Manila.

flOO Per Cent Rag White Bond, Tub-Sized,

1 Air-Dried.

/50 Per Cent Rag Bond, White and Colored,

I Tub-Sized, Air-Dried.

flOO Per Cent Rag White Ledger, Tub-

\ Sized, Air-Dried, for Permanent Records.

/75 Per Cent Rag Ledger, White and

I Colored, Tub-Sized, Air-Dried.

/100 Per Cent Rag Manifold, White and

1 Colored, Tub-Sized, Air-Dried. Lithograph-Finish Map.

/50 Per Cent Rag Lithograph-Finish Map,

t Tub-Sized, Air-Dried.

J75 Per Cent Rag Lithograph-Finish Map,

\ Tub-Sized, Air-Dried.

Blotting, White and Colored. jsulphite Bond, White and Colored. jsulphite Writing, White and Colored.

/ 100 Per Cent Rag Index, White and Cream,

1 Single-Ply, Tub-Sized, Air-Dried.

f50 Per Cent Rag Manifold, White and

\ Colored.

/50 Per Cent Rag Manifold, White and

\ Colored. A somewhat revolutionary change has been effected as regards the revision of all Federal specifications adopted by the board, to include purchase requirements in accordance with a revised outline of form, which was adopted under date of December 3, 1929. All Federal specifications will be printed in new form, through the Federal Standard

Stock Catalogue Board. Federal specifications issued hereafter will bear symbols, and

will adhere to standard nomenclature in accordance with those issued by the Federal Standard Stock Catalogue Board. During the past year it was decided to broaden the specifications

for provisions to include grades and classes for the mandatory use of all departments and establishments of the Government. In the

past, such specifications have been mandatory only on the Army,

Navy, and Marine Corps, and optional for the other branches of

the Government.

Federal Standard Stock Catalogue Board The publication of the Federal Standard Stock Catalogue is progressing rapidly and satisfactorily. This catalogue was authorized by Congress in March, 1929, and valuable data for inclusion
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 165

are being compiled by the Federal Specifications Board and the

Federal Purchasing Board.

The Federal Standard Stock Catalogue Board was created by

Bureau of the Budget Circular No. 260 of March 29, 1929, which

provided that:

It shall be the duty of the Federal Standard Stock Catalogue Board to determine the articles to be included in the Federal Standard Stock Catalogue,

together with information relative to nomenclature, descriptions, classifications, groups, specifications, stock numbers, code words, and other pertinent data,

and to decide questions of arrangement and other considerations that may

arise in connection with the compilation of the catalogue.

The Quartermaster General of the Army and the Paymaster General of the Navy have detailed civilian personnel to assist the board

in the compilation of the catalogue.

Commercial and industrial establishments are exhibiting much

interest in the Federal Standard Stock Catalogue and many requests

for complete volumes have been received. It is believed that eventually this compilation will become a master catalogue for commercial and industrial business as well as for governmental business.

To June 30, 1930, the following sections and parts of the Federal

Standard Stock Catalogue have been issued:

Sec- tion Part Title Sec- tion Part Title

Title-page. III 1 List of Groups for Procurement (alpha- Chief Coordinator's Bulletin. betical). Chief Coordinator's Bulletins (revised). 2 Procurement Categories.

Preface. 3 Simplified Practice Recommendations.

I General Index of Federal Property 5 American Marine Standards.

(loose-leaf). 7 Explanatory Notes, Groups for Pro- General Index of Federal Property curement.

(pamphlet, bound). IV 1 Index of Federal Specifications. II 1 Classes for Storage and Issue. 4 Paper Specifications.

2 Key to Department and Establishment 5 Federal specification: Columns. H-B-141, Brushes; Calcimine.

3 Storage Notes and Stowage Precau- H-B-241, Brushes; Fitch, Flat.

tions. HH-T-101, Tape; Friction.

4 Code for Numbers and Phrases. ZZ-R-601, Rubber Goods: General

5 Explanatory Notes. specifications. (Methods of

6 Class: physical tests and chemical

5, flags. analyses.)

14, oils. ZZ-T-381, Tires; Automobile,

24, canvas. Pneumatic.

27, dry goods. ZZ-T-391, Tires; Automobile,

28, blank forms. Solid.

31, lighting apparatus (nonelectric). ZZ-T-721, Tubes; Automobile and

38, brooms; brushes. Motor cycle, Inner.

44, pipe; tubes; tubing (nonflexible).

46, color designations for metals.

Federal Traffic Board The Federal Traffic Board was created by Circular No. 41 of the

Director of the Bureau of the Budget, dated October 10, 1921, and is composed of one representative from each of the major departments

and independent establishments of the Government, who is designated

by the head of that department or establishment. It has full authority, subject to review by the Chief Coordinator, to pass on all questions pertaining to: (a) Establishment of uniform classifica- tions for all commodities shipped by the Government; (b) drafting

of plans for improving and standardizing methods of making shipments and settlement of accounts; and (c) adjustment of all questions which require application of remedial measures, such as freight rates, switching and terminal charges, etc.
166 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The board functions by means of committees appointed by the

chairman, who is also the coordinator for traffic, and, as such, the

operating head of the board. All movements of freight consisting

of two carloads or more, from any Government department, are routed by the office of the coordinator for traffic, which undertakes

to provide the most economical route for the shipment. The Federal Traffic Board meets monthly on the third Friday of each month,

and, at that time, all questions are presented and assigned to the

proper committee for study and recommendation.

The office of the coordinator for traffic has routed, for the past seven months of the current year, a total of 23,270 carloads of Government freight, or an average of 3,324 carloads per month.

Interdepartmental Board of Contracts and Adjustments

The contract board has been working upon a proposed revision

of the standard Government contract forms and a proposed new

public contract law known as H. R. 5568.

Interdepartmental Board on Simplified Office Procedure Current Activities.—The board's general activities during the

year consisted of the following

:

Classifying, simplifying, and standardizing routine administrative functions common in two or more departments or establishments. Developing standard forms to meet the needs of each routine administrative

function common in two or more executive branches of the Government (General Accounting Office forms excepted).

Investigating and recommending for general use a publication now used by one department which furnishes information valuable to all departments in determining the shortest usually traveled route when figuring the payment of transportation vouchers of Government officials and employees traveling on

a mileage basis. Standardizing the use of office supplies, materials, and equipment.

Planning for the efficient and economical management of personnel.

Envelopes.—Investigation by the board, in conjunction with the

envelope specifications committee, Post Office Department, of suggestions received from various departments disclosed a need for revision

of several envelope items. Accordingly, the committee rewrote the

envelope specifications and modernized the schedule from cover to

cover. In its study this committee found that manila envelopes do

not prove as satisfactory in service as kraft, because of the deterioration which comes to manila in storage. Accordingly, kraft has been

substituted for manila in the Post Office Department schedule for

envelopes for this fiscal year. Standard Forms.—During this fiscal year the board has completed

its work on the following forms which have been promulgated as standard

:

United States Government motor fuels tax exemption certificate (standard

Form No. 44), and United States Government motor fuels tax exemption identification card (standard Form No. 45). Standard Personnel and Retirement Procedure.—After a careful

and far-reaching investigation an outline of a proposed standard

personnel and retirement procedure, prepared by a specially constituted committee of the board, was submitted to the departments
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 167

and establishments for comment. This proposed procedure is for

the dual purpose of enabling the President, with the minimum of

obstruction and delay, to impose a unified plan in the matter of

Government routine personnel and retirement business, and to so coordinate personnel administration in the different departments

and establishments as will insure the most economical and efficient expenditure of moneys by Congress for these purposes.

It was found, after making a study of the comments of Government activities regarding the proposed plan for standard personnel

and retirement procedure, that the recommendations and conclusions of the committee in submitting its report to the Chief Coordinator were in harmony with the legislation incorporated in the DaieLehlbach bill recently passed by both Houses.

After long and arduous efforts the board has completed its task

in the preparation of a unified procedure for the handling of retire- ment matters, and has made its recommendations to the Chief

Coordinator.

Permanent Conference on Printing

The standardization of permanent forms continues to be one of

the principal functions of the conference. The increased use of

these forms has now become an essential factor in the economical

production of printing and binding of the Government, and re- newed efforts are being made to eliminate duplication of forms

used by the departments and establishments by systematic standardization. During the past year a number of standard forms were

revised with a view to further economies, and additional forms were

standardized and promulgated.

A recommendation was submitted that the printing of departmental names on cloth-bound copies of the Congressional Directory

serves no purpose of utility and should be omitted in the interest of

economy, but that the same number of cloth-bound copies as heretofore should continue to be furnished without cost to the executive

departments and independent establishments.

As a result of constant effort to remedy the abuse on the part

of authors of making extravagant alterations in proofs, the number

of " authors' alterations " have been greatly reduced. It has been

decided that hereafter the cost of " authors' alterations " will appear

as a separate item on all printing bills rendered by the Government

Printing Office. A working agreement between the Interdepartmental Board on

Simplified Office Procedure and the Permanent Conference on

Printing as to their respective functions in connection with

standardization of forms has been consummated.

A more general adoption of a sales policy for disposing of Government publications has been under consideration for some time.

The conference expresses the belief that special effort should be made

by each branch of the Government service to restrict, so far as is consistent with the performance of its duties as prescribed by law,

the free distribution of all publications issued by it to stimulate

the sale of its publications, whether they be of general interest or of

special interest to educational, scientific, or trade groups. Special

effort also should be made to promote sales of Government publications, capitalizing the sales value of the publications by official
168 XATIOXAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

announcements to be printed and distributed by the Superintendent

of Documents, that officer acting upon recommendations of issuing

offices as to type of publicity believed best to stimulate such sales. To determine the feasibility of standardizing fan-fold forms

used in the various departments of the Government, a systematic

survey was conducted by the forms committee during the past year. Because of advantages of these forms, it is believed that their use

will continue to grow, and while it seems advisable to take steps to place the Government Printing Office in a position to meet future

demands, it has been deemed advisable by the committee in charge to further investigate the subject before making final recommendations.

The Bureau of the Budget has approved the conference's amendment to extend to "the heads of all independent establishments,

including members of commissions and boards, and the assistant

secretaries of the executive departments " the right to order embossed letterheads or noteheads and envelopes, previously limited

" to the President, Vice President, heads of executive departments,

and the State Department for diplomatic correspondence exclusively." Each of the officials mentioned in the amendment is allowed 1,000 embossed letterheads per annum. Under authority of the Public Printer, the Style Manual of the

Government Printing Office is undergoing a complete revision.

This work is being handled by a committee composed of representatives of the Government Printing Office and of the executive departments, two of the latter of whom are also members of the

Permanent Conference on Printing. The revision of this manual is an enterprise in which all departments of the Government are deeply

interested ; its early completion is essential in order to minimize dis- putes over points of differences between departments and the Government Printing Office. The work is progressing satisfactorily, but it should not be done hastily. It is hoped that in its revised form the

manual will meet the needs of printers, publishers, and editors in

a nation-wide way.

In cooperation with the Interdepartmental Board on Simplified

Office Procedure, the Interdepartment Board on Contracts and Adjustments, the Bureau of the Budget, and the General Accounting

Office, a number of forms have been promulgated since the Permanent Conference on Printing first began its activities of standardizing printing and binding.

PAN AMERICAN SANITARY BUREAU

Among the activities of the sanitary bureau directed toward the

correlation and standardization of effort may be mentioned the

following

:

The Pan American Sanitary Code prescribes a standard of requirements for the classification of the ports of the several American republics, which classi- fication requires revision from time to time. Identical letters were sent to the

directing heads of all the republics, requesting this revision in such manner

as to indicate the present state of each port with regard to the presence or absence of quarantinable diseases, and with regard to facilities for caring for

vessels and personnel in case such diseases may be found on board. Inquiry and suggestion were made in like manner regarding the use of the standard (Pan American) bill of health. Inquiry and suggestion were made regarding the adoption of a standard

nomenclature for causes of death.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 169

Information was requested concerning the status of the following diseases (and other topics) with a view of working out standard methods for combating

such diseases, or for adopting uniform procedures of sanitary administration,

where such action may be feasible, namely, intestinal parasitoses, tuberculosis,

public health legislation, hospitals, and school hygiene.

Standard procedures for the reporting of the presence of contagious disease throughout the world were followed in order that the health authorities of

all the American republics might be kept promptly advised. PAN AMERICAN UNION

The Second Pan American Conference on Uniformity of Specifications in 1927, approved a number of resolutions among which were:

To recommend to the Governments of the various Latin American republics the advantage resulting from the fullest collaboration of their respective Federal departments with the Inter American High Commission and its national

section in an educational campaign among all producers and exporters inter- ested in inter-American commerce for the adoption in exporting of the manner

of classification and packing indicated in order to obtain in the principal buying

country the best conditions. To recommend the advantages which would be derived from procuring the

services of experts for the cultivation and distribution of their various exportable products, in order to obtain with the greatest rapidity and facility a

production corresponding to the types and forms most acceptable in the con- suming markets. In order that the work may be initiated immediately and some practical

results realized more quickly, steps be taken to adopt uniform specifications of products which are now being exported in greater quantities from each country to the United States. There should be adopted generally the same names for specifications of identical products, so that in the future one product or its different classes will not be designated by different names. The exchange of nomenclatures and

samples among the Latin American countries ought to be encouraged, and

commissions necessary for this work, composed of representatives of the

countries interested, should be organized.

That there be created a permanent committee composed of representatives of the various countries interested, residing in Washington, to study ways and means of organizing an inspection service for animal and vegetable products

which may guarantee and facilitate commerce in that class of products.

The Governments should procure the introduction and general adoption in

their respective countries of the system of classifying wool which uses as a

basis the diameter of fiber and which is at present employed in the United

States and England, and for which undertaking requests may be made to the Department of Agriculture in Washington for samples and data necessary. To recommend that in the preparation of bundles of fleece, there be used

neither sisal twine nor twine of vegetable fibers, badly wound, which becoming

mixed with the wool, injure its quality and make difficult its manufacture.

To recommend that there be established a bulletin for commercial, industrial, and agricultural propaganda which shall be devoted to the study of these matters preferably from the point of view of uniformity of specifications.

That this bulletin be published by the central executive council of the Inter American High Commission in Spanish, English, Portuguese, and French, and

its cost be borne by the various countries in proportion to the number of copies for which each Government may subscribe, the bulletin to be

distributed widely and gratuitously in each country.

The national sections of the Inter American High Commission should send

to the central executive council for publication in this bulletin any docu- ment relative to specifications originating in their respective countries and any

information which they may consider of common interest. To recommend to the leading associations of manufacturers and exporters

in the United States the great advantage which would result from their agreement in the shortest time possible to adopt gradually the decimal metric

system in their exporting to Latin America, beginning by indicating the

equivalent metric decimal in their bills of lading and shipping documents, to- gether with the corresponding American system, and gradually adopting in
170 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

their exportations to the above mentioned countries in all cases in which this may be possible containers and units agreeing strictly with the metric decimal

system, and also that they agree that the exporters in Latin America indicate

their shipments in units of the metric decimal system as near as possible

to those units now used, but avoiding in all cases fractions. PERSONNEL CLASSIFICATION BOARD

The Personnel Classification Board is charged by Congress with

the administration of the classification act of 1923, as amended,

the purpose of which was to standardize the salaries of civilian

positions in the departments at Washing by means of a classi- fication plan whereby such positions were to be arranged in classes according to the kind, importance, difficulty, responsibility, and

value of the work involved.

During the past year the board at the request of Congress, has

developed a classification and a salary standardization plan for about

104,000 positions in the field services of the Government. As a part

of this plan it has prepared 1,633 standard " class specifications."

These specifications describe the kinds of Government positions

that fall in a given class by reason of the similarity and commensurability of the duties and responsibilities which they involve. They

show, for each class: A proposed standard official title by which

the positions should be known and recorded; a broad summary of

the duties and responsibilities of positions in the class ; a detailed ex- position of examples of work performed or typical positions in the

class ; the minimum qualifications as to education, experience, knowledge, and ability that should be required of employees for entrance

into positions in the class; and by means of a symbol, the place of

the class in the proposed salary standardization plan.

PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND PUBLIC PARKS OF THE NATIONAL CAPITAL

The Office of Public Buildings and Public Parks of the National

Capital has continued to cooperate with the various standardizing

and specification-making activities of the various Federal agencies

by designating employees of the office to represent it on the following

boards and committees:

Interdepartmental Board of Contracts and Adjustments.

Interdepartmental Board of Simplified Office Proceedure. Federal Purchasing Board.

Interdepartmental Committee on Fire Prevention and Protection (Fire

Hazards Group.) Federal Specifications Board Technical Committees.

General Supply Committee.

Twenty subcommittees of the committee on commodities of the Federal

Purchasing Board.

THE PANAMA CANAL

This establishment is represented on the executive committee of the

Federal Specifications Board and a number of its technical committees ; the American Standards Association ; and the American Society

for Testing Materials.

The Panama Canal drafts its own specifications for materials not

covered by Federal specifications, and certain materials not covered

by the Navy and War Departments. The Panama Canal frequently

uses War and Navy Department specifications for materials not

covered by Federal specifications.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 171

UNITED STATES BUREAU OF EFFICIENCY The bureau cooperated with the National Bureau of Standards in

* research to establish standard methods and equipment for testing

paper, especially currency paper.

UNITED STATES CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION

The research program outlined below is serving as a basis to improve such factors as personnel selection, placement, and adjustment in the Federal service. The coordination in this work with

schools and industries does not represent additional research, but a wider utilization of the standards developed for the Federal service.

This undertaking includes the following major steps:

Study of a selected number of civil-service positions with regard to the

actual duties performed.

Determination, on the basis of actual case histories, of opportunities for employment in, and of present and possible lines of promotion in, those positions. Critical study of examination standards in relation to each other and to the requirements of the positions involved. Improvement of the validity and the practicability of examinations.

Study, in industry as well as in the Government service, of factors, such as

experience, not measured by tests. Release of tests to industries, to determine industrial standards of selection and to secure a clearer understanding of the limitations, as well as the values,

of the commission's methods and measures. Establishment of national standards, making test scores more meaningful to placement officers. Release of tests to schools, and development of cooperative relations with

research, guidance, and personnel directors in universities and secondary

schools. Release to schools of tables showing relationship between test scores on the commission's general intelligence tests and the intelligence tests used in schools and colleges. Development of a guidance card which will enable the applicant to analyze

opportunities in relation to his qualifications.

Preparation of sample tests, showing the nature of the examinations used for the positions listed on the guidance card. Coordination of the use of eligible registers, after determining the extent to which eligibility for one position indicates ability to fill other positions.

Dissemination, among present employees, of information concerning lines of promotion, possibilities of transfer, and requirements which must be met in order to secure such promotion or transfer. The commission has during the past year devoted particular atten- tion to standardizing procedure of administering examinations.

Much attention has formerly been given to developing standard procedure for constructing examinations, in order to insure that alter- native series are comparable ; that is, are of equal difficulty so that a competitor who makes a given score on one series would make the same score if he were examined on a different day and with an alter- native series. Parallel with the development of standard construction

procedure and objective tests, it has been possible to develop objective

methods of scoring examinations. Administrative procedures have

been studied as a part of the development of different objective tests. Because its examinations are given over the entire country, however,

and must, therefore, be administered by hundreds of different examiners, and because the commission has little contact with the persons

who are to do the examining, the commission has a unique problem

in securing uniformity of administration.

27171—31 12
172 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Specific directions as to each detail in the administration of the new stenographer and typist examination were prepared. They in- clude directions, verbatim, as to the instructions to be given to the

competitors at each point in the examination. These directions for

administration were bound in a manual, together with a dummy set of examination papers. In order to insure thorough understanding

of these directions and familiarity with the arrangement of the

material, the blanks to be filled by the competitors, and the information which the sheets give the competitors, a manual was mailed to each examiner two weeks before the date of the examination.

A letter which directed each examiner to study the directions and

dummy examination requested replies to a series of questions based on the information contained in them. As was explained to examiners, the purpose of these questions was to insure uniformity in

different examiners' methods of conducting the examination. To

each examiner whose replies indicated imperfect or incomplete understanding of the procedure, a form letter of detailed explanation was

sent, marked to call attention to the points where, according to his

replies, his method of administration would otherwise not conform to the standard procedure.

UNITED STATES SHIPPING BOARD AND UNITED STATES SHIPPING BOARD

MERCHANT FLEET CORPORATION

The United States Shipping Board has cooperated to the fullest extent in developing and adopting such standards as are applicable

to the activities of the Shipping Board and its agent, the Merchant

Fleet Corporation. This has been accomplished through representation on the various standardization bodies, such as the Federal

Specifications Board and the American Marine Standards Committee. Various individuals are also representatives of the corporation on committees of technical associations, such as the American Society for Testing Materials, the American Standards Association,

etc. The fleet corporation uses a large quantity and variety of materials. Wherever it has been practicable, these items have been

standardized and are purchased under standard specifications, many

items in mass lots. These items include paints, packings, cordage,

linens, chinaware, condenser tubes, boiler tubes, refractory materials,

etc. The corporation has made it a practice to adopt such established standards as are applicable in the operation of its ships. It has taken a very active part in the preparation of the standards of

the American Marine Standards Association and has freely loaned

its personnel and experience toward the preparation of these

standards.

UNITED STATES VETERANS' BUREAU

Extension No. 8 of the Schedule of Disability Ratings, issued

during the year, prescribes the percentage ratings for the disabilities caused by epilepsy and the psychoneuroses occurring in various

degrees and combinations.

A Manual for Medical Examiners has recently been prepared

to aid in securing standardized concepts and methods in physical

examinations for the purpose of facilitating the visualization and

evaluation of disability from disease or injury for compensation and

insurance purposes.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 173

There has recently been issued a Manual for Medical Service

Supervisors which outlines a procedure for the inspection of hospitals, regional offices, combined facilities, and medical treatment

stations. This was done in order to effect standardized inspection

methods in the bureau.

Definite patient-personnel ratios have been established for the

various kinds of hospitals, namely, general medical and surgical,

tuberculosis, and hospitals for the treatment of beneficiaries with

neuropsychiatry diseases. These ratios are used only as general

guides in making determination regarding personnel requirements

and apply particularly to the following types of medical personnel

:

Ward medical officers (exclusive of administrative medical personnel and

specialists). Nurses (exclusive of administrators, supervisors, or clinical personnel).

Attendants (exclusive of janitors, laborers, etc.). Dietitians. Physiotherapy aides. Occupational therapy aides. Social workers. There are being issued from time to time " clinical and laboratory

bulletins " outlining specifically the standard methods to be employed

by the field stations in the clinical and laboratory diagnosis of the

various disabilities. The bureau also has standarized a list of professional and scientific books and journals for field stations.

Other standards which the bureau has developed or is in the process of developing are not included herewith as they are primarily

for use in the internal administration of the bureau and it is not

believed they would be of general interest.

V. NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

An outline of the origin and functions of the bureau is given in the

1927 Standards Yearbook. Circular No. 1 and the 1930 annual

report of the director should be consulted for a more comprehensive

survey of the bureau's work.

RELATION TO GOVERNMENTAL AGENCIES

The relation of the bureau to the various governmental, Federal,

State, and municipal agencies is outlined briefly in the 1927 Standards

Yearbook.

RELATION TO SCIENCE, COMMERCE, AND INDUSTRY

PUBLICATIONS

The results of the bureau's work are made available in printed

publications. Approximately 1,900 pamphlets have been issued to

date. Releases to the daily press give briefly the outstanding features

of the bureau's activities from a popular point of view. Technical

abstracts are prepared for the use of scientific and technical journals.

New knowledge of general or pure science and results of direct application in the industries are published in the Bureau of Standards

Journal of Research, which is issued once a month. This journal is obtainable on a subscription basis. Compiled technical or administrative matter is issued as a circular; for example, the standard

petroleum oil tables, properties of aluminum and light allows, test schedules, recommended specifications, and the like. Codes and

reference texts—for example, the codes of electrical and logging

practice, and the manual for weights and measures ofiicials, which

must be carried about by the user—are issued in a series of pocketsize handbooks. Charts, conference reports, and material not suit- able for other series appear as Miscellaneous Publications.

The program for the simplification of commercial practice leads

to definite proposals known as Simplified Practice Recommendations,

while agreements on the desirable minimum quality or grading of

products are published as Commercial Standards.

The bureau's Technical News Bulletin is a monthly periodical

containing progress reports of work in the laboratories, brief data on completed investigations, notices of important conferences, and

lists of new publications by members of the staff in the bureau's

series and in technical journals.

The Commercial Standards Monthly reviews progress in the field of commercial standardization, both at the bureau and elsewhere.

Special articles by leaders in commercial standardization are a valuable feature, and brief references are also given to some of the

bureau's technical work.

Mimeographed letter circulars on specialized subjects are also prepared for use in answering inquiries by mail. In addition to the Government publications, papers on subjects within the respective specialties are printed in outside journals.

175
176 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The printed publications of the bureau are sold by the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington,

D. C. Subscriptions may be placed in advance for the Journal of

Research, the Technical News Bulletin, and the Commercial Standards Monthly. The bureau issues a descriptive list (Circular No.

24, together with supplement) of its published material. Announcement cards giving titles of all new publications in the bureau's series are sent on request to those concerned with the work.

RESEARCH AND TESTING

RESEARCH

Research on problems arising in connection with standards is by

act of Congress a primary function of the bureau. Such work in- cludes the devising of methods and apparatus for the precise

measurement of standards, the frequent intercomparison of standards to determine their permanency, and the evaluation of standards by absolute methods.

Physical Constants.—The precise determination of certain physical constants and of certain properties of materials is closely related

to the establishment of standards. The standard temperature scale,

for example, is defined by a number of thermometric fixed points,

such as the boiling point of oxygen, the freezing and boiling points

of water, the boiling point of sulphur, and the freezing points of

silver and gold. Careful redeterminations of imported physical

constants, such as the Newtonian constant of gravitation, the absolute value of gravity at Washington, and the mechanical equivalent of heat, lead to more precise evaluations of these widely used

" constants." The determination of the properties of saturated

steam under high pressures finds immediate application in the design of steam turbines, while new data on the properties of ammonia

and carbon dioxide have corresponding uses in refrigeration engineering.

Research Associates.—Much of the bureau's research is directed

to the application of science in commerce and industry. The re- search associate 1 plan permits industrial associations of groups to place qualified men at the bureau for intensive study of selected problems approved by the Director of the National Bureau of Standards.

Such men utilize the bureau's laboratory facilities and equipment and

have the same status as any bureau employee except that their salaries are paid by the supporting group or association.

The work of a research associate on problems of concern to an

entire industry is one of peculiar trust. Research results are immediately available to the industry concerned and are frequently printed

in bureau publications. Devices or processes developed during re- search may not be patented for the benefit of the individual or the

group, but are for the free use of the industry, the Government, and

the public. Correspondence relating to the work of the research

associate is conducted through official channels except on purely

personal matters. A list of the research associates and projects under investigation

arranged according to sustaining organizations is given in the

following table:

» For further details see B. S. Circular No. 296.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1U31 177

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STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 179

Current work of research associates relating to standards of

quality, performance, or practice is given under activities and ac- complishments.

Coordination with Other Research Laboratories.—With the aid

of the National Research Council, the American Society for Testing

Materials committee E-9 on correlation of research, the various re- search laboratories, and many national organizations every effort is made to coordinate all bureau research work with that done by other

bodies to provide the maximum national benefit and to avoid duplication of effort. Research within the Government service is coordinated by the

Chief Coordinator of the Bureau of the Budget.

testing

Through the testing of standards sent to the bureau by science and

industry, research on standards finds its direct application and

fruition. The common acceptance of, and conformity to, uniform

standards of measurement are essential to the fullest development of

the commerce and industry of the Nation. The testing service of

the bureau provides one means of establshing this uniformity.

Fundamental testing involving a comparison, direct or otherwise,

with reference standards covers a wide range, including such items

as end standards of length; tolerance gages; screw-thread gages;

standard invar tapes for precise geodetic work; precision weights;

volumetric glassware of all kinds; precision time pieces; mercurial

and other types of thermometers; pyometers; barometers; pressure

gauges ; water-current meters ; saccharimeters ; electrical standards of

electromotive force, resistance, inductance, and capacitance, electrical

measuring instruments; optical plane surfaces; and many others. In addition, the bureau acts as a testing agency for the various departments of the Government, and in this capacity conducts a great

variety of tests to determine whether the item submitted conforms

with specifications. This work includes performance tests of a great

variety of machines, instruments, and mechanical appliances ; analyses to determine the chemical composition or the purity of samples

;

tests of cement, lime, leather, paper, rubber, textiles, paints, varnishes,

etc., to determine conformance with Federal specifications ; and tests to determine the physical properties of metals and building materials.

Branch testing laboratories are maintained at Northampton, Pa.; Columbus, Ohio; Denver, Colo.; and San Francisco, Calif. Tests

of this character are made for the public only in instances where

private laboratories are not suitably equipped.

Federal Testing Laboratories.—Several departments of the Federal Government have established laboratories for special testing

work where required by the nature or number of tests. When specific investigations are under way the work is frequently divided and

coordinated among several Federal laboratories. A list of such

laboratories was given on page 144 of the 1927 Standards Yearbook.

Commercial Testing Laboratories.—In accordance with law, the

National Bureau of Standards makes tests and carries out investigations for other Government departments. Because of the large
180 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

amount of this official work it is impracticable for the bureau to make

tests for private individuals if other laboratories can do the work.

In Miscellaneous Publication No. 90, entitled "Directory of Commercial Testing and College Eesearch Laboratories." and its supplement, information is given concerning 311 commercial testing laboratories with 138 branch laboratories or offices. This list has been

compiled in recognition of the desirability under present conditions

of independent commercial testing service and in anticipation of a marked increase in the demand for such service in both domestic

and export trade.

Heretofore purchasers not individually equipped to make their

own acceptance tests have been reluctant to adopt the specification

method of buying commodities because of the fixed belief that many

manufacturers work off " seconds " on such customers. The knowledge that they can at any time, when they so desire, call upon testing

laboratories to check the deliveries made to them on contracts based on specifications with which certificates have been issued by the

manufacturers will induce a large number of such purchasers to take

full advantage of the specification method of buying.

COMMERCIAL STANDARDS

COMMERCE

The National Bureau of Standards has assisted over 100 industries

to reduce the avoidable wastes resulting from the production and

distribution of too many varieties of product. Excessive diversity

in sizes, dimensions, grades, and qualities have been reduced to those

varieties in common or general demand.

The work of the bureau's commercial standards group includes the

simplification of commodity sizes and dimensions as carried on by

the division of simplified practice, the promotion of standard building and plumbing codes, zoning ordinances, etc., by the division of

building and housing, cooperation with industry in selecting and

establishing definite grades and qualities as commercial standards,

promulgation of nationally recognized specifications, and the compilation of lists of willing-to-certify manufacturers of products

made according to those specifications.

Assistance in the correlation of the specifications produced by the

Federal Specifications Board with those produced by commercial

agencies is rendered by the commercial standards group, which has

liaison duties with other branches of the Department of Commerce

and with other departments on matters relating to commercial

standards.

In formulating the plans and policies for the guidance of the

activities of the division of simplified practice, the bureau is aided

by a planning committee which meets quarterly at the Department

of Commerce. This committee is comprised of the following:

G. A. Renard, secretary, National Association of Purchasing Agents, New

York, N. Y.

F. M. Feiker, managing director, Associated Business Papers (Inc.), of New York, N. Y.

E. W. McCullough, manager, department of manufacture, Chamber of Commerce of the United States, Washington, D. C.
STANDAKDS YEAEBOOK, 1931 181

L. G. Puchta, vice president, National Supply and Machinery Distributors' Association, Cincinnati, Ohio.

A. W. Shaw, Chicago, 111. Rear Admiral Harry H. Rousseau, chief coordinator, Bureau of the Budget,

Washington, D. C. A. A. Stevenson, vice president in charge of manufacture (Standard Steel Works Co., Philadelphia), representing the American Standards Association. L. W. Wallace, executive secretary, American Engineering Council, Washington, D. C. Simplified Practice.—Simplified practice is a method of eliminating superfluous variety. It is applied by the collective action of

producers, distributors, and consumers, with the cooperation of the

division of simplified practice, to eliminate needless variety in sizes,

dimensions, and types of commonplace commodities. This method

is based on the sensible avoidance of waste caused by excessive and

uneconomic diversity. Simplified practice decreases costs and in- creases the utility and efficiency of production, distribution, and

consumption. These ends are accomplished by voluntarily limiting

varieties of stock items to those for which there is a constant demand.

Commercial Standards.—A service and procedure has been ar- ranged for establishing as " commercial standards " such nationally

recognized specifications as are fully indorsed by the industries concerned. The procedure provides ample safeguards to insure full cooperation and coordination without domination by any group in

the selection and approval of a standard. The chief mission is promotional in character to provide support for a specification or a standard which an industry and its related groups may want to promulgate on a nation-wide or a world-wide basis; to determine

its eligibility for promulgation; to publish and broadcast it in the event the prerequisites, including a satisfactory majority of signed

acceptances, have been met; to facilitate the application of the certification plan for the assurance and convenience of the small

purchaser; to arrange a forum in cooperation with the Bureau of

Foreign and Domestic Commerce for the selection and translation of

specifications in the promotion of foreign commerce, and to provide

a means for controlled periodical audits of adherence.

Standards in Foreign Trade.—Cooperative arrangements exist between the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce and the

National Bureau of Standards for the translation and publication

of such commercial standards as may possess potential foreign

markets.

Specifications.—To promote and facilitate the use and unification

of specifications, the National Bureau of Standards carries on activities involving cooperation with (a) technical societies; trade

associations; (b) and (<?) Federal, State, and municipal government

specifications making and using agencies; (d), (e), and (/) producers, distributors, and consumers; and (g) testing and research

laboratories.

(a) Cooperation with technical societies and trade associations

includes ascertaining the standardization and specification promoting activities of these organizations and bringing to their attention

the work being done by the National Bureau of Standards. It also
182 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

includes the offering of such assistance as it can* render in bringing

about a change from the prevalent hit-or-miss method of specifying,

manufacturing, and testing to a logical method of formulating specifications, manufacturing in conformity therewith, and testing to in- sure or guarantee compliance therewith.

(b) Cooperation with Federal Government specifications making

and using agencies involves bringing the Federal specifications to the attention of the maximum number of producers and the maximum

number of users of commodities covered by these specifications, thereby assisting in broadening the field of supply.

(c) Cooperation with State and municipal standardizing and

specifications using agencies involving the compilation of a complete

list of such agencies, ascertaining the scope of their activities and

offering to them the friendly assistance of the National Bureau of

Standards in substituting the specification for the trade brand method

of buying.

(d) Cooperation with producers involves the compilation of complete lists of manufacturers of commodities covered by Federal

specifications or those conforming to commercial standards, and

distributing to buyers lists of such of these manufacturers as are

desirous of supplying material in conformity with these specifications

and standards.

(e) Cooperation with distributors involves bringing to their at- tention the benefits to be derived by them, both as buyers and as

sellers, from handling nationally specified, certified, and labeled

commodities.

(/) Cooperation with consumers involves bringing to their atten- tion the benefits to be derived by them from buying under nationally

recognized specifications and commercial standards and facilitating

the use of specifications by means of the certification plan applied

to nationally recognized specifications (guarantee of quality in delivered commodities which may or may not be labeled) and label- ing applied to national standard commodities (for identification;

may or may not carry a guarantee)

.

{g) Cooperation with testing and research laboratories involves

the compilation, keeping up to date, and distribution of complete

lists of commercial testing and college research laboratories for the

benefit not only of these laboratories, but also of both the manufacturers and the users of commodities purchased under specifications.

Building and Housing.—The bureau cooperates with business,

technical, and professional groups in practically all its undertakings on building and housing. Its work to modernize building codes

and to encourage improved standards for the quality of building construction promotes the practical application of the latest development in design and use of building materials. In furthering home

ownership, an effort is made to develop an enlarged, steadier, more

intelligent, and more discriminating demand for soundly built

dwellings, the largest single class of buildings which the construction

industries provide. The bureau also cooperates with many business

and professional groups in efforts to distribute building activity more evenly throughout the year and to secure less fluctuation from
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 183

year to year. During the past year particular attention has been

given to the Government's public works construction program. The

work on city planning and zoning has in mind the broad objective

of buildings made more useful because well located with respect to other buildings, a well-coordinated street system and appropriate

public works. Good city planning and zoning likewise encourages

stability in land values and property uses, and thereby contributes to the demand for durable structures. LIAISON

Advisory Committees.—Where a group interested in the formulation of standards for a given industry or in the investigation of specific subjects are not otherwise organized for the purpose the bureau

encourages the formation of an advisory committee. These committees function much the same as an informal industrial committee, except that the secretarial work is usually conducted by the

bureau.
184 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

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Other Cooperative Activities.—Many national organizations assist the bureau in research, standardization, and simplification projects

and, in turn, the bureau cooperates officially with numerous national

organizations engaged in similar efforts, frequently designating

members of the staff to serve on committees.

SOME ACTIVITIES AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS

PRACTICAL APPLICATION

Except for necessary administrative functions, all activities of the

bureau are directed toward some phase of standardization, from the

pursuit of data to serve as the groundwork or foundation for fundamental standards, master specifications, and commodity standards

to the final check of delivered material for conformity to specification

requirements.

The fundamental standards of length, mass, time, and all the other

bases of measurement rest upon scientific data of the highest order.

As the technique of the various arts, professions, and trades improves,

the standards, which are essential tools of the art, must be further

refined and more carefully protected from change. The ideal standard of measurement is one that has been defined in terms of a fundamental constant of nature so as to be easily reproduced in the event of

destruction of the physical prototype. Thus the inch, upon which

so many of our national standards depend, can be reproduced in

terms of the wave length of the red cadmium line with an error of

less than 1 part in 1,000,000.

The increasing complexity of our industrial and commercial struc- ture is constantly creating new fields in which standards must be

developed. Extensive research is crystallized in the standardization

of radio-frequency or wave-length measurements, now a vital part

of our radio communication system, though an undreamed requirement of 10 years ago. It is therefore essential that the bureau

should keep in step with progress in the arts so that standards of

measurement may be available as needed.

The results of research are also utilized in the preparation of

Federal specifications, and the testing facilities of the bureau aid

the various departments of the Government in checking delivered

materials for compliance with specifications. Such research and

tests provide the necessary foundation of unchallenged fact for the

various standardization activities of the bureau.

Representative activities and accomplishments are listed alphabetically under titles selected in a practical way for the convenience

of the reader without any attempt at systematic classification. AERONAUTICS

Wind-Tunnel Turbulence.—A study of the correlation of force

measurements on spheres and airship models with turbulence as measured by the hot-wire anemometer has been published. The re- port contains the theory of the effects of turbulence in wind-tunnel

experiments. During the past year the significance of measurements

with the hot-wire anemometer has been investigated by studying

27171—31 13
188 NATIONAL BUEEAU OF STANDARDS

the transition from laminar to eddying flow around a thin flat plate

parallel to the wind. This work has been carried out in cooperation

with the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics.

Publication.—Effect of Turbulence iu Wind-Tunnel Measurements, by H. L. Dryden and A. M. Kuethe, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics' Technical Report No. 342, 1930. Ailerons.—The bureau has cooperated with the National Advisory

Committee for Aeronautics and the Aeronautics Branch of the Department of Commerce in a study of the effect of variation of chord

and span of ailerons on rolling and }

7 awing moments at high angles

of attack.

Publication.—Effect of Variation of Chord and Span of Ailerons in Rolling

and Yawing Moments at Several Angles of Pitch, by R. H. Heald, D. H.

Strother, and B. H. Monish. National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics' Technical Report No. 343, 1930. Characteristics of Airfoils at High Speeds.—In cooperation with

the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, measurements

were made on the aerodynamic characteristics of eight airfoils of

circular-arc section at speeds up to and slightly above the speed of

sound. It was found that these airfoils are more efficient at high

air speeds than airfoils of conventional type. The circular-arc

section is consequently advantageous for use in designing high-speed

propellers.

Strength of Welded Aircraft Joints.—The fuselages and other

portions of airplane structures are, in many cases, made of chromium-molybdenum steel tubing. About 90 per cent of the joints are welded, using the oxyacetylene torch. To assist the aeronautics

branch of the Department of Commerce in determining the air- worthiness of airplanes submitted for approval, the strength and

efficiency of 40 types of welded joints were determined. The welder was qualified under a procedure prepared by the American Bureau

of Welding. For some of the types of joints, it was found that the

strength was increased about 30 per cent by the use of gusset plates

welded to the tubes.

Publication.—Testing Welded Joints for Aircraft Structures, by H. L. Whitte- more, Airway Age, 10, No. 2, p. 161, 1929. Fixation of Struts.—The strength of tubular steel struts as used in

airplane fuselages, loaded in compression with their ends restrained,

is being investigated in cooperation with the National Advisory

Committee for Aeronautics and the Navy Department. In the lab- oratory tests the restraint (the same at each end) is inversely

proportional to the rotation of the fixture holding the end of each

strut and is applied by means of springs, the stiffnesses of which can

be changed for different tests. One series of chrome-molybdenum

tubes, diameter 1% inches, thickness 0.058 inch, has been tested with

free ends (no restraint), and another series with a restraint of

132,000 pound inches per radian of rotation of the fixture. An infinite restraint corresponds to fixed-end conditions. The results found so far appear satisfactory, and it is j)lanned to continue the

investigation, using different degrees of restraint and tubes of other

sizes. It is expected that the results of this investigation will enable

designers to reduce the weight of aircraft structures with safety.
STAKDAHDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 189

Means for Distinguishing Steel Airplane Tubing of Different

Compositions.—In cooperation with the Bureau of Aeronautics and

the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics an exploratory

study was made of different methods which might be used as a rapid

" nondestructive " means of distinguishing between plain carbon

steel and chromium-molybdenum steel tubing—the two widely used

materials of this kind in airplane construction. A magnetic method

and a spark test have given very favorable results. A simple

chemical " spot test " appears to be impossible.

Flat Plates Under Edge Compression.—In the pontoons or floats of seaplanes flat plates are subjected to compressive forces in the

plane of the plate. Also in the fuselage of airplanes, flat plates are

fitted around and riveted to the framework to form the outer

covering and increase the strength. These plates are also subjected to compressive forces in their plane. In order to determine

the loads such plates can carry, the bureau in cooperation with the

Bureau of Aeronautics conducted an investigation of four different

materials—nickel, duralumin, stainless iron, and monel metal, having thicknesses up to 0.095 inch, a length of 24 inches (direction of

load) and widths up to 24 inches. The' edges parallel to the direction of loading were supported in V grooves and the load was

applied in a testing machine. It was found that the plates could be

subjected to an increase of load after they had begun to buckle and

that, especially in the thinner and wider specimens, it was possible

for the plate to carry many times its theoretical buckling load under

uniform thrust without permanent deformation.

Flat Plates Under Normal Pressure.—At the request of the Navy

Department, an apparatus was designed and built for testing speci- mens representing pontoon construction by subjecting them to a normal water pressure. This apparatus is equipped to test speci- mens up to 30 by 90 inches. The upward deflection of the plate

as it bulges under pressure can be measured at points 1 inch apart

over the entire surface. Specimens of pontoons having various

forms of stiffening and bracing will be tested. Substitute for Goldbeater's Skin for Making Gas Cells of Airships.—This work, which has been in progress for several years, has

been continued during the past year and various new materials

which have been suggested from time to time have been tested, but

most of them have proved to be unsuitable. However, one type of

material is giving promising results. An application for a patent

is in course of preparation.

Supercharging of Aircraft Engines.—Altitude chamber performance tests of a Curtiss D-12 engine equipped with a Eoots-type

supercharger, having a critical altitude of 5,000 feet at 2,000 r. p. m., were made for the Army Air Corps. Power and friction runs were made at four engine speeds and under conditions corresponding

to altitudes from sea level to 25,000 feet. Tests of the same engine

equipped with a geared centrifugal supercharger having a critical

altitude of 15,000 feet at 2,300 r. p. m. are now in progress. Type Testing of Commercial Airplane Engines.—The enginetesting laboratory at Arlington is operating at full capacity, and a fourth torque stand unit will be added to provide for probable

increased demands. Of 52 engines received for test during the year
190 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

26 passed. 23 failed, and 3 were withdrawn. While the percent age

of failures has decreased somewhat, some manufacturers have evi- dently submitted purely experimental engines, thus having their

development work done at Government expense.

Publications.—Commercial Airplane Engines, by H. C. Dickinson Aero

Digest, 14, No. 4, p. 102, 1929. Type Testing of Commercial Airplane Engines of Medium Power, by H. K. Cummings. Trans. Amer. Soc. of Mecb. Engineers, Aeronautical Engineering, L

No. 2, p. 45, 1929. Reduction of Noise in Airplanes.—In cooperation with the Aeronautics Branch of the Department of Commerce, studies have been

made of the possibilities of reducing noise in airplanes. A summary

of the work now completed has been prepared for publication as a

bulletin of the aeronautics branch.

Publication.—Silencing the Airplane, by H. L. Dryden, Paper before Fourth

Aeronautical Meeting, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, May, 1930. Aircraft Instruments.—A strut thermometer of the electric- resistance type, an improved suspended head air-speed meter of

the commutator-condenser type, and a maximum indicating acceler- ometer were constructed for the Bureau of Aeronautics. A mooring

force indicator for the airship Los Angeles and a suspended Pitotstatic head air-speed meter are under development. Investigations

to provide a basis for the specification of performance of banking

indicators, magnetic compasses, and tachometers were conducted.

A standard vibration board was designed and constructed for the

purpose of testing aircraft instruments.

Publications.—Electrical Instruments for Aircraft, by V. E. Whitman, Electri- cal Manufacturing, p. 32, August, 1929. Recent Developments in Aircraft Instruments, by W. G. Brombacher. Trans. Amer. Soc. of Mech. Engineers, Aeronautical Engineering. 1, p. 119. 1929. Minimum Temperature Recording Strut Thermometer, by H. B. Henrickson,

Instruments. 2, p. 323, 1929. Flight Test Instruments, by J. B. Peterson and E. W. Rounds. Soc. of Auto- motive Engineers Journal, 26, p. 313, 1930. Landing AltinieteiSc—A number of altimeters of the aneroid type were tested for drift, seasoning, secular error, and temperature errors with special reference to their use during the landing of aircraft.

Flight tests were also made. \Yhen using sensitive altimeters of the

best quality now available and applying such of the instrumental

corrections as are determinate, a residual uncertainty equivalent to about 40 feet in altitude was found to exist. Air Navigation Facilities—Radio.—The investigation of the use

of radio in aeronautics for the Aeronautics Branch of the Department of Commerce has been continued with special emphasis on

radiobeacon systems and means for blind landing. The experimental work on the 2, 4, and 12 course visual type radiobeacons was completed. The sensitivity of the vibrating reed indicator was increased

fourfold. The development of a new transmitter for the simultan- eous transmission of radiotelephone messages and visual type

radiobeacon signals on the same radio-frequency was begun. An

automatic volume control device for use in the reception of visual

beacon signals was developed, thereby relieving the pilot of the duty

of controlling the receiving set sensitivity.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 191

A complete system of radio aids showing good promise for blind

landing of aircraft was developed. This system includes three ele- ments to indicate the position of the aircraft in three dimensions

as it approaches the instant of landing. A low-power radiobeacon

gives the lateral or landing field direction. Marker beacons give the

longitudinal direction or approach. An ultra high-frequency radio

beam gives the height, marking out the proper landing path. Actual

blind landings were made at Mitchel Field. Long Island, N. Y., by

a representative of the Guggenheim Fund, using the first two

elements in conjunction with special flight instruments.

Contact and cooperation with the aircraft and radio industries in

the development of engine ignition shielding was maintained. A

commercial shielding assembly patterned after an assembly developed by the National Bureau of Standards met with marked success. A direction finder permitting aural or visual indication of the direction of the received signal was developed and thoroughly tested in

the laboratory preparatory to flight testing.

Publications.—A Course-Shift Indicator for Double-Modulation Type Radio

Beacon, by H. Diamond and F. W. Dunmore, B. S. Jour. Research, 3, No. 1, p. 1, 1929. Applying the Visual Double-Modulation Type Radio Range to the Airways,

by H. Diamond. B. S. Jour. Research. 4, No. 2, p. 265, 1930. A 12-Course Radio Range for Guilding Aircraft with Tuned Reed Visual

Indication, by H. Diamond and F. G. Kear, B. S. Jour. Research, 4. No. 3, p. 351,

3930. Applying the Radio Range to the Airways, by F. G. Kear and W. E. Jackson,

B. S. Jour. Research, 4. No. 3, p. 371, 1930. Engine Ignition Shielding for Radio Reception in Aircraft, by H. Diamond

and F. G. Gardner, B. S. Jour. Research, 4, No. 3, p. 415, 1930. Development of the Visual Type Airway Radiobeacon System, by J. H. Dellinger, H. Diamond, and F. W. Dunmore, B. S. Jour. Research, 4, No. 3, p. 425, 1930. A Tuned-Reed Course Indicator for the 4 and 12 Course Aircraft Radio

Range, by F. W. Dunmore, B. S. Jour. Research, 4. No. 4, p. 461, 1930. Radio Developments Applied to Aircraft, by J. H. Dellinger and H. Diamond,

Mechanical Engineering, 51, p. 509, 1929. Lighting of Airports and Airways.—Extended series of photometric measurements have been made on airway beacons with various

types of lamps, reflectors, and cover glasses. Twenty-four-inch beacons, code beacons, and gaseous discharge tube beacons have been

measured, and observations of their visibility have been made from

fixed sations and from airplanes. Observations on several types of

boundary lights have been made from two distances by 16 observers.

Experiments on the lighting of wind-indicator cones have been continued, and measurements are in progress on aviation red and green

signal glasses, for the purpose of preparing specifications.

Publication.—Relative Visibility of Luminous Flashes from Neon Lamps and

from Incandescent Lamps With and Without Red Filters, by F. C. Breckenridge

and J. E. Nolan, B. S. Jour. Research, 3, No. 1, p. 11, 1929. AUTOMOTIVE EXGIXEEEIXG

Automobile Engine Acceleration.—From tests made in cooperation with the American Petroleum Institute, the National Automobile

Chamber of Commerce, and the Society of Automotive Engineers

with the portable spark accelerometer on a number of representative
192 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

automobile engines at the laboratories of the companies manufactur

ing them, it was concluded that the effect on acceleration of fuel

volatility is qualitatively independent of engine design. For any

given engine and fuel it is possible to realize practically the computed

maximum acceleration over the entire speed range by using the

proper carburetor setting and suitably proportioning the quantity

and rate of injection of the accelerating charge. A paper marking

the completion of the acceleration phase of the cooperative work on

the economic volatility of motor fuels was presented at the summer

meeting of the Society of Automotive Engineers.

Publication.—Fuel Volatility and Engine Acceleration, by D. B. Brooks and

C. S. Bruce, Bull. Am. Petroleum Institute, 11, No. 1, Sec. Ill, p. 24, 1930. Antiknock Characteristics of Fuels.—The problem of specifying

the antiknock characteristics of motor fuels not only involves the

general adoption of standard test equipment and procedure, but re- quires that fuels be rated on a common scale. Therefore, the subcommittee on methods of measuring detonation, appointed by the

cooperative fuel research steering committee, with which the bureau

is cooperating, has recommended that all laboratories be invited to express their present knock-rating scales in terms of " octane numbers " in order to eliminate, as far as possible the confusion which

results from the use of numerous unrelated and empirical scales of

antiknock value. The octane number of a gasoline is defined as the number of parts by volume of iso-octane that must be added to 10 parts of normal heptane to produce a blend of equivalent detonation characteristics.

Results of tests by the eight cooperating laboratories on a group

of common fuels have been analyzed, and research is in progress to improve the test equipment and to evaluate the several factors which

influence the measurement of detonation. This is now the major

problem of the joint motor-fuel research supported cooperatively

by the American Petroleum Institute and the National Automobile

Chamber of Commerce through the Society of Automotive

Engineers.

Vapor Lock in Airplane Fuel Systems.—Extensive laboratory ex- periments show that the lowest temperature at which vapor lock is likely to occur in a well-designed fuel feed system is the temperature at which the gas-free vapor pressure becomes equal to the ex- ternal pressure. Unless the gasoline contains appreciable amounts

of propane this vapor-locking temperature is equal at sea level to the A. S. T. M. 10 per cent point and decreases about 2° F for each

1,000 feet altitude. The effect of weathering of the gasoline on the

vapor-locking tendency has also been studied. In order to determine

whether any particular gasoline is liable to cause vapor lock in existing types of airplanes, it is necessary to ascertain what temperacures are likely to exist in the fuel lines of such aircraft under various

conditions of flight. Such data are being secured through cooperation with the Army, the Navy, and the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics.

Publications.—The Properties of Gasolines with Reference to Vapor Lock,

by O. C. Bridgeman and E. W. Aldrich, Society of Automotive Engineers

Journal (in press).
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 193

Vapor Pressures of Gas-free Gasolines, by O. C. Bridgeman, B. W. Aldrich,

and H. S. White, Bull. Atner. Petroleum Institute, 11, No. 1, See. Ill, p. 4, 1930. Phenomena of Combustion.—Upward of 3,000 photographic rec- ords of the progress of the gaseous explosive reaction as it occurs at constant pressure in a soap bubble used as a bomb have been analyzed

to determine the effect of pressure on the rate of the reaction. The

experimental data, covering a variety of pure and composite gaseous

fuels and a range of constant pressures from 100 to 2,530 mm of

mercury, show that for a charge of given proportions the linear rate of propagation of the reaction zone within the explosive gases is constant and independent of pressure, and that as a result the rate of

molecular transformation is proportional to pressure. A report pre- senting these results, and discussing the characteristics of the explosive reaction as they apply to its technical and industrial applications as a source of power, has been prepared and will be published

by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, which has

cooperated with the bureau in this investigation.

Publication.—The Gaseous Explosive Reaction at Constant Pressure—The

Reaction Order and Reaction Rate, by F. W. Stevens, Natl. Advis. Com. for Aero. Tech. Report No. 337, 1929. Combustion in an Engine Cylinder.—Equipment for' making

stroboscopic observations of flame movement and simultaneous

measurements of pressure development in an engine cylinder has

been used and improved over a period of about one year and at present constitutes a promising research tool for investigating combustion in the engine cylinder. Diagrams showing the movement of

the flame in all parts of the combustion chamber and the variation of

pressure during burning have been obtained for a variety of engine

operating conditions and a number of different gaseous fuels. Such

data are of assistance in correlating the more fundamental studies

of the gaseous explosive reaction at constant pressure with actual

engine performance.

The work has been done in cooperation with the National Advisory

Committee for Aeronautics.

Effect of Spark Character on Ignition Ability.—The relative

effectiveness of ignition sparks has been compared by determining

the amount of chemical reaction which takes place when different

sparks are passed through an explosive mixture of oxygen and hydrogen at low-pressure and liquid-air temperature. The amount of re- action occurring when magneto sparks are passed through very lean

mixtures of oxygen and hydrogen at atmospheric pressure has also

been studied. Spark character was altered by varying the electrical constants of the ignition circuit. To measure spark character more

precisely, a cathode ray oscillograph will be required. This work

was supported jointly by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics and the Bureau of Aeronautics of the Navy Department.

Effect of Air Humidity on Engine Performance.—The work on

effect of air humidity on engine performance, conducted for the

Bureau of Aeronautics, Navy Department, has of necessity been

broadened to include a study of the methods of measurement of

humidity. A modified form of psychrometer has been developed

which shows much higher precision than the standard types of
194 NATIONAL BUEEAU OF STANDARDS

psychrometer. Action to obtain a Government patent will be initi- ated soon. This study has included the effect of wick, ventilation,

temperature, foreign matter, etc., and has for its object the development of psychrometers suitable for routine as well as research work.

Engine power tests have been made, extending the range of

humidity from 1 to 80 mm mercury pressure of water vapor. These

tests accord with the oxygen content hypothesis. A paper describing the results of study of the effect of humidity on detonation was

published. Results indicate an increase in effectiveness of tetraethyl

lead as a knock suppressor at increased humidities, this increase

being as much as 25 per cent for the normal annual variation of the

moisture content of the air. Especial attention was given to the

possibility of changes of humidity causing error in knock rating.

Publication.—Correcting Engine Tests for Humidity, by D. B. Brooks. B. S. Jour. Research, 3, No. 5, p. 795, 1929. BUILDING AND HOUSING AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

Wind Pressure on Structures.—Additional measurements of wind

pressure have been made on the stack of the bureau's power plant,

and a paper has been prepared giving all of the information

available on the wind pressure on circular cylinders and chimneys.

Measurements of the distribution of wind pressure over a model

of one type of factory building at several angles to the wind have

be i completed in the 10-foot wind tunnel.

The wind force on a model of a wooden oil derrick has been

measured.

Acoustic Properties of Building Materials.—Public interest in sound absorbing materials for the correction of acoustics of auditoriums still continues, and the bureau's facilities for measurements

of this character are in constant requisition. A new method was

tried by which such measurements are taken by means of instruments,

eliminating the variable human ear as a factor. Complete success, however, was not attained. The study of soundproof walls for air- plane cabins has been continued, and some 20 combinations have been

tested. None of these have given better results than those tested last year and described in the Bureau's Journal of Research for May, 1929.

Publication.—Architectural Acoustics, B. S. Circular No. 380, 1930. Plumbing' Systems.—An extension of the plumbing investigation

carried out in 1921-1923 for the Building Code Committee of the

Department of Commerce has been undertaken in cooperation with

the industry to include pipe sizes and design of systems for tall buildings.

Preliminary observations and measurements were made on (1) the

capacities of drains, and (2) the loads carried by the drains under

actual service conditions in five large buildings in New York City

and in two of the larger Government office buildings in Washington.

Other data pertaining to the loads on plumbing systems in actual

service were obtained. An extensive experimental program is planned for the current year. Building Codes*—Work has been continued on consolidating the

reports previously issued, and on additional recommendations for
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 195

tire resistant construction and other subjects, in order to provide a comprehensive framework of minimum requirements.

PullicatiO;h—Building Code Committee of the United States Department of Commerce, by W. K. Hatt. Engineering News Record. 104, No. 23, p. 926? 1930. Combustible Contents of Buildings.—A survey of the amount and

character of combustible contents of typical fire-resisting buildings

in Washington was made as an aid in classification from the fire- hazard standpoint.

Experimental work to determine the inherent fire hazard and protection required for household-heating appliances was nearly completed. This was preceded by a survey of existing conditions in

residences and apartments and examination of premises where fires from stoves, furnaces, and their pipes have occurred.

City Planning and Zoning.—Surveys of city planning and zoning

laws and ordinances showed further progress in the use of the

bureau's recommendations. A pamphlet on the preparation of

zoning ordinances was prepared.

Construction Economics.—An extensive study was made of the

planning and control of public works, and since December. 1929.

several members of the bureau's staff have aided in the department's

work of coordinating the activities of Federal. State, and local officials in expediting public works construction. This was part of

the general program aiming to sustain business and employment

activity.

Home Financing.—A preliminary report has been written on the

basis of field work regarding the volume of mortgage writing and

cost of administration.

Survey of Small House Construction.—A digest of data obtained

through a field survey made last year in 31 cities has been prepared

for publication.

Care and Repair of the House.—A handbook for home owners and those interested in keeping their property in good condition was prepared. It gives simple and specific directions for home re- pair work and describes tools and materials needed.

Cooperation with Other Agencies on Building and HousingProblems.—Cooperation was continued with Federal and State

agencies and with thousands of local governments and private organizations concerned with building and housing. City planning and

zoning, building codes, and home-ownership problems were taken

up jointly with bodies, such as Better Homes in America with its 6.500 local committees and organizations, representing architects,

engineers, business, civic, and other groups.

CEMENT AND CONCRETE

Durability of Concrete Aggregates.—A study completed during

the year indicates that no one test is suitable for determining .the durability of concrete aggregates exposed to freezing and thawing.

Of the three tests used, it has been found, in general, that one of the

tests is more suitable for each of the various types of material.

Petrographic analysis may be used to advantage in determining the
196 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

merits of the aggregates. The presence of clay in certain forms,

such as laminse, appears to be the cause of early disintegration in certain types of rock.

Concrete Masonry Units.—Tests have been made on 50 different

samples of concrete masonry units, from 17 different States. In- cluded in these were units made from the common aggregates—sand,

gravel, limestone, haydite, cinders, and slag.

The compressive strengths varied from 400 to 2,000 pounds per

square inch of gross area. From the data obtained there seemed to be no apparent relation between the absorption and the compressive

strength except that usually the sand units had the greatest strength

and least absorption while the cinder and haydite blocks had less strength and a greater capacity for taking up water. The weights of the different types proved to be markedly different, the sand blocks varied from 125 to 150 pounds per cubic foot. The cinder units had weights per cubic foot of from 70 to 100

pounds. Haydite were the lightest ranging between 70 and 85

pounds per cubic foot. A federal specification has been prepared for the concrete masonry unit.

Clays as Admixtures in Concrete.—In cooperation with an engineering firm, an investigation of the value of clay admixtures in concrete has been undertaken. Beginning with a concrete mixture con- taining five sacks of cement per cubic yard of concrete, the effects of substituting clay, either for 10 per cent of the volume of the

cement or for 7% per cent of the volume of the fine aggregate, on

the strength and permeability of the concrete are being determined.

Test of Large Concrete Cylinders.—As a part of the studies

being made by engineers of the Aluminum Co. of America in con- nection with the design and construction of dams, twenty-three 24

by 48 inch concrete cylinders were fabricated and sent to the bureau

for testing. The values obtained for Poisson's ratio are of general

interest, since but few measurements on large specimens had been

made previously. It was found that Poisson's ratio for the concrete was about 0.15 for all stresses within the range from to 1,000

pounds per square inch.

Tests of the Arlington Memorial Bridge.—Tests of the Arlington

Memorial Bridge have been continued, with the cooperation of the

Arlington Memorial Bridge Commission. Continuous records of

the temperatures of the concrete in one of the main arch spans are being obtained. During the year the average temperature of the

arch has varied between 28° and 80° F. with portions covering

ranges nearly as great as for the surrounding air. In addition,

measurements were made of the deformations and deflections of the

arch barrel due to temperature changes, both before and after the

construction of the walls and roadway, to determine the effect of

the restraint of the superstructure on the deformations of the arch.

Reaction of Water on Calcium Aluminates and Calcium Aluniinate Cements.—During the past year the study of the mechanism

of the reaction of water on one domestic and seven foreign calcium

aluminate cements, together with that on the ternary compound

4CaO.Al2 3 .Fe2 03, has been completed. It was found that these
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 197

cements, together with the three anhydrous calcium aluminates less basic than tricalcium aluminate previously investigated, reacted with

water to form a metastable solution in the early periods which approximated the composition of monacalcium aluminate. The boundaries fixing the region wherein these metastable solutions occur in

the phase system CaO-Al2 3 -H2 have been determined. The

metastable solutions decompose as the reactions proceed with the

precipitation of varying amounts of hydrated alumina and crystalline hydrated tricalcium aluminate. An investigation of this system

has been undertaken to find out what are the phases occurring in

the system CaO-AL03 -ILO.

Phase Study of the System CaO-Si02 -B2 3 —A study of a portion

of the CaO-Si02 -B2 3 system is being made, in an attempt to determine the effect of B2 3 on the formation and the properties of the

calcium silicates. It has been found that the presence of small

amounts of B2 3 in dicalcium silicate lowers the refractive index,

and also lowers the temperature of the inversion from the beta to

the alpha form.

Cast Stone.—All tests other than freezing and thawing have been

completed on 60 samples of cast stone obtained from sources well

distributed throughout the United States. Some very unusual characteristics were exhibited by the samples. The modulus of rupture

ranged up to 1,500 lbs./in. 2 with a low value of 200 lbs./in.2 The

compressive strength of the three strongest specimens was over

20,000 lbs./in.2

, the best specimen giving a strength of 23,000 lbs./in.2 This contrasted with a minimum strength for all specimens of 1,500

lbs./in. 2 The maximum 48-hour absorption was 13.5 per cent. A

minimum value of 2 per cent was obtained from one specimen. The

resistance to freezing and thawing ranged from complete failure of

the specimen within 40 cycles to those specimens that exhibited no

signs of distintegration at 500 cycles.

Diatomaceous Silica.—Tests of the effect of the addition of diatomaceous silica to concrete have been made, using 14 samples submitted from different producers and including material widely sep- arated geographically. The materials ranged from 7.5 to 34.7 pounds

per cubic foot; most of the material submitted was composed very

largely of diatoms, although some samples contained appreciable

amounts of clay and other foreign substances.

It has been found that the addition of diatomaceous silica requires

the use of more mixing water, the lighter the silica the more water

required. For concretes of equal flows the strengths are not appreciably different, the diatomaceous silicas tending to produce a lower strength. It was found that the addition of diatomaceous

silica permitted a larger flow without the separation of the

constituent materials of the concrete. A Federal specification for this material has been prepared.

Waterproofing Compounds.—A study of 100 commercial dampproofing and waterproofing compounds for use with concrete shows

a marked difference in their effectiveness over a period of one year

Concrete test specimens containing integral waterproofing com- pounds subjected constantly to a 20-pound water pressure snow in most cases only a slight permeability at the end of one year
198 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

These test specimens, however, after drying in the air of the laboratory for one month show in most cases a decided increase in

permeability.

Surface treatments vary greatly in merit when kept under water

continuously. At the end of a year the majority were of little value. About one-third of the specimens were considered to be

sufficiently effective for practical use. Cement Reference Laboratory.—The cement reference laboratory,

a cooperative project of the National Bureau of Standards and the

American Society for Testing Materials, in the first year of its existence studied the standardization and improvement of the

methods of testing cement. During that time the efforts were

chiefly concentrated on field work, inspections being made at 175

laboratories. These inspections include the testing of apparatus,

demonstration of methods, and the collection of miscellaneous data.

The information collected during the year is proving valuable in

outlining further work of the laboratory. There have been received

requests for the inspection of 194 laboratories, indicating a widespread interest in this work.

Branch Laboratories and Inspection of Cement.—Branch laboratories are maintained at Northampton, Pa., Denver, Colo., and San

Francisco, Calif. All laboratories test cement, the Denver laboratory testing concreting materials, and the San Francisco laboratory

making miscellaneous chemical and physical tests. During the year

cement inspection service was established at six cement plants.

During the year 1,628,187 barrels were sampled and tested and

1,255,947 barrels shipped to Government projects.

CERTIFICATION AND LABELING

Facilitating the Use of Specifications.—In order to facilitate the use of Federal specifications and commercial standards by governmental purchasing agencies, there has been sent to these agencies,

lists of sources of supply of commodities covered by 281 of these

specifications and standards in the form of names and addresses of

manufacturers desirous of supplying material certified by them

as complying with the requirements of the specifications and standards.

As shown by the accompanying table, about 9,000 separate re- quests for listing as willing to certify have been received from more

than 3,000 manufacturers.

The certification plan for facilitating the use of nationally rec- ognized commodity specifications is fully approved by governmental

and institutional purchasers, Federal, State, county, and municipal.

Many associations representing producers and distributors, as well

as consumers, are cooperating actively in making the plan effective. Correspondence conducted with the officers of all known American

technical societies and trade associations has shown that technical

societies familiar with the formulation of specifications look with

favor upon the certification plan as an effective method of bringing

specifications to the attention of the interested producers and con- sumers. With few exceptions, the officers of trade associations are

also favorably inclined toward it.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 199

Statistical summary of willing-to-certify lists as applied to Federal specifications and

commercial standards

Total number of- Commodity groups

Specifi- Listings

9 113 54

1 200 200 48 945 179

1 33 33

1 69 69

10 233 199

1 16 16 14 220 153

3 78 51 5 32 19

1 52 52 8 58 30 6 114 43

4 103 81

4 145 87

1 21 21

1 500 500

13 162 66

1 17 17 29 3,004 305 28 557 126 7 83 64

3 108 60

3 93 36 7 121 48 571 105 15 15

1 3 3

1 7

1 33 33

1 14 14 13 562 158 1 7

33 598 191 4 61 49

2S1 S, 94S

Abrasives and polishing materials

Brick, common

Brushes and brooms

Builders' hardware Cement, Portland Commercial standards Dental and surgical supplies

Electrical supplies

Fire extinguishers and liquids Floor coverings Glass

Heat-insulating materials - Inks Leather goods Lime and plaster Liquid-measuring devices . Lumber, softwood Packing and gaskets Padlocks

Paints and paint materials Paper

Pipe and pipe fittings Refractories Ribbons, typewriter Road and paving materials Roofing, bituminous, and waterproofing. Rope, wire

Safes, burglar-resisting

Scales, railroad track

Scales, weighing

Screws, wood

Soaps and scouring compounds

Tableware, silver-plated Textiles Tubing, metallic Total CHEMISTRY

The Molecular Weight of Hydrocarbons.—An improved VictorMeyer apparatus has been designed and constructed. By making

two determinations, one at 1 atmosphere and the other at 0.5 atmosphere, it is possible to determine the molecular weight with an ac- curacy of about 0.3 of a unit.

Measurement of Diophantine Quantities.—Quantities such as the

molecular weights of hydrocarbons are diophantine quantities be- cause the possible values of the quantity measured do not form a continuum, as is the case with most physical quantities. The principles of measurement and of calculation for such quantities present

features quite different from those ordinarily associated with physical measurements. These principles have been elaborated and applied to a number of problems.

The Phase Equilibrium Diagram for the System CioC^-SiCK.

The diagram has been determined and is characterized by complete

nonmiscibility of the two components in the liquid state. The melting point of Cr2 3 has been determined in an oxidizing atmosphere
200 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

and found to be 2,140° C, a value materially higher than any pre- viously reported.

The ChWoplatinate-Chloroplatinite Electrode.—The emf. of this

electrode has been found to correspond to a reversible chemical

equilibrium. The emf. has been measured and the free energy of

the reaction determined.

Application of the Glass Electrode for pH Measurements.—The

degree of acidity, commonly expressed as pH, is important in many

chemical processes, including electroplating. The methods pre- viously used, especially the hydrogen and quinl^drone electrodes,

and colorimetric indicators are not applicable in the presence of

oxidizing agents. Results thus far obtained indicate that the " glass

electrode " may be applicable to chromic acid baths and other

oxidizing solutions.

Methods for Silvering Glass.—Letter Circular No. 32, giving

methods for silvering glass, has had a very wide circulation, approximately 200 copies having been distributed each year on individual

requests since it was prepared in 1919. In connection with the

preparation of a new circular, considerable work has been done in

refining and improving the technique and simplifying the formulas

in order to make success in their use more certain and less dependent

upon previous experience. The new circular, of which the manuscript is now complete, gives methods for the chemical deposition of

silver, copper, platinum; and lead sulphide, and for the production of mirrors by cathode sputtering and by the condensation of

metallic vapors on glass.

Chemical Testing* and Methods of Analysis.—Many samples of

structural materials were tested for various branches of the Government. Analyses of Portland cement, cast irons, steels, alloy steels,

ferro-alloys, brasses, bronzes, bearing metals, boiler plugs, Monel

metal, and light aluminum alloys were made to aid in the development of specifications, to insure proper delivery of materials, to detect causes of failure in service, and to determine the composition

of materials used in metallurgical researches carried on at the bureau.

Improved and more rapid test methods were developed as, for ex- ample, an improved persulphate method for the determination of

manganese in cast iron and steels and a more rapid and accurate method for the determination of fluorine and of silica in glasses

and enamels containing fluorine.

Cooperation with the American Society for Testing Materials.

The bureau cooperated extensively with the American Society for

Testing Materials in the preparation of methods of analysis for

steels, cast irons, and various paint materials, in the preparation of

specifications for sampling sheet steel and ferro-alloys, and tentative specifications for glazier's putty, in exposure tests on the stabil- ity of foundry coke, and in investigative work on the determination

of the hiding power of paints and pigments and the tinting strengths

of pigments.

Analytical Reagent Chemicals.—Fifty-seven individual methods

for the determination of various impurities in 30 reagent chemicals were studied and in many cases modified or replaced by better methods. As in other years this work formed a substantial part of the

preparation of specifications for reagent chemicals by the American

Chemical Society.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 201

Laboratory for Microscopy.—This laboratory, in addition to ren- dering a varied type of microscopic service to other laboratories of

the bureau, is engaged in a systematic study of the crystallographic

properties of organic compounds suitable for identification purposes.

Most of the time during the past year has been spent in securing and

assembling the necessary apparatus and preparing and standardizing a set of immersion liquids. A novel type of equipment for

investigating crystalline substances at very low temperatures has

been designed and constructed.

Distribution of Standard Samples.—During the year 7,592 samples were distributed, having a sales value of $16,764, and approximately $73,073 worth of standard samples were added to the salable

samples on hand. The standard samples include ores, ceramic and

metallurgical products, and pure chemicals, and are used to check

methods of chemical analysis that control the manufacture and sale of metallurgical, ceramic and agricultural products, to calibrate sci- entific instruments, and to further research in methods of analysis.

A direct result of the use of the samples is a saving of thousands of

dollars a year through improved manufacturing operations and the

avoidance of costly disputes based on faulty analyses.

Polishes and Cleaners.—Information was collected and made

available on the preparation and uses of various types of polishes.

A circular of information on washing and cleaning materials and

their applications was also prepared.

CLAY AND SILICATE PRODUCTS

Factors Affecting the Crazing of Semiporcelain Dinnerware.

The use of the autoclave has won widespread, and apparently wellmerited, favor in the study of this problem. Investigations of a fundamental nature are being made to determine the effect of composition and physical structure on changes in volume, as produced by

reactions of water-permeable bodies with moisture, as well as the

nature of the reaction itself. Values obtained indicate that bodies

of more than 2 per cent water absorption will undergo a sufficient change in volume when subjected to moisture for short periods of

time in an autoclave, or to atmospheric moisture over long periods

of time, to rupture or craze a glaze coating. Evidence further indicates that feldspar may undergo greater volume changes than clay

matter and that a temperature of at least 240° C. is required to remove the moisture causing this change in volume and to complete

the accompanying volume contraction. Treatment in the autoclave,

using water at approximately 150 pounds per square inch pressure

and 185° C, may prove of further advantage in approximating the

water absorption of semivitreous whiteware. Values obtained with

16 brands of commercial ware indicate that a 10-hour autoclave

treatment as described will produce as much absorption as 240 hours

of boiling in water under atmospheric pressure and that even these

treatments may not fill more than 80 to 90 per cent of the total

pore space.

Publication ~Effect of Water on Expansions of Ceramic Bodies of Different Composition, by H. G. Schurecht and G. R. Pole, B. S. Jour. Research, 3, No.

2, p. 331 ; 1929.
202 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Cutlery Marking of Chinaware.—The attention of the bureau having been directed a number of times to the permanent marking of

tableware with such objects as silver-plated knives, a preliminary in- vestigation was conducted to determine its cause and prevention. The

data obtained indicated the marking to be due to the formation of an

extremely thin layer of lead sulphate on the surface of the glaze

during the manufacture of the ware. One manufacturer was able

to produce ware no longer susceptible to this cutlery marking by

substituting an electrically heated muffle for the firing of his

decorated ware.

Publication.—Cutlery Marking of Chinaware, Technical News Bulletin No.

153, p. 1, January, 1930. Improved Apparatus for Testing Chinaware.—A final report pre- senting an extensive series of tests with a modified apparatus for

testing the resistance of chinaware to impact and chipping has been

published.

Publication.—Comparative Tests of Chinaware Using Two Forms of Testing

Machine, Bull., Am. Ceramic Soc, 12, No. 11, p. 716, 1929. Standard Classification of Feldspar.—A tentative commercial

standard classification has been established mutually acceptable to users and distributors of feldspar. The suggested specification is of interest, since it is entirely technical in nature and the investigation

of 19 commercial feldspars which has been carried on for several

years and is now completed was productive of results of great value

in the development of this specification. The final report of the

investigation has been completed, but is not as yet available for

publication.

Publication.—Standardization of Feldspar Classifications. Technical News

Bulletin No. 153, p. 1 ; January, 1930. Study of Fire Clays.—Data obtained on 26 fire clays representative of all the important mining districts in the United States show

that their thermal expansions after firing at 1.400° C. may be greater or less than after firing at 1.155° C, depending entirely on their

composition. The moduli of elasticity and rupture of the clays are, with few exceptions, greater after firing at 1.400° C. than after firing

at 1,155° C., and a comparison of the values obtained on clays

fired at either of these temperatures and tested at 550 ° C. with those

obtained at atmospheric temperature, shows, in general, that the per- centage increase in these values is greater in highly siliceous clays

than in aluminous clays. The plastic deflections of the clavs meas- ured at 1,000° C. are much lower for those fired at 1.400° C. than

those fired at 1.155° C. and are also less in the siliceous type of clays

than in the aluminous.

Publication.—Progress Report on Investigation of Fire-Clay Bricks and the Clays Used in their Preparation, by R. A. Heindl and W. L. Pendegrast, B. S. Jour. Research, 3, No. 5, p. 691; 3929. Thermal Dilatation of Special Refractories from 20° to 1,800° C.—Determinations of the thermal expansion characteristics

before and after heating to 1.800 ° C. have been made on periclase.

electircally fused magnesite, spinel, mullite, silicon carbide, fused

alumina, bauxite, diaspore., zirconia, and graphite.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 203

Problems Relating to Saggers.—To determine to what extent the

porosity of a burned fire-clay sagger affected its life in service a

series of saggers was prepared from IT bodies and burned at three

temperatures to obtain a desired range in porosity. The results obtained show that the life of saggers made from individual bodies

is directly related to comparatively small changes in porosity, but

because of the importance of various other properties, which also

have been determined, the porosity of a series of different bodies

apparently does not bear an important relation to their life when

subjected to thermal shock.

Publication.—Preparation of Experimental Sagger Bodies According to Fundamental Properties, by R. A. Heindl and L. B. Mong, B. S. Jour. Research, 3, No. 3, p. 419 ; 1929. Survey of Common Brick.—In cooperation with the Common

Brick Manufacturers Association samples of brick from about 200

plants are being tested to determine their compliance with specifications. The tests will include other measures of quality than

those ordinarily specified, in order that information useful in revising specifications may be obtained.

Publication.—Some Absorption Properties of Clay Bricks, by L. A. Palmer,

B. S. Jour. Research, 3, No. 1, p. 105 ; 1929. Transmission of Water Through Brick Masonry.—One phase of

the study of the transmission of water through brick masonry has

been completed and the results indicate that the durability of bond

between brick and mortar may be improved by finding and using

mortars which, under any conditions, undergo relatively small

volume changes. From this standpoint various mortars are being

studied and it is indicated that there are several possibilities by means of which bond durability may be improved without any

material increase in labor or building cost. Resistance of Metals to the Abrasive Action of Plastic Clay.

The investigation of the wearing qualities of various metals and

alloys of steel and copper has contributed information useful to everyone interested in the resistance of metal to brasion. Comparative wear values of 12 metals and alloys have been studied.

Some of these possess outstanding wear-resisting qualities, such as the chrome-nickel-tungsten composition which was used in this in- vestigation as unity in comparing the loss in weight due to abrasion

of the following alloys

:

Carbon-cobalt-chromium 2.3 Average for several cast irons 30.9 Carbon-chromium-nickel steel 39.1 Electrolytic copper 161.0' Manganese-zinc bronze 276.8 Metals that are case-hardened are not suitable for continuous

abrasive resistance. As soon as the outer layer is worn away, the

successive layers become less wear resisting and approach that of the

softer untreated core. Hollow-ware Dies.—Having concluded the work on brick dies, the

investigation continued with a study of the effect of length and

taper of cores and die on power consumption and quality of product.

Experiments are also being conducted on a wide range of clays used

in making hollow ware.

27171—31 14
204 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The trend of the information is well defined, showing that within

reasonable limits both " core " and " die " length have a more marked

effect on power consumption than taper, without a proportional improvement in the column structure. Hollow-ware dies that are too short produce columns with serious defects, such as torn corners and

transverse cracks. It has been found that taper affects the column

structure more than it does power consumption and rarely should

be less than 3° for both cores and die. A study of 4-die lubricants indicates that compressible lubricants

such as steam and air, which are capable of being applied at pres- sures approximating that of the clay as it slides through the die, are far more efficient, easier to control, and less liable to damage the

product than liquids, such as water and oil. Publication,—Studies of Machines for Extruding Clay Columns, by P. G. Grunwell, Ceramic Age, 14, No. 3, p. 101 ; 1929. Properties of Architectural Terra Cotta.—In cooperation with

the National Terra Cotta Society, the investigation of terra cotta was

continued, the work in general consisting of an inspection of about

190 buildings containing terra cotta, in order to determine the serviceability of this ware. Laboratory research is being conducted to improve the structure of terra cotta and to develop better methods of

manufacture and setting.

Moisture Expansion of Ceramic Bodies.—The effects of the composition of some ceramic bodies on their moisture expansions were

investigated. With the exception of mixtures containing blast- furnace slag or magnesite, most of the bodies with high absorptions

developed considerable expansion. Bodies with low absorptions composed of pure clay and feldspar developed practically no moisture

expansion while those composed of clay, feldspar, and more than 20

per cent silica developed considerable moisture expansion. By adding magnesite, the resistance of a ceramic body to moisture expansion was improved. Additions of whiting, iron oxide, and titanium oxide were not as beneficial as magnesite.

It was found that crazing caused by moisture expansion of bodies can usually be prevented by proper manufacturing control.

Columbus Laboratory.—Results of experimental work on 118

glazes and glasses have been published. With the values given in

the paper it is possible to approximate by calculation values of tensile

strength, Young's modulus of elasticity, and the mean linear coefficient of expansion of a glaze in the temperature range from 25° C. to the

lower limit of the critical range. The investigation of representative

English and domestic china clays and kaolins is nearing completion,

the work having been amplified to cover the effects of these materials

in representative white -ware bodies and to correlate other physical

qualities with the amount of colloidal material inherent in the clay.

The separation and study of colloidal material has also been applied

to the investigation of representative alluvial and glacial clays, the

data indicating that slacking time, tempering water, drying shrinkage

and " green " modulus of rupture tend to increase with increase in

the quantity of colloidal matter. A simple method of attack has

been developed and successfully applied to the study of the relative

resistance of refractories to slag attack in boiler settings. The technique consists in placing sintered slag in a quarter-inch hole drilled
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 205

in a small piece of the refractory to be tested and heating this speci- men at a temperature, and for a length of time, predetermined as most appropriate for the slag and refractory in question. The specimen is then quenched in mercury and the products of the reaction

studied petrographically.

Publication.—The Influence of Chemical Composition on the Physical Properties of Glazes, by F. P. Hall, J., Am. Ceramic Soc, 13, No. 3, p. 182 ; 1930. COLORIMETRY AND PHOTOMETRY

Standards of Candlepower.—Four blue glass photometric filters that had already been measured at the Physikalisch-Technische

Reichsanstalt and the National Physical Laboratory were measured

by three independent methods, and complete reports were submitted

to the cooperating laboratories in England, France, and Germany.

The glasses have been forwarded to France for measurement at the

Laboratoire Central d'Electricite. Carbon-filament standard lamps

have also been sent to the national laboratories of England, France,

Germany, Union of Socialist Soviet Republics, and Japan for international check measurements.

Filters for the Reproduction of Sunlight and Daylight and the

Determination of Color Temperature.—An extensive series of fil- ters reproducible from chemical specification has been developed for

use in photographic sensitometry, colorimetry, and photometry. One

has been recommended for adoption as a standard of artificial sunlight by the Seventh International Congress of Photography.

Others are being considered for adoption as standards by the subcommittee on colorimetry of the International Commission on Illumination. A paper fully describing the filters is ready for publication.

Theory of Reduction of Mixture Data in Colorimetry.—The

measurement of the physical properties which determine the colors

of reflective and transmissive materials is the first requisite in the

measurement of their colors. The second requisite is a set of standard data which give the properties of the average normal eye. A paper on the mathematical treatment of these data has been

published.

Publication.—Reduction of Data on Mixture of Color Stimuli, by D. B. Judd, B. S. Jour. Research, 4, No. 4, p. 515 ; 1930. Standardization of Lovibond Glasses.—During the year 225 Lovibond red glasses submitted by users have been compared with the

bureau's standard glasses. In addition, 36 glasses submitted by the

makers, Tintometer (Ltd.), of England, and 19 belonging to the

American Oil Chemists' Society were compared with the standards.

A paper describing the results obtained in grading 1,000 red glasses

is in preparation.

New Color Comparator for Incandescent Lamps.—The experimental conditions affecting accuracy of comparison of two colors

have been studied, and a comparator designed for incandescent lamps

has been constructed which embodies to a high degree those observing conditions which are favorable to the detection of nearly imperceptible color differences. It has been found that the precision

is about double that obtainable with any comparator previously

used.
206 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

COMMERCIAL STANDARDS

Scope of Work.—This classification covers standards of grade,

quality, measurement, tolerances, and other specification requirements

established voluntarily by industry as a basis for marketing and

certifying various commodities. In cooperation with the Bureau of

Foreign and Domestic Commerce provision is made for the trans- lation of commercial standards into foreign languages as a basis for

promoting export trade.

Five general conferences were held, covering the following subjects : Plain mohair upholstery plush, red cedar closet linings, plateglass mirrors, interchangeable ground glass joints, and feldspar.

A satisfactory majority of acceptances have been received, according to estimates from industries concerned, and the success of the

following 16 projects has been announced : Diamond core drill fit- tings, plain and thread plug and ring gage blanks, builders' hardware

(nontemplate), builders' template hardware, dress patterns, men's

pajamas, foundry patterns of wood, standard screw threads, special screw threads, standard weight malleable iron or steel screwed unions,

feldspar, interchangeable ground glass joints, domestic and iudustrial

fuel oils, hickory golf shafts, wall paper, and staple vitreous china

plumbing fixtures. Standards Issued in Printed Form.—The 12 following commercial standards have been issued in printed form : Wrought-iron pipe

nipples (CS6-29), standard weight malleable iron or steel screwed

unions (CS7-29), builders' template hardware (CS9-29), brass pipe

nipples (CS10-29), regain of mercerized cotton yarns (CSll-29),

domestic and industrial fuel oils (CS12-29), dress patterns (CS13-

30), men's pajamas (CS15-29), wall paper (CS16-29), diamond core

drill fittings (CS17-30), hickory golf shafts (CS18-29), and foundry

patterns of wood (CS19-30).

DENTAL MATERIALS AND METHODS

Dental Research.—This research has been continued in cooperation with the American Dental Association. The association has

contributed personnel and materials to the extent of $10,000 and is planning an increased expenditure during 1931.

The bureau has tested Government purchases of dental golds,

amalgam, alloys, etc., having an estimated value of $100,000. About

half this amount has been rejected as unfit for use in service. Replacements have been made and approved. The savings resulting

from the elimination of this defective material can not be accurately

computed as they include: (a) Time of operator making restoration,

(h) length of service of defective material, (c) health of patient

receiving defective material, and (d) imperfection of service from

defective material.

Specifications have been prepared for dental investments, and a thorough test made of all investments on the market. These tests show at least one-half of the brands to be unsuited for use in dental

laboratories.

Assistance has been given dental schools, manufacturers, and test- ing laboratories interested in equipping for this type of research.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 207

Lectures and clinics have been given in Washington, New York,

Boston, Des Moines, Chicago, and Columbus.

One of the most satisfactory aspects of this program is the move

by a number of manufacturers to guarantee certain of their products

to comply with the specifications adopted by the American Dental

Association through cooperation with the bureau.

Publications.—Some laboratory Experiments for the Dental School, by

Winner Souder, J. Am. Dental Assn., 16, No. 10, p. 1829; 1929. A Specification for Dental Amalgam Alloys, by N. O. Taylor, J. Am. Dental

Assn., 17, No. 1, p. 112 ; 1930. Progress Report on Research on Dental Materials (II), the Research Pro- gram, by N. O. Taylor, J. Am. Dental Assn., 17, No. 5, p. 775 ; 1930. Tentative Specifications for Dental Casting Investment, by Wilmer Souder

and W. T. Sweeney, J. Am. Dental Assn., 17, No. 5, p. 780; 1930. ELECTRICITY

Ratios of International Electrical Units to Absolute Units.—Experimental work necessary for the establishment of electrical units on the absolute basis has been continued. With the Rosa-DorseyMiller current balance as reconstructed during the past two years

it is possible to measure the absolute value of an electric current with an accuracy of a few parts in a million. A considerable number

of measurements have been made to determine the value of the in- ternational ampere in absolute units, but no final value has been

reached. Another type of apparatus for the absolute measurement

of current, known as the Pellat current balance, has been designed

and partially constructed.

The value of the ohm can most readily be established through

measurements of inductance (henries) in terms of resistance standards. The value of the inductance of a solenoid can be determined

in absolute henries from its mechanical dimensions. The value of

the inductance in international henries can be measured in terms of

the international ohm and second. Measurements have been nearly

completed on a solenoid wound on a porcelain cylinder, and two

additional solenoids have been constructed, one on a pyrex glass form,

the other on a fused quartz form. These last two solenoids have been

made with extreme care and every precaution is being taken in the

measurements, with the expectation that the final result will be ac- curate within 1 part in 100,000.

Standards of Electromotive Force.—Improvements have been

made in the standard cell equipment, including the design and construction of a new laboratory room especially adapted to the purpose.

Additional space has been provided for the increased amount of

testing now required, refrigeration is available for holding the temperature of the baths to a constant value in summer and a new and

better oil-bath has been constructed for the cells which constitute

the primary standard. In moving the primary standard group from

its old location no perceptible change in its values has been introduced, check measurements in the old and new locations agreeing on the average to within four ten-millionths of a volt. Several

comparisons ha^e been made with the national laboratories of England, Germany, and Japan. Complete data are not available in all cases, but the results indicate the same relative standing of the

units as before.
208 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Intercomparison of Resistance Standards.—Three resistance

standards from the National Bureau of Standards were measured

at the British and German national laboratories. The results in- dicate that the unit of electrical resistance as maintained by the

three laboratories is in agreement within 2 or 3 parts in 100,000.

The standards used in these intercomparisons were of the new type

recently developed at the National Bureau of Standards. They apparently remained very constant in resistance during shipment,^ thus

giving a more accurate intercomparison than any that had been

made previously.

Measurement of High Voltages and Large Currents.—The large

absolute high voltage electrometer which has been under construction

for several years was operated in some preliminary trials at 90.000

volts, and showed the expected sensitivity. The disturbing effects of air currents proved to be very serious, but modifications have

been made which greatly reduce these disturbances. A special

microscope has been constructed for accurately determining the loca- tion of the attracted disk relative to the guard ring.

A standard current transformer and accessory apparatus which

have been completed raise the possible range of testing from 2,500

amperes to 6.000 amperes. Tests have already been made for the

public at 4,000 amperes. The small capacity of the motor-generator

sets available is now the only limitation which prevents testing cur- rent transformers up to 12.000 amperes.

Dry Cell Standardization.—The qualification tests made primarily

in connection with Government purchases have been continued, and

have included samples from practically all makers of dry cells in

this country. The mechanical equipment for controlling the tests makes it possible to test a large number of batteries with a minimum

amount of labor. Results of these tests have served as a basis for a revision of the American standard for dry cells and also for a revision of the Federal specification. Both of these projects were

practically complete at the close of the year. Experimental work

to determine the proper conditions for testing the new type of in- dustrial flashlight batteries has been in progress. Specifications for Storage Batteries.—Automotive storage batteries are now covered by a specification which was completed and

ready for transmission to the Federal Specifications Board at the

close of the year. Progress has been made in the preparation of a standard specification for sulphuric acid and battery electrolyte.

Corrosion of Storage Battery Plates.—Corrosion of the positive

plates in certain submarine batteries has led to a study of the effects of organic material in such batteries and the conditions under which

corrosion of the plates may occur. Conflicting evidence regarding

the role of acetic acid in storage batteries has been explained, and

a method for the determination of small amounts of acetic acid in

the presence of large amounts of sulphuric acid has been developed.

Storage-Battery Construction and Operation.—Attention has

been devoted to the use of lead oxides whose physical and chemical

properties have been the subject of previous study. Experimental

work has been done on pasting formulas, pickling and formation of

storage battery plates. Batteries have been assembled from these

plates and tested for electrical characteristics. Equipment for the
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 209

automatic control of such tests, by which it is hoped to increase the

output but decrease the labor of making the tests, has been designed.

Properties of Electrical Insulating Materials.—The study of the

electrical properties of rubber has been continued, and a new re- search on the electrical properties of insulating liquids has been

started. An entirely new phenomenon has been discovered in con- nection with rubber insulation which shows that the electrical properties slowly change with time when there is a sudden change in

temperature or pressure. Four insulating liquids of high purity

have been prepared, namely, pentane, hexane, heptane, and octane. Apparatus for measuring the conductivity of liquids after distilla- tion in a vacuum has been assembled and tested. Magnetic Testing and Research.—An investigation on the standardization of magnetic permeameters was completed. Work was

also done on testing with intense fields and on testing with alternating currents at low inductions.

In the field of magnetic analysis, experiments were carried out on the relation between magnetic properties and impact strength

and a study of the phenomena associated with the tempering of

heat treated bridge wire was started, using the methods of thermomagnetic analysis.

Publications.—Standards for Testing Magnetic Permeameters, by R. L. Sanford, B. S. Jour. Research, 4, No. 2, p. 177 ; 1930. Performance of the Fahy Simplex Permeameter, by R. L. Sanford, B. S. Jour. Research, 4, No. 5, p. 703 ; 1930.FIRE RESISTANCE

Spontaneous Heating and Ignition of Materials.—Determinations of ignition temperature and susceptibility to spontaneous

heating of a wide range of materials have been made at the request of

other Government departments. The methods employed have not

been considered fully satisfactory, nor are the results always conclusive, and during the year preliminary work that should lead to more fundamental methods was undertaken. A summary of the

existing state of knowledge on the subject was presented at a conference sponsored by the National Fire Protection Association and

the Departments of Agriculture and Commerce.

The susceptibility of jute to spontaneous heating and ignition

is being studied in cooperation with the Bureau of Chemistry and

Soils and a committee of the marine underwriters. For the physical

tests four heating chambers have been built at the National Bureau

of Standards, each accommodating a bale of jute 20 by 20 by 50

inches. These chambers are equipped to maintain temperatures up to 250° C, with the humidity control for temperatures below 80° C. The

testing procedure involves maintaining chamber temperature a little below that of the bale, where heating of the latter from bacteria or

other cause develops. Tests to determine susceptibility to heating in contact with oxidizing agents have been made on smaller specimens.

The results so far obtained indicate that jute presents no greater

hazard from this standpoint than other materials which are generally regarded as presenting at the most a low hazard.

Publications.—Research at the Bureau of Standards on Spontaneous Heating and Ignition, by S. H. Ingberg, Safety Engineering, 54, No. 11, p. 256 ; 1930

;

and Fire Engineering, p. 357 ; April, 1930. Fire Tests of Jute, Technical News Bulletin No. 148, p. 79 ; August, 1929.
210 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Furnace for Fire Tests of Walls and Partitions.—A new furnace

for conducting fire tests of wall and partition constructions was

completed. It accommodates specimens 11 feet high and 16 feet wide. Loads up to 350,000 pounds can be applied to the walls during

test. The chamber is heated by means of 92 venturi-tube induction

type gas burners, the design of which was developed for this furnace.

The initial tests will be of light interior partition constructions,

such as wood and metal stud partitions faced with different kinds

of lath and plaster, wallboard, or other interior finish. Fire Tests of Roofing Materials.—The data from a series of fire tests comprising all roofing materials in common use were prepared

for publication. The tests included ones on new materials, on similar materials from building roofs 5 to 30 years old, and on both new and weathered roofings covered or impregnated with fire- retardant compounds.

Tests of Fire-Detecting Systems.—Tests were made of five auto- matic fire detecting systems for the Steamboat Inspection Service

to determine their acceptability under the law requiring their instal- lation on passenger vessels. These included oven operation and

fusion tests of the thermosensitive elements, operation tests on complete installations, and tests to determine effect of vibration, corrosive

agents, and mechanical impact.

Other Active Research Projects.—Plans for temporary equipment

for fire tests of welded steel floor constructions, to be conducted in

cooperation with the American Institute of Steel Construction, were

completed. Fire tests were made of columns protected by precast

and poured gypsum. Work was continued on the report giving re- sults of compression tests of steel and cast iron at high temperatures.

Fire, impact, and loading tests were made of insulated safes to obtain

data for revision of Federal specifications. Tests were made to determine the effectiveness of fire-retard ant surface treatments for

wood scaffolding.

The fire hazard section of Circular Xo. 75 was rewritten for in- clusion in the new revision. Assistance on temperature measure- ments and related details was given to a committee conducting tests to obtain information on the protection afforded airplane hangars

and contents by automatic sprinkler installations. Assistance was

given in the formation of an organization of representatives of departments and establishments to be concerned with matters of fire prevention and protection arising in connection with Government

activities.

Publications.—Fire Resistance Tests of Building Materials, by S. H. Ingberg,

Ice and Refrigeration, 76, No. 6, p. 486 ; 1929. Fire Resistant Dwelling Construction, by S. H. Ingberg. J. Am. Ins., p. 23

;

July, 1929. Basis of Fire Resistance Requirements in Building Codes, by S. H. Ingberg.

Quarterly, Natl. Fire Protect. Assn., 23, No. 2, p. 153 ; 1929. GAS ANALYSIS AND SERVICE

Orifice Meter Tests.—The field work during the year on this

project consisted of a group of tests made in Los Angeles, Calif., on

orifices in 16, 8, and 4 inch lines. Particular attention was given

to large diameter ratios and high discharge velocities. The results
STANDARDS YEAEBOOK, 19 31 211

of these tests are very consistent, and give farther additional in- formation on the effect of the expansion factor upon the discharge

co-efficient. The tests with the 8-inch line were particularly good.

There is in progress the review of the results from tests made for

the gas measurements committee, natural gas department, American

Gas Association, by some of the meter manufacturers. The object

of these tests was to obtain information on the effects of such factors

as pipe roughness, vane and thermometer well design and location,

flange form, orifice edge condition and thickness, and small degrees

of eccentricity.

It should be possible to complete both of these reviews within a few months, and to transmit to the gas measurement committee a report covering all of the work done. This would complete the

project in so far as it has been planned up to the present time.

Publication.—Determining the Compressibility of a Gas, by H. S. Bean, Oil and Gas J., 28, No. 35, p. 42 ; 1930. Gas Analysis.—Several improvements in the details of construction of apparatus for volumetric gas analysis have been developed

during the year. These include an improved method of controlling

the flow of mercury into the burette, a pipette in which the gas is forced through a perforated platinum plate into the absorbing re- agent in the form of very fine bubbles, a compensator with the

manometer inclosed to reduce fragility and improved means for

cleaning the contact and opening the compensator to air, a new

method of lighting the meniscus to permit greater accuracy in

reading volumes, and several details of mounting.

Publications.—A Simple Control Stopcock for Gas Analysis Apparatus, by

Martin Shepherd, B. S. Jour. Research, 4, No. 1, p. 23 ; 1930. A Gas Analysis Pipette for Difficult Absorptions, by Martin Shepherd, B. S. Jour. Research, 4, No. 6, p. 747 ; 1930. Specific Gravity Balance.—The development of an improved

specific gravity balance for use in connection with the measurement

of natural gas was noted last year. This development was completed; the new equipment was given a trial in field use, and has

been adopted as the official standard by the Natural Gas Association

of America.

Use of Propane in the Lighthouse Service.—A study was made

of the practicability of using propane as a fuel for lighthouses. It was found that the kerosene burners now used for the larger lights

could be replaced with more simple equipment that would require

less attention from the operator, and with the same efficiency in terms

of candlepower hours per thousand B. t. u. The greater cost of

propane at the present time probably makes its substitution for kerosene inadvisable except possibly for unattended stationary lights.

Domestic Range Burners.—An investigation of the optimum design of domestic gas range burners for using carburetted water gas

has been substantially completed. It was the purpose of this investigation to determine the interrelation of the various factors which

affect efficiency, safety, and speed, and to find out how these factors

differ when using water gas as compared with the use of propane

and butane which were previously studied.

Hotel Ranges.—Extensive work was done on the efficiency of the ovens and cooking tops of hotel ranges for gas and a limited amount
212 NATIONAL BUBEAU OF STANDARDS

of work on domestic electric ranges for the purpose of assisting the

purchasing officers of several Grovernment bureaus in the selection of

such equipment.

Corrosion of Materials for Gas Oven Linings.—The method of

testing the resistance to corrosion of materials for the oven linings

of gas ranges has been further developed, and a large number of materials tested. The corroded materials have been submitted to a committee of the American Gas Association, which contributed to the research, as an aid in preparing specifications for such materials;. GLASS AND VITREOUS ENAMELS

Production of Optical Glass,—Thirty-one pots embracing six different kinds of optical glass, borosilicate crown, barium flint, medium

flint, dense flint, light barium crown, and ordinary crown were made

in attempts to improve melting procedures and to obtain satisfactory

quantities of good glass consistently.

Blanks numbering 12,552 and weighing approximately 2,670

pounds, were molded and annealed, the majority being used by the

JsTavy Department.

Increased skill in molding and standardization of shapes and sizes by the Navy Department have resulted in making a greater variety

of blanks of moderate size, thus obviating the need for large pieces

of glass. Consequently annealing procedures are simplified and a larger percentage of glass is saved.

Viscosity of Glass.—Four hundred and six viscosity determinations have been made on five kinds of optical glass. The most probable values, as shown by graphical analyses of data, are as follows:

Viscosity (poises) at—

Kind of glass 1,000° C. 1,100° C. 1,200° C. 1,300° C. 1,400° C. Barium flint 8,510

6, 840

3, 390

2, 140

2, 100

1.514 403 149 74 Light barium crown 858 234 94 60

Borosilicate crown . 667 221 120 ion Medium flint 672 253 110 50 Dense flint 490 190 93 54

Physical Properties of Glass as Affected by Thermal Treatment

(including annealing).—Tentative values for the changes in refrac- tivity and density of a dense barium crown glass have been added

to the list incorporated in last year's report. The approximate in- creases in refractivity and density for this glass are, respectively,

0.000057 and 0.00044 per ° C. decrease in the effective annealing

temperature. This temperature is determined by the character of

the annealing, and is essentially that temperature at which the

glass is in physicochemical equilibrium; that is, continued annealing at this temperature causes the glass to show no further increase or decrease in either density or refractivity. A report discussing

the relationship that exists between these equilibrium conditions,

the density changes observed in this investigation, and certain ice- point fluctuations often noted in thermometers has been prepared

and will soon be published.
STAKDABDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 213

Relations Between Chemical Composition. Density, and Index of

Refraction of Glasses.—Data obtained from the index of refraction,

density, and composition of 40 glasses of the soda-lime-silica series

lead to the conclusion that the index of refraction (N) and density

(D) of these glasses can be computed from the following:

A

r =a+b+c

D=a' + b' + c' a =0.042712CA)°-m87 -0.2

b =0.0153 5-0.00837

c =0.017219 (7-0.00103

a' = 0.07977 A (86.5 -J.) -42107 - 2.203 A

&

/ = 2.0150(£-0.5) 1 -065

in which A, B, and O are the percentages of silica, soda, and lime

in the glass.

The composition of any glass of this series can be determined

from its index of refraction and density.

In analyzing these glasses determinations of soda by the zincuranyl-acetate method have been found to be satisfactory. Measurements of the thermal dilatation from room temperature to the

initial softening point and also of the dispersion of these glasses

have been started.

Heterogeneity of Pyrex Glass.—Refractive index measurements

on various prisms cut from a pyrex glass disk show that a striated

nonoptical glass may be very uniform in its average optical density

and indicate that such optical measurements may, in general, be

made with high precision and thus be used to supplement or replace mass density determinations which, hitherto, have been used almost

exclusively when investigating variations in the properties of commercial glasses. The sheet or ribbon-like striae which are present

in such glasses, particularly in those which are made in tanks,

have an appreciable effect on the observed refractivities and the

proper orientation of the planes of stratification with respect to the light path is an important matter in making such index

determinatons.

Gases Dissolved in Glass.—More satisfactory methods have been

developed for determining the gases in glass which can be removed

at high temperature by evacuation. These gases, presumably combined in the glass as carbonates, hydroxides, etc., probably have

appreciable effects on the properties of the glass and may be the

undetermined cause of serious difficulty in the working of glass

sometimes encountered. Several glasses have been made from specially prepared materials to contain only one of the possible dis- solved gases and specimens of each prepared for test with and without the removal of the gas by evacuation.

Weathering of Sheet Glass in Storage.—A study of this problem

has been undertaken to determine, if possible, the conditions neces- sary to prevent the fogging or surface deterioration of window glass

during storage and the consequent loss to manufacturers of many

thousands of dollars annually.
214 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Cast Iron for Enameling Purposes.—Blisters occur in ritreou

enameled cast-iron articles, when certain types of iron are used.

An investigation to determine causes and remedies for this condition

has been completed, and reports describing the work from general,

ceramic, and metallurgical points of view, respectively, have been

published.

In addition to conclusions previously reported, the following were among those which have since been published: (1) There is ample evidence that mechanical defects, especially K sponginess,"

will give rise to blisters; (2) a gray enameling iron acquires in

cooling a thin surface skin, or " microchilL" Removal or decarburization of this skin eliminates blistering, except that caused by

physical defects; (3) there are probably two kinds of " nonblistering " iron—one in which a small amount of combined carbon is present in the surface layer; the other in which the cementite is so

stable that it takes a relatively long time to break down and form

temper carbon, which oxidizes to give the blister-producing gas ; (4) a relatively copious evolution of gas (CO* and CO) occurs during the

first part of the firing, from both blistering and nonblistering irons. It is the rate of evolution subsequent to this initial stage which appears to control the formation of blisters; and (5) in cases where

an occasional heat or lot of sound castings shows a tendency to

blister, burning out or deep sand blasting appears to be the most

practical remedy.

Publication.—Blistering Phenomena in the Enameling of Cast Iron, by A. I. Kjcynitsky and W. N. Harrison, B. S. Jour. Research. 4, No. 6, p. 757, 1930. Some Physical and Chemical Properties of Certain Vitreous

Enamels as Affected by Variations in Composition.—Using an- alyzed raw materials, two vitreous enamels having identical calculated melted compositions, but differing considerably in their raw

batch mixtures, were prepared. The cone deformation temperatures

of the two resulting enamels differed by approximately 40° C. To

indicate whether this difference might be due to a state of arrested

reaction in one or both of the enamels, additional heat treatment was given in platinum crucibles at the temperature of preparation

(1,250° C), and the cone deformation temperatures and indices of

refraction determined. The results follow:

Enamel

No.

Data taken afterInitial melting

4 hours

additional

8 hours

additional

12 hours

additional

109..

109-s Cone deformation temperature (°C)

Index of refraction 725

i L 514

685

f i L 517 to

{ 2 L 521

730 730 725 L 521 690 t rm

Gone deformation temperature (°C.) ! Index of refraction

690 690

i Accurate to ±0.002. '< Variable. The index of refraction tends to increase somewhat in both

enamels with additional heat treatment, and no significant variation

in cone deformation temperatures occurs throughout the series of
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 215

tests. These facts indicate that the initial difference in properties

is due to a more stable condition than that of mere arrested reaction.

Publication.—The Influence of Chemical Composition on the Physical Properties of Glazes, by F. P. Hall, J. Am. Ceramic Soc, 13, No. 3, p. 182, 1930. HEAT AND TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS

International Steam Table Conferences.—The first international

steam table conference held in London July 8 to 12, 1929, at the in- vitation of the British Electrical and Allied Industries Research

Association was attended by two representatives of the bureau.

They also attended the second conference, held in Berlin, June 23

to 27, 1930, at the time of the Second World Power Conference.

The first conference adopted a skeleton, or as it might properly be

called, a master steam table, with values and tolerances. This table

serves as a gage to judge published tables for accuracy. The London

conference also defined a new kilocaiorie, which is 1/860 of an in- ternational kilowatt-hour, and recommended that this be called the

international kilo-calorie. There appears to be little prospect that

this proposal will receive unanimous approval, and the National

Bureau of Standards has, therefore, suggested the use of the true

joule and kilo-joule as heat units, in conformity with existing

laboratory practice.

The experimental work done at the National Bureau of Standards was given full recognition in preparing the skeleton table at London. For the Berlin conference, a complete report of the bureau's

work on heat content of saturated water and steam up to 270° C, and

on latent heat of vaporization in the range 100° to 270° C, was

available in printed form.

Properties of Steam.—Three papers on this subject have been completed and are to be published in the Journal of Research and in

the Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

One paper gives a detailed account of the experimental work so far

completed. This work yields values of heat content of saturated

water from 0° to 270° C., and of latent heat of vaporization and

heat content of saturated steam from 100° to 270° C. Another

paper gives the theory of the method employed, while the third is a review and appraisal of other published work on properties of

saturated water and steam. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, through its committee on physical properties of steam, has recommended and will

sponsor and support an extension of the steam research at the

bureau. The new program is estimated to require five years for

completion, and calls for extending the measurements on saturated

wate? and steam as nearly to the critical temperature as practicable.

This will require a new calorimeter as the existing one is designed

only for temperatures up to 300° C. The program also includes an

investigation of thermal properties of superheated steam over as large a range of temperature and pressure as practicable.

Publications.—Report on Progress in Steam Research at the Bureau of Standards, with Determinations of Heat Content and Latent Heat up to 270° C, by N. S. Osborne, H. F. Stimson, and E. F. Fiock, Mechanical Engineering,

52, No. 2, p. 127 ; 1930. The Passing of the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat, by E. F. Mueller. Mechanical Engineering, 52, No. 2, p. 139 ; 1930.
216 NATIONAL BUEEAU OF STANDAKDS

The Heats of Combustion of Hydrogen, Methane, and Carbon

Monoxide.—With a new and improved type of calorimeter, the heats

of combustion of the above gases have been measured with a high

degree of precision. Preliminary values to which certain small

corrections have yet to be applied are as follows

:

International joules per mol 30° C. Formation

of HjO

Combustion of COCombustion of CH <

Best value - - ... - -- - - - - 2*5, 010

18 -.02 — 05 -.05

282,900

7 .03

.07 -.45

889,000

.03

.07 Number of good observations - — - . Average deviation - . --- - .- - — .--percent- Maximum deviation . . - . -------- -.per cent- Difference from previously accepted values . -.- .percent-. Heat Capacities of Aqueous Solutions.—The problem of properly

evaluating the heat capacities of aqueous solutions and the methods

of calculating the partial molal heat capacity of solvent and solute

have been discussed and applied to aqueous solutions of a number of

electrolytes.

Publication.—Heat Capacities in Some Aqueous Solutions, by F. D. Rossini, B. S. Jour. Research, 4, No. 2, p. 313 ; 1930. Freezing Point of Platinum.—The freezing point of the platinum

of extremely high purity used in the development of the WaidnerBurgess standard of light was determined with an optical pyrometer.

The freezing point of pure platinum was found to be 1,773° C. on

the International Temperature Scale. It is estimated that the result

is not in error by more than 2° C. Freezing Point of Bismuth.—The freezing point of bismuth of

very high purity was determined with a platinum resistance thermometer as 271.3° C. on the International Temperature Scale.

Effect of High Temperatures on Mica.—Nineteen kinds of foreign

and domestic mica were heated for half-hour periods at 100° intervals

from 600° to 1,200° C. A new sample was used at each temperature,

and the eight samples of each kind (one sample not heated) were mounted as a permanent exhibit to show the progressive change with

temperature.

Thermoelectric Properties of Metals and Alloys.—The emf

against platinum of a series of platinum-rhodium alloys with rhodium content from 1 to 100 per cent was determined last year from

0° to 1,200° C. This year the investigation has been extended to include a series with rhodium from 0.001 to 1 per cent. The emf against platinum of nickel of very high purity and of

spectroscopically pure zinc and cadmium were determined from 0° C. up to the melting points of these metals.

Publication.—Thermoelectric Temperature Scales, by W. F. Roeser. B. S. Jour. Research, 3, No. 3, p. 343 ; 1929. Theory of Heat Conduction.—A note on the theory of heat con- duction was prepared and published. This paper outlines a method

whereby the solution of many problems of steady heat flow with

variable conductivity can be obtained directly from the solutions

of the same problems with constant conductivity- Many text books

state that the solution of problems involving variable conductivity

presents almost insuperable mathematical difficulties. Publication,—Note on the Theory of Heat Conduction, by M. S. Van Dusen,

B. S. Jour. Research, 4, No. 6, p. 753 ; 1930.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 217

Heat Transfer Through Building Walls.—This work, the experimental part of which was completed in previous years, was prepared for publication. The paper contains results on a number of

tvpes of walls used for dwelling houses and other small buildings.

Tables are included showing the thermal resistances of the various

components of completed walls, so that the insulating value of any- particular combination can be calculated.

Thermal Conductivity of Insulating Materials at Ordinary Temperatures.—The program of work on the thermal conductivity of

fibrous materials was completed during the year, and a paper on the

subject presented before the American Institute of Refrigeration.

The paper was revised for publication in the Journal of Research.

The outstanding feature of the work was the demonstration that the

arrangement of fibers has a very large effect on the insulating value

of a mass of packed fibers. A popular article on the " Value of House Insulation " was prepared and published in Good Housekeeping Magazine.

A mathematical paper, showing the effects of metallic conduction on the heat flow through insulation completely inclosed by sheet

metal, was prepared for publication in the Journal of Research.

In cooperation with the American Society for Testing Materials, an investigation of the suitabilit}^ of the use of samples of rubbergraphite compositions as standards for the measurement of the thermal conductivity of electrical insulating materials by a comparative

method was completed. The use of this method was found to be

satisfactory and accurate enough for the purpose.

In cooperation with a producer, work on the temperature coefficients of conductivity, through the range —30° to + 80° C, of a number of typical insulating and building materials was completed,

and a paper describing the results and the apparatus employed was

partially completed.

Radiator Investigation.—The original program of work on cast- iron tubular-type radiators was completed. This work included determinations of effectiveness and heat dissipating ability of the

various commercial sizes of radiators of this type. The general conclusion was that the size and style influenced the effectiveness, but

not to any great extent. Apparatus was constructed with which to

test radiators of the fin convective type.

Testing of Thermometers.—The fees for thermometer testing were substantially equal to the cost of testing, clinical thermometers

showing a considerable excess, and laboratory thermometers a deficit. About 94 per cent of approximately 100,000 clinical thermometers submitted were eligible for certification. Tests are now

made in conformity with commercial standard C81-28 except for

Government purchases under other specifications. Of thermometers

submitted by manufacturers and the public, about 80 per cent were

eligible for test. Of thermometers submitted by Government departments, representing purchases under specifications, only 35 per

cent were eligible for test. Gas Thermometry.—A new manometer was developed for the

measurement of gas pressures up to 1.5 m of mercury with a precision

comparable to that attainable in length measurements. Two glass

cells, each 6 cm internal diameter to minimize capillarity, are con- nected by a flexible, water-jacketed tube. The distance between the
218 NATIONAL. BUREAU OF STANDARDS

cells is determined by gage blocks. The position of the mercury

surface relative to the cell is determined with a precision of about

0.0001 mm mercury by means of a special instrument developed

and constructed for this work at the bureau. It employs a radiofrequency oscillating circuit which is very sensitive to small changes

in electrical capacitance.

Investigation of Pyrometer Protection Tubes.—The effectiveness

of pyrometer protection tubes as a protection against contamination

of thermocouples depends to a large extent upon their being impervious to the passage of gases at high temperatures. The rate of pas- sage of air at a series of temperatures up to 1,300° C. was determined

for 51 primary tubes of 14 different types and 17 secondary (metal)

tubes of 8 different types, representing practically every type of

pyrometer tube used in this country.

The investigation showed that, in general, if a tube was gas tight

at room temperature, it was practically gas tight up to the maximum

temperature at which the tubes were tested. Low-temperature Cryostat.—An improved cryostat, capable of

automatically maintaining temperatures as low as —150° C, constant to better than 0.01° was constructed for use in intercomparing

laboratory standards and for use in routine testing.

Special Refractories and Methods for Making Ceramic Shapes

for Laboratory Work.—The work which has been done during the

past six years in the development of special refractories and special

methods for making crucibles for pyrometric and metallurgical re- search has been prepared for publication. This will make available

to other laboratories new developments in technique with which the

bureau has solved many special problems in this field. IDEK TIFICATION

Identifications.—During the }^ear the bureau has devoted greatly

increased attention to the identification of questioned documents,

bullets, and firearms which have been or are to be submitted in evi- dence in cases in which the United States Government is a party at

interest. The testimony of the experts of the bureau who are en- gaged in this work has in several instances been of vital importance

in establishing the guilt or innocence of the defendant, and has been

directly responsible for saving the Government very large sums of

money.

LEATHER

Acid in Leather.—The investigation of the effects of sulphuric

acid on the life and properties of vegetable-tanned leather was continued. Leather tanned with one of the catechol tanning materials was found to possess a high degree of resistance to deterioration by

acid, while leather tanned with a pyragallol tanning material showed

a low resistance. The influence of the degree of tannage on the

deterioration by acid has been studied, and, although leathers which

have received a high degree of tannage deteriorate more rapidly,

the influence of this factor is not as great as the type of tanning

material used and the relative humidity in service. Tests made
i STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 219

regarding the latter show that the rate of deterioration rapidly in- creases with relative humidities above 80 per cent. A study of the

influence of grease content showed that the rate of deterioration was little changed for leathers containing from 10 to 20 per cent

of cod oil and tallow. These practical demonstrations of the in- fluence of various factors on the deterioration of leather are destined

to be of considerable importance to the maker and user of leather,

and will enable more definite quality standards to be established.

A ramification of the problem has shown that certain leathers will

take up sulphur groups from polluted atmospheres in sufficient quantities to cause deterioration, thus demonstrating the need for means

of preserving leather which was originally satisfactorily made.

Fundamental studies are being prosecuted to establish the reasons underlying the deteriorating influence noted, with some expectation

that determinations of the combined weights of the different tannins

and acids with collagen may yield results of value. A laboratory

test to determine the hydrotysis of leathers when digested with acid

has been devised, and the results obtained follow very closely the

trends shown in the actual aging tests. It is believed that the

method offers possibilities in establishing an entirely new method

for evaluating leather as to harmful acidity.

Sole Leather.—Determinations have been completed showing the

chrome leather which has been retanned with vegetable tanning

materials will wear from 25 to 75 per cent longer than ordinary

vegetable-tanned leather, depending upon the extent of the retannage.

Those heavily retanned so as more nearly to resemble vegetabletanned leather showed the least increase in comparative wear. The

results of these tests are being arranged for publication, and further

work has been started to determine whether the added durability of

heavily retanned leathers may not be obtained more economically

by using curried or flexible vegetable leathers. Specifications and Properties of Leather.—A study was made of

the effect of splitting on the strength of commercial leathers. It was

found that the grain portion of the leathers possesses very little strength and that the strength-giving fibers lie in the flesh portion.

The failure of many leathers in service is attributed to excessive

splitting off of these strength-giving fibers and emphasizes the need

of careful attention to splitting on the part of the tanner and shoe

manufacturer.

LENS DESIGN

The Algebraic Computation of Spherical Aberration.—The in- vestigation of algebraic methods for computing the aberrations of

lenses has been continued. For spherical aberration a new system

of formulas has been developed, including terms of the eleventh

order together with supplementary formulas for transferring the

abberations from one surface to the next. The formulas have been

put into a form suitable for use with a computing machine and have

been checked for specific cases by means of parallel computations by

the algebraic and trigonometric methods. Whether or not the algebraic method will offer advantages over the trigonometric as regards

rapidity of computation depends upon the number of rays to be

27171—31 15
220 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

traced and the number of orders which it is ncessary to retain.

However, there are cases in which it is desirable to have a solution

with the different orders carried through separately even though

additional labor is necessary. It seems probable that if the fifth order term is retained there will be a large number of problems in

which it will not be necessary to supplement the algebraic work by

a trigonometric solution.

LIME AND GYPSUM

Lime Investigation

(a) Soundness of Hydrated Lime.—Steaming a paste of hydrated lime in an autoclave at 120 pounds pressure

has proved most satisfactory to determine the soundness of hydrated

lime. The study is bein<r continued on the behavior of hydrated

limes of different composition and it is hoped that the method may

be made applicable for the testing of the soundness of pulverized

quicklime.

(b) Particle Size Distribution of Hydrated Lime.—The particle size distribution of hydrated lime is being studied by determining the rate of sedimentation of lime in anhydrous normal butyl

alcohol. An automatic weighing device, capable of weighing to within 0.1 mg, has been set up to follow the course of the

sedimentation.

(c) Specifications for Chemical Lime.—The recommended specifications for quicklime and hydrated lime for use in soap making

were issued as a Bureau of Standards circular. This publication was the thirteenth on which the interdepartmental conference had

been working, and completed the series. Publication.—Recommended Specifications for Quicklime and Hydrated Lime

for Use in Soap Making, B. S. Circular No. 372. 1929. Manufacture of Gypsum Products

(a) Properties of Gypsum

Fiber Concrete.—The results of the investigation of the compressive

strength, modulus of rupture, and modulus of elasticity of gypsum

fiber concrete were published in the 1930 annual report of Committee

C-ll on Gypsum of the American Society for Testing Materials.

The volumetric changes of gypsum fiber concrete made from five different lots of calcined gypsum are being studied. Specimens of

the concrete containing varying amounts of water and wood chips were cast into slabs. Setting expansions ranged from 0.06 to 0.40 per cent, TTithin the temperature range of 25° to 45° C. the thermal coefficient of expansion of the neat gypsum specimens was about

160 X 10 " 7 and that of the fiber concrete containing 12.5 per cent wood

chips about 130X10 - 7

. The specimens have been divided into two groups. The specimens

of the first group are being alternately wet and dried while those of

the second group are alternately stored in moist and in dry air. The

volumetric changes of all specimens are being recorded from cycle to

cycle,

Studies are also being made to render gypsum products weatherproof.

Properties of Sand-Lime Brick.—A further investigation of the

properties of sand-lime brick has been undertaken to determine

their weathering ability. Partial immersion as well as total im-
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 221

mersion absorption data have been obtained, together with the bulk

volume and density of the bricks. At the present time freezing and

thawing cycles on these bricks are being made to determine whether

a correlation may be obtained between absorptive properties and

resistance to freezing and thawing.

LUBRICATION AND LIQUID FUELS

Properties of Petroleum Products.—In cooperation with the

American Petroleum Institute, work has continued on the development of apparatus and methods for measuring specific heats, latent

heats of vaporization, and heats of reaction during cracking at high

temperatures. As a result of measurements of the compressibility

and thermal expansion of 14 petroleum oils at pressures 1 to 50 at- mospheres and temperatures 0° to 300° C, practical working tables

have been prepared whereby the change in volume of an oil with

temperature and pressure may be determined readily from a knowledge of specific gravity and viscosity at standard temperatures.

Thickness of Adsorbed Films of Liquids.—Measurements of sur- face tension of soap solutions have shown that there is no evidence

for the existence of thick plastic films on the surface of such solutions, as is sometimes stated. A comprehensive investigation of the

viscosity of liquids in very fine capillaries recently completed has

shown that there is no rigid adsorbed layer thicker than 0.02 micron

on glass or platinum surfaces when covered with liquid, a conclusion

of fundamental importance in connection with lubrication.

Gumming Characteristics of Gasoline.—The bureau is making a study of the gumming characteristics of gasolines on behalf of the

Army Air Corps. Gum present in gasolines at the time of use may

cause objectionable deposits in the intake manifold and on the in- take valves. Two problems are involved—gum content at the time

of test and gum which forms during storage. In order to develop

a suitable test for the amount of gum which is liable to form on

storage, it is necessary to make gum content determinations on gasolines at various periods of storage, and this involves the use of a

satisfactory method for gum content. The present copper dish

method is not satisfactory but, on the basis of intensive work here

and in other laboratories, it appears that a suitable method will be

available soon. Storage tests and accelerated gum tests will then be

undertaken.

Oiliness of Lubricating Oils.—Experiments on the Herschel oili- ness machine have confirmed the existence of a finite speed at which

there occurs a maximum coefficient of friction. Further studies with

this machine have shown an average reduction of 20 per cent in the

friction of mineral lubricating oils due to the addition of 2 per cent of fatty acid.

Engine Tests of Lubricating Oils.—In connection with the work

on engine tests of lubricating oils being conducted for the Quartermaster Corps, refinements in the methods used for standardizing

the tests on lubricating oils were made in the 6-cylinder bus engine

adapted for this purpose. Engine operating conditions are auto- matically recorded throughout the test periods and a systematic

method for recording results has been developed. The principal
222 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

object of the year's work has been to make check determination: on

the two reference oils with which unknown oils are to be compared.

Oil Recommendations.—As it is recognized that viscosity is the

most important characteristic determining the suitability of* an oil for use in any particular type of engine, a comprehensive statistical study has been made of the various grades of oil recommended by the

automotive vehicle manufacturers and oil refiners for about 200

makes of trucks, tractors, and passenger cars. The results have been

summarized in convenient form for practical use and published by

the Chief Coordinator.

Physical Tests for Grease.—The Bulkley consistometer has been

found useful in studying the properties of grease, as described in a recent paper. Tests have also been made with a long metal capillary

under high pressures showing that the curve for rate of flow of

grease, when plotted against inlet pressure, passes through a maximum due to the consistency of the grease being made stiffer under

high pressures.

Publication.—A New Consistometer and its Application to Greases and to Oils at Low Temperatures, by Ronald Bulkley and F. G. Bitner, B. S. Jour. Research. 5, No. 1. p. 83: 1930. Cutting Fluids.—Scientific analysis of 12.000 returns from 68 of

the largest users of cutting fluids showing current machine shop

practice, has been completed and reported to the American Society

of Mechanical Engineers, as a step in a cooperative program for

improving the efficiency of metal cutting operations.

Journal Bearing Performance.—In cooperation with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers tests have been completed on a

series of 21 different sets of journal bearings (4 in each set) to determine the effect of the length of the bearing and closeness of fit on friction losses. The results have been reported to the American

Society of Mechanical Engineers and represented by curves which

should be useful in the practical design of full, cylindrical journal

bearings operating under a wide variety of speeds, loads, and oil temperatures.

World Power Conference.—Two papers were presented at the

"World Power Conference at Berlin. June, 1930. by Dr. H. C. Dickinson, of the bureau? s staff: (1) "Scientific Research in the United

States on Gasoline Engines " discusses the progress which has re- cently been -made in investigations of the rates of flame travel and

molecular transformation in the engine and in experimental bombs,

the pressures and temperatures in engine cylinders, and the rates of

heat transfer from the metal surfaces of air-cooled engines. Problems connected with supercharging, ignition by spark, bearing and

gear lubrication, and valve spring behavior . are also mentioned.

(2)

' ; Volatile Liquid Fuels " outlines the history of the commercial

production, distribution, and utilization of such fuels, describes the

characteristics required for automotive use. and discusses

specifications for their purchase in large quantities.

MECHANICS

Testing of Engineering Instruments.—The work in the calibration of water-current meters and other engineering instruments has

been steadily increasing. The number of such calibrations now ex- ceeds 1.000 per year. A considerable amount of experimental work
STAXDAUDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 223

uas done in cooperation with the United States Geological Survey

in the development of new standard suspension arrangements for

water current meters. Automatic Postal Machines.—The bureau has been cooperating

with the Post Office Department during the past fiscal year in the

technical study and testing of a number of different types of auto- matic postage vending and postage metering machines for the purpose of determining their suitability, from the standpoint of

mechanical design, accuracy, and reliability, for use by the Government.

Numbering Machines.—Additional samples of numbering machines of the lever type have been tested for compliance with the

requirements of the performance specification recently developed by

the bureau for the Federal Specifications Board. The experimental

study of the durability of numbering machines has been extended

to develop performance specifications for numbering machines of

other types.

Thermostatic Radiator Traps.—The new Government construction program, which will require a great many thermostatic radiator

return-line traps, has resulted in activity on the part of manufacturers in submitting traps for type-performance tests. An unusually

large number of such tests has teen made during the past fiscal year. Investigation of Propeller Fans.—In cooperation with Paragon

Engineers (Inc.), the performance of 2-blade propeller fans has

been measured for a wide range of pitch-diameter ratios. The results of the measurements have been published.

Publication.—The Characteristics of Two-Blade Propeller Fans, by H. L. Dryden and P. S. Ballif, B. S. Jour. Research, 5, No. 1, p. 185, 1930. Fire-Extinguishing Appliances.—The testing and investigation of

fire-extinguishing appliances, principally for the Steamboat Inspection Service, to supply technical data upon which the consideration

of their approval for use on vessels may be based, has been further

extended to include additional devices and new types of equipment.

The volume of work of this nature has more than doubled in the

past fiscal year. Elevator Safety Interlocks.—The work undertaken to develop

performance tests for elevator interlocking devices has been con- tinued to include the testing of additional commercial devices. The

data resulting are made available, as a basis for approval for use in

their respective jurisdictions, to certain regulatory bodies, as, for

example, the Government departments, certain State governments,

and casualty insurance companies. The performance tests developed

to insure the reliability and practicability of these devices have

recently been adopted, substantially in the form originally developed,

as a part of the American Standard Code for Elevators.

METALS

Fundamental Constants and Properties of Pure Metals and Their

Alloys.—A publication was issued on the properties of rhodium and

the methods for mechanically working it. Additional physical prop- • erties of nickel of the highest attainable purity and of thorium have

been determined, the results of which will soon be published.

Publication.—Melting, Mechanical Working, and Some Physical Properties

of Rhodium, by W. H. Swanger, B. S. Jour. Research, 3, No. 6, p. 1029 ; 1929.
224 NATIONAL, BUREAU OF STANDARDS

In cooperation with the alloys-of-iron research committee of Engineering Foundation a critical review of the literature on the preparation and properties of pure iron has been undertaken, the results of this will form the basis of a monograph on the subject and also serve as the preliminary step in further experimental work on the

metal itself. The study of the A2 (magnetic) change in pure iron by means

of the /?-ray spectrograph has been continued.

Meat-Resisting Alloys.—Cooperative work has been continued

with the joint research committee on the high-temperature properties of metals of the American Society for Testing Materials and

American Society of Mechanical Engineers in correlating the results obtained by workers in a number of different laboratories on identical

materials. In cooperation with a manufacturer of heat-resisting al- loys, work has been continued with the view to coordinating the

results of long-time tension tests at high temperatures, the so-called

" creep " tests, with similar short-time tests. The results of " creep

"

tests on a variety of commercial as well as special alloy steels, showing the suitability of the materials for the construction of apparatus

for high temperature service were published during the year. The

study of the high-temperature properties of the representative alloys

of the iron-nickle-chromium series has been continued.

Publication.—Flow Characteristics of Special Fe-Ni-Cr Alloys and Some

Steels at Elevated Temperatures, by H. J. French, W. Kahlbaum, and A. A.

Peterson, B. S. Jour. Research, 5, No. 1, p. 125 ; 1930. Wear-resistant Alloys.—The behavior of identical materials when

subjected to " wear " in a variety of ways has been studied with the

purpose of establishing reliable laboratory test methods for determining the relative wear resistance of metals. A report is in press. The results emphasize the importance of fitting the testing proceed- ure for wear-resistant materials to the conditions of wear which

obtain in service. Thermal Conductivity of Metals.—Apparatus for determining the

thermal conductivity of metal specimens has been designed and constructed. Information on this subject has been repeatedly requested

by industry.

Solubility of Gases in Metals.—The equilibrium relations existing

between carbon and oxygen in liquid iron at 1,550° to 1,600° C. have been studied, as well as the relation between the carbon and

oxygen content of the liquid iron and the composition of an overlying

gaseous mixture of CO and C02 at a total pressure of 1 atmosphere.

The vacuum fusion and the " residue " methods of analyses for determining gases and oxides in steels which have been developed in

the bureau's laboratories in recent years have permitted an attack on this problem from several angles, all of which are giving satis- factorily consistent results. Publication was made during the year on the constitution of the

alloys of nitrogen and iron.

Publication.—Observations on the Iron-Nitrogen System, by S. Epstein, H. C. Gross, E. C. Groesbeck, and I. J. Wymore, B. S. Jour. Research, 3, No. 6, p. 1005; 1929. Corrosion of Metals.—-Work has been continued upon the fundamentals underlying the development of reliable corrosion tests. A
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 225

publication was issued on the effect of aeration upon accelerated

electrolytic corrosion. The study of the effect of the degree of

aeration on corrosion of metals submerged in water has been very

actively pushed throughout the year. Cooperation with the American Society for Testing Materials in out-of-door exposure tests of

metals—zinc-coated iron and steel products, nonferrous sheet materials and screen wire cloth—has been continued. Publication was

made, in connection with the last class of materials, correlating fail- ure by corrosion under atmospheric exposure with the contamination

of the atmosphere by sulphurous gases.

Publications.—Effect of Oxidizing Conditions on Accelerated Electrolytic

Corrosion Tests, by H. S. Rawdon and W. A. Tucker, B. S. Jour. Research, 3, No. 3, p. 375 ; 1929. Corrosion Prevention Methods as Applied in Aircraft Construction, by H. S. Rawdon, Preprint of paper presented at meeting of American Society for Testing Materials; June, 1930. Atmospheric Exposure and Laboratory Tests on Nonferrous Screen Wire

Cloth, by G. W. Quick, Preprint of paper presented at meeting of American

Society for Testing Materials ; June, 1930. Metal Spraying.—The adherence of sprayed metal coatings as dependent on the preparation of the surface to be coated has received

attention. As in previous years, aid has been given the military

departments of the Government in several important applications of

metal spraying.

Hardness Testing of Metals.—During the past two years, a large

number of steel specimens, having high Brinell numbers, have been

tested. The results have been used in the derivation of formulas for

the relation between the Rockwell and the Brinell numbers. The

new formulas do not differ greatly from earlier formulas published

by the National Bureau of Standards, but give the metallurgical

industry more reliable methods of obtaining the Rockwell number

from the Brinell number, or vice versa. The Brinell test is extensively used to control the materials used in engineering. As different observers use somewhat different methods of making this test, a careful study of these variables was made both theoretically and

experimentally. Recommendations were prepared covering the load,

the time under load, the diameter and mechanical properties of the

ball, the apparatus for measuring the indentation, the thickness of

the specimen, and the distance of an indentation from the edge of the

specimen or from another indentation. If these recommendations

are followed, there should be no appreciable differences in the

Brinell numbers obtained by different observers.

High-frequency Fatigue Testing.—The air-driven high-frequency

machines described in the Standards Yearbook for 1928 have been

in constant use in the determination of the fatigue limits of various

light alloys. Seven machines of this type are now operating at frequencies of approximately 200 cycles per second. Each test bar

is subjected to 200,000,000 cycles of stress if failure does not occur

before this limit is reached. The work is being conducted in cooperation with the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics.

Welded Structures.—In cooperation with the Structural Steel

Welding Committee of the American Bureau of Welding, tensile

tests have been made of 125 large welded joints, as an aid in determining safe working stresses when designing welded structures.
226 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STAXDAEDS

Electrically Welded Steel Tubing.—An investigation was con- ducted on the physical properties of tubing made from sheet steel, in which the longitudinal seam was welded under pressure by the

electrical-resistance method. Most of the tubes were made from

mild steel containing about 0.08 per cent carbon, and a few were made from steel containing about 0.25 per cent carbon. The tubes were subjected to the following tests: (1) Tension, (2) torsion, (3)

compression of short specimens, (4) hydrostatic, (5) tension across the weld of circumferential strips. (6) flanging, and (T) hardnes.-

around the tube. The tests showed that the properties of the base

metal (the metal not affected by the welding operation) can be used

in determining the worldlier stresses for different structural uses of

tubing made by this process.

Publication.—Physical Properties of Electrically Welded Steel Tubing, by

H. L. Whittemore. J. S. Adelson, and E. O. Seaquist, B. S. Jour. Research, 4. No. 4, p. 475; 1930. Torsional Properties of Tubing.—An investigation of the torsional

properties of tubes of different materials, diameters, and wall thicknesses, suitable for use in aircraft, has been undertaken in cooperation with the Bureau of Aeronautics, Xavy Department. The first tests are being made on standard sizes of chrome-molybdenum steel tubing up to 2 inches in diameter and up to 0.065 inch thick. These

specimens fail by buckling after permanent deformation of the

material has begun. The results of this investigation will enable

designers to estimate closelv the torsional strength of tubular members of aircraft.

Foundry Materials and Methods.—Cooperation with the Steel

Castings Research Bureau in the study of steel castings has been continued. Two phases of the work, the first dealing with the problem

of low ductility of such castings and the second one relating to " over- reduced " steel, have been completed.

The problem of the so-called " liquid shrinkage " of cast metals

has been studied in cooperation with the American Foundrymen's

Association, and a report on the first phases of the work has been

prepared. The initial stages of the investigation have'been devoted

to methods of determining the volume changes undergone by metals

cooling from the liquid state to room temperature, such changes being

considered as definite physical properties of the metal quite apart

from variables in foundry practice. Three types of volume changes

have been considered. " liquid shrinkage." " solidification shrinkage."

and " solid shrinkage." A crucible-immersion method for determining the specific volume temperature curve of a liquid metal was developed, and a sand-cast bar permitting direct readings of length

changes in the solid metal was devised. The data from these two

methods permit construction of the complete specific volume-temperature curve of the metal from room temperature to a temperature

considerably above the melting point of the metal. These tests are being applied in a practical maimer to a variety of cast irons.

The test for determining the " fluidity " of metals—that is. the

ability of the molten metal to fill completely the mold—has been

modified and greatly improved. Very satisfactory results are beiuo- obtained.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 227

Toward the close of the year work was undertaken in cooperation

with the Non-Ferrous Ingot Metals Institute with the twofold object

of showing the unnecessary variety of chemical compositions appearing in present specifications for copper-base casting alloys and also of indicating or developing a type of cast test bar which shall satis- factorily indicate the maximum mechanical properties to be expected

from a given alloy. This work has started with a study of the class of alloys represented by the well-known 85 copper-5 zinc-5 tin-5 lead

composition.

Efforts have been continued to improve the strength of rubber

cements for use as binders for foundry core sand and also to reduce

the cost so as to bring them within the reach of the ordinary foundry.

Quenching Media for Steel.—By utilizing the methods developed

in the early phases of this work, a study has been made of the characteristics of a number of aqueous solutions for their possible application in a practical commercial way as quenching media in the heat

treatment of steels. With one of these, sodium silicate—" water

glass "—results have been obtained which indicate its usefulness as

a quenching medium with a

" cooling velocity " intermediate between

water and oil, the commonly used commercial quenching liquids.

Publication.—Hot Aqueous Solutions for the Quenching of Steels, by H. J. French and T. E. Hamill, B. S. Jour. Research, 3, No. 3, p. 399 ; 1929. Rail Steel.—Study has been continued of the tensile properties of

rail steel at temperatures ranging from normal room temperature

to one somewhat below rolling temperature of the rails. A publication has been issued on this subject showing the probable rela- tionship of the low ductilit}^ observed at the elevated temperature

secondary brittlesness "—to the development of transverse fissures

in the rails later in service.

Further work is in progress on rail steel of various compositions

and heat treatment in the endeavor to establish the cause of the

phenomenon of " secondary brittleness."

Publication has also been made of the endurance properties of rail

steels of special compositions.

Publications.—Effect of Service on the Endurance Properties of Rail Steels, by J. R. Freeman, jr., and H. N. Solakian, B. S. Jour. Research, 3, No. 2, p. 205; 1929. Tensile Properties of Rail and Some Other Steels at Elevated Temperatures, by J. R. Freeman, jr., and G. W. Quick, B. S. Jour. Research, 4, No. 4, p. 549; 1930. Endurance Properties of Some Special Rail Steels, by J. R. Freeman, jr. and

R. D. France, B. S. Jour. Research, 4, No. 6, p. 851 ; 1930. Tensile Properties of Rail and Other Steels at Eelevated Temperatures,

by J. R. Freeman, jr., and G. W. Quick, American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, Technical Publication No. 269 ; 1930. High-Speed Too! Steel and the Machinability of Steel.—A report

has been issued on the characteristic behavior of tools of highspeed steel containing various addition elements, such as, nickel,

cobalt, arsenic, copper, antimony, etc., of which cobalt is the only

addition which appears to be beneficial in its effect. A report was

also published on the method for studying the behavior of tools when

used for finishing cuts. A similiar report on the behavior of sin- tered tungsten carbide lathe cutting tools has been published. In con-
228 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

nection with this latter study a number of the characteristic fundamental physical properties of tungsten carbide (sintered into a co- balt matrix) have been determined.

Publication.—Turning with Shallow Cuts at High Speeds, by H. J. French

and T. G. Digges, B. S. Jour. Research, 3, No. 6, p. 829 ; 1929. Heat-Treated Bridge Wire.—The strength which is necessary in

wire to be used in the cables of suspension bridges may be developed

by cold working or by heat treatment. Wire of the former class has, however, been used exclusively for this purpose. Attempts to use the heat-treated wire have been unsuccessful. A study of heattreated wire which had been rejected, undertaken early in the year,

is still in progress. Examination of the structural condition, thermomagnetic analysis to determine its condition with respect to heat

treatment, endurance, and other mechanical tests have been made.

The work will be continued during the coming year, special atten- tion being paid to the effect of surface conditions arising in the zinc

coating operation upon the stability of the wire under various

conditions of stress. Prevention of Embrittlement of Sheet Duralumin by Corrosion

and of Deterioration of Magnesium Alloys by Corrosion.—The

third year of the exposure tests of bare and coated duralumin at the

Canal Zone, at Hampton Roads, and at the National Bureau of

Standards has just ended. The results closely confirm the laboratory tests concerning the superiority of pure aluminum as a coating

material for duralumin and of the necessity of proper heat treat- ment if maximum corrosion resistance is to be obtained. The tests are to be continued, the initial installation having been based on a

5-year program. Laboratory tests have shown the very decided advantage gained in the coating of aluminum alloys if the surface is given a preliminary treatment by the anodic oxidation process before the application of the coating. The results obtained with the

magnesium alloy specimens have shown that the coating of this

material to resist atmosphere corrosion is of even greater importance

than the coating of aluminum alloys.

Lead Base and Tin Base Bearing Alloys.—In cooperation with

the office of the Quartermaster General of the War Department, a study was started early in the year of the comparative merits of

lead-base and tin-base bearing alloys. As a supplement to the lab- oratory tests, bearings representative of the different alloys are being

installed in a number of Army trucks and their behavior in service

will be closely observed. The work is being continued and is to be

extended to include the copper-lead bearing materials.

Bearing Bronzes.—The properties of bearing bronzes for auto- motive uses as affected by the presence of various impurities—nickel,

antimony, and phosphorus—have been studied in cooperation with a large manufacturer of these materials. Antimony appears to be

particularly objectionable. Further work is in progress along related

lines with special attention to the effect of iron on bearing bronzes.

Fusible Boiler Plugs.—Publication was made of the results of a study carried out in cooperation with the Steamboat Inspection

Service on the reliability of fusible tin boiler plugs in service. On

the basis of this work, a number of changes were recommended.
STANDAKDS YEAKBOOK, 19 31 229

One of these, which has received the approval of the Steamboat Inspection Service, is to the effect that the maximum impurities in the

tin filling of O.T per cent will be allowed instead of the former re- quirement of 0.3 per cent.

Publication.—Reliability of Fusible Tin Boiler Plugs in Service, by J. R. Freeman, jr., J. A. Scherrer, and J. Rosenberg, B. S. Jour. Research, 4, No. 1,

p. 1; 1930. Platinum Metals.—Research on methods of purification and

methods of analysis for the metals of the platinum group was continued. The development of a simple and accurate method for the

determination of osmium marked the virtual completion of the first phase of the investigation of analytical methods for these metals;

that is, methods of determination. Some work remains to be done on platinum and palladium before the results can be published, but

it is now possible to determine each of the six metals with satis- factory accuracy, if the}^ have been separated from each other.

Completion of a system of methods of separation, on which some work was done this year and considerable in past years, is the next

phase of the research.

Work on methods for the purification of iridium resulted in the

development of a method by which metal which is spectrographically pure can be prepared, but which is not satisfactory, either as to speed or yield, for the preparation of reasonably pure iridium in

quantity. The very pure metal is needed for other phases of the

work on the properties of the platinum metals.

Some modifications were made in the previously developed method

for the purification of osmium. The methods of purification are now at about the same stage as the methods of determination, namely,

that it is possible to prepare any one of the six metals in any desired

degree of purity.

Metals of the Platinum Group.—A study of the properties and

mechanical working of the rhodium-platinum allows is nearly fin- ished. The study of the refractories for use in melting the metals of

the platinum group has been completed.

Properties and New Uses for Bismuth.—In cooperation with one

of the large producers of this metal, there was undertaken a study

of the properties of bismuth and some of its alloys with the object

of arousing interest in this little-used metal, which possesses some

rather unusual properties, and, if possible, of developing new uses. A circular was issued summarizing information available in the

technical literature on the production, physical properties, and the

alloys of bismuth. Studies were made of the mechanical working

of bismuth by extrusion, of the mechanical properties of bismuthlead alloys, and of the properties of type metals of the usual compositions and with additions of bismuth. A review of the available

information on compositions and melting points of low-melting

alloys was undertaken.

Publications.—-Bismuth, B. S. Circular No. 382; 1930. Metallographlc Technique.—The report published during the year

describing the automatic metallographic polishing machine developed

at the bureau has resulted in numerous requests for permission to copy the machine. By utilizing this machine it has been possible to
230 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

study the kinds of abrasives and the polishing methods winch an; suitable and necessary for the various materials the present-day

metailographist is called upon to examine.

Publication.—Metallographic Polishing (I) Automatic Metallographic Polish- ing Machine, bv S. Epstein and J. P. Buckley, B. S. Jour. Research, 3, No. 5, p. 783; 1929. Metallurgical Testing and Service for Government Departments.—Only a relatively small number of the metallurgical tests are of a routine nature. Most of these " tests " are distinctly of a research nature, each one requiring a different method of attack.

The character of such tests varied greatly as, for example, the resto- ration of the obliterated identification numbers on stolen firearms,

the coating of crystals by metal spraying, the establishing of the cause for service failure of metal structures, as engine crank shafts,

rocker arms, etc. Work of this nature was done for 27 different

Government bureaus, commissions, and organizations. Very considerable work on the structural permanence of duralumin used as a structural material in aircraft was done. This included participation

in the inspection of the U. S. S. Los Angeles.

Metallurgical Information.—The dissemination of information to the public, both by letter and directly to visitors, constitutes an

important part of the metallurgical work of the bureau. The preparation of circulars summarizing in concise form the information

available on the properties of the common industrial metals and

their alloys has been continued. The one relating to zinc and

cadmium will soon be ready for printing.

Publication.—Current Metallurgical Research at the Bureau of Standards,

by H. S. Rawdon, Metals and Alloys, 1, No. 4, p. 144; 1929. METROLOGY

Standard Wave Lengths.—In connection with the suggestion that

certain spectral lines characteristic of krypton and xenon might be more suitable as a fundamental unit of length than the wave length

of the red radiation from cadmium, the wave lengths of the stronger

lines of Kr and of Xe have been compared with neon standards by

interferometer methods. The relative values of spectral terms have

thus been established with such accuracy that the average deviation

of an observed wave number from the calculated value is less than

1 part in 20,000,000. These krypton and xenon lines form the most

consistent sets of spectroscopic standards now known in spite of the

fact that some of the lines are complex. From certain permitted combinations of terms the wave lengths of infra-red standards can be

calculated with high precision.

Publications.—The First Spectrum of Krypton, by W. F. Meggers. T. L. de

Bruin, and C. J. Humphreys, B. S. Jour. Research, 3, No. 1. p. 129; 1929. The First Spectrum of Xenon, by W. F. Meggers, T. L. de Bruin, and C. J. Humphreys, B. S. Jour. Research, 3, No. 5, p. 731 ; 1929. Improvement in Accuracy of End Standards.—Xotable improvement in the accuracy of commercial end standards is illustrated by

the fact that a set of 11 standards, ranging by steps of millionths

of an inch from a nominal length of 0.100000 to 0.100010 inch, were
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 23 i tested, and all found correct within a maximum error of three

ten-millionths of an inch in planeness and parallelism of ends and

in length.

Special Material for Line Standards.—The steel under investigation mentioned in the 1930 yearbook proved to be unsatisfactory

because of inclusions, flaws, and excessive thermal expansion. A

systematic search of stainless steels finally located in a 14 x^er cent chromium and one-half per cent carbon steel a material which appears to be satisfactory from the five standpoints of polish, homogeneity, hardness, thermal expansion (practically same as platinum),

and resistance to corrosion. It appears to have, for the purpose, all the desirable properties of platinum and excels it in hardness,

rigidity, and polishing quality.

Comparisons of Length Standards.—In the 1930 yearbook mention was made of an extensive intercomparison of the platinumiridium meter bars and invar meter Xo. 39 of the bureau. During the

year just closed this work has been continued, special attention being

given to the decimeter intervals of the subdivided meter bars and to a group of seven decimeter bars, some of which belong to the bureau

and others to cooperating universities. Three decimeter bars belonging to American universities were intercalibrated with four similar

bars belonging to the bureau. All seven of these bars were from the same original series issued by the International Bureau of Weights

and Measures. While the final results for the various bars are in

close agreement, and the determined lengths are believed to be correct to 0.1 micron, they differ, in some cases by as much as 1 micron,

from the values as originally certified. A redetermination of the

coefficient of expansion of several of these bars, and a determination

of their lengths in terms of light waves, are important steps still to be taken.

The work of intercomparing the various platinum-iriclium meter

bars of the bureau having been completed, the following relations

have been determined and will be regarded as official until such time

as new certificates may be issued by the International Bureau of

Weights and Measures:

M 27=1 m-lAO fi+ (8.620 + 0.00177 T) X 10~6 T

as reported by the International Bureau,

M 21-M 27= +5.07 /x at 23° C. M 12-yY 27= +4.49 /x at 23° C. M 27= -4.29 /x at 23° C.

as determined at the National Bureau of Standards. These values

represent the actual relations between the various bars within the

errors of the most precise comparisons, and it is regarded as very

unlikely that the issuance of new certificates by the International

Bureau will change any of these values by a significant amount.

A redetermination of the coefficient of expansion of the meter bars

will be included in the future work on line standards at this bureau.

In connection with the intercomparison of line standards many

comparisons of high precision were made on 4-inch scales and
232 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

1-decimeter scales. These comparisons have demonstrated that it is practicable to lay off and rule line standards in terms of light waves to a very high degree of uniformity and precision. There is. however, a slight discrepancy, of the order of 0.5 micron, between

the absolute length as laid off in terms of light waves and as determined by comparison in terms of the meter. This small discrepancy

probably comes from a slight uncertainty as to the phase change on

reflection rather than from error in the assumed wave length or in

the length of the line standard used in making the comparisons.

Graduation and Calibration of Circles.—During the past year

three 9-inch circles for first-order Coast and Geodetic Survey

theodolites and six 6%-inch circles for second-order theodolites were

graduated. Measurements made at this bureau on the 9-inch circles showed no indications of error in excess of two seconds. Further

work in the graduation and calibration of circles is planned for the

coming year.

Publication.—Precision Machines and Instruments for the Measurement of Length, by George K. Burgess, World Engineering Congress, Tokyo, Japan,

Paper No. 335 ; November, 1929. Methods of Length Measurement.—Because of the high precision

now being obtained in measurements with the bureau's longitudinal

comparator, it seemed advisable to investigate more thoroughly the

computational methods used in the determination of the corrections

to the subintervals of a graduated line standard.

The method used at this bureau for several years in the intercalibration of two length standards, or two sections of one standard,

is that described by Doctor Guillaume, director of the International

Bureau of Weights and Measures, sometimes referred to as the

Leman-Thiessen method, and currently used at the International

Bureau, the National Physical Laboratory, and elsewhere. This

method is a great simplification of the rigorous least squares solution.

Certain defects inherent in the abbreviated method have been

pointed out by various writers. At least three computational schemes

for a complete least squares solution have been published—one by

Dziobek, one by Leman, and one by Perard. All of these are i~ery

complicated and have hitherto been avoided by most metrologists.

One set of observations of the intercalibration of intervals on two

decimeter bars is being carried through at this bureau using each of

the three rigorous methods and also the simplified method.

The work is not yet complete, but is far enough advanced to permit drawing one or two conclusions. The two German methods

(Dziobek and Leman) give final values for the corrections which are found to be identical in this calibration, the maximum variations

being 0.0001 micron, this variation being almost certainly due to rounding off the last figure as it had not been considered necessary

to carry the results closer than 0.0001 micron, and this only so as to be certain to about 0.01 micron. It should be noted that in outward

appearance these two methods are very different, the one by Dziobek

which was published first involving less than half as much calculation as the other and being a much more straightforward process. The average variation of the results of Guillaume's simplified computation from these two results is about 0.02 micron. This report can only be considered as a preliminary one.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 233

Standardization of Geodetic Tapes and Wires.—Arrangements

have been made for participating in an international series of

measurements on invar base-line wires, but these have not yet been

received from the International Bureau.

In order to maintain the geodetic tape testing at a high standing,

two items deserve consideration. Certain recommended changes in

the geodetic tape comparator should be carried out, and consideration

should be given to the question of obtaining an interferometer equipment of the type successfully used by the Japanese in measuring long

standards, bases, and wires.

Laboratory Work and Testing.—About the usual amount of test- ing of yard and meter bars, steel tapes, base line tapes, level rods,

sieves, haemacytometers, and other standards, instruments, and devices of this character has been carried out during the year. The

longitudinal comparator has enabled the bureau to make comparisons

and calibrations of length standards not only with high precision,

but also with remarkable rapidity. One test during the year demonstrated very clearly that work of this sort done in the past has been

accurately done, although with the earlier equipment so much extra time and care were necessary to produce good results that the effici- ency was necessarily not as great as at present.

During the past year an unusual number of stage micrometers,

micrometer miscroscopes, and special types of small length comparators were submitted for test.PAPER

Permanence of Papers.—The testing of representative current commercial writing and printing papers in reference to their probable stability was largely completed during the past year. Some of

the results obtained were published in the Journal of Kesearch.

Progress was made in the preparation of similar types of papers in

the bureau's paper mill. These papers will have a definitely known

history, and the chemicals and mechanical processes used in their

preparation are being varied to measure their effect on paper stability. Expansion of this research to include extensive study of

preservation of publications in libraries was made possible through

a fund granted by the Carnegie Foundation. With this fund extensive surveys of library storage conditions and a study of their effects on papers are being made. This work includes consideration of

the effects of light, heat, and atmospheric pollutions on current

papers, and examinations of old papers of known age and history

as to these effects. The information so far gained in this research

as a whole shows that the degree of purity of papers and their

strength are the important factors in their permanence. A per- manence classification of printing and writing papers based on these

factors was suggested in a paper presented by a member of the staff at a meeting of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

Publication.—A Study of Purified Wood Fibers as a Paper Making Material,

by R. H. Rasch, B. S. Jour. Research, 3, No. 3; p. 469 ; 1929. Standardization of Paper.—Laboratory studies were made of

several paper products to assist in fixing standards of quality. The

results of studies of sheathing papers, made in cooperation with the
234 NATIONAL BUBEAU OF STANDABDS

National Lumber Manufacturers Association, and of fiber wall

boards were published. Similar data for fiber insulating boards were secured. The Gummed Industries Association was assisted in

standardization of a test method for adhesion of gummed tape.

Publications.—Paper Standards, by F. T. Carson, Paper Trade J., 89, No.

16, p. 57 ; 1929. Paper Research Literature, VII, by C. J. West and B. W. Scribner, Paper

Trade J. ; May 22, 1930. A Study of Sheathing Papers, by F. T. Carson and F. V. Worthington. B. S. Jour. Research, 3, No. 1, p. 75; 1929. Paper-Testing Methods.—A report was published on an extensive

study of the bursting-strength test, which included a discussion of

the alleged variables in this test, and suggested precautions for minimizing the effect of the more significant variables. An additional

publication on the standard type of folding tester was issued, which

gives further information on its inspection and calibration. Progress was made in obtaining information on the application of

hygrometry to the special conditions of laboratory testing. The

cooperative work with the Technical Association of the Pulp and

Paper Industry, on the development of official association paper

testing methods, resulted in the completion of a method for unimpregnated roofing felt, and revision of the methods for paraffin,

starch, and fiber composition.

Manufacture of Paper.—Various studies of paper-making processes and materials were made with the bureau semicommercial

paper-making equipment. These included tests to find the coating

values of clay and starch products recently developed commercially

for this purpose, and study of the paper-making quality of New

Zealand flax. All of these materials gave promising results.

Publications.—Historical Sketch of the Bureau of Standards Paper Mill, bv B. W. Scribner. Superior Facts (Paper Makers Chemical Corporation, Holyoke, Mass.), 3, No. 2, p. 7 ; 1929. Equipment and Research Work of the Bureau of Standards Paper Mill, by M. B. Shaw, Paper Trade J., 8S, No. 19. p. 60 ; 1929. Paper Activities of the Bureau of Standards, by B. W. Scribner, Paper Trade

J.. 89, No. 20, p. 57 ; 1929. Government Papers,—A publication was issued which gives additional information on the results of experimental study of the manufacture of currency paper. Progress was made in studies of various

treatments for protection of the paper money against surface wear, which is now the main limiting factor in its life. In the cooperative investigation with the Bureau of Engraving and Printing on

postage stamps, the type of paper used was found to be the most

important factor relative to adhesion of stamps. Through experimental studies, a thinner and more flexible paper was developed.

Since the adoption of this type of paper, complaints respecting

nonadherence of stamps have decreased to a satisfactory minimum.

Publication.—Further Experimental Production of Currency Paper in the Bureau of Standards Paper Mill, by M. B. Sbaw and G. W. Bicking, B. S. Jour. Research, 3, No. 6, p. 899 ; 1929. Utilization of Cornstalks and Wheat Straw.—The bureau con- tinued to operate the plant at Ames, Iowa, in cooperation with the

[owa State College.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 235

In the manufacture of wallboard from cornstalks, new types of

machinery have been tried out in a successful effort to find the equipment best suited for this purpose. With this new type of equipment it has been found possible to make a wallboard one-half inch

thick and twice as strong as any insulating board on the market.

An insulating board has been made, having a thickness of 2 inches

without lamination, which is designed for refrigerators. A detailed

report covering the bureau's accomplishments on the manufacture of

wallboard from cornstalks is now being printed.

From a process which the bureau has developed a material called

maizolith has been produced from cornstalks, which has many

characteristics of hard rubber or vulcanized fiber. A report covering

the results of this work has been published.

The work on the manufacture of paper from straw pulp is being

continued in an effort to improve the quality of the paper produced.

Samples of pulp have been forwarded to Washington and made into

paper and the paper tested. New quarters have been established

and new equipment is being installed for the continuation of this

work.

Publication.—Manufacture and Properties of a Cellulose Product (Maizolith)

from Cornstalks and Corncobs, B. S. Miscellaneous Publication No. 108; 1930. PHOTOGRAPPIY

Spectral Sensitization of Photographic Materials.—The spectral

sensitization produced by bathing photographic plates with mixtures of two important dyes used for this purpose, pinacyanol and

pinaflavol, Avas investigated. Conditions causing coagulation of the

dye bath and changes in relative and absolute effectiveness of the

two were determined.

Publication.—Spectral Sensitization of Photographic Emulsions. Notes on Bathing with Pinacyanol-Pinaflavol Mixtures, by P>. H. Carroll and D. Hubbard,

B. S. Jour. Research, 4, No. 5, p. 693 ; 1930. Resolving Power and Sensitivity of Motion-Picture Film.—Kepresentative developer formulas of the types recently coming into use

for reduction of " graininess " of motion-picture films were investigated for their value in spectrography and other scientific uses demanding the optimum combination of resolving power and sensitivity. It was found that resolving power, as given by the parallel

line test object, is not susceptible to any considerable improvement

by development methods.

Publication.—A Comparison of Resolving Power and Sensitivity of Photographic Plates with Varying Development, by B. H. Carroll and D. Hubbard,

B. S. Jour. Research, 5, No. 1, p. 1 ; 1930. New Instrument for Testing Photographic Lenses.—Good progress has been made on the design and construction of a new lens- testing apparatus which, by a series of exposures on a single plate,

will give complete information regarding the performance of a photographic lens. The increasing importance of airplane mapping

has increased the demand and made improved and more rapid

methods for testing necessary at the bureau. Satisfactory mapping

can not be done unless the lenses used in the cameras are carefully

27171—31 16
236 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

selected on the basis of laboratory tests. In recognition of this, the

War Department now requires that all bids for airplane mapping

projects be accompanied by reports of tests by the National Bureau

of Standards upon the individual lenses which the bidders propose

to use in their cameras. PHOTOMETRY

Widner-Burgess Standard of Light.—The experimental work in connection with the setting up of this standard has been completed.

The technique and procedure have been refined to a point where the

operation is mere routine.

A thorough study has shown that the standard is reproducible,

practical, convenient to operate, and inexpensive.

A proposal to have this standard adopted as an international

standard is reported elsewhere. The final result obtained is that an opening one square cm in area in a black body at the freezing

point of platinum emits light equivalent to 58.84 International

candles.

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

Constant of Gravitation.—This project has been completed and

will be given publication in the Journal of Research within a short

time. The mean result obtained is 6.670 X 10~8 in cgs units.

Absolute Determination of Gravity at Washington.—Preliminary work with brass pendulums has been completed. From the

results obtained designs for several pendulums of fused quartz have

been prepared* A Shortt clock has been installed for the time

measurements necessary. Ultrasonic Waves.—Experiments have been conducted on the

speed of ultrasonic waves in certain liquids. By means of measure- ments of this character it is possible to determine the adiabatic

compressibility of a liquid and of a solid suspended in a liquid in

which it does not dissolve.

Elastic Hysteresis Research.—The source of the discrepancy in

the values of the elastic hysteresis modulus when obtained by measuring the deflection of bars under load and by observing the damping of tuning forks has been finally located. The results by the

two methods agree when in the static method the load is applied

to both prongs of the tuning fork and the point of loading is selected

in accordance with the results of a theoretical study. This study,

which deals with the theory of vibrations of elongated U-shaped

bars, is being prepared for publication.

PROTECTIVE COATINGS

Durability of Spar Varnish.—Outdoor exposure starting at two

different seasons of the year and laboratory tests and accelerated

weatheiing tests on a large number of commercial varnishes and

experimental varnishes made in the laboratory showed that while

the durability of spar varnish varies greatly depending on the season exposed, the relative durability of a series of varnishes is quite constant. The accelerated weathering cycle used detected the

poor varnishes, but did not differentiate between good and very good

varnishes. The kauri reduction test gave fairly good indications as
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 237

to durability. Varnishes meeting the tests of Federal specification

No. 18b are above the average in durability. Varnishes made from

some of the modern synthetic resins were better than varnishes of

the same oil content made from rosin, ester gum, or kauri.

Publication.—Durability Tests of Spar Varnish, by C. L. Came, B. S. Jour. Research, 4, No. 2, p. 247 ; 1930. Softening Point of Bituminous Materials.—The softening point

of materials which, like asphalt, have no definite melting point but

which when heated gradually change from brittle or very thick and

slow-flowing materials to more mobile liquids, can only be determined

by some arbitrary method. A suitable method for this purpose has

been developed, based upon a modification of previously used apparatus and procedure.

Publication.—The Ring and Ball Method of Test for Softening Point of Bituminous Materials, Resins, and Similar Substances, by P. H. Walker, B. S. Jour. Research, 4, No. 2, p. 195 ; 1930. . Accelerated Weathering Tests.—The simple cycle of continuous

exposure to light from a carbon arc with periodic spraying with

water gives valuable information on pigmented coatings, bitumens,

etc. It is, however, too drastic for varnishes and other transparent

coatings.

Publication.—Present Status of the Technic of Evaluating Paint Service, by

P. H. Walker, American Paint Jour., 13, No. 49, p. 68; 1929; and Paint, Oil, and Chemical Review, 88, No. 13, p. 12 ; 1929. Underground Corrosion.—About 3,000 specimens of pipe materials have been removed from TO locations. Their condition and

that of the soil in which they were buried are being determined.

This is part of a 12-year project now two-thirds completed.

Field tests of 50 protective coatings in 29 soils have been started

with the cooperation of coating manufacturers, the American Gas

Association, and the American Petroleum Institute, who will bear

about two-thirds of the expense of the investigation.

Seven papers on corrosion and protective coatings have been pre- sented at meetings of technical societies and published in scientific or technical journals.

Publications.—Pipe-Line Currents, by K. H. Logan, Walter Rogers, and J. F. Putnam, Preprint of paper before Tenth Annual Meeting, American Petroleum

Institute; December 5, 1929. Soil-Corrosion Studies, 1927-28, by K. H. Logan, B. S. Jour. Research, 3, No. 2, p. 275 ; 1929. Silver Plating.—An investigation of the factors involved in silver

plating was undertaken. A study of the methods of analysis of

silver-plating baths has been completed.

Conductivity of Chromic Acid Solutions.—There is at present no

satisfactory theory of the process of chromium plating. As the first step in the study of the principles involved, the conductivity and

density of solutions of chromic acid were determined.

J

J UBLrC UTILITY KiiLATlO.N S Conference of State Utility Commission Engineers.—The eighth

annual conference of State utility commission engineers was held at the bureau on June 5 and 6. Eighteen States and two Provinces of
238 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Canada were represented. Papers were presented on rural electri- fication standards, submetering, radio interference, high-tension practice, utility appraisal definitions, depreciation and obsolescence,

complaints by customers, rate decisions, types of rates, charges for

fire protection, distribution extension rules for gas, electricity, and

water, urban transportation, future of electric railways, rural tele- phone service, and questionnaire on gas service.

Government Telephone Service.—The bureau's work on telephone

service during the year has been directed almost entirely to Government needs of two kinds. These are, first, the planning of efficient and economical service for Government offices in Washington and

elsewhere, and second, the defense of damage suits involving very

large claims for telephone equipment used here and abroad during

the war period.

The first unit of a group of dial private-branch telephone ex- changes planned to serve in a coordinated manner the executive

departments and establishments in down-town Washington was put

into service May 31. This exchange, consisting of three machineswitching units, one each in the Treasury, Internal Revenue, and

Engraving and Printing buildings, together with a manual switchboard, common to all, located in the Treasury Building, consolidates

in the most modern way the telephone services of the entire Treasury

Department, except the Public Health Service. For the new Commerce Department Building, which will house all of that department's activities except the National Bureau of Standards, a consolidated, combination dial and manual, private-branch exchange has

been designed as the most economical method of meeting the tele- phone service requirements.

In addition to rearrangements of service made necessary by the

Government's building program in Washington, detailed studies were carried out for the Budget Bureau on the telephone service for

Federal agencies in various other cities. The Suprevising Architect

is authorized by law to establish and maintain joint telephone service

switchboards in Federal buildings under his control where such

service is more economical than separate services. Specific recom- mendations were made as to the telephone services in Asheville.

Chicago, Fargo, Kansas City, San Diego, San Francisco, and Springfield. RADIO

Installation and Maintenance of Primary Frequency Standard.

A primary frequency standard consisting of four special piezo-oscillators of great accuracy was purchased and other essential parts were

built by the bureau. Care is taken to maintain this equipment under

very constant conditions in order that the frequency may be constant

to the high order desired ; that is. one part in several millions. Currents are furnished by this standard at 100,000, 10,000, 1,000, 100, and

10 cycles per second, and seconds impulses are given. These accurately known frequencies can be made available for measurement

purposes in most of the bureau's buildings. The frequencies of the

four piezo-oscillators are found to increase at the rate of about 1 part

in 1,000,000 per month.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 239

Improvement of Secondary Frequency Standards.—A study of

the reliability of several temperature-controlled piezo-oscillators constructed by the bureau has been carried on. Some of the causes of

erratic behavior have been eradicated by improvements in design.

Two of the best piezo-oscillators maintain their frequencies from day

to clay within ±1 part in 1,000,000. The frequencies of this group

of piezo-oscillators have been found to increase about 1 or 2 parts in

1,000,000 per month.

Publication.—Method and Apparatus Used in Testing Piezo Oscillators for Broadcasting Stations, by E. L. Hall, B. S. Jour. Research, 4, No. 1, p. 115 ; 1930. Standard Frequency Dissemination.—The bureau continued its regularly scheduled transmissions of eight frequencies per month for

the use of university and testing laboratories and other scientific workers interested in accurate frequency calibration. The accuracy

of these transmissions is better than 0.01 per cent. Considerable ex- perimental work has been done on a plan to supplement these monthly

transmissions by a more continuous schedule on one or more frequencies controlled directly by the primary standard.

Intercomparison of Frequency Standards of Various Laboratories.—The frequency standards of several foreign countries were

intercompared by carrying a piezo oscillator to the different laboratories and by measurements on a quartz light resonator circulated by

Japan. The latter measurements showed the national standards of

four nations to be in agreement within 0.002 per cent.

Publication.—Design of a Portable Temperature-Controlled Piezo Oscillator,

by V. E. Heaton and W. H. Brattain, B. S. Jour. Research, 4, No. 3, p. 345 ; 1930. Studies of Piezo-electricity.—Studies of the modes of vibration

of crystalline quartz plates of various cuts and shapes have been made

by observing the patterns formed by lycopodium powder on the sur- faces of the plates. The air currents emanating from the periphery

of a vibrating circular plate have been utilized to determine the

angle of vibration of the plate. The experimental work has been

accompanied by a theoretical study of the problem of free vibrations

of an elastic solid.

Publication.—New Piezo Oscillations with Quartz Cylinders Cut Along the Optical Axis, by A Hund and R. B. Wright, B. S. Jour. Research, 4, No. 3, p. 383 ; 1930. Radio-frequency Power Factor of Mica.—Power factor measure- ments between 100 and 1,000 kilocycles per second were made on 34

samples of domestic and foreign mica for the Bureau of Mines for

use in a report to the War Department.

Measurement of Radio Field Intensity.—Field-intensity measure- ments of the past year have shown that the ground absorption of

radio signals was much greater than was suspected. Measurements

made at frequencies from 550 to 5,400 kilocycles per second over

distances up to 3,200 meters over fresh water show that 15 per cent of the signal is absorbed at 1,500 kilocycles and about 50 per cent is absorbed at 5,400 kilocycles. Measurements made of transmissions

from broadcasting and Government stations at distances up to 270

kilometers show that the absorption at a distance of 270 kilometers

is 99 per cent for a 760-kilocycle transmission and 90 per cent for a

338-kilocycle transmission,
240 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Character and Cause of Variations of Radio Wave Intensity and

Direction.—An automatic fading recorder has been in operation,

chiefly during the day, for several months at the Kensington field station to provide data on 760 kilocycles for correlation between re- ception and geophysical phenomena. Magnetic storms have not af- fected the received intensity but atmospherics have increased. The

eclipse of April 28, 1930. did not affect the records.

Improvements in Radio Measurement Methods.—A special metallically screened room was constructed in which radio measurements

can be carried on without interference from outside sources. A di- rect-reading frequency device was developed for measurements up to 200 cycles per second. An accurate method was developed for measuring the frequencies of radio stations transmitting on high fre- quencies.

Measurement of the Height of the Kennelly-Heaviside Layer.

Oscillographic records were made at Kensington on pulse signals sent by NKF on 4,045 and 8,650 kilocycles. The virtual height of the

Kennelly-Heaviside layer was from 225 to 250 kilometers on 4,045

kilocycles and about 290 kilometers on 8,650 kilocycles. A 100-kilometer layer was also observed on the lower frequency. The height

of the layer changes during the day and is affected by magnetic

storms. Measurements have also been made on 1,410 kilocycles.

Radio Receiving Sets for the Coast Guard.—Apparatus was purchased and developed suitable for determining the electrical sensitivity, selectivity, fidelity, and overload characteristics of radio receiving sets. The sets tested included 9 submitted as bid samples to the

Coast Guard, 3 high-frequency sets for the Navy, 1 intermediate-frequency set for the Bureau of Lighthouses, 4 aircraft radio sets for the

Aeronautic Research Division, and 1 set purchased by this bureau.

RAILROAD TRACK AND OTHER HIGH-CAPACITT SCALES

Calibration of Test Cars at Master-scale Depot.—Fifty-five cali- brations were made on track scale test weight cars at the bureau's

master-scale depot, at Clearing, 111. These were made on 25 differ- ent cars belonging to 15 different owners, of whom 13 were railroads.

Of the 22 major trunk lines entering Chicoga, 5 operate their own

master scales. Twelve of the roads furnished calibration service do

not own master scales. The different cars calibrated comprise 17 of the self-contained type

and 8 of the compartment type. Ten cars were without air brake?

and 13 were equipped with roller bearings, all of these being of the

self-contained type.

In 17 of the calibrations, the cars were found to be heavy and in

38 the cars were found to be light. Forty-one calibrations, or 2.4 calibrations per car, were made on self-contained cars; 13 were found

to be heavy, and 28 light. Fourteen calibrations, or 1.8 calibrations

per car were made on compartment-type cars; 4 were found to be

heavy, and 10 light. Exclusive of new cars and of those regarding

which there was evidence of repairs previous to receipt for calibration, the average error of self-contained cars was 9.5 pounds and

that of compartment-type cars was 58.6 pounds.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 241

Cooperation with Industrial Technical Groups.—The section

cooperated with three technical groups, namely, (a) the National

Scale Men's Association, (b) the National Scale and Balance Manufacturers Association, and (c) the American Railway EngineeringAssociation, in the development of a code of specifications for rail- way track scales for light industrial service. As a result of cooperative committee contact with the first group, a code of specifications

for the repair and overhauling of large-capacity scales was completed, and a universal test and inspection record form for heavycapacity scales was also evolved. With the first and third groups

a code of specifications for track scale test weight cars was brought

to the final stages of completion. That project is now awaiting the

consummation of some details with the mechanical division of the

American Railway Association.

Formal committee contact which has been maintained for some

years with the American Railway Engineering Association on matters relating to railway weighing machinery and methods of use, was continued.

Master-scale Tests.—Of the 19 master-track scales in use in the

United States, 16 were calibrated during the year. Several required

readjustment or modification. The master scale owned by the Reading Co. at Reading, Pa., was retired and replaced with a new installation early in the year. Railroad-track Scales.—The total number of railroad-track scale

tests conducted during the year was 850, representing an increase

of about 15 per cent over the number of tests made during the pre- ceding year, and about 20 per cent over the fiscal year of 192S.

Adjustments were made on 57 track scales. The 3-track scale test units, followed prearranged itineraries,

traveled a total distance of more than 19,000 miles, and were operated on 74 separate railroad systems, in 32 States and the District of

Columbia. Of the total amount of time on the road, field outfits

lost 8.1 per cent on account of repairs and 9.6 per cent from failure

in transportation service. Track Scale Test Results.—An analysis of the data collected during the year shows that 71.8 per cent of the scales tested were

weighing correctly within the bureau's tolerance of 0.20 per cent. The average weighing error for the scales tested was 0.21 per cent or slightly more than the above-cited tolerance. The degree of ac- curacy with which the average railroad track scale now in use will

function is believed to be fairly represented by these two values.

The figures are substantially the same as those for recent years. As

has been pointed out formerly, these figures represent a probable

maximum of present attainment. Measures for improvement have

been taken but, all things considered, some retrogression in the

immediate future may be anticipated. Maintenance of the prevailing high standard from year to year will be considered evidence

of a healthy condition.

As indicated by statistics for former years, the scales owned by

railroads generally exhibit better weighing performance under test than those owned by industry or commercial organizations. This

year, of 523 railroad-owned track scales, 75.7 per cent were correct within tolerance and the average error for all was 0.19 per cent of
242 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

the test load value. Of 319 scales owned by industries. 67.4 per

cent were correct and the average error for this group was 0.23 per cent. The differences may be ascribed to the fact that the rail- roads maintain departments equipped and organized to keep their

weighing equipment in proper order.

The comparative standing of the eastern, southern, and western

districts with regard to the proportion of correct scales is repre- sented by the respective values, 72.3, 64.4, and 79.3 per cent. Track Scales for Weighing Grain.—A separate analysis made of

test results for 41 track scales in grain-weighing service indicates

that on the basis of the 0.10 per cent tolerance which is applied

to scales in this class of service, 21 scales, or 51.2 per cent of the

total, were correct. For the entire group the average weighing

error was 0.14 per cent. The bureau's published reports have re- peatedly emphasized the fact that comparatively few track scales in grain-weighing service conform to the type specified for this

work or are of the kind which will consistently yield correct weighing results. The situation remains unchanged in the main, particularly at grain terminal markets where destination weights are used

to fix sales transactions.

In contrast with the grain-handling industries, there may be cited

the circumstance that one test unit tested, at a Great Lakes port,

27 scales used for " origin " weighing of carload shipments of coal. VVith only a few exceptions these were scales of approved specification type. Eighty-five per cent of these were correct within

the regular tolerance of 0.20 per cent; 63 per cent would still have

been classed as correct had the regular grain-scale tolerance been

applied. The average error for all was 0.11 per cent. Test Car Calibrations in Field.—A part of the work performed

in connection with the field testing was the restandardization of the

weight of 24 track scale test cars for railroads or industries without

master-scale facilities, which for various reasons could not be con- veniently calibrated at the master-scale depot. These cars were of

various types. Their variations from standard weight values ranged

from zero to 108 pounds in deficiency and to 70 pounds in excess, the average variation being 37 pounds.

Track Scale Census.—The railways of the country were circularized to secure a revised census of railroad track scales owned by

the carriers and by industries served by them. The returns, now

virtually complete, will be used in revising the office records and in

working up a new map system as a visible record of locations and

test history of scales. A rather unexpected fact indicated by the returns is that the

number of track scales now in use is roughly 25 per cent less than

in 1925 when the last census was taken. The reduction in number,

although somewhat greater than had been anticipated, may be

ascribed to an increasing trend toward elimination of minor weighing points on railroads and to the growing practice of transacting

business on the basis of weight agreement rather than on destination or in-transit weights. A close approximation of the number of

scales now operating is 3,800 railroad-owned scales and 5,200 in- dustry-owned scales. The figures in 1925 were, respectively, 5,000

and 7,000.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 243

Cooperation with States in Weights and Measures Matters.—In

addition to the National Conference on Weights and Measures, held

annually at the bureau, the bureau extends its cooperation with

officials by means of a considerable correspondence, numerous personal conferences with individual officials, and direct contacts with

groups of officials in their own States. Formal State conferences were attended in California, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania ; informal conferences were held with officials in Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois,

Indiana, Minnesota, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, North Dakota, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Utah, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming, travel in these cases being largely

incident to attendance at formal meetings.

Preparation of a digest of weights and measures court decisions

has been continued during the year; when completed this will be

published for the assistance of State and local weights and measures

officials in conducting prosecutions and carrying on the strictly legal

side of their work.

The issuance of a publication describing equipments in use by

officials for the testing of large-capacity scales has resulted in stimulating the interest of officials toward improving their apparatus

for this purpose, and numerous new equipments of this character

have been put into service or are now being planned.

Publication.—Testing Equipment for Large-Capacity Scales for the Use of Weights and Measures Officials, B. S. Miscellaneous Publication No. 104, 1930. Cooperation with Other Government Departments.—Frequent

consultations have been held with representatives of other Federal

departments on weighing or measuring problems and equipment,

and numerous weighing and measuring devices have been tested or examined for these agencies, both in Washington and at Clearing.

The affairs of the Federal Business Association at Chicago were

participated in by attendance at the monthly meetings and otherwise as required on particular details. Tests of Mine Scales.—The mine scale testing equipment was operated in the eastern coal fields. Tests were made of 185 scales used

for weighing coal or clay at the mine. The test results for the sep- arate States and in total appear in the following table

:

Mine scale tests

Number

Within tolerance Not within toler- ance

State of scales tested Number Per cent Number Per cent

Ohio 77 28 36.4 49 63.6 Pennsylvania . . . . 25 3 12.0 22 88.0 Maryland . 29 16 55.2 13 44.8 West Virginia. ... . . . .. . 53 15 28.3 38 71.7

Illinois ..... . _ 1 1 100.0 Total 185 63 34.1 122 65.9 The tolerance applied provides for an allowable weighing error

of 8 pounds per ton of test load applied,
244 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Regarding mine scales, in general, the experience of the bureau's

representatives is that installation practices and operating conditions at mines are not favorable to maintenance of weighing machinery within current tolerances.

Protective Coatings for Heavy Weights.—Research was begun

on adequate corrosion protective coatings for industrial test weights

of large denomination. This work is expected to continue for at

least another year. It contemplates keeping a complete journal

control over a great number of weights treated with a variety of

recommended protective coatings and subjected to practical conditions of use. RUBBER

Chemical Nature of Rubber.—Very pure rubber hydrocarbon has

been prepared in the gel form. The pure hydrocarbon is clear,

colorless, and transparent. By cooling an ethereal solution of this

pure rubber, the hydrocarbon is deposited in a crystalline form.

Combustion analyses on the pure hydrocarbon have been completed

and apparatus is in course of construction for molecular weight determinations and for obtaining photographs of the crystalline

rubber.

Abrasion Tests for Rubber.—The study of abrasion tests for

rubber has been continued during the past year and as a result^ standard test methods have been established. Inasmuch as the abrasive resistance of a rubber compound can not be adequately expressed

in absolute terms, it has been necessary to develop a standard com- pound for comparison and at the same time means for insuring

that this standard compound can be reproduced when necessary. In order to check the uniformity of the different lots of standard

compound, an abrasive track sufficient for several thousand tests without appreciable change has been installed. By maintaining

standard test samples at all times for comparison, it should be possible to include an abrasion test in several of the Federal specifications where such a test is much needed.

A paper describing the abrasion machine and methods of test developed at the bureau, together with data on various types of rubber

compounds tested, will soon be published.

Antioxidants in Rubber Compounds.—A very complete series of

aging tests has been made on rubber compounds containing various

commercial antioxidants. The results show that under practically

every condition to which rubber compounds are ordinarily subjected,

these materials retard deterioration, although under some of these

conditions the effect is much more pronounced than in others. A

paper has been prepared for publication describing in detail the

various tests made and showing the results obtained.

Effect of Humidity and Temperature on the Properties of

Rubber Compounds.—This work, which was conducted in cooperation with the American Chemical Society, has been concluded with

the publication of the " Outline of Standard Laboratory Procedure

for the Preparation and Physical Testing of Rubber Samples."

This outline describes in detail standard methods for preparing and

testing rubber samples, and when generally adopted by testing labo-
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 245

ratories, will aid materially in bringing about a uniformity of results, which has not existed in the past, due to the lack of a standardized procedure.

Publication.—Outline of Tentative Standard Laboratory Procedure for Preparation and Physical Testing of Rubber Samples. Report of Physical TestingCommittee, Rubber Division, American Chemical Society, Rubber Age, p. 429; January 25, 1930. SAFETY CODES

Safety Codes.—In connection with a committee of national scope

a new edition of the elevator safety code has been prepared. Members of the staff have participated actively in the work of the safety

code correlating committee and in sectional committees preparing

and revising safety codes for various industries. Revisions of the

factory lighting code and the code for abrasive wheels were completed by such committees. Work was continued on codes dealing

with walkway surfaces; conveyors and conveying machinery;

cranes, derricks and hoists ; mechanical refrigeration ; industrial sanitation; mechanical power transmission; and traffic signs and signals.

Assistance was given various States in the preparation of local regulations. A survey of accidents in the homes of club women in

North Carolina was made as a preliminary to a movement in cooperation with the General Federation of Women's Clubs, to reduce acci- dents in the home. Circular 75. " Safety in the Household," has

been revised for a new edition.

Publications.—Eyesight is Priceless, by M. G. Lloyd, Safety Education, p. 146; February, 1930. Safety Code for P>rakes and Brake Testing, B. S. Miscellaneous Public No.

107; 1930. Electrical Codes.—Assistance was given in completing the revision of the Wisconsin State electrical code. Work has been con- tinued upon a pictorial edition of the National Electrical Safety

Code. Standard values for the ultimate fiber strength of wood

poles were determined upon by a subcommittee and are intended

eventually to replace those in the present edition of the code. In

cooperation with a national committee, specifications for testing line

insulators of more than 750 volts were completed. Cooperation was given a committee of the International Electrotechnical Commission on regulations for overhead transmission lines. Work has

been actively going on in preparing standard electrical definitions.

Work has been begun upon a new revision of the National Electrical

Code of the National Board of Fire Underwriters.

Publications.—The Code, by M. G. Lloyd, Electrical Record, 46, p. 83, 1929. The Development of the National Electrical Code, by M. G. Lloyd Laboratories Data, 10, No. 11, p. 239 ; 1929 ; and The Central Station. 30. No. 1. p. 20

;

1930. The Bare Grounded Neutral and Its Problems, by M. G. Lloyd, Proc. Fifth Annual Meeting, International Assn. of Electrical "inspectors, p. 48; October,

1929. Neon Signs, by M. G. Lloyd, Proc. First Annual Meeting, Southern Sect., Internat'l Assn. of Electrical Inspectors, p. 113; October 15 and 16, 1929. Protection Against Lightning.—Miscellaneous Publication No. 95,

entitled "Protection of Electrical Circuits and Equipment Against
246 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Lightning," was issued. Assistance was given the National Fire Pro

tection Association in the preparation of a report dealing with oiJ tanks, and an investigation w

T as carrier! on in the oil fields of

California, Oklahoma, and Kansas.

Publications.—Lightning, by M. G. Lloyd, Bull.. Underwriters Laboratories,

] 0, No. 8, p. 171 ; 1929. Protection of Electrical Circuits and Equipment against Lightning, B. S. Miscellaneous Publication No. 95 ; 1929. SIMPLIFIED PRACTICE

General Conferences on Simplified Practice.—Fi f teen general

conferences were held to adopt simplified practice recommendations.

This brings the total number of general conferences, held to date, to

127. Simplified practice recommendations covering 113 commodities

have been approved and adopted by the affected industries while

others are in the process of acceptance. Printed recommendations

have been issued for 100 commodities.

Revision and Reaffirmation Conferences.—Thirty-nine confer

ences of the standing committees of the respective industries took

place to consider the desirability of revising existing simplification

programs. These meetings resulted in the changing of five recommendations. Thirt}7 -four recommendations, or 85.3 per cent of the

total number reviewed, were reaffirmed, without change, for another

year. This compares favorably with the figures for the preceding

fiscal year, during which 31, or 75.5 per cent, of the 41 recommendations reviewed were reaffirmed. This increase in percentage indicates

increasing stability and adequacy of the existing recommendations.

Adherence to Simplified Practice Recommendations.—Surveys of

production, distribution and use showed that the average adherence

to simplified practice recommendations covering 25 commodities was

86.7 per cent. During the preceding fiscal year, the percentage for

26 commodities averaged 85.43. Degree of adherence determined by actual surrey

Simplified practice rec- ommendation No.

Commodity

Degree

of ad- herence

Paving brick Bedsteads, springs, and mattresses Asphalt Milk bottles and milk-bottle caps Bed blankets Hollow building tile Structural slate Roofing slate Blackboard slate Hospital beds

Roofing ternes Loaded paper shot shells Paint and varnish brushes

Per cent 87.8 91.0 89.4

79.0 90.5

89.5

63.7

94.5

95.6

91.3 100.0

99.5 83.7

Simplified practice rec- ommendation No.

Commodity

62

Sidewalk, floor, and roof lights.

.

Tinware, galvanized and ha- panned ware

Metallic cartridges... Metal spools Automobile brake lining Roller bearings Metal and fiber flash-light cases. One-piece porcelain insulators Ash handles Hickory handles

Floor sweeps

Photographic paper Average

Degree

of ad- herence

Per cent 98.2

90.0

99.0 43.0

78.9 58.0

93.0

91.0 89.0

80.6

96.5

86.7
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 247

Variety Surveys in Progress.—Upon request the bureau organized 34 preliminary conferences for 32 different industries. In consequence, surveys of existing over diversification of product were

instituted by simplified practice committees appointed by 16 of those

industries. Similar activity is contemplated by the other 16 groups.

There are a number of surveys, started in preceding fiscal periods,

which were not concluded this year, but which will terminate during

the impending fiscal year. Such surveys provide the bases for

specific simplified practice recommendations.

Simplified Practice in the Field of Distribution.—Simplification

is not confined to the production end of industry; it is applicable

in the solution of problems of distribution. Material-handling

equipment and containers in general are subjects that have recently

been brought to the bureaur s attention. The bureau is now engaged

in a field study of wrapping and packing methods and supplies used

in department stores. A 10 per cent annual saving in the cost of

handling and distributing approximately 3,000,000,000 packages

would amount to about $9,000,000 a year, in the opinion of the industry. Upon request, surveys have been made of 34 department stores, located in 17 cities throughout the United States. The data obtained

will be used in the development of specific recommendations.

SPECIFICATIONS

Directory of Governmental Laboratories.—As the result of a request from the War Department, the chief coordinator arranged

for the preparation by the National Bureau of Standards of a classi- fied list of all governmental laboratories, facilities, etc., available for

the testing of supplies and materials for the purchasing officials of

the various governments. In this directory information is given

concerning not only the kinds of commodities which each laboratory can test, but also the types of testing equipment in each laboratory,

and the routine procedure involved in obtaining authority for the

laboratory to assist purchasing officers in making tests and furnishing results relating thereto.

Encyclopedia of Specifications.—Manuscript for the second vol- ume of the encyclopedia series, entitled " Standards and Specifications for Nonmetallic Minerals and their Products," the publication

of which was delayed for lack of funds, was revised to bring it down

to date and it has been printed for distribution as Miscellaneous

Publication No. 110. This is a companion volume to " Standards

and Specifications in the Wood-Using Industries," already published,

and " Standards and Specifications for Metals and Metal Products,"

the manuscript of which is now under preparation.

Cooperation with Public Purchasers.—The bureau is compiling

both the Encyclopedia and the Directory of Commodity Specifications in compliance with the many requests from State, county, and

municipal agencies making purchases out of tax moneys, for aid in

solving some of their purchasing problems. In connection with

these undertakings and the compilation of material for the Standards

Yearbook, it has established contacts with more than 25,000 public

purchasers

.
248 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

SPECTROSCOPY AND ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Spectrochemieal Analysis.—Besides numerous tests of metal-,

alloys, precipitates, etc., for the identification of chemical elements

and the detection of impurities by spectroscopic methods, researches on the structures of certain spectra have given information as to the

lines which may be expected to be most sensitive for this purpose.

In particular, new descriptions of the spectra characteristic of lute- eium have made an analysis of their structures possible. This is the

first of the 14 rare-earth elements to succumb to this method of

analysis which gives information concerning atomic structure and

the relative value of different lines for spectro chemical identification.

Publications.—The Arc Spectrum of Arsenic, by W. F. Meggers and T. L. deBruin. B. S. Jour. Research, 3, No. 5, p. 765 ; 1929. Regularities in the Arc Spectrum of Hafnium (Hfi), by W. F. Meggers and

B. F. Scribner, B. S. Jour. Research, 4, No. 1, p. 169 ; 1930. Regularities in the Spectra of Lutecium, by W. F. Meggers and B. F.

Scribner, B. S. Jour. Research, 5, No. 1, p. 73 ; 1930. The Arc Spectrum of Bromine and Its Structure, by C. C. Kiess and T. L. deBruin, B. S. Jour. Research, 4, No. 5, p. 667 ; 1930. Equipment for Measuring the High Direct-Current Potentials

of X-ray Generators.—Up to the present the spark gap has been

used almost exclusively for this purpose, with inadequate accuracy. An equipment of the voltmeter-multiplier type with an error of

only two-hundredths of 1 per cent has been devised, constructed and

found entirely satisfactory for measuring the rippled voltage fur- nished by several types of X-ray generators.

Atomic Structure Investigations.—Studies of the photoelectric

effect in metal vapors, particularly caesium vapor, have shown

that the sensitivity extends far beyond the range predicted by

theory. The mechanism of this anomolous sensitivity is found to involve a photochemical reaction between the atoms which are excited

by absorption of light and other atoms, and the constants of these

reactions have been studied. A unique feature of the study is that

the series of atomic absorption lines gives a series of chemically

different excited atoms. Addition of foreign gases modifies the

reactions in a manner characteristic of the excited atom and the

added gas.

Publication.—The Neutralization of Space Charge by Positive Ions in Csesium

Vapor, by V. E. Whitman, B. S. Jour. Research, 4, No. 1, p. 157 ; 1930. Cosmic Radiation.—As a result of experiments using three Geiger

Mueller tube counters placed vertically one above the other, it has

been found that a strong magnetic field introduced between the two

lower counters causes a decrease in the number of coincident

responses of the three counters. The coincidences are presumably due to cosmic radiation: hence,

since only moving electrified particles would be deflected by a magnetic field, these experiments are interpreted as indicating that the

cosmic radiation consists of electrified particles with velocities corre- sponding to 109 volts accelerating potential.

Radium Testing.—One thousand one hundred and seventy-three

preparations of radium, totalling nearly 10,000 milligrams of the

element, and fixing a sale value of about $650,000 were tested; also,

67 samples of luminous materials were measured for brightness.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 249

STONE

Elastic Pointing Materials.—The increased use of elastic pointing

materials has caused a larger demand for tests on such products. A special apparatus has been designed and built in the

bureau's instrument shop for the purpose of determining the ef- fectiveness of these materials in masonry joints when subjected to

tensile stresses. This equipment has materially simplified the test- ing process and overcomes the difficulties experienced in the former

process which utilized a built-up section of masonry.

Slate. —A study of the weathering of roofing slate was undertaken

during the year with the purpose of developing a more satisfactory

specification for this material. Samples were secured from old

buildings where various slates had been exposed under service conditions for periods ranging from 12 up to more than 100 years. This has afforded considerable information of value in regard to the nature and causes of slate weathering. It has indicated that some deposits of slate in this country are very resistant to the

destructive weathering agents while others may not be good for more than 25 years of service. Considerable progress has been

made by way of differentiating by laboratory means between good

and poor weathering slates. SUGAR

Hard Refined Levulose Production.—The bureau s researches in

connection with the problem of determining whether the finest of

all the sugars, levulose. can be produced on a commercial scale under

present economic conditions, has been continued with satisfactory

results.- Any development of this character involves the designing

and building of new and complicated equipment. Portions of this

plant were placed in actual operation, and studies made of the functioning of various steps in the process, especially the conversion of

the artichoke juice, and the formation of the levulose calcium com- pound which is essential, with present available liquor purities, for

the purification of the crystalline levulose. Among the more important pieces of plant equipment which were perfected may be mentioned the crystallizer with temperature control, the granulator for

the continuous drying of the crystalline product, and an automatic

feeding mechanism for the reactors. (Constant improvement has

been made in a system of analyses of levulose products, this being

essential for the chemical control of the plant. In this work the

densities, rotatory powers, and refractive indices of pure levulose

solution have been determined. From the products of the hydrolysis

which is necessary for the conversion of the plant polysaccharides

to the sugar, two new crystalline difructose anhydrides have been

discovered. In addition, approximately 50 tons of artichokes were

extracted and the juice concentrated to furnish a continuous supply

of material for factory experimentation.

Standardization of Sugar Products.—The problem of suitable

specifications and standards for commercial sugars has long been

one of the outstanding problems in the sugar industry. Satisfactory progress was made in the comprehensive study which the
250 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

bureau has undertaken. Numerous representative samples of white

granulated sucrose were carefully studied by means of spectrophotometry analysis and existing knowledge of the small but all-important

amount of color remaining in these so-called white products was materially extended thereby. It is expected that these data will be of

assistance in the classification of commercial sugars according to

color. An important by-product of this work was the simplification

and improvement of some methods used in sugar colorimetry.

Crystallographic Studies of the Sugars.—The identification of

crystals and the determination of their crystallographic properties

has become an indispensable aid to the advancement of knowledge

in the carbohydrate field. It involves the use of various optical

devices, including the petrographic microscope and instruments for

the measurement of crystal angles. A considerable expansion was made in the bureau's facilities for this work, including microphotographic work and the actual growing of perfect crystals under

controlled conditions. Among the more important accomplishments

may be mentioned a comprehensive study of crystalline turanose, a little-understood rare sugar. The Structure of the Sugars.—During the year a very considerable expansion was noted in the number of scientific investigators

working on problems intended either to increase our knowledge of

the molecular structure of the sugars or to discover new sugars and

sugar derivatives. The demand for new facts of this character

necessitated a considerable increase in the bureau's activities in these

fields. A number of new compounds and methods were found,

among which were (1) a method for separating methyl glycosides

which yielded two crystalline methyl glucosides, and (2) a method

for deacetyiation by means of a small quantity of barium methylate

which gave monoacetyl-glucosido-mannose, a representative of. a new

type of sugar derivatives. The general problem of a possible rela- tion between optical rotation and atomic dimension was attacked

and for the first time new substances were prepared for testing this

relationship. What is known as the fluorating process for sugars was studied, and four new crystalline compounds of levulose were

prepared in the course of the investigation.

Publications.—Two Isomeric Crystalline Compounds of <f-Mannose with Cal- cium Chloride, by J. K. Dale, B. S. Jour. Research, 3, No. 3. p. 459 ; 1929. A Crystalline Difructose Anhydride from Hydrolyzed Inulin, by R. F. Jackson

and S. M. Georgen, B. S. Jour. Research, 3, No. 1, p. 27; 1929. The Structure of Alpha Methylxyloside, by F. P. Phelps and C. B. Purves,

B. S. Jour. Research, 3, No. 2, p. 247 ; 1929. Optical Rotation and Ring Structure in the Sugar Group. The Optical

Rotation of the Various Asymmetric Carbon Atoms in the Hexose and Pentose

Sugars, by H. S. Isbell, B. S. Jour. Research, 3, No. 6, p. 1041 ; 1929. Relations Between Rotatory Power and Structure in the Sugar Group. Part 20, Two Isometric Crystalline Compounds of (Z-Mannose with Calcium

Chloride, by J. K. Dale, J. Am. Chem. Soc, 51, p. 2788 ; 1929. Relations Between Rotatory Power and Structure in the Sugar Group. Part

21, Beta-Thiophenol Glycosides of Glucose, Xylose, and Cellobiose, by C. B.

Purves, J. Am. Chem. Soc, 51, p. 3619 ; 1929. Relations Between Rotatory Power and Structure in the Sugar Group. Part

22, Evidence Concerning the Ringed Structure of Beta-Thiophenol Cellobioside and Beta-Thiophenol Lactoside, by C. B. Purves, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 51, p. 3627

;

1929. Relations Between Rotatory Power and Structure in the Sugar Group. Part

23, The Preparation and the Structure of Beta-Thiophenol Maltoside and its Bfepta-Acetate, by C. B. Purves, J. Am. Chem. Soc, 51, p. 3631; 1929.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 251

Manufacture of Xylose.—In cooperation with the University of

Alabama, the Alabama Polytechnic Institute, and the Alabama in- dustrial development board, the bureau successfully operated a semicommercial factory at the plant of the Federal Phosphorus Co.,

Anniston, Ala., for the manufacture of xylose from cottonseed hull

bran, and other raw materials such as peanut shells and corncobs.

By a process developed in the laboratory in Washington, xylose was manufactured at the rate of 100 pounds per day. The crude

xylose was given a purification and recrystallization treatment which

rendered it 99.99 per cent pure.

In an effort to develop markets for xylose samples have been forwarded to individuals and concerns all over the world who are co- operating in the investigation of its possible use in the dyeing and

tanning industries, in foodstuffs, in explosives, for manuafcture of

chemicals, of alcohol to be used as solvent for lacquer, etc. The bureau has completed its work on xylose from the manufacturing point of view and a report in detail covering the results is being published.

Laboratory work is being continued in converting xylose to sugar

acids, and in devising analytical methods for xylans, lignins, cellulose, etc. Publication.—Preliminary Investigations Upon Two Cellulosic Wastes as Sources for Xylose, by W. L. Hall, C. S. Slater, and S. F. Acree, B. S. Jour. Research, 4, No. 3, p. 329 ; 1930. TEXTILES, DYES, GLEANING, ETC. Silk Weighting.—In cooperation with a group of 12 national associations, including the Silk Association of America, National Retail

Dry Goods Association, National Better Business Bureau, and the

American Home Economics Association, technical studies have been

made on the effect of tin weighting on the properties of silk. Contrary to the belief at the time the work was started, it was found

that not only the amount of weighting, but also the method of applying it, the construction of the fabric on which the weighting is applied, and other factors have an important influence on the serviceability of the silk. A study was made of the deterioration of

silks weighted to different extents when exposed in the diffused light

of a room. A standard method for determining the amount of

weighting on silk was developed. Work was started on the development of an accelerated aging test from which the serviceability of

silks may be predicted.

Cotton Fabric for Parachutes.—In cooperation with the National

Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, the study of cotton fabric

for parachutes was continued. Improvements were made in this

fabric, particularly in the direction of increasing the resistance to

tear. At the present time, at least two commercial firms are pro- ducing fabric suitable for parachutes.

Coarse Fabrics (Bagging, etc.). —In order to find out what construction of yarn and of fabric would best answer the requirements

of specific uses in the coarse-fabric field, such as for rice bags, baling, coarse draperies, etc., a systematic study of the relationship between

the properties and the twist, yarn number, and construction was

27171—31 17
252 NATIONAL, BUREAU OF STANDARDS

made. Three hundred and twenty fabrics were produced in the

cotton mill of the bureau in the course of this investigation.

White Stainless Mineral Oil Lubricant for Textile Knitting Machines.—The study of mineral oil lubricants for knitting machines

has resulted in a tentative specification for a truly stainless mineral

oil lubricant. Practical tests of this oil in three large hosiery mills over a period of six months indicates that this lubricant should go

far toward the elimination of oil stains on hosiery, which in the past

have resulted in serious losses to the industry.

Substitutes for Chromium in Dyes and Dyeing.—At the request

of the War Department, Quartermaster Corps, a study was made

of the uses of chromium in the manufacture and application of dyes

and substitutes for or a means of eliminating chromium from these uses were suggested. This work was undertaken in order to make

possible the release of this material for military purposes in time

of war.

Textile Test Methods.—The utility of fabrics for certain purposes depends to a large degree on such special characteristics as smoothness of surface, stiffness, resiliency, and thermal transmission.

A simple method has been devised for specifying the slipperiness or smoothness of a fabric by measurement of the coefficient of fric- tion between two pieces of the material. A " Flexometer " for

measuring the energy required to fold the fabric and the energy

which is recovered when the sample is allowed to unfold has been

built. The energy required to fold the sample is a measure of its stiffness and the recoverable energy expressed as a percentage of the

energy input is a measure of its resilience. The energy which is lost when a sample is folded is dissipated in producing a crease in

the fabric and may, therefore, be taken as a measure of the wrinkleability of the fabric. Stiffness, resilience, and weight all contribute

to the ability of a fabric to drape well and it is believed that the

Flexometer can be applied to the evaluation of drape. An apparatus for rapidly measuring the thermal transmission of fabrics was built during the year.

Publications.—New Rayon Testing Methods Described, by W. D. Appel, Daily

News Record, Rayon Section. Sec. 3, p. 28; September 16, 1929. Research on Textiles, by H. D. Hubbard, Am. Dyestuff Reporter, 18, No. 7, p. 662 ; 1929. Rayon Investigations at the Bureau of Standards, by W. D. Appel, Textile World, 76, p. 4372 ; 1929. Fastness of Dyed Fabrics to Dry Cleaning, by A. S. Eichlin, B. S. Jour. Research, 3, No. 1, p. 39 ; 1929. A Method of Measuring the Stress- Strain Relations of Wet Textiles with

Application to Wet Rayons, by H. A. Hamm and R. E. Stevens, B. S. Jour. Research, 3, No. 6, p. 927 ; 1929. THERAPEUTIC ACCESSORIES

Effect of Ultra-violet Rays on the Transparency of Special

Window Glasses.—Exposure to the mercury arc diminishes the ultraviolet transmission of these glasses more than exposure to the sun. During the past year, it has been found that exposure of these glasses to the sun, after their exposure to the mercury arc. raises their ultraviolet transmission above the minimum value obtained with pro-
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 253

longed exposure to the sun. In 17 out of 20 samples, comprising 6

different makes of special window glasses, the recovery was from 1 to 6 per cent above the minimum value obtained by exposure to the sun

alone. This recovery appears to be produced by radiation of wave

lengths in the region of 365 millimicrons.

Publications.—Recent Developments of Window Materials and Fabrics for Transmitting Ultra-Violet Radiation, by W. W. Coblentz, Trans., Ilium. Eng.

Soc. 25, No. 4, p. 359 ; 1930. Data on Ultra-Violet Solar Radiation and the Solarization of Window Materials, by W. W. Coblentz and R. Stair, B. S. Jour. Research, 3, No. 5, p. 629;

1929. Study of X-ray Generators.—Through the cooperation of a number of manufacturers of X-ray equipment, an investigation of the

characteristics of the various types is under way. This service has

been extended to equipment located in hospitals.

Development of X-ray Standards.—Methods have been devised

and apparatus constructed for the precise calibration of X-ray

dosage meters. This service has been established and a number of

instruments have been calibrated for cancer hospitals.

A portable secondary standard X-ray ionization equipment of

weight and volume about one-fifteenth that of the standard equipment has been developed for comparing directly the standards in

this country and abroad—a condition heretofore impossible of attainment with sufficient accuracy.

Publications.—The Precise Measurement of X-Ray Dosage, by L. S. Taylor,

Radiology, 14, p. 372 ; 1930. Analysis of Diaphragm System for the X-Ray Standard Ionization Chamber,

by L. S. Taylor, B. S. Jour. Research, 3. No. 5, p. 807 ; 1929. THERMAL EXPANSION

Thermal Expansion of Solids.

(a) Thermal Expansion or Nickel-Chromium-Iron Alloys.—An investigation on the thermal

expansion of various nickel-chromium-iron alloys was started in

September, 1929. There have been many applications of various

combinations of nickel, chromium, and iron for both heat and rust- resisting properties. Most of the alloys investigated have been

found resistant to heat up to 1,000° C. The investigation is still in progress.

(b) Thermal Expansion of Carboloy.—Data on the thermal

expansion of carboloy, a tungsten carbide containing cobalt, have

been obtained at various temperatures between 20° and 400° C. It

is planned to obtain additional data on samples of carboloy containing various percentages of cobalt in order to determine the effect of cobalt.

Publication.—Thermal Expansion of Carboloy, by Peter Hidnert, Phys. Rev.,

35, p. 120; 1930. Thermal Expansion Apparatus.—During the year there was a very marked increase in the demand for details of the fused quartz

expansion apparatus designed by the bureau for use in commercial

laboratories. Information and blue prints have been supplied to individuals and companies upon request. Reports from firms in- stalling this equipment show decided satisfaction from its use.
254 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

These installations appear to have reduced materially the number

of fee tests requested of this bureau, and consequently have given more time for research problems.

Precision Screw Cutting and Ruling.—Work on the bureau's precision ruling machine has been taken up again after a lapse of 18

months following the death of the expert machanic who for several

years had devoted his entire attention to the problem. Good progress has been made and it is expected that the machine will be

completed and in successful operation within the next few months.

TIME

Seconds Signals from a Pendulum by Use of a Photo-electric

Cell.—Seconds signals from the pendulum of the bureau's Eiefler

clock, by the use of a photo-electric cell, as mentioned in the 1930

yearbook, have been in successful use during the year in three of

the bureau's laboratories requiring seconds signals of high uniformity and accuracy. A new precision clock designed by the chief of the

time section, and especially adapted to use with the photo-electric

cell, is now being constructed.

Cooperation with Horological Institute of America.—The bureau

has continued to cooperate with the Horological Institute through

the testing of repaired watches submitted to the institute by individuals as a part of its examination to determine fitness for certifi- caiion as qualified watch repairmen. During the year certificates have been granted to 85 junior watchmakers and 40 certified

watchmakers.

Specifications for Stop Watches.—The bureau has assisted the

technical committee of the Federal Specifications Board in preparing purchase specifications for various types of stop watches. These

specifications have been submitted to manufacturers and users for

criticism, and are now in final form for approval by the board.

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

Lacquer for Weights.—Eighteen samples of insulating lacquers or varnishes were investigated as to their change in weight with or- dinary changes in the humidity of the air. None of these was

radically different from those previously investigated.

Some lacquered weights known to be about 23 years old and

lacquered with shellac lacquer were investigated to determine

whether they had become more constant with age. Kesults indicated

that age has no tendency to change its behavior.

To determine how much of the variation of ordinary screw knob

weights resulting from changes in humidity is actually caused by

the lacquer, it is planned to determine the total variation on bare

weights having a cavity and screw threads under the knob. It is hoped that the work on these samples can be completed early next

year. Improvement in Constancy of Weights.—The investigation on

variability of weights with changes in the humidity of the air has

benefited the users of ordinary laboratory weights mainly in two
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 255

ways. In the first place, the percentage of variable weights on the

market has been radically reduced. Of the sets submitted to this

bureau for test, the percentage rejected from this cause has dropped

from 30 in 1928 to 11 in 1930. In the second place, the introduction

of a determination of this variability, as a regular part of this

bureau's test for certain classes of weights, has definitely prevented

many laboratories from receiving seriously variable weights that

would otherwise have been sold to them.

Maintenance of Standard Weights.—During the past year about

200 of the standard weights of the mass section were recalibrated.

This is nearly five times as many as were recalibrated during the

preceding year, but is probably no more and perhaps is less than

should be calibrated each year. These standards vary in accuracy

and in importance from the equivalent of ordinary analytical weights

up to the three primary pound standards of this country.

Equipment for Testing Weights.—The new high precision, 200

g balance has been found to have a precision of 0.01 mg in weighing

loads of 200 g, or 1 part in 20,000,000. The balance proved satis- factory, being particularly reliable for loads well below its capacity.

This balance constitutes a valuable addition to the equipment of the

section. Another high-grade new balance tested and put into use during the year is one of 50-pound capacity, also ordered near the

close of last year. This has also filled an urgent need.

Testing of Weights.—There were 8,216 weights received for test during the past year. This is the largest number ever received

during this length of time, and is about 20 per cent more than were

received last year. Chiefly because of the necessity for doing more work on the standards of the bureau, the number tested and sent out was about 5 per cent less than last year, the total being 7,683.

Last year the number of weights awaiting test was much reduced

during the year, but this year the number on hand has risen again

to about 1,000.

Chromium Plating, Platinum Plating, and Nichrome for

Weights.—Chromium plating is being given a service test on three

sets of analytical weights that are being used in laboratories of the

chemistry division of this bureau. Since these have not been radically better or worse than other electroplated weights of the same

type, it is indicated that the advantage of hardness may be more

than compensated by other sources of change, although the danger

of attack by hydrochloric acid fumes seems somewhat less than was

feared.

Thirteen old sets of analytical weights that were platinum plated a year or two ago have not been found to be very constant. About

30 per cent of the weights gained approximately 0.1 mg in spite of

such wear as may have been caused by use. The largest changes were shown by two 100 g weights, which gained 0.4 and 0.8 mg,

respectively.

In order to obtain data on the usefulness of nichrome for weights

of different grades, preliminary plans were made for investigating

this material.

Density of Aquaammonia.—An investigation of the density and

thermal expansion of anhydrous ammonia and of various percent-
256 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

ages of aquaammonia has been requested by a large producer of

these products, on account of their greatly increased industrial importance and the lack of adequate and reliable information. The

necessary material and apparatus for this investigation have been

obtained and the work will be undertaken in the near future.

Density of Chromic Acid Solutions.—Density determinations were made on several samples of chromic acid, and the results obtained have been incorporated in a paper prepared by a member of the

chemistry division.

Glass Volumetric Apparatus and Hydrometers.—During the

year, 14,544 pieces of glass volumetric apparatus and 1,104 hydrometers were submitted for test. This represents a slight decrease from

the previous year, but the change is so small as to be insignificant.

The quality of the apparatus has remained high, 98 per cent of that

submitted having been found qualified for test, and 94 per cent of that

tested having passed the test for accuracy of graduation.

Certification of Master Gages.—The measurement and certifica- tion of the accuracy of the dimensions of master gages has constituted a large part of the work of the gage section during the past year, and,

as in other recent years, the master gages of the American Petroleum

Institute have constituted an important item. With the exception

of one size of rotary tool joint gages, the dimensions of which have

not been finally decided upon, the work of measuring the grand

and regional masters of A. P. I. rotary tool joint gages has been

completed.

A large number of A. P. I. sucker-rod gages were measured and

approved during the year, so that now the principal manufacturers of

sucker rods are supplied with approved gages. Because of the diffi- culties encountered by gage makers in meeting the specifications in re- gard to angle of cone it was found necessary to increase the tolerance so that a reasonable percentage of the gages submitted might be

approved. The increased tolerances are not inconsistent with approved gaging practice.

Master gages must be remeasured at periodic intervals to detect wear, or other dimensional changes, and a number of A. P. I. master

gages were submitted for recheck during the year. It is expected

that they will be submitted for recheck in greater numbers during

the coming year. The work of rechecking the regional and grand

master cable drilling tool joint gages was begun in June and the

results so far obtained indicate that some of these gages, as a result of wear, are no longer within tolerance.

In addition to the A. P. I. master gages tested, about the usual

number of master gages were submitted by the manufacturers of

other products, particularly automobiles and accessories. A 70 per

cent increase over the preceeding year in the number of precision

gage blocks, and a decided increase in the number of polariscope tubes submitted, were noted. Several large diameter thread

worms were tested, some of which were to be used in burnishing

the teeth of automobile gears. One large gear was tested for

accuracy of tooth spacing.

New Equipment.—A comparator for long gage blocks and end

standards up to 60 inches in length was made in the gage shop.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 257

It is adapted to obtaining the difference between two blocks or end

standards by interferometer methods.

To measure the errors in lead of small taper thread ring gages,

a lead-testing device was designed and constructed. This device will measure the errors in lead of thread ring as small as three-fourths

inch in diameter. An improved model of the lead-testing device

for large thread plugs and rings was made. A device for measuring

angular displacements or spacing, to an accuracy of about five minutes of arc, was purchased. This device will be used for measuring the spacing of gear teeth and for the determination of periodic

errors in lead of large screws or thread gages. Cooperation with Standardizing Bodies.—The bureau has con- tinued its cooperation with the National Screw Thread Commission

and the American Gage Design Committee. During the year

pamphlets on standard threads, special threads, and plain and thread

plug and ring gage blanks, for shop use, were issued as commercial

standards. Cooperation with the American Petroleum Institute, in

addition to gage testing, consisted mainly in establishing or revising

product and master gage tolerances.

Development of a Method of Gaging Fish Nets.—At the request

of the Bureau of Fisheries the bureau has undertaken an investigation of methods of measuring or gaging the mesh of gill netting.

Measurements have been made on both cotton and linen cord used in

gill nets to determine the magnitude and permanency of the changes

in length when subjected to a tensile load with the cord either wet

or dry. From the preliminary results obtained it is apparent that

the conditions under which the mesh of net is to be measured must

be carefully defined, and it would seem that these standard conditions should approximate the " as fished " conditions, rather than the

factory conditions.

Standardization of Interchangeable Ground Glass Joints.—The

gage section assisted in the standardization of ground glass joints

for chemical glassware, such as distillation and extraction apparatus.

The project was undertaken under the procedure of the trade standards division of this bureau, in cooperation with the leading American manufacturers, distributors, and representative users of chemical

glass apparatus. Nine sizes of joints were adopted, all having a taper of 1 in 10, on diameter. Master gages for the joints obtained

from European manufacturers were measured and the magnitude of

the errors in taper found was such that it was considered doubtful

if interchangeable joints could be made using these gages as masters. Steps have been taken to secure gages of the required accuracy made

in this country.

Weights and Measures Conference.—The Twenty-third National

Conference on Weights and Measures met at the bureau on June

3 to 6, with a representation of officials from 26 States. In addition

to the presentation and discussion of numerous papers on technical

phases of weights and measures administration, the conference

adopted a tentative code of specifications and tolerances for odometers, made some slight modifications in the previously adopted

codes for lubricating-oil bottles, grease-measuring devices, weighing

scales, and liquid measuring devices, and adopted a partial code of
258 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

specifications for automatic-indicating scales. Attention will continue to be given to the subject of automatic-indicating scales for the

next several years. The National Conference on Weights and Measures serves to co- ordinate the regulatory work of the States along weights and

measures lines, and is a direct medium through which bureau cooperation is extended. Reports of the conference proceedings are published, thus making available to officials of the States, to manufacturers of weighing and measuring devices, and to others interested, a permanent record of the conference transactions. During the year

there was published a complete index of the reports of the several

conferences from the first to the twenty-first, inclusive, whereby the

wealth of weights and measures data contained in these reports is made more readily accessible.

Publication.—Weights and Measures References (Index to Reports of Conferences), B. S. Miscellaneous Publication No. 103; 1930.
VI. MUNICIPAL, COUNTY, AND STATE PURCHASING

AGENCIES

It has been estimated that the combined purchases of supplies for municipal and State governments exceed three-quarters of a. billion

dollars annually, all of which is collected from the public in the form

of taxes. This sum does not include the cost of constructing and

maintaining the highways throughout the country, a considerable

part of which is contributed by the United States Government in

accordance with the Federal-aid road-construction plan.

The methods employed by the local governments In spending this

large sum of money vary somewhat in detail although, in a majority

of cases, purchasing departments have been created for the purpose

of making purchases of equipment and supplies for the needs of the

various governments.

Since the inauguration of the Standards Yearbook in 1927, periodic

surveys have been made to determine in what way the Federal agencies can best be of assistance to State and municipal agencies who are entrusted with the expenditure of public money. Much of the in- formation resulting from these surveys has already been set forth in

previous editions of the Standards Yearbook.

There are given below brief items relating to information obtained

as a result of a recent survey of the extent to which purchasing departments use the specification method of buying, the manner in

which standards and specifications are formulated, and the methods

employed in checking and inspecting deliveries to determine whether

or not they comply with the specification requirements.

There is also set forth in this chapter a summary of the replies

received from States to a questionnaire sent out by a committee of

the American Road Builders' Association relating to the methods

now employed for the regulation and control of traffic on highways.

MUNICIPAL PURCHASING AND STANDARDIZING AGENCIES

Information concerning their purchasing methods has been re- ceived from 567 municipalities, 238 of which have the city-manager

form of government. About one-half of the cities reported that

specifications are used in the purchase of materials, equipment, and

supplies.

In the following items there are given separate brief summaries

of replies received from questionnaires recently submitted to cities having city managers and those maintaing a different form of

government.

In 173 cities not having city managers, purchasing agencies have

been created to make purchases for all city bureaus, departments,

and institutions ; in 13 cities purchases are made for all units of the

city government except schools; and in 29 purchases are made for

public improvements only. Twenty-five cities reported that all purchases are made by the heads of each department.

259
260 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Specifications are prepared by the city engineers in 186 cities and

by the office of the purchasing agent in 36 other municipalities. In

50 cities they are prepared by the heads of each using department;

by the board of public works in 4; and in 1 municipality they are prepared by the comptroller.

Standards and specifications of the American Society for Testing

Materials are employed by 78 municipalities, 70 reported that they

use State and Federal specifications, and 40 use the specifications of

the American Water Works Association. Several cities stated that use is also made of the standards and specifications of the American

Concrete Institute, American Electric Railway Engineering Association, American Institute of Electrical Engineers, American Institute

of Steel Construction, American Society of Mechanical Engineers,

American Society for Municipal Improvements, Asphalt Institute,

Common Brick Manufacturers Association, National Board of Fire

Underwriters, National Electric Light Association, Portland Cement

Association, and the Society of Automotive Engineers. In 102 cities some purchases are made of trade-branded articles without the use

of specifications, but in no case has it been reported that purchases

are made exclusively on the basis of trade brands.

Forty-seven cities stated that they maintain laboratories for test- ing certain commodities. Commercial testing laboratories are employed by 132 cities, 81 use the laboratories of colleges and universities, and 39 use the laboratories of State highway departments and

other government agencies.

In 218 cities trained inspectors are maintained for the purpose of

checking deliveries to determine whether or not they comply with

specification requirements.

Of the American council-manager municipalities, about 400 have

adopted officially the city-manager form of government, and about

100 additional municipalities have officials holding the title, but not

the full authority, of " city manager."

Below there is given a resume of the answers to questionnaires

received from 238 municipalities having city managers.

In 122 of these cities the managers make all of the purchases for

the city activities; in 74 they make purchases for all activities ex- cept the public schools or libraries, and in 42 they make purchases

for only a part of the city departments or institutions.

In 112 of the municipalities commodity specifications are prepared

by either the city managers or by regularly appointed purchasing

agents, in 60 they are prepared by the city engineers, and in 66 by

several city officers. Very widespread use is made of nationally recognized commodity

specifications, although 112 of the cities prepare their own specifications for certain commodities and 119 buy partly on trade brand.

Sixty-nine of the cities reported the use of State and Federal specifications, 51 those of A. S. T. M., and 35 the specifications of the

American Water Works Association. Two or more cities reported

the use of the standard and specifications of the American Society for

Municipal Improvements, the Asphalt Institute, the National Board

of Fire Underwriters, the National Electric Light Association, the

Portland Cement Association, and the Underwriters' Laboratories.

Laboratories equipped for testing certain commodities are maintained by 30 cities. Eighty-five of the cities make use of commercial
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 261

testing laboratories, 80 use the laboratories of colleges, and 17 make

use of the laboratories of other governmental units, such as the

State highway commissions or departments.

Inspectors for enforcing compliance with specifications are uti- lized in 153 cities, and performance tests are resorted to in 33

municipalities.

The centralized system for combining all city purchases under one head is utilized in 105 cities, all of which attribute certain economies

to this system.

COUNTY PURCHASING AGENCIES

Many of the purchasing problems of the more than 3,000 counties

in the United States are similar to those of the municipalities, and

solutions to these problems found satisfactory by the cities can well

be applied by the counties. Among such problems are the purchase

of supplies and the construction of highways, bridges, and public

works.

The so-called " county-manager plan " of operation has been

adopted officially in Arlington County, Va. A modification of this

plan, possessing many of its essential features, is also in use in

Alamance, Cleveland, Davidson, Guilford, and Robeson Counties,

N. C, and in Albemarle, Augusta, Fairfax, and Pittsylvania Counties, Va.

The proposed changes in county governments, usually involving

the introduction of the county-manager plan, are being given consideration in Alabama, California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Mississippi, Missouri, North Dakota, Ohio,

Oklahoma, Oregon, and South Carolina. In California, Iowa, Maine,

Maryland, Montana, New Hampshire, New Mexico, North Carolina,

North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Wyoming, and Virginia,

the State constitutions permit the counties to adopt such a form of

government as the county-manager plan, whereas in certain other

States enabling acts by the legislatures would be required.

STATE PURCHASING AND STANDARDIZING AGENCIES

In each of the 48 States and the District of Columbia there have

been set up, either by legislative action or by authority of the

governor, purchasing departments for the purpose of buying equipment and supplies needed for the operation of the various bureaus,

commissions, departments, institutions, and other agencies of these

governments.

Similar purchasing offices have also been created in many States and placed under the control of the various State highway commissions to make purchases of materials and equipment used in the

construction and maintenance of highways. Several highway departments which do not maintain purchasing offices utilize the services

of their respective State purchasing agents who are authorized to make all purchases for the State. Specifications are formulated by the heads of the using departments

in some States, while in other States, they are prepared by engineers

and chemists in cooperation with departmental and institutional offi- cials. In numerous instances, specifications are based on those of

technical societies, trade associations, and the Federal Government.
262 NATIONAL BUBEAU OF STANDAKDS

In almost every case where commodities are purchased on specifications, provisions have been made for testing or inspection to determine whether or not the goods delivered comply with requirements set forth in the specifications.

In every State standards and specifications have been prepared

for practically every type of material entering into highway construction, the specifications used being in conformity with those for- mulated by the American Society for Testing Materials, the American Association of State Highway Officials, and the United States Bureau of Public Roads, and formally approved by the United States Secretary of Agriculture for use in connection with Federal-aid road

construction.

Many of the States use the specifications of the Federal Government in the purchase of oils and lubricants and those of the American Wood-Preservers' Association and the West Coast Lumbermen's

Association in placing contracts for the purchase of lumber and

creosoted products used for bridge and other highway construction.

In many cases, States have prepared their own specifications for

certain lines of commodities based on the result of experience in the use of such commodities. Several of the State highway departments

buy partly on trade brands, but in no case has it been reported that

they purchase exclusively on trade brands.

Laboratories equipped to make either chemical or physical tests, or both, of materials are utilized by all of the State highway departments, most of whom maintain their own laboratories. At times

the highway departments employ the services of commercial and university laboratories for special tests on steel, paints, and cement. Without exception, every State maintains a force of trained in- spectors whose duties are to examine material either at the sources of supply or upon arrival at destination to determine whether or not they measure up to specification requirements.

STANDARDS FOR HIGHWAY TRAFFIC CONTROL

In the following items there is given some information concerning

the codes and standards now in use in the several States with respect

to the regulation and control of traffic on highways. The purpose of

this survey is to arrive at some basis for a standardization program

for the formulation of a national uniform code relating to the instal- lation and adoption of traffic-control signals and signs on the highways of the country. The replies received from this survey, which was conducted by a committee of the American Eoad Builders' Association, were analyzed and tabulated by the National Bureau of

Standards.

Twenty-two States reported that they use the standard unreflectorized signs recommended by the American Association of State

Highway Officials; 6 use the United States standard; and 1 the

recommended standard of the American Engineering Council.

Eight States use the reflectorized signs adopted by the American

Association of State Highway Officials ; 4 reported that they use the

" buttons and bulls' eyes " signs, and 9 replied that they make use

of various types of signs.

Of the 34 States replying to the question pertaining to signals, 6

reported that they make use of the signals recommended by the
STANDARDS TEAK-BOOK, 19 31 263

American Association of State Highway Officials, 6 States have

adopted the United States standard, and 2 reported they use the A.

G. A. standard. Twelve States have replied that they use no illuminated signals.

Five States replied that railroads have been influential in the

acceptance and adoption of standard codes; automobile clubs in 6

other States ; insurance companies in another ; and 21 States reported

none. In 3 States, railroads employ a different code than that adopted

by States. Various local types of codes are used in 3 other States,

and in 12 States no standard code prevails.

Twelve States reported that changes were made in their standard

codes regarding the recommended sizes of lettering, shape of signs,

colors, or wording, while 23 States replied that they made no changes

in their codes.

In 14 States, cities and villages use the same code as that adopted

by State highway departments. Various codes are in use in cities and towns of 10 other States, and in the same number of additional

States, the standard code is used only in certain localities. Twelve States reported that it is necessary for towns and cities to obtain approval from State highway departments before installing

signals or signs on State routes. Fourteen States replied that no approval is necessary. Cities in 2 States having a population of 2,500 or less, 3,500 or less in another, and up to 4,000 in another State, are required to obtain the necessary approval from their respective State

highway departments. In another State, approval is also necessary

except for the installation of traffic lights in congested districts. Counties in 7 States use the same code on county roads as is employed for State routes, while in 13 States different codes are used.

In 4 States, some counties do use the same code while others do not. Counties in 7 States do not use any codes.

Signs for use on country roads are designed by county officials in 16 States. In 3 States they are designed by State officials, and in

1 by automobile clubs. Seven States have replied that no signs are used by counties.

Commercial companies are employed for the manufacture of signs

used on State routes in 14 States. In 9 they are built by State prison

industries, and in 2 by the highway departments. In 4 States they

are manufactured by both commercial agencies and prisons, while in

3 other States they are made by commercial, prison, and highway

department agencies.

Seventeen States reported that no requirements are made in con- nection with the design of electric traffic control or warning signals.

Thirteen States replied that their design is governed by State regulations. Lane markers are used by 20 States on rural highways or city

streets on State routes and not used in 5 other States. Certain restrictions are placed by 33 States on nonstandard signs

of other interests on State routes inside or outside of municipalities.

Seven States replied that State laws control the placing of signs

and markers on highways. In 16 States, the matter is decided by

various State, county, and municipal authorities, and in 8 there are no laws.
264 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF STATE PURCHASING AGENCIES

In the following brief items there are set forth the names and

addresses of the State purchasing and standardizing agencies, in- cluding State highway departments, the names of the individuals

in charge, and the chief officers concerned with the preparation of

specifications and the purchase of materials, supplies, and equipment : Alabama State Board of Administration, Montgomery. C. A. Moffett,

president.

Alabama State Highway Department, Montgomery. Woolsey Finnell, highway director; George L. Moulton, assistant engineer.

Arizona Board of Directors of State Institutions, Phoenix. C. M. Zander,

executive officer, secretary, State purchasing agent. Arizona State Highway Department, Phoenix. I. P. McBride, chairman of commission ; W. W. Lane, State highway engineer ; J. P. Dillon, purchasing

agent. Arkansas State Highway Commission, Little Rock. Dwight H. Blackwood,

chairman ; Charles S. Christian, State highway engineer.

Arkansas State Purchasing Department, Little Rock. B. O. Jackson, pur- chasing agent. California State Department of Finance, Bureau of Purchases, Capitol

Building, Sacramento. J. F. Mispley. acting State purchasing agent. California State Department of Public Works, Sacramento. Ralph W. Bull, chairman ; C. H. Purcell, State highway engineer.

Colorado State Educational Institutions, Associated Purchasing Agents of, Boulder. Henry B. Abbett, chairman.

Colorado State Highway Department, Denver. B. B. Allen, chairman of commission ; L. D. Blauvelt, State highway engineer.

Connecticut State Board of Finance and Control, Hartford. Edward F. Hall, commissioner.

Connecticut State Highway Department, Portland. John A. Macdonald.

State highway commissioner ; Frank C. Flood, testing engineer.

Delaware State Board of Supplies, Dover. Charles H. Grantland, secretary

of state. Delaware State Highway Department, Dover. F. V. du Pont, chairman of commission ; W. W. Mack, chief engineer.

District of Columbia Purchasing Office, Washington, D. C. M. C. Hargrove,

purchasing officer. Florida Board of Commissioners of State Institutions, Tallahassee. Dan

W. D'Alemberte, manager.

Florida State Road Department, Tallahassee. Robert W. Bentley, chairman

of commission ; B. M. Duncan, chief engineer.

Georgia State Department of Public Printing, State Capitol, Atlanta. Josephus Camp, superintendent.

Georgia State Highway Board. G. W. Barnett, chairman, Atlanta; W. R.

Neel, State highway engineer, East Point. Idaho State Bureau of Supplies, Boise. R. G. Archibald, State purchasing

agent. Idaho State Department of Public Works, Boise. J. D. Wood, commissioner

of public works ; R. H. Shoemaker, office engineer.

Illinois State Department of Public Works and Buildings, Division of Highways, Springfield. Harry H. Cleveland, director, department of public works;

Frank T. Sheets, chief highway engineer ; V. L. Glover, engineer of materials.

Illinois State Division of Purchases and Supplies, Statehouse, Springfield. L. H. Becherer, State purchasing agent.

Indiana State Highway Commission, Indianapolis. A. J. Wedeking, chair- man of commission ; John J. Brown, director of commission.

Indiana State Joint Purchasing Committee, Indianapolis. Daily E. McCoy,

executive secretary. Iowa Board of Control of State Institutions, Des Moines. E. J. Hines,

secretary; H. L. Shropshire, purchasing agent.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 265

Iowa State Highway Commission, Ames. C. L. Niles, chairman of commission ; Fred R. White, chief engineer.

Kansas State Board of Administration, Topeka. H. R. Rhodes, State busi- uess manager. Kansas State Highway Commission, Topeka. R. W. Dole, director of highways ; W. V. Buck, State highway engineer.

Kentucky State Highway Commission, Frankfort. Ben Johnson, chairman

of commission ; J. S. Watkins, State highway engineer.

Kentucky State Purchasing Commission, Frankfort. Andrew Alexander,

State purchasing agent. Louisiana State Board of Commissioners of the Port of New Orleans, New

Orleans. Col. Marcel Garsaud, general manager.

Louisiana State Highway Commission, Baton Rouge. O. K. Allen, chairman

of commission; W. H. Nordkauer, State highway engineer.

Maine State Highway Commission, Augusta. Frank A. Peabody, chairman

of commission ; L. D. Barrows, chief engineer.

Maine State Purchasing Agents' Association, Augusta. Samuel N. Tobey,

secretary. Maryland State Central Purchasing Bureau, Whitaker Building, Baltimore. Walter N. Kirkman, State purchasing agent.

Maryland State Roads Commission, Baltimore. G. Clinton Uhl, chairman

of commission; H. D. Williar, jr., chief engineer; R. F. Going, purchasing

agent.

Massachusetts State Department of Public Works, Statehouse, Boston. Frank E. Lyman, commissioner of public works; Arthur W. Dean, chief engineer.

Massachusetts State Purchasing Bureau, Statehouse, Boston. George J. Cronin, State purchasing agent.

Michigan State Administrative Board, Accounting and Purchasing Division,

Lansing. Charles W. Foster, secretary. Michigan State Highway Department, Lansing. Grover C Dillman, State highway commissioner ; M. DeGlopper, materials and equipment engineer.

Minnesota State Department of Highways, St. Paul. Charles M. Babcock,

commissioner of highways; J. T. Ellison, chief engineer.

Minnesota State Department of Public Institutions, Bureau of Purchases,

St. Paul. C. J. Swenden, chairman; H. W. Austin, purchasing agent. Mississippi Capitol Commission, Jackson. Walker Wood, secretary of State and director in charge.

Mississippi State Highway Department, Jackson. J. C. Roberts, chairman;

G. A. Draper, State highway engineer.

Missouri State Highway Commission, Jefferson City. C. D. Matthews,

chairman of commission ; T. H. Cutler, chief engineer.

Missouri State Purchasing Agencies, Jefferson City. Sam A. Baker,

governor. Montana State Highway Commission, Helena. O. S. Warden, chairman, Great Falls; R. D. Rader, State highway engineer, Helena. Montana State Purchasing Department, Helena. J. E. Murphy, State pur- chasing agent. Nebraska State Board of Control, Lincoln. O. R. Shatto, secretary. Nebraska State Department of Public Works, Bureau of Roads and Bridges,

Lincoln. Roy L. Cochran, State engineer; A. T. Lobdell, chief, bureau of

roads. Nevada State Board of Capitol Commissioners, Carson City. Gov. Fred B. Balzar, chairman.

Nevada State Department of Highways, Carson City. Gov. Fred B. Balzar,

chairman of commission ; S. C. Durkee, State highway engineer.

New Hampshire State Highway Department, Concord. Frederic E. Everett, commissioner of highways.

New Hampshire State Purchasing Department, Concord. W. A. Stone, purchasing agent. New Jersey State Highway Commission, Trenton. Gen. H. L. Scott, chair- man of commission; Jacob L. Bauer, State highway engineer.

New Jersey Statehouse Commission, Trenton. A. Harry Moore, Governor

of New Jersey ; A. C. Middleton, State treasurer ; N. A. K. Bugbee, State comptroller ; and Edward J. Quigley, State purchasing agent.
266 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

New Mexico State Highway Commission, Santa Fe. Charles Springer,

chairman of commission ; W. C. Davidson, State highway engineer.

New Mexico State Officials, Santa Fe. R. C. Dillon, governor; Miguel A. Otero, jr., State auditor ; Warner R. Graham, State treasurer ; Lois Randolph,

superintendent of public instruction. New York Department of Public Works, Division of Highways, Albany.

Frederick S. Greene, superintendent of public works; Arthur W. Brandt, commissioner of highways.

New York State Division of Standards and Purchase, Albany. Frank L. Morris, superintendent of standards and purchase.

North Carolina State Budget Bureau, Raleigh. Gov. O. Max Gardner, di- rector. North Carolina State Highway Commission, Raleigh. R, A. Doughton,

chairman of commission ; John D. Waldrop, State highway engineer.

North Dakota State Board of Administration, Purchasing Department,

Bismarck. J. B. Smith, State purchasing agent. North Dakota State Highway Commission, Bismarck. G. F. Schafer, chair- man ; H. C. Frahm, chief engineer.

Ohio Sate Department of Finance, Purchasing and Printing Division, Co- lumbus. John P. Brennan, superintendent of purchases and printing.

Ohio State Department of Highways, Columbus. R. N. Waid, director of highways ; C. C. Hadden, chief engineer of maintenance.

Oklahoma State Board of Public Affairs, Oklahoma City. C. E. Dudley,

chairman ; J. Robert Gillam, secretary. Oklahoma State Highway Commission, Oklahoma City. L. H. Wentz, chair- man of commission; A. R. Losh, State highway engineer; A. B. Thomas, pur- chasing agent.

Oregon State Highway Commission, Salem. H. B. Van Duzer, chairman of commission ; Roy A. Klein, State highway engineer.

Oregon State Purchasing Board, Salem. Carle Abrams, secretary and pur- chasing agent.

Pennsylvania Department of Property and Supplies, Bureau of Standards

and Purchases, Harrisburg. John D. Tompkins, director of standards and

purchases.

Pennsylvania State Department of Highways, Harrisburg. Jams L. Stuart, secretary of highways; Samuel Eckles, chief engineer; W. A. Van Duzer,

assistant chief engineer.

Rhode Island State Board of Public Works, Highway Department, Providence. Abram L. Atwood, chairman board of public works; G. H. Henderson,

chief engineer.

Rhode Island State Public Welfare Commission, Purchasing Department,

Providence. George H. Haines, purchasing agent.

South Carolina State Highway Department, Columbia. Ben M. Sawyer,

chief highway commissioner ; Charles H. Moorefield, State highway engineer.

South Carolina State Joint Committee on Printing, Columbia. W. T. Walker,

secretary. South Dakota State Department of Finance, Division of Purchasing and

Printing, Pierre. John P. Biehn, secretary of finance and director of pur- chasing and printing.

South Dakota State Highway Commission, Pierre. Gov. W. J. Bulow, chair- man of commission ; J. Maughs Brown, State highway engineer. Tennessee State Department of Finance and Taxation, Division of Purchasing, Nashville. A. D. Curtis, State purchasing agent. Tennessee State Department of Highways and Public Works, Nashville. Robert H. Baker, commissioner ; T. C. McEwen, chief engineer. Texas State Board of Control, Division of Purchasing, Austin. Sumner M. Ramsey, secretary. Texas State Highway Commission, Austin. R. S. Sterling, chairman; Gibb

Gilchrist, State highway engineer.

Utah State Board of Supplies and Purchase, Salt Lake City. E. R. Miles, executive secretary. Utah State Road Commission, Salt Lake City. Henry H. Blood, chairman;

H. S. Kerr, chief engineer.

Vermont State Department of Finance, Purchasing Department, Montpelier.

J. L. Wallace, State purchasing agent.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 267

Vermont State Highway Department, Montpelier. George Z. Thompson,

chairman ; H. E. Sargent, chief engineer.

Virginia State Department of Highways, Richmond. Henry G. Shirley, State highway commissioner; C. S. Mullen, chief engineer; B. F. Appel, purchasing

agent. Virginia State Purchasing Commission, Richmond. Charles A. Osborne,

State purchasing agent. Washington State Department of Business Control, Division of Purchasing,

Olympia. H. D. Van Eaton, supervisor of purchasing.

Washington State Highway Department, Olympia. Roland H. Hartley,

chairman of commission; Samuel J. Humes, director of highways.

West Virginia State Board of Control, Purchasing Department, Charleston.

C. A. Jackson, board member; John A. Wade, general purchasing agent.

West Virginia State Road Commission, Charleston. C. P. Fortney, chair- man; A. S. Winter, purchasing agent. Wisconsin State Bureau of Purchases, Madison. F. X. Ritger, superintendent. Wisconsin State Highway Commission, Madison. Jerry Donohue, chair- man ; W. C. Buetow, State highway engineer.

Wyoming State Board of Supplies, Cheyenne. Vincent Carter, chairman.

Wyoming State Highway Department, Cheyenne. S. W. Conwell, chairman

of commission ; Z. E. Sevison, State highway engineer.

27171—31 18

VII. GENERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES

Among the organizations in the United States which are at the

present time conducting work in the field of standardization are four which make standardization or work closely related thereto,

the major feature of their activities, namely, the American Standards

Association, American Marine Standards Committee, American

Society for Testing Materials, and the Central Committee on Lumber

Standards.

Through cooperation with technical societies, trade associations,

governmental bodies, private and industrial concerns, and others

interested in standardization these four agencies are actively en- gaged in the formulation of standards, specifications, codes, and

methods of test in order to aid in the development of the work in

standardization in the various major fields of industry.

In the present chapter are set forth outlines of the standardization

activities of these organizations with special reference to their ac- complishments during the past year. Additional information con- cerning the functions and procedures of their committees engaged in

the preparation of standards and specifications can be found in previous editions of the Standards Yearbook.

Information relating to the standardization activities and accomplishments of commercial, scientific, and technical agencies in their

respective fields are set forth in Chapter VIII.

The activities of the National Bureau of Standards and of other

agencies of the Federal Government in matters relating to simplification and standardization are outlined in Chapters V and IV,

respectively.

Sketches relating to the standardizing activities of State and municipal purchasing agencies, including State highway departments,

with reference to their methods for purchasing materials, equipment,

and supplies are set forth in Chapter VI.

AMERICAN STANDARDS ASSOCIATION

The American Standards Association is a federation of 45 national

technical societies, trade associations, and governmental bodies. The

chief purpose of the association is to bring together manufacturers,

distributors, consumers, technical specialists, and any others directly

concerned with a particular standardization project ; to assure that a preponderance of these interests wishes to have a national standard

;

to bring about the organization of a technical committee composed

of official delegates of all important bodies directly interested to formulate the standard; and finally, when such a committee has prepared or selected the standard and given it substantially unanimous

approval, and the American Standards Association is definitely

assured that the standard represents a real national consensus, to make it an " American Standard."

269
270 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Participating in the association's work, through some 2,200 offi- cially accredited representatives, are 550 national organizations

technical, industrial, and governmental. Of these nearly 200 are trade associations. Subscribing directly to its support are about 400

organizations and firms interested in its work and listed as sustaining members. The member bodies of the association are organizations or groups of organizations having an important interest in

standardization.

The association maintains a technical staff in its headquarters at 29 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York, N. Y. Dr. P. G. Agnew

is the secretary. The actual work of establishing standards is car- ried on by technical committees representing the producing, distributing, and consuming groups concerned with the projects. In fact, a basic requirement of the American Standards Association procedure is that no standards shall be approved unless all important

interests have been adequately represented in the establishment of

the standard, no one interest predominating in influence except with

the consent of the other groups. The initiation of standardizing

projects may be brought about at the request of any responsible body.

The association provides a procedure under which national standards may be established by any industry or group of industries with

the assurance that the standards will represent a true national con- sensus of approval. National standards have been prepared under

American Standards Association auspices or are now under way in

almost every major field of industrial activity.

In addition to providing systematic means by which organizations

concerned with standardization may cooperate in establishing American standards, the American Standards Association serves as a clear- ing house for information on standardization work, both in the

United States and abroad. The association also acts as the authoritative channel in international cooperation in standardization work.

There are four general methods of procedure under which American standards may be formulated and approved, as follows: Sectional committee, existing standard, proprietary, and general ac- ceptance. Under the first method, a joint technical committee known

as a sectional committee is formed, composed of designated representatives of all vitally interested groups concerned with the subject

being considered for standardization. Such technical committees

may work either under the administrative support and direction of

a sponsor body, or autonomously, reporting direct to the A. S. A.

As to the second, the existing standards method, it provides that

existing standards may be approved when it is shown by proper

exhibits of the submitting body that the standard represents a true consensus of competent industrial opinion with respect to its suit- ability for national adoption. In connection with the third method,

proprietary standards or standards developed and sponsored by a body having an outstanding and controlling interest and importance

in the field of the standard, may be approved by the A. S. A. when

it is shown by methods set down in the procedure that such a standard is supported by a consensus of those substantially concerned with

its development and use. A fourth method especially applicable to simple cases not requiring continued technical consideration is known

as the general acceptance method. Under this procedure a confer- ence of those principally concerned—producers, consumers, and other
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 271

competent interests—is held. The decision of the conference is au- thenticated and supported by a sufficiently large number of written

acceptances of the conference's recommendation, from those substantially concerned with the scope and provisions of the recommendation.

Under all these methods of procedure the project is undertaken,

as has been outlined, only upon the formal proposal of a responsible

industrial, commercial, governmental, or technical group.

The American Standards Association handles each year over a thousand requests for various types of technical information. In

answering these requests the office not only makes available the

material in its files, but also collects information from numerous

technical and trade organizations in the United States and Europe.

The American Standards Association Bulletin, which is sent monthly to sustaining members, contains a review of all important

developments during the previous month, carries abstracts of articles on standardization appearing in foreign and American publications,

and notes important books and pamphlets, most of which are available to sustaining members.

The bulletin carries a supplement on standardization within companies which is proving of great value to many manufacturers and

others in organizing and improving their companies' standardization

work. Sustaining members are also given the privilege of reviewing drafts of proposed American standards and of making known

their comments on these standards to the technical committees which

prepared them.

The American Standards Association is in constant touch with

20 national standardizing bodies in foreign countries. Information

concerning new projects, draft standards, and new standards is constantly exchanged among all the standardizing bodies. Each body

maintains a file of, and acts as sales agent for, the approved standards of other countries, thus making these standards readily available

to the industries of each country. Since the latter part of 1929 the

A. S. A. has been a member of the International Standards Association, the international organization for cooperation in the development of industrial standards, which has its headquarters at Basle,

Switzerland. The International Standards Association now in- cludes 18 national standardizing bodies in its membership.

Under the auspices of the American Standards Association, 168

standardization projects have been carried forward to completion

as approved standards, and 173 additional projects are in various

stages of progress. In the accompanying table is shown the distri- bution of these projects among the industrial groups

:

Group

Civil engineering and building

trades Mechanical

Electrical Automotive

Transportation Ferrous metallurgy Nonferrous metallurgy

Number of

proj- ects

Projects ap- proved Group

Chemical

Textile Mining Wood..

Pulp and paper

Miscellaneous .

.

Total

Number of

proj- ects

341

Projects ap- proved

168
272 NATIONAL. BUREAU OF STANDAEDS

The following is a list of the standards approved by the American

Standards Association since the last issue of the Standards

Yearbook.

Civil engineering.—Building exit code; specifications for putty; method of

tests for toughness of rock ; methods of sampling stone, slag, gravel, sand and

stone blocks for use as highway material; methods of test for penetration of bituminous materials ; standard methods of float tests for bituminous materials

;

and standard method of test for determination of bitumen.

Mechanical engineering.—Milling cutters; dimensions of cut and ground

thread taps; annular ball bearings (single row type) ; ball and roller bearings

(wide type) ; slotted head machine screws and wood screw heads; and safety code for the use, care, and protection of abrasive wheels.

Electrical engineering.—National electrical code (CI) ; dimensions governing

fits of 4-pin vacuum tube bases and arrangement of terminals; and specifica- tions for outlet boxes. Chemical industry.—Methods of routine analysis of white pigment; method

of routine analysis of dry red lead ; methods of laboratory sampling and analysis of coal and coke; identification of gas mask canisters; and specifications for liquid soap. Textile industry.—Safety code for textiles. Wood industry.—Safety code for woodworking plants.

Mining.—Use of explosives in bituminous coal mines.

Miscellaneous.—Symbols for telephone and telegraph use; symbols for hydraulics; pulverizing systems for sugar and cocoa; method of test for saponification; method of test for detection of free sulphur and corrosive sulphur compounds in gasoline ; and aeronautical symbols.

New projects given official status by or proposed to the American

Standards Association since the last issue of the Standards Yearbook

include

:

Mechanical engineering.—Standardization of foundry equipment; specifica- tions for industrial thermometers.

Chemical engineering.—Specifications for fuel oils. Mining.—Safety rules for installing and using electrical equipment in metal

mines.

Miscellaneous.—Approval aDd installation requirements for domestic gas- burning appliances ; safety code for grandstands ; method of test for melting

point of petrolatum; method of test for the determination of autogenous

ignition temperatures of liquid and semiliquid petroleum.

The membership of the American Standards Association has been

increased during the past year by the admission of the Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve and Fittings Industry, the

National Coal Association, the Radio Manufacturers Association,

the Institute of Radio Engineers, and the Small Tool Group consisting of the Drill and Reamer Society, the Milling Cutter Society,

and the Tap and Die Institute.

AMERICAN MARINE STANDARDS COMMITTEE

This committee was organized primarily to promote simplification

of practice and elimination of waste in the construction, operation,

and maintenance of ships and port facilities by formulating and

promulgating standards of design and practice where such are deemed of economic importance. It is national in scope and comprises shipyards, ship repair and docking establishments, ship owners and operators, naval architects, marine engineers, manufacturers

of marine materials and appliances, and generally educational,

commercial, and Government interests related to the industry.
STANDAEDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 273

The organization is controlled by its membership through the

annual election of an executive board. As a measure of Government cooperation with the marine industry, the administrative office of the committee, which is also the clearing house and correlating

center for the technical activities, is maintained in the Department

of Commerce Building, Washington, D. C; A. V. Bouillon is the

secretary.

As of July 1, 1930, the membership comprised 360 member bodies,

and there were several applications for enrollment to be considered

at the next meeting of the executive board.

The technical branch of the organization comprises four technical

committees, the functions of which are advisory, and numerous subject committees, the functions of which are to develop standards in

their early stages. Proposals for international marine standards

are reviewed and recommendations are made on them by a special

standing committee. Another special committee has the function

of passing upon questions which may arise among users of the

standards.

Coordination is effected with the work of other national standardizing bodies through representatives of the American Marine

Standards Committee in committees of the American Standards

Association and representatives of other organizations appointed as advisory members of the executive board of the American Marine

Standards Committee by the following organizations: American

Institute of Electrical Engineers, American Society of Civil Engineers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, American Society

for Testing Materials, National Bureau of Standards, and National

Fire Protection Association.

The committee had promulgated 124 standards prior to July 1, 1930, which have been or are being published in a series of publications issued by the Department of Commerce. Twenty-two standards were promulgated during the year ending June 30, 1930, as follows

:

Hull details.—Oval mooring pipes; circular mooring pipes; metal frame

berths, shallow type ; metal frame berths, deep type ; light-stanchion type of support for fixed-berth standees; heavy-stanchion type of support for hingedberth standees ; chain lugs for hinged-berth stanchions ; hook for hinged berths

;

wall-bracket type of berth supports ; wall-box type of berth supports ; locks and

accessories for ship doors ; bolts and catches for ship doors ; and sash hardware

for ships.

Engineering details.—Solid sleeve couplings for propeller shafts; split sleeve couplings for propeller shafts; fair-water caps for propeller hubs on ships

fitted with a contrapropeller or a streamline rudder; molded insulation cov- erings for temperatures over 550° F. ; diatomaceous earth, granular, calcined

;

and brick and mortar, insulating.

Ship operation details.—Standard wire ropes for marine uses; care and

operation of oil-burning apparatus and handling of fuel oil on ships; and

uniform outfits for merchant marine officers—specifications for garments and

insignia. The committee also promulgated a revised standard specification for 2%-inch unlined linen fire hose to supersede its Standard O No. 4-1926

in order to specify this product in accordance with the latest manufacturing

practice and testing methods.

The committee's current activities include proposed standards to cover practice in hull construction; fittings for oil-tight hatches;

hinged water-tight doors ; standard sockets for hatch beams ; supply

and exhaust cowls and fittings for natural ventilation; air ports;
274 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

cleats; ladders and gratings; deck drain with stop valve; steel for

ship construction; standard steel shapes for shipbuilding; numerous

items of joiner hardware; fair leader and cleat for boom topping

lift; flanged pipe fittings and pipe flanges for three zones of pres- sures up to 400 pounds; water-tight receptacles. They also include

revisions of condenser tube ferrules and tube sheets; table glassware;

care and operation of Diesel machinery; bollards and cleats for

docks; reinforced concrete piles for wharves and piers; structural

steel cargo masts for docks ; and platform cargo slings.

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS

Work of the society in the promotion of the knowledge of materials of engineering and the standardization of specifications and

the methods of testing is carried out through the activities of its 50

technical committees, having a total membership of about 2,400, appointed to study the properties of the various engineering materials.

The work is done in two ways : First, in the reporting of technical

and scientific data to the society by its committees in the form of

papers and discussions that are published in proceedings, and sec- ond, in the activities of the committees appointed to develop and

study new information on the properties of materials. The committees are responsible for the development of standard specifications and methods of testing which is a most important function

of the society. The committees function under definite regulations

governing the organization of committees and the procedure in

preparing standards to insure adequate representation and voice

of all parties interested in any standard. The society headquarters

are at 1315 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pa. C. L. Warwick is the

secretary-treasurer.

Contributions in the form of technical papers and discussions by

leading investigators in scientific and technologic fields, including

many important contributions from industrial researches, are pre- sented at the annual meetings of the society. Eecent annual meetings have included such outstanding topics as aircraft materials,

engineering properties of cast iron, properties of mineral aggregates,

and the uses of rosin, each treated in an extensive symposium; cor- rosion and corrosion fatigue studies of materials; the properties

of metals at high temperatures; wear tests of metals; papers on

nonferrous sheet metals; die-casting alloys; bearing bronzes; elec- trical heating wires; significance of proportional limit; extensive

studies of strength, elastic properties, and durability of concrete; thermal transmission of fabrics ; testing of cement ; paints, gasoline,

and motor oils; and many papers describing testing apparatus and

methods.

The development of standards covering the following engineering materials may be cited as among the current activities of the

society as being of outstanding importance: For metals for hightemperature service; welded steel piping; zinc-coated and other

metallic-coated products for increased resistance to corrosion; magnetic testing and analysis of metals; ferro-alloys; iron-chromium,

and iron-chromium-nickel and related alloys; electrical-heating,

electrical-resistance, and electric-furnace alloys; die-cast metals and
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 275

alloys; screen wire cloth; metallographic testing, thermal analysis

and radiographic testing of metals; cement; concrete and concrete products; lime and gypsum; brick; hollow tile; mortars for unit

masonry and other ceramic products ; refractory materials ; preservative coatings, including paints, varnishes, pigments, vehicles, and

paint thinners ; petroleum products and lubricants ; road and paving

materials; waterproofing and roofing materials; electrical insulating materials; coal and coke; timber and timber preservatives;

shipping containers; rubber products, textile materials; thermometers; slate; naval stores; and natural building stones. In the following table are shown the number of standards and

tentative standards adopted in the year 1930 and the total number

adopted to date, the standards being classified in accordance with the

five main heads under which the society's standardization activities are conducted:

Adopted in 1930 Total adopted to date

Standards Tentative

revisions

of standards

Tentative

standards Standards Tentative standards

A. Ferrous metals 13 18 2 104

66 12 B. Nonferrous metals 2 2 7 13 C. Cement, lime, gypsum, concrete, and clay products _ 8 11 5 61 16 D. Miscellaneous materials- 21 23 15 186 109 E. Miscellaneous subjects. 1 1 10 5 Total 45 55 29 427 155 The society adopted the following standards and tentative

standards in 1930:

A. Ferrous metals.—Standard specifications for open hearth carbon steel rails; steel tie plates; billet steel concrete reinforcement bars; iron and steel, chain; steel forgings; welded and seamless steel pipe; steel plates of struc- tural and flange quality for forge welding; lap-welding and seamless steel and lap-welded iron boiler tubes; commercial quality hot-rolled bar steels and

cold finished bar steels and shafting ; refined wrought-iron bars and plates

;

welded wrought-iron pipe; wrought-iron blooms and forgings for locomotives

and cars; staybolt, engine-bolt, and extrarefined wrought-iron bars; hollow

rolled staybolt iron ; gray-iron castings for valves, flanges and pipe fittings

;

malleable castings; zinc-coated (galvanized) wire fencing, barbed wire, steel wire strand; iron or steel tie wires; telephone and telegraph line wire; zinc- coated chain link fence fabric galvanized after weaving and zinc (hot galvanized) coatings on structural steel shapes, plates, and their products.

Standard methods of sampling rolled and forged steel products for check

h analysis ; methods of determining weight of coating on zinc-coated articles and testing zinc-coated (galvanized) iron and steel wire and wire products.

Standard definitions of terms relating to wrought-iron specifications and

terms relating to heat-treatment operations (especially as related to ferrous

alloys).

Tentative specifications for austenitic manganese-steel castings; and open- hearth iron plates of flange quality. B. Nonferrous metals.—Standard specifications for bronze trolley wire;

round and grooved hard-drawn copper trolley wire; and seamless copper tubes. Standard method of test for change of resistance with temperature of

electrical heating materials. Tentative specifications for aluminum alloy (duralumin) sheet; aluminum

manganese alloy sheet; magnesium-base alloy castings; aluminum-base casting
276 NATIONAL. BUREAU OF STANDARDS

alloys in ingot form, aluminum-base alloy castings; and copper-base alloys in ingot form for sand castings.

Tentative method of test for thermoelectric power.

C. Cement, lime, gypsum, concrete, and clay products.—Standard specifica- tions for Portland cement; paving brick; building brick (made from clay

or shale) ; sand-lime building brick; hollow burned clay floor tile; hollow burned clay load bearing wall tile; hollow burned clay fireproofing, partition

and furring tile ; calcined gypsum ; gypsum plasters ; gypsum molding plasters

:

gypsum pottery plaster, gypsum plastering sand; gypsum plaster board;

Keene's cement ; calcined gypsum for use in the preparation of dental plasters.

Standard methods of testing cement ; gypsum and gypsum products ; test for approximate apparent specific gravity of fine aggregate; approximate per- centage of voids in inundated fine aggregate ; and surface moisture in fine aggregate.

Tentative specifications for high early strength Portland cement; reinforced concrete pipe ; reinforced concrete culvert pipe, concrete aggregates ; gypsum

sheathing board. Tentative laboratory method of making flexure tests of concrete using a

simple beam with center loading.

Tentative definitions of terms relating to heat transmission of refractories. D. Miscellaneous materials.—Standard specifications for lampblack; bone

black; high-carbon tar for surface treatment, cold application; low carbon tar for surface treatment, cold application; high-carbon tar for surface treatment, hot application ; low carbon tar for surface treatment, hot application ; high

carbon tar cement ; low carbon tar cement ; coal-tar pitch for stone block filler

;

acid resisting asphalt mastic ; gravel for bituminous concrete base ; structural wood joists and planks, beams, and stringers, and posts and timbers; tolerances and test methods for tire fabrics other than cord fabrics; tolerances and test methods for tire cord woven and on cones. Standard methods of routine analysis of white pigments ; analysis for the

color characteristics of paints in terms of fundamental physical units ; test for

distillation of gasoline, naphtha, kerosene, and similar petroleum products ; test for viscosity of petroleum products and lubricants ; test for water in petroleum

products and other bituminous materials ; test for water and sediment in petro- leum products by means of centrifuge ; test for cloud and pour points of petro- leum products ; test for burning quality of kerosene oils ; test for carbon residue

of petroleum products (Conradson carbon residue) ; test for distillation of natural gas gasoline ; test for burning quality of long time burning oil for railway use ; test for burning quality of mineral seal oil ; test for detection of free sulphur and corrosive sulphur compounds in gasoline ; test for melting

point of petrolatum ; test for the determination of autogenous ignition

temperatures ; test for loss on heating of oil and asphaltic compounds ; test for

distillation of bituminous materials suitable for road treatment; methods of laboratory sampling and analysis of coal and coke ; test for fineness of powdered

coal ; test for sieve analysis of crushed bituminous coal ; sampling and analysis

of creosote oil ; test for coke residue of creosote oil ; test for distillation of creo- sote oil ; testing molded insulating materials ; testing electrical porcelain ; and

test for determination of toluol insoluble matter in rosin (chiefly sand, chips,

dirt, and bark).

Standard definitions of terms relating to coal and coke; terms relating to timber ; terms relating to textile materials. Tentative specifications for glazier's putty; amyl acetate (synthetic) ; amyl

alcohol (synthetic) ; butyl propionate (90 to 93 per cent grade) ; ethyl lactate (synthetic) ; soluble nitrocellulose; timber piles; calcium chloride for dust pre- vention ; thermometers for Engler viscosimeters ; and chafer tire fabrics. Tentative methods of sampling and testing lacquer solvents and diluents ; test for dilution of crank-case oil ; test for determination of vapor pressure of nat- ural gasoline (Reid method) ; methods of sampling petroleum and petroleum

products; method for the specific gravity, 38°/15.5° C, of creosote fractions; methods of testing asphalt roll-roofing surfaced with fine talc, granular talc or mineral granules, likewise asphalt shingles surfaced with mineral granules:

method of compression testing of natural building stone; flexure testing of natural building stone; test for absorption and apparent specific gravity of natural building stone ; testing insulating varnishes ; testing untreated insulat- ing paper ; and test for comparing the thermal conductivities of solid electrical insulating materials.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 277

Tentative definition of the term coke; and of terms relating to timber preservatives. E. Miscellaneous subjects.—Standard rules governing the preparation of micrographs of metals and alloys, including recommended practice for photography as applied to metallography.

Standard definitions of terms relating to methods of testing.

Cooperation with American Standards Association.—As one of

the five technical societies which united in the founding of the American Standards Association, the American Society for Testing Materials has been especially active in the work of the American

Standards Association to which it has submitted many of its standards for approval. It is sponsor or joint sponsor for 39 standardization projects or sectional committees, and 51 of its standards have

been approved and 15 are under consideration for approval by the

American Standards Association.

Means of Encouraging or Facilitating the Use of Standards.

For ease of reference the standards of the society are published in

both separate pamphlet form and collectively in a book of A. S. T. M.

standards and a book of A. S. T. M. tentative standards. In

this way the standards reach those who are principally interested in

the use of specifications, methods of testing, and definitions of en- gineering materials. In addition, special pamphlets containing the

standards applying to a specific field are given widespread distribution. The bound publications are furnished with complete subject in- dexes. The society issues annually a combined subject index of all American Society for Testing Materials standards and tentative

standards. The index is a compilation, under appropriate key

words, of titles of American Society for Testing Materials standards and tentative standards, together with the volume references to the publications in which they appear. The index is designed to be

of service to those unfamiliar with the society's standards in locat- ing any specification or method of test in the bound publications in

which it appears, and, as well, to those interested in ascertaining if the society has issued any standards on a specific subject.

Permission to reprint any of the standards of the society may

readily be obtained from the executive committee of the society. In

this way the standards have been reprinted in full in many textbooks,

and a number of specifications have received widespread distribution, sometimes totaling many thousands of copies.

Many of the specifications of the society have been incorporated

in general codes, such as the boiler code of the American Society of

Mechanical Engineers, and in the building code of many of the

municipalities of the country.

A committee is giving consideration to the possibility of using

American Society for Testing Materials standards in connection with

quotations given in trade papers in the belief that these standards can serve a very useful purpose as the basis of quotations, bringing

specifications into play at the very inception of commercial

transactions.

CENTRAL COMMITTEE ON LUMBER STANDARDS

The Central Committee on Lumber Standards consists of 11 representatives of lumber manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers, and con- sumers. Its headquarters are in the Transportation Building,
278 NATIONAL BUBEATJ OF STANDARDS

Washington, D. C. Arthur T. Upson is the secretary. Associated

with the central committee are the Consulting Committee on Lumber

Standards and the Hardwood Consulting Committee, both acting in an advisory capacity.

In cooperation with the United States Departments of Agriculture

and Commerce, this committee makes recommendations for the simplification of sizes, grades, nomenclature, and trade practices in the

lumber industry. The committee's findings are recognized as

" American lumber standards " and published by the division of

simplified practice of the National Bureau of Standards.

Thus far there have been published, in Simplified Practice Recommendation No. 16, lumber size and use classifications ; nomenclature

of commercial softwoods ; definitions of defects and blemishes ; lumber abbreviations ; basis for measurement of lumber sizes ; seasoning

standards ; basic grade names and qualities ; rough and finished sizes

;

lengths and general provisions covering the description, measurement, tally, shipping, and inspection of both yard lumber, and fac- tory and shop lumber; basic provisions for selection and inspection

of softwood dimension and timbers where working stresses are re- quired; standard designs and universal sizes of moldings; uniform

patterns for worked lumber; standards for reel-cedar shingles; and

provisions for certification of quality and manufacture through

grade marking and car tally cards.

The central committee has also approved American standards for

nomenclature for domestic hardwoods and certain basic grading provisions for hardwood lumber, formulated largely by the National

Hardwood Inspection Rules Committee. In their work they were

assisted by the Hardwood Manufacturers Institute, the National

Lumber Manufacturers Association, the Central Committee on Lumber Standards, the Forest Products Laboratory of the United

States Forest Service, and the Department of Commerce.

The central committee has completed the formulation of softwood

standards. The principal accomplishments of the past year were

revisions in the heretofore published standards indicated as desirable

by the practical experience in their application throughout the last

five years by manufacturers, distributors, and consumers. The latest revision of the American lumber standards was published by the

division of simplified practice, December, 1929, in Simplified Practice

Recommendation R16-29, fourth edition.

Future work includes the consideration of technical questions aris- ing in connection with the softwood standards; further work on hardwood standardization; revision of the present American standard series of moldings further to conform to practical manufacture

and good architecture; and, what is one of the most important

phases of the standardization program, stimulation of all branches

of the industry to put into actual practice the principles set forth in

the softwood standards, including the certification of lumber manufacture and qualities. This is being accomplished by the publication

and distribution of Simplified Practice Recommendation No. 16,

through the lumber trade press, by correspondence, and through the

associations and organizations representing the various branches of

the industry. The central committee periodically circularizes the

industry to determine the extent to which producers, distributors,

and consumers are complying with the standards.
VIII. STANDARDIZING ACTIVITIES OF TECHNICAL

SOCIETIES AND TRADE ASSOCIATIONS

In this chapter there is presented a picture of the standardization

movement in various fields of industry conducted by trade associations, scientific and technical agencies, and other organizations which

make standardization one of the important features of their services

to their members.

In the accompanying outlines relating to the standardization activities of these organizations, special attention has been paid to the current standardization programs, accomplishments to date, with

special reference to the year just past, without reproducing the in- formation concerning their methods of appointing standardizing

committees, authority bestowed upon these committees, and their

functions and procedure, which can be found in the previous editions

of the Standards Yearbook.

A special effort has been made to include in the following sketches

the methods employed by various organizations for making their

standards and specifications effective throughout the industry and to determine whether or not their requirements are being complied with.

In the accompanying items there are reproduced outlines of the

standardization activities and accomplishments of 371 organizations,

representing 38 more than appeared in the 1930 Standards Yearbook, together with incidental references to 55 additional organizations that are cooperating to a limited extent in the standardization

movement.

Simplified practice recommendations and commercial standards

referred to in the text are those which have been established by the

interested industries under the auspices of the divisions of simplified practice and trade standards of the National Bureau of

Standards.

Where the term " sectional committee " is employed, the refer- ence is to a regularly organized sectional committee functioning

under the rules of procedure of the American Standards Association,

unless otherwise indicated.

STANDARDIZING AGENCIES ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED

Abrasive Paper and Cloth Manufacturers Exchange, R. P. Carlton,

chairman, standardization committee,

care of Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Co., 797 Forest Street, St. Paul,

Minn. All work relating to standardization and simplification matters in the abrasive industry is carried on by

the standardization committee ap- pointed by the exchange. During the 15 years of its existence, the committee has undertaken studies on nu- merous projects with respect to stand- ardization and simplification of raw

materials used in making coated abrasives, and the development of suitable and uniform specifications covering

such items as paper backings, cloth backings, abrasives, and adhesives. The exchange sponsored the movement

which resulted in the formulation and

adoption of the simplified practice rec- ommendation relating to coated abrasive products. The exchange has also established standard grain sizes for various abrasive products and stand- ard methods used for testing raw materials or finished products. During

the past two years, the standardization

committee undertook a study of the 279
280 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

coating of abrasives on the regular or

closed type of coating as well as the open type where the grains are sepa- rated from each other. The results of this study led to the adoption of sand weight tolerances so that the products as manufactured by the vari- ous firms will correspond both in coat- ing and in grade.

Aeronautical Chamber of Commerce of America (Inc.), Luther K.

Bell, secretary, 10 East Fortieth

Street, New York, N. Y. This organization is cooperating very closely

with the Society of Automotive Engineers in the standardization of materials and parts for aircraft construction. Under the auspices of the United

States Department of Commerce and

in cooperation with various universities and technical schools, the committee on standard performance testing of the chamber has completed a pro- cedure for flight testing which pro- vides for a common basis on which all manufacturers can compute their per- formance data. A standard aviation cable code is now being compiled by

the export committee of the chamber.

It is officially represented on the sec- tional committee on aeronautic safety

code. Agricultural Insecticide and Fungicide Manufacturers Association, G. B. Heckel, secretary, Public Ledger

Building, Philadelphia, Pa. The simplified practice recommendation rela- tive to the elimination of unnecessary

sizes and the adoption of standard

package sizes for insecticides and

fungicides was sponsored by this association. It has also adopted the stand- ards for lime-sulphur solution and

Bordeaux mixture. These are now in general use throughout the industry.

American Association for the Advancement of Science and Associated

Societies, Burton E. Livingston, per- manent secretary, Smithsonian Insti- tution Building, Washington, D. C. Standardization in scientific research

constitutes one of the activities of this association. The association is one of the sponsors for the sectional committee on scientific and engineering symbols and abbreviations and is officially represented on the committee of def- initions of electrical terms. It co- operates with the National Research

Council and many special scientific societies in the advancement of science and in the encouragement of scientific research. American Association of Cereal

Chemists, M. D. Mize, secretarytreasurer, 833 Omaha Grain Exchange,

Omaha, Nebr. One of the principal

objects of this association is the study

of analytical methods used in cereal chemistry and the development of standard methods of examination and

analysis. All of the work relating to standardization matters is carried on by various committees appointed by the

association. Within the past two

years the committee on standardization of laboratory baking has formulated a tentative standard method re- lating to laboratory baking tests. The

committee on methods of testing cake and biscuit flours is still engaged in standardizing methods for testing cake and biscuit flours. The association has

also appointed a committee on methods

of chemical analysis to carry forward

the work of revising and bringing

down to date its publication entitled

" Methods of Analysis of Cereals and

Cereal Products." In order to concentrate the work and accumulate data with the object of establishing an offi- cial method of laboratory baking, this association has established a fellow- ship at the University of Nebraska

during the scholastic year 1930-31. American Association of Medical

Milk Commissions (Inc.), Harris

Moak, secretary, 360 Park Place,

Brooklyn, N. Y. Standard methods of bacteriological and chemical examinations of milk to determine quality and

purity, medical inspection of employees

handling milk, sanitary inspection of farms and their equipment, and veteri- nary inspection of herds constitute im- portant activities of this association. Dairymen complying with the association's standard methods are permitted

to use the seal on milk bottles bearing

the term " certified milk." American Association of State Highway Officials, W. C. Markham,

secretary, National Press Building,

Washington, D. C. Standing committees of this association cooperate

with the American Society for Testing

Materials and other bodies in the for- mulation of standards and specifica- tions pertaining to highway construction. The association has approved

and adopted standards for gravel used

in Portland cement concrete, standards

of practice for general road design,

specifications for bituminous filled brick pavement; and other specifica- tions dealing with material and equip- ment used in highway construction and

maintenance. Many of the specifica- tions adopted by this association have

been approved by the United States Secretary of Agriculture as standards

for use in connection with Federal and
STANDABDS YEAEBOOK, 1931 281

highway construction and by the State highway departments. During the

past year, this association revised some

of its existing standards relating to practice in road design, and the form

and use of construction joints. It adopted definite standards of practice

relating to maintenance of detours,

minimum width of the graded section of unpaved roadways (where traffic exceeds 500 vehicles per day), color design of the standard " stop " sign,

maximum percentage of road grade

in connection with grade-crossing eli- minations, and standardization of punchings in the mold boards on graders and maintainers. It also adopted

the proposed tentative specifications for the bin batcher type of equipment

for weighing concrete aggregates rec- ommended by the association's committee on materials ; and specifica- tions citing the percentage of wear for

slag. The association cooperated with

the American Automobile Association and the National Bureau of Standards

on the safety code for automobile

brakes and brake testing. It is offi- cially represented on the joint concrete

culvert pipe committee. It is also

officially represented on the sectional committees on specifications for Port- land cement and drain tile, and methods of testing road and paving materials. American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, Alex. Morrison, secretary, care of American

Woolen Co., Andover, Mass. Standardization and research in chemical

processes and application of dyes and

chemicals to materiais manufactured

in the textile industry are the main

features of the work of this association. It cooperated in the preparation

of general specifications for dyed textiles and in the construction of a machine for testing the fastness to washing of these materials. It is still actively cooperating with the British

Society of Dyers and Colorists toward

the establishment of international standard methods of dye testing. As

regards its research work, this asso- ciation has perfected standard methods for testing fastness of all sorts of dyed textiles to all color-destroying

agencies, such as acid, alkalies, car- bonizing, crocking, chlorine staining,

dry and wet heat, perspiration, waterproofing, fulling, scouring, washing,

and light. During the past year work

has been completed in the development

of standard methods for determining

minute quantities of metals, such as

copper, manganese, and iron in textile

materials for the purpose of deter- mining their suitability for rubberiz- ing; also standard methods for deter- mining sizing and finishing materials

in textile fabrics. At present it is undertaking studies relating to the shrinkage of textile materials, and also

of materials for the construction of

dyeing, bleaching, and finishing apparatus. The association maintains a

research associate at the National Bureau of Standards assisting in a study

of methods for testing fastness to light

and dyed fabrics. American Automobile Association, Ernest N. Smith, executive vice president, Pennsylvania Avenue at Seventeenth Street NW., Washington, D. C. This organization is much interested in establishing definite standards of auto- mobile safety and in the enactment of laws, ordinances, rules, and regulations relating to the use of motor ve- hicles and the rights and privileges of the owners and users thereof. It is a founder member and one of the financial backers of the National Confer- ence on Street and Highway Safety.

It has indorsed and is now urging its 1,073 affiliated motor clubs to sponsor both the uniform vehicle code and the model municipal traffic ordinance. It has adopted a code for the promotion

of safe driving and the removal of irresponsible drivers from the high- ways, and has promulgated the model

A. A. A. safety responsibility bill for adoption by all States in lieu of compulsory automobile liability insurance. More than a third of the motor-vehicle owners in the United States and half

of those in Canada now operate under

one or more of its essential principles. In 1928 a safety department was or- ganized to sponsor safety educational

activities which will tend to reduce automobile accidents and accident hazards, the publication of loose-leaf les- sons in safety education for use in cor- relation with regular school curricula, distribution of school safety posters, and the organization of schoolboy

safety patrols for the guidance of school children in traffic. Standardization has been extended to every phase of this safety program. It has been applied to the safety lessons now reaching 3,000,000 school children, as well as the rules under which 175,- 000 patrolmen now operate in 500

cities. In cooperation with the National Bureau of Standards, it pre- pared .and distributed pamphlets on brake testing and headlight testing,

and charts for the standardization of headlight adjustments. It served as
282 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

joint sponsor with the National Bureau of Standards for the sectional committee on safety code, automobile

brakes, and brake testing, and is offi- cially represented on the sectional committee for a code of street traffic signs,

signals, and markings. It has pro- moted the construction and mainte- nance of standard highways and as

early as 1910 it held the first Federalaid highway convention in this country,

and from that time to the enactment

of the Federal-aid highway act in 1916,

it carried on an aggressive campaign to bring about the enactment of this comprehensive legislation and has stood guard against all efforts for its repeal.

The initiative was also taken in the

successful effort to have Congress in- crease the Federal appropriation for Federal-aid from $75,000,000 to $125,- 000,000, and the increase has already

been reflected in road building. It has

urged the enactment of Federal legis- lation to protect the public interests in the building of private toll bridges and

private toll roads. It began the fight

which resulted in a repeal of the war

excise tax on automobiles, and advocates standardization of automobile

taxes to be levied only by States. Each year this association issues a standard set of touring maps and handbooks covering the entire country,

thereby eliminating the individual

publications formerly issued by each

of its affiliated clubs. Standardization

has been a factor in the issuance of more than 5,000,000 maps and touring

publications annually. The association operates a central publishing office for the benefit of its affiliated clubs in order that they may secure more con- veniently and economically standard

material and supplies with which to carry on their various activities. The

contest board of the American Automobile Association, formed 28 years ago,

sets the standards and formulates rules under which competitive automobile

races are run ; speed tests are sanc- tioned for international recognition,

and automotive products are tested for an unbiased opinion as to their merit. It adopts the specifications for automobiles participating in championship races. Out of the stress and

strain of these races have come many

refinements and improvements to the automobile. Tests of automotive and

allied products under standard rules have become one of the major functions of the contest board which offers a medium for the industry to have its wares certified to the car-owning

public.

American Bakers Association, Tom

Smith, secretary, 1135 Fullerton Avenue, Chicago, 111. The scientific re- search and educational activities of

this association are conducted by the American Institute of Baking. (See

p. 290.) American Bleached Shellac Manufacturers Association (Inc.), R. W.

McClintock, secretary, 80 Cliff Street, New York, N. Y. In addition to a

code of ethics and a uniform sales contract, this association has formulated

standard specifications for bleached

shellac, also standard methods for de- termining penalties on excess moisture

in dried bleached shellac, and arsenic

in shellacs that contain small traces

of this component. It has adopted the standard methods of the American

Society for Testing Materials for de- terminations of rosin, alcohol, in- soluble impurities, wax in shellac, water-soluble extract in orange and

white shellac, and moisture in shellac. American Boiler Manufacturers

Association. A. C. Baker, secretary, 801 Rockefeller Building, Cleveland,

Ohio. Standard definitions for " set- ting height" for different types of

boilers, charts for determining stack dimensions, and standards formulated

by the Boiler Code Committee of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers have been adopted by this association. It is officially represented on

three sectional committees on bolt, nut, and rivet proportions ; wire and

sheet metal gages ; and standardization of dimensions and material of wrought-iron and wrought-steel pipe

and tubing.

American Bottlers of Carbonated

Beverages, Junior Owens, secretary, 726 Bond Building, Washington, D. C. Problems arising in connection with

standards and recommended practices for the operation of beverage plants,

and materials and equipment used

therein are studied by various committees of the Beverage Allied Industries Council, comprising manufacturers of machinery and supplies used by

beverage manufacturers. This council is composed of associate members

of the association. All reports formulated by committees are referred to ; the particular section of the council with which each committee is affili- ated. Upon approval by the section the reports are submitted to a general

committee consisting of three supply

manufacturers and three bottlers for consideration and approval. Recommendations of this committee are in turn submitted to the executive board
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 283

of the association for final approval

and adoption as standards. The association has adopted standards relating

to the following items: Bottle boxes, water supply lines for carbonators,

carbonator-filler, carbonated water

connections, sirup line connections,

straight pipe threads, tapered pipe

threads, conveyor chains, crown finish for beverage bottles, and bottle washing compound. It has also formulated

and adopted recommended practices

dealing with rubber hose and block

tin tubing (diameters) ; compression

coupling, carbonated water and sirup valves ; carbonating equipment units

;

bottle simplification; gas volume test; and gas volume chart. American Brush Manufacturers

Association, George A. Fernley, secretary, 505 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa. This association assisted in the formulation of the simplified practice

recommendation covering floor sweeps and paint and varnish brushes. Committees of this association are like- wise attempting to bring about a simplification in other lines. The asso- ciation is now engaged in developing a recommendation on Dutch kalso- mine brushes. American Bureau of Shipping, Charles A. McAllister, president, John

W. Cantillion, secretary, Stevenson Taylor Memorial Building, 24 Old Slip, New York, N. Y. This bureau col- laborates with other interested bodies,

notably the Federal Specifications

Board, American Marine Standards

Committee, United States Navy Department, Association of American

Steel Manufacturers, and the Society

of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, in the preparation of stand- ards for materials, fittings, equipment,

and structural methods. It promulgates rules for buildings and classing

vessels which comprise general re- quirements for the hull structure, machinery, and deck equipment. The bu- reau is officially represented on the sec- tional committees on specifications for structurol steel shapes, on screw

threads for hose couplings (other than

fire-hose couplings), and on standardization of dimensions and materials of wrought-iron and wrought-steel pipe

and tubing.

American Bureau of Welding, Wil- liam Spraragen, secretary, division of engineering, National Research Council, 29 West Thirty-ninth Street, New

York, N. Y. This bureau acts as the

research department of the American

27171—31 19

Welding Society and also as the welding research department of the National Research Council. The work of the bureau is conducted by research committees which handle specific problems pertaining to welding. Several committees are at present engaged in the following projects: Standard tests for welds, structural steel, welded rail joints, pressure vessels, welding wire,

and fundamental research. The last

is one of the most important activities of the bureau, and is conducted under

the auspices of a committee on funda- mental research. The activities of the committees on welded rail joints and

structural steel have been practically

completed. The committee on welding

wire specifications is undertaking a

statistical survey to determine if any

changes need be made in the present

specifications and also if any additional investigational work is needed. The committee on standard tests for welds is now working on the pro- posed standard tests and is consider- ing modifications of the tensile and

bend tests specimens. At the request

of the National Bureau of Standards,

the American Bureau of Welding for- mulated procedure specifications for use in connection with the preparation of aircraft joints to be tested. The bureau was officially represented on the sectional committee on safety code for the protection of the heads

and eyes of industrial workers. American Ceramic Society, Ross C. Purdy, general secretary, 2525 North

High Street, Columbus, Ohio. Several committees on data, research, standards, and others are initiating various programs in connection with the formulation of standards relating to ceramics. Many of the standards adopted by the society have been pre- pared in cooperation with other or- ganizations, notably, the American

Society for Testing Materials, the American Standards Association, and

the National Bureau of Standards. The society has formulated tentative recommended methods of test for the various uses of enamel, specifications for vitrified china, and standard classi- fication of pottery and white ware, and

electric porcelain. It also cooperated

in the establishment of the commercial

standard relating to grades of feld- spar, and in the formulation of the

simplified practice recommendation for malleable foundry refractories. The

society is now initiating the movement

for the establishment of standard masonry opening sizes.
284 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

American Chemical Society, Charles

L. Parsons, secretary, Mills Building,

Washington, D. C. The committee on

standard apparatus of this society

published a report setting forth rec- ommendations for items of certain types of apparatus to be kept in stock by dealers and in laboratory store- rooms for ordinary laboratory work. Throughout this work the committee

has had the cooperation of the committee on standardization of the Scientific Apparatus Makers of America.

This committee is now cooperating

with the Office of the Surgeon General of the Army in standardizing lab- oratory apparatus. The society's committee on analytical reagents presented a report containing recommended

specifications for analytical reagents, including calcium carbonate, calcium

carbonate low in alkalies, calcium chloride, cupric oxide wire form, cuprous

chloride, lead acetate, magnesium sul- phate, sodium metal, and zinc sul- phate. The society is officially repre- sented on sectional committees on

safety code for mechanical refrigeration, classification of coals, and scientific and engineering symbols and

abbreviations. American College of Surgeons, Malcolm T. MacEachern, M. D., associate

director and director of hospital activities, 40 East Erie Street, Chicago,

111. Functioning as a professional

and scientific body this association has taken an active part in the move- ment to bring about standardization

among hospitals. In this work, which

includes planning and construction of

hospitals, equipment, organization,

personnel, and procedure, the association is receiving helpful cooperation

from local, State, and national medical, hospital, nursing, and allied or- ganizations. The association has

established a minimum standard of requirements for adoption by hospitals

throughout the United States and

Canada, and publishes annually a list of hospitals which have accepted the minimum requirements. The association has developed standards pertaining to clinical laboratories, X-ray de- partments, traumatic surgery, treat- ment of fractures, nursing, dietetics, clinical departments, out-patient work,

social service, surgical dressings, and

other features applying to hospitals.

American Concrete Institute, Harvey Whipple, secretary, 2970 West

Grand Boulevard, Detroit, Mich. The

institute's work in standardization is

carried on by numerous committees

appointed to deal with various proj- ects pertaining to concrete, and by

representation on the following joint

committees: Concrete culvert pipe, concrete and reinforced concrete, and

methods of tests of road materials and

cement. Standards and tentative standards adopted by the institute in- clude those relating to Portland ce- ment stucco, mixing and placing concrete in building, fabricating and set- ting reinforcing steel, concrete masonry units, concrete sewer manhole

and catch basin block, cast stone, concrete staves, plain and reinforced concrete sewer pipe, drain tile, concrete pavements, concrete sidewalks, concrete floors, methods for the measurement of concrete work, monolithic concrete sewers and recom- mended rules for sewer design, and

purchase specifications for concrete ag- gregates. In the last year committees

presented reports covering the follow- ing subjects which were discussed at the institute's annual convention

:

Specifications for concrete work on

ordinary buildings ; Portland cement

stucco finishes; disintegration of concrete; specifications for supplying,

fabricating, and setting reinforced

steel ; specifications for ready-mixed

concrete ; recommended practice for the manufacture of concrete block and

concrete building tile; coloration of concrete ; construction specification for concrete work on the small job; and

recommended practices in the uses of cast stone. The committee on rein- forced concrete building design and

specifications has submitted a report

embodying a building code for re- inforced-concrete building design and

specifications which has been approved

by the institute. This organization is officially represented on the sectional committees on specifications for Port- land cement, fire tests of building

construction and materials, methods of testing road and paving materials. American Concrete Pipe Association, M. W. Loving, secretary, 33 West

Grand Avenue, Chicago, 111. This as- sociation has adopted standard speci- fications for plain concrete pipe, rein- forced concrete pipe for culverts, sewers, and drain tile. In the development of these and other specifications, the association cooperated with the American Society for Testing Materials for plain concrete pipe and drain

tile. It also cooperated with the Federal Specifications Board and the Port-
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 285

land Cement Association in the formulation of the Federal specification for

plain or unreinforced concrete pipe.

During the past year, the specification

committee of this association and a committee of the American Society for Testing Materials prepared a new specification for reinforced concrete pipe

which was adopted as a tentative standard at the 1930 annual convention of the American Society for Test- ing Materials. The association is rep- resented on the Joint Concrete Culvert Pipe Committee, and took an active part in the preparation of the second

report issued by the committee relat- ing to standard specifications for rein- forced concrete culvert pipe.

American Construction Council,

Dwight L. Hoopingarner, executive, 28 West Forty-fourth Street, New York,

N. Y. This council is concerned with

permanency of building construction

in relation to hazards of life and in- vestment, uniform practices in build- ing financing, community building

standards, and methods of securing

quality building materials. The council is still actively engaged in a survey

of plans and methods for securing

adequate housing at a fair cost in in- dustrial communities and centers. The council is also engaged in the nation-wide program on the rebuilding of slum, semislum, and obsolescent districts in the larger and medium-sized

cities of the country, a phase of which

is the development of standards for

city planning codes of practice, ordi- nance requirements, and uniform laws. American Corn Millers Federation,

L. H. Dieckman, secretary, Floyd and

Bladen Streets, Louisville, Ky. One

of the chief functions of this organization is the formulation of standards and specifications for cream meal. Several committees of the federation are actively cooperating with the Association of American Feed Control

Officials and the United States Department of Agriculture in the establish- ment of definitions and standards for feeds made exclusively from corn. The

federation has adopted a symbol

whereby it licenses all millers who

will agree to conform to the require- ments set forth in the specifications for cream meal. American Dental Trade Association, George A. Lilly, managing director, 839 Seventeenth Street, NW.,

Washington, D. C. Simplification constitutes an important activity of this association. Through this movement

it has formulated and adopted certain standards with respect to material and

equipment used in the dental industry. This association initiated the movement which resulted in the simplified practice recommendation for hypodermic needles. Additional work in standardization and simplification is now being carried on by the association in connection with numerous other items used in the dental trade. At

the present time, it is actively coop- erating with the division of simplified

practice in the elimination of excess

sizes and varieties of abrasive wheels

for mounted carborundum points,

grinding wheels for engine mandrels,

and lathes. American Drop Forging Institute,

Paul A. Anclrous, secretary, 405 First Trust and Deposit Building, Syracuse,

N. Y. Among the stated objects of this organization is the standardization of designs and contract forms used in the industry, and formulation of

specifications for materials and recom- mendations concerning good practice

in manufacturing processes. The in- stitute served as joint sponsor with

the National Safety Council for the

sectional committee on safety code for forging and hot-metal stamping.

American Drug Manufacturers Association, Carson P. Frailey, secretary, Albee Building, Washington, D. C. The association's committee on cata- logue simplification has already completed the standardization of names

and formulas for 151 elixirs, 52 sirups,

and 171 simple tablets. The scientific section of this association is cooper- ating with the United States Pharmacopceial and National Formulary re- vision committees in developing

improved standards and methods for pharmaceuticals appearing in these

official publications. Three subcommittees of the scientific section are engaged in work dealing with standards, assay methods, and tests. A

committee of this association acting

jointly with a committee of the American Pharmaceutical Manufacturers' Association cooperated with the Food and Drug Administration of the United States Department of Agricul- ture in the development of standardized analytical procedures and rea- sonable limits of tolerance for various

pharmaceutical products.

American Dry Milk Institute (Inc.), Roud McCann, director, 221 North LaSalle Street, Chicago, 111. The stand- ards committee of this institute, ap-
286 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

pointed by the chairman of the board

of directors, is developing methods of analysis for dry skim milk subject to the approval of the board and membership. In cooperation with the Bureau of Agricultural Economics and

the Bureau of Dairy Industry of the United States Department of Agricul- ture and through the work of its own

laboratory, as well as commercial lab- oratories, the standards committee

formulated grades of dry skim milk

and standard methods of analysis for the determination of moisture, butter

fat, solubility, titratable acidity, and

bacteria count in dry skim milk which

have been approved and adopted by

the institute. The committee is now

engaged in keeping present methods

and grades up to date and in conduct- ing further research for the improvement of these grades and methods of

analysis.

American Electric Railway Association, G. C. Hecker, general secre- tary, 292 Madison Avenue, New York,

N. Y. During the past year, 60 committees of the several divisions of this association were engaged in research,

and have submitted reports for con- sideration by the association, of which

30 are concerned with the formulation

or revision of standards and specifi- cations. Committees of the power di- vision have worked up a list of details to be included in all power contracts,

to assist in the preparation of new or revised contracts. They have also de- veloped specifications for catenary

overhead construction and materials

therefor, and have worked on specifi- cations for the direct suspension type

of overhead construction. In cooperation with other interested organizations, committees of the power division have developed a design for a new

large size trolley wire. This is ex- pected to satisfy the requirements of certain classes of trolley wire users, and when taken in connection with

the existing series of smaller standard

design wire, will provide a single set of trolley wire designs that will be ac- cepted and followed by all users. These committees have also worked on

the standardization of lightning-protection methods and practices. In the purchases and stores division work has

been done on the following subjects:

Unit piling in storerooms, and the al- lied subject of developing standard

size packages of material; standardization of pricing methods and records

to prevent losses in the purchases and

stores departments ; standardization and simplification of stock ; and material and supplies control as a step to- ward preventing waste through sur- plus and obsolete material. In the

rolling stock division the following

subjects have been studied: Development of new sizes of axles for use in the new heavier types of electricallypropelled vehicles recently placed in service by both steam railroads and

electric railways ; standardization of various practices and equipment used

in the maintenance and operation of motor coaches; standardization in lighting practice of cars, shops, yards,

and office buildings; and development

of limits of wear for various parts of car equipment to prevent excessive maintenance costs and to improve the riding qualities of the cars. Committees of the way and structures division have been active in the development

of specifications for standard track switches and other kinds of special track work; standard wood preservation methods and practices and materials therefor; the preparation of

specifications for welding rods used in arc welding and in the preparation of arc welding rules for the instruction

of electric railway users of that process; the preparation of an outline to show the factors which should be con- sidered in the construction of bus ga- rages for the sake of obtaining

economy and convenience ; the preparation of standard designations for as- sociation standard section rails, which

will facilitate ordering supplies and

keeping records; and the designing of a track gage which can be used for gaging track in service under all cir- cumstances of track construction. The heavy electric traction committee

has continued working toward a re- vision of the recommendations cover- ing clearances for current collection devices to bring them into conformity

with the latest practice on electrified railroads. In addition, a special committee of each of the divisions has re- viewed existing sections of the American Electric Railway Engineering Association Manual, to assure that they

are completely up to date. The new

1929 edition of this Engineering

Manual has been issued by the asso- ciation to supersede the old 1926 edition. In the field of standardization,

this association cooperates with many

organizations, of which the following

may be mentioned : American Railway

Engineering Association, American Society for Municipal Improvements,

American Welding Society, National

Association of Purchasing Agents, National Electric Light Association, Na-
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 287

tional Electrical Manufacturers Association, National Fire Protection Association, National Safety Council,

Power Transmission Association, Society of Automotive Engineers, and the United States Department of Commerce. It has maintained for several years a research associate at the National Bureau of Standards investi- gating the relative advantages and

efficiencies of new types of drives for

street cars. The association is a member of the American Standards Association, and through it takes active part in the consideration of all stand- ards and specifications affecting the

electric railway industry. A number

of standards have been submitted by

this association to the American

Standards Association and have been

approved by that body. It is sponsor

or joint sponsor for 13 sectional committees, as follows: Insulated wires

and cables for other than telephone or telegraph use ; tubular steel poles

;

600-volt direct current overhead trolley construction ; designs for joint plates for 7 and 9 inch girder-grooved and

girder-guard rails ; designs for 7-inch, 80-pound, 91-pound, and 102-pound

plain girder rail for use in paved

streets ; and special track-work material. At the present time the association has representatives on 40 American Standards Association sectional committees.

American Electrochemical Society, Colin G. Fink, secretary, Columbia

University, New York, N. Y. The

society's work in standardization is conducted largely by committees ap- pointed to cooperate with committees

of other organizations. The society's

radio-battery committee cooperated

with the National Electrical Manufacturers' Association and the National Bureau of Standards in the formulation of standard tests for dry cells used in radio receiving sets. Another

committee collaborated in the estab- lishment of the simplified practice

recommendation for malleable foun- dry refractories. The corrosion committee is still continuing work with

a similar committee of the American

Society for Testing Materials in de- termining the best procedure for as- certaining the resistance to corrosion

of various metals and alloys. The

electrodeposition division of the so- ciety is still conducting investigations

leading toward standardization of

specifications for the electrodeposition

of copper, chromium, and nickel. American Electro-Platers Society, H. A. Gilbertson, secretary, 434 South

Wabash Avenue, Chicago, 111. The

society cooperates with the American

Society for Testing Materials in re- search work on the protective value

of chromium plating which, when

completed, will serve as a basis for the formulation of specifications. It

is officially represented on the sectional committee on specifications for zinc coating of iron and steel. American Face Brick Association,

George S. Eaton, secretary-treasurer, 130 North Wells Street, Chicago, 111. The standardization activities of this association are confined principally to those relating to dimensions of face

brick. Acting as joint sponsor with

the Common Brick Manufacturers

Association of America, this association cooperated in the establishment

of standard sizes for face and common

brick which are set forth in the simplified practice recommendation relating

to these commodities. The association maintains a research associate at the National Bureau of Standards inves- tigating the best methods of using face

brick. American Foundrymen's Association (Inc.), C. E. Hoyt, executive sec- retary; R. E. Kennedy, technical sec- retary, 222 West Adams Street, Chicago, 111. Much of the work of this association in standardizing methods

and materials is conducted by means

of joint-committee sponsorship or by

cooperating with such organizations

as the American Society for Testing

Materials and the American Standards

Association. The society has spon- sored two committees, the joint committee on pattern equipment standards, which formulated standards for pattern and core box color markings

and for pattern plate lugs and vibrators, and the joint committee on foundry refractories, which prepared

standards for shapes and sizes of re- fractories for malleable furnaces. The committee on molding-sand re- search has developed standard methods of testing and grading foundry

sands which have been approved by

the association. These have been

tentatively adopted. Cooperating with

the National Founders' Association,

this organization developed a foundry

safety and sanitary code which was

approved as a tentative American

standard by the American Standards

Association. It is joint sponsor with

the American Ceramic Society for the

joint committee on standardizing tests for foundry refractories, and with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers for a joint committee to con-
288 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

sider standardization of foundry

equipment. The society cooperated in the establishment of the simplified

practice recommendation relating to standard shapes and sizes for malleable foundry refractories, and also in the formulation of the commercial

standard for foundry patterns of wood.

It maintains a research associate at the National Bureau of Standards in- vestigating liquid shrinkage in metals. The association is joint sponsor for two sectional committees, as follows

:

Safety code for the protection of in- dustrial workers in foundries (with

the National Founders' Association) ; and outside dimensions of plumbago

crucibles for nontilting furnaces in nonferrous foundry practice (with the Plumbago Crucible Association) . It is also represented on nine additional

sectional committees.

American Fruit and Vegetable

Shippers Association, E. S. Briggs,

manager-secretary, 1425 South Racine

Avenue, Chicago, 111. This organization has cooperated with all other in- terested bodies and groups in the es- tablishment of standard trading rules and definitions of trade terms for the

fresh fruit and vegetable industry- It has formulated and adopted a stand- ard confirmation of sales form, also a standard form of brokers memoran- dum of sales to be used in cases where

time does not permit the use of the form previously mentioned, a stand- ard form of brokers' agency contract used to cover engagements between

shippers and brokers, and a standard

inspection form upon which to record

the condition of commodities loaded

in freight cars and the manner in which they are received at destination. Several committees are cooper- ating with the United States Department of Commerce and the Freight

Container Bureau of the American

Railway Association on standard containers used in the shipment of commodities and with the United States Department of Agriculture on stand- ards and grades for foods. To insure

better transportation of goods, this as- sociation is using its influence to bring

about closer cooperation between growers, shippers, dealers, railroads, container manufacturers, and govern- mental agencies to project the plan of standardizing containers, using better material, and perfecting loading, stowing, and bracing. This association is urging governmental departments to make an economic survey of all the

larger markets relating to fresh fruits and vegetables, so that the normal demands and requirements of those markets may be known to all, which should

aid materially in better and more even

distribution. It is also encouraging

the making of a study of ways and means of using the surpluses of fruits and vegetables in by-products.

American Gas Association (Inc.), Alexander Forward, managing director, 420 Lexington Avenue, New York,

N. Y. This organization conducts many research activities relating to problems affecting the production, dis- tribution, sale, and utilization of gas

at its own laboratories and those of the United States Bureau of Mines, the American Institute of Baking, Case

School of Applied Science, Universities

of Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Rutgers. Research associates are maintained at the National Bureau of Standards carrying on research work

in connection with gas combustion and

pipe corrosion and protective coatings.

Manufacturers of appliances which

have been approved by the association's laboratory as complying with its safety

and performance requirements are permitted to attach to the appliance

the official approval seal of the association. Such requirements are now

effective for gas ranges, water heaters, space heaters, central house-heating

appliances, hot plates and laundry

stoves, incinerators, clothes dryers and

flexible tubing, as well as house piping

and appliance installation. Work on

the utilization of mixed gases is now

nearing completion. The association

is carrying on fundamental research

in the standardization of orifice meters for large volume high-pressure gas

transmission lines and is developing

basic formulas for calculating the ca- pacity under varying conditions of long-distance high-pressure lines. The

association has cooperated in the for- mulation of the commercial standard

relating to standard weight malleable

iron or steel screwed unions. The as- sociation is sponsor for the sectional committee on gas appliances, and joint sponsor for the following committees

functioning under the procedure of the American Standards Association

:

Specifications for cast-iron pipe and

special castings, pipe threads, and gas

safety code. The association is ac- tively represented on certain of the appropriate projects of the American

Society for Testing Materials, as well

as with other national organizations

in standardization matters. American Gear Manufacturers

Association, T. W. Owens, secretary, 3608 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 289

In carrying forward its work on stand- I ardization, this association cooperates

with other organizations through rep- resentation on sectional committees of the American Standards Association.

It is joint sponsor for two sectional committees on standardization of gears (with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the Society

of Automotive Engineers), and on

transmission chains and sprockets

(with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers), and if; also offi- cially represented on the sectional committee on standardization yf shafting.

American Grocery Specialty Manufacturers' Association, H. F. Thunhorst, secretary, 53 Park Place, New

York, N. Y. The technical committee

on soaps of this association cooperated

with a similar committee of the Federal Specifications Board in the formulation of Federal specifications

relating to soaps. These specifications are generally used by the various agencies and units of the Federal Government. The association is now conducting work on standard invoice forms to be used by its members.

American Hardware Manufacturers

Association, Charles F. Rockwell, sec- retary. 342 Madison Avenue, New

York, N. Y. This association's work

in simplification and standardization

is carried on by committees cooperating with the American Standards Association and the National Bureau of Standards. In cooperation with the National Hardware Association of the United States, it assisted in the estab- lishment of commercial sizes for steel sheets which are set forth in the simplified practice recommendation relat- ing to this commodity. The association is officially represented on sec- tional committees dealing with the fol- lowing projects : Standardization and

unification of screw threads ; bolt, nut, and rivet proportions ; plain and lock washers; and wire and sheet metal

gages. American Home Economics Association, Alice L.. Edwards, executive

secretary, Mills Building, Washington,

D. C. Under the auspices of the American Standards Association, this or- ganization has initiated standardization projects for refrigerators, bed

sheeting, and bed blankets. The textile section of the association has sup- plemented its previous research on silk by studies on the effect of light, ultraviolet light, air, and perspiration on

the physical and chemical properties

of weighted and unweighted silk. Through committees in 22 States and

I the District of Columbia, the association is actively promoting the education of the consumer in understanding,

appreciating, and using standards and

specifications in connection with the purchasing of personal and household

goods, and has published household

purchasing suggestions for club pro- grams. This association cooperated

in the establishment of commercial

standards for dress patterns, boys'

blouses, waists, shirts, and junior

shirts, men's pajamas, and wall paper.

It also took an active part in the for- mulation of simplified practice recom- mendations for various commodities.

The association has formally trans- mitted to the American Standards

Association a resolution offering to co- operate in an attempt to secure more

labels for consumer's goods which will give accurate information to the over- the-counter buyer. It has requested

the A. S. A. to initiate an investigation

of methods of safeguarding the in- terests of ultimate consumers when

labels in terms of specifications are

used. American Hospital Association,

W. P. Morrill, M. D., chairman, committee on simplification and standardization, Maine General Hospital,

Portland, Me. Specifications prepared

by this association for use by hospitals in the purchase of supplies and

foodstuffs include those for meats,

canned fruits, vegetables, soaps, and

cleaning compounds. The association has also adopted and published 57 Federal specifications promulgated by

the Federal Specifications Board re- lating to commodities most commonly

used and purchased by hospitals.

Through the work of the committee

on simplification and standardization,

this association cooperated in the es- tablishment of the commercial stand- ard for clinical thermometers. It initiated the movement for the simplification of grades and sizes of hospital beds, chinaware, cotton textiles, and hospital plumbing fixtures, which

resulted in the formulation of simplified practice recommendations cover- ing these items. The association is officially represented on four sectional committees as follows: Safety code

for walk-way surfaces; standardization of plumbing equipment; stand- ards and specifications for refrigerators; and standards and specifications for sheets and sheeting.

American Institute of Architects, Structural Service Department, Le- Roy E. Kern, technical secretary, 1741 New York Avenue, NW., Washington,
290 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

D. C. This institute is so organized

that its representatives on standardiz- ing committees are able to reflect the group opinions of the architectural

profession. It has cooperated with

other organizations in the preparation

of simplified practice recommendations

for about 30 building materials and appliances. The institute has issued the following standard contract forms,

with the object of improving contract

practice in the building industry:

Agreement between contractor and

owner for construction of buildings,

general conditions of the contract for the construction of buildings, subcontract and bond forms, and acceptance

of subcontractor's proposal. These

forms are now in the fourth edition.

It has been instrumental in the formulation of recommendations as to size and character of advertising matter

intended for architects, and the devel- opment of a standard filing system

for trade literature. The institute rep- resents the architectural profession on a large number of committees of or- ganizations dealing with the stand- ardization of building materials and

appliances, among which may be mentioned the National Committee on Wood

Utilization, Building Code Committee

of the United States Department of Commerce, division of simplified practice of the National Bureau of Standards, National Fire Protection Association, the American Society for Testing

Materials, and the American Standards

Association. It is joint sponsor for

six sectional committees, as follows

:

Elevators (with the American Insti- tute of Electrical Engineers and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers) ; safety code for elevators and

escalators (with the American Society

of Mechanical Engineers and the Na*- tional Bureau of Standards) ; safety code for lighting of school buildings

(with the Illuminating Engineering

Society) ; symbols for electrical equip- ment of buildings (with the American

Institute of Electrical Engineers and

the Association of Electragists, Inter- national) ; safety code for walk-way

surfaces (with the National Safety

Council) ; specifications for plastering

(with the American Society for Test- ing Materials) ; and safety code for construction work (with the National

Safety Council).

American Institute of Baking,

Henry Stude, president, 1135 Fuller- ton Avenue, Chicago, 111. The insti- tute is conducted by the American

Bakers Association for scientific re- search and education. One of its chief

functions is to standardize the form

and method for the estimate of quality

of baked goods and to encourage the

" scoring " of bakery products. The

institute has adopted standards for dough mixers covering capacity of bowl, heights, etc., which have been formulated jointly by the Bakery

Equipment Manufacturers' Association and the American Society of Bakery

Engineers. It has also adopted stand- ard definitions of certain bakery products promulgated by the United States Department of Agriculture. Through

its laboratories and service bureaus,

the institute is teaching the baker to produce a product of higher standards

of value. American Institute of Chemical

Engineers, Frederic J. LeMaistre, ex- ecutive secretary, Bellevue Court

Building, Philadelphia, Pa. Committees of the institute are actively en- gaged in standardization work in co- operation with similar committees of other interested organizations. The

committee on evaporator test code

cooperated with the American Society

of Mechanical Engineers in the devel- opment of the code which has been

published by the latter organization.

Another committee cooperated with

the sectional committee on the code for the identification of piping systems

which has been approved by the American Standards Association. Similar committees are conducting

work in making studies of smoke pre- vention and the various uses of alcohol. The society is also cooperating

with the National Safety Council and

with the Ordnance Department of the War Department, and is represented on the sectional committee for the de- velopment of a code for pressure and vacuum gages. American Institute of Electrical Engineers, F. L. Hutchinson, national

secretary, 33 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York, N. Y. The revised stand- ards of the institute are being published in the form of individual sections, each section dealing with stand- ards for a specific subject. Thirty- seven sections have been completed, as follows : No. 1, general principles

upon which temperature limits are based in the rating of electrical machinery; No. 4, measurement of test voltage in dielectric tests; No. 5, di- rect-current generators and motors and

direct-current commutator machines in general; No. 7, alternators, synchro- nous motors, and synchronous machines in general; No. 8, synchronous

converters; No. 9, induction motors
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 291

and induction machines in general; No. 10, direct-current and alternating- current fractional horsepower motors;

No. 11, railway motors; No. 12, con- stant-current transformers; No. 13, transformers, induction regulators and

reactors ; No. 14, instrument trans- formers ; No. 15, industrial control ap- paratus ; No. 16, railway control apparatus ; No. 17f, mathematical symbols

;

No. 17gl, letter symbols for electrical quantities ; No. 17g6, graphical symbols

for telephone and telegraph use; No.

19, oil circuit-breakers; No. 20, air circuit-breakers; No. 22, disconnecting

and horn-gap switches; No. 26, auto- matic stations; No. 30, wires and

cables; No. 33, electrical measuring

instruments; No. 34, telegraphy and

telephony ; No. 36, storage batteries

;

No. 37, illumination ; No. 38, electric- arc welding apparatus ; No. 39, electric resistance welding apparatus; No. 41, insulators ; No. 42, symbols for electri- cal equipment of buildings; No. 45, recommended practice for electrical installations on shipboard (marine

rules) ; No. 46, hard-drawn aluminum

conductors; No. 6G, specifications for tinned soft or annealed copper wire

;

No. 61, specifications for soft or an- nealed copper wire; No. 63, specifica- tions for 30 per cent rubber insulation

for wire and cable for general pur- poses; No. 69, specifications for cot- ton covered round copper magnet

wire; No. 70, specifications for silk- covered round copper magnet wire;

No. 71, specifications for enameled

round copper magnet wire. Of these 37 standards, 19 have been approved

as American Standards under American Standards Association procedure

(Nos. 8, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17f, 17gl, 17g2,

36, 37, 41, 42, 46, 60, 61, 63, 69, 70, and 71). In cooperation with the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Spanish translations of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers standards Nos. 1, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 19, 22, 30, 33, 37 have been made, and 41 have been

published as United States Government

documents. The institute is a member body of the American Standards

Association and is represented on the

electrical advisory committee. The in- stitute is sponsor or joint sponsor for 25 sectional committees. Of these it is joint sponsor with the National

Electrical Manufacturers' Association

for the following 12 projects: Industrial electrical control apparatus; al- ternators, synchronous motors, and

synchronous machines in general; di- rect and alternating-current fractional

horsepower motors ; synchronous con- verters; induction motors and induction machines in general ; direct-cur- rent rotating machines ; power-line in- sulators for voltages exceeding 750;

power-line insulators for voltages not

exceeding 750 ; electric-arc welding ap- paratus ; electric resistance welding

apparatus; oil circuit breakers; dis- connecting and horngap switches; and

electrical measuring instruments. It

is also sponsor or joint sponsor for in- strument transformers ; hard-drawn

aluminum conductors ; mercury-arc

rectifiers; railway motors; railway

control apparatus; storage batteries;

electrical definitions ; insulated wires

and cables for other than telephone

and telegraph use (with nine other

organizations) ; radio (with the Institute of Radio Engineers) ; scientific and engineering symbols and abbreviations (with other organizations) ; code on protection against lightning (with

the National Bureau of Standards).

Committees of the institute are now

at work on the following standardization topics: Lightning arresters, general principles upon which temperature limits are based in the rating of

electrical machinery and apparatus,

switchboards for power and light, rule for altitude correction capacitors and

fuses. Recommendations on the oper- ation of transformers have just been

issued. Preliminary steps have been

taken for the development of a series of electrical test codes. The institute has also been engaged for many years

in safety-code work through its technical committee on safety codes. American Institute of Homeopathy,

Garth W. Boericke, M. D., chairman

pharmacopoeia committee, care of Hahnemann Medical College, Philadelphia, Pa. Under the direction of the institute, the pharmacopoeia committee prepared a third edition of the Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United States which was subsequently

approved and published by the insti- tute. The pharmacopoeia contains a

list of all drugs which have been ac- cepted as standard for the preparation

of homeopathic remedies. American Institute of Mining and

Metallurgical Engineers, H. Foster

Bain, secretary, 29 West Thirty-ninth

Street, New York, N. Y. The stand- ardization work of this institute is conducted in cooperation with the American Standards Association, of which it is a member body, and is officially represented on the mining

standardization correlating committee. The board of the institute has
292 NATIONAL, BUREAU OF STANDARDS

adopted a report entitled " Danger

from Oil and Gas Wells to Coal-Mining Operations and Draft of a Model

Law for Use of the Legislature of any

State." It is serving as sponsor for two sectional committees on methods

for screen testing of ores and recom- mended practices for rock dusting of

coal mines, and is also represented on 13 additional sectional committees

dealing with safety codes, equipment,

and recommended practices in mines. American Institute of Refrigeration, Louis Baron, executive secretary, 570 Seventh Avenue, New York, N. Y. This institute includes in its membership several National and State

associations interested in refrigeration. Its work in standardization is carried on by committees cooperating

with committees of other organizations. The institute is officially repre- sented on sectional committees dealing

with the following subjects: Safety code for mechanical refrigeration, pipe

flanges and fittings, standardization

of dimensions and material of wrought

iron and wrought steel pipe and tubing, standards and specifications for re- frigerators, and scientific and engineering symbols and abbreviations. The

institute is at present cooperating

with other organizations in the formulation of standards for cast-iron flanged ammonia and screwed fittings, refrigerating piping, and pressure and vacuum gages. American Institute of Steel Construction (Inc.), Charles F. Abbott, executive director, 200 Madison Avenue, New York, N. Y. This organization is interested in the adoption of its standard specifications covering uses

of structural steel in building con- struction in State and municipal build- ing codes. The institute's standards have already been accepted by 287

cities and 15 State bodies. The stand- ard specifications adopted by the insti- tute and published in its Standard

Handbook of Steel Construction are as

follows: Specification for the design,

fabrication, and erection of structural

steel for building; American Society

for Testing Materials specifications for structural steel for buildings ; code of standard practice governing contracts between buyer and seller; specifica- tions for fireproofing structural steel buildings ; and recommendations of the United States Department of Commerce for the minimum allowable live loads for buildings. The institute is continuing its cooperation with the American Welding Society in establish- ing standards of welding in bridge and

building construction. Members of the institute who adhere to its code of standard practice are permitted to use

the institute's symbol as a label for

their commodities. The institute maintains a research associate at the National Bureau of Standards doing

research work on fire tests on battle deck floor construction. American Institute of Weights and

Measures, W. E. Bullock, secretary, 33 Rector Street, New York, N. Y. This

institute is not a standards-making

body. Practically all of its work consists in the collection, classification, and dissemination of legislative and

industrial records relating to weights

and measures. American Leather Belting Association, J. L. Nelson, secretary, 41 Park

Row, New York, N. Y. Cooperating

with the technical committee of the Federal Specifications Board, this as- sociation assisted in the preparation

of the Federal specification for leather

belting, which is being generally used

by the various agencies of the Federal Government. American Leather Chemists Association, H. C. Reed, secretary, 143 West Twentieth Street, New York,

N. Y. Much of the work of this as- sociation in the formulation and adoption of methods of analysis for leath- ers is conducted by committees ap- pointed by and under control of a

council consisting of seven members,

including the president, vice president,

and secretary. The association has

adopted the following official and pro- visional methods of analyses : Chrome

tanning materials; vegetable tanned, leathers ; chrome tanned leathers

;

greases and oils, including hard

greases, Moellons, and sulphenated

(sulphated) oils; lactic acid; and veg- etable materials containing tannin. It has also adopted the international method for analysis of vegetable materials containing tannin ; determination of sugars in tanning materials

;

and official and provisional methods

for sampling tanning materials. American Marine Standards Committee (see Ch. VII, p. 272.) American Medical Association,

Chemical Laboratory, Paul Nicholas

Leech, director, 535 North Dearborn

Street, Chicago, 111. The chief function of the chemical laboratory is to determine which medicinal preparations are to be included as standards

in the book entitled "New and Nonofficial Remedies " published by the

council on pharmacy and chemistry of the American Medical Association.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 293

This publication is revised annually. In addition, the chemical laboratory conducts investigations of market

specimens of various brands of the same substance, and does original

work to aid the medical profession in obtaining a rational materia medica.

American Medical Association,

Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry,

W. A. Puckner, secretary, 535 North

Dearborn Street, Chicago, 111. The

council publishes annually the " New

and Nonofficial Remedies," in wThich are listed and described the articles which stand accepted by the council on January 1 of each year. The de- scriptions of accepted articles are based in part on investigations made

by, or under the direction of, the council, and in part on evidence or infor- mation supplied by the manufacturer.

New and revised drugs are included

annually after the necessary tests have been made by the chemical lab- oratory of the association and ap- proved as standards by the council. American Mining Congress, J. F. Callbreath, secretary, Munsey Building, Washington, D. C. Through its national standardization division,

composed of two branches—coal and

metal—this organization has prepared

and adopted the following standards,

which have also been approved by

the American Standards Association

:

Underground transportation in metal

mines; mechanical loading in metal

mines ; underground power transmission and power equipment (coal) ; coal mine drainage; wire rope for mines; coal mine tracks, signals and

switches ; miscellaneous outside coal handling equipment; and ladders and

stairs for mines. In addition, stand- ards for fire-fighting equipment in metal mines ; coal mine ventilation

;

the first revision on the above coal mine drainage standard, and methods

of mine sampling; methods of record- ing underground geological data; methods of estimating ore reserves

for low, medium, and high grade ore

bodies, have been adopted. Committees of the standardization division are engaged in the following projects

:

Mechanical loading, coal; mine tim- bering; mine timber preservatives;

metal mine cost accounting; drilling

machines and drill steel; locomotives

for coal mines ; safety rules for in- stalling and using electrical equipment in metal mines; and coal mine

cars. For promoting the use of standards, the committees of this organi- zation have given wide circulation to a handbook containing all completed

recommedations. Extensive publicity

is also given to the standardization

movement through the medium of the

organization's official publication, the Mining Congress Journal. It is the

practice of the committees to make

periodic resurveys of the field covered and hold conferences to promote the standardization movement in the industry. The American Mining Congress

is a member body of the American

Standards Association. It is sponsor

or joint sponsor for 11 sectional committees, as follows: Drainage of coal mines, outside coal-handling equipment, wire rope for mines, ladders and stairs for mines ; underground

transportation in coal mines, under- ground transportation in metal mines,

underground mechanical loading in metal mines, safety code for transportation in coal mines, fire-fighting

equipment in metal mines (with National Fire Protection Association),

coal mine locomotives (with the National Electrical Manufacturers' Association), and safety rules for installing

and using electrical equipment in coal mines (with United States Bureau of Mines).

American Oil Burner Association

(Inc.). Harry F. Tapp, executive sec- retary; W. C. Schoenfeldt, technical

secretary, 342 Madison Avenue, New

York, N. Y. This association has re- cently taken over the activities of the

Oil Heating Institute. In its work in standardization this association has

recommended, a model ordinance gov- erning the construction and installa- tion of oil-heating equipment and for the storage and use of oil fuels in con- nection therewith, for use by municipal

authorities having jurisdiction over such installations. For the purpose of encouraging the use of the model ordi- nance, this organization publishes and

issues a circular entitled "For Clean

Cities—Oil Heat and Constructive

Municipal Regulation." A technical research program, including the test of various types of oil burners in differ- ent boilers under various conditions,

sponsored by this asssociation and the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers is being conducted

in cooperation with the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University. This

organization is officially represented on the sectional committees on methods of testing petroleum products and

lubricants and standardization of speeds of machinery. It has adopted an advertising code, general trade

practices, and standards of business

conduct. The association cooperated in
294 NATIONAL, BUREAU OF STANDARDS

the establishment of the commercial

standard for domestic and industrial

fuel oils. American Oil Chemists' Society,

J. C. P. Helm, secretary, 705 Tchoupitoulas Street, New Orleans, La. The

standard methods of sampling and

analysis of commercial fats and oils promulgated by the American Chemical

Society have been indorsed and adopt- ed by this society. Intimately asso- ciated with the cottonseed industry, it works in harmony with the National

Cottonseed Products Association, and

thus certifies to the official methods of chemical analysis of cottonseed, cotton- seed hulls, crude cottonseed oilcake,

meal, meats, and associated oils. American Optometric Association

(Inc.), department of research, Edwin

H. Silver, M. D., associate director, 1410 G Street, NW., Washington, D.

C. Modern traffic conditions have emphasized the necessity of this association's work on vision of motor

drivers. In cooperation with the National Research Council, it is endeavoring to ascertain the limits of safety

vision. The preparation of standards

of visual acuity for motor-vehicle op- erators is one of its chief contributions

to traffic regulation.

American Paint and Varnish Manufacturers Association (Inc.)* G. V. Horgan, general manager, 18 East

Forty-first Street, New York, N. Y. Superfluous sizes of containers and

color varieties in paints and varnishes

have been eliminated by a joint committee on simplification which is composed of representatives of this asso- ciation and the National Paint, Oil, and Varnish Association. American Paper and Pulp Association, Jesse H. Neal, general manager,

18 East Fifty-first Street, New York,

N. Y. This association cooperated in the establishment of the simplified

practice recommendation for standard

sizes and grades of paper. Its advisory committees collaborate with the National Bureau of Standards and the Forest Products Laboratory of the United States Department of Agricul- ture on technical matters dealing with

the manufacture of pulp and paper. The association is now undertaking a

simplification of paper samples to eliminate many forms and sizes which

are now used, making it exceedingly

difficult for paper dealers, printers,

and paper users to maintain an ade- quate file. The association is officially represented on sectional committees on

safety codes for conveyors and conveying machinery and paper and pulp

mills. American Petroleum Institute,

W. B. Boyd, jr., executive vice presi- dent, 250 Park Avenue, New York,

N. Y. On recommendation of the general committee on refinery technology,

this institute adopted 21 standards of the American Society for Testing Materials on methods of test for petro- leum products. Through its division

of production (formerly division of standardization) the institute has

adopted the following standards and

specifications : Transmission stand- ards—dimensions on shafting, keys,

and chains; miscellaneous rotary standards—methods of measurement

on sheaves, drilling hooks, spiders, and

overshot bowls ; rotary drilling tool joints—dimensions of threaded rotary

taper tool joints and fishtail bits, drill collars, driving stems ; rotary line shafts—shafting, keys, keyways ; cable

drilling tools—dimensions of threaded

taper joints for cable tools; rigs and

derricks—principal dimensions of steel and wood derricks and standard rig

parts ; belting—covering leather, cotton

fabric, woven hair and cotton, balata and rubber belting; wire rope—physical tests and sections on attaching

sockets and galvanized-wire guy

strand ; manila cordage—size and

methods of test ; oil field boilers—size and fittings for locomotive type oil field boilers; electric induction motor

performance data—method of report- ing performance data ; miscellaneous

pumping equipment standards—speci- fications on polished rods, pull rods, countershafts for belted pumping units and reduction gears; specifications on

dimensional standards on cold-drawn

and machined-working barrels and

couplings, and on working barrel pump

parts ; cages, balls and seats, plungers, cup rings, and cups ; casing, drill pipe,

and tubing and line pipe—chemical,

physical, and dimensional standards

;

rig irons—dimensional standards on crank shafts, flanges, sand reels, pulleys, boxes; internal-combustion en- gines and clutches—exhaust and in- take connections and method of rating

engines ; working barrels ; sucker

rods—complete joint dimensions; riv- eted tanks—chemical, physical, and

dimensional properties, and fabrication and erection specifications for riveted

steel oil-storage tanks (capacities 240

to 134,000 barrels) ; bolted tanksstave sizes and bolt spacing (capacities 100 to 10,000 barrels). The insti- tute has also adopted codes on recom-
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 295

mended field practice for the proper

care of boilers, cable-drilling tools, rigs, and derricks, oil country tubular goods,

and rig irons. Another code has re- cently been adopted on standard pro- cedure for measuring, sampling, and

testing crude oil which includes measuring field storage and production tanks and the formulation of standard gage tables used to compute the quantity of oil contained therein. In pro- moting the use of its standards and

specifications throughout the industry

the institute grants to manufacturers

the right to place its official monogram

on certain standardized equipment

upon certifying that the material so marked complies with all of the conditions and standards contained in the

official publications of the institute re- lating thereto. The institute cooper- ated with the division of trade stand- ards of the National Bureau of Stand- ards in the establishment of commercial standards for domestic and industrial fuel oils and for steel and

wrought-iron pipe nipples. The insti- tute maintains representation on 14

sectional committees functioning under

the rules of procedure of the American

Standards Association. American Pharmaceutical Association, E. F. Kelly, secretary, 10 West

Chase Street, Baltimore, Md. Ten

committees of this association are en- gaged in standardization of pharmaceuticals and medicinal preparations.

The fifth edition of the National

Formulary, extra to the United States Pharmacopoeia,, was prepared by the committee on National Formulary and

published by the association in 1926. Another committee has been appointed

to prepare the sixth edition. The committee on physiological testing con- cerns itself with the development of processes for the testing of those drugs

and preparations which do not lend themselves to other methods of standardization. The committee on in- ternational pharmaceutical nomenclature cooperates with foreign associations in bringing about uniformity as

far as possible. In cooperation with

committees from the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy and

the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy, the committee on pharmaceutical syllabus is preparing a mini- mum course to be taught in the various

colleges of pharmacy. The committee

on unofficial standards is engaged in the formulation of standards for such drugs and chemical products for which

standards are not otherwise provided.

The committee on recipe book has completed the first edition of this work,

which is intended to serve as a supplement to the United States Pharmacopoeia and the National Formulary.

The committee on horticultural nomenclature represents the association in cooperating with other scientific bodies

in this important endeavor. The committee on weights and measures has

for its principal activity the extension

of the use of the metric system in pharmacy. Other committees are en- gaged in standardizing requirements

for pharmaceuticals as far as possible.

Another committee is investigating the

light-protecting properties of various

colored glass containers and is de- termining the amount of protection af- forded or deterioration produced by

light from the ultra-violet and infra- red regions of the spectrum. It is ex- pected that the work of this committee

will result in the preparation of speci- fications for colored glass containers

for the protection of medicaments. In

1930 a conference of pharmaceutical

law enforcement officials was formed to bring about greater uniformity in the pharmaceutical legislation of the sev- eral States and in the enforcement of these laws. American Pharmaceutical Manufacturers' Association, R. M. Cain,

chairman, committee on standardization and simplification, care of SwanMyers Co., Indianapolis, Ind. In co- operation with the American Drug

Manufacturers Association, this or- ganization has prepared and adopted

standard formulas for ampoules, bio- logical products, glandular products,

tablets, pills, elixers, and sirups.

Standards have also been adopted for containers for standard size listings for bacterial vaccines (5 and 20 cc) ; ampoule solutions (1 and 2 cc), in boxes of 6, 12 and 100; ampoules (5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 cc), in boxes of 6, 25, and 100 ampoules ; glandular products, tablets, and capsules, in pack- ages of 100 and 500; ophthalmic and

nasal ointments, in packages of 12 tubes only ; tablets and filled capsules,

in bottles of 100 and 1,000 ; all liquids

including elixers, sirups, fluid extracts,

tinctures, emulsions, etc., in pints and

gallons; ointments in 1 and 5 pound

jars; and effervescing salts, in 4 and

16-ounce glass containers. This asso- ciation has also formulated standardsize pharmaceutical catalogues and

uniform arrangement for the listing of various products. A committee of this association acting jointly with a com-
296 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

mittee from the American Drug

Manufacturers Association cooperated

with representatives of the Food and

Drug Administration of the United

States Department of Agriculture in the development of standardized analytical procedures and reasonable

limits of tolerance for various pharmaceutical products.

American Public Health Association, Homer N. Calver, executive sec- retary, 370 Seventh Avenue, New York,

N. Y. The standardization programs

of this association include standard

record forms for health departments,

standard forms for the tabulation of

vital statistics, and similar matters. In cooperation with the American

Water Works Association it has formulated standard methods for the examination of water and sewage, the sixth

edition of which was issued in 1925.

It has also revised its standard methods of milk analysis, the fifth edi- tion of which was issued in 1927. The

association is officially represented on

the sectional committee on code for the lighting of school buildings. A

standing committee on research and

standards is studying other standardization problems.

American Railway Association, H. J. Forster, secretary, 30 Vesey

Street, New York, N. Y. The activities of this association are conducted

under the following eight divisions, several of which are subdivided into sections: (1) Operating, which in- cludes freight station, medical and surgical, protective, safety, and telegraph

and telephone sections; (2) transportation; (3) traffic; (4) engineering,

under which function the construction and maintenance, electrical, and signal sections; (5) mechanical, which in- cludes the equipment painting section

;

(6) purchases and stores; (7) freight

claim; and (8) motor transport. Five

of these divisions are concerned with

standardization and simplification matters which have led to the adoption of standards, specifications, and

recommended practices, namely, oper- ating (dealing with problems of op- eration) ; engineering, which deals with the location, construction, and

maintenance of railroads ; mechanical

(conducting work in the construction and maintenance of rolling stock) ; purchases and stores, which deals with

the purchasing, storing, distribution,

and selling of materials, and supplies

;

and freight claim, dealing with the for- mulation of standard recommended

practices to govern freight losses and

claims. (See sketches of the freight

claim, mechanical, operating and purchases, and stores divisions; the American Railway Engineering Association which functions as the engineering division of the A. R. A.; also the signal, and telegraph and telephone

sections.

)

American Railway Association,

Freight Claim Division, Lewis Pil- cher, secretary, 59 East Van Buren

Street, Chicago, 111. This organization was formed in 1892 by a consolidation

of several territorial railroad claim

organizations. Its duties are to consider a report upon methods of set- tlement of freight claims of shippers,

consignees, and carriers, and to study

the causes of freight loss and damage

and develop preventive measures in connection therewith, including en- couragement of standard and uniform

practices, the use of uniform blanks,

etc. The committee on freight claim

prevention is now actively engaged in formulating a code of standard rec- ommended practices to be followed by

carriers in the prosecution of their

loss and damage prevention work particularly from an interline standpoint. In cooperation with other organizations, committees of this division are

interested in the development of ap- pliances to facilitate the safe and ex- peditious movement of freight. In the current edition of its Rule Book, the

division has published a list of stand- ard forms which are recommended for use in the presentation and prosecution of claims arising in the transportation of goods.

American Railway Association,

Freight Container Bureau, Edward

Dahill, chief engineer, 30 Vesey Street, New York, N. Y. This bureau, one of the agencies of the American Railway

Association, was organized for the specific purpose of developing standard

containers for the many different commodities which are moved by freight, as well as to give constructive assist- ance to shippers on questions involving

the packing and construction of containers. In formulating recommended

methods for the packing of the vari- ous commodities and construction of standard containers, surveys are con- ducted by engineers who visit the manufacturing plants, consignees' receiv- ing rooms, railroad stations, and transfers to examine containers. Conferences are held with committees of or- ganizataions interested in shipping

containers and with railroad and

steamship officials. When necessary, laboratory and shipping tests are made of containers to determine their
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 297

practicability and economy in the ship- ment of commodities. As a result of these surveys tentative recommendations are prepared and circulated among the industry for comments and

criticisms, after which the final recom- mendations are prepared and circu- lated among the industry in printed

pamphlet form. These recommendations are not compulsory, their accept- ance being at the discretion of the

shippers. The bureau has prepared

and published a series of illustrated circulars and bulletins covering recom- mended standard methods of packing

and specifications for the construction

of the containers for new furniture, divided as to class furniture ; boots and

shoes ; eggs in the shell ; shelled and

frozen eggs; pottery; glassware; oil, cast-iron, gas, and electric cook stoves

;

parlor heaters ; warm-air heaters

;

household and commercial refrigerators ; commercial store fixtures ; citrus

fruits ; grapes ; and other fresh fruits and vegetables. It has also issued general bulletins covering metal cans for liquids; construction principles of wooden crates ; and wooden boxes. The

bureau has now under way the stand- ardization of containers for soda fountains; sanitary ware and fixtures; stone markers and monuments ; crates and skids for machinery ; methods of loading and bracing sewer pipe, drain

tile, and allied clay products ; skids, cradles, and crates for motor boats

;

and crates and methods of loading for airplane and airplane parts. American Railway Association,

Mechanical Division, V. R. Hawthorne, secretary, 59 East Van Buren

Street, Chicago, 111. The formulation

and adoption of standards of recom- mended practices for use in railway

industry constitute important activities of this division. Practically all of the work is handled by committees

in cooperation with similar committees of other interested organizations.

All of the division's standards are

incorporated in its manual which is divided into the following 12 sections

:

Specifications for materials; gages and testing devices ; car construction

;

trucks and truck details; brakes and

brake equipment; locomotive wheels,

tires, and miscellaneous locomotive standards; safety appliances for cars and locomotives; train lighting, headlights and classification lamps; rules

for fuel economy on locomotives ; in- spection and testing of locomotive

boilers and rules and instructions for inspection and testing of steam loco- motives and tenders; specifications

for tank cars; and miscellaneous standards and recommended practices.

The division has also issued a supplement to the manual containing drawings for standard cars and trucks which have been adopted by the asso- ciation as recommended practices.

During the past year, committees of the division have revised numerous

existing standards and drawings ap- pearing in the manual and supplement, and have adopted new ones, as

follows : Normalized and tempered

carbon steel forgings ; high chrome

steel rivet material and rivets, tubing,

castings and tank plates for nitric acid tank cars ; dust guards ; and new

car oil. The division has also issued

in separate pamphlet form codes of

rules governing the condition of, and

repairs to, freight and passenger cars

for the interchange of traffic ; and the

rules governing the loading of lumber,

logs, stone, etc. ; and loading and car- rying structural materials, plates,

rails, girders, etc. It has also issued a set of standard rules with respect

to the maintenance of air brake and

air signal equipment on locomotives

and cars. The division has also pre- pared a manual of recommended practice relating to wheels and axles, for the guidance of wheel and car inspectors, mechanics in the shops, super- visory officers, and others who are

responsible for this phase of the work.

The division's specifications for safety

appliances for cars and locomotives are in conformity with those of the

Interstate Commerce Commission.

The division is officially represented on five sectional committees on stand- ardization and unification of screw

threads ; pipe flanges and fittings ; bolt, nut, and rivet proportions; standardization of dimensions and material of wrought-iron and wrought-steel pipe

and tubing; and specifications for

rolled threads for screw shells of electric sockets and lamp bases. American Railway Association, Operating Division, J. C. Caviston, secretary, 30 Vesey Street, New York, N.

Y. This division publishes and keeps

up to date the Standard Code of the American Railway Association relat- ing to train, block signal, and inter- locking rules, as well as standard defi- nitions for the various terms used in railway operation. The division has

also issued specifications for track tor- pedoes ; 5-minute red fusees ; stand- ard bunting signaling flags; lanterns

for use on crossing gates and by highway crossing watchmen and gatemen;

and standard drawings relating to
298 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

approach warning and stop signs, and

painting for highway gate arms^

American Railway Association,

Purchases and Stores Division, W. J. Farrell, secretary, 30 Vesey Street, New York, N. Y. The standardization

activities of this division are conduct- ed by subject committees and include the adoption and revision of recom- mended standards with the object of creating the highest efficiency and

economy in the purchasing, handling,

and distribution of materials and supplies. Standards covering the follow- ing subjects have already been adopt- ed by the division: Rules for railroad

stores department operation, including

the standard stock book; rules for railroad purchasing department operation ; material classification ; classifica- tion of scrap ; reclamation practices

;

type of store buildings and facilities; and method of unit piling materials. In addition, the division conducted a

simplification of stores stock program

which resulted in a reduction in the number of items carried in stock and

in the elimination of special material

involving higher prices. A committee

of this division has completed a report

embodying recommendations regarding

standard types of buildings for storing stock and equipment, paints and oils, explosives, garages, lumber sheds, and

oxygen and acetylene. Another committee has submitted recommendations

for the standardization of pipe fittings

and valves, manhole and handhole gaskets, padlocks, and railway electrifica- tion materials. At the request of the American Electric Railway Association, this division is cooperating in the formulation of standard packages.^

American Railway Association,

Signal Section, R. H. C. Balliet, secretary, 30 Vesey Street, New York, N. Y. A portion of the standardization work

of this section is carried on in coop- eration with technical societies and

trade associations and by official rep- resentation on committees of the American Standards Association,

American Committee on Inductive Coordination, American Institute of Electrical Engineers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, American Society for Testing Materials, American

Wood Preservers' Association, and the Bureau of Mines of the United States Department of Commerce. The sec- tion revises and keeps up to date the drawings and specifications contained

in its Manual of Recommended Practice relating to the design, construction, maintenance, and operation of railway signaling devices. This secI tion officially approved the adoption,

' and in certain cases revisions of the

j following standards and recommended

i practices : Application of various types

j of track circuit bonds ; aerial braided

| cable; channel pin, universal switch

circuit controllers, alternating-current

power transfer relay, maintaining and

testing motor semaphore signals, tech- nical terms used in signaling maintaining and testing light signals,

i fusees, maintaining and operating

rectifiers, switch indicators, mechanical interlocking machine (S. & F.

locking, style '"A" locking), electric in- terlocking machine, gray-iron castings, malleable-iron castings, wrought-iron

bars, alternating current relay, maintaining and testing interlocking plants, track transformer, air cooled, single

phase, and electromechanical inter- locking machine. This section has

also officially approved the following

drawings: Details of tower lead outs (mountings for cranks or deflection bars), cast-iron washer, tags for marking wires, pattern and mold for arbi- tration test bar, and tension test spec- imen. This section conducts an educational campaign among signal de- partment employees through the me-

! dium of textbooks regarding all phases

of American railway signaling principles and practices.

American Railway Association,

j Telegraph and Telephone Section,

W. A. Fairbanks, secretary, 30 Vesey

j Street, New York, N. Y. Numerous

| standing committees are actively en- gaged in carrying forward the stand- ardization work of this section which

functions as a part of the operating

division of the American Railway Association. It has published a loose- leaf manual and pocket handbook for use by supervisory engineering and

field forces. These publications contain 192 recommended practices for the advancement of the efficiency of the telegraph and telephone departments

of the railroad service. Over 125 subjects, including the following important

projects, are now being considered by

committees of this section: Communication transmission, radio and wire

carrier systems, electrical protection, message traffic, economics, inductive

interference, outside plant, inside

plant, protection against electrolysis, accident and fire prevention and education and training of employees.

This section is represented on 13 sec- tional committees on specifications for wood poles, overhead line material,

line insulators for voltages not ex- ceeding 750, national electrical safety
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 299

code, radio, unification of methods of designating thicknesses of wire and

metal sheets and plates, manhole

frames and covers, lightning protection, abbreviations and symbols, elec- trical definitions, specifications for dry

cells and batteries, specifications for

zinc coating of iron and steel, and

survey of current practices for graphic

presentation.

American Railway Car Institute,

W. C. Tabbert, secretary-treasurer, 61 Broadway, New York, N. Y. Freight- car standardization is one of the functions of this society. This work is carried on in conjunction with committees of the American Railway

Association. Other standardization work is done by sectional committees

of the American Standards Association on which this institute is actively

represented. The institute is also co- operating with the Electric Railway

Presidents' Conference Committee in the design and adoption of new electric railway car standards. American Railway Engineering Association, E. H. Fritch, secretary, 59 East Van Buren Street, Chicago, ill. The manual of this association covers a wide variety of subjects related to railway construction and maintenance,

including standards and specifications for masonry, water, sewers, sanitation,

wood preservation, and wood bridges,

and trestles. This association also functions as the construction and

maintenance section of the engineering

division of the American Railway Association. It is joint sponsor for four

sectional committees, as follows: In- sulated wires and cables other than

telegraph and telephone (with 10 other

organizations) ; specifications for cross

ties and switch ties (with the United

States Forest Service) ; specifications for railway bridges (including movable

bridges as a separate subject).

American Refractories Institute,

Technical Department, Stuart M.

Phelps, director of research and tests, Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa. The

pamphlet covering malleable-foundry

refractories issued by the division of

simplified practice of the National Bureau of Standards represents effective cooperation on the part of this insti- tute. Other activities include surveys

of several refractory commodities and

tentative specifications for boiler re- fractories and for fire-clay brick for malleable furnaces with removable

bungs, and for annealing ovens. American Road Builders' Association, C. M. Upham, engineer-director,

27171—31 20

National Press Building, Washington,

D. C. This association was organized

in 1902 to disseminate educational and

scientific information on highway construction, maintenance, and operation.

Its original endeavors were limited to the improvement of highways in the United States, but its recently expanding activities have resulted in the development of a much larger field, which includes Canada, Central and

South America, and many European

countries. It operates through eight

separate and distinct divisions, namely

engineers and officials, county highway

officials, city officials, European, Pan

American, membership-at-large, contractors, and manufacturers. By

means of committees and through the research and investigational work of the engineering staff of the associa- tion these divisions obtain and dis- tribute information. In addition, general committees are organized to study

and investigate various factors con- nected with the development of highways in cooperation with the engineering staff. The present activities in- clude studies on highway finance,

equipment, depreciation, equipment

purchasing methods, grade crossings,

airport surfacing, grading methods

and grading equipment, low-cost road

construction, location and guardrail.

The joint equipment purchasing methods committee, comprised of repre- sentatives of the American Association

of State highway officials and this association, in cooperation with the National Bureau of Standards, has

completed a survey on methods of

selecting, specifying, maintaining and

purchasing highway equipment used

by State highway departments

throughout the country in an effort toward standardization of purchasing

methods. A report was presented in January, 1930, which included recom- mendations formally adopted by the

joint committee on part of the in- formation submitted. This same committee will attempt to complete the

report during the current year. Other

standardization studies now being

undertaken by this association include compaction of embankments, the

placing of centrally mixed concrete and treatment of subgrades and pave- ment bases. During the past year

specifications were formulated for weighing devices for concrete aggregates. The city officials and county

officials divisions, each functioning in their own field of activity, are organized as separate units, each having its
300 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

own officers and board of directors and

committees covering the entire field of county and city highway activities. A committee on airport drainage and

surfacing organized in 1929 is now

cooperating with the Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America

and the American Engineering Council. The Pan American division is composed of representatives from Central and South America. The division now includes in its membership 450

State and Government officials and

engineers from every country in North, Central, and South America.

The European division recently organized includes a similar membership in European countries. These two divi- sions through their many contacts are

distributing information on American

methods of highway construction,

maintenance, operation, and finance in foreign countries. Recently a statistical and service department was

added to the organization to furnish

information on all phases of highway

work to meet a rapidly increasing de- mand from all branches of the industry. Encouragement of student en- gineers from Latin America to come

to this country to study methods

in use in the United States has re- cently been given impetus by the granting of scholarships by the association. Engineering activities of the

association have been carried on for some time through the work of committees, and by the association's en- gineering staff working in cooperation with the various committees. In- vestigational work is carried on

throughout the year, and reports are

presented and discussed at the annual

convention held in January of each

year and published in the annual pro- ceedings of the association. In con- nection with the convention an exposition is held demonstrating the latest developments in road and street build- ing machinery, materials and methods. The association maintains representation on the sectional committee on methods of testing road and paving

materials. American Sanatorium Association,

E. S. McSweeney, chairman, committee on standardization, 132 East

Thirty-sixth Street, New York, N. Y. Standards relating to the rating as to

location, construction of buildings,

and administration of the tuberculosis sanatoriums and hospitals in the United States have been promulgated

by this organization. These standards have been adopted by the National Tuberculosis Association and the Sanatorium Conference of the Metropolitan Area in New York City ; also by the Welfare Council in New York City as minimum standards for convalescent homes. American Society of Agricultural

Engineers, Raymond Olney, St. Joseph,

Mich. Several years ago this organi- zation developed and adopted a testing

and rating code for farm tractors which has been accepted as standard by the farm-equipment industry. It

is now engaged in completing a third

revision of its standards and recom- mended practices for power take-off for agricultural tractors, and for standard disk blades for disk plows,

harrows, drills, listers, and cultivators.

It has also under way a project for standardizing belt speeds for agricul- tural machines. The society is formulating a comprehensive program in- volving all phases of the application of engineering to agriculture, including

power and machinery, land reclamation, and rural electrification. The so- ciety maintains representation on five sectional committees.

American Society of Bakery Engineers, Victor E. Marx, secretary, 1541 Birchwood Avenue, Chicago, 111. Standards relating to high-speed dough

mixers, flour-handling units, sifters, bolters, flour hoppers, and water tanks have been recommended for adoption

by the standardization committee of

this society. These standards were

prepared in cooperation with the Bakery Equipment Manufacturers Association. The society is officially rep- resented on the sectional committee on frame dimensions of electric motors. American Society of Civil Engineers, George T. Seabury, secretary, 33 West Thirty-ninth Street, New

York, N. Y. Committees of this society

have been organized to deal with the following projects: Irrigation hydraulics, concrete and reinforced concrete

arches, steel columns, stresses in rail- road track, bridge design and construction, cement, earths, and foundations. The society is represented on the joint concrete culvert pipe committee with

six other organizations. In cooperation with the American Public Health

Association, it has adopted standard

definitions of terms used in sewerage and sewage disposal practice. During

the past year the committee on lock valves of the waterways division of the society compiled a manual dealing

with different types of lock valves now

in use at various canals and water- ways. A joint committee composed of representatives of this association and
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 301

the American Railway Engineering Association formulated general specifica- tions for steel railway bridges. The

society is joint sponsor for three sec- tional committees, as follows: Structural steel shapes (with the Association of American Steel Manufacturers

and the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers), manhole

frames and covers (with the American

Standards Association Telephone

Group), and scientific and engineering

symbols and abbreviations (with four

other organizations).

American Society of Heating and

Ventilating Engineers, A. V. Hutchinson, secretary, 51 Madison Avenue,

New York, N. Y. The society's work

in research and standardization per- taining to heating and ventilating has

resulted in the development and adoption of a number of standards, codes,

and testing methods covering the fol- lowing subjects: Heat transmission

through walls, minimum requirements

for the heating and ventilation of buildings, steam heating solid-fuel boilers, testing and rating steam unit

heaters, heating and ventilating garages, standard and short form heat balance for testing low-pressure steam

heating solid-fuel boilers, installation

of gravity warm air furnaces, heating

boilers, rating radiators, testing fans, and measuring degree of ventilation

perfection. The society's research pro- gram is conducted at its own labora- tory located at the United States Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh Experiment

Station and at 10 universities where

cooperative research is handled. In

the development of a number of test codes, the society has had the active cooperation of the Industrial Unit Heater Association, National Associ- ation of Fan Manufacturers, American

Society of Mechanical Engineers, National Warm Air Heating Association,

and the National Fire Protection Association. Committees of this society are now engaged in the preparation of other codes relating to the heating and

ventilation of buildings, including test- ing and rating concealed radiation, air- cleaning devices, and oil-burning devices. The society is joint sponsor for two sectional committees on code for

ventilation and safety code for ex- haust systems.

American Society of Mechanical

Engineers, Calvin W. Rice, secretary, 29 West Thirty-ninth Street, New

York, N. Y. Sixteen professional di- visions of the society have been or- ganized on aeronautics, applied

mechanics, fuels, hydraulics, iron and

steel, machine-shop practice, management, materials handling, national

defense, oil and gas power, petroleum, power, printing machinery, railroad,

textiles, and wood industries. Since January, 1928, each professional di- vision has had its own quarterly publications. The technical committee

activity of the society has grown very

rapidly during the past 11 years, until now approximately 1,600 engineers

and others are serving on the 375 committees for which the society is sponsor or joint sponsor. In this work 210 organizations cooperate.

Under the main research committee

39 special research committees have

been organized. Some of these projects have grown out of the activities of standard committees. At the pres- ent time some 29 research workers are engaged on a variety of projects, as follows : Boiler-furnace refractories,

lubrication, steam tables, elevator

safety devices, strength of gear teeth, existing supplies of hardwoods, cut- ting metals, cutting fluids, mechanical

springs, effect of temperature on

properties of metals, boiler feed-water

studies, velocity measurement of fluid flow, removal of ash as molten slag

from powdered-coal furnaces, heavy

duty antifriction bearings, etc. Six

research fellows at the National Bureau of Standards are working on the experimental program of these re- search committees. New projects in the Diesel engine, machine-shop practice, textile, printing, and hydraulic

fields are being formulated. The di- mensional standardization and safety

activities of the society are carried forward under the procedure of the American Standards Association. At

the present time the society is sponsor

or joint sponsor for 27 sectional committees on standards and 5 sectional committees preparing safety codes. The projects covered by the standards committees are : Transmission chains

and sprockets; shafting; plain limit gages for general engineering work;

ball and roller bearings ; gears ; stand- ardization and unification of screw

threads; pipe flanges and fittings;

bolt, nut, and rivet proportions

;

scheme for the identification of piping

systems; small tools and machine-tool elements; scientific and engineering

symbols and abbreviations; screw

threads for fire-hose couplings; plain

and lock washers ; machine pins

;

standards for drawings and drafting- room practice; code for pressure

piping; standards for graphic presentation; pipe threads; wire and sheet-
302 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDAKDS

metal gaging systems; wrought-iron

and wrought-steel pipe and tubing;

electric motor frame dimensions

;

screw threads for small hose couplings ; speeds of driven machines

;

plumbing equipment; rolled threads

for screw shells of electric sockets and

lamp bases; stock sizes, shapes, and

lengths for hot and cold finished iron and steel bars; and pressure and vacuum gauges. The safety code committees are drafting national codes on mechanical power-transmission apparatus ; elevators ; conveyors and conveying machinery ; machinery

for compressing air ; and cranes, derricks, and hoists. One of the society's most notable technical committee ac- complishments is the development of the American Society of Mechanical

Engineers' Boiler Construction Code,

consisting of 8 sections and interpretations. The code has been officially adopted by 19 States and 16 cities in this country. These codes cover rules for the construction of power boilers, boilers of locomotives, heating boilers, material specifications, miniature

boilers, rules for inspection, unfired pressure vessels, and for the care of power boilers and other pressure vessels in service. The preparation of the society's standard tests of power

plant and heat apparatus, such as are most commonly undertaken in con- nection with commercial transactions,

is in the hands of a group of 19 committees guided by the main committee on power-test codes. Each of these

individual committees was organized

to undertake the revision or formulation of a test code for such apparatus as boilers ; steam engines ; steam and hydraulic turbines; pumping machinery ; compressors, blowers, and

fans; locomotives; gas producers;

and gas and oil engines. This group

of codes covers also such general topics as general instructions ; definitions and values; fuels; stationary steam

boilers; reciprocating steam engines; steam turbines; reciprocating steamdriven displacement pumps; centrifu- gal and rotary pumps ; displacement compressors and blowers ; centrifugal

and turbo compressors and blowers

;

complete steam-power plants; con- denser, water heating, and cooling

equipment ; refrigerating systems

;

evaporating apparatus ; steam loco- motives; gas producers; internal-com- bustion engines; hydraulic power

plants; instruments and apparatus;

and speed-responsive governors. The

society has published in pamphlet

form 36 dimensional standards, 10

safety codes, 7 research reports, and

23 power-test codes. The standards and technical publications of the so- ciety are broadly advertised in the

technical and daily press during their development by technical committees,

and page-proof copies are sent in quantity to interested societies, firms, and individuals. As a result, when

the final pamphlet copies are available a reasonably broad distribution is im- mediately assured. The American

Society of Mechanical Engineers

standardization committee plans to make a canvass of the extent of the adoption of a given standard on the

second, third, and fourth anniversaries of its approval by the American

Standards Association. In its mechanical catalogue special notations are employed to indicate those firms supplying equipment in conformity

with standards approved by the American Standards Association. American Society for Municipal

Improvements, C. W. S. Sammelman,

secretary, 4359 Lindell Boulevard, St. Louis, Mo. Standard specifications

have been adopted by this organization for municipal contract forms,

sewers, paving materials, and kindred

subjects. The society's specifications are kept in harmony with those of the American Society for Testing Materials. The movement resulting in the

simplified practice recommendation re- lating to asphalt was initiated by this society in cooperation with the Asphalt Institute. It maintains stand- ing committees dealing with the fol- lowing subjects : Street paving, design,

construction, and maintenance; sewerage and sanitation; refuse disposal

and street cleaning; city planning;

street and traffic lighting; traffic control; water works; municipal legisla- tion and finance; public utilities; air- ports and landing fields; bituminous

pavements ; brick pavements ; cement

concrete pavements; stone block pave- ments ; street-railway pavements and

track construction; sidewalks and

curbs ; and subgrade and foundations. The society is joint sponsor (with

three other organizations) for the

sectional committee on method of test for penetration of bituminous materials. American Society of Refrigerating

Engineers, David L. Fiske, secretary, 37 West Thirty-ninth Street, New

York, N. Y. A standard measurement

for refrigeration performance known

as the " standard ton " has been adopted by this society, and a stand- ard test code for refrigerating sys-
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 303

terns has been formulated, both of which are in harmony with those of

the American Society of Mechanical

Engineers. It has also adopted speci- fications for synchronous motors for direct-connected refrigerating compressors, and a test code for steamdriven ice plants. It cooperated in the preparation of the simplified practice recommendation for ice cake sizes. The society served as sponsor for the

safety code for mechanical refrigeration, and as joint sponsor, with the Bureau of Home Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture, for the standardization of re- frigerators.

American Society of Safety Engineers. (See National Safety Council.)

American Society of Sanitary Engineering. A. R. McGonegal, president.

District Building, Washington, D. C. This organization cooperated with the Building Code Committee of the United States Department of Commerce in the formulation of the National Standard Plumbing Code. In

cooperation with the National Bureau

of Standards it is conducting tests of plumbing equipment in high buildings.

The society is joint sponsor with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers for the sectional committee on

the standardization of plumbing equip- ment and is officially represented on

other sectional committees dealing

with standardization of screw threads

for hose couplings (other than fire- hose couplings), pipe threads, and in- dustrial safety standards. American Society for Steel Treating, W. H. Eisenman, secretary, 7016

Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio. Al- though this society has formulated no

quality specifications or dimensional

standards, it has issued a handbook in which are incorporated all standard

and tentative recommended practices

formulated by its technical committees

on heat treatments of steels, as fol- lows: Plain carbon tool, 18 per cent tungsten high-speed ; nonshrinking,

nondeforming, oil hardening tool; fin- ishing of steel; taps and milling cut- ters ; dies for die castings ; plain and

alloy steel die blocks; blanking dies and punches ; shear blades ; chisels ; carbon steels (S. A. E. series) ; carbon

and alloy steel castings ; sling and

crane chain ; alloy gears ; plain car- bon and alloy spring steel ; nickel and

nickel-chromium steels ; permanent

magnet steels ; and carburizing and

heating treatment of cam shafts, gears, and piston rings. Through a joint

committee composed of representatives

of the American Society for Testing

Materials, the Society of Automotive

Engineers, and this society, it adopted

standard definitions of terms relating

to heat treatment operations. Several committees of the society are now en- gaged in developing practices on the following subjects: Tool steel, heat treatment of carbon steel gears, hardness testing of metals, heat treatment

of spring steels, heat treatment of

spline shafts, heading and roll thread- ing of bolts and nuts, heat treatment

of locomotive forgings, nitriding,

quenching, plastic deformation in pure

iron, melting of steel, and hot mechanical working of steel. The society is officially represented on the sectional committee on specifications for zinc coating of iron and steel. American Society for Testing Materials. (See Chapter VII, p. 274.) American Specification Institute,

Gardner C. Coughlen, acting executive

secretary, 205 West Wacker Drive,

Chicago, 111. One of the functions of

this organization is the development

of standardized specifications to sup- plement the drawings covering the con- struction and equipment of various

kinds of structures. This work is re- flected in the institute's publication, the Specification Record, the fourth volume of which has recently been is- sued. It contains specifications, outlines of specifications, and similar data in comparative form. American Standards Association. (See chapter VII (p. 269.) American Veneer Package Association, Mrs. J. P. Peifer, acting secretary, 900 P Street NW., Washington,

D. C. Actively interested in welfare and standing of the veneer package in- dustry, this association looks to the establishment and maintenance of proper standards of materials and

workmanship for the industry's products. In cooperation with carriers,

shipping agencies, and others inti- mately concerned, it is aiding in the preparation of strength specifications for fruit and vegetable containers. It maintains committees for standardiz- ing factory processes, and for the study of problems relating to economical and efficient containers. American Veterinary Medical Association, Dr. H. Preston Hoskins,

secretary-editor, 537 Book Building,

Detroit, Mich. The committee on

veterinary biological products of this association is endeavoring to bring

about a standard classification, includ- ing nomenclature, of all biological

products now in use for preventing or
304 NATIONAL BUKEATJ OF STANDAKDS

curing diseases of animals. It is planning to classify all veterinary biologies into three major groups, as follows

:

Group A, those veterinary biologies

which are efficient, or whose worth has

been proven ; group B, those biologies

which are still in the experimental

stage ; and group C, those biologies

which possess little or no value. The

committee on education of this asso- ciation is undertaking work which may

lead to standardization of the veteri- nary curriculum in the veterinary col- leges of the country. The special committee on standard milk control code has been cooperating with officials of the United States Public Health Service in an effort to secure approximately

uniform milk control practice. At

various times this association has rec- ommended the adoption of a uniform

health certificate to accompany ani- mals being shipped interstate. American Vitrified China Manufacturers' Association, Arthur E. Mayer, care of Mayer China Co., Beaver Falls, Pa. This organization

cooperated in preparing the simplified

practice recommendations relating to chinaware for hotels, dining cars, hospitals, and restaurants, and hospital

plumbing fixtures. American Walnut Manufacturers'

Association, Burdett Green, secretary, C16 South Michigan Boulevard, Chicago, 111. This association has adopt- ed standard grading rules for American black walnut lumber which are

generally accepted as standard both

at home and abroad. The possibility of manufacturing and classifying ve- neers on a standard basis has recently

been undertaken by its committee on

veneers. In the past year the associ- ation adopted standard specifications for measuring and grading walnut

lumber and veneer logs. American Warehousemen's Association, W. M. O'Keefe, executive

secretary, cold-storage division, 222 West Adams Street, Chicago, 111. The

association, through its committee on

simplification of forms and methods,

sponsored the movement which result- ed in the formulation of the simplified

practice recommendation for ware- house forms. It is represented on the

sectional committee on safety code for mechanical refrigeration.

American Water Works Association, Malcolm Pirnie, chairman, committee on water works practice, 25 West Forty-third Street, New York,

N. Y. In its Manual of Water Works

Practice are included the association's standards for cast-iron water pipe and

special castings, hydrants and valves, and cold-water meters (displacement,

current, compound, and fire service). In cooperation with the American Public Health Association, this organization has published the sixth edition of the book relating to standard methods

of water analysis. It is joint sponsor

for two standardization projects, as

follows: Specifications for cast-iron pipe and special castings (with three other organizations), and screw

threads for fire-hose couplings (with two organizations). It is also offi- cially represented on seven other sec- tional committees on manhole frames

and covers, plumbing equipment, pipe

threads, pipe flanges and fittings, code

for pressure piping, wrought-iron and

wrought-steel pipe and tubing, and

zinc coating of iron and steel. American Waxed Paper Association, Paul S. Hanway, manager, 342 Madison Avenue, New York, N. Y. Actively engaged in simplifying and

standardizing the commodities pro- duced by waxed paper manufacturers,

this association is establishing stand- ards for quality, weight, and sizes of

all such products. Its standard re- quirements for packaging has resulted

in the elimination of many needless

sizes. American Welding Society, M. M.

Kelly, 33 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York, N. Y. Technical committees, as well as the American Bureau

of Welding, which acts as the research department of the society, are carrying on important standardization work in the welding industry. A bulletin on welding and cutting nomenclature, defi- nitions, and symbols prepared by one

of the technical committees has been

published by the society. Another committee appointed for the purpose of

assisting code-making bodies and city

building departments in the way of regulating welding in building con- struction has prepared a code relating

to fusion welding and gas cutting in building construction. The committee

on standardization of gages has pro- posed the adoption of five standard

types of gages for measuring butt and

fillet welds. The committee on build- ing codes has completed a new edition of the code for fusion welding and

gas cutting in building construction.

It has under preparation sections on welded piping and tankage. Another

committee is cooperating with the

boiler code committee of the American

Society of Mechanical Engineers in the preparation of specifications which can

be used in connection with the unfired
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, IS) 31 305

pressure vesssel code. Another committee is cooperating with the boiler code committee of A. S. M. E. in the preparation of welding code for pres- sure piping. Two subcommittees of the marine construction committee are en- gaged in projects relating to marine

boilers and hull construction. One

subcommittee is cooperating with the Steamboat Inspection Service of the United States Department of Commerce in the preparation of specifications, while the other is undertaking

the preparation of a code for marine

welding. The committee on qualifica- tion tests for welders has prepared a

definite plan for compiling qualification

tests which will be published as a pre- liminary report in order to give the

society members an opportunity to suggest changes before the recommendations of the committee are adopted

as standard. The society is officially represented on six sectional committees on codes for compressed-air machinery, pressure piping, specifications for tubular steel poles, and definitions

of electrical terms, electric welding,

electric welding dies and electrode holders ; on A. S. T. M. committees

dealing with wrought copper and cop- per alloys, and specifications for steel for fusion welding; on A. E. R. E. A. way and structures committee on

standard specifications for welding

rods ; and on the advisory committee

of the Merchants' Association of New

York on the revision of New York City

Building Code. American Wood-Preservers' Association, Horace L. Dawson, secretary, 1104 Chandler Building, Washington,

D. C. Listed in its Manual of Rec- ommended Practice are 43 standards and specifications dealing with preser- vative treatments of wood which have

been formulated and adopted by this association. During the past year

this association has adopted tentative

revisions of its standards dealing with

the following subjects: Method for determining specific gravity of creo- sote fractions, method for determining

the specific gravity of creosote oil, method of sampling creosote oil in tank cars, standard distillation of creosote oil, standard definition of

creosote, and standard method for the determination of coke residue in creosote oil. It has also approved a

tentative standard for determining the approximate strength of zinc chloride

solution. These tentative standards

are not permanently adopted until they

have had a year's trial and until they

have been reconsidered at the annual

meeting. This association is officially represented on the sectional committee

on specifications for wood poles.

American Zinc Institute, Stephen S. Tuthill, secretary, 27 Cedar Street, New York, N. Y. The standardization

activities of this organization are con- ducted in cooperation with other or- ganizations, especially the American

Society for Testing Materials and the American Standards Association. It

is represented on the mining standardization correlating committee and is joint sponsor, with the American Society for Testing Materials, for the

sectional committee on zinc and zinc

ores. It is also represented on the

sectional committees on specifications for zinc coating of iron and steel and

on wire and sheet metal gages. Arkansas Soft Pine Bureau, W. J. St. John, assistant secretary, Little Rock, Ark. The registered symbol of

this bureau is affixed to all stock shipped by its member mills, the stock having been grade marked as recom- mended by the United States Depart- ment of Commerce. American stand- ards for yard and finishing lumber are embodied in the specifications for grading soft-pine lumber issued by this bureau.

Artistic Lighting Equipment Association, Charles L. Benjamin, managing director, 420 Lexington Avenue,

New York, N. Y. Committees of this association are actively engaged in standardizing wiring devices for use in the lighting-equipment industry; also

outlet boxes and standard specifica- tions for architects' use in connection

with lighting equipment. It maintains

representation on the sectional committee for pipe threads. Ash Handle Association, C. E. Bell, secretary, care of La Fontaine Handle

Co., Decatur, Ind. Much of the standardization work of this associ- ation is carried on in cooperation with

other interested organizations under

the auspices of the National Association of Wood Turners. It has coop- erated in the establishment of grading

rules and marking of ash handles

which are set forth in the simplified

practice recommendation relating to these items. Asphalt Institute, J. E. Pennybacker, managing director, 801 Second

Avenue, New York, N. Y. This organization, formerly known as the Asphalt

Association, conducts its standardization work in cooperation with the American Society for Testing Materials for standard tests and specifica- tions for asphaltic products ; with the
306 NATIONAL BUKEAU OF STANDARDS

American Society for Municipal Im- provements in the formulation of speci- fications for the construction of various

types of asphalt pavements ; and with

the United States Bureau of Public

Koads in the simplification of specifica- tions for low-cost road work. The in- stitute has adopted the following standards and specifications for road

construction: Asphalt macadam sur- face course (penetration method),

asphaltic concrete surface course

(coarse and fine graded aggregate

types), sheet asphalt binder and sur- face course; asphaltic concrete binder

and surface courses, asphalt macadam

base (penetration method), and as- phaltic concrete base. The institute cooperated in the formulation of the

simplified-practice recommendation re- lating to grades of asphaltic products.

It is officially represented on the sec- tional committee on methods of testing

road and paving materials. Asphalt Shingle and Roofing Institute, J. S. Bryant, manager, 2 West

Forty-fifth Street, New York, N. Y. The standardization work of the

institute is carried on through its manufacturing and industrial research committee, in cooperation with the Underwriters' Laboratories, the American Society for Testing Materials,

and the Federal Specifications Board.

It has adopted granular metric speci- fications for red, green, and blue-black

slate ; methods of test for other raw

materials as well as finished roofing

products, including a formula with

respect to saturation point of felt used

in manufacturing shingles. By official unanimous resolution all the members

of the institute have signified their willingness to supply asphalt and roof- ing materials complying with Federal Government specifications. A research

associate is maintained at the National

Bureau of Standards doing research work on problems connected with the

asphalt-roofing industry.

Associated Cooperage Industries of America, Louis F. Horn, secretary, 2008 Railway Exchange Building, St. Louis, Mo. During the past year, the committees of this association revised the standard grade rules and specifica- tions covering tight cooperage material, and also the rules governing sales and settlements. In cooperation with

the Bureau of Explosives, the committees revised the specifications covering

tight and slack wooden barrels and

kegs for use in the transportation of explosives and other dangerous articles. These specifications in revised form were adopted by the Interstate

Commerce Commission and made effec- tive on October 1, 1930. The tight barrel group of this association has adopt- ed the recommendation of its committee with respect to standard specifica- tions for steel hoops for tight barrels and kegs. This association also co- operated with the American Railway

Association, Freight Container Bureau, in the promulgation of standard

specifications for slack barrels for po- tatoes and other vegetables. It is now

actively working with the Rosin Barrel Manufacturers Association in de- veloping uniform standards for rosin

barrels. For the purpose of insuring

greater uniformity and efficiency in the classification of barrels and kegs,

this association, during the past year, appointed a classification committee

composed of tight barrel manufacturers to further standardize and clas- sify tight barrels and kegs, other than

I. C. C. barrels and kegs, used in packing various commodities.

Associated Factory Mutual Fire Insurance Companies, Inspection Department, C. W. Mowry, manager, 184 High Street, Boston, Mass. This as- sociation issues numerous pamphlets

on various subjects pertaining to fire protection and fire prevention. During the past year it has published specifications or recommended practices

for: Pyroxylin plastic; pyroxylin lac- quer (hazards and precautions) ; safe- guards for the application and drying

of japan, enamel, paint and varnish

;

valves, indicator posts and hydrants;

gravity water tanks and steel towers;

fire-hose couplings and playpipes and

suggestions for hose houses; decay of wood in industrial buildings ; electrical apparatus and fittings; and fire-pro- tection appliances. It has also issued

rules for installing dry pipe sprinkler

equipments ; installing sprinkler equip- ments (automatic and open systems) ; electric light and power equipments,

consisting of the " National Electrical Code" with explanatory notes; and

laying cast-iron water pipes in factory

yards. Manufacturing firms are per- mitted to use the association's identi- fication mark of approval on devices

specifically approved by the association as to both design and construction. It is a member of the American

Standards Association fire protection group, and is officially represented on

nine sectional committees dealing with

safety codes and materials and equip- ment for fire-fighting devices. The in- spection department of this organization also works on standardization

projects by means of representation on
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 307

committees of the National Fire Protection Association, the American

Society of Mechanical Engineers, the American Society for Testing Materials, and other similar organizations. Associated General Contractors of America (Inc.), G. W. Walbridge, general manager pro tempore, Munsey

Building, Washington, D. C. This as- sociation has developed and approved

a number of standards, including:

Equipment rental agreement; cost- plus-a-fee contract ; contracts for engineering, building, and municipal construction; highway estimate forms;

Government form of contract ; and

several forms of questionnaires of moment to the contracting industry.

It has adopted the American Institute

of Architects' forms for the construction of buildings, and in cooperation

with the American Society for Municipal Improvements it has developed a standard bidding and awarding pro- cedure form. Through its mixer manufacturers' bureau this association has

adopted concrete mixer standards, now

in their fourth revision. A standard

credit system evolved by this committee is now in operation in many

places. The association has also adopted a manual of safety practices

in construction work. It is officially represented on the Allied Construction

Industries Committee with 12 other

organizations, the object of this committee being to promote closer cooperation among the many and diverse components in the contracting industry.

The association maintains representation on eight sectional committees

dealing with materials used in build- ing construction. Associated Knit Underwear Manufacturers of America, Roy A. Cheney,

secretary, Mann Building, Utica, N. Y. The association has adopted a stand- ard method for testing the breaking

strength of knitted fabrics, and washing instructions for knit rayon under- wear and knit wool and wool-cotton underwear. Two specifications relat- ing to men's medium-weight undershirts and drawers have been devel- oped by a committee of this association and submitted to the Federal

Specifications Board for adoption.

The committee is now engaged in the preparation of six additional specifi- cations covering flat-knitted cotton and

wool-cotton shirts and drawers for Army and Navy use. The association

is also cooperating with the Bureau

of Aeronautics, United States Navy

Department in developing suitable

specifications for underwear to be used

by aviators when flying in winter

and in high altitudes. One of the

chief functions of the association has been the development of proper

sizes, measurements, and methods of measuring for the various types of knitted underwear. It cooperated in the establishment of the commercial

standard for regain of mercerized

cotton yarns, and for boys' blouses,

waists, shirts, and junior shirts. At

the present time, the association has

adopted 49 size specifications for men's, women's, boys', children's, and

infant's knit underwear and is now

working toward the adoption of additional sizes. The association has

adopted a standard mark which is pro- tected by law to be used by manufacturers on garments made to measure- ments certified to conform to tables compiled by the National Bureau of Standards under licence from the association. A committee, composed of

jobbers, retailers and manufacutrers,

has the right to revoke the license upon proof that the use of the standard

mark has been knowingly and will- fully abused. The association has

adopted certain symbols for designating different models of knit underwear,

a color code for designating the size of

single cotton yarns by the color of cone upon which they are wound, and five sizes of boxes as standards for packing

all types of men's and boys knit under- wear. The future work of the association consists in simplification of sizes of underwear labels in which it is coop- erating with the division of simplified

practice of the National Bureau of Standards; in standardization of the

position of buttons on children's taped

underwear in cooperation with the di- vision of trade standards; and in the

investigation of essential characteristics of knitted fabrics. The association maintains a research associate at the National Bureau of Standards en- gaged in the standardization and simplification of underwear sizes and

methods of manufacturing.

Associated Metal Lath Manufacturers, Erwin M. Lurie, commissioner,

1821 Engineering Building, Chicago,

111. Numerous pamphlets on plaster

and stucco have been published by this body. Other publications include complete specifications for metal-lath construction, and a booklet which deals with fire-protection engineering as applied to construction and occupancy of buildings. This booklet also contains recommended building ordinances for
308 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

protection to life and preservation of property. It also publishes the parti- tion handbook in which various types

of fire-resistive partitions are discussed from the standpoints of space saving,

sound insulation, cost, etc. This as- sociation initiated the movement for the elimination of excess varieties and

sizes of metal lath which resulted in the simplified practice recommendation

relating to this item. This association maintains a staff of engineers who assist in the formulation of building- code requirements and plastering ordi- nances for adoption by cities or States.

It also cooperates in standardization work by representation on various committees of the American Concrete Institute, National Fire Protection Association, American Society for Testing

Materials and others. It has also co- operated with the Building Code Committee of the United States Department of Commerce. The association

also sponsored the movement for better plastering and for this purpose or- ganized The National Council for Better Plastering, which cooperates with

organizations of architects, plastering and lathing contractors and

journeymen.

Associated Tile Manufacturers

(Inc.), M. A. Illing, secretary, 420 Lexington Avenue, New York, N. Y. The objects of this association are : To

establish basic specifications for all types of tile work for the use of architects and specification writers ; to standardize tile sizes and shapes; and

to establish uniform names, definitions, grades and standard methods for grade

sealing of packages. It has issued a publication relating to basic specifica- tion for tile work and also one dealing

with standard shapes of glazed tiles and trimmers, which recently has

been supplemented by a standardized

trimmer index sheet showing the cross sections of all standard wall tile trim. The association is cooperating in the

revision of the simplified practice rec- ommendation relating to clay tiles for

floors and walls, this project having

been originally sponsored by the association. The association has adopted

uniform grade names and a color scheme for grade marking and issuing

certificates to accompany packages of

tiles manufactured to comply with the

simplified practice recommendation re- lating to this group of commodities.

Association of American Feed

Control Officials, L. E. Bopst, secretary, College Park, Md. In cooperation with the American Feed Manufacturers Association, this association

has formulated and adopted official standards and definitions of feeding

stuffs. The methods of analysis of the Association of Official Agricultural

Chemists of North America have been

adopted as the official methods of this association. The standards and defini- tions adopted cover: Alfalfa, apples,

barley, buckwheat, corn, cottonseed,

linseed and flax, oil cake, oats, peanuts, rice, rye, velvet beans, wheat,

hard spring wheat, winter wheat, mineral feed, and animal, brewers, distillers, and fish by-products. It has

also formulated tentative definitions for table scrap meal, crab meal, shrimp

meal, dried skimmed milk, condensed

skimmed milk, condensed cultured skimmed milk, and milk sugar feed. This association has also adopted a uniform feed law which is being used

as a model for adoption by the various

States. Association of American Soap and

Glycerine Producers (Inc.), Roscoe C. Edlund, manager, 45 East Seventeenth

Street, New York, N. Y. This association's standardization work is being

carried on by its glycerine group under

the direction of the Glycerine Producers' Association, one of the parts of the Association of American Soap and

Glycerine Producers. (See p. 319.) Association of American Steel Manufacturers, J. O. Leech, secretary, care of Carnegie Steel Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. This association, with 10 other

organizations, was officially repre- sented on the joint committee on phosphorus and sulphur in steel. It has

formulated and issued standard practices covering methods of sampling for check analysis; permissible rolling variations in the size of hot-rolled bars ; permissible variations in weight,

thickness, size, and flatness of sheets and light plates blue annealed ; and

standard specifications for structural and boiler steel, and concrete rein- forcement bars. The association is officially represented on six committees

of the American Standards Association. Association of American Wood

Pulp Importers, G. W. Oliphant, president, 200 Fifth Avenue, New York,

N. Y. Through the work of a joint

committee composed of representatives

of this association, the American Pa- per and Pulp Association, and the Technical Association of the Pulp and

Paper Industry, official rules relating

to the weighing, sampling, and testing

of wood pulp for moisture have been

approved and adopted. The association is working on the standardization
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 309

of contract forms for use in sales of

all imported pulp from Sweden, Nor- way, Finland, and Germany. The as- sociation maintains a traffic committee

which cooperates with railroads,

steamship companies, and storage

warehouses in the establishment of a uniform procedure and standard set of storage and rail freight rates. Association of Asphalt Paving

Technologists, Charles A. Mullen, sec- retary-treasurer, 980 St. Antoine

Street, Montreal, Canada. In cooperation with the Asphalt Institute this organization is assisting in the formulation of standards and specifications for asphalt and asphalt paving. It has research committees working on

problems affecting the asphalt paving

and roofing industries. Association of Edison Illuminating

Companies, Preston S. Millar, secretary, Eightieth Street and East End

Avenue, New York, N. Y. This association has cooperated with the Illuminating Engineering Society in preparing specifications for residence-lighting luminaries. It is joint sponsor for two sectional committees functioning

under the rules of procedure of the American Standards Association, as

follows: Insulated wires and cables

for other than telephone and telegraph use (with nine other organizations),

and code for electricity meters (with

the National Bureau of Standards and

the National Electric Light Association).

Association of Electragists, International, Lawrence W. Davis, general manager, 420 Lexington Avenue, New

York, N. Y. The compilation of stand- ards for electric-wiring installations has been completed by the standards

committee of this association. The

standards include definitions, types of wiring required under given conditions, specifications for materials and

apparatus and their installation and

general requirements. It is joint sponsor, with the American Institute

of Architects and the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, for a

sectional committee on symbols for

electrical equipment of buildings.

Association of Governmental Offi- cials in Industry of the United States and Canada, Louise E. Schutz, secre- tary-treasurer, Division of Women and

Children, Industrial Commission, St. Paul, Minn. One of the chief functions

of this organization is the promulgation and adoption of safety codes for the protection of industrial workers.

Practically all of the work relating to industrial safety codes is carried on

through official representation on 22

sectional committees of the American

Standards Association. The associa- tion is joint sponsor with the Laundryowners' National Association of the United States and Canada and the National Association of Mutual Casualty Companies for the sectional committee on safety code for laundries functioning under American Standards

Association's rules of procedure. During the past year, a committee was ap- pointed to conduct a campaign for the purpose of interesting all State Labor

Departments and Industrial Commissions in safety-code work and to urge

the adoption of safety codes which

have already been formulated and ap- proved as American standards by the

A. S. A. The association is officially represented on the safety Code Correlating Committee which functions un- der the rules of the American Stand- ards Association. Association of Iron and Steel Electrical Engineers, John F. Kelly, managing director, 1010 Empire Building,

Pittsburgh, Pa. This society is con- cerned with the standardization of

electrical, combustion, lubrication,

and safety engineering equipment, and

also operating practices in steel mills. It has, through the work of several committees, adopted standard dimensions for ball and roller bearings used

in steel mill motors, thus making possible the interchange of any of several makes of antifriction bearings in a standard motor. It has in process of compilation the standardization of data in connection with antifriction bearings for all electrically operated,

mill-type apparatus, including over- head traveling crane, roll necks, and

auxiliary machinery. Committee rec- ommendations have resulted in the adoption of specifications for electric overhead traveling cranes—heavy duty,

steel mill type, mill type motors and

large motors for rolling mill drives. This association also recommends the observance of certain rules in relation

to the operation of overhead traveling cranes and engine stops. It also prints standard guide forms for use

in ordering large rolling mill motors and direct-current controllers. A special committee is now working on a method whereby all magnetic controllers will bear the same wiring symbols

and markings. A committee of the lu- brication engineering division is at present making an exhaustive study

of lubricants, methods, practices, sys- tems, etc., as applicable to the iron and steel industry.
310 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Association of Manufacturers of I Chilled Car Wheels, G. E. Doke. presi- dent and secretary, McCormick Build- ; ing, Chicago, 111. This association has j adopted : Specifications for chilled- ! tread wheels for standard railway and j industrial service, foundry standard

j inspection and tests for chilled-tread

j car wheels, and a uniform guaranty j for 33-inch chilled-tread car wheels. In cooperation with the mechanical

division of the American Railway As-

| sociation, it has formulated and j adopted specifications for chilled-tread j wheels for locomotives, tenders, and \ cars. It is now engaged in the prepa- j ration of a third revision of the | foundry standard inspection and tests ! for chilled-tread wheels. For the | purpose of encouraging and facilitat- ! ing the use of this specification the j association maintains a corps of in- spectors who make semiannual in- spections of its member foundries,

j The association maintains representa- ] tion on the sectional committee on j recommended practice for coal mine i tracks, signals, and switches, func- j tioning under American Standards | Association procedure.

Association of Official Agricultural

Chemists, W. W. Skinner, secretary,

| post-office box 290, Pennsylvania Ave- nue Station, Washington, D. C. Standards and methods of analysis I for agricultural products and other materials used in the agricultural in- dustry have been formulated and

adopted by this association. It has j published a book containing methods

j of analysis which are accepted as auj thoritative in matters at issue before

j Federal and State courts. It cooperates with the American Public Health

Association in the preparation of standard methods of milk analysis. ! and with the committee on revision of the United States Pharmacopoeia on methods of tests for medicinal

products.

Association of Official Seed Analysts of North America, F. S. Holmes, secretary, University of Maryland, College Park, Md. The work of

this association is conducted by a re- search committee composed of a chair- man who is appointed by the president, and other members who are

selected by the chairman. Greater

uniformity in the results of purity

analyses and germination tests as con- ducted by the several laboratories of the association is the object sought.

The association took an active part

in the formulation of rules for seed

testing which have been promulgated

by the United States Department of Agriculture and adopted by this association. In cooperation with various seedmen's organizations, this association assisted in the preparation of a model uniform State seed bill and is conducting a campaign for its enact- ment into law by the legislatures of the various States of the Union.

Association of Pyroxylin Coated

Fabric Manufacturers, C. Stewart Comeaux, secretary, 103 Park Avenue. New York. X. Y. During the past year

this association cooperated with cotton

textile manufacturers in the preparation of standard specifications for cot- ton goods used in the manufacture of pyroxylin-coated fabrics, effective January 1, 1931. Association of Railway Electrical Engineers, J. A. Andreucetti. secre- tary, Chicago & North Western Ter- minal Station, Chicago, 111. The manual of this association has recently

been revised by the manual committee. It contains all the recommended

practices, methods, specifications, and

other data approved by the association

for the use of engineers in the railway

electrical field. Specifications have

been prepared covering electric-train lighting: locomotive electrical equip- ment : electrical construction, installation, and maintenance of electric equipment : motors and control equip- ment ; illumination ; electric welding

and metal heating; and other miscel- laneous items. The association is joint sponsor, with nine other associations, for the sectional committee on

insulated wires and cables for other than telephone, telegraph, and signal

use.Association of Wilton and Brussels Manufacturers of America, Henry I. Magee, secretary, 650 West Lehigh

Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa. The various methods employed in weaving Wilton

carpets and rugs have been defined and standardized by this association.

It has also established a standard defi- nition for Wilton fabric. Automotive Electric Association, Earl Turner, manager, 1365 Ontario

Street, Cleveland, Ohio. This organi- zation represents a branch of the au- tomotive industry specializing in the

installation of electrical units, storage

batteries, and related devices and materials used in motor cars and coaches. Several years ago the association published performance specifications for

electrical units and storage batteries in order to reduce the number of sizes and types of generators and starting motors for motor cars. During the
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 311

past three years the standardization

committee of this association has been

actively engaged in the preparation of a manual which will embrace specifi- cations covering the size of generators

(measured in output) and the size of storage batteries (measured in physical dimensions as well as ampere-hour

capacity), necessary to illuminate sat- isfactorily and operate various sizes of motor coaches. The association is offi- cially represented on committees of the

Society of Automotive Engineers. Better Bedding Alliance of America, S. J. Mills, secretary, 608 South

Dearborn Street, Chicago, 111. This is a national association of mattress and

pillow manufacturers organized for the purpose of improving ethical stand- ards in the industry, to promote the use of better bedding, and to combat

misrepresentation of filling materials. In order to prevent public deception

and unfair competition, this association is promoting the passage of sani- tary bedding laws which empower

State inspectors to inspect bedding fac- tories to insure that each article of bedding is properly labeled as to the kind of filling material used and as to whether it is new or previously used. This organization cooperated with the United States Department of Agricul- ture in the preparation and adoption

of standard grades for cotton linter, and with the Department of Commerce

in the establishment of the simplified

practice recommendation relating to bed sizes. It is now carrying forward

work in an attempt to reduce the number of sizes of feather pillows.

Binders Board Manufacturers Association, O. M. Porter, secretary, 122 East Forty-second Street, New York,

N. Y. The interests of this organization are affiliated with those of the American Paper and Pulp Association. In cooperation with the Employing

Bookbinders of America, it assisted the division of simplified practice of the National Bureau of Standards in the promulgation of the simplified

practice recommendation covering

standard sizes of binder board. Work

is now going forward in correlating

these standard sizes with those of book covers. Biscuit and Cracker Manufacturers

Association of America. (See Technical Institute of the Biscuit and

Cracker Manufacturers' Association,

p. 358.) Bolt, Nut and Rivet Manufacturers

Association, Evans Ward, chairman,

standardization committee, care of

Russell, BurdsaU and Ward Bolt &

Nut Co., Port Chester, N. Y. The

standardization committee of this as- sociation is actively carrying forward

the work of establishing standards for carriage bolts, fin-head bolts, ribbed

neck bolts, button-head machine bolts, countersunk-head machine bolts, and

countersunk-head carriage bolts. The

association maintains representation on the sectional committees on screw

threads for bolts, machine screws,

nuts, and commercially tapped holes, and on bolt, nut, and rivet proportions,

functioning under American Standards

Association procedure.

Building Officials" Conference of America, John W. Oehmann, secre- tary-treasurer, District Building,

Washington, D. C. In cooperation

with organizations interested in build- ing materials and standard methods

of construction, this association as- sisted in the preparation of specifica- tions for lime, stucco, hollow and

solid building units, wall board, and

steel joists. It is now cooperating

with the building-code committee of the United States Department of Commerce in the formulation of a stand- ard building code covering building

regulations. The conference is offi- cially represented on sectional committees on code for building exits ; floor and wall openings ; brick masonry

;

elevators, industrial sanitation, and

walkway surfaces. Bureau of Envelope Manufacturers

of America. (See Envelope Manufacturers' Association of America, p. 318.) Bureau of Explosives, Col. B. W.

Dunn, chief inspector, 30 Vesey Street, New York, N. Y. This bureau functions as an agency for cooperation be- tween the Interstate Commerce Commission and the American Railway Association. It formulated specifications for shipping containers for the trans- portation of explosives and other dan- gerous articles which recently have

been revised and issued as I. C. C.

reports. It maintains a chemical lab- oratory for the study of explosives and

containers, and a force of traveling

inspectors to insure compliance with

the requirements of the specifications.

The bureau is officially represented on

the sectional committee on methods of

testing petroleum products and lubri- cants. Bureau of Railway Economics,

J. H. Parmelee, director, Transportation Building, Washington, D. C. Maintained by the railway companies

for the scientific study of transportation problems, this bureau conducts no
312 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

original standardization work, but

carries on as a fact-finding body in co- operation with the American Railway

Association and the various railway

committees charged with the specific

duty of recommending standardized

materials and practices. California Redwood Association,

R. F. Hammett, secretary-manager, 24

California Street, San Francisco,

Calif. This association has adopted

structural grading rules and specifica- tions of California redwood which con- form to American lumber standards and other essential provisions for structural grades as approved by the American Railway Engineering Association and the American Society for Testing Materials, together with working stresses approved by the Forest Products Laboratory of the United

States Department of Agriculture. It has also adopted specifications for eastern grades of California redwood

lumber and California specifications for structural grades of naturally durable redwood, including standard

specifications of the bridge department

of the California division of highways

relating to bridge timbers and piling.

This association has established a department of inspection and grades

through which the association supervises the grades of all redwood lumber

manufactured by its member mills. Shipments which have been inspected are covered by inspection certificates bearing the official seal and signature

of the association. These certificates insure to purchasers that lumber so inspected conforms to the standard

grades officially adopted by the association. The association is now actively

cooperating with manufacturers of other west coast woods on a program

for the standardization of patterns

and sizes of moldings.

California White and Sugar Pine

Manufacturers Association, B. Scott, acting secretary-manager, Call Building, San Francisco, Calif. Cooperating with the Western Pine Manufacturers Association, this organization

has published standard grading rules for pondosa, California sugar and white

pine, larch, Douglas fir, white fir, spruce, and cedar lumber. These rules conform to American lumber standards. A corps of traveling inspectors

is employed by this association to in- struct member organizations in stand- ard grading practices and to check the

grades. Canners League of California, Preston McKinney, vice president, 215 Market Street, San Francisco, Calif.

This organization, composed of fruit and vegetable canners, has for its objects the improvement in quality and

grades of fruits, standardization of trade practices, and the general up- building of the industry. It has aided

in securing the adoption of a law by

the California legislature requiring all canned peaches, pears, apricots, and

cherries of a grade below certain approved standards to be marked

" Seconds, wholesome fruit unsuited

for the better table grades," together

with a statement indicating the density of the sirup, or, if the fruit is packed in water, a statement that it is without added sugar. This in- formation must be lithographed on the

lid of the can in letters of a specified

size. The league has issued a booklet

in which are incorporated the stand- ards and specifications relating to California canned fruits. It has

standardized the method of determining drained weights for various sizes of fruit cans, and has promulgated

standard contract forms for the sale of canned goods, and for the purchase

from growers of green fruit and vegetables. Cast Iron Pipe Research Association, Thomas F. Wolfe, research engineer, 122 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, 111. The standardization work

of this association relating to cast- iron pipe is confined largely to its activities on sectional committees of the American Standards Association. Work on the standardization of gas

joints is being carried on by this asso- ciation at the American Gas Association laboratory. It maintains a re- search associate at the National Bureau of Standards investigating the causes of soil corrosion. Cast Stone Institute, C. G. Walker,

assistant secretary, 33 West Grand

Avenue, Chicago, 111. This institute is an organization of cast stone manufacturers formed to improve the quality of cast stone and to disseminate

information regarding its use. The

institute has inaugurated a campaign

for standardizing the physical quality

of cast stone, and has also prepared a complete architectural specification

governing the handling and setting of the material. Central Committee on Lumber

Standards. (See Chapter VII, p. 277.) Certified Milk Producers Association of America (Inc.), Harris Moak,

secretary, 360 Park Place, Brooklyn,

N. Y. Standardized methods for the production and distribution of " certi- fied milk" as formulated by the
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 313

American Association of Medical Milk

Commissions have been adopted by

this organization.

Chain Institute, J. K. Holbrook, jr., secretary, 67 Wall Street, New York,

X. Y. An important accomplishment

of this institute has been the reduction

in the number of sizes of chain. In

cooperation with chain manufacturers,

the committee on simplified specifications, which was appointed by the in- stitute several years ago, submitted

recommendations for the elimination

of numerous items relating to various

kinds of chain from manufacturers'

catalogues. These recommendations

resulted in the formulation and adoption of the simplified-practice recom- mendation for welded chains. The

institute's committee is still active in endeavoring to bring about a further

reduction of chains. Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America, E. W. McCullough, manager, department of manufacture ; Philip P. Gott, manager,

trade association department, Washington, D. C. During the nine years

of its existence this department

has cooperated with the United

States Department of Commerce in the elimination of waste in indus- try through simplification and standardization. It has acted in a liai- SGn capacity in bringing together

trade groups representing numerous

industries with agencies of the Federal Government to work out programs

for standardization and simplification

of commodities. The department took an active part in the movement which

resulted in the formulation of simplified-practice recommendations relating

to warehouse forms, and range boilers and expansion tanks. The trade asso- ciation department of the chamber

maintains contact with over 1,000 trade

associations, acquainting them with

the constructive work wT hich may be

carried on as part of their organization programs in standardization, simplification, and technical and scientific research. Items relative to such activities are carried by this department in

its News Letter which is published

monthly. In 1930 the trade association department initiated a study of trade- promotion activities by trade associa- tions which included, among other

things, technical or scientific research. The chamber of commerce is officially represented on the planning committee

which acts in advisory capacity to the

division of simplified practice.

Chlorine Institute, Robert T. Baldwin, secretary, 30 East Forty-second

Street, New York, N. Y. A standard

specification for liquid chlorine was

formulated by this institute in coop- eration with the War Department. It has also prepared and adopted speci- fications and drawings for standard

valves for 100, 105, and 150 pound,

and 1-ton chlorine containers. The

institute is now working in the estab- lishment of container procedure at

liquefaction plants (inspection of transportation containers, etc.), stand- ard method for the determination of hydrogen in loaded tank cars, and

code of practices governing the handling of liquefied chlorine gas containers of multiple-unit tank cars. Clay Products Association, George

C. D. Lenth, secretary and consulting

engineer, 111 West Washington Street, Chicago, 111. Manufacturers of vitri- fied-salt glazed-clay sewer pipe, draintile, wall coping, segmental block, and

flue lining comprise the membership

of this association. Its work in the establishment of standards and speci- fications is carried on by several committees, including the committee on

standardization which works in har- mony with the National Bureau of Standards in matters of research and

testing. It is a member of the American Society for Testing Materials,

and has adopted the latter's specifica- tions for clay sewer-pipe and draintile. The association is at present con- ducting cooperative investigation of sewer-pipe joints at the University of

Illinois, where it maintains a cooperative research fellowship, the efforts

I of which at this time are directed to-

| ward the processes of manufacturing

vitrified clay products, wall coping,

and flue lining. It also carries on

another line of research at the Iowa

State College on the effect of wide

trenches and V-shaped trenches on

trench loads. Coal Mining Institute of America,

W. E. Fohl, consulting engineer, Pitts- burgh, Pa. This organization takes an active part in the mining standardization work going forward under the auspices of the American Standards

Association. It is a member of the mining standardization correlating

committee, and is officially represented on other sectional committees of the

A. S. A. dealing with coal mining

projects.

Commission on Standardization of

Biological Stains, H. J. Conn, chair- man, Agricultural Experiment Station,

Geneva, N. Y. The commission is a cooperative organization affiliated with

the National Research Council and offi-
314 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

cially connected with several scientific societies, the representatives of which

comprise the executive committee of

this organization. Its objects are to improve the quality and to increase the reliability of the biological stains on the market; also to stimulate re- search concerning stains and their

biological uses. The commission does

not manufacture or sell stains, but co- operates with the manufacturers. The manufacturers are urged to sub- mit a sample of each batch of any

stain to the commission for testing be- fore it is put on the market. Any

batch thus tested and found satisfac- tory may then be sold by stain dealers under the commission certification is- sued in the form of labels and attached

to bottles containing stains. At pres- ent nearly 50 stains have been tested and put on the certification basis by

the commission. Under the direction of the chairman, the commission has

issued a revised edition of a handbook

on biological stains containing discus- sion relative to about 20 dyes not cov- ered in the first edition, and also gives

in detail about 75 of the most important staining formulas and procedures

calling for stains. Common Brick Manufacturers' Association of America, Ralph P. Stod- dard, secretary-manager, Guarantee

Title Building, Cleveland, Ohio. In cooperation with the American Face

Brick Association, this organization

sponsored the movement for a simplification of brick sizes conducted under

the auspices of the division of simplified practice of the National Bureau of Standards, which resulted in the formulation and adoption of the

simplified practice recommendation

relating to face brick and common

brick. It also cooperated in the initia- tion of the work of the building code committee of the United States De- partment of Commerce. During the

past year this association prepared

specification for brickwork and other

essential data for the use of architects, engineers, and builders. It maintains a research associate and an

assistant at the National Bureau of Standards investigating the physical

properties of the various grades of brick and types of brick masonry. It

is also investigating the physical properties of brick masonry at other lab- oratories and in the field. The

association is assisting the industry in the application of the certification plan to the Federal specification for common-clay brick. It maintains rep- resentation on the sectional committee on the development of a code of

good practice in brick masonry func- tioning under the rules of procedure

of the American Standards Association. Compressed Air Society, C. H. Rohrbach, secretary, 90 West Street, New York, N. Y. During the past year this association issued a fourth

edition of its pamphlet entitled

" Trade Standards " which embodies

the result of extended study and re- search on the part of the executives and engineers associated with the companies that are members of the

society. This publication embraces

the accepted nomenclature and ter- minology relating to air compressors, and their operation, with appropriate

definitions; explanation of capacities and pressures; a description of the low-pressure nozzle test recom- mended by the society; instructions

for the installation and care of air compressors and recommendations for

their lubrication ; lists of standard

sizes of air receivers ; pneumatic tool- standards; and other information of value. The society is officially repre- sented on the sectional committees on

safety code for compressed-air machinery, frame dimensions of electric motors, and standardization of speeds

of machinery.

Compressed Gas Manufacturers'

Association (Inc.), Franklin R. Fetherston, secretary, 110 West Fortieth Street, New York, N. Y. Numerous committees conduct the standardization work of this association, the recommendations of which are sub- mitted to the test and specification

committee for review. The latter committee has taken an active part in the

revision of the Interstate Commerce

Commission regulations for the trans- portation of explosives and other dangerous articles by freight and ex- press and in baggage service, including

specifications for shipping containers. The valve thread standardization committee has been engaged in selecting suitable standards of design and

thread for cylinder valve outlets and

has submitted recommendations re- garding the adoption of certain standards. It has formulated rules for safe handling and use of compressed gas

cylinders and a schedule of recom- mended safety devices for use on compressed gas containers; also tentative regulations and specifications for the

installation and operation of liquefied

petroleum for storage containers and

appurtenant apparatus. Many stand- ards for use in the compressed gas in- dustries are developed as association standards.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 315

Concrete Products Association,

F. O. Matthiessen, executive secretary, 644 Drexel Building, Philadelphia, Pa. In cooperation with the Portland Ce- ment Association, this organization

assisted in the establishment of the

simplified practice recommendation re- lating to concrete building units. It issues certificates of quality to its members when it is found that their products meet the requirements of the American Concrete Institute standards. Before a certificate of quality is given to a member, his product is tested by a representative of the asso- ciation to determine whether or not it meets the requirements. The certifi- cate is good for the balance of the membership year, and renewals can be

obtained only after tests are made of new specimens Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, M. A. Beenian, secretary, Tribune

Tower, Chicago, 111. This institute was organized to carry on pro- motional and research work and to standardize materials used in rein- forced concrete construction. One of

its important accomplishments has

been the establishment of a simplified

list of sizes of steel reinforcing bars and spiral rods and the formulation

of standards for the various grades of

steel. This movement was sponsored

by the institute and resulted in the adoption of the simplified practice

recommendation relating to these commodities. The institute has adopted

standard weights for billing bars sold on theoretical weights, thereby enabling all its members to bill on the same basis. It is now engaged in the formulation of two or more standard

types of deformed bars, replacing

many different standards now in use which will assist rolling mills to de- crease the cost of manufacture with

a resulting benefit in savings to the members of the institute. In cooperation with the American Concrete In- stitute this organization adopted a

joint building code allowing economical concrete design which has become

the standard for reinforced concrete throughout the industry. This code has already been adopted or permitted

by special ruling in many cities and

is being extended to include several other larger cities of the country. A

special committee has devoted months

of study to a proposed quality mark

for certified new billet steel. This

quality mark, rolled into each bar, will

assist the institute members to distin- guish quality steel from foreign-made

27171—31 21

bars and domestic steel of question- able quality and grade. It has also

in the course of preparation a form

of licensing agreement which will per- mit its members to use the quality cer- tification trade-mark on steel which

measures up to the required standards

of grade and quality. In order to make the quality trade-mark effective, the institute is inaugurating a campaign to educate the users of rein- forced steel to insist on qualitymarked bars in their purchase specifications. In the development of standards and specifications for use

in the reinforcing concrete industry

the institute is actively cooperating

with the American Concrete Institute. American Society for Testing Materials, Portland Cement Association, and

other technical societies. It has issued

several publications dealing with re- inforced concrete building design, a bar card showing standard weights

for bars, and other literature as effec- tive media for promotional work. It has now in course of preparation other

publications relating to designs for

tall buildings, quality marking of re- inforced steel, and fireproof-construction buildings.

Consolidated Freight Classification Committee, Pt. C. Fyfe, chairman, 404 Chicago Union Station, Chicago, 111. " Consolidated Freight Classification "

is the title of a publication dealing

with ratings, rules, and regulations

concerning freight classifications and

carrier charges which has been published under the direction of the chair- men of the official, southern, and west- ern classifications committees. Specifications for freight-shipping containers and the marking and packing of freight are also included among the

rules and regulations.

Contracting Plasterers' International Association, Edward McDonnell,

secretary-treasurer, 4755 Commonwealth Avenue, Detroit, Mich. Several committees appointed by the president carry on the association's work in standardization. It has adopted a

standard specification for lathing and

plastering work, and also a proposed

outline specification for lathing and

plastering intended to serve as a guide

for architects and others in the prep- aration of their specifications for in- dividual building projects. The asso- ciation is officially represented on the

sectional committee on specifications for plastering. Converters' Association. (See Textile Converters' Association, p. 359.)
316 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Copper and Brass Research Association, W. A. Willis, manager, 25 Broadway, New York, N. Y. This

association does not concern itself directly with standardization matters, but does cooperate by representation on committees of the American Society of Civil Engineers, American Society

of Mechanical Engineers, American

Society for Testing Materials, American Institute of Electrical Engineers,

American Standards Association, and

other organizations interested in the formulation and adoption of standards

and specifications. The association maintains a research associate at the National Bureau of Standards investi- gating the corrosion of roofing metals. Cordage Institute, J. S. McDaniel,

secretary, 350 Madison Avenue, New

York, N. Y. This organization assisted

in the revision of the Federal specifica- tion for manila rope, and cooperated

with the National Paper Trade Association in formulating the simplified

practice recommendation for hardfiber ply and yarn goods. One of the

institute's committees is working with

the American Petroleum Institute in preparing standards for cordage used

in oil-well production, while another

committee is carrying on work with

the American Society for Testing

Materials in the standardization of methods of tensile-strength testing

and nomenclature of all hard-fiber products.

Cotton-Textile Institute (Inc.), C. K.

Everett, in charge, new uses section,

320 Broadway, New York, N. Y. The

institute's work in simplification and

standardization is carried on in co- operation with large cloth and yarn consumer organizations and other

bodies. The institute has taken over

the activities of the National Council

of American Cotton Manufacturers.

In its work on standards and specifications, it cooperates with the Federal

Specifications Board in the formulation and promulgation of Federal

specifications for cotton textile commodities. It has prepared specifica- tions for numerous cotton cloths, both

in the gray and dyed, which are used

in the rubberizing and coating trades. These specifications were prepared in cooperation with the standards committee of the Rubber Manufacturers

Association and have now been adopted

as standard. The institute has co- operated with the National Tent and

Awning Manufacturers Association and with individual tarpaulin manufacturers in formulating a new pro- posed standard for marking all waterproofed cotton fabrics for tents and

tarpaulins to show the original gray

goods weight on a square-yard basis, in place of the present practice of marking and identifying these goods by

finished weight. It also cooperated

with the National Tent and Awning

Manufacturers Association in the preparation of a pamphlet setting forth standard definition of terms re- lating to cotton fabrics in the awning,

tent, and tarpaulin trade. It has

adopted standard codes of trade practice for the guidance of the flat duck

and carded yarn groups. Recently the

institute completed a survey for nar- row sheetings manufacturers and sell- ing agents interested in developing the use of cotton fabrics for retail packaging of citrus fruits and vegetables.

The purpose of this survey is to pro- mote the various uses of cotton bags

and bagging fabrics for retail packaging. It also cooperated in the es- tablishment of the commercial stand- ard for regain of mercerized cotton yarns and in the formulation of the

simplified practice recommendation re- lating to standard sizes of hospital and

institutional cotton textiles. The in- stitute has participated in discussions

relative to the preparation of stand- ards to assist the consumer in pur- chases of cotton bed sheets and blan- kets held under the auspices of the American Standards Association. The

institute is represented on the standing committee on the simplification of

hospital and institutional cotton textiles as well as on another dealing

with the standardization and simplification of buffing and polishing wheels. Cover Paper Manufacturers Association, E. H. Naylor, secretary, 44 Vernon Street, Springfield, Mass.

Specific trade practices relating to cover paper are sponsored by this as- sociation. Included in these trade

practices are matters concerning

standard sizes and weights.

Crown Manufacturers Association

of America, Louis B. Montfort, executive secretary, Munsey Building, Washington, D. C. In cooperation with the

division of simplified practice of the National Bureau of Standards the Glass Container Association of America, the American Bottlers of Car- bonated Beverages, and other inter- ested bodies this association effect- ed a standardization of bottle label- ing in that the contents clause is blown plain and conspicuously in the

side of the bottle. The association is now assisting its member manufacturers in developing a crown labeling
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 317

program for standard stock crowns which will conform to the require- ments of Federal and State pure food and drug enforcement laws and regulations. It is now collaborating with

proprietary drink manufacturers who

use crown labels carrying brand names

to standardize on the types of labeling

for synthetic flavored beverages, purefruit flavored beverages, and those which are flavored with the oils de- rived from fruits. Dairy and Ice Cream Machinery

and Supplies Association (Inc.), Roberts Everett, secretary-manager, 225 West Thirty-fourth Street, New York,

N. Y. This association has no stand- ardization committee of its own. It does, however, through several groups

of its membership, take an active part

in such standardization movements as

affect their products. It participated

in the activities of the International Association of Ice Cream Manufacturers in the standardization of ice cream

cans, and is now cooperating in the establishment of a simplified practice

recommendation for ice cream molds

and cartons. Diamond Core Drill Manufacturers'

Association, C. H. Rohrbach, secretary, 90 West Street, New York, N. Y. In cooperation with manufacturers,

drilling contractors, and others, this association assisted the division of trade standards of the National Bureau of Standards in the establish- ment of a commercial standard relat- ing to diamond core drill fittings. The

aim of the new standards is to make

diamond core drill fittings, such as

bits, casing and rods, as produced by

the various manufacturers, inter- changeable in the field, in so far as

controlling diameters, threads, and di- mensions of joints are concerned. To

insure that the fittings actually are

interchangeable, the manufacturers

have adopted a carefully controlled system of gaging, made effective by means of working gages in constant use in the various plants as a guide to satisfactory production. As a further safeguard to the user and in order

that he may know that the fittings he

requires conform to the new standards, the working gages can be procured

only through the association which has

adopted an emblem to be attached to products made in conformity with the new standards, or on packages or car- tons containing standard goods. These

emblems are supplied only to manufacturers who have purchased the nec- essary gages for producing the new

standard diamond core drill fittings.

Diesel Engine Manufacturers' Association, M. J. Reed, research engineer, 30 Church Street, New York,

N. Y. Practically all of the standardization activities of this association are

carried forward in cooperation with

other interested organizations. It is cooperating with the American Society

of Mechanical Engineers, the American

Society for Testing Materials, and the American Standards Association in the formulation of tentative standards for Diesel fuel oil. It is also cooperating

with the National Electrical Manufacturers' Association in standardizing

electric generator sizes and speeds. It has issued a booklet in which are embodied the results of considerable study on the part of executives and

engineers associated with companies

actively engaged in the manufacture

of Diesel engines. This booklet contains several chapters . dealing with

standard principles of business, stand- ard practices, notes on the selection and installation of stationary Diesel

engines, and standard definitions. It

is officially represented on the sec- tional committee on specifications for pressure and vacuum gages.

Drill and Reamer Society, Herbert

S. Blake, secretary-counsel, 74 Trinity Place, New York, N. Y. Having eliminated from catalogue lists the

obsolete types of drills and reamers,

this organization is now engaged,

through its standing committee on simplification and standardization, in list- ing standard drills and reamers in revised catalogues. Eastern Clay Products Association,

Henry T. Shelley, secretary-manager,

Colonial Building, Philadelphia, Pa. Several committees, including the standards committee, carry on the as- sociation's work in standardization. This association has adopted the American Society for Testing Materials'

specifications for clay sewer pipe and

drain tile. It holds membership in the American Society for Municipal Improvements, American Society of Sani- tary Engineering, Association of Highway Officials of the North Atlantic

States, the American Society for Test- ing Materials, and other organizations. It has a staff of trained en- gineers for the purpose of promoting

and servicing the better and more ex- tended use of vitrified clay sewer pipe

and other clay products. Eastern States Blast Furnace and

Coke Oven Association, D. A. Russell,

chairman, coke testing committee, care

of Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co., Youngstown, Ohio. The standardiza-
318 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

tion of methods used for coke testing, so that all plants can compare the re- sults of their work, is conducted by

the coke testing committee of this as- sociation. The association has pre- pared a booklet containing five stand- ard methods for physical tests of coke

and two standard methods for physical tests of coal. These methods con- form with those adopted by the American Society for Testing Materials. The

association is now actively engaged in the standardization of large size tumbler for coke and the preparation of methods of coke sampling. Eastern Supply Association, Frank

S. Hanley, secretary, 261 Broadway,

New York, N. Y. This association,

composed of plumbing and heating

manufacturers and wholesalers, coop- erated in the formulation of many

simplified practice recommendations,

as follows: Range boilers; brass lav- atory and sink traps ; hot-water stor- age tanks ; staple vitreous china

plumbing fixtures ; wrought-iron and

wrought-steel pipe, valves, and fit- tings; staple porcelain plumbing fix- tures; and standard weight malleable

iron or steel screwed unions. It co- operated in establishing commercial

standards for genuine wrought-iron

and steel pipe nipples. Electric Hoist Manufacturers Association, E. Donald Tolles, secretary,

, 165 Broadway, New York, N. Y. In

cooperation with the American Insti- tute of Electrical Engineers, the American Society for Testing Materials, and the National Electrical Manufacturers' Association, standard

specifications covering portable over- head hoists were formulated and ap- proved by this organization.

Electric Steel Founders' Research

Group, R. A. Bull, director, 541 Diver- sey Parkway, Chicago, 111. Since this group was organized in 1920, it has

been engaged in cooperative research work, on improved and standardized

methods for the manufacture of small and medium-sized castings of carbon

and alloy steels. The group cooper- ated officially in the formulation of the simplified practice recommendations relating to malleable foundry

refractories, and has adopted its own

uniform inspection standards governing the manufacture of group com- pany products. Representatives of the group participate as members of various committees of technical so- cieties in standardization activities relating to steel castings and to materials used in their manufacture.

Elevator Manufacturers' Association of the United States, John W.

Ogren, commissioner, 100 West Monroe

Street, Chicago, 111. This association maintains permanent committees for standardizing elevator engineering and

for studying elevator-traffic problems.

The American Standards Association

safety code for elevators, dumbwaiters, and escalators has been

adopted as its standard. Employing Bookbinders of America, Raymond E. Baylis, chairman,

standardization committee, 28 West

Forty-fourth Street, New York, N. Y. This organization cooperated with the Binders Board Manufacturers Association in the formulation of the simplified practice recommendation relating

to sizes of binders boards for stock. The association's standardization committee is now cooperating with manufacturers of imitation leather and book

cloth in the establishment of standard

colors, grades, and widths of these

items. Envelope Manufacturers' Association of America, Charles R. Stevenson, secretary-treasurer, 19 West

Forty-fourth Street, New York, N. Y. Established standards covering grade

of paper, nomenclature, sizes of en- velopes, and tolerances for overruns and underruns on customers' orders have been adopted by this association. Feldspar Grinders' Institute, B. C. Burgess, chairman, committee of standardization, care of Tennessee

Mineral Products Corporation, Spruce

Pine, N. C. At the first meeting of

this institute in 1929, a committee was

appointed to consider the standardization of feldspar in the industry. This

committee formulated recommendations which were submitted to the in- stitute for approval and adoption. In

cooperation with the division of trade standards of the National Bureau of Standards these recommendations were officially acted upon, resulting in the establishment of the commercial

standard relating to grades of feld- spar which have been approved and

adopted by the industry. Felt Manufacturers Association, M. J. Morrison, secretary-treasurer, 17 Battery Place, New York, N. Y. Six grades of rags, including require- ments and quality of materials, are

set forth in a standard classification of rag stock formulated by this or- ganization.

Food Service Equipment Association, Allen Bennett Forsberg, managing director, 10 South La Salle Street,
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 319

Chicago, 111. The president of this association appointed a national committee on standardization and simplification, composed of a chairman and

IS representatives from the different

local clubs of the association, to con- duct a survey of the industry in co- operation with the restaurant, hotel, hospital, and utensil associations. The

association is also enlisting the services of the National Bureau of Stand- ards in formulating standards, specifications, and simplifications of metal

weight, gages, and other items. Forging Manufacturers Association, George H. Weiler, secretary-manager, Grand Central Terminal, New

York, N. Y. This association has not adopted any standard specifications.

It does maintain a specification committee engaged in standardization

work within the industry. This committee also deals with the interpretation of various specifications which

have been established by users of materials, and cooperates with industries

in setting up standard designs or specifications best suited to meet particu- lar conditions or requirements of work.

Gas Products Association, C. T. Price, secretary, 608 South Dearborn

Street. Chicago, 111. Much of the work in standardization of this asso- ciation is carried on by a committee

which is now engaged in defining exist- ing threads used upon oxygen and

acetylene cylinder valve outlet connections. This association cooperated

with the International Acetylene Association in the formulation of specifi- cations covering hose connections for welding and cutting torches. Glass Container Association of America, W. L. Davis, secretary of the standardization committee, 19 West Forty-fourth Street, New York,

N. Y. The standardization committee

of this association representing a membership group of cap and closure and

glass manufacturers has formulated

52 standards covering the various

types of glass finishes used on the present-day glass container. In col- laboration with the National Cap

Manufacturers Association and the

International Association of Milk

Dealers, this association assisted in the formulation of the simplified practice recommendation relating to milk

and cream bottles and bottle caps. During the past year several of the

existing standards have been clarified and improved, and four new types of

glass finishes have been standardized.

The committee is actively cooperating

with similar committees of the American Bottlers of Carbonated Beverages,

American Pharmaceutical Association,

and the National Preservers' Association and with the division of simplified practice of the National Bureau of Standards in the establishment of simplified practice recommendations for preserve jars, drug and pharmaceutical bottles, carbonated beverage bottles, and cottage cheese jars.

Glycerine Producers' Association, Roscoe O. Edlund, manager, 45 East

Seventeenth Street, New York, N. Y. This organization is one of the parts

of the Association of American Soap

and Glycerine Producers. All of its standardization activities are con- ducted by a glycerine research committee, composed of chemists selected from member companies. This committee cooperates with the National Bureau of Standards in the establish- ment of standard grades of refined glycerine and with the Federal Specifications Board in the promulgation of Federal specifications covering all grades of refined glycerine. The association's laboratories make tests of radiator glycerine bought in the open market to determine whether or not it complies with the association's for- mula in order to assure the public a good grade and quality of glycerine.

Those members of the association who

produce radiator glycerine in accord- ance with the formula are permitted

to market the product under the grade name " G. P. A. Radiator Glycerine,"

which is the association's designation

for a new grade of glycerine specially

developed and manufactured for anti- freeze use in automobiles. In addition, the members are also permitted

to use the association's seal on containers bearing the liquid.

Grain and Feed Dealers National

Association, Charles Quinn, secretary, 321 Gardner Building, Toledo, Ohio. During the past year this association has taken over the activities of the United States Feed Distributors Association, and., its name was changed

from the Grain Dealers National Association to the above. This association has adopted as its standard grades of grain those which have been prepared

by the United States Department of Agriculture in accordance with the

grain standards act, passed by Congress in 1916. It has also adopted

trade rules which are designed to gov- ern transactions in feedstuffs between

the direct and affiliated members of
320 NATIONAL BUKEAU OF STANDARDS

the association, and also arbitration

rules for the purpose of settling dis- putes which arise among its members

relating to the sale of grain and feed. The association has also adopted a confirmation blank in order to bring

about uniformity in the confirmation

of trades or transactions among members and to simplify these trades as much as possible so as to prevent

misunderstandings.

Gray Iron Institute (Inc.), Arthur

J. Tuscany, manager, Terminal Tower

Building, Cleveland, Ohio. This in- stitute is a cooperative organization

whose function is to safeguard and

promote the interests of the gray-iron

foundry industry both in the United

States and Canada. It has adopted

certain standard sales agreements,

trade customs, and sales contract forms promulgated by the California State Chamber of Commerce. Through

the work of its research committee

and certain staff members, the insti- tute is now engaged in the preparation of a set of standard recommended

practices for every type of gray-iron

casting used in the industry.

Grinding Wheel Manufacturers Association of the United States and

Canada, Frank R. Henry, secretary. Dayton, Ohio. Standards and specifi- cations prepared and adopted by this association include those for abrasive

grain sizes for grinding wheels and

polishing wheels, steel centers as used

for coping wheels, and size and speci- fications for compression blotters or

posters as applied to grinding wheels. During the past year the committee on simplified practice and elimination

of waste cooperated in revising the

simplified practice recommendation re- lating to standard shapes of grinding

wheels and attachments. The associa- tion is joint sponsor with the International Association of Industrial Acci- dent Boards and Commissions for the

sectional committee on safety code for abrasive wheels. This code has been

approved by the American Standards

Association as an American standard. Gypsum Association, H. J. Schweim,

acting secretary, 211 West Wacker

Drive, Chicago, 111. The association, successor to the Gypsum Institute, con- ducts its standardization work in co- operation with committees of the American Society for Testing Materials. The association has adopted

the following standard specifications

relating to gypsum products prepared

by the A. S. T. M. : Gypsum, plasters,

plastering sand, wall board, plaster

board, partition tile or block, molding

plaster, pottery plaster, Keene's

cement, and calcined gypsum for use

in the preparation of dental plaster.

It has also adopted the standard methods for testing gypsum and gypsum

products. The association also co- operated in the initiation of the work

of the Building Code Committee of the United States Department of Commerce on the section of the code re- lating to gypsum. All gypsum products manufactured by the members of

this association are made to comply

with the requirements of the A. S. T. M.

standard specifications for that particular product. The association is officially represented on the sectional committees on fire tests of building

construction and materials and on

specifications for plastering, function- ing under the rules of procedure of the American Standards Association. Hack Saw Manufacturers Association of America (Inc.), W. P. Jeffery,

managing director, 14 Wall Street, New York, N. Y. This organization

has been instrumental in the formulation of the simplified practice recom- mendation relating to standard sizes of tungsten blades and high-speed

blades. This recommendation has

been unanimously accepted by the in- dustry.

Hardwood Interior Trim Manufacturers Association, J. W. McClure,

acting secretary, 63 South Third

Street, Memphis, Tenn. The rules and regulations promulgated by this association relate to standard grades

for hardwood interior trim and molding. The association has adopted the American standard designs and sizes of wood moldings prepared under the auspices of the Central Committee on Lumber Standards. This association

is officially represented on the sec- tional committee on safety code for woodworking plants.

Hardwood Manufacturers Institute,

J. H. Townshend, executive vice presi- dent, Bank of Commerce Building,

Memphis, Tenn. The grading rules for hardwood lumber, cypress, veneers, thin lumber, and plywood instituted by the National Hardwood Lumber

Association have been adopted by this organization. Based on a series of

tests conducted by the Forest Products Laboratory of the United States Department of Agriculture, the insti- tute has established a standard of es- timated weights of hardwoods of given thickness and moisture content. The institute has inaugurated a "car
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 321

card plan " in accordance with which

it issues licenses to lumber mills which guarantee the contents of sealed cars to be in compliance with

the inspection rules of the National

Hardwood Lumber Association. Heating and Piping Contractors National Association, Joseph C. Fitts, secretary, 50 Union Square East, New

York, N. Y. The standardization of pipe flanges and fittings is sponsored

by this association in cooperation with

other interested organizations under

American Standards Association pro- cedure. Among its many other activities in the standardizing field are the following : Method of estimating radiation, selecting boilers, and installing proper sizes of pipe; dimensions of welding neck flanges for standard pipe,

and extra heavy welding neck flanges for standard or extra heavy pipe;

establishing commercial standards for genuine wrought-iron pipe nipples and

for standard-weight malleable iron or

steel screwed unions ; eliminating

steam-pipe radiators and surplus pipe

sizes, and simplifying hack-saw blades ; and developing a national program for

certified heating, thereby giving as- surance that all such certified plants are properly designed and installed. This association has compiled and published data on computing heat losses, the selection of boilers, and sizing pipes

for steam-heating systems. It is now

preparing a pipe-welding manual.

Standardizing pipe sizes for hot- water systems is one of its recent

projects.

Hickory Handle Association, Guy

E. Basye, secretary, care of W. E. Brunei* and Sons, Heber Springs, Ark. Under the auspices of the division of

simplified practice of the National Bureau of Standards, this association, in cooperation with the National Association of Wood Turners with which it is affiliated, was instrumental in the formulation of the simplified practice

recommendation relating to grading of hickory handles. Hollow Metal Manufacturers' Association, Charles F. Burt, executive

director, Chanin Building, New York,

N. Y. In cooperation with other inter- ested organizations this association is standardizing metal doors and trim,

symbols and schedules therefor, and

template hardware. It' has completed

the standardization of builders' template hardware for cylinder locks and

allied items, and for template butts, this work being carried out in cooperation with the division of trade stand- ards of the National Bureau of Standards. Under the auspices of the

division of simplified practice it initi- ated the movement that finds expression

in the simplified practice recommendations for hollow metal doors and for kalamein doors. Horological Institute of America,

Paul Moore, secretary, care National

Research Council, Washington, D. C. This institute was organized by the National Research Council. Its pur- pose is to establish standards for horological schools. It grades watchmakers, giving examinations in both the

theory and practice of repair work.

Those who pass its requirements are

given certificates. Hydraulic Society, C. H. Rohrbach,

secretary, 90 West Street, New York,

N. Y. Since its organization in 1917,

this society has functioned as the

representative trade organization of the pump industry. It cooperates with

the Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers,

American Mining Congress, the National Fire Protection Association, the United States Department of Commerce, and other trade bodies in a

discussion of problems affecting the pump industry. This society has

adopted standard definitions and

values ; test codes ; classification of pumps ; and instructions for installing

and operating the displacement, centrifugal, rotary, and deep-well types

of pumps. These standards are set forth in a publication, the fifth edition of which has already been issued by

the society. It is officially represented on the sectional committees on pipe

flanges and fittings ; code for pressure

piping ; frame dimensions of electric motors; and recommended practice

for drainage of coal mines. Illuminating Engineering Society,

E. H. Hobbie, general secretary, 29 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York,

N. Y. Specifications for residencelighting luminaires are being spon- sored by both this society and the Association of Edison Illuminating Companies. A sectional committee is re- vising the lighting code for factories,

mills, and other work places. Another

committee of the society is revising

illuminating engineering nomenclature

and photometric standards. These

will be submitted to the American

Standards Association. Other projects for which the society is serving as

joint sponsor are those relating to the code of lighting school buildings

(with the American Institute of Architects) ; automobile headlight
322 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

specifications (with the Society of Automotive Engineers) ; and other sec- tional committee work.

Industrial Truck Association, C. B. Crockett, secretary, 60 East Forty- second Street, New York, N. Y. This

association took an active part in the formulation of the simplified practice

recommendation for standard clear- ance dimensions and over-all sizes of skid platforms.

Industrial Unit Heater Association,

E B. Cresap, secretary, 308 West

Washington Street, Chicago, 111. In

order to establish a standard method

of testing and rating fan-unit heaters

for steam as a heating medium, repre- sentatives of this association and the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers formed a joint code committee for the purpose of preparing a standard code. This code, known as

" Standard Code for Testing and

Rating Steam Unit Heaters," was

approved and adopted by both organizations and published during the year. Institute of American Meat Packers, W. W. Woods, president, 506 South Wabash Avenue, Chicago, 111. The work of standardizing equipment,

supplies, and packs of this institute is supervised by a committee on standardization. The committee receives any proposals members may care to make regarding equipment, supplies, or packs which it is considered advisable to standardize. If the committee believes a proposed project is feasible, it first obtains the views of each of its members as to what stand- ards should be recommended. Technical advice is also obtained from

leading manufacturers. A question- naire is then sent to the institute members indicating the new standards recommended by the committee. If a majority of the replies to the question- naire returned indicate acceptances, the proposed standards are recom- mended for adoption. Standards for the following packing-house supplies,

packs, and equipment have been adopted by the institute: For supplies—lard cans; ropes and twines; brushes ; cheesecloth and muslin ; sausage, lard, and sliced bacon cartons; woodenware and cooperage; paper

(including standard sizes for wrapping

smoked meats) ; boxes and crates (de- tailed specifications) ; and nailed wooden boxes and crates (general

specifications ) ; for packs—lard : sau- sage; and sliced bacon; for equipment—hand trucks and beef and pork

trolleys. At the present time the committee is engaged in developing standards for vinegar-pickled products

packed in glass jars. It is also coop- erating with the division of simplified

practice of the National Bureau of Standards and with the Associated

Cooperage Industries of America in the development of standards for cooperage. Changes in merchandising

methods have influenced the committee on standardization to recommend

increasing the number of standard

packs for lard and shortening by the following weights: iy2 , 3, and 6 pounds. There was also recommended

an additional standard of 16-pound

weight for shortening only. The

standards for 65-pound tubs have been

changed to make the use of handles

optional. The standards for twine for tying paper-wrapped smoked meats

have also been revised as regards the number of feet to the pound and as

to the number of pounds for tensile strength. The institute is officially represented on the sectional committee on the standardization of speeds

of machinery functioning under the

rule of procedure of the American

Standards Association.

Institute of Boiler and Radiator

Manufacturers, F. W. Herendeen, sec- retary, Geneva, N. Y. This organization, formerly known as the National

Boiler and Radiator Manufacturers'

Association, is composed of manufacturers of low-pressure cast-iron boilers and radiators for heating purposes. The standardization work of the insti- tute is carried on by a techincal committee, the members of which are

selected by the chairman. This committee formulated the steam heating

boiler testing code for solid-fuel burn- ing low-pressure steam boilers which was approved and adopted by the institute. In cooperation with the committee on construction of buildings of the National Board of Fire Underwriters,

the institute cooperated in the preparation of a standard ordinance for chimney construction suitable for use

in cities and towns or as a model for a State law. The institute is officially represented on the boiler code committee of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and on the

sectional committee dealing with

standard dimensions for pipe threads.

Institute of Makers of Explosives,

C. Stewart Comeaux, secretary, 103 Park Avenue, New York, N. Y. For- mulation of standard recommended

sizes of cartridges and strengths of high explosives is one of the chief functions of this institute. It is offi- cially represented on the sectional
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 323

committee on recommended practice

for the use of explosives in bituminous

coal mines.

Institute of Paint and Varnish Research, Henry A. Gardner, director of

laboratory, 2201 New York Avenue

iNW., Washington, D. C. Working in harmony with the National Bureau of Standards on paint and varnish re- search, with the Federal Specifications

Board in preparing specifications on

these commodities, and conducting

original research work for the American Paint and Varnish Manufacturers

Association are the main activities of

this organization.

Institute of Radio Engineers, Harold P. Westman, secretary, 33 West

Thirty-ninth Street. New York, N. Y. This institute, which numbers among

its membership nearly all of the men

who have become prominent in the de- velopment of radio in the United

States, as well as many noted radio engineers and scientists in other countries, has been active since its organization in 1912 in standardizing radio

terms, symbols, and nomenclature. The committee on standardization,

which is under the supervision of the board of directors of the institute, is engaged at the present time in con- sidering reports of the four technical committees which have prepared ten- tative standards on radio receivers and parts, transmitters and antennas, vacuum tubes, and electroacoustic devices. The institute has prepared and

is now revising several bulletins relat- ing to standard graphical symbols

used in radio communication ; provisions for safety of operating personnel

in relation to radio transmitting equip- ment ; vacuum-tube base standards

;

and standard tests of broadcast radio

receivers. The institute is one of the member bodies of the American Stand- ards Association. It is represented on the radio advisory committee of the National Bureau of Standards and on

the council of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and Associated Societies. It is joint sponsor with the American Institute

of Electrical Engineers for the sec- tional committee on radio, and is offi- cially represented on five other sectional committees dealing with the follow- ing projects: Specifications for dry

cells and batteries, definitions of elec- trical terms, scientific and engineering

symbols and abbreviations, standards

for drawings and drafting room practice, and table of preferred numbers.

Insulated Power Cable Engineers

Association, H. G. Burd, secretary, care of Anaconda Wire & Cable Co., 25 Broadway, New York, N. Y. The

membership of this association is composed entirely of engineers employed

by power cable manufacturers. It was

organized to prepare specifications,

conduct research, and to discuss tech- nical engineering problems of common

interest. The association has formulated and adopted specifications for varnished cambric insulated wires and

cables, and in cooperation with the

Association of Edison Illuminating

Companies it has assisted in the prep- aration of paper cable specifications.

It is now engaged in a cooperative re- search program to determine losses in large conductor cables. The association acts as an advisory committee to the power cable division of the National Electrical Manufacturers Association and through this channel it cooperates in the work of committees

of the American Standards Association and other national standardizing

bodies. International Acetylene Association, A. C. Morrison, secretary-treasurer, 30 East Forty-second Street, New

York, N. Y. In promulgating stand- ards for the industry, this association cooperates with the Underwriters'

Laboratories in matters of construction of acetylene generators, blowpipes,

and regulators, and with the National

Board of Fire Underwriters and the National Fire Protection Association as regards standards for the installation and operation of acetylene equipment.

In the construction of cylinders used

in the transportation of acetylene gas,

this association adopts the shipping

container specifications of the Interstate Commerce Commission. It has

issued a set of standards for hose con- nections on gas regulators and blowpipes or torches, and has recently ap- pointed a committee to prepare stand- ards for connections for hose sizes in excess of three-eighths inch. At the present time, the association is collabo- rating with the Compressed Gas Manufacturers Association in the formulation of standards for threading of valves used in cylinders for storing

compressed gases. The association is officially represented on three sectional committees on identification of piping

systems, methods of rating rivers, and

safety code for mechanical refrigeration.
324 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

International Apple Association, R.

G. Phillips, secretary, 1108 Mercantile Building, Rochester, N. Y. At the request of dealers of fresh fruits and

vegetables, this association formulated

and adopted standard rules and defi- nitions of trade terms for the fruit and vegetable industry which have

been approved and also adopted for use by the American Fruit and Vegetable Shippers' Association, Colorado

Potato Shippers' Association, Fruit and

Vegetable Brokers' Association, Melon

Distributors' Association, and the Western Fruit Jobbers Association of America. This association was instru- mental in the enactment of several laws affecting the industry. It participated in the passage of the applegrading law, the United States stand- ard barrel laws for fruits, vegetables,

and other dry commodities, and in the enactment of the United States stand- ard container act fixing standards for climax baskets for grapes and other

fruits and vegetables. In conjunction

with representatives of the Horticultural Society and others, this associ- ation was responsible for the drafting

of the New York State standard applecrating law which is now being used

as a model for similar laws passed in other States. International Association of Blue

Print and Allied Industries, Glen

Edwards, executive secretary, 431 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, 111. The standardizing of widths, weights,

content, and speed of coated blue-print paper has been undertaken by this as- sociation. This work has been carried on in cooperation with various depart- ments of the Federal Government. The standardization of the measure- ment of blue prints is receiving the

attention of this association. International Association of Electrotypers of America, Fred W. Gage,

chairman standardization committee,

care of Gage Printing Co. (Ltd.), Battle Creek, Mich. Through the work of

its standardization committee this as- sociation has established certain stand- ards for the electrotyping and printing

industries. At its annual convention

held in Milwaukee in 1930 the recom- mendations of the committee relating

to thicknesses of unmounted electro- types ( when made for use as " ad

plates " or on " patent bases "), curved

electrotypes, and shell; angle of bevel on plates to be used on " patent

bases " ; and formula of electrotypebacking metal were formally approved

and adopted by the association and

accepted as standards by the two industries. The association maintains a research associate at the National Bureau of Standards engaged in making

studies of some of the various operations of electrotyping for the purpose

of determining the best method for making electrotypes. International Association of Gar- ment Manufacturers, A. F. Allison, secretary, 395 Broadway, New York,

N. Y. This organization represents 17

associations or groups actively en- gaged in standardization work for the garment industry. It has adopted commercial standards for boys' blouses,

shirts, waists, junior shirts, and men's pajamas. It is cooperating with the Federal Specifications Board in the formulation of Federal specifications for measurements for dress and work

shirts. It is continuing its work on

the standardization of cost methods,

pocketing fabrics, cotton thread for factory-made work pants, cutting, sewing, and pressing. International Association of Ice Cream Manufacturers, Fred Rasmussen, executive secretary, Telegraph

Building, Harrisburg, Pa. This asso- ciation is carrying forward a program

of standardization of equipment

through its simplified practice committee. It has adopted specifications for standard ice cream cans of the

5, 2y2 , and 1 gallon size (high, low, or squat types) which have been ap- proved by the National Conference on Weights and Measures. The simiplified practice committee cooperated

with similar committees of the Inter- national Association of Milk Dealers

of the Allied States Creameries Association in the formulation and adoption of standard specifications re- lating to paper-seal fittings and in the preparation of standard inter- changeable sanitary pipe and fittings. The committee is now working on the standardization of ice cream cups, ranging in size from the 5 and 10 cent cups to the quart size. It is also co- operating in the establishment of a

simplified practice recommendation

for ice cream brick molds and cartons. International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions, Ethelbert Stewart, secretary, United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, D. C. This asso- ciation initiated, and is cosponsor for, the revision of a code for the stand- ardization of industrial accident

statistics. It is joint sponsor for

five sectional committees, as follows

:

Safety code for abrasive wheels (with

the Grinding Wheel Manufacturers'
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 325

Association of the United States and

Canada) ; safety code for mechanical

power transmission apparatus (with

the American Society of Mechanical

Engineers and the National Bureau of Casualty and Surety Underwriters) ; safety code for rubber machinery

{with the National Safety Council) ; safety code for woodworking plants

(with the National Bureau of Casualty and Surety Underwriters) ; standardization of methods of record- ing and compiling accident statistics {with the National Council on Compensation Insurance and the National

Safety Council). International Association of Milk

Dealers, R. E. Little, executive secre- tary, 228 North La Salle Street, Chicago, 111. Through its committee on

standardization of equipment, this as- sociation has cooperated with other organizations having a common interest in the standardization of products

in the industry. It has adopted stand- ard sanitary pipe and fittings and

sanitary thermometer connections for various sizes of pasteurizing vats and

glass-lined tanks. The association ini- tiated the movement which resulted

in the simplified practice recommendation for milk and cream bottles and

bottle caps. In cooperation with milk

can manufacturers, the committee has

prepared specifications providing for two standard can neck diameters for

facilitating the interchange of milk

ean covers of the various manufacturers. At the present time, the associa- tion is cooperating in the establish- ment of a simplified practice recom- mendation for standard cottage-cheese

jars. International Association of Municipal Electricians, W. H. Harth, secretary, City Hall, Columbia, S. C. Fourteen committees appointed by this association are engaged in standardi- zation projects relating to construction, equipment, and operation of fire and police telegraph, traffic signals, electrical inspection, light, heat, and

power systems. This association has

adopted the following specifications:

Single-conductor weatherproof-braid rubber-insulated wire ; lead-incased

steel-taped armored cable for orna- mental street lighting systems; weatherproof copper-covered steel wire ; un- derground lead-incased cable; steel- taped armored cable ; loom-covered or spiral-woven aerial cable; and singleconductor flameproof-braid rubber-in- sulated wire. The association is offi- cially represented on the sectional committees on regulations for electric

wiring and apparatus in relation to

fire hazard; national electrical safety code; code for protection against

lightning; and code for electricity meters. International City Managers' Association, Clarence E. Ridley, executive

secretary, 923 East Sixtieth Street, Chicago, 111. This association maintains representation on a joint committee known as the National Committee on Municipal Reporting which

prepares standard specifications for municipal reports. Other organizations cooperating in this project are

the National Municipal League, the Governmental Research Association,

and the American Municipal Association. The association is conducting a

research program in the field of meas- urement standards for governmental

services. The principal project on which it is at present engaged is that

of municipal sanitation, including

street cleaning, snow removal, and

refuse removal and disposal. A ten- tative report dealing with these subjects and entitled "The Measurement

and Control of Municipal Sanitation " has been prepared and published by

this association. It is officially repre- sented on the sectional committees on

cotton rubber-lined fire hose and safety code for grand stands. It also maintains representation on a joint committee which cooperated with the American Standards Association in the standardization of street signs, signals,

and markings.

International Society of Master

Painters and Decorators (Inc.), E. J. Bush, secretary-treasurer, 127 North

Jefferson Avenue, Peoria, 111. The

society cooperates with other organizations in all matters of standards which may be of interest to its members. It has adopted certain standard

colors and color folders corresponding

thereto. In order to eliminate the dif- ferences of opinion regarding colors and shades as designated by name, the

society has adopted a numbering sys- tem which makes it possible to desig- nate definitely which color is desired. The society cooperated in the estab- lishment of the commercial standard

for grades and color of wallpaper.

Ladder Manufacturers Association

of America, J. C. A. Leppelman, president, care of Consolidated Pump &

Ladder Co., 1608 Tracy Street, East

Toledo, Ohio. This association was

officially represented on the sectional committee on safety code for ladders which was approved as American

standard by the American Standards
326 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Association and adopted by this association. It permits its licensed member manufacturers to use the association's label on all ladders which have

been inspected and found to comply

with the requirements of the code from the point of view of safety.

Laundryowners National Association of the United States and Canada,

W. E. Fitch, general manager, Joliet,

111. Standardization of laundry methods is one of the major functions of

this association. The new American

Institute of Laundering, representing an investment of three quarters of a

million dollars, was dedicated on September 16, 1930. It is controlled and

operated by the association, provides

complete facilities not only for re- search work but also for a vocational

training school in all departments of laundering and a commercially oper- ated laundry as a practical research and development institution—giving

leadership to present-day practices and

standards for the industry. In matters of research this association re- ceives the cooperation of a number of other associations of national recognition, including the Cotton Textile

Institute, Wool Blanket Manufacturers' Association, the Lowell Textile Institute, and the National Bureau of Standards. Its department of research

is revising its authoritative Manual

of Standard Practice for the Power

Laundry Washroom. In other respects the activities of this association are

diverse and far-reaching. They in- clude the formulation of standards for processing laundry work in all depart- ments; surveys previous to making

recommendations for improving powerplant practice, proper maintenance of equipment, additions to existing plants,

and mechanical layouts of new plants

;

issuance of publications dealing with

the conservation of textiles, as well as proper methods of laundering them

;

installation of uniform methods of laundry cost accounting; and a de- partment of merchandising. It is joint sponsor for the sectional committee on safety code for laundry machine and operations, and is officially represented on two other sectional committees on frame dimensions of

electric motors, and standards and

specifications for sheets and sheeting.

Lead Pencil Institute (Inc.), Nelson

B. Gaskill, president, 16 Jackson Place,

NW., Washington, D. C. The insti- tute is cooperating with the division of

simplified practice of the National

Bureau of Standards in revising and

extending the scope of the simplified

practice recommendation relating to lead pencils. This recommendation, in

its original form, was established under the auspices of the division with

the cooperation of the Pencil Makers

Association and the Wholesale Stationers of the United States of America.

Locomotive Crane Manufacturers

Association, P. A. Orton, secretary, 608 South Dearborn Street, Chicago,

111. An important activity of this association has been the formulation

and adoption of locomotive crane rat- ing standards covering all standard

gage rail locomotive crane capacities.

It maintains representation on the sec- tional committee on safety code for

cranes, derricks, and hoists. Machinery Builders' Society, W. C. Fulmer, secretary, 50 Church Street, New York, N. Y. The society has

developed a testing code for hydraulic

turbines which formed the basis for the code of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. It has also formulated specifications for bronze

propellers, standard rules of obsoles- cence covering patterns, jigs, and fix- tures ; standard markings for patterns

;

standard contract form ; and standard

accounting and cost system. It is offi- cially represented on the sectional committee on standardization of speeds

of machinery.

Malleable Iron Research Institute,

Robert E. Belt, secretary, Union Trust

Building, Cleveland, Ohio. The offi- cial standards adopted by this insti- tute for malleable castings for railroad and other work are those which have been formulated by the American Society for Testing Materials and the mechanical division of the American Railway Association.

It helped to formulate the simplified

practice recommendation for malleable foundry refractories. Through labora- tory and engineering work, the insti- tute assists its member plants in the manufacture of products which con- form to the requirements of these

specifications. Manufacturers whose

products conform to the institute's specifications certificates are permitted to use its trade-mark in advertising.

Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve and Fittings In- dustry, Albert C. Taylor, general sec- retary, 103 Park Avenue, New York,

N. Y. This society is joint sponsor
STANDABDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 327

with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers for the sectional committee on pipe flanges and fittings. The simplified practice recommendation covering wronght-iron and

wrought-steel pipe and pipe fittings was sponsored by this organization. Several of its committees are establishing standards and specifications for screw fittings, valves, hydrants,

and other products.

Manufacturing Chemists' Association of the United States, Warren N. Watson, secretary, 921 Woodward

Building, Fifteenth and H Streets, NW., Washington, D. C. Having

standardized the tables for aqua ammonia, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, and zinc chloride, this association has prepared specifications for graduates, thermometers, and

other laboratory apparatus. Specifica- tions for carboys, steel barrels and

drums, tank cars, containers for in- secticides, and miscellaneous packages

are now in process. The work on

standards for containers, conducted in conjunction with the Bureau of Explosives and the American Railway

Association, has been completed and

incorporated in the official specifica- tions of the Interstate Commerce

Commission. Developments of new

containers necessitate constant attention to the question of specifications

by the association's technical committees. Maple Flooring Manufacturers Association, E. C. Singler, secretary, 332 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, 111. This association is interested, among

other things, in the establishment and

enforcement of uniform grades and

standards, and improvements in methods of manufacture. It has adopted

grading rules for northern hard maple,

beech, and birch flooring. Pursuant

to a resolution adopted at a joint

meeting of this association, member

manufacturers are permitted to use

the association's trade-mark on all flooring which is standardized and

guaranteed by the association when

passed upon by the association's official inspector, provided the grade name and species of the wood is stamped on each bundle of flooring.

The association has inaugurated a

" car card plan " by which it furnishes

certificates to manufacturers, who, in issuing them, guarantee the contents

of sealed cars to be in conformity with

the grading rules of this association. Metalware Institute (Inc.), Warren

S. Smith, secretary, 342 Madison Avenue, New York, N. Y. This institute, formerly known as the Sheet Metal

Ware Association, sponsored a move- ment for the elimination of needless

sizes of products in the metal-ware

industry- It cooperated in the formulation of the simplified practice rec- ommendation relating to sizes of tin- ware, galvanized, and japanned ware.

It is officially represented on the sec- tional committee on the safety code

for power presses and hand presses. Millers' National Federation, Her- man Steen, secretary, 307 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, 111. This or- ganization includes about 70 per cent

of the active capacity of the milling

industry. Practically all the work in standardization is carried on by committees created by the board of directors who also define the activities of each committee. The committee members are appointed by the chairman of the board. The federation's committee on package differentials has been

working for a number of years on the

standardization of flour packages and

the differential between packages of various sizes. From time to time the committee issues a schedule of price

differentials for those sizes commonly

used in the industry. The account- ing committee has recommended a standard system of accounting which

is now being generally used by milling

companies. The committee on flour definitions and standards and the committee on grain standards and in- spection are cooperating with the United States Department of Agricul- ture in presenting the views of millers with respect to the definitions and

standards of flour and by-products,

and grain formulated by that depart- ment. The sales-contract committee'

of the federation adopted a uniform

sales contract superseding a great

majority of private sales contracts which were previously employed by

millers. Milling Cutter Society, The, Herbert S. Blake, secretary-counsel, 74

Trinity Place, New York, N. Y. Through its standing committee on

simplification and standardization this society is now engaged in listing

standard milling cutters in revised

catalogues.

Millwork Institute of California, Lester G. Sterett, secretary, administrative headquarters, 523 T. W. Patterson Building, Fresno, Calif. The

institute has issued a publication

known as "Accredited Standards for Architectural Woodwork." These
328 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

standards set forth minimum require- ments as regards grades of material,

methods of construction and quality of workmanship to be expected in mill- work items. The standards cover all items of millwork including recom- mended form of millwork specifications. Predicated upon the accredited standards for architectural woodwork,

is a certification program, under which

carefully selected manufacturers

whose products conform to the provi- sions of the standards and who subscribe to the provisions of the license agreement, are licensed by the insti- tute as " manufacturers of architec- tural woodwork." Their plants are

-designated by a license number issued by the institute. The initial list of li- censed manufacturers included 50 dif- ferent plants in California. All products of licensed members are identified by labels or stamps carrying the words

" architectural woodwork " and " certified by Millwork Institute of Cali- fornia," supplemented by the institute insignia and the license number of the member furnishing the work. The in- stitute is cooperating with the architects in California in the interest of the certified woodwork program. Mine Inspectors Institute of America, C. A. McDowell, secretary, postoffice box 64, Pittsburgh, Pa. The in- stitute's standardization work on se- lection, installation, or use of equipment in mines is carried forward in cooperation with the American Standards Association. The institute is offi- cially represented on the mining

standardization correlating committee

and is serving as sponsor on the A.

S. A. sectional committee on safety

code for mine explosives, and is rep- resented on five additional sectional committees dealing with both coal and metal mining equipment and the

safe operation thereof. Mirror Manufacturers Association,

North Storms, secretary, 2217 Tribune

Tower, Chicago, 111. A committee of

this association cooperated in the es- tablishment of the commercial stand- ard for mirrors which includes five distinct grades and standards of quality based on the presence of certain

defects which may be found in plate

glass. The association permits its manufacturers to use self-identifying

quality-guaranteeing labels on mirrors

manufactured in accordance with the grades set forth in the commercial

standard relating to this commodity.

National-American Wholesale Lumber Association, W. W. Schupner, sec- retary, 41 East Forty-second Street,

New York, N. Y. The object of this association is to promote the interests of the lumber wholesaler, to assist him in better merchandising methods,

and to bring together lumber manufacturers, wholesalers and retailers for the purpose of establishing merchandising practices. This organization took an active part in the stand- ardization program of the Central Committee on Lumber Standards and

with the consulting committee on lumber standards in the establishment of the American lumber standards relat- ing to grades, sizes, and nomenclature

of softwood lumber. National Association of Builders

Exchanges, Earl F. Stokes, executive

secretary, Bond Building, Washington,

D. C. The objects of this organization

include the promotion and protection

of the general interests of the build- ing industry of the United States. Its principal purpose is to secure and

maintain the highest standard of effi- ciency in the erection and maintenance

of buildings and in the adoption of suitable standards for the manufacture and installation of building materials, supplies, and appliances. It cooperated with the American Insti- tute of Architects in a revision of the standard form of bond to be used in connection with the fourth edition of the standard form of agreement and

general conditions of the contract. In

the field of simplification this associa- tion assisted in the preparation of over

15 simplified practice recommendations

covering materials used in the build- ing industry. It has adopted a stand- ard code of ethics and also a standard

set of rules for operating quantity- survey bureaus for builders exchanges.

It also took a leading part in the work

of the National Committee on Wood

Utilization regarding the use of short- length lumber. The association is now

cooperating with the division of build- ing and housing of the National Bureau of Standards in drafting a uni- form mechanics' lien act. It is offi- cially represented on the sectional committee on recommended practice

for brick masonry.

National Association of Building

Owners and Managers, Lewis B. Ermeling. executive secretary, 134 South

La Salle Street, Chicago, 111. This as- sociation comprises 40 federated local building owners and managers associ- ations throughout the country. Its chief standardization work has been

the adoption of uniform methods for

floor measurement of rentable areas in

office buildings and the development of
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 329

a standard classification of accounts

so that managers in different cities will be able to make a comparison be- tween their operating costs. It has

also formulated and adopted a stand- ard code of ethics. The association is officially represented on eight sectional committees dealing with safety codes, building materials, and construction. National Association of Dyers and

Cleaners of the United States and

Canada, Paul C. Trimble, managing

director. Silver Spring, Md. In de- veloping standard practices for the laundry industry, this association is cooperating in research work with the Laundryowners National Association

of the United States and Canada. It has developed and issued numerous

standards relating to methods and

practices for use in the cleaning industries, the more important of which

are the following : Dry cleaning of fur and leather garments; dry cleaning, wet cleaning, and finishing of trans- parent velvets ; wet cleaning summer

suits ; rug cleaning ; hat cleaning and

blocking ; testing for deterioration of

fabrics; and restoration of discolored

furs. The association cooperated in the establishment of the commercial

standard for Stoddard solvent. In- vestigational work is now in progress on dry and wet cleaning of rayon

fabrics ; dry-cleaning soaps ; and dyeing of celanese. During the past year, the association has prepared a set of standards relating to dry-cleaning

service from the standpoint of the con- sumer which it is planning to present

to the Federal Trade Commission for approval. These standards will serve as a measure of protection to the public at large.

National Association of Fan Manufacturers, E. B. Cresap, secretary, 308 West Washington Street, Chicago, 111. This association formulates standards and codes for fans and blowers. In

cooperation with the Industrial Unit Heater Association and the American

Society of Heating and Ventilating

Engineers a standard code for testing

and rating of unit heaters was published during the past year. Through

a joint committee of the American

Society of Heating and Ventilating

Engineers and this association, and in cooperation with a subcommittee of the Power Test Code Committee of the American Society of Mechanical

Engineers, a standard test code for disk and propeller fans, centrifugal

fans, and blowers was formulated and

has been in universal use since 1923.

During the past year the association adopted a standard method of designating discharge and rotation for centrifugal fans, including also arrange- ment for drive. It is officially repre- sented on sectional committees on

safety codes for conveyors and con- veying machinery, exhaust systems,

and standardization of speeds of machinery.

National Association of Farm

Equipment Manufacturers, H. J, Sameit, secretary, 608 South Dearborn

Street, Chicago, 111. This association cooperates with other organizations in the reduction of variety of materials and shop equipment used in the manufacturing operations of its members.

The association represents many dif- ferent lines of manufacture, and be- cause of this diversity, it has been di- vided into eight trade departments,

the names of which indicate their

scope, as follows : Ensilage machinery,,

farm wagon, gas engine, plow and till- age implement, pump, sprayer, tractor and thresher, and water system. Several of these trade departments have

been engaged in reducing varieties and

sizes of farm equipment, but the most

notable accomplishment has been

made by the plow and tillage implement department. This department,

several years ago, succeeded in reduc- ing varieties and sizes of plow and

tillage implements from 2,156 to 255r an elimination of 88 per cent. Since

that time, the growing demand for larger power farming equipment has

necessarily added a number of new

tools, but styles, sizes, and varieties are still being kept at the lowest possible point. This association has is- sued a booklet containing specifica- tions and grading and inspection rules for wagon-wood stock. The latter rules were adopted jointly by this as- sociation and the National Hardwood

Lumber Association. The association

is developing specifications for materials used for farm equipment.

National Association of Finishers

of Cotton Fabrics, George L. Sawyer,

secretary, 320 Broadway, New York,

N. Y. The membership of this association is composed of job finishers who bleach, dye, or print cotton goods

according to instructions from the owner of goods. It has adopted stand- ard methods for testing cotton fabrics

to determine their fastness to light

and power-laundry washing. The

standards for fastness to light repre- sent satisfactory fastness for the pur- pose for which a fabric was produced.
330 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Likewise, those for washing represent

satisfactory fastness to power-laundry

washing with white goods. The latter standards are in accordance with the washing methods recommended and

approved by the Laundryowners National Association of the United States and Canada. Arrangements have been

made by the association with a commercial testing laboratory to conduct

tests of all goods to determine the degree of fastness to light and washing. Licensed finishers whose goods

receive an "A" or " B " rating for fast- ness to light and washing are granted

the use of the association's " Nafal

label, showing that the particular

dyeing from which the sample was

taken has passed the requirements

and tests of the association's stan- dards for fast colors. National Association of Flat Rolled

Steel Manufacturers, George H. Charls,

president; A. N. Flora, vice president,

511 Terminal Tower Building, Cleveland, Ohio. Standards formulated by

the Association of American Steel Manufacturers, with respect to per- missible variations in gage width, gage thickness, size, and flatness of sheets and light plate blue annealed,

have been adopted by this association. Its simplification committee is now working on sizes and gages of sheet steel and the elimination of the use of light-weight material for roof- ing purposes. Another committee is conducting studies to determine the proper weight standard of zinc coat- ing for galvanized roofing. Another

problem before the association is the

unification of gages in the flat rolled

steel industry with a view to estab- lishing a uniform gage, fraction or decimal practice. This organization

cooperates with the United States De- partment of Commerce and municipalities in formulating new and re- vised existing building codes. In addition to cooperating with the United

States Department of Commerce on

the standardization of gages, it also cooperates with groups of fabricators

in the establishment of standards for

flat rolled steel products. It is offi- cially represented on the sectional committees on standards and specifica- tions for refrigerators and specifi- cations for zinc coating of iron and

steel. The trade research division of the National Association of Flat Rolled Steel Manufacturers is the re- search and trade extension branch of the association. This division has

conducted research on the resistance I

of sheet and strip steel to fire, corrosion, and lightning in farm and in- dustrial buildings, garages, and other

structures. It has cooperated with

the National Bureau of Standards in conducting fire tests on all-steel garages, steel roofing, and steel office furniture and equipment.

National Association of Glue Manufacturers (Inc.), H. B. Sweatt, sec- retary-treasurer, 55 West Forty-second Street, New York, N. Y. During

the past year the techncal division of

this association has revised the speci- fications relating to standard methods

for determining viscosity and jelly

strength of glue.

National Association of Golf Club

Manufacturers, C. B. Johnson, secretary, 744 North Fourth Street, Mil- waukee, Wis. Through a joint committee composed of representatives of

this association and the Hickory Golf Shaft Association, this organization

cooperated in the establishment of the commercial standard for quality of hickory golf shafts. National Association of Hosiery

and Underwear Manufacturers, J. N. McCullaugh, managing director, 468 Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Y. This association has adopted stand- ards for moisture content and regain

for mercerized cotton yarns, percent- age of oil on rayon yarn for knitting,

length of all hosiery, hosiery boxes,

and method of measuring the size of

all hosiery. During the year the asso- ciation made a study of stainless lubricating oil for all knitting machines, which resulted in a tentative

specification. This has received the approval of the oil refiners and the

knitting industry, and many hosiery

manufacturers are now purchasing

lubricating oil in accordance with this tentative specification. At the request

of this association and through its re- search associate, the National Bureau

of Standards is cooperating in the de- velopment of a standard aviators' hose

for winter flying, and standard speci- fications for the construction of all hosiery. This association maintains a research and an assistant research

associate at the National Bureau of Standards for the purpose of studying methods of manufacture of hosiery

and knit goods. To date over 4,200

manufacturing problems have been

studied and completed.

National Association of Manufacturers of Heating and Cooking Appliances, Allen W. Williams, secretary, 3440 A. I. U. Building, Columbus,
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 331

Ohio. Although this organization, for- merly known as the National Association of Stove Manufacturers, has not

yet adopted any standards or specifications, it has assisted member companies in working out simplification

and standardization programs within

their plants. The association's committee on simplified practice is coop- erating with the division of simplified

practice of the National Bureau of Standards in the elimination of excess

varieties of stoves and ranges burning

coal, wood, or gas as fuel. National Association of Marble

Dealers, Victor Mosel, secretary, 721

Rockefeller Building, Cleveland, Ohio. Standard specifications covering the

erection of interior marble work have

been formulated and adopted by this association. It is officially represented on the sectional committee for safety code for walkway surfaces. National Association of Master Plumbers of the United States, Jere

L. Murphy, chairman, standardization committee, 340 East Forty-fourth

Street, New York, N. Y. This organi- zation is interested in standardizing

plumbing materials and equipment of

all kinds, including their installation

in buildings. Practically all of this work is carried on by the standardiz- ing committee on plumbing equipment.

During the past year this committee

cooperated with the Eastern States manufacturers in the standardization

of copper boilers, connections, and outlets. It prepared standards for con- nections and dimensions of staple vitreous china plumbing fixtures and

for porcelain (all clay) plumbing fix- tures. At the present time the committee is engaged on the following standardization projects : Enameled

iron sanitary ware, traps and water

seals to prevent sewer air from enter- ing buildings, compression faucets,

flush tank mechanism and flush valves, supply pipes, escutcheons and connection to plumbing fixtures, proper con- nections for plumbing fixtures that are

built in solid brick and concrete walls

;

and cast iron soil pipe and fittings. The association cooperated with the Building Code Committee of the United States Department of Commerce in the revision of the report

dealing with recommended minimum

requirements for plumbing. It is offi- cially represented on five sectional committees on standardization of plumbing equipment, pipe thread, pipe

flanges and fittings, gas safety code, and on standards for drawings and

drafting room practice.

27171—31 22

National Association of Mopstick

Manufacturers, W. A. Babbitt, manager, Box 517, South Bend, Ind. Since its organization about a year and a half ago, this association has

appointed committees to set up stand- ards within the industry. In cooperation with the National Association

of Wood Turners, it assisted in the establishment of the commercial

standard for sizes and grades of mopsticks. Committees are now at work

on additional standards for the mopstick industry.

National Association of Motor-Bus

Operators, John M. Meighan, secre- tary-manager, Mills Building, Washington, D. C. As the trade association

of the motor-bus transportation business, this organization is engaged in the development and promulgation of uniform practices and standards within the industry, and in the promotion

of uniform laws and regulations under which the industry must function. This association has formulated a

code of principles covering the basic

requisites of a public-transportation

service with respect to safety, reliability, and comfort, as well as the handling of traffic, interline relationships, rates, cost accounting, etc. It has also formulated a set of uni- form rules covering the actual details

of operation. These have been subscribed to and adopted by all members

of the association. It takes an active part in the work of the National Conference on Street and Highway Safety

and the Motor Vehicle Conference

Committee. In connection with the

latter body, this association has been

influential in the development of a uni- form motor-bus specifications code,

which is being recommended for adoption by the various State regulatory

agencies. Through its nation-wide col- lection and dissemination of general

information on the bus, together with

statistical studies covering special

phases of the industry, this association is rendering a service to leg- islatures and other groups interested

in the adoption and promotion of sound

laws governing bus transportation.

National Association of Musical Instrument and Accessories Manufacturers. (See National Musical Merchandise Manufacturers Association,

p. 341.) National Association of Mutual

Casualty Companies, J. M. Eaton, sec- retary, 180 North Michigan Avenue,

Chicago, 111. The standardization work of this association is conducted

largely in cooperation with sectional
332 NATIONAL. BUREAU OF STANDARDS

committees of the American Stand- ards Association. It is officially rep- resented on the safety-code correlat- ing committee and is active in the de- velopment of industrial safety codes.

It is joint sponsor with the Laundry- owners National Association of the United States and Canada and the Association of Governmental Officials in Industry of the United States and Can- ada for the sectional committee on

safety code for laundry machinery and

operations. It is also officially repre- sented on 23 additional sectional committees. National Association Practical Refrigerating Engineers, Edward H.

Fox, secretary, 435 North Waller Avenue, Chicago, 111. Through its committee on standards, this association

assists the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, American Society

of Refrigerating Engineers, American

Standards Association, and other or- ganizations in the formulation of standards for pipe flanges and fittings

and codes for mechanical refrigeration

and pressure piping.

National Association of Purchasing

Agents (Inc.), George A. Renard, sec- retary-treasurer, 11 Park Place, New

York, N. Y. Groups and committees

within the association are working in the fields of simplification and stand- ardization in cooperation with similar committees of other organizations and

various units of the Federal Government. The association initiated the movement for a reduction of catalogue

sizes which resulted in the national standard catalogue size now indorsed and accepted by 10 organizations, in- cluding the United States Department

of Commerce. Committees of this as- sociation assisted in formulating simplified practice recommendations for

classification of iron and steel scrap

specifications, standard warehouse

forms ; paper sizes, and in the promulgation of standard contracts for fuel

oil and pig iron. It cooperated with

the National Coal Association in the preparation of the standard coal con- tract form and with the Conveyor

Equipment Manufacturers Association in the preparation of standard

forms of contract for erected and nonerected conveyor equipment, both of which have been approved and adopted

by this association. Through the work

of its own committee and in collaboration with committees of the American

Electric Railway Association, National Electric Light Association, and

the National Electrical Manufacturers

Association, this organization initiated

the movement which resulted in the formulation of standard electrical contract forms for the purchase of

electrical machinery. It also co- operated in the establishment of commercial standards for brass pipe

nipples, domestic and industrial fuel

oils, and dress patterns. A code re- lating to buying and selling, proposed

by a conference composed of leading

industrial executives, including sales and purchase representatives, and

sponsored by the association, has been

widely accepted by industrial organizations. The association is officially represented on sectional committees

on standardization of gears, wire and

sheet metal gages, specifications for zinc coating of iron and steel, stand- ards and specifications for sheets and

sheeting, classification of coals, and

specifications for wood poles. At its annual convention held in Buffalo, N. Y., in 1929, this association adopted

a resolution approving and indorsing

the grade marking of softwood lumber. A resolution offering its cooperation to the division of simplified practice in the survey looking to simplifi- cation and standardization of pole

line hardware was adopted at the as- sociation's 1930 annual convention

held in Chicago. Several committees

of this association are now engaged

on the following projects : Simplifica- tion of steel filing equipment, with

particular reference to color and

sizes ; standardization of grades and

colors of fine (office and record) papers ; standardization of uniform

markings on valves and fittings; and

simplification of laboratory glass- ware. The association is participating

in the activities of the Central Committee on Lumber Standards, the National Committee on Wood Utilization,

and the planning committee of the

division of simplified practice.

National Association of Railroad

Tie Producers, Roy M. Edmonds, sec- retary, 1252 Syndicate Trust Building,

St. Louis, Mo. Under the joint spon- sorship of the American Railway Engineering Association and the United

States Forest Service, this association was officially represented on the sec- tional committee on specifications for

cross ties and switch ties which were

formally approved as American stand- ards by the American Standards Association and adopted by this and 13 other organizations.

National Association of Real Estate Boards, Arthur J. Mertzke, di- rector, department of education and

research, 59 East Van Buren Street,
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 333

Chicago, 111. In cooperation with the American Institute of Architects, this association has established minimum

standards for home building and also national standard forms for brokers and for other branches of the business, for the purpose of clarifying the re- lationship between broker and client. It has also adopted standards of appraisal practice for realtor appraisers and appraisal committees of local real-estate boards. This association

lias also formulated two standard

model appraisals, one relating to office buildings and another dealing with

apartment buildings. The association

is officially represented on sectional committees on recommended practice for brick masonry and specifications for plastering.

National Association of Sheet Metal

Contractors of the United States, W.

C. Markle, secretary, 336 Fourth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. The standards

of recommended practice in fabricat- ing and erecting sheet-metal ware for the building industry have been published in a book entitled " Standard

Practice in Sheet Metal Work" which was prepared by the trade development committee of this association. The standards relate to the following

subjects : Roofing, gutters, conductors,

flashings, and corrugated-iron work;

skylights and ventilators ; metal cornices, metal ceilings, warm-air fur- naces ; heating and ventilating sys- tems ; blow pipe and exhaust systems

;

fire and kalamein doors ; hollow metal

doors and trim; hollow metal windows ; restaurant, kitchen, and hotel equipment, and protective coatings

and paints. Members of this associa- tion and representatives of the National Hardware Association of the United States jointly cooperated in the formulation of the simplified practice recommendation dealing with

sizes for eaves trough, conductor el- bows, and fittings. The association is represented on the sectional committee on specifications for zinc coating

of iron and steel. National Association of Steel Furniture Manufacturers, J. D. M. Phillips, secretary, Union Trust Building,

Cleveland, Ohio. A wide variety of

steel furniture is provided for in the standard specifications formulated by

this body. It has also issued stand- ards for safes which comply with the requirements of the Underwriters'

Laboratories label service. National Association of Waste Materials Dealers, Charles M. Haskins,

secretary, Times Building, New York,

N. Y. Standard classifications for waste materials, including metals,

rubber, paper, and cotton and woolen

rags, have been established by this association and published in its Blue

Book, which is issued once in every

five years. During the past year it has included among its activities the newly organized National Wiping

Cloth Standardization Association which functions as a division of this association. (For the activities of the N. W. C. S. A. see sketch on p. 347.) National Association of Wood

Turners (Inc.), W. A. Babbitt, general secretary, Box 517, South Bend,

Ind. Much of the standardization and

simplification work of this association has been in cooperation with the divi- sion of simplified practice of the National Bureau of Standards. It coop- erated with the Hickory Handle Association and the Ash Handle Association in the formulation of simplified

practice recommendations relating to these items. The association is also cooperating with the National Associ- ation of Mopstick Manufacturers and

the division of trade standards of the National Bureau of Standards in the establishment of commercial standards

for sizes and grades of mopsticks. It

is now developing standards for other turned and shaped wood products.

The association maintains representation on the sectional committee on

safety code for woodworking plants.

National Association of Wooden

Box Manufacturers, R. H. Morehouse,

secretary, 111 West Washington Street, Chicago, 111. Cooperating with the American Railway Association, the Bureau of Explosives, the Federal

Specifications Board, and other regulating bureaus, this association as- sisted in the formulation of standard

specifications for wooden boxes and

crates used on the Pacific coast. It has compiled and issued publications on wooden box and crate construction and packing for foreign and domestic

shipment (nailed wooden crates and

boxes). It has also issued pamphlets

containing new specifications for wooden boxes and crates for the use

of its members. The association is officially represented on the sectional committee on safety code for woodworking plants.

National Association of Wool Manufacturers, Walter Humphreys, secre- tary-treasurer, 80 Federal Street, Boston, Mass. This association cooperates

with the Wool Institute on matters of standardization. Through the work of

its committees it has established stand-
334 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

arcl definitions relating to clean wool, clean content of wool, normal condition of wool, and shrinkage. It is at present conducting a joint research with the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists on chemical processes and application of dyes

and chemicals to materials manufactured in the wool industry. The asso- ciation is officially represented on the

sectional committee on safety code for

textiles. National Automobile Chamber of Commerce, Alfred Reeves, general manager, 366 Madison Avenue at Forty-sixth Street, New York, N. Y. This

organization cooperates with the Society of Automotive Engineers and

other associations in the development

of standards and specifications for the automotive industry. It cooperated

with committees of the National Conference on Street and Highway Safety

in preparing and promulgating State and city traffic ordinances. The chamber is officially represented on sectional committees on safety code for auto- mobile brakes and brake testing and

on standards for graphics.

National Battery Manufacturers

Association, C. M. Angell, chairman

technical committee, care of Vesta Battery Corporation, 6501 West Sixty-fifth

Street, Chicago, 111. The technical committee of this association conduct- ed a series of life and cold weather

tests of batteries. The results of these

tests have been published in tentative practice form and recommended for use to all members of the association. The committee is now standardizing

the sizes of starting battery compart- ments and bus and truck batteries. The association maintains representation on the sectional committee on defi- nitions of electrical terms. National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors, C. O. Myers,

secretary-treasurer, 145 North High

Street, Columbus, Ohio. This organi- zation is composed of the chief inspectors of the various States and cities in the United States who have adopted

the American Society of Mechanical

Engineers' Boiler Code. Its purpose

is to secure standardization in the en- forcement of this code; to maintain

uniformity in the construction, installation, and inspection of steam boilers and other pressure vessels and their appurtenances ; and to cooperate with

the A. S. M. E. code committee in the

revision and interpretation of rules governing the construction, installation, and operation of steam boilers.

Boilers constructed in accordance with

the A. S. M. E. code and inspected

during construction by an inspector

holding a national board commission

may be stamped " National Board." Over 125 boiler manufacturers are now

authorized by the board to place the approved stamp on their boilers. National Board of Fire Underwriters, W. E. Mallalieu, general manager,

85 John Street, New York, N. Y., During the past year the board adopted

the following standard regulations

recommended by the National Fire

Protection Association : Installation and operation of acetylene equipment

for lighting, heating, and cooking; in- stallation and operation of centrifugal

fire pumps; installation, maintenance,

and use of first-aid fire appliances;

installation of pulverized fuel sys- tems; storage and handling of photographic and X-ray nitrocellulose

films; installation of pulverizing sys- tems for sugar and cocoa ; installation

of class B sprinklers equipments ; and

suggestions for the organization, drill- ing, and equipment of private fire brigades. Also, in the course of the past year, the board prepared and

published regulations for the construction and operation of pyroxylin lac- quer manufacturing plants, and for

the construction of merchandise

vaults ; recommended good practice re- quirements for the construction and

protection of airplane hangars ; and

suggested ordinances for fire prevention, providing safeguards against fire hazards during the construction of buildings; and gave suggestions for the organization and regulation of volunteer fire departments. It has

also issued a revised edition of the

National Electrical Code to conform

to the revisions and amendments

which were adopted in 1929. As a member of the fire-protection group

the board is joint sponsor with the American Society for Testing Materials and the National Bureau of Standards for specifications for fire tests of materials and construction,

and with the American Society for Testing Materials for specifications for rubber-lined fire hose. The board is joint sponsor for two sectional committees, as follows : Screw threads for

fire-hose couplings (with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers

and the American Water Works Association), and insulated wires and

cables for other than telephone and

telegraph use (with nine other

organizations).
STANDARDS YEARBOOK) 1931 335

National Building Granite Quarries Association (Inc.), H. H. Slier- man, secretary, 31 State Street, Boston, Mass. Complete granite specifications have been established by this association. It has also formulated

a uniform proposal blank which

serves to standardize terms and conditions in submitting estimates, and

uniform contract blanks which are recommended for general use on

granite work contracts. National Bureau of Casualty and

Surety Underwriters, L. L. Hall, sec- retary, 1 Park Avenue, New York,

N. Y. The chief activity of this bu- reau is standardization of safety codes, but its operations also include some

standardization of a more general nature, including rating methods and

practices for the several forms of casualty insurance. It is a member

body of the American Standards Association, and is serving as joint sponsor

for four sectional committees, as fol- lows : Safety code for amusement

parks (with the National Association

of Amusement Parks) ; code for con- veyors and conveying machinery ( with

the American Society of Mechanical

Engineers) ; code for mechanical

power-transmission apparatus (with

the American Society of Mechanical

Engineers and the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards

and Commissions) ; code for woodworking plants (with the International Association of Industrial Accident

Boards and Commissions).

National Canners Association,

Frank E. Gorrell, secretary, 1739 H

Street, NW, Washington, D. C. During the past year the association recom- mended the establishment of 27 stand- ard sizes of cans. This recommendation was presented by the simplifica- tion committee of the association to a

joint conference of canners, wholesalers, chain stores, and retailers. It was approved in principle, but the con- ference suggested a further survey to obtain additional data which might

lead to a further elimination of several

of the standard sizes. In connection

with the administration of Federal laws requiring the establishment of

definitions and standards for various canned foods, the association cooperates with Federal officials in the formulation of these definitions and standards. It also cooperates with both Federal and State officials in matters

pertaining to proper labeling of canned

foods and in efforts to prevent mis- branding or adulteration. The association conducts research work in its

laboratories located in San Francisco,

Seattle, and Washington for the im- provement of methods, materials, and

products in the canning industry.

National Cinder Concrete Products

Association, Harry H. Longenecker, sec- retary, Insurance Co. of North America Building, Philadelphia, Pa. Cin- der concrete building units, stand- ardized as to content, dimensions, and

fire-resistance qualities, are being

studied by the Underwriters' Laboratories under the direction of this association. Contraction of finished product, caused by age and moisture content, is under investigation, as is the maximum permissible carbon content

of cinders as a component of cinder

concrete. A research associate at the National Bureau of Standards is making further studies of cinder concrete

building units and their application.

National Coal Association, C. B. Huntress, executive secretary, Southern Building, Washington, D. C. This

association is one of the member bodies

of the American Standards Association and has participated in the formulation of standards adopted by that

body. It is officially represented on

the mining standardization correlat- ing committee and on 11 sectional committees dealing with the mining of bituminous coal. National Committee on Wood Utilization, Axel H. Oxholm, director,

United States Department of Commerce Building, Washington, D. C. The committee is an impartial body

composed of 155 members representing the Government an 3 private organizations of consumers, distributors, and

producers of forest products whose object is to bring about closer wood uti- lization and better manufacture and

distribution of forest products. Fiftyfive national associations are repre- sented on the committee. During the

past year the committee has completed

and issued publications relating to the following subjects: The uses and

economies of treated lumber, devoted

to a discussion of the methods of pre- serving lumber and the possible use of treated lumber by the small consumer

;

the results of the test of the Scandi- navian gang saw in converting small

logs into lumber ; a report on a veneer edge gluing machine which eliminates the use of tape; the second volume of a series of bulletins containing suggestions for making useful and ornamental objects from discarded wooden con- tainers and odd pieces of lumber ; a

treatise on the use of wood in rayon

production; and the report on saw-
336 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

dust, wood flour, and shavings which

has been revised and enlarged. The

second edition (consumers) of the

series of bulletins to encourage the more extensive use of small dimension

stock, is in preparation, as are also publications treating of the following

subjects : Education of the public as

to what is good design and construction in furniture, the use of insulating

material in house construction, a bulletin for the prospective home owner

relative to the points to be considered when judging a house, and a manual

for carpenters treating of light frame

construction. During the past year,

in cooperation with trade and profes- sional associations, the committee con- ducted a campaign to direct the atten- tion of lumber buyers to the protection afforded them in specifying grademarked lumber in their purchase contracts. The projects of the committee are promoted through the efforts of its members who make recom- mendations to the trade groups with

which they are affiliated and by means

of educational exhibits and publicity. In its efforts to put its recommendations into practice the committee co- operates with Government agencies as

well as with other consumers and pro- ducers. The committee maintains

representation on the sectional committee on specifications for wood poles.

National Cottonseed Products Association (Inc.), Earl S. Haines, executive secretary, 2610 Sterick Building,

Memphis, Tenn. This association, suc- cessor to the Interstate Cottonseed Crushers Association, has formulated

and adopted standard definitions of grade and quality of cottonseed ; pea- nuts; cottonseed, peanut and coco- nut oils (crude and refined) ; peanut

cake; cracked cake and screenings; cottonseed meal, whole pressed cotton- seed and peanuts ; peanut meal ; cot- tonseed hulls ; cottonseed linters ; and

soap stock and acidulated soap stock.

It has also adopted standard methods

of chemical analyses of cottonseed

;

cottonseed hulls ; cake and meal ; and

crude and refined oils, including coco- nut and soybean. It has also issued

rules governing the sampling, inspection, weighing, and sale of cottonseed

products. This organization cooperates with the Bureau of Chemistry and

Soils and the Bureau of Agricultural

Economics of the United States De- partment of Agriculture on research

in oils and fats and on the grading of cotton linters and cottonseed. In matters of trading rules it cooperates with

the American Feed Manufacturers' Association and the New York Produce

Exchange and other commodity ex- changes. The association has recently

inaugurated a plan which has become

a part of the association's trading

rules for the development of standard

methods for grading and evaluating

cottonseed. Under this plan oil mills

will base their quotations on basis cottonseed and will pay premiums for quality cottonseed containing combined

qualities of oil and protein (meal)

above basis standard. Likewise off- quality product will bring less than

basis cottonseed. The plan is designed

to benefit all interests in the industry,

namely, producers, shippers, ginners,

and oil mills. In order to make its rules, definitions, and analyses effective, the association will expel any member from the organization who

has been found guilty of misbranding

or adulteration. National Crushed Stone Association

(Inc.), A. T. Goldbeck, director, bureau

of engineering, 1725 Fourteenth

Street, NW., Washington, D. C. In

the field of research, the activities of

this association are conducted by its bureau of engineering, while in matters of standardization, the work is carried on by the committee on stand- ards under whose direction function

rive subcommittees dealing with the standardization of commercial sizes of crushed stone ; drilling, quarry, and

plant equipment; and specifications

and the marking of supplies and

equipment. During the past year the

association's laboratory made tests on

crushed stone and gravel concrete

;

and studied the effect of dust-coated stone on the strength of concrete, the

effect of flat and elongated pieces of stone on the quality of concrete, soundness of stone, durability of mortar and concrete, stone screenings,

and the stability cf bituminous mixtures. Several recommendations have

been made by the committee on standards, among which is one on standardization of sizes of crushed stone which

the association, in cooperation with

other mineral aggregates associations,

is planning to submit for adoption as

a simplified-practice recommendation.

The association is officially represent- ed on several technical committees of the American Society for Testing Materials in the formulation of stand- ards for sand and stone; on committees of the American Concrete Insti- tute in the preparation of standards

for aggregates ; and on the American

Railway Engineering Association's committee on specifications for bal-
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 337

last. The association also cooperated

with the Federal Specifications Board

in the formulation and promulgation

of Federal specifications relating to road and paving materials. National Die and Special Tool Builders Association. George R. Tuthill, sec- retary, 40 North Wells Street, Chicago,

111. The standardization work of this association is carried on by a committee which was appointed by the

president with the approval of the board of directors. Its function is to develop standard practice rules and

standard degrees of workmanship for

tools, dies, and special machinery.

Any standard formulated by the standardization committee must first be approved by the board of directors and then submitted to the entire membership for final approval and adoption by the association. Through its committee, it has adopted standard

classification sheets for class A, AA,

B, and C dies, and is now engaged in preparing a set of specification sheets covering the classification of jigs similar to those for dies. A subcommittee is now engaged in developing

a standardized estimate sheet. National District Heating Associaton, D. L. Gaskill, executive secretary, 603 South Broadway, Greenville, Ohio. This association has formulated

rules for computing the area of radiating surface required for heat- ing buildings. It has issued booklets and directions relating to the con- servation of heat, applicable not only

to district heating but also to other methods of heating. These booklets have been supplemented by a handbook which embraces the various subjects covered by district heating. It has also established recommendations

relating to underground installation and the conveying of steam over con- siderable distances in the heating of

buildings. The association is officially represented on the sectional committees on code for pressure piping, and

standardization of dimensions and

material of wrought-iron and wroughtsteel pipe and tubing.

National Door Manufacturers Association, H. L. Stillwell, secretary, 19 South LaSalle Street, Chicago, 111. Through its own efforts and in cooperation with other organizations, this association has adopted standard lists of doors, open sash, glazed sash, panel

doors, and outside blinds, showing cuts and lists for standard designs, sizes, and layouts, and rules corresponding

thereto. During the past year this association adopted a hardwood veneer door list and revised its publication

relating to standard designs of wood

moldings. It is now engaged in the formulation of a slab or flush door list which will serve as a supplement to the hardwood veneer door list. The

association is officially represented on, and cooperates in the work of, the Central Committee on Lumber Standards

and that of the Consulting Committee

on Lumber Standards,

National Education Association of the United States, J. W. Crabtree, sec- retary, 1201 Sixteenth Street, NW,

Washington, D. C. The details for standard planning and constructing of school buildings are set forth in School House Planning, a book published by this association in cooperation with several other national bodies.

It is officially represented on the sec- tional committees dealing with codes

for building exits and lighting of school buildings.

National Electric Light Association,

Paul S. Clapp, managing director, 420 Lexington Avenue, New York, N. Y. This association is joint sponsor with

four other societies for studies of boil- er feed-water problems. It is joint sponsor for two sectional committees,

as follows : Insulated wires and cables

for other than telephone and telegraph use (with nine other organizations) ; and rules for electricity meters (Code

for Electricity Meters) (with the Association of Edison Illuminating Companies and the National Bureau of Standards). As a member of the elec- tric light and power group it is also joint sponsor for a sectional committee on miscellaneous line materials.

Its committee on codes and standards has formulated certain principles and

practices in the standardization field which have been issued in pamphlet

form. Included among the active standardizing committees of this as- sociation are the following : Accident

prevention, electrical apparatus, hydraulic power, meters, inductive coor- dination, overhead systems, prime movers, and underground systems.

National Electrical Manufacturers'

Association, A. W. Berresford, managing director, 420 Lexington Avenue,

New York, N. Y. In cooperation with

45 national organizations including

technical societies, trade associations,

and several agencies of the Federal Government interested in various phases of standards for electrical apparatus and supplies, this association has established conference com-
338 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

mittees on standards in the electrical industry, and is joint sponsor or sole sponsor for 13 sectional committees.

The association is joint sponsor with

the American Institute of Electrical Engineers for the following eight proj- ects : Electric mine locomotive control apparatus, electric arc welding and

resistance type welding, electrical measuring instruments, industrial control apparatus ; line insulators for volt- ages not exceeding 750, oil circuit breakers, disconnecting and horn gap

switches, specifications for power line insulators for voltages exceeding 750, and rotating electrical machinery. It

is also joint sponsor with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers

on frame dimensions of electric motors, and specifications for rolled threads for screw shells of electric sockets and lamp basing; with nine

other organizations on insulated wires

and cables ; and with the American

Mining Congress on mining locomotives for coal mines, trolley, storage

battery, and combination types. It is sole sponsor for terminal markings for

electrical apparatus. The association has issued, and keeps under constant

revision, the following publications

covering standards for the manufacture, performance, and test of electri- cal apparatus and supplies, and in- structions for their proper installation, operation and care : Electric shows and exhibits, handbook of radio standards, handbook of supply standards, industrial control standards, in- struction for the care and operation of transformers, laminated phenolic products standards ; motor and control in- struction handbook, national electrical code—its purpose and development,

need for a uniform electrical ordi- nance, power switchboard and switch- ing equipment handbook, selection of

direct-current motors for direct con- nection to centrifugal fans, standard

accounting and cost system for the

electrical industry, transformer standards, uniform electrical ordinance, and

vulcanized fiber standards. The asso- ciation encourages its member manufacturers voluntarily to accept its standards for the class of material in which each manufacturer is interested,

and to assist in promoting the approval of its standards by the American Standards Association. National Engineering Inspection Association, Watson Vredenburgh, president, 122 Greenwich Street, New

York, N. Y. This organization is made

up of individuals, partnerships, or corporations regularly engaged in the

general practice of engineering inspection, and its object is to promote

proper understanding and cooperation

between these groups; to establish practices which will prove beneficial

to proper service and to develop and

encourage better and more effective inspection methods. The association

is now formulating tentative methods

of procedure for the inspection of:

Steel, including structural (at rolling

mills, fabricating plants, and during

erection) ; reinforcing, boiler and fire- box, and castings; steel pipe; steel rails; cast-iron pipe and fittings; ce- ment and concrete; and timber, in- cluding ties, piles, poles, and lumber

used for structural purposes. The as- sociation plans eventually to adopt

standard methods of procedure for the

inspection of practically all materials,

either separately, or in groups, for which recognized manufacturing

standards, such as those of the Ameri- can Society for Testing Materials,

American Standards Association, and

other industrial or regulatory bodies have been adopted and are now in commercial use. A code of ethics out

lining the proper methods to be employed by members in their business

relations with each other has been

adopted by the association. National Federation of Radio Associations (Inc)., H. G. Erstrom, executive vice president, 32 West Randolph

Street, Chicago, 111. This organization, formerly known as the Federated

Radio Trade Association, has a memship of 55 associations, comprising

local, State, territorial, and other radio groups engaged in the promotion and

development of the radio industry. A

national organization of radio wholesalers, the Radio Wholesalers Association, is affiliated with this body. The

federation has not as yet engaged in standardization matters, although it has recommended standard trade practices in selling and merchandizing

radio apparatus. It has also issued a booklet, nationally approved and dis- tributed, containing a code of stand- ards for radio advertising to prevent

unfair and fraudulent advertising.

The federation has created a set of registration standards both as to ex- perience and education for radio

service men. Examinations are given

in local communities for the purpose

of registering and grading service men

into three classes, thereby placing a

definite rating on every man's ability.

The federation has also prepared and

distributed a booklet containing a standard constitution, by-laws, and
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 339

other information to be used in the formation of local radio trades

associations. National Fence Manufacturers Institute, Charles M. Best, secretary, Oliver Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. The

work of the institute is carried on by

a standards committee, whose function

is to make recommendations to the membership concerning standardization activities. The institute cooper- ated in the establishment of the simplified practice recommendation for woven-wire fencing. It is represented on the sectional committee on specifi- cations for zinc coating of iron and

steel. National Fertilizer Association, Charles J. Brand, executive secretary, 616 Investment Building, Washington,

D. C. Working under the leadership

of this association, a large portion of the fertilizer-using territory has adopted a method of determining ratios of the three fertilizer ingredients in 10

per cent steps. This association coop- erates with Federal and State agencies,

agricultural colleges, experiment stations, and extension services. National Fire Protection Association, Franklin H. Wentworth, managing director, 60 Batterymarch Street, Boston, Mass. During the past year committees of this association have

formulated the following standard reg- ulations which have been adopted by

the association : Installation of pulverized fuel systems ; storage and handling of photographic and X-ray nitro- cellulose films ; installation of sprinkler

equipments (class B) ; suggestions for the organization, drilling, and equip- ment of private fire brigades ; coal pneumatic cleaning plants ; ovens for Japan enamel and other flammable

liquids ; marine oil terminals ; oil- burning equipment ; protection of openings in walls and partitions ; gasoline

stoves for cooking and heating; in- stallation, maintenance, and use of piping for city gas ; prevention of dust

explosions in wood-flour manufacturing establishments ; prevention of dust

ignition in spice-grinding plants ; inert gas for fire and explosion prevention ; construction operations ; and garages. These standards have also been adopt- ed by the National Board of Fire

Underwriters and other organization?

interested in fire protection and prevention. Numerous technical committees

are now actively engaged in the preparation of regulations on various subjects, including aviation fire hazards,

hazardous chemicals and explosives,

automatic sprinklers, blower systems,

building construction, fire pumps, and

gases. The regulations on marine fire hazards prepared by this association have been approved by the American

Marine Standards Committee. The as- sociation is joint sponsor for five sec- tional committees functioning under

American Standards Association pro- cedure, as follows: Safety code for building exits, regulations for electric wiring and apparatus in relation to

fire hazard (National Electrical Code,

edition of 1930), insulated wires and

cables for other than telegraph and

telephone use, fire-fighting equipment

in metal mines, and safety codes for

the prevention of dust explosions.

National Founders Association, .T. M.

Taylor, secretary, 29 South La Salle

Street, Chicago, 111. Standardization,

as such, is outside the scope of this association. However, it is joint sponsor, with the American Foundrymen's

Association, for the sectional committee on a safety code for the protection of industrial workers in foundries.

It has issued a booklet entitled " Minimum Standards of Foundry Apprenticeship " in which are set forth cer- tain requirements concerning the nec- essary steps to be taken in developing

a 4-year foundry apprenticeship.

National Hair and Jute Felt Manufacturers Association, Allen Bennett

Forsberg, managing director, 10 South

La Salle Street, Chicago, 111. Standards for weights per square yard and

loom run widths on jute and hair felt- made by the needle loom punching

process, have been approved by this association for adoption by manufacturers in the industry. A standard

terminology applicable to the various

jute and hair mixes is now being pre- pared by a committee of this association, which is also formulating stand- ards on nature of contents, weight,

and width of all principal products of

the industry so as to prevent adulteration.National Hardware Association of the United States, George A. Fernley,

secretary-treasurer, 505 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa. In cooperation

with the American Hardware Manufacturers Association, this association

assisted in the formulation of the simplified practice recommendation for commercial sizes of steel sheets. The

association is represented on numerous committees which have prepared

simplified practice recommendations

for loaded paper shot shells, flashlights, packages for insecticides and

fungicides, and other commodities.
340 NATIONAL BTJKEAU OF STANDARDS

National Hardwood Lumber Association, L. S. Beale, secretary, 2408 Buckingham Building, Chicago, 111. The standards, specifications, and

codes of this association are based on

its own standard rules for the meas- urement and inspection of hardwood

lumber, cypress, veneers, thin lumber,

and plywood. These rules are now ac- cepted practically the world over as

representing the correct standards for the grading of hardwood lumber. It has also adopted a sales code which

establishes uniform practice in trans- actions involving the sale and pur- chase of hardwood lumber. The asso- ciation maintains a staff of bonded in- spectors in the principal producing and

consuming centers of the country who

are authorized to issue certificates on lumber shipments. These certificates are backed by this association with an

adequate financial guarantee. It is officially represented on sectional committees on specifications for cross ties and switch ties and methods of testing

wood.

National Hay Association (Inc.), Fred K. Sale, secretary. 600 Board of Trade, Indianapolis, Ind. This associ- ation established and adopted stand- ard grades for hay and straw which

formed the basis of Federal specifica- tions for these commodities. It has

also adopted trade, inspection, and

weighing rules to govern the sales of hay and straw. National Jewelers Board of Trade,

B. L. Shinn, secretary, 22 West Fortyeighth Street, New York, N. Y. This

board has formulated recommended

practices covering descriptions of dia- monds, precious stones, pearls, and

their imitations. These recommendations were adopted by the industry,

and were later made the basis for cer- tain Federal Trade Commission's rules

in accordance with a trade practice conference held in 1929. National Lightning Rod Manufacturers Association, E. R. Stotts, general manager, care of Dodd &

Struthers, Des Moines, Iowa. When

this association was organized, a committee was appointed by the president

to formulate and assist manufacturers

in setting up standards for the pro- duction and installation of lightning

rods. As a result of cooperative work

by this committee and a committee

composed of representatives of the National Bureau of Standards and the American Institute of Electrical Engineers a code for protection against

lightning was prepared and published

by the National Bureau of Standards.

This code has also been adopted and

published by the National Fire Protection Association, and the Underwriters' Laboratories. At present

this committee is cooperating with

the farm fire-protection committee in keeping the standards which have al- ready been adopted in harmony with

the work of the latter committee. It

is also cooperating with members of the association to insure that lightning rods manufactured by them comply

with the standard requirements. The

association is officially represented od

the sectional committee on code for protection against lightning.

National Lime Association, Norman

G. Hough, president and general manager, 927 Fifteenth Street, NW„

Washington, D. C. This association has formulated and adopted stand- ards and specifications for: Paper;

strawboard ; glass ; leather : insecti- cides, fungicides, and disinfectants

;

lime plaster, lime stucco, lime mortar, and lime in concrete ; lime in asphalt, concrete, and earth roads

;

beet sugar, cane sugar, and sorghum

sirup ; bleaching powder, bleaching

liquor, and soda ; sandlime brick

;

silica brick ; varnish ; rubber ; lubri- cating greases ; textiles ; animal glue

and gelatin ; pigments ; cold-water

paints ; dyestuff and intermediates

;

and calcium carbide and cyanamide.

It is cooperating with the Building

Code Committee of the United States Department of Commerce, the National Board of Fire Underwriters,

and the larger cities of the country in a revision of building codes ; also with

the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists in the formulation of standard definitions for the several terms used in connection with lime in agriculture. Through its representative on a sectional committee of the American Standards Association, this association is cooperating with vari- ous brick organizations in establishing

a code of good practice for brick masonry work. It also maintains

representation on the sectional committee on specification for plastering.

National Lumber Manufacturers'

Association, Wilson Compton, secre- tary-manager, Transportation Building, Washington, D. C. Through its manufacturers' standardization committee composed of one representative

from each regional or subscribing as- sociation of lumber manufacturers and

timber owners, this association is en- gaged in the standardization of grades,

sizes, and nomenclature of lumber. It has taken a leading part in the organi-
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 341

zation and activities of the Central Committee on Lumber Standards and

the Consulting Committee on Lumber

Standards. The association also has

representation on the Hardwood Consulting Committee which has cooper- ated with the Central Committee on Lumber Standards in the formulation

of the American standard basic pro- visions for hardwood lumber. The as- sociation helped to initiate the work

of the building code committee of the United States Department of Commerce and in the work of the National

Committee on Wood Utilization. It also cooperated in the establishment

of the commercial standard for hick- ory golf shafts. The association li- censes the use of its " Tree-Mark " on

each piece of lumber in conjunction

with the grade-mark, trade-mark, or species mark of licensed mills that conform to the American Lumber

Standards, the lumber being guaranteed by the National Lumber Manufacturers' Association to conform to such specifications as may be branded

thereon. Through committee repre- sentation the association is assisting

in the standardization work of the fol- lowing organizations: American Rail- way Engineering Association ; American Society of Agricultural Engineers ; American Petroleum Institute ; Build- ing Officials Conference of America,

and several regional conferences of the same character ; American Society of Mechanical Engineers ; American So- ciety of Heating and Ventilating Engineers ; Society of Automotive Engineers ; Producers Council ; Aeronautical Chamber of Commerce ; American

Society for Testing Materials ; and the Farm Advisory Council of the United

States Department of Agriculture.

The association maintains representation on 14 sectional committees on materials used in the construction of buildings and on safety codes for lad- ders, walk-way surfaces and woodworking plants. It is at present co- operating with the American Stand- ards Association and the American

Home Economics Association in the formulation of specifications for re- frigerators, and with the American Society for Testing Materials in the de- velopment of standard fire tests for building material and construction. National Macaroni Manufacturers

Association, Benj. R. Jacobs, Washington representative, 2026 Eye Street NW., Washington, D. C. The defini- tions and standards for food products

promulgated by the United States De- partment of Agriculture have been

adopted as the standards for this as- sociation. They include standards for alimentary pastes and definitions for

purified middlings. The association has formulated tentative standards of grades relating to these products which

are now being used by a few indi- vidual manufacturers in the purchase

of their raw materials. All products

manufactured by its members are subjected to chemical tests and analyses

at the association's laboratory to de- termine whether or not they comply

with the standards and specifications.

National Machine Tool Builders*

Association, E. F. DuBrul, general manager, 617 Vine Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. The standardization work of

this association is carried on in coop- eration with other interested bodies.

It assisted in the formulation of the

simplified practice recommendation for grinding wheels, and is serving as a

joint sponsor, with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the

Society of Automotive Engineers, for the sectional committee on small tools and machine tool elements, and, with

the National Bureau of Casualty and

Surety Underwriters, for the sectional committee on safety code for machine

tools. Several committees of this as- sociation are at present engaged in standardizing different types of machine tool elements, including tapers,

tool posts, tool holders, milling cutters, spindle ends, chucks, drills, designations, and working ranges. National Musical Merchandise Manufacturers Association, Henry C. Lombr president, 45 West Forty-fifth Street, New York, N. Y. This organization,

formerly known as the National Association of Musical Instrument and Accessories Manufacturers, has standardized the nomenclature of banjo parts

and specifications for standard ukulele and standard guitar. It is now en- gaged in standardizing other instru- ments of the fretted group. National Paint, Oil, and Varnish Association (Inc.)> O. V. Horgan, general manager, 18 East Forty-first Street, New York, N. Y. Superfluous sizes of

containers and color varieties in paints

and varnishes have been eliminated

by a joint committee on simplification,

which is composed of representatives

of this association and the American

Paint and Varnish Manufacturers

Association. National Paper Box Manufacturers

Association, Howard P. Beckett, commissioner, Liberty Trust Building, Phil- adelphia, Pa. This association coop- erated in establishing standard min-
342 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

imum thicknesses of box board. It also issued a dictionary of terms re- lating to box construction, materials,

machine processes, and measurements and types of boxes. National Paper Trade Association

of the United States, Frank E. Floyd, executive secretary, 420 Lexington

Avenue, New York, N. Y. Through

its several committees, this organization cooperated with the division of simplified practice of the National Bureau of Standards and other in- terested bodies in the establishment of

simplified practice recommendations

for gummed tape, tissue paper, paper

bags, and various classes of twine.

It also cooperated with the National

Association of Purchasing Agents in developing standard sizes for cata- logues and paper in sheets. National Paving Brick Manufacturers Association, G. F. Schlesinger, chief engineer and managing director,

National Press Building, Washington,

D. C. This association continued its cooperation with the American Association of State Highway Officials and,

in addition, assisted the American Society for Municipal Improvements in the preparation and adoption of stand- ard specifications for vitrified brick pavements. These were published re- cently by the association. It initiated the movement which resulted in the

simplified practice recommendation

for paving brick. The association is represented on the committee on brick and the committee on paving materials of the American Society for Testing Materials. It is also repre- sented on the committee on design, the subcommittee on road types, and

the project committee on fillers for brick and block pavements of the Highway Research Board of the National Research Council. Through its engineering staff, the association con- ducts lectures to engineering schools and colleges on the subject of the manufacture and use of vitrified brick

as a paving material. During the past year lectures were given at 42 insti- tutions. It is officially represented on

the sectional committee on methods

of testing road and paving materials. National Petroleum Association,

Fayette B. Dow, general counsel, Munsey Building, Washington, D. C. In

cooperation with the Federal Specifi- cations Board and other organizations,

this association has prepared specifi- cations for petroleum products and has

secured uniformity in testing methods

and results. The National Bureau of Standards is also cooperating with

member companies of this association

in this work. The association is offi- cially represented on the sectional committee on testing of petroleum

products and lubricants, and on the advisory board to the technical committee on lubricants and liquid fuels of the^ Federal Specifications Board.

National Preservers Association

(Inc.), Daniel R. Forbes, counsel and

executive secretary, 839 Seventeenth

Street NW., Washington, D. C. This

organization has continued its campaign for the establishment of stand- ards and definitions for preserved

fruit products. Its members have

unanimously approved definitions and

standards for fruit jams, preserves,

jellies, apple butter, and other products, which have been formulated as

a bill for congressional consideration. This bill has already been introduced

in both the Senate and the House, and

may be acted upon at the next session

of Congress. The bill further provides that substandard products shall be

labeled to indicate their actual composition, and aims to prevent adulteration or misbranding. This association cooperated in the formulation of the

simplified practice recommendation

for containers for fruit preserves, jams, jellies, and other fruit products,

and only standard sizes are now in general use. National Research Council, Vernon

Kellogg, permanent secretary, Twenty-first and B Streets, NW., Washington, D. C. The council is composed

of 11 divisions, each engaged in stand- ardization in some particular field. The following activities, including some general activities of the council as well as work of the 11 divisions,

have to do with standardization : At

the request of the International Research Council and under the auspices

of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Research Council has

prepared the International Critical Tables of Numerical Data, Physics,

Chemistry, and Technology, in seven

volumes. The National Research

Council has also published a list of industrial research laboratories,

about 1,000 of which have been re- ported, in which much developmental

work leading toward the standardization of industrial processes is being

carried on. Through the laboratory

for special radio transmission re- search conducted at the bureau jointly by the National Bureau of Standards and the American section of the

International Radio-Telegraphy Union,

basic work is being done on radio com-
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 343

inunication including investigations of insulating materials, deterioration of paper, gumming of petroleum, mechanics, etc. The National Research

Council also cooperates with the National Bureau of Standards by ad- ministering the funds contributed by

certain industries to the bureau for special investigations. Through sub- committees the committee on the physics of the earth is conducting investi- gations on gravity and deflection from

the vertical, the figure of the earth, variation in latitude, field methods

for detecting unhomogeneities in the

earth's crust, and other similar problems. Cooperating with the division of engineering and industrial research

of the council are 12 national engineering organizations which are vi- tally interested in standardization. Among direct agencies of this division the American Bureau of Welding is conducting investigations on welding

wire specifications, the welding of pressure vessels, structural steel welding, the welding of rail joints, and

standard tests for welds, and has is- sued manuals on the training of welding operators. The Highway Research

Board is concerned with standards for character and use of road materials

and with the structural design of

roads. Other committees of this di- vision have contributed to the stand- ardization of processes and specifica- tions in electrical insulation, industrial lighting, and in heat transmission, in the latter case through the

issuance of test codes for thermal in- sulation at different ranges ; and in the standardization of nomenclature

and definitions. The Division of Chemistry and Chemical Technology

acts as the American section of the

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry and appoints the American representatives on the committees of the union, among which

are the committees on the reform of

inorganic, organic, and biological

chemical nomenclature; the committee on chemical elements; the committee on industrial hygiene ; the committee on thermochemical data ; the committee on international bureau of physicochemical standards; and the committee on tables of constants. This division, in cooperation with the American Chemical Society has published a list of ring systems used in organic chemistry- Committees of the Division of Geology and Geography

have encouraged the systematic keeping of drilling records and core materials, and have studied methods for

the improvement of gravity measurement, for the measurement of geological time by atomic disintegration, for the recording of field data of earth- quakes, and for shore line and mean

sea level determinations. Committees

of the Division of Medical Sciences have developed methods of classifying blood for purposes of transfusion,

have formulated standard methods for the agglutination test in the diagnosis

of infectious abortion and established a series of culture strains of the or- ganism, Brucella, which causes this disease, have studied the limits of tolerance of the dust hazard in cer- tain industries, and have brought to- gether data on the functions of the

office of coroner and medical examiner and on the laws governing the

disposition of the dead human body

in the several States of the Union.

Committees of the Division of Biology

and Agriculture are engaged in the development of standard breeding rec- ords for farm animals, in the estab- lishment of pure strains of experimental animals and plants, and in the standardization of the nomenclature

of unicellular organisms and of names

and species definitions of medicinal

plants. The division also supports the work of the committee on nomenclature for the Fifth International Botanical Congress. The Commission

on Standardization of Biological

Stains, now an independent body, was

developed from earlier work of this division of the council. In the Division of Anthropology and Psychology

a committee on the psychology of the highway is devising highway signs

and signals which will be in accord- ance with the correct principals of

vision and mental reaction, is at- tempting to set safe limits of defective vision for drivers, and is con- sidering the possible adaptation of systems of mental and physiological

tests to the examination of drivers of

automobiles, public, and private. The

council cooperated in the formulation

of the simplified practice recommendation for paper. It maintains rep- resentation on sectional committees on definitions of electrical terms,

safety code for automobile brakes and

brake testing, and on classification of

coals. National Restaurant Association,

F. J. WifSer, secretary, 6 North Michi- gan Avenue, Chicago, 111. A committee

of this association has prepared a simplified record-keeping system for res- taurants. It has also approved and

adopted a standard of business prac-
344 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

tice for all those engaged in the res- taurant business, public, industrial,

and institutional. It sponsored the movement which resulted in the simplified practice recommendation for cafeteria and restaurant chinaware.

The association has formulated a pro- posed model law for adoption by State

legislatures to regulate sanitary conditions in restaurants and other public

places where food is prepared or sold

for consumption on the premises. The

work of presenting this bill before the various State assemblies is under the

direction of the legislative committee

of the association. National Retail Dry Goods Association, Channing E. Sweitzer, managing

director, 225 West Thirty-fourth Street, New York, N. Y. Several committees

and bureaus of this association are en- gaged in simplification and standardization work. In cooperation with mil- linery and furniture industries, the Bureau of Trade Relations has adopv

ed standards of trade practices to eliminate abuses and undesirable methods. In cooperation with the Silk Association of America standard trade

practices have been developed to serve

as guides in the purchase and sale of

silk piece goods. In cooperation with

the division of simplified practice of the National Bureau of Standards, a committee of the Store Managers' Division has completed a survey for the

simplification and standardization of wiapping and packing supplies and

methods as encountered in department

and specialty stores. Major items of store supplies included in this survey

are bags ; boxes, set-up, folding, and

corrugated; wrapping paper, twine;

and gummed tape. The data collected are now being analyzed, and it is ex- pected that they will form the basis

for the establishment of simplified

practice recommendations on several

items. The association cooperated in the establishment of commercial stand- ards for dress patterns and men's

pajamas. The association operates

and controls the Better Fabrics Test- ing Bureau, which is maintained as a

service laboratory for its member

stores. It is officially represented on

the sectional committees on safety code for elevators and escalators, standards and specifications for re- frigerators, and sheets and sheeting.

National Retail Hardware Association, H. P. Sheetz, managing director,

Meyer-Kiser Building, Indianapolis,

Ind. This organization assisted in the establishment of simplified-practice recommendations for files and

rasps, paint and varnish brushes, cut tacks and small cut nails, loaded paper shot shells, builders' hardware,

woven-wire fence, shovels, garden

hose, and forged tools. The association maintains representation on sec- tional committees on specifications for dry cells and batteries and on stand- ards and specifications for refrig- erators. National Retail Lumber Dealers Association, Adolph Pfund, secretary- manager, 326 West Madison Street, Chicago, 111. This association has

adopted the American lumber stand- ards for grades, sizes, and nomenclature for softwoods, and is urging its member-companies to adhere to them,

including use of the tally car card. The association is urging all lumber

manufacturers' associations to adopt

standard specifications as to moisture

content and to incorporate such speci- fications in their grading rules, just as the Southern Pine Association has

already done. National Safety Council, W. H. Cameron, managing director, 20 North

Wacker Drive, Chicago, 111. The

council has issued a total of 143

health and safe-practices pamphlets,, the last six during the year, as fol- lows : Nursing service in industry,, nontraffic hazards of the commercial

driver, selecting drivers for commercial vehicles, bakery operations,

macaroni plants, and marine boilers.. The council is sponsor or joint sponsor for 16 sectional committees, as

follows: Safety code for floor and

wall openings ; safety code for forging

and hot-metal stamping, with the American Drop Forging Institute

;

code on identification of gas-mask

canisters ; identification of piping sys- tems, with the American Society of

Mechanical Engineers ; industrial ac- cident statistics code, with the National Council on Compensation In- surance and the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards

and Commissions; safety code for paper and pulp mills ; safety code for power presses and foot and hand

presses ; safety code for rubber mills and calendars, with the International Association of Industrial Accident

Boards and Commissions; safety code

for textiles; colors for luminous traffic signals, with the American Association of State Highway Officials and the National Bureau of Standards; safety code for window washing; ladders; compressed-air machinery ; construction safety code, with American Institute of Archi-
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 345

tests ; rubber machinery code, with

International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions ; and safety code for walkway

surfaces. National Sand and Gravel Association, V. P. Ahearn, executive secretary ; Stanton Walker, director, engineering

and research division, Munsey Building, Washington, D. C. Recommendations and specifications relating to the grading and quality of aggregates are set forth in summaries compiled

by this association dealing with the

following subjects: Sand and gravel

for concrete and concrete-pavement

construction, tables of quantities of materials for concrete, sand for sheet

asphalt, plaster sand, engine sand,

filler sand, glass sand, grading of gravel ballast, and filter gravel. This

association is cooperating with several committees of the American Concrete

Institute, the American Society for Testing Materials, the American

Standards Association, and the Federal Specifications Board in the estab- lishment of specifications for sand and

gravel for concrete, sand for plaster,

and sand and gravel for road construction. In the formulation of specifica- tions and tests for washed gravel ballast for railroads, the association cooperates with the committee on ballast of the American Railway Engineering Association. It is now col- laborating in the preparation of a

simplified-practice recommendation re- lating to commercial sizes of sand

and gravel. A committee of this association is engaged in the preparation of a standard cost-accounting

system. The testing and research

laboratory is concerned with making general investigations of the use

of sand and gravel in addition to routine and special tests conducted

from time to time on the products of members' plants. Progress reports of studies made by the laboratory are prepared and published in bulletin form or as a report of the engineering

and research division at the association's annual convention. The asso- ciation has also issued bulletins deal- ing with the following subjects: Esti- mating quantities of materials for con- crete; relation of aggregates to concrete, representative specifications for

different uses of sand and gravel,

effect of characteristics of coarse ag- gregates on the quality of concrete, the

effect of recent mix design and control upon field concrete, the story of glacial

sands and gravels, effect of addition of

finer sizes to gravel on strength of

concrete, effect of soft particles of coarse aggregate on strength and durability of concrete, and the effect of grading of gravel and sand on voids and weights.

National Scale Men's Association,

C. L. Richard, secretary-treasurer, National Bureau of Standards, Clearing

Station, Chicago, 111. This association has adopted specifications for railway

track scale test weight cars; design,

manufacture, and installation of rail- road track scales for light industrial

service; and a standard form for re- porting tests and inspections of rail- road track scales. The two former

standards and specifications were pre- pared by committees of this association in cooperation with the American

Railway Engineering Association and

approved by both organizations, A

standardization project brought to completion during the past year was

the adoption of specifications for the overhauling and repair of heavy

capacity scales. National School Supply Association, J. W. McClinton, executive sec- retary, 176 West Adams Street, Chicago, 111. Color finish for all wood

equipment used in schools and stand- ard sizes for folding and portable

wooden chairs and for composition blackboards are included in the simplified practice recommendation cover- ing these items formulated and published by the division of simplified

practice of the National Bureau of Standards in cooperation with this as- sociation and other interested bodies.

It makes use of labels to identify school furniture complying in color with the standards established by the

industry.

National Slag Association, H. J. Love, manager, 937 Leader Building,

Cleveland, Ohio. This association is actively cooperating with the Federal

Specifications Board on highway con- struction materials, and with the United States Bureau of Public Roads,

National Bureau of Standards, American Society for Testing Materials,

American Concrete Institute, American Society of Civil Engineers, American Railway Engineering Association,

American Association of State Highway Officials, and other bodies on subjects pertaining to general construction. It has formulated and adopted

a recommended specification for slag

to be used in highways and highway

structures. During 1930 its research laboratory has been carrying on work

on a 10-year test program, which was

inaugurated in 1929, relating to the
346 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

properties of concretes made with 32

different aggregates, including traprock, granite, limestones, dolomite,

gravels, and slags. The association has also sponsored an investigation of

all sewage trickling filters in the United States in which slag aggregate was used as the filtering medium, the

report of which was published early

in 1930. Other investigations inaugurated or completed during the year at the association's laboratory include those dealing with yield of concretes;

effect of calcium chloride on strengths

;

and tests on high-early-strength

concrete. National Slate Association, W. S. Hays, secretary, Drexel Building,

Philadelphia, Pa. Standard specifica- tions for slate for floors, terraces, and

walks, and slate for flat and sloping

roofs have been formulated and adopt- ed by this association. It initiated the movement which resulted in the

simplified-practice recommendation for

structural, roofing, and blackboard

slate. The association is officially represented on three sectional committees: Safety code for walkway sur- faces; standardization of plumbing

equipment; and safety code for erases,

derricks, and hoists. National Supply and Machinery

Distributors Association, George A.

Fernley, secretary-treasurer, 505 Arch

Street, Philadelphia, Pa. A committee

on simplification of this organization

cooperates in formulating simplifiedpractice recommendations for various

commodities used in the industry.

National Tent and Awning Manufacturers Association, J. E. Dilg, president, 116 South Fourth Street, St. Louis, Mo. In cooperation with the Cotton-Textile Institute, this organization prepared a pamphlet in which are

set forth standard definitions of terms

relating to cotton fabrics in the awning, tent, and tarpaulin trade. At its 1930 annual convention this associa- tion adopted resolutions relating to definite standard practice for the marking of waterproof fabric products

with a printed tag or stencil by their actual gray untreated fabric weight

per square yard, and also for the marking of each cover or tent to show the commercial type of fabric used. These

resolutions have been referred to the National Bureau of Standards for the purpose of forming a basis of cooperation for the establishment of a commercial standard relating to these

items. National Terra Cotta Society, W.

F. Lockhardt, secretary-director, 230

Park Avenue, New York, N. Y. This

association has prepared a volume entitled 44 Terra Cotta—Standard Construction " in which are set forth the

correct uses for which terra cotta should be employed. To assist architects and engineers in drawing up

specifications, 67 large-scale plates of

typical architectural details are in- cluded. In cooperation with the American Institute of Architects, standard specifications for the manufacture, furnishing, and setting of terra cotta have been formulated and

adopted. The association maintains two research associates at the National Bureau of Standards investi- gating architectural terra cotta. It is

officially represented on the sectional committees on fire tests of building construction and materials, and architectural terra cotta and methods of

setting.

National Tuberculosis Association. Kendall Emerson, M. D., managing

director, 370 Seventh Avenue, New

York, N. Y. A committee of this as- sociation has formulated minimum

standards relating to sanatorium ad- ministration, which have been adopted

by the American Sanatorium Association and the National Tuberculosis Association. During the past year this association adopted standards for the

diagnosis and classification of tuberculosis of the lungs and the tracheo- bronchial lymph nodes. National Wall Paper Wholesalers'

Association, Justin P. Allman, president, 1522 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. This association actively

cooperates with the Wall Paper Association of the United States in the- standardization of wall paper. It ini- tiated the movement for the establish- ment of sizes, grades, and quality of wall paper which resulted in the formulation of the commercial stand- ard for these items. National Warm Air Heating Association, Allen W. Williams, managing

director, 3440 A. I. U. Building, Co- lumbus, Ohio. This association formulated and adopted a standard code

regulating the installation of gravity warm air heating systems in resi- dences. This code has also been ap- proved and adopted by the American

Society of Heating and Ventilating

Engineers and the National Association of Sheet Metal Contractors of the United States. The association has

also adopted a symbol which is placed on furnaces indicating that they have

been installed in accordance with the requirements set forth in the associa-
STANDAEDS TEABBOOK, 1931 347

tion's standard code. Only those in- stallers who have pledged themselves

to install furnaces according to the standard code are entitled to use the symbol. The installation is triply in- dorsed by the installer, the furnace

manufacturer, and the association. National Wholesale Druggists' Association (Inc.), E. L. Newcomb, sec- retary, 51 Maiden Lane, New York,

N. Y. To aid the wholesale druggists

and manufacturing druggists of the United States, this association has de- veloped the simplified invoice form

and the standard price card. In co- operation with the Wholesale Stationers' Association of the United States

of America, it has adopted a standard

size catalogue page with recommendations as to the style of printing and

size of type to be used. The associa- tion also cooperated in the establish- ment of the commercial standard for

clinical thermometers. It is now

studying cost accounting and operating accounting methods.

National Wholesale Grocers' Association of the United States, M. L. Toulme, secretary, 6 Harrison Street, New York, N. Y. The association co- operates with manufacturers and can- ners in the formulation of standards

for sizes of containers for canned

foods. National Wiping Cloth Standardization Association, Charles M. Haskins, secretary, Times Building, New

York, N. Y. This association, which

has been recently organized, functions

as a division of the National Association of Waste Material Dealers. Its object is to make guaranteed wiping

cloths available to the consumer, through cooperation of the varying in- terests of the industry. The guaranteed plan provides that every member

may continue to sell his wiping cloths under any classification or designation

he desires. At the same time certain standard classifications will be set up

under which cloths will be sold with a guarantee to the consumer that they

are packed in accordance with the as- sociation's standard specifications of

quality. These cloths will be known

as " NAWMD Certified Wipers," and

to each member desiring to handle

wiping cloths under such a guarantee

the association will furnish a certifi- cate bearing a permit number and a standard tag which may be placed in or attached to bales or packages.

Those members who desire to take ad- vantage of this plan will be expected

to sign an agreement to observe certain

obligations.

27171—31 23

Natural Gasoline Association of America, Ray E. Miller, secretary, Tulsa Building, Tulsa, Okla. Development and adoption of oflicial specifica- tions and test methods for natural

gasoline and a tentative code for test- ing natural gas for gasoline content formed an important part of the work

of this association. It is now studying

the standardization of new natural

gasoline specifications, casing head contract forms, monthly statements and

meter charts, specifications for liquefied-petroleum gases, and aviationfuel specifications.

New England Council, Dudley Harmon, executive vice president; Ray

M. Hudson, industrial executive, Statler Building, Boston, Mass. Since its organization by the governors of the

six New England States in 1925, the

council has done much to further the economic interests of this region. Its membership comprises agricultural,

commercial, industrial, and other busi- ness organizations. In the interest of national prosperity, the council has

for its primary objects, among other

things, the development of industries through standardization and research,

and of agricultural prosperity through

the farm marketing program inaugurated about four years ago. This lat- ter program encourages producers to grade and pack their products accord- ing to official State standards, and to identify them by means of quality la- bels placed on the containers or packages in which the goods are

packed. In making this program ef- fective, the commissioner of agricul- ture in each of the six States has been

granted legislative authority to establish and promulgate voluntary grades

and standards for farm products. Several such grades are now in use in each State. The commissioner of agri- culture has also been given authority

to adopt a suitable label for identifying such products graded and packed

according to established standards. The New England quality label has

been adopted by each State and

4,077,756 labels (up to October 1, 1930)

have already been used for this purpose. In establishing official grades

and standards for farm products, con- ferences are held by the commissioner

of agriculture with groups of producers who are especially interested in the products for which grades and

standards are to be adopted. At these conferences tentative standards and

descriptive terms are freely discussed before final adoption. An attempt is made to keep the grade names, re-
348 NATIONAL. BUREAU OF STANDARDS

quirements, and descriptive terms as uniform as possible in all New England States, and in harmony with the recommendations of the Federal Government. Before the adopted grades

and standards can become effective, they must be advertised in the press according to the law requirements of the States. Permission to use the New England quality label must be

obtained from the commissioner of agriculture, and it may only be used on

goods packed in accordance with offi- cial State grades. To protect the rep- utation of the quality label, each State department of agriculture maintains an inspection service with trained

field men whose duties are to examine

graded and labeled products to deter- mine whether or not the products so graded and labeled comply with the necessary requirements. The follow- ing grades have been established in the different New England States: Maine, potatoes, eggs, apples, and

jelly; New Hampshire, eggs, apples,

maple products, and potatoes; Ver- mont, maple products, eggs, potatoes,

butter, honey, apples, and turkeys;

Massachusetts, eggs, asparagus, baby

chicks, turkeys, hatching eggs, strawberries, celery, bunched carrots, beets, turnips, radishes, apples, and tomatoes; Rhode Island, eggs, bunched

beets, carrots, radishes, turnips, hatching eggs, baby chicks, poultry breeding

stock, and turkeys; Connecticut, eggs, asparagus, bunched beets, carrots, cel- ery, turnips, strawberries, turkeys, and

tomatoes. The council's activities in the fields of simplification and stand- ardization are conducted by its industrial and research committees, whose

work is reflected in a series of publi- cations dealing with the use of re- search in developing old products and

introducing new ones, bettering pro- duction methods, and stabilizing

employment.

New England Water Works Association, F. J. Girford, secretary, 715 Tremont Temple, Boston, Mass. This

association is coperating with the American Gas Association, the American Society for Testing Materials, and

the American Water Works Association in the standardization of materials and equipment used in water- works construction. It is joint sponsor

for the sectional committee on specifi- cations for cast-iron pipe and special

castings.

New York Produce Exchange, William C. Rossman, secretary, 2 Broad- way, New York, N. Y. Committees

have been appointed to regulate the

inspection, quality, and standards of the various commodities handled by

the exchange, as follows: Cottonseed

products ; hay and straw ; animal oils and fats ; provisions, including pork

and beef in barrels or tares, or any

sweet-pickled or dry-salted meats

;

vegetable oils, waxes, and fats ; lard

;

grain ; flour ; and petroleum. In making tests for animal and vegetable oils, waxes, and fats and cottonseed oil, the exchange employs the methods

adopted by the American Oil Chemists'

Society, or by the American Association of Official Agricultural Chemists.

All samples are submitted for analysis

to the bureau of chemistry of the exchange and analyzed or graded.

Certificates of quality are issued covering the analysis or grading.

Nonferrous Ingot Metal Institute, R. D. T. Hollowell, secretary-manager, 308 West Washington Street, Chicago,

111. Members of this institute coop- erated with a committee of the American Society for Testing Materials in the formulation of revised tentative

specifications for copper base alloys in ingot form for sand castings, which

have been approved by the institute.

It maintains a research associate at the National Bureau of Standards

conducting research on brass and

bronze ingot metal. North Carolina Pine Association,

G. L. Hume, secretary, National Bank

of Commerce Building, Norfolk, Va. The adoption by this association of the recommendations of the Central Committee on Lumber Standards covering

specifications for moisture content has

recently been followed by a revision of the official inspection rules of the asso- ciation covering kiln and dried lumber

to conform to the grading rule.* and

sizes of American lumber standards. Northern Hemlock and Hardwood

Manufacturers' Association, O. T. Swan, secretary-manager, Oshkosh,

Wis. In furtherance of its standardization program which is conducted

through membership on the Central Committee on Lumber Standards as

well as through the activity of its own

bureau of grading and inspection, this association has adopted the following:

Grading rules for hemlock and tamarack lumber which conform to American lumber standards for yard lumber ; a system of branding and grade

marking whereby a member firm is assigned an identifying number and

is licensed to use the association's brand to show that its hemlock lumber product is graded in accordance with American lumber standards;
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 349

rules of the National Hardwood Lumber Association relating to the meas- urement and inspection of hardwood

lumber, veneers and plywood; a sys- tem of association certificates issued by licensed lumber manufacturers

under a contract with the association whereby a member firm certifies the manufacturer's original tally and in- spection and places the same in a

sealed envelope in each car of lumber

shipped, such certificate carrying a coupon guaranteeing an impartial as- sociation inspection in case of a claim on grade or tally. Northern Pine Manufacturers' Association, W. A. Ellinger, secretary, 1103 Lumber Exchange, Minneapolis,

Minn. This association took an active part in the establishment of American

lumber standards rules for sizes and

grades of lumber. The rules of this association for Northern white pine,

Norway pine, spruce, and tamarack

lumber have been revised to conform

to those of the American lumber

standards. In order to insure that lumber manufactured by member mills complies with the provisions of Ameri- can lumber standards, this association maintains an inspection bureau for the purpose of supervising the grades of lumber at the sawmills and furnishing

reinspection service to buyers.

Northern White Cedar Association,

Norman E. Boucher, secretary, 702 Lumber Exchange, Minneapolis, Minn.

This association has formulated and

adopted official manufacturing specifi- cations governing the manufacture and

grading of northern white cedar poles, 16 feet and longer, and cedar guardrail posts. The association is endeavoring to induce the various State highway authorities to adopt its standard

specifications for guard-rail posts for use on highways. It is officially repre- sented on the sectional committees on

the National Electrical Safety Code

and on specifications for wood poles.

Oak Flooring Manufacturers' Association of the United States, W. L. Claffey, secretary, 1812 Sterick Building, Memphis, Tenn. This association,

comprising a membership of about 95 per cent of the producers of oak floor- ing, has completely standardized the

technical phases and physical details of all oak flooring produced in the United States. It has established standard rules for the various grades

of flooring as well as standard thick- nesses and widths, measurement and

counts. The past year, the association organized a research division to establish universal standards for the laying, finishing, and maintenance of oak

flooring and to develop the further

useful and decorative possibilities of

this material. The association is offi- cially represented on the sectional committee on safety code for woodworking

plants.

Outdoor Advertising Association of America (Inc.), Joseph Harris, sec- retary, 165 West Wacker Drive, Chicago, 111. Through its division of

plants, this association has set up

standard dimensions for the building

and construction of steel frame and

wooden frame posters and bulletins for use in city and suburban districts, along highways, railroad sites, and

stores. It has also established stand- ards for equipment for illuminating

bulletins and posters. The association's manual contains standards

which have been adopted for location

;

size of structures; service; and copy, the last dealing with the kind and

quality of advertisements that members of this association should not dis- play. During the past year this as- sociation put into effect standard set showings of equal advertising value

for the purpose of giving a display of equal value to every advertiser. Paperboard Industries Association,

G. R. Browder, general manager, 608 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, 111. This association is composed of manufacturers of paperboard, corrugated

and solid fiber boxes, and folding

boxes. All of its work in standardization and simplification is carried on by a standardization committee, the

functions of which are to study and

recommend changes in or additions to the existing standards for paperboard,

containers, and folding boxes, and

specifications for such material as

tape, adhesives, etc. Several years

ago, the association issued a booklet

in which are set forth the standards

it has adopted, including those relat- ing to definitions, gage lists, test con- tainer boards standards (also weight

basis of nontest boards), contract form, and rules for figuring weight of odd sizes. It has also issued a book

dealing with carriers' specifications

and regulations with respect to shipment of merchandise in various types

of corrugated and solid fiber containers. In the field of simplification, this association sponsored the movement

which resulted in the simplified practice recommendation for boxboard

thicknesses. It has cooperated in the establishment of certain standard sizes for folding paperboard boxes to contain one pound of coffee, and is now
350 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDAKDS

cooperating in the development of standard sizes of shipping containers

for canned foods. This organization

extends to its members the privilege of using the association's insignia in connection with the certificate used by- manufacturers, showing that boxes

bearing these certificates conform to

all construction requirements of the Consolidated Freight Classification or

the Official Express Classification. Pine Institute of America (Inc.), C. F. Speh, secretary-manager, Barnett National Bank Building, Jacksonville, Fla. In the field of production

this association is continuing its ef- forts to standardize on the size of

trees to be worked for naval stores. It is also studying standardization in methods of stilling to define the tem- perature range, and the technique of maintaining proper relationship of con- densed water and spirits of turpentine.

Its recommended changes in the speci- fications for rosin containers have

been adopted by the boards of trade and chambers of commerce at the primary naval stores ports. The associ- ation is also interested in reducing the variation in tare of these containers.

It has cooperated with the American

Society for Testing Materials in stand- ardizing methods for determining for- eign matter in rosin. Plate Glass Manufacturers of America, P. A. Hughes, secretary, First National Bank Building, Pitts- burgh, Pa. This association cooper- ated with a technical committee of the Federal Specifications Board in the preparation of the Federal specifica- tion covering plate glass for glazing

purposes. Plumbago Crucible Association, C. H. Rohrbach, secretary, 90 West

Street, New York, N. Y. Under the

joint sponsorship of the American

Foundrymen's Association, this or- ganization served on the sectional committee dealing with outside dimensions of crucibles for melting fur- naces in nonferrous foundries which were approved as American standard

by the American Standards Association and adopted by both organizations. During the past year this as- sociation has prepared standards deal- ing with crucibles used in* tilting furnaces. Plywood Manufacturers Association, Alexander D. King, acting commissioner, 178 West Adams Street, Chicago, 111. This association has

adopted the National Hardwood Lumber Association's rules for measure- ment and inspection of veneers, thin

lumber, and plywood. It is officially represented on the sectional committee on safety code for woodworking

plants.

Portland Cement Association, W.

M. Kinney, general manager, 33 West

Grand Avenue, Chicago, 111. The membership of this organization includes over 80 per cent of all Portland ce- ment manufacturers in the United

States, Canada, Cuba, Mexico, and

South America. Organized to improve

and extend the uses of concrete, this association has cooperated with the American Society for Testing Materials in formulating specifications and

tests for Portland cement recognized

as the American standard, and all of

its members manufacture in accord- ance with these specifications. It also cooperates with the American Concrete

Institute, American Concrete Pipe Association, American Standards Association, American Petroleum Institute,

American Society for Municipal Improvements, American Association of Srate Highway Officials, National Bureau of Standards, and other organizations in the formulation and adoption

of specifications for Portland cement,

concrete aggregates, construction of

buildings, highways, and other structures. In collaboration with the Cast

Stone Institute, it prepared an architect's specification for cast stone, which was adopted as a tentative standard

of the institute. The association as- sisted in the formulation of the simplified practice recommendation for concrete building units. At the anual meeting of the American Society for Testing Materials in June, 1930, the

association, through representation on

the A. S. T. M. Portland cement committee, assisted in the adoption of cer- tain revisions in the standard specifi- cations for Portland cement. It is also represented on the Joint Committee on Standard Specifications for Concrete and Reinforced Concrete and on the

Joint Culvert Committee. The asso- ciation has prepared and published standards and specifications for floor finish ; and making, placing, and cur- ing concrete in cold weather. It has

also issued a charted summary of concrete road specifications to aid State and county highway departments in modernizing their specifications. It has also republished and distributed A. S. T. M. specifications for Portland cement and drain tile; American Concrete Institute's tentative specifications for reinforced concrete sewer pipe, re- inforced concrete culvert pipe, and

handbook of reinforced concrete build-
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 351

ing design ; and the American Concrete Pipe Association's specifications for sewer pipe. The association cooperates

with many of the principal universities and colleges of the country in giving courses in the design of concrete mixtures, and with engineers, contractors, and architects in the practi- cal application of this knowledge in the field ; and with highway officials in the solution of road-building problems.

In its Chicago headquarters is maintained a research laboratory with a

staff of 30 or 40 scientists, technicians,

and assistants engaged in the study of concrete and concrete materials. Eight

research associates are stationed at the National Bureau of Standards in- vestigating the constitution and hardening of Portland cement. The asso- ciation maintains representation on

seven sectional committees on building- materials and construction. Power Transmission Association,

W. S. Hays, executive secretary, Drexel Building, Philadelphia, Pa. Proposed specifications for leather

belting, standardization of speeds of driven machines, and safety code for mechanical power transmission ap- paratus are the chief projects of the committees of this association. These

projects are being carried forward

through the association's representation on American Standards Association sectional committees.

Radio Manufacturers Association

(Inc.), M. F. Flanagan, executive sec- retary, 32 West Randolph Street, Chicago, 111. This association cooperates

with the Institute of Radio Engineers,

National Electrical Manufacturers Association, National Bureau of Standards, and other bodies interested in radio standardization (engineering

and manufacturing). Its work is con- ducted by the standards section, which

consists of a general standards committee and such divisional committees

as the director of the engineering di- vision may decide upon. Each divi- sional committee is composed of a chairman and representatives of member companies of the association, and

the chairman of each divisional committee, together with a number of members at large equal to the number

of divisional committee chairmen, and

the director of engineering, ex officio, comprise the personnel of the general

standards committee. The personnel

of this committee shall be approved

by the director of the engineering di- vision and by the board of directors. Standards and recommended practices

formulated by the several divisional

committees are submitted to the general standards committee for consid- eration or approval. Following ap- proval by the general standards committee, the proposed standards and

recommended practices are, in turn, submitted to the association counsel

for legal approval. Following this procedure, the executive secretary

mails to each member company a let- ter ballot which contains the full text

of the proposed standards or recom- mended practices with spaces for re- cording affirmative or negative votes

for each separate standard or recom- mended practice. All members not re- plying by vote in writing within the 30-day limit are considered as having

voted affirmatively. Before a stand- ard can be adopted by the association,

it must receive a 90 per cent affirmative vote by the member companies.

Any proposed standard that fails to receive a 90 per cent vote, but which

receives a two-thirds vote, may be

published as a recommended practice.

The association has issued a handbook of standards and engineering in- formation in which are incorporated

the standards and recommended practices recommended by the association

relating to the following subjects:

General terms, nomenclature, and definitions; tests and test methods; ra- dio receivers, general standards and

definitions; component parts and batteries; loud speakers and head sets; phonograph apparatus; cabinets; vac- uum tubes; and television. The as- sociation is officially represented on

the sectional committee dealing with

radio. Rail Steel Bar Association, H. P. Bigler, engineering secretary, 228 North La Salle Street, Chicago, 111. Several committees of this association are interested in standardization. The

committee on metallurgy and production, composed of chief metallurgists

of the member companies, furnishes

consulting service on production problems and prepares recommendations

covering improvement in the quality

of bars. The association's committee

on tolerances and variations issues recommendations concerning tolerance

limits for size and weight of various

products. The association also maintains a works managers division composed of superintendents of each member plant whose function is to co- operate with the committee on metal- lurgy in securing the adoption of standard mill practices and improved

methods. The association is now con- sidering the adoption of standard con-
352 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

tract forms and terms, and standard

office procedure for accounting and

cost keeping. In the general building

and construction, as well as technical

fields, the association cooperates with

the American Society for Testing

Materials, American Concrete Institute, Portland Cement Association,

Federal Specifications Board, Ameri- can Standards Association, joint committee on concrete and reinforced concrete, and other similar organizations

in the promulgation and adoption of specifications for rail steel bars for reinforced concrete construction, uni- form building requirements and de- sign practices, and in sponsoring re- search on reinforced concrete design

and construction. The association also cooperated in establishing 11 standard

sizes of steel reinforcing bars as set forth in a simplified practice recom- mendation. The members of this as- sociation are permitted to roll a uni- form identification mark on deformed

rail steel reinforcing bars produced by

them. The use of this mark which is protected by registration signifies a willingness on the part of manufacturers to certify that bars produced

by them comply with the requirements

and tests of certain nationally-recog- nized specifications which have been

adopted by the association. Railway Accounting Officers Association, E. R. Woodson, secretary, 1124 Woodward Building, Washington, D. C. Much of the work of this organization is carried on by standing committees to which all recommendations

are submitted for consideration before

final action is taken by the association. It has adopted standard classi- fications, uniform interline accounting, and simplified accounting pro- cedure, and cooperated with the American Railway Association, the National Association of Purchasing

Agents, and the National Association

of Cost Accountants in drawing up

the simplified practice recommendation

for commercial forms. The association cooperated with the Interstate Commerce Commission in the estab- lishment of a standard system of accounting for carriers and also in the promulgation of specifications for forms and reports required of the

carriers. Railway Fire Protection Association, R. R. Hackett, secretary, Balti- more & Ohio Building, Baltimore, Md.

This association has adopted regulations promulgated by the National

Board of Fire Underwriters and the National Fire Protection Association

covering fire hazards and the proper

installation, maintenance, and use of

first-aid fire appliances. In its stand- ardization work, this association is represented on sectional committees

dealing with the following projects

:

Code for building exits, screw threads

for hose couplings (other than fire- hose couplings), cotton rubber-lined

fire hose, fire-fighting equipment in metal mines ; and safety codes for the prevention of dust explosions.

Refrigerating Machinery Association, Fred Nolde, secretary, 23 South

Fifty-second Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Through its standardization committee, this association is cooperating

with numerous bodies in simplifica- tion and standardization projects. It has adopted specifications for the compression system of refrigeration, and

also the standard ton of refrigeration,

and the safety code for mechanical re- frigeration, the last two having been prepared by the American Society of Refrigerating Engineers. The committee is now represented on a sec- tional committee dealing with the standardization of ammonia and car- bon-dioxide valves, flanges, and fit- tings. The association is also repre- sented on the joint research committee on welded pressure vessels which

is now revising the unfired pressure

vessel code of the American Society

of Mechanical Engineers. It is coop- erating with commercial refrigerator

manufacturers in the standardization

of construction details for commercial

refrigeration installations. The asso- ciation is officially represented on other

sectional committees, as follows

:

Safety code for mechanical refrigeration, code for pressure piping, standardization of dimensions and material

of wrought iron and wrought steel pipe and tubing, frame dimensions of

electric motors, and standardization

of speeds of machinery.

Rice Millers' Association, R. L. Weber, secretary-treasurer, P. O. Box

1289, New Orleans, La. This organization maintains a corps of samplers in the field to test rice for grade and

quality, the grades requiring conformity with the standards for milled,

brown, and rough rice established by

the United States Department of Agriculture. Standards to cover transactions in rice and rice by-products have

been promulgated by this association

in cooperation with the National

Wholesale Grocers' Association of the United States. Rubber Manufacturers Association,

A. L. Viles, general manager, 250 West
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 353

Fifty-seventh Street, New York, N. Y. During the past year this association formulated model specifications for various types of conveyor and elevator

belting, which will serve as the basis for a conference between mechanical

rubber goods manufacturers and engineering firms in an effort to eliminate

existing diversity in customers' speci- fications and to promote the use of standard specifications that closely

represent recognized commercial types

of belting. It recommended a program

of standard sizes and thicknesses of rubber floor tile which has effected the

elimination of several gages and

numerous sizes. It effected standardization of rubber soling strips on the

basis of 2 sizes instead of the formerly

recognized 11 sizes. It also standardized the packing of corrugated matting

and running-board material in an effort to reduce manufacturers' remnant

losses. This association also simplified the manufacture of transmission

belting through the elimination of a

particular weight of duck ; also adopt- ed minimum tensile strength per inch

of ply values for various types of belt- ing duck in an effort to simplify manufacturers purchasing problems. In col- laboration with battery manufacturers

this association formulated and adopted standard dimensions of offset pushtype battery covers with bushings. In

cooperation with the National Automobile Chamber of Commerce and the

Society of Automotive Engineers, it brought about a standardization and

simplification of sizes of balloon tires used as original equipment of new automobiles. It also cooperated with

the Federal Specifications Board in the preparation of Federal specifications

relating to the testing of radio and au- tomotive rubber battery cases and jars,

and in the formulation of new and

revision of existing specifications for druggist sundries and mechanical rub- ber goods. It also cooperated with the American Railway Association in the establishment of specifications for mechanical rubber goods used by rail- roads. This association assisted vari- ous bodies in the textile industry in the preparation of standard specifica- tions for cotton fabrics used by manufacturers of rubberized raincoat materials and rubberized automobile top- ping. Through the medium of con- ferences and personal contacts at factories, it undertook the promotion of uniformity of cost-accounting practices

among rubberizers. The association has developed an interchangeable or combination tube program to permit

the use of one size tube in two or more

sizes of casings. It is now compiling a

specification data book which will con- tain information on standard practices

for the mechanical rubber goods industry and will also serve as a guide to mechanical rubber goods manufacturers in advising customers on the proper test methods and values for all types of mechanical rubber goods

specifications. The association is offi- cially represented on the following sec- tional committees : Safety code for walkway surfaces, screw threads for hose couplings (other than fire hose),

safety code for rubber machinery, cot- ton rubber-lined fire hose, aeronautic

safety code, and fire-fighting equip- ment in metal mines. Sand-Lime Brick Association, Allen

G. Walton, president, Box 235, Hummelstown, Dauphin County, Pa. This

association in cooperation with a committee of the American Society for Testing Materials recommended that the association's specification for sand-lime brick be changed to conform

with the American Society for Testing

Materials standard specifications for clay and shale brick, which recommendation was approved and adopted by

both organizations. The association sponsored the movement for recom- mended size of, and quality of sand- lime brick which formed the basis of a

simplified practice recommendation,

and is now cooperating in the estab- lishment of masonry opening sizes. Scientific Apparatus Makers of America, J. M. Roberts, secretarytreasurer, 100 North La Salle Street, Chicago, 111. An important activity of

this organization is the standardization of laboratory apparatus, the work

being conducted in cooperation with

other interested bodies. It has coop- erated with the American Chemical

Society in standardizing sizes and

eliminating obsolete types of chemical

apparatus. It is assisting the Surgeon

General's Office of the War Department in the formulation of standards and specifications for apparatus used

in its laboratories. This organization

has also cooperated with the American

Society for Testing Materials in check- ing specifications for apparatus used

in testing materials. Sheet Metal Ware Association. (See Metalware Institute (Inc.), p. 327.) Silk Association of America (Inc),

Ramsay Peugnet, secretary, 468 Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Y. During the past year this association developed and adopted new and re-
354 NATIONAL, BUREAU OF STANDARDS

vised several existing standard methods. In order to meet current market

conditions, it revised its throwing

rules, thrown silk rules, arbitration

rules, and arbitration submission. For the purpose of facilitating the ex- change of credit information, it has

formulated and adopted standard

financial statement and accountants'

verification forms. It has adopted a uniform method for determining

weighting in silk fabrics. Further re- search on this subject is now being

conducted by the National Bureau of Standards in cooperation with this as- sociation and other interested groups. The association has formulated, but

not yet adopted, a standard method of examining finished broad silks. Its sewing silks division has brought

about a standardization relating to color range on sewing silks. In an

attempt to assist manufacturers in ob- taining tints of desired fugitiveness,

this association has made available to commission throwsters fugitive dye

tints standardized as to color range and tested and certified as fugitive.

The association has also formulated a cost-accounting manual for broad silk manufacturers in an effort to stand- ardize the method of figuring costs. The raw silk classification committee

has taken part in an international

technical raw silk conference composed of representatives of the seven major silk producing and consuming

countries, to further the universal adoption of the raw silk classification. A color coordination commitee has

been appointed by the association to cooperate with retail dress and other

allied industries for standardizing sea- sonal colors. A standard definition for grenadine yarn has been adopted by

the board of managers of the association. A committee has also been ap- pointed to study economic and re- search problems of the silk industry.

The association is officially represented on the sectional committees on safety

code for textiles and standardization

of speeds of machinery.

Simplex Concrete Pile Association

(Inc.), W. M. B. Freemen, secretary, 38 Chauncey Street, Boston, Mass. Standard specifications for simplex

concrete piles have been issued by this association. These specifications cover

material, dimensions, capacity, spacing, driving form, reinforcement, driv- ing methods, and basis of contract. Society of Automotive Engineers

(Inc.), John A. C. Warner, secretary

and general manager, 29 West Thirtyninth Street, New York, N. Y. Approved standards are published as the

society's specifications in the society's

handbook which is revised and published in February of each year. Standards adopted semiannually each June are published in a supplement to the handbook and incorporated in the next edition. In the present edition there are more than 600 specifications. In 1930, 42 new and revised standards were adopted. Specifications adopted

for airplane parts and materials in- clude the following : Airplane propeller

hubs and shaft ends, airplane engine

starter mountings, airplane wheel

rims, control pulleys and stream line and internal tie rods. General new

and revised automotive specifications

adopted were : Annular ball and roller bearings, metric spark plugs, alumi- num alloys, definitions of heat treat- ment for steels, laboratory test speci- fications for motor vehicle head lamps,

tail lamps, and signal lamps, tail lamp construction details, license plate brackets, viscosity numbers for crankcase lubricating oils, electric incandescent lamps for motor boats, automobile body type nomenclature,

Woodruff key slot cutters and gages,

taps, slotted head cap and machine

screws, wood screws and balloon tires. In addition to these, the 1930 edition

of the handbook contains general in- formation on protective coatings for aluminum, chromium plating and die materials and rare metals. International agreement is being approached

on the standardization of annular ball bearings and progress is being made on

other types. In the electrical field re- search is in progress on developing

approved specifications for insulation and high-tension ignition cable. In

addition to a considerable number of important aeronautical standardization projects, an extensive investiga- tion by a specially selected committee

of lighting equipment requirements on

airplanes, particularly landing lights,

is making good progress. New or re- vised specifications are being devel- oped on extruded aluminum alloy

shapes, countersunk head aluminum

alloy rivets, stream-line tubing shapes,

aircraft tubing sizes, shock absorber

struts, fire-extinguisher brackets, fuel

valves, hose and hose liners, hose nipples, tank flanges, tube clips, propeller

hub cones and nuts, and wood propeller hubs. Further automotive specifi- cations are being developed for Diesel- engine parts and materials such as en- gine-testing forms, fuel-pump mount-
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 355

ings, fuel nozzle connections, glow

plugs, connecting-rod bolts, shaft ends

and couplings ; also in the gasoline au- tomobile field for fuel pump drives and

radiator tests. Committees are working on heat treatments for S. A. E.

steels, the development of physical

property charts for steel, headlamp

mountings, outboard-motor specifications, brass and copper alloys, windowglass channels and spline fittings. Together with the American Petro- leum Institute and the National Automobile Chamber of Commerce, the Society of Automotive Engineers maintains a staff of research associates at the National Bureau of Standards in- vestigating the mutual adaptation of fuels and motor-vehicle engines. This

research has been in progress for sev- eral years and has dealt with many

important phases of the fuel problem

j for motor-vehicle and aviation engines, such for instance as over-all economy,

ease of starting, dilution of crankcase

oil, vapor lock in fuel systems, and the tendency of fuels to knock. The re- search is conducted under the auspices

of a cooperative steering committee

composed of representatives of the

four organizations. In addition, the bureau is cooperating with the depart- ment of psychology of George Washington University in a study of fatigue

incident to automobile travel. This

work is being conducted under the auspices of the society with funds pro- vided by representative companies in the industry. The society initiated the movement for the reduction of number of sizes of automobile brake

linings and roller bearings which re- sulted in the formulation of simplified

practice recommendations relating to these items. The society acts in an

advisory capacity on the cooperative

committee on motor-truck impact

tests, Under the auspices of this committee the United States Bureau of Public Roads has been conducting

truck impact tests. The National Bureau of Standards has assisted on

instrumentation problems. An inves- tigation of the effect of certain wheel- alignment factors on tire w

Tear and

steering control has been in progress

for several months under the direc- tion of the society. Advertising in the society's handbook is limited to the

suppliers of automotive parts or materials made in accordance with the society's specifications, certificates being

signed by proper officials of the manufacturing firms to the effect that the products advertised comply with the

designated specifications. Information

concerning these specifications and

their promulgation is supplied through : The society's handbook (issued annually, with a semiannual supplement) ; the Society of Automotive Engineers

Journal (monthly) ; direct circulariz- ing ; correspondence ; the trade press

;

and in meetings. The society is a

sponsor or joint sponsor for 10 sec- tional committees dealing with the fol- lowing projects: Aeronautical safety code; ball bearings; bolt, nut, and

rivet proportions ; motor-vehicle lighting specifications ; machine pins ; plain

and spring washers ; screw-thread

standardization ; small tools and machine-tool elements ; transmission

chains and sprockets ; wire and sheet- metal gaging systems. During 1930

the society was represented on about

j 35 committees or boards of other national organizations or governmental

bureaus and departments.

Society for Electrical Development

(Inc.), J. Smieton, jr., secretary, 420 Lexington Avenue, New York, N. Y. This society has promulgated a model

uniform electrical ordinance to pro- vide a guide for drawing up municipal

regulations for installation of electri- cal wiring equipment. It has also formulated the Franklin specifications for good lighting which provides for

a simple, direct method for laying out

the general lighting of factories, stores,

offices, public buildings, and other nonresidential interiors. The society has

inaugurated a so-called red seal plan

for identifying a house that is properly and adequately wired. The plan

involves wiring specifications, inspection, and award. Inspection is pro- vided locally by a representative of a

duly authorized operating organization, who checks the specifications

against the job. If the wiring instal- lation conforms to the specification, an award is made consisting of a miniature red seal, permanently affixed to some part of the main service panel,

and a certificate signed by officers of the operating organization is issued to the house. Society of Industrial Engineers,

George C. Dent, executive secretary, 205 West Wacker Drive, Chicago, 111. Several of the society's committees are engaged in the following standardization projects : Time study engineering

;

production standards; plant mainte- nance standards; and management

terminology. The society is officially represented on sectional committees on

safety codes for conveyors and con-
356 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

veying machinery and table of pre- ferred numbers.

Society of Motion-Picture Engineers, Arthur C. Hardy, chairman,

standards committee, care of Massachusetts Institute of Technology,

Cambridge, Mass. The standardization work of this society is carried on

by its standards committee which at present is divided into four subcommittees. This association has adopt- ed dimensional standards for cutting,

splicing, and perforating motion-pic- ture films and for the apertures, projection lens diameters, and sprockets

for motion-picture projectors. It has

also adopted a recommended practice

for the taking and projection of motion pictures which has been approved

by the American Standards Association. The standards committee is now engaged in the following activities : Standardization of a new width

for motion-picture film, revision of the glossary of terms and the compilation

of a list of the foreign equivalents of such terms, preparation of a report

concerning certain items of recom- mended practice in connection with

the production and processing of motion-picture films, and the development of a safety code for the handling

of motion-picture films. Society of Naval Architects and

Marine Engineers, Daniel H. Cox, sec- retary-treasurer, 29 West Thirty-ninth

Street, New York, N. Y. This association cooperates with the American

Marine Standards Committee in the formulation and adoption of marine

standards. It is joint sponsor with

the American Society of Civil Engineers and the Association of American

Steel Manufacturers for the sectional committee for structural steel shapes,

and is officially represented on 15

additional sectional committees.

Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education, F. L. Bishop, sec- retary, University of Pittsburgh,

Pittsburgh, Pa. Standardization as

applied to the teaching of engineering

subjects is one of the functions of this

society. Its work is carried on under

the auspices of the American Stand- ards Association. It is serving as

joint sponsor for two sectional committees, as follows : Scientific engineering symbols and abbreviations (with four other organizations), and

standards for drawings and drafting- room practice (with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers).

Society of Terminal Engineers,

Charles H. Newman, secretary, 30 Broad Street, New York, N. Y. The

society's standardization work is con- ducted through representation on committees of other national organizations. It is represented on a committee organized by the American Society

of Mechanical Engineers for research on the properties and life of wire rope.

It is also officially represented on

three sectional committees dealing

with safety codes for elevators and

escalators, conveyors and conveying

machinery, and on cranes, derricks,

and hoists. Southern Cypress Manufacturers'

Association, J. R. Black, secretary- manager, Jacksonville, Fla. The

standard grades and classifications for cypress lumber and shingles

adopted by this association are the recognized rules for the grading of cypress in the lumber industry.

Through its committee on grades and

specifications, all of the association's rules have been revised to conform to American lumber standards. Under

strict supervision of the inspection

department, every effort possible is made to insure that lumber manufactured by the association's member

mills is graded and shipped in ac- cordance with American lumber standards. Under proper inspection, member mills are permitted to stamp their lumber with the association's trade- mark, which has the approval and

backing of the association. Southern Hardware Jobbers Association, S. St. J. Eshleman, secretarytreasurer, 704 New Orleans Bank

Building, New Orleans, La. The simplified practice recommendation on

varieties and sizes of loaded paper

shot shells was prepared through the

joint cooperation of committees of

this association, the National Hard- ware Association of the United States, and the National Retail Hardware

Association. Southern Pine Association, H. C. Berckes, secretary-manager, New Orleans, La. Standard specifications for grades of long-leaf and short-leaf southern pine lumber, dense long-leaf

and short-leaf southern yellow pine

timbers, bridge and trestle timbers for railway structures, and Gulf Coast

classification of pitch pine have been adopted by this association. Its grading rules have been revised to con- form to American lumber standards,

and the association employs a staff of inspectors who make a monthly check on the member mills to determine

whether or not lumber is being manufactured in accordance with the provisions adopted by the central com-
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 357

mittee on lumber standards. Firms

receiving this service are permitted to place the association grade and trade- mark on all of the lumber they

manufacture. This association has

incorporated into its grading rules

definite moisture specifications relat- ing to percentages governing both common and select lumber, which will insure to consumers that lumber

placed on the market is in properly

seasoned condition. The association

is onicially represented on the sec- tional committee on specifications for cross ties and switches. Southern Sash, Door, and Millwork

Manufacturers Association, C. B. Harman, secretary, Forsythe Building,

Atlanta, Ga. Standard methods for millwork cost-accounting ; standard

specifications of manufacture ; and

standard sizes, grades, and designs for sashes, doors, and millwork have been formulated by this association. Southern Supply and Machinery

Distributors' Association, Alvin M.

Smith, secretary-treasurer, care of Smith-Courtney Co., Richmond, Va. This association cooperated in the for- mulation of the simplified practice rec- ommendation for hack-saw blades, and

took an active part in the standardization of wrought-iron and wrought-steel

pipe, valves and fittings, and the packing of carriage, machine, and lag

bolts. It is officially represented on

the sectional committee on standardization of gears. Standard Container Manufacturers,

Russell W. Bennett, secretary-manager, Realty Building, Jacksonville,

Fla. This association, successor to the Southern Crate Manufacturers Association, was originally organized in 1913 as the Southeastern Package

Club with members enrolled from

South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, and

Alabama. Some of its stated objects are the promotion of uniform customs and usages among manufacturers, the

investigation of modern economies in manufacture, and the promotion of

legislation for uniform standards for

all fruit and vegetable packages. It has adopted standard-size containers for the packaging for shipment of fresh fruits and vegetables. These

standards conform to the fresh fruits and vegetables and loading rules of the

Interstate Commerce Commission.

This organization was officially repre- sented on the United States Department of Commerce Advisory Board on Domestic Packing, and is now coop- erating in the activities of the Bureau

of Agricultural Economics of the

United States Department of Agriculture, Florida State marketing bureau,

Freight Container Bureau of the American Railway Association, Southern Freight Association and representative organizations of growers and

shippers in standardization and simplification matters.

Steel Barrel Manufacturers Institute, D. S. Hunter, secretary-treasurer, Keith Building, Cleveland, Ohio. The

simplified practice recommendation on

sizes of steel barrels and drums was

sponsored and adopted by this insti- tute. Among other standards which

it adopted are those for steel barrels which were established by the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Consolidated Freight Classification Committee; also thread dimensions

for spuds and plugs, distances between

rolling hoops, and weights of barrels

of various types and sizes. Steel Founders Society of America,

Granville P. Rogers, managing director, 420 Lexington Avenue, New York,

N. Y. During the past year this asso- ciation published a booklet containing

the standard trade customs adopted by

the society to be used by buyers and

producers of steel castings. In addition, it adopted the standard sales contract and order acceptance and

quotation sheet for the purpose of simplifying transactions between steel foundries and their customers. The

society cooperated in the preparation

of the simplified practice recommendation for malleable foundry refractories and with the American Society for Testing Materials in the formulation

of steel castings specifications. It co- operated, through representation on

committees of other societies, in the development of specifications and

standards affecting the steel foundry

industry. The society conducted tests to assist in the revision of the national

safety code pertaining to use and care

of abrasive wheels. Structural Clay Tile Association,

Edward C. Kerth, secretary, Engineering Building, Chicago, 111. This association is successor to the Hollow

Building Tile Association and has asso- ciated with it not only American, but Canadian and Mexican members. Co- operating with the Federal Govern- ment departments it has issued the

following standards: Compressive and

transverse strength of hollow tile walls, transmission and absorption of sound by some building materials,

tests on hollow tile and concrete slabs reinforced in one direction:, recom- mended minimum requirements for
358 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

masonry wall construction, recom- mended practice for arrangement of building codes, and recommended re- quirements for small dwelling construction. In cooperation with the National Bureau of Standards this association has evolved standards for the manufacture, use, and application

of tile, through the determination of

its properties and characteristics. The standards as set up by the Government agencies were followed by

the association in cooperation with

other testing laboratories throughout

the country. This association was

also one of the first to adopt the simplified practice recommendation for hollow building tile, which was formulated in cooperation with the stand- ards committee of this organization

and the division of simplified practice.

The association is carrying on a con- stant program of experimental and

research work in various authoritative

institutions and maintains a contin- uous contact with the various Govern- ment research agencies.

Tap and Die Institute, Herbert S. Blake, secretary-counsel, 74 Trinity

Place, New York, N. Y. Elimination

from catalogue lists of sizes and styles of taps and dies, and the establish- ment of proper standard basic mechanical sizes of these tools are the principal activities of the committee

on simplification and standardization

of this institute. It is officially repre- sented on sectional committees on screw threads for bolts, machine

screws, nuts and commercially tapped

holes, and on screw threads for rigid

electrical conduits. Technical Association of the Pulp

and Paper Industry, R. G. Macdonald,

secretary, 18 East Forty-first Street, New York, N. Y. This association has

adopted officially 28 methods of test- ing paper which were formulated in cooperation with the National Bureau

of Standards. Additional methods are being developed at the present time. The association is cooperating with

the American Standards Association and the American Society for Testing

Materials with respect to the testing of paper and roofing. It is officially represented on the sectional committee on identification of piping systems.

Technical Institute of the Biscuit and Cracker Manufacturers' Association, A. A. Schaal, director, 816 Superior Boulevard, Minneapolis, Minn. For the past several years this insti- tute has been engaged in formulating

standards and specifications for raw

materials going into biscuit and

cracker production. It has already

adopted tentative specifications for many raw materials and is endeavoring to raise the standard of finished

biscuits and crackers. With reference

to standards for finished products, the

institute has been successful, through

yearly training conferences, in raising the quality in general of several pieces, such as the vanilla wafer, the soda

cracker, and others. During the past

few years various plants have adopted

certain standards relating to size, color, texture, grain, and other characteristics on a number of pieces which

the institute is planning to make uni- versal in an attempt to raise the general quality of production.

Telephone Group. Representatives

of the Bell Telephone System and the United States Independent Telephone

Association comprise the membership

of this group. The American Stand- ards Association secretary of the group

is H. L. Huber of the American Tele- phone & Telegraph Co., 195 Broadway,

New York, N. Y. This group is now

assisting in the preparation of 17 standards under the procedure of the American Standards Association. Additional standardization work is car- ried on through representation of various committees cooperating with

regulatory bodies such as State commissions, national, and international bureaus. It also participates in committee work of various engineering

societies. Cooperative work is handled with numerous committees of the

telegraph and telephone section of the American Railway Association which

body is engaged in the formulation of recommendations and specifications

dealing with different phases of communication, including outside plant, inside plant, electrolysis protection,

transmission development, and radio

and wire carrier systems. The group

is sponsor or joint sponsor for two sec- tional committees as follows : Manhole

frames and covers (with the American

Society of Civil Engineers), and speci- fications for wood poles. Textile Color Card Association of

the United States (Inc.), Margaret

Hayden Rorke, secretary and managing director, 200 Madison Avenue,

New York, N. Y. This association has

for its primary object the promotion

of color and its correlation in every

related branch of industry. It formulated the standard color card of America showing 192 staple shades, as well as seasonal color cards, which are

being widely used in the textile and

allied industries both in this country
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 359

and abroad. Each spring and fall of the year cards are issued for the textile industries including silks, woolens,

millinery, shoe and leather, hosiery,

and related trades. The United States Army color card showing the official colors for arms and services and ap- proved and accepted by the Quarter- master General of the United States Army has also been a development of

this association. The colors on all cards are identified by standard names

which never change as well as by cable numbers, thus insuring an exact color

interpretation. An index is brought

out each season listing the names and

numbers of all colors appearing on

cards issued since the founding of the

association in 1915. The association cooperates with leading textile, millinery, leather, hosiery, garment, and

kindred industrial trade association

groups, in the selection of basic shades. Textile Converters' Association,

Samuel M. Fisher, secretary, 291 Broadway, New York, N. Y. This as- sociation, formerly known as the Converter's Association, has adopted a standard terminology of the phrase

" double cuts " when used in connection with the purchase and sale of gray goods. It has also adopted a standard method to be employed by the

finishers of cotton fabrics—the return by the finishers to the converter of all stretch as well as damaged goods, and

remnants of finished merchandise over

1 yard in length. This principle has

been established as a standard of con- duct for the trade. A joint committee

composed of representatives of the gray goods contracts committee of this organization and representatives of the Association of Cotton Textile Merchants of New York is now engaged in the following additional standardization work : More accurate limitations

to the use of the word " seconds " as applied to cotton ; establishing a stand- ard definition of the term " no lighter

than " when used in connection with

gray goods and the permissible variations in weights ; standardizing proced- ure in the use of oil remover and the character of the oil remover used ; the proper proportion of " seconds," if any, which should be permitted under an

order for " firsts " ; establishing a uni- form gray-goods sales note which

should prove equitable to seller and

buyer alike. Tire and Rim Association (Inc.), C. E. Bonnett, general manager, 1401 Guarantee Title Building, Cleveland,

Ohio. This association is attempting

to reduce the number of sizes in tire

and rim equipment. It has formulated

and adopted standards for rims, valves,

bands, and solid and balloon tires for passenger cars, airplanes, and motor

cycles. It cooperated in the establish- ment of the simplified practice recom- mendation relating to sizes of industrial truck tires which have also been

adopted by this association. Underwriters' Laboratories, Dana

Pierce, president, 207 East Ohio

Street, Chicago, 111. These laboratories are maintained by the National

Board of Fire Underwriters for test- ing and inspecting appliances and de- vices upon which reports are issued to insurance organizations. This organization has already issued over 120 standards and specifications for elec- trical devices and miscellaneous materials with relation to life and fire hazards, theft, and accident prevention. During the past year it either prepared or revised standards for: Armored cables and armored cords, bandit-resisting inclosures, concrete

blocks, domestic electric ranges, elec- tric motors for Class I locations, electric motors for use in hazardous at- mospheres, electric signs, electrically heated appliances, flexible nonmetallic

tubing, gas systems for protection of vaults against burglary, hand operated

discharge devices, heat resisting fix- ture wire and flexible cord, outside

visible measure discharge devices, motor-operated discharge devices, motoroperated pumps and discharge device accessory pumps, power operated ra- dio receiving sets, rubber-lined hose,

safety cans for the storage and handling of hazardous liquids, soldering

lugs, sound recording and reproducing

equipment, therapeutic carbon arc

lamps, unlined hose, valves for hazardous liquids, and window cleaners anchors. The standards for electric motors for use in hazardous atmospheres

and Class I locations have been pre- pared in cooperation with the National

Electrical Manufacturers Association. Arrangements are made with manufacturers for the inspection of devices and materials at the factories by lab- oratory inspectors, and standard goods

are identified by stamps, transfers,

labels, or other markings. The burglar protection department is working

on methods and devices, including

burglar alarm systems, for the protection of buildings, safes, vaults, banks,

and storage containers. As a member

of the Fire Protection Group of the American Standards Association, this organization served as joint sponsor

(within the American Society for Test-
360 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

ing Materials and the National Bureau

of Standards) for specifications for the fire tests of materials and construction, and (with the American Society

for Testing Materials) for specifica- tions for rubber-lined fire hose. It is officially represented on 28 additional

sectional committees.

United Roofing Contractors Association of North America, E. M. Pope,

secretary, 58 West Washington Street, Chicago, 111. Two specifications relat- ing to gravel or slag roofing for use

over board sheathing and over concrete have been formulated by this association and recommended to its members

for use in the construction of built-up

roofs. This association permits manufacturers to use its trade mark label on materials inspected and found to comply with its specifications.

United States Feed Distributors

Association. (See Grain and Feed

Dealers National Association, p. 319.) United States Pharmacopoeiae Convention, Lewis E. Warren, secretary, 2 Raymond Street, Chevy Chase, Md.

Through its committee on revision, this organization revises the Pharmacopoeia of the United States of America at intervals of 10 years, the last revision having become effective Jan- uary 1, 1926. The last decennial meeting of the convention was held in Washington, D. C, in May, 1930. In

addition to the election of a president

and other officers, a new committee

on revision, consisting of 51 members, was appointed. General principles for the guidance of the committee were

adopted by the convention. The committee on revision is now actively en- gaged in revising the pharmacopoeia,

which describes and gives standards

lor such drugs as are given official status by the medical profession. It

is recognized as authority by the national food and drug act of June 30, 1906, and similar laws of many States

in the Union.

United States Potters Association, Charles F. Goodwin, secretary, East

Liverpool, Ohio. Committees of this association are studying the question

of establishing uniform shop conditions and practices and in various

phases of pottery manufacture. The

association's research committee co- operates with the National Bureau of Standards and other laboratories and

institutions in its work on feldspars,

clay, glaze fit, fineness of flint and

spar, and standard test methods. United States Shellac Importers

Association (Inc.), L. W. Babbage,

secretary, 17 State Street, New York,

N. Y. In cooperation with the American Bleached Shellac Manufacturers

Association, this organization has for- mulated standard methods of analysis

and specifications for both bleached and orange shellac. It has adopted

standard rules and regulations gov- erning the sampling, analysis, allow- ances and penalties, and weights of

shellac. This association has also adopted standards for the principal

commercial grades and net weights

of packages of shellac which form the

basis for practically all transaction with India and locally. During the

past year it adopted new rules governing allowances and penalties and ex- amination of shellac on arrival from

India. The purpose of these new

rules is to raise the quality of deliveries. The association maintains in the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn,

N. Y., a research bureau, the function

of which is to deal with problems

arising concerning the uses of shellac. United Typothetae of America, John

J. Deviny, secretary, Tower Building,

Washington, D. C. This organization

cooperated in the formulation of the

simplified practice recommendation

for grades and sizes of paper. It has

established the following standards which are now in use in the industry

:

Specification and estimate forms,

classifications of accounts, balance

sheet and operating statement, and

cost-finding system. In order to assist printers in their work, this or- ganization has published a dictionary

containing standard graphic art terms. Wallpaper Association of the United States, E. D. Belknap, executive vice president, 10 East Fortieth

Street, New York, N. Y. Representatives of the wall paper industry co- operating with this association as- sisted in the establishment of the commercial standard for grading and

testing wall paper. During the past year this association has revised its code of trade practices relating to misbranding, fraud, and misrepresentation, and imitation of trade-marks

or trade names, and trade regulations

with respect to width, length, and

permanency of color of wall paper. The association has copyrighted a

self-identifying trade-mark guaranteeing compliance of the wall paper upon

which it is printed with the require- ments of the commercial standard for

this commodity.

Webbing Manufacturers' Exchange,

Wilwyn Herbert, secretary, 74 Trinity Place, New York, N. Y. Grading

rules relating to the number of cuts
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 361

or pieces permitted in first quality

goods, such as webs made on looms

running only one strip at a time and

products made on looms running a number of pieces at one time, have

been adopted by the exchange. It co- operated in the formulation of the

simplified practice recommendation on

standard sizes of shoe goring. In co- operation with the Corset and Brassiere Association, the exchange has

also adopted a standard of minimum

sizes of rubber thread for use in the webbing industry.

West Coast Lumbermen's Association, W. B. Greeley, secretary-manager, Stuart Building, Seattle, Wash.

The official standard grading and

dressing rules of this association for Douglas fir, Sitka spruce, West Coast

hemlock, and western red cedar lumber are in conformity with the American lumber standard sizes and grades

promulgated by the industry under the auspices of the Central Committee on Lumber Standards and published as

simplified practice recommendation

No. 16. It has also adopted standard grades for architectural woodwork.

The rules of this association are now

widely distributed among manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers, and others engaged in the various branches of the construction industry. Through

its department of grades and manufacture, this association makes monthly

inspections at member plants and is- sues official certificates of grade and

quantity of individual shipment upon

request ; it reinspects at point of desti- nation, followed by the issuance of a

detailed report ; and it provides for and supervises the use of official grade

and trade-marks at member plants.

This association supplies a standard

shipper's certificate to its members

who desire to use them in their ship- ments. This form certifies as to the exact quantity by pieces or fit and

quality of lumber loaded. In order

to eliminate present confusion in molding design, the association coop- erated with interested regional lumber

associations and millwork manufacturers in the formulation of a single national standard for the manufacture

of molding which has been approved

by this association and other bodies. During the past year this association developed standards for the manufacture of interior millwork which are now employed by western Oregon and

Washington manufacturers. These

standards are incorporated in a pamphlet entitled " Standard Architectural Woodwork and Select Architectural

Woodwork" and have been approved

by local architects who are now using

them in connection with the preparation of building specifications. The

association is officially represented on

sectional committees on specifications for crossties and switchties and speci- fications for methods for testing wood. Western Pine Manufacturers Association, S. V. Fullaway, jr., secretary- manager, 510 Yeon Building, Portland,

Oreg. Cutting dimensions for stand- ard fresh fruit and vegetable containers, established by this organization, are contained in " Westpine Box and

Crate Specifications List No. 2." It has issued another publication contain- ing standard rules for grading pondosa, sugar, California and Idaho

white pine, larch, Douglas fir, white

fir, spruce, and cedar lumber. This

book was published jointly by this association and the California White

and Sugar Pine Manufacturers Association. Western Red Cedar Association, W.

H. Jones, secretary, 344 Peyton Building, Spokane, Wash. Official specifica- tions formulated and adopted by this association include those for split and

round cedar posts, poles, and piling.

During the past year, this organization revised its specifications for butt- treating cedar poles in open tanks. Several of its members are serving on committees of the American WoodPreservers' Association. The association is officially represented on the

sectional committee on specifications for wood poles. Wirebound Box Manufacturers Association, R. M. McClure, secretary, 111 West Washington Street, Chicago,

111. This association aided in the es- tablishment of the simplified practice

recommendation for sizes of rotary- cut lumber for wire-bound boxes. The

standardization and specifications committee of the association is conducting

tests of wire-bound boxes and designing new packages. In addition, it is undertaking tests of new forms of wire-bound boxes covering various ve- neer thicknesses, positioning of staples,

and placing binding wires. It cooper- ated with the Bureau of Explosives in the development of new general speci- fications for wire-bound shipping containers for the transportation of ex- plosives and other dangerous articles. It cooperated also with the Federal

Specifications Board in the preparation of specifications for all common

styles of wooden wire-bound boxes. These specifications have been ap- proved by the industry and are now
362 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

awaiting definite action by the Government. Wool Institute (Inc.), A. D. Whiteside, president, 2 Park Avenue, New

York, N. Y. This institute has formulated and adopted standard wool tops

in cooperation with the United States Department of Agriculture. Committees

of the institute are working for the establishment of additional standards

relating to fabrics and other materials manufactured in the wool industry.

Writing Paper Manufacturers Association, E. H. Naylor, secretarytreasurer, 95 State Street, Springfield, Mass. " Trade Customs " is the title of a booklet issued by this association.

It contains a table showing revised weights to conform to the 1,000-sheet

standard unit, which are to be market! on packages of bonds and linens, fiat writings, and ledger papers made to

specifications. Other items of trade

customs covered in this booklet are

:

Special sizes, special colors, over runs and under runs, broken packages,

claims, water marks, small sizes, light

weights, and terms of sale. The price,

size, weight, weight variation, and

packing methods in regard to index

and mill bristols which have been

adopted by the Writing Paper Manufacturers Association and the book

paper manufacturers are also included

in the booklet. Wrought Iron Research Association, Stanley P. Watkins, metallurgist, 1111 Union Bank Building, Pittsburgh,

Pa. This association's work in stand- ardization is conducted by a committee

of the American Society for Testing

Materials on which the association maintains official representation. During the past year this committee re- vised the specifications for iron which

have been adopted by the association.
IX. BIBLIOGRAPHY ON STANDARDIZATION

Supplementary to the List Printed in the Standards Yearbook, 1928, 1929, and

1930

[Compiled by Anne L. Baden, division of bibliography, Library of Congress, under the

direction of William Adams Slade, chief bibliographer. The call numbers accompanying

the entries are those of the Library of Congress.]

The following bibliography comprises references to the general

literature. Care has been taken to omit citations to the more

specialized literature on standardization of specific commodities.

Ackerman, Ernest R. The United States Bureau of Foreign and Domestic

Commerce. Speech in the House, January 24, 1930. Congressional record, 71st Cong., 2d sess., v. 72, no. 36 (current file) : 2471-2477. J ll.R 7, v. 72. Includes a discussion of the benefits to American business of the division of simplified practice in the Bureau of standards. Agnew, Paul Gough. The role of the trade association in industrial standardization. Iron age, Oct. 31, 1929, v. 124 : 1172. T1.I7, v. 124. Alford, Leon Pratt: Preferred numbers as a tool of management research. New York, American

management association, 1929. 11 p. Trends in industrial production and management, with discussion. (In

Society of industrial engineers. Trends in industry. Chicago, 1930

p. 20-33.)

American Railway Association contributing to American Standards Association. Mechanical engineering, July, 1930, v. 52 : 717. TJ1.A72, v. 52. By a recent action of the Board of Directors of the American Railway Association,

it was unanimously agreed to subscribe a total of $45,000 toward the work of the American Standards Association. American Society for Testing Materials:

Index to all its standards and tentative standards in effect September 3, 1929. Philadelphia, American Society for Testing Materials, 1930. 133 p. The Index lists 390 standards and 173 tentative standards that appeared in its 1929 Yearbook, and in the 1929 Supplement to the A. S. T. M. standards. New and revised A. S. T. M. standards. Membership to ballot on 55 revisions, 45 tentative standards, proposed as standard, and 21 new tentative standards. U. S. Bureau of standards. Commercial standards monthly, Sept. 1930, v. 7: 93-94. HD62.U3, v. 7. 1929 supplement to book of A. S. T. M. standards. Philadelphia, American

Society for Testing Materials, 1930. 293 p. This booklet is a supplement to the 1927 edition of A. S. T. M. book of standards. The supplement contains 19 revised and 32 newly adopted standards relating to metals and nonmetallic materials. Proceedings of the thirty-second annual meeting. Philadelphia, American

Society for Testing Materials, 1930. 2 v. New and revised tentative standards are published in volume 1. Yearbook, 1929. Philadelphia, American Society for Testing Materials,

1929. 320 p. TA401.A6. 1929. Contains lists of A. S. T. M. standards and tentative standards. American Society for Testing Materials has busy week. Extra session held

to permit presentation of the many reports and papers. Foundry, July 15, 1930, v. 58 : 64-65. TS200.F7, v. 58. Includes discussion of the Society's standardization activities. 27171—31 24 363
364 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

American Standards Association

:

American standards yearbook, 1930. New York, American Standards Association, 1930. 104 p. ASA bulletin; published monthly for the sustaining members of the American Sandards Association, 29 West 39th Street, New York, N. Y.

Official list of engineering and industrial standards. New York, American

Standards Association, 1930. American Standards Association becomes a member body of the International Standards Association. Mechanical engineering, Feb. 1930, v. 52 : 161. TJ1.A72, v. 52. States that as a result of this action all of the national standardizing bodies except Great Britain, Canada, and Australia are members of the International

association. The countries now represented, in addition to the United States are : Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Holland^ Hungary, Italy, Japan, Norway, Poland, Roumania, Russia, Sweden, and Switzerland. American Standards Association joins International Standards Association. Safety engineering, Feb. 1930, v. 59: 66. TH9201.A1S3, v. 59. American Standards Association will encourage National standards. Iron

trade review, July 18, 1929, v. 85: 143. TS300.I745, v. 85. Armitage, J. B. The influence of standardization in machine design. Mechanical engineering, Mar. 1930, v. 52: 211-213. TJ1.A72, v. 52. Association franchise de normalisation: mise a l'6tude et homologation de

normes. Revue generate de l'61ectricite. May 10, 1930, v. 27: 146B. TK2.R35, v. 27. Baermig—Die deutsche Normung. Vereines deutscher Ingenieure (Berlin),

Zeitschrift, June 22, 1929, v. 73 : 882. TA3.V5, v. 73. Reviews the progress of standardization in various industries. Barendsen, P. Rationalisatie en expansie onzer nijverheid. Economischstatistische berichten (Rotterdam), Feb. 12, 1930, No. 737: 140-142. Beretning fra Dansk standardiseringsraad. Ingeni0ren, Aug. 1930, v. 39: 383. TA4.I41, v. 39. Bourgoin, P. La rationalisation. Revue de France, Nov. 15, 1929, 9. ann^e,

no. 22 : 269-294. AP20.R265, 9. annee.

Bredt, Otto. Germany rolls up its sleeves as it organizes for rationalization. Factory and industrial management, Nov. 1929, v. 78 : 1071-1075. TA1.E59,

v. 78. A discussion of tbe work of the German organization of rationalization, " Reichs- kuratorium fur Wirtschaftlichkeit," and affiliated groups in the field of normalization and technical specifications. Britain launches the spring drive for rationalization. Business week, Mar. 12, 1930, p. 43-44. HF5001.S9.

British Electrical and Allied Manufacturers' Association. Sixth trade survey. London, 1930. (London), Aug. 15, 1930, v. 107:275-276. TK1.E44, v. 107. British Engineering Standards Association. Indexed list of British standard

specifications and reports. London, 1929. 33 p. Numerical list and subject list. Bronson, L. H. Applying simplification to a " business as a whole," pre-war

business " set-up " restricted sales to retail merchants ; war created a more

serious study of distribution problem ; the manufacturer, the wholesaler,

and the retailer each only a department in the business of distribution

;

must cultivate the support of the consumer. U. S. Bureau of standards. Commercial standards monthly, Apr. 1930, v. 6: 305-307. HD62.U3, v. 6„
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 365

Burgess, George Kimball:

The benefits and savings derived from simplified practice. Manufacturers

news, Jan. 1930, v. 37:31-32. HD9720.1.M3, v. 37. Standardization and research work and workers at the National Bureau of Standards : results enter into nation-wide practice in industry ; successful

enterprises at the bureau promote general welfare of the American people. U. S. Bureau of standards. Commercial standards monthly, Mar., 1930,

v. 6 : 350-352. HD62.U3, v. 6. The workers at the Bureau of Standards and their work. American federationist, Feb. 1930, v. 37 : 164-169. HD8055.A5A2, v. 37. Burnham, Thomas Hall. Engineering economics, by T. H. Burnham ... London,

New York [etc.] Sir I. Pitman & sons, ltd., 1929. xiii, 326 p. diagrs. 22

cm. HD31.B8.

Chapter 16, " standardization," includes discussion of the objects, limits, processes, and performance of standardization, the British Engineering Standards Association,

effect of the war on standardization, etc. Charters, D. B. Influence of standardization on quantity production. Mechanical engineering, Mar. 1930, v. 52 : 213-214. TJ1.A72, v. 52. Chisholm, Cecil: You can rationalise a small business. Business (London), Mar. 1930, v. 57:

125-127, 152. HF5001.S8, v. 57. We must get to grips with rationalisation. Can rationalisation be applied

to every-day business—yours and mine? America and Germany have

rationalized their industries—but what about Britain? Business (London), Feb. 1930, v. 57 : 77. HF5001.S8, v. 57. Coes, Harold V. Many industrial wastes uneliminated. Numerous leaks in production and distribution remain unstopped, awaiting the attention of management. Iron age, Jan. 2, 1930, v. 125 : 67-68. T1.17, v. 125. Urges further adoption of simplification and standardization in industry. Comite de normalisation de la m£canique: mise a l'enquete publique de projets de normalisation. Revue g£neralt de l'electricite\ Nov. 23-30, 1929, Jan. 4, Mar. 1, 22, Apr. 19, May 24, June 28, Aug. 9, 1930, v. 26 : 810 ; 858 ; v. 27

:

3; 316; 433-434; 601-602; 801-802; 1009-1010; v. 28: 193. TK2.R35, v. 26-28. Comite de normalisation de la m§canique: session de juillet 1930. Revue

generate de l'electricite\ Aug. 23, 1930, v. 28 : 57B. TK2.R35, v. 28. Conard, Charles. Simplification and standardization in procurement and stor- age. Standard specifications in Government services improves purchasing

;

Federal Standard Stock Catalogue includes systematized storing, inventoring, and issuing of supplies. U. S. Bureau of standards. Commercial

standards monthly, Sept. 1930, v. 7 : 70-72. HD62.U3, v. 7. Condit, K. H. Will nineteen thirty be as good as nineteen twenty-one? American machinist, Jan. 2, 1930, v. 72 : 1-3. TJ1.A5, v. 72. A discussion of standardization work in America for 1929, and prospects for 1930

is given on p. 3. Congreso internacional de ingenieros en Tokio. Ingenieros de veintiseis palses

ale de l'electricite, May 10, 1930, v. 27 : 721-722. TK2.R35, v. 27. Congres international de normalisation (Paris, 19-28 mai 1930). Revue gener- concurrieron al Congreso de Tokio donde se discutieron problemas import- antes de todas las ramas de ingenieria. Ingenieria internacional, Jan. 1930,

v. 18: 9-11. Standardization: p. 11. Conrad, W. L. Progress in industrial management. Mechanical engineering, Jan. 1930, v. 52 : 28-31. TJ1.A72, v. 52.

" Standardization as a factor of management " : p. 30. Cooper, George A.: Coordinating standardization work with the governmental program. The

individual company will find its standardization work most resultful when

it is conducted in line with the proved policies of the Commerce Department. Public utility purchasing, Dec. 1929, v. 1 : 346-348, 368-369.
366 NATIONAL BUKEAU OF STANDARDS

Cooper, George A.—Continued.

Putting standards to work for the utility company. Some practical results of

the campaign for the elimination of needless variety in commercial materials- and equipment. Public utility purchasing, Nov. 1929, v. 1: 305-309, 328-

329. Recent economic effects of simplified practice. New England Purchaser

(Boston, Mass.) ; Vol. X, No. 9, p. 9; September, 1930. Crabtree, John A. What is happening in Germany. Business (London), Feb.

1930, v. 57 : 77. HF5001.S8, v. 57. Discusses the work of standardization committees in Germany.

Cramer, F. W. More standardization is needed. Electric journal, June, 1930,

v. 27 : 341-342. TK1.E21, v. 27. Crowther, Samuel. T. A. E.—a great national asset. An interview with

Thomas A. Edison. Saturday evening post, v. 201, Jan. 5, 1930 : 6-7, 124,

126. AP2.S2, v. 201.

Includes a discussion of simplification and standardization. Current activities of the American Standards Association. Several specifica- tions under revision by Technical committee. U. S. Bureau of standards. Commercial standards monthly, Aug. 1930, v. 7: 56-57. HD62.U3,

v. 7. See also issue for September, p. 90. Deutscher Normenausschuss. DIN Normblattverzeichnis. Stand der Normung

Dezember 1929. Berlin, Beuth-Verlag, 1930. 263 p. Dobb, Maurice Herbert. Russian economic development since the revolution by

Maurice Dobb ... assisted by H. C. Stevens. 2d ed., with a new appendix.

London, G. Routledge & sons, ltd., 1929. xii, 437 p. inch front., diagrs.

22y2 cm

. HC335.D6 1929. "A list of sources " : p. 403-408. Rationalisation : p. 306-306, 331-332, 388-391. Does standardization pay? System, Sept. 1930, v. 58 : 205-206. HF5001.S9,

v. 58. Discusses the tendency toward standardization of office work, and points out the

benefits. Doriot, Georges Frederic. The meaning of rationalization in Europe. Ameri- can academy of political and social science. Annals, May, 1930, v. 149:

61-66. H1.A4, v. 149. Estabrook, Leon M. The International institute of agriculture at Rome. Relation to standardization of agricultural statistics and scientific research. U. S. Bureau of standards. Commercial standards monthly, Aug. 1930, v. 7 : 61. HD62.U3, v. 7. Elden, L. L. Practical and economic aspects of standardization. (In National

electric light association. Proceedings, 1929. New York, 1929. v. 86„

p. 140-144.) TK1.N2, v. 86. Ely, Edwin W.

:

Simplified practice, a factor in cost work. Typothetae Bulletin (Wash. D. C.)

Vol. XXX, No. 2, p. 57 ; October 14, 1929. A perspective of simplification movement. Division of simplified practice

during past eight years has passed through several stages of develop- ment. U. S. Bureau of standards. Commercial standards monthly,

Apr. 1930, v. 6: 312. HD62.U3, v. 6. Simplified practice activities. Engineering and contracting, July, 1930, v. 49 r 268. TA201.E5, v. 49. Simplified practice as an aid to manufacturers and distributors. Manufacturers association of Connecticut. Connecticut industry, May, 1'930, p. 5-9. Simplification and standardization aids to manufacturers and distributors. U. S. Bureau of standards. Commercial standards monthly, Mar., 1930,

v. 6:266-268. HD62.U3, v. 6. What simplification means. Cincinnati Purchasor (Cincinnati), Purchasing

Agents' Association, Cincinnati, Ohio) Vol. IX, No. 6, p. 10; August, 1930.

Simplified practice aids industry. Manufacturers' Record (Baltimore, Md.>

Vol. XCVIII, No. 12, p. 46 : September. 1930.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 367

" Engineering and industrial standardization." Published in each issue of the magazine Mechanical engineering. TJ1.A72. Engineering standardization in Canada. Engineering journal (Montreal), Mar.,

1920, v. 12: 156.

States that the Canadian Engineering Standards Association formed in 1919 has shown steady development since that time, and now has 67 working committees whose

activities are directed by 49 members and that it has published 24 standard specifications. Europa, with which is incorporated the Europa yearbook : v. 1, The encyclopaedia of Europe: a directory of the League of Nations and of international

organizations, a review of peace treaty problems, world trade, social and

economic conditions, and a survey and directory of political, industrial,

financial, cultural and scientific organizations in every European country.

Edited by Michael Farbman. London, Europa publications, ltd., 1930. 155, 114 p. (Europa service, v. 1.) D2.E8.

" Rationalisation of industry in Germany, Great Britain. France. United States. Belgium Italy and Russia " : p. 97-101. Fairchild, I. J.: Economies from commercial standards. Public utility purchasing, Feb. 1930,

v. 2: 72-75. Economies to users of commercial standards. Uniform basis of purchase and

satisfactory assurance that delivered goods equal or exceed specification

requirements found in commercial standards. U. S. Bureau of standards. Commercial standards monthly, Feb. 1930, v. 6 : 243-245. HD62.TJ3,

v. 6. Standardization—should it be feared or fostered? An examination of the

principles of standardization as applied in nature points the way. U. S. Bureau of standards. Commercial standards monthly, July, 1930, v. 7:

20-21. HD62.U3, v. 7. Trends in buying stimulate standardization. Forward-looking manufacturers

are pooling experience concerning their commodities to formulate commerciel standards. U. S. Bureau of standards. Commercial standards

monthly, Apr. 1930, v. 6 : 308. HD62.U3, v. 6. Also in American machinist,

May 29, 1930, v. 72 : 873. TJ1.A5, v. 72. Fawcett, W. Uncle Sam expects printers' support in standardizing printed forms. Inland printer, v. 85, May, 1930 : 67-69. Z119.I56, v. 85. Fayol, Henri. Industrial and general administration. Tr. from the French by

J. A. Coubrough. London, Sir I. Pitman, 1930. Also published in German

by the Int. Rationalisierungs-Inst, Miinchen, 1929. 94 p. Federal specifications and American standards. Mechanical engineering, May.

1930, v. 52 : 553. TJ1.A72, v. 52. Gives a list of new American standards. Federal specifications and national defense. Mechanical engineering, May

1930, v. 52 : 569-570. TJ1.A72, v. 52. Feiker, F. M. Molding industrial opinion. American machinist, Apr. 3, 1930,

v. 72 : 587-588. TJ1.A5, v. 72. Touches upon the work of the Simplified Practice Division of the Department of Commerce. Fledderus, M. L. Rational organization and industrial relations. The Hague,

Netherlands, International industrial relations association, 1930. 279 p. Fornander, E. Den industrielle standardiseringen under ar 1928. Teknisk

tidskrift, Oct. 19, 1929, v. 59: 125-127. T4.T26, v. 59. States that there has been great progress since the Swedish Industrial Standardization Committee started ; Committee has 10 subdivisions divided into 43 subcommittees with about 300 members, and works in conjunction with similar committees

all over the world. Foth, Joseph Henry. Trade associations, their services to industry, by Joseph

Henry Foth ... New York, The Ronald press company [

c1930]. xi, 338 p. diagrs. 22cm

. HD2425.F6.

" Industrial standardization and simplification " : chapter 9. " Quality standardization " : chapter 10.
368 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Fourgeaud, Andre. ... La rationalisation: Etats-Unis.—Allemagne ... Essai de

synth&se doctrinale. Paris, Payot, 1929. 2 p. 1., [7]-255 p. 22^tm

. (Bibliotheque politique et economique) " Bibliographie " : p. [243J-255.

HD33.F6.

Fox, R. M. Repercussions of rationalisation. Nineteenth century and after, Nov. 1929, v. 106: 683-691. AP4.N7, v. 106. Gaillard, John. Standardization : some considerations concerning its development and practice in American industry. Taylor society. Bulletin, Apr

1930, v. 15 : 118-124. T58.A2T3, v. 15. Includes a list of 21 countries which have national standardization bodies. Garrard, C. G. Standardization—true and false. Electrician (London), Mar.

14, 1930, v. 104 : 332. TK1.E63, v. 104. Gilbreth, Lillian M.

:

Furthering business with Japan. What needs to be understood, especially

in the light that America is regarded as the model worth copying. Iron

age, Feb. 6, 1930, v. 125 : 443-444. T1.17, v. 125. Touches upon the need in Japan of American simplification and standardization

principles. Management movement in Japan. Increasing numbers, the World engineering congress proved, are studying scientific principles—fear of result- ing unemployment a deterrent. Iron age, Jan. 23, 1930, v. 125 : 298^299.

T1.I7, v. 125. Discusses several papers on standardization that were presented at the World

engineering congress at Tokio, Oct. 30, 1929. Girardeau, R.

:

The Association Frangaise de Normalization. French association encourages economic expansion through standardization. U. S. Bureau of Standards. Commercial standards monthly, Sept., 1930, v. 7 : 74. HD62.U3, v. 7. Normalization in industry. American chamber of commerce in France. Foreign trade, May, 1930, p. 23-24.

Gottschall. Konrad. Rationalisierung und Umsatz. Zeitschrift fur Betriebs- wirtschaft, Jan. 1930, v. 7 : 66-69. Gual Villalbi, Pedro. Principios y aplicaciones de la organizacion cientifica del trabajo. Barcelona, Juventud, 1929. 384 p. Guest. Leslie Haden. National policy, a nonparty view. Nineteenth century

and after, Aug. 1929, v. 106 : 155-162. AP4.N7, v. 106. Haan, Hugo. Die internationale Rationalisierungsbewegung. Mitt. d. Dt. Hauptverb. d. Ind. (Teplitz) May 1-8, 1930, v. 11: 329-332; 349-353. Hamblen, H. J. Rationalisation means self-help in industry. Miller (London),

Sept. 30, 1929, v. 54 : 578. TS2120.M5, v. 54. Hantos, Elemer. La rationalisation de l'economie europeenne. Revue eco- nomique internationale, Apr. 1930, 22; annee: 5-34. HB3.R5, 22. annee. Haslam, S. B. Rationalisation of industry. Institution of electrical engineers

(London), Journal, Dec. 1929, v. 68: 28-32. TK1.I4, v. 68. Abstract in

Electrical review (London), Dec. 13, 1929, v. 105: 1071. TK1.E44, v. 105. Hebblewhite, W. R. Coercion or cooperation? Institution of engineers of Australia (Sydney). Journal and transactions, July, 1929, v. 1: 285-286.

Discusses the work of Standards association of Australia its its attitude toward

the adoption of standard specifications, and urges wide support for the standardization movement. Himmer, J. G. t)ber Rationalisierung. Bemerkungen zu zwei neuen Buchern

[Friedrich v. Gottl-Ottlilienfeld : Vom Sinn der Rationalisierung. Jena,

1929. Bruno Rauecker: Rationalisierung als Kulturfaktor. Berlin, 1929]. Nation alwirtschaft, 1930, v. 3, no. 2: 139-143. Hohenacll, W. Die Rationalisierung der forstlichen Produktionstechnik. Forst- wissenschaftliches Zentralblatt, Feb. 15, 1930, v. 52 : 97-112. Houser, A. M. Influence of standardization in the heat and power industry.

Mechanical engineering, Mar. 1930, v. 52 : 210-211. TJ1.A72, v. 52.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 369

Hubbard, Henry D. Some standardization research affecting land, sea, and

air transportation. U. S. Bureau of standards. Commercial standards

monthly, June, 1930, v. 6 : 373-374. HD62.U3, v. 6. Debt of commerce to research. United States Daily (Wash. D. C.) Vol. V, No. 147, p. 12; August 23, 1930. Hudson, Ray M.

:

Now gaited for better business. How simplification and standardization activities, fostered by the government, have given industry a spirited stride for 1930. Iron age, Jan. 2, 1930, v. 125 : 73. T1.I7, v. 125. Simplification and the purchasing agent. Purchasing agent, June, 1929, v. 18

:

67S-679, 753-754.

Argues that simplification means eliminating superfluous variety in commonly used

commodities ; concentration on sizes, types, models, or line numbers in most common

demand ; present discussion is glance into future. Hundert Jahre Technik (1830-1930). Zurich, 1930. 440 p. Include chapters on standardization. Industrial standardization helps economic progress. Improvement, v. 4, Oct. 1929: 10, 16. International federation of Christian trade unions. Concentration, rational- isation et politique sociale, rapports et conclusions du quatrieme congres de la Confederation internationale des syndicats chrgtiens, Munich,

septembre 1928. Utrecht, Confederation internationale des syndicats

Chretiens, 1928. Ill, [1] p. 24cm

. Partial contents Haan, H. La rationalisation en general et ses avantages.—Zirnheld. J. Les consequences de la ration- alisation et les taches du mouvement syndical et de l'Etat. HD3475.A2 1 35. 1928 a. International industrial relations association. National organization and industrial relations. The Hague, 1930. 279 p. Includes a chapter on " Rational organization." International management institute. ... Memorandum submitted to the Eco- nomic consultative committee of the League of nations by the International management institute. Geneva, 1928. 10 p. 27cm

. At head of title: C. C. E. 3. League of nations. Economic and financial section. The

Institute's " views as to what steps should be taken in order to give effect to the resolution on rationalization adopted by the Economic conference."

cf. p. [3]. T56.A2 16 1928. International standardiseringskonference. Ingeni0ren, Mar. 1930, v. 39 : 159. TA4. 1 41, v. 39. lUgov, Aron. Economic trends in soviet Russia, by A. Yugoff, translated by

Eden and Cedar Paul. New York, R. R. Smith inc. [1930]. 3 p. 1., [9] -349 p. 2iy2

cni

. " Rationalisation " : p. 67-72. HC335.I 83. Jenkinson, Sir Mark Webster.: Rationalization. Engineer (London), Nov. 29, 1929, v. 148 : 590. TA1.E5, v. 148. Favorable discussion of the subject. Some aspects of rationalisation, by Sir Mark Webster Jenkinson ... London,

Gee & co., ltd., 1929. cover-title, 32 p. 2iy2 cm

. HD45.J4.

A paper read before the Chartered institute of secretaries (West Yorkshire branch) and other societies on March 7th and 8th, 1929. Jordan, F. E. Production methods that beat foreign competition. Business

(London, June, 1930, v. 57 : 299-300, 312, HF5001.S, v. 57. General discussion of standardization of production plan and works system. Jupp, Alfred J.: The Mechanical standards advisory council. Mechanical

engineering, May, 1930, v. 52 : 552. TJ1.A72, v. 52. A statement of the progress of the council, including a list of 21 member

organizations.

Kaufman, Harry. Standardized specifications. American machinist, Jan. 2, 1930, v. 72 : 13. TJ1.A5, v. 72. A general discussion of the subject.
370 NATIONAL. BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Ketcliam, John C. Standardization. Speech in the House, Jan. 29, 1930 Congressional record, 71st Cong., 2d sess., v. 72, no. 39 (current file) , 2738-2739. J11.R7, v. 72. Discusses the benefits of commercial standards. Klebs, Neu Formen der Rationaliserung. Vereines deutscher Ingenieure (Berlin). Zeitschrift, July 19, 1930, v. 74: 997. TA3.V5, v. 74. Klein, Julius. Governmental aids to industry. American machinist, Apr. 3, 1930, v. 72 : 590-592. TJ1.A5, v. 72. Includes a discussion of the accomplishments of the National Bureau of Standards. Konishi, Shoji

:

Standardization in Japan. Japan initiated standardization programs more

than 20 years ago ; explanation given as to procedure followed in that

country. U. S. Bureau of standards. Commercial standards monthly,

Feb. 1930, v. 6 : 229-231. HD62.U3, v. 6. Standardization movement in Japan. Government takes lead in further- ing standardization movement in Japan ; accomplishments of various

Japanese organizations engaged in developing standards. U. S. Bureau

of standards. Commercial standards monthly, Mar. 1930, v. 6: 271-274. HD62.U3, v. 6. LaGuardia, Fiorello H. Standardization. Speech in the Senate, Jan. 29, 1930. Congressional record, 71st Cong., 2d sess., v. 72, no. 39 (current file) : 2739. J11.R7, v. 72. Deals with the benefits of standardization. Lamouche, A. reorganization industrielle aux Etats-Unis, en Allemagne, en Extreme-Orient et en France. Genie civil, Mar. 29, 1930, 96:304-308,

TA2.G3, v. 96. Includes discussion of rationalization and standardization. Footnote references are given. Laverhne, de—. reorganisation rationelle du travail. Revue politique et parlementaire, Jan. 1930, v. 142 : 31-35. H3.R4, v. 142. LeCoutre, Walter. Betriebsorganisation. Berlin, Spaeth & Linde, 1930. 159 p. (Handelshochschule. Sonderb.)

Lee, R. H. J. How to rationalise the factory. Business (London), Mar. 1030.

v. 57: 131-132. HF5001.S8, v. 57. Leffingwell, W. H. How to rationalise the office. Business (London), Mar.

1930, v. 57: 139-141. HF5001.SS, v. 57. Leimgruber, O. Le probleme de la rationalisation et l'administration publique.

Schweiz. Handelswiss. Z. (Basel), Dec. 1929, v. 23: 295-298. Lent, Dr. Wirtschaftliche Lohnpolitik. Nationalwirtschaft, 1930, v. 3, no. 2:

184-203. " Die Rationalisierung " : p. 19S-201. Lloyd-Dodd, F. T. Standards in industry. Institute of bankers in Ireland. Journal, Apr. 1930, v. 32: 70-84. Lockwood, R. L.

:

Commercial standards. Society of industrial engineers. Bulletin, Dec. 1929,

p. 9-10. Development of simplified practice outlined. " What it is and what it offers to industry " ; division of simplified practice now eight years old ; so far has assisted industry in promulgating more than 100 simplified practice

recommendations. U. S. Bureau of standards. Commercial standards

monthly, Feb. 1930, v. 6 : 225-228. HD62.U3, v. 6. Lytle, Charles W.:

Industrial management. Mechanical engineering, Apr. 1930, v. 52: 447^54.

TJ1.A72, v. 52. " The Hoover influence " for simplification : p. 451-452. Wage incentive methods, their selection, installation, and operation, by

Charles Walter Lytle... New York, The Ronald press company [

c 1929].

vii, 457 p. incl. forms, diagrs. 22cm

. Consult index under Standardization. HD4909.L85.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1931 371

McAllister, A. S. Services of the Bureau of standards. Public utility purchasing, Feb. 1930, v. 2 : 66-68. McKenzie, B. Stuart. Nongovernmental support for Canadian standardization. U. S. Bureau of standards. Commercial standards monthly, May, 1930,

v. 6 : 332-333. HD62.U3, v. 6. Malinverni, Remo. Per la razionalizzazione delle nostre azienda " la riduzione

dei costi." Rivista di politica economica (Rome), Nov. 30, 1929, v. 19:

928-931. Marcotte, Edmond. Association americaine pour l'essai des materiaux. La

Revue industrielle, July, 1930, v. 60 : 445-447. T1.R4, v. 60. Comments on the standards of the American Society for testing materials. Marshall, Percival. Help to rationalise your own industry. Business (London), Mar. 1930, v. 57: 144, 161. HF5001.S8, v. 57. Martino, R. A. State purchasing and standardizing agencies. Fifty-one pur- chasing agencies operate in the 48 States and the District of Columbia;

Massachusetts and Pennsylvania have more than one agency each ; provi- sions for testing of commodities purchased on specifications. U. S. Bureau of standards. Commercial standards monthly, Feb. 1930, v. 6 : 248-

250. HD62.U3, v. 6. M Meddelelse fra Standardiseringskommission." Published in each issue of the magazine Ingeni0ren. TA4.I41. Mendelsohn, Kurt. Fiinf Jahre Rationalisierung. Arbeit, Feb. 1930, v. 7 : 116-

130. HD4S09.A5, v. 7. Momberg, George. Standardization. Paper trade journal, Sept. 19, 1929, v. 89:

46. TS1080.P2, v. 89. A general discussion. Monroe, William S. The American society of mechanical engineers and stand- ardization under the American standards association. Mechanical engineering, Mar. 1930, v. 52:209-210. TJ1.A72, v. 52. Monroe, William S., and others. The influence of standardization in the mechanical industries. Mechanical engineering, Mar. 1930, v. 52: 209-214. TJ1.A72, v. 52. National industrial conference board. A picture of world economic conditions. New York, National industrial conference board, inc., 1928-1930. 4 v. 2SV2 cm

. Vol. 2 has title: A picture of world economic conditions at the be- ginning of 1929. " Sources of information " : v. 1, p. 117-118. " Rationalization of industry in Belgium": v. 1, p. 16-17; "Rationalization of in- dustry in Australia " : v. 1, p. 29 ; " Rationalization of the textile industry

in Great Britain " : v. 2, p. 17-18 ; " Rationalization of the Czechoslovakian

iron and steel industry " : v. 3, p. 273-276. HC57.N28.

National management congress, 1st, Chicago, 1930. [Proceedings and papers.]

Chicago, 1930. Elimination of waste discussed. New Zealand. Department of industries and commerce. Twelfth annual re- port, 1929. Wellington, 1930.

Includes a chapter on the rationalization of industry.

Normalisation des tuyauteries, des hauteurs d'axes, des machines motrices et receptrices et des clavetages. La Revue industrielle, Jan. 1930, v. 60 : 59. T2.R4, v. 60. Norton, Henry Kittredge. Age of alarums; standardization of American life a myth. Century, Apr. 1930, v. 120: 192-202. AP2.C4, v. 120. Excerpts.

Review of reviews (American), July, 1930, v. 82 : 78-80. AP2.R4, v. 82. Oik, Frierich. Vor dem zweiten Abschnitt der deutschen Rationalisierung.

Arbeit, Mar. 1930, v. 7 : 156-160. HD4809.A5, v. 7. Pade, H. Dansk industri og rationalis'eringen. Gads danske magasin (Copenhagen) Dec. 1929, v. 23 : 631-641. AP42.G3, v. 23. Parsons, H. C. Rationalisation and labour. Electrical review (London), Nov.

1, 1929, v. 105 : 775. TK1.E44, v. 105.
372 NATIONAL BUEEAU OF STANDARDS

Pereirae Souza, C. M. Rationalizacio e padronizaco—factores de progresso

nacional. Revista Brasileira de engenharia, Mar. 1929, v. 17 : 79-85.

Defines rationalization as seeking to assure maximum production with minimum

of fatigue and with maximum of pay ; discusses the accomplishments of the U. S. Bureau of Standards ; gives European examples, and a suggested program for Brazil. Popp, Lorenz. Die Auswirkungen der Rationalisierung in der Praxis. Gewerkschafts-Archiv, Dec. 1929, v. 11 : 409-417.

Pratt, J. D. Rationalisation—its meaning and application. Society of chemical industry (London). Journal (Chemistry and industry), May 17, 1929,

v. 48 : 502-506. TP1.S6, v. 48. Brief exposition of aims and methods of rationalization, definition, origin, standardization of products and processes, etc. Projet de creation d'une societe ayant pour objet la rationalisation de l'utilisa- tion des forces motrices hydrauliques de l'Autriche. Revue generale de

l'electricite, Mar. 29, 1930, v. 27 : 98B. TK2.R35, v. 27. Projects of standards [printed in Russian]. Promstandart, July-Aug., 1929,

no. 35. 53 p. Przygode, A. Internationale Ingeniour-Tagungen in Japan 1929. Elektrotech- nische Zeitschrift, June 5, 1930, v. 51 : 804-807. TK3.E8, v. 51. Includes discussion of standardization. Rafalowitsch, I. M. Razionalisazija tipowych petschej metallopromy schelennosti. Moskau, Isdanie teplotechnitscheskogo instituta, 1929. 201 p. Rasjonaliseringssp0rsmalet. Utredning med innstillig fra arbeidernes faglige

landorganisations sekretariat. Oslo, Det norske arbeiderpartis forlag, 1929. 80 p. Rationalization. Economist (London), Dec. 7, 1929, v. 109: 1073-1074 HG11.E2,

v. 109. La " rationalisation " des industries en Italie. Journal des economistes

(Paris), May 15, 1930, v. 89 : 151-156. HB1.J8, v. 89. La rationalisation en Tchecoslovaquie. La Revue industrielle, Dec. 1929, v. 59

:

779-780. T2.R4, v. 59. Rationalisation in action. Miller (London), Nov. 4, 1929, v. 55: 704, 706. TS2120.M5, v. 55. Rationalisation—first effects. Miller (London), Nov. 4, 1929, v. 55: 702. TS2120.M5, v. 55. Rationalisation—What is it. Miller (London), Dec. 2, 1929, v. 55: 780. TS2120.M5, v. 55. States that rationalisation means the most complete application of science and

scientific organization to industry. Rationalization [and its meaning]. Bankers magazine, Aug. 1930, v. 121:

171-172. HG1501.B3, v. 121. Reorganization de la Commission permanente de standardisation. Revue

generale de l'electricite, July 5, 1930, v. 28 : 1. TK2.R35, v. 28. Research and standardization. Mechanical engineering, July, 1930, v. 52 : 729. TJ1.A72, v. 52. Discusses standardization committees of research organizations. Reuter, Fritz.

:

Handbuch der Rationalisierung; im Auftrage des Vorstandes herausgegeben vom geschaftsfiihrenden Vorstandsmitglied des Reichskuratoriums fur

Wirtschaftlichkeit. Berlin, Industrieverlag Spaeth & Linde, 1930. 1234 p. " Literaturverzeichnis " : p. 1126-1184. Includes a list of periodicals which

contain material on standardization. HD45.R4.

Wandlungen in der deutschen Rationalisierungsbewegung. Deutsche Oekonomist, May 8, 1930, v. 48 : 644-647. HG11.D4, v. 48. Rice, Calvin W. Fifty years of the American society of mechanical engineers.

Mechanical engineering, Apr. 1930, v. 52:261-276. TJ1.A72, v. 52. History of its standardization activities: p. 270-271.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 31 373

Rice. Henry L. Value of standards o the War department. U. S. Bureau

of standards. Commercial standards monthly, May, 1930, v. 6: 338-339. HD62.U3, v. 6. Rockwood. R. L. Simplification. Distribution economy, Feb. 1929, v. 1 : 23-28.

Discusses the principles and accomplishments of the division of simplified practice

of the United States Department of Commerce. Rosam. Alexander. Gesetzlicher und vereinbarter Arbeitsschutz gegen Rationalisierungsschadigungen. Wirtschaft und Wissenschaft, June 15, 1930,

v. 6: 125-127. Rosenbaum. B. Die Xormung in der Tschechoslowakei. Sparwirtschaft, Aug.,

1929, no. 8 : 389-396.

Deals -with the organization and activities of the Chechoslovakian Standardization Society, of which industrial enterprises are joint members. Schallbach. Elisabeth. Rationalisierungsmassnahmen der Nachinflationszeit im

Urteil der deutschen freien Gewerkschaft. Jena, G. Fischer, 1930. 186 p. Schindler, Rudolf. Das Problem der Berufsauslese fur die Industrie. Jena,

G. Fischer, 1929. 62 p. Schlesinger, G. Aus der Normenwerkstatt des Vereins deutscher Werkzeugmaschinenfabriken. Mascbinenbau, July IS. 1929, v. 8: 467^69.

Includes a general discussion of standardization in public life. Shadwell, Arthur. Rationalisation. Edinburgh review, Oct. 1929, v. 250 : 290-

307. AP4.E3, v. 250. Schulze-Gaevernitz, von. Rationalisierung und Maschine in unserer Wirtschaftsordnung. Deutsche Metallarbeiter, Feb. 15-22, 1930. v. 31 : 101-102

;

117-118.

Siegfried, Andre. Standardization as an American phenomenon. Mechanical

engineering, Nov. 1929, v. 51 : S63. TJ1.A72, v. 51. Society of automotive engineers. Handbook, 1930. New York, 1930. 728 p. Contains the current standards and recommended practices of the society, and

the specifications now in force. Over 600 specifications are included. Spann. Othmar. Types of economic theory, by Othniar Spann ... trans- lated from the nineteenth German edition by Eden & Cedar Paul ... London,

G. Allen & Unwin ltd. [1930] 3p. L, [9] -329 p., 11. diagrs. 22cm. American edition (New York, W. W. Norton & company, inc.) has title: The

history of economics. " Literature " : p. [301]-303. " Rationalization " : chapter 3. HB75.S65 1930a.

Spiro. R. Zum problem der Rationalisierung. Sparwirtschaft, Mar. 1929, no.

3: 115-122.

Deals with fundamentals of plant economics, and rationalization with and without

the introduction of new equipment.

Stamp. J.

:

The latest aspects of rationalisation. Textile institute. Journal, Feb. 1930,

v. 21: P34-P36. TS130O.T215, v. 21. The rationalization of industry. Machinery market (London), Jan. 17, 1930,

p. 49. Steinberg, Wilhelm

:

Arbeitslohn. Rationalisierung und Arbeitslosigkeit. Stahl und Eisen, May 1, 1930, v. 50 : 590-597. TS300.S7, v. 50. Rationalisation and world unemployment. European finance, June 20, 1930,

v. 15 : 245. HG11.ES, v. 15. Steinrotter. Alfons. Ein neues Zeitalter auf dem Weg der Rationalisierung? Monster i. TV., Helios-Yerlag, 1930. 112 p. Steidle. Harry H. Commercial standards—an answer to some distribution problems/ Setting up of minimum quality requirements helps to retain "good will" in business. Low prices often met by poor quality. U. S. Bureau of standards. Commercial standards monthly, Aug. 1930, v. 7:

4S-49. HD62.U3. v. 7.
374 NATIONAL BUKEAU OF STANDARDS

Tally, Robert E. The work of the American raining congress. Mining con- gress journal, Dec. 1929, v. 15 : 925-926. TN5.A7, v. 15. Includes a discussion of standardization. Taylor, Henry E. Factory rationalization. Machinery (London), May 2, 1929,

v. 34: 136-137. Also in Automobile engineer, May, 1929, v. 19: 173-176. TL1.A66, v. 19. Deals with the rationalization work of the Hotchkiss Company in Paris. Terrier, CI. L'aspect financier de la rationalisation. Schweizerische Zeit- schrift fur Betriebswirtschaft und Arbeitsgestaltung (Bern), 1930, v. 36:

83-85. Testing commercial standards. British chamber of commerce (Shanghai).

Journal, Oct. 1929, n. s., v. 11 : 258-264. The Need for internal standardization. Public utility purchasing, Feb. 1930,

v. 2: 47. Argues that users instead of manufacturers should be convinced of the desirability of standardization. Thompson, G. W. Standardization and good will. Iron age, July 4, 1929,

v. 124 : 11. T1.I7, v. 124. Tillman, S. F.

:

The individual citizen and simplified practice: profits are turnovers and not "shelf warmers"; simplified practice a means to this end; industry has

already effected many programs of interest to housewives and business

people. U. S. Bureau of standards. Commercial standards monthly, Nov. 1929, v. 6 : 140-142. HD62.U3, v. 6. Simplified practice—the silent partner of progressive business. Desire to " be different " has lead to costly overdiversity in manufacture ; simplified

practice to be really effective, depends upon cooperation of all elements. U. S. Bureau of Standards. Commercial standards monthly, Jan. 1930,

v. 6: 198-199. HD62.U3, v. 6. Travaux de l'Association frangaise de normalisation. La Revue industrielle,

Sept. 1929, v. 59 : 645. T2.R4, v. 59. Truitt, S. M. Pacific foundries adopt standards. Foundry, June 1, 1930, v. 58

:

173. TS200.F7, v. 58. U. S. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce (Dept. of Commerce). Commerce yearbook, 1930. Vol. I. United States. Washington, U. S. Govt,

print, off., 1930. 678 p. " Developments in simplified practice " : p. 44-^9. HF53.U7 1930, v. 1. U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Recent activities of the American standards

association. Its Monthly labor review, Feb. 1930, v. 30 : 258. HD8051.A72,

v. 30. U. S. Bureau of Standards:

... Alphabetical index and numerical list of Federal specifications promulgated

by the Federal Specifications Board. (Complete to November 1, 1929)

Washington, U. S. Govt, print, off., 1929. il, 18 p. 24y2 cm

. (Circular of the Bureau of standards, no. 378). George K. Burgess, director. " Supersedes Circular 371." QC100.U555. no. 378. QC100.U582 1929. Annual Report of the Director of the Bureau of standards for the year ended June 30, 1929. Washington, U. S. Govt, print, off., 1930. 51 p. (Miscel- laneous publication no. 102). QC100.U55 1929. QC100.U57, no. 102. Bureau of Standards Journal of Research. Washington, U. S. Govt, print,

off., 1930. QC1.U52. T1.U42.

Continuation of the " Scientific papers of the Bureau of standards," and the

" Technologic papers of the Bureau of standards." The commercial standards service and its value to business. Washington.

U. S. Govt, print, off., 1930. 34 p. (Commercial Standard CSO-30.) Cover title: Commercial standards service and its value to business, elim- ination of waste through simplified commercial practice.

Standards Yearbook, 1930. Washington, U. S. Govt, print, off., 1930. 301 p. (Miscellaneous publication no. 106). "Bibliography on standardization":

p. 271-281. QC100.U576. 1930. QC100.U57, no. 106. Technical news bulletin. Washington, U. S. Govt, print, off., 1930. T1.U45.
STANDAEDS YEARBOOK, 1931 375

U. S. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Department of com- merce appropriation bill for 1931. Hearings. Washington, U. S. Govt,

print, off., 1930. 398 p. Consult index under Standards, National Bureau

of. HF105.C55 1931. U. S. Department of commerce. Seventeenth annual report of the Secretary of commerce, 1929. Washington, U. S. Govt, print, off., 1929. 370 p. " Elimi- nation of waste, a resume

1 of the department's contribution compiled by Ray

M. Hudson": p. xxix-1. "Bureau of standards": p. 163-210. 1929. HF105.C23.

Urwick, Lyndall:

An international clearing house of good management. Factory and industrial management, Feb. 1930, v. 79:287-289. TA1.E59, v. 79. Discusses the International Management Institute, founded in 1927, and its standardization work. The meaning of rationalisation, by L. Urwick ... London, Nisbet & Co. (ltd.) 1929. xi, 13-160 p. 22%. " First published October 1929, reprinted December 1929." Reviewed in Economist (London), Dec. 7, 1929, v. 109:1073-

1074. HD45.U7.

Contents : History and definition.—Scientific method.—The scope of rationalisation.—Importance for the business man.—Scientific management.—Research.—The

field of management.—The field of administration.—The present position in Great

Britain.—Some suggestions for action.—Conclusion. Appendix A : Resolution adopted by the Committee of industry, Economic conference, Geneva, 1927. Appendix B : Some definitions of rationalisation. Vaile, Roland Snow. Market organization, an introductory course, by Roland

S. Vaile ... and Peter L. Slagsvold ... with a foreword by Dean R. A. Stevenson ... New York, The Ronald press company,

c 1930. xviii, 498 p. diagrs. (1 fold.) 22cm

. Preliminary edition published in 1929 under

title : Marketing, an introductory course. Bibliography : p. 483-490. " Standardization and simplification " : chapter 23. HF5415.V25 1930. Waffenschmidt, W. G. Zwei Schriften iiber Rationalisierung [Schindler: Prob- lem d. Berufsauslese f. d. Ind. Jena, 1929.—Gottl-Ottlilienfeld : Sinn d. Rationalisierung, Jena, 1929]. Zeitschrift fur die gesamte Staatswissenschaft, 1930, v. 88, no. 1 : 169-172. H5.Z4, v. 88. Walker, Louis Carlisle. The office and to-morrow's business; modern points

of view on office organization and administration, by L. C. Walker ... New York, London, The Century co.

c [1930]. xi, 187 p. illus. (plans) 21 cm

. Simplification: chapter 12. HF5547.W3.

Why standardize? Ladies' home journal, v. 47, May, 1930: 123. AP2.L135,

v. 47. Wilbrand, Hans. Agrarkrise und Rationalisierung. Berlin, P. Parley, 1930. 92 p. Wilken, Filkert. Die Arbeitslosigkeit als Kernfrage moderner Wirtschaftsrationalisierung. Soziale praxis. Zentralblatt fiir Sozialpolitik, Jan. 16, 1930, v. 39, no. 3 : 57-63. H5.S7, v. 39. Woods, A. F. The Inter-American conference on agriculture, forestry and ani- mal industry. National Bureau of standards. Commercial standards

monthly, Aug. 1930, v. 7 : 34. HD62.U3, v. 7. Comments upon the conference to be held in Washington, D. C, Sept. 8-20, 1930. Standardization will be an interesting question of the conference. World engineering congress, Tokyo, 1929. Abstracts of papers to be read at World engineering Congress. Tokyo, 1929. 1135 p. Includes the following abstracts of papers on the subject of standardization : ISA international federation of national standardizing associations, by A. HuberRuf. [no. 170.] _" _

Development and trends in standardized quality production, by John H. Van

Deventer. [no. 321.] _ . The establishment of the radio frequency standard, by Yasukazu Namba. [no. o99.] Standardization in Germany, by Friedrich Alfred Ernst Neuhaus. [no. 408.] On engineering standardization in Japan, by Shoji Konishi. [no. 435.] Standardization, by C. E. Skinner, [no. 441.] Electric units and standards in Japan, with brief note on photometric standard, by

Kiyoshi Takatsu. [no. 496.] The movement for rationalisation in Europe, by Francesco Mauro. [no. 580.]
376 NATIONAL BUEEAU OF STANDARDS

Young, A. P. Rationalisation of industry. Electrician (London), Oct. 25, Nov.

15, 1929, v. 103 : 493 ; 592-594. TK1.E63, v. 103. See also Electrical review

(London), Nov. 8, 1929, v. 105 : 828-829. TK1.E44, v. 105. Younger, John. Work routing in production, including scheduling and dis- patching, by John Younger ... New York, The Ronald press company c 1930.

ix, 115 p. illus., diagrs. 22cm. " Standardization " : p. 32-33. T58.Y6.

Zebo, R. Rationalisierung und organischer Wirtschaftsaufbau. Nationalwirtschaft, 1930, v. 3, no. 3 : 276-283.

Zentzytzki, St. M. Die Praxis der Rationalisierung. Deutsche Oekonomist,

Feb. 27, 1930, v. 48 : 282-285. HG11.D4, v. 48.
INDEX

A Page

Abbreviations, scientific and engineering 280,

290, 292, 301 Aberration, algebraic computation of spherical. _ 219 Abrasion, resistance of metals to, in clay ex- trusion machines 203

tests for rubber. 244 grain sizes 320 Paper and Cloth Manufacturers Exchange. 279 wheels. 320,357 Abrasives , coated . . 279 Acceleration, automobile engine 191 Accountancy, standardization of (Czechoslovakia) 98 Accounting 157

for carriers, standard system of 352

Office 156 Accident and fire prevention 298, 337 Accredited standards for architectural wood- work 327 Acetylene equipment 323 Acid, lactic 292

in leather 218 Acids 281 Acoustic properties of building materials 194 Act, mechanics' lien 328

Activities and accomplishments at the National Bureau of Standards 187 Adhesive compositions 158 Adhesives 279 Administration 171 Admixtures in concrete. 196 Advertising code 338 Advisory committees to the National Bureau

of Standards 183 A. E. R. E. A. Engineering Manual 286 Aerial braided cable 298 Aerial navigation 125 Aeronautical Chamber of Commerce of America (Inc.) _. 280 Aeronautic safety code 280 Aeronautics 140, 160 standardization in l work of National Bureau of Standards 187 Aggregates, concrete 350 grading and quality of.. 345

relation of, to concrete 345 weighing concrete 281 Agricultural economics 117 Insecticide and Fungicide Manufacturers

Association... 280 Ailerons 188 Aircircuitbreakers... 291 Corps.. 154 compressors 314

Aircraft 160 accidents 160 construction 280 engines, supercharging of 189 instruments 190

joints 283 strength of welded 188 tubing sizes 354

Airfoils, characteristics of, at high speeds 188 Air mail service, standardization of 33 navigation facilities, rad io 190 standard forecasts for 6 Airplane cabins, soundproof walls for 194 engines, commercial type, testing of 189 engine starter mountings 354

fuel systems, vapor lock in 192 propeller hubs. 354

shaft ends 354 tubing, means for distinguishing steel 189 wheel rims 354

Page

Airplanes, reduction of noise in. 190 Airport surfacing 300 Airports 302 and airways, lighting of 191 Airships, gas cells of 189 Airway beacons, visual 191 Alcohol 282,290

Alfalfa 308 Alimentary pastes 341 Allied Construction Industries Committee.. 307

States Creameries Association . 324

Alloys, aluminum 354

brass and copper 355 copper base, in ingot form for sand castings. 348

heat-resisting 224 wear-resistant 224 Alkalies 281 Alternators 290 Altimeters, landing 190 Aluminum alloy rivets 354 shapes 354

alloys.. 354 American Association for the Advancement of Science and Associated Societies 280

of Cereal Chemists 280

of Civil Engineers 124

of Colleges of Pharmacy 295

of Highway Officials 120

of Medical Milk Commissions (Inc.) 280

of State Highway Officials. 120, 280

of Textile Chemists and Colorists 281 Automobile Association 281 Bakers Association 282, 290 Bleached Shellac Manufacturers Association (Inc.) 282

Boiler Manufacturers Association. 282

Bottlers of Carbonated Beverages... 282 Brush Manufacturers Association 283 Bureau of Shipping ._ 125,283 Bureau of Welding. 283 Ceramic Society 283 Chemical Society 124, 284, 294 College o f Surgeons 284 Committee on Inductive Coordination 298 Concrete Institute ~ 121,284 Concrete Pipe Association 284 Construction Council 285 Corn Millers Federation 285 Dental Trade Association 285 Drop Forging Institute 285 Drug Manufacturers Association 123,285 Dry Milk Institute (Inc.) 285

Electric Railway Association 286 Electrochemical Society 287 Electro-Platers Society 287 Face Brick Association 287 Feed Manufacturers Association 308 Foundrymen's Association (Inc.). 287 Fruit and Vegetable Shippers Association 288,324 Gage Design Comittee, Cooperation with.. 257 Gas Association (Inc.) 133, 288 Gear Manufacturers Association 288 Geophysical Union 60,62 Grocery Specialty Manufacturers Associ- ation 289 Hardware Manfacturers Association 289 Home Economics Association 119, 289 Hospital Association.. 289 Institute of Architects 307

structural service department 289

Institute of Baking 288, 290

Institute of Chemical Engineers 124, 290

Institute of Electrical Engineers 290

Institute of Homeopathy 291 Institute of Laundering 326 377
378 INDEX

Page

American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers.. 291 Institute of Refrigeration 292

Institute of Steel Construction (Inc.) 292

Institute of Weights and Measures. 292 Leather Belting Association 292 Leather Chemists Association.. 118,292 Lumber standards 278 Marine Standards Committee 125, 272, 292 organization and subjects dealt with.. 12 Medical Association 138 Chemical Laboratory 292 Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry.. 293 Mining Congress 123,124,293 Municipal Association 325

Oil Burner Association (Inc.) 293 Oil Chemists' Society 294 Optometric Association (Inc.)... 294 Paint and Varnish Manufacturers Associ- ation 294 Paper and Pulp Association 124, 294, 311 Petroleum Institute 294 Pharmaceutical Association 295 Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Associ- ation 123,295 Public Health Association 290,300 Railway Association 296

freight claim division 296

freight container bureau. 288, 296, 306 mechanical division 297 operating division 297 purchases and stores division 298

signal section 298 telegraph and telephone section 298 Railway Car Institute 299 Railway Engineering Association 123

124, 299, 301 Refractories Institute, technical depart- ment 299 Road Builders' Association 299 Sanatorium Association 300 Society for Municipal Improvements 302 Society for Steel Treating 303 Society for Testing Materials.... 118, 121, 124, 274 Society of Agricultural Engineers 124, 300 Society of Bakery Engineers. „ 290, 300 Society of Civil Engineers 300 Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers 301 Society of Mechanical Engineers 301, 302 Society of Refrigerating Engineers 302 Society of Safety Engineers... 303 Society of Sanitary Engineering 303

Specification Institute 303 Standards Association 119,

122, 124, 125, 127, 152, 209 Bulletin 271 Veneer Package Association 303 Veterinary Medical Association 303

Vitrified China Manufacturers' Association 304 Walnut Manfacturers' Association 304 Warehousemen's Association 304 Water Works Association. 304 Waxed Paper Association. 304 Welding Society 304 Wood Preservers Association 124, 305 Zinc Institute 305 Ammonia, cast-iron flanged 292 Ampoules 295 Analysis, chemical, methods of, developed by

National Bureau of Standards 200

of crashes 160 Analytical reagents. 284 Anchors, window cleaners 359 Anemometer, hot-wire 187 Animal glue 340

oils and fats 348 Antennas, radio _. 323

Antifriction bearings 309 Antiknock characteristics of fuels 192 A. P. I. gages, tests of, at National Bureau of Standards 256 Apparatus, electric arc-welding 291

electric-resistance welding 291

electrical.. 337 evaporating 302

industrial control 291 laboratory 284 railway control . 291

Page

Apple butter 342 crating law, New York Stat* standard 324 grading law 324 Appliances, electrically heated 359 Appraisal practice 333 Aqua ammonia, density of 255

tables for 327 Aqueous solutions, heat capacities of 216 Arc lamps, therapeutic carbon 359 welding rules... 286 Arches, concrete and reinforced concrete 300 Architectural woodwork 328,361 Arkansas Soft Pine Bureau 305 Arlington Memorial Bridge, temperatures de- veloped in concrete arch of 196 Armored cables 359 cords 359 Army Air Coips 140

Arresters, lightning... 291

Artistic Lighting Equipment Association 305 Ash Handle Association 305, 333 handles 305 Asphalt.. 309

Institute 302,305 lime in.. 340 macadam surface course 306 pavements 306 paving 309

roofing 309 Shingle and Roofing Institute 306 Asphaltic concrete surface course 306 products 305 Assay 149 Associated Chambers of Commerce of the Commonwealth of Australia 91 Manufactures of Australia 91 Cooperage Industries of America. 306 Factory Mutual Fire Insurance Companies 306 General Contractors of America (Inc.) 307 Knit Underwear Manufacturers of America... 307 Metal Lath Manufacturers 307

Society of Building Materials (Japan) 108

Tile Manufacturers (Inc.) 308

Association of American Feed Control Offi- cials 308 American Soap and Glycerine Producers

(Inc.) 308 American Steel Manufacturers 308 American Wood Pulp Importers 308 Asphalt Pacing Technologists 309

British Chemical Manufacturers 105 Beige de Standardisation (ABS) 95 Chemical Industrv (Japan) 108 Cotton Textile Merchants of New York... 359 Edison Illuminating Companies 309

Electragists, International 309 Finnish Architects 100 Francaise de Normalisation (AFNOR) ^100

Governmental Officials in Industry of the United States and Canada. 309 Iron and Steel Electrical Engineers — 309 Manufacturers of Chilled Car Wheels 310

Official Agricultural Chemists 118, 310

Official Seed Analysts of North America. 119, 310 Pyroxlyn Coated Fabric Manufacturers... 310 Railway Electrical Engineers 310 Wilton and Brussels Manufacturers of America 310 Atomic structure investigations at National Bureau of Standards during 1930. 248 Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 91 Australian and New Zealand Railways Conference 91 Chemical Institute 91 national standards body 91 Austrian Committee for Economy 93 national standardizing body 93 Union of German Engineers 93 Autoclave, treatment in, of semivitreous whiteware 201 Automatic stations 291 Automobile brake linings 355 brakes and brake testing 281 engine acceleration 191 safety 281
INDEX 370

Page

Automobiles, precise control of dimensional

standards in the manufacture of 14 Automotive Electric Association 310 engineering, work of, National Bureau of Standards in 191 research, standards in. . 20 standards - 334

traffic rules, standardization of... 31 Aviation cable code 280

fuel specifications 347 Aviators' underwear. 307 A. W. P. A. Manual of Recommended Practice 305 Axles 286 B

Backings, paper and cloth 279

Bacteriological and chemical examinations... 280 Bags, paper 342,344 Bakery Equipment Manufacturers Association 290,300 operations. 344 Baking tests... 280 Balance, specific gravity 211 Ball and roller bearings 301 bearings 309,354

Ballast, grading of gravel.. 345 washed gravel, for railroads 345 Balloon tires... 354,359

sizes of.. 353 Bandit-resisting inclosures 359 Banjo parts, nomenclature of 341 Barley 308 Barrel laws for fruits, vegetables, and other dry commodities 324

Barrels, slack 306

steel.... 327

sizes of. _ 357 wooden 306 Bars, concrete reinforcement 308 deformed 315

iron and steel 302

rail steel 352

sizes of steel reinforcing. 315 weights for billing 315 wrought-iron 298

Batteries 334,351

flash-light, testing of 208 storage 208,291 submarine, corrosion of plates in.. 208 Battery cases and jars, testing of radio and

automotive rubber.. 353 covers 353 Bearing alloys, lead base and tin base 228 bronzes 228

journal, performance 222 Bearings, antifriction _. 301,309

ball and roller 301, 309, 354 Beacons, visual, for airways 191 Bean, velvet... 308 Bed blankets. 289 sheeting. 289

sizes 311 Beds, hospital 289 Beech flooring 327 Beef.. 117 Beet sugar 340 Belgian national standardizing body 95 Bell Telephone System 358 Belt speeds, standardization of 300 Belting 294 conveyor _ 353 duck 353 elevator 353 leather 292,351 transmission 353 Better Bedding Alliance of America. 311 Fabrics Testing Bureau 344 Beverage Allied Industries Council.. 282

flavors 123 plants. 282 Beverages 123 Bibliography on standardization 363 Binders Board Manufacturers Association... 311 Biochemical Studies 124 Biological products 295 veterinary 304

stains 314 27171—31 25

Page

Birch flooring. _ 327

Biscuit and Cracker Manufacturers Association of America... 311

flours 280- Biscuits 358- Bismuth, freezing point of 216

properties and new uses for 229 Bituminous coal _ 335

filled brick pavement 280 macadam roads „m 120

materials, softening point of 237 pavements.. 302

tops.. 120 Blackboards 345 Blades, disk. 300

high-speed _ 320 shear 303 tungsten 320

Blankets, bod 289 Bleached shellac 282: Bleaching liquor 340 powder 340 Blinds, outside 337 Blocks, concrete 284, 359

Blouses, boys'. 289,324 Blowers, centrifugal, test code for 329 code for 302, 329 Blowpipes... 323,333 Blue-print paper 324 Board of Surveys and Maps of the Federal Government 155

Boards, binders 31$ Boat equipment 149 Boiler code 134 construction code 302 feed-water problems 337

studies 301 furnace refractories 301

plugs, fusible 228

safety code (Australia) 92

steel 308

testing code for steam heating 322

Boilers, code 302 copper 331 heating 301 marine 344

oil field —. 294 range 318

selection of 321 stationary steam 302 steam, rules governing the construction, in- stallation, and operation of 334

Bolt, Nut and Rivet Manufacturers Association 311 proportions 301 Bolters —- 300

Bolts 311,357 connecting rod 355 Bonds, track circuit 298 Bordeaux mixture 280

Bottle boxes 283 caps. 319,325

simplification 283. tops 317

Bottles, carbonated beverage 319 drug and pharmaceutical 319 Box board 342 Boxes 294,322,342,344

bottle 283. folding paperboard 349

hosiery 330

nailed wooden 322

outlet - 305- wire-bound... 361 wooden 297,33a Boys' blouses 324

Brackets, fire extinguisher. 354

license plate.. 354 Brake linings, automobile. 355

testing - 281 Brakes.... —- - 297 Brass and copper alloys 355

Breakers, air circuit 291

oil circuit... - 291 Brick - 121 common 287, 314

face... 287,314 masonry - 314 transmission of water through 203,
380 INDEX

Page

Brick pavements 1 20, 302, 342 bituminous filled 280 paving 342 sand-lime . 220, 340, 353

silica 340 survey of common . . 203 Brickwork, specifications for 314 Bridge design and construction 300 timbers 312

wire, heat-treated 228 Bridges and structures 120 and trestles 123 railway 299

steel railway 301 wood . 299

British Engineering Standards Association (BESA) 104 Society of Dyers and Colorists... 281 Broadcasting.. 156 Bronze propellers... 326 Bronzes, bearing 228 Brushes... 163,322 paint and varnish 283,344 Builders' hardware 344 Building and housing, general statement 182 work of National Bureau of Standards

during 1930 194 cinder concrete 335 Code Committee of the Department of Commerce 124 codes 194,330,358 construction 194,285 materials, acoustic properties of 194

Officials Conference of America 311,341 units 311 Buildings, combustible contents of 195 Buckwheat 308 Bulkley consistometer 222

Bulletins, equipment for illuminating 349

Bullets, identification of 218 Buoys 125 Bureau of Aeronautics 140. 307 Agricultural Economics 117,286 Budget, the 156 Chemistry and Soils 118 Construction and Repair 141 Dairy Industry 286 Efficiency 171 Engineering 142 Envelope Manufacturers of America 311 Explosives 306,311 Fisheries 124 Home Economics 119 Insular Affairs 155 Labor Statistics 139 Lighthouses 125 Medicine and Surgery 144 Mines 127 Navigation. 145 Ordnance... 145 Plant Industry 119 Public Roads 120 Railway Economics 311 Reclamation 135 Steel Manufacturers of Australia 91 Supplies and Accounts. 146 Yards and Docks 146 Burglar alarm systems 359 Burners, domestic range 211

oil 293 Bus transportation 331 Butt-treating cedar poles in open tanks 361 C

Cable, aerial braided 298 code, aviation 280

drilling tools 294 Cables.. 323,325 wire 2S7, 291, 299 armored 359 Cafeteria chinaware .. 344 Cages 294 Cake, cracked 336 peanut 336 Calcined gypsum 320 Calcium aluminate cements 196 carbide ._ 340 carbonate 284

silicates „ 197

Page

Calendar simplification 52,145

California Redwood Association 312 State Chamber of Commerce 320 White and Sugar Pine Manufacturers Association 312 Canadian electrical code 96 Engineering Standards Association (CESA). 96 Candlepower, standards of 205 Cane sugar 340 Canned food products 123 foods 335 containers for 347, 350

fruits 312 Canners League of California 312 Canning 117 Cans, ice cream. 317, 324

lard 322

safety for the storage and handling of haz- ardous liquids 359 standard sizes of 335 CaO-Si02-Bj03, phase study of the system... 197 Capacitors, rule for altitude correction 291 Caps, bottle 319,325 Car construction 297

electric railway 299 wheels 310 Caramel US

Carbohydrate division 118 Carboloy. thermal expansion of 253 Carbon steels 303

steel forgings 297 Carbonated beverage bottles 319 Carbonators, water supply lines for 283 Carbonizing 281 Carboys 327 Carpets 310 Carriage bolts 311 Carrier systems, radio and wire 298

Carriers 160 Cars and locomotives, safety appliances for.. 297

coal mine 293

freight, specifications for new 288

lighting practice for 286 tank 297,327 track scale test weight, specifications for... 345

Cartridges... 322 Cartons, ice-cream brick 324 paper, for meats. 322 Cash boxes 148 Casing 294 Cast iron 121

for enameling purposes 214 flanged ammonia 292 Pipe Research Association 312

soil pipe.. 331 water pipe 304 stone 197,2S4,350

Institute... 312 Castings, gray iron 298,320 malleable 298,326

steel.. 220,318 Casualty insurance 335 Catalogue Board 164 page, standard size 347 Catalogues, pharmaceutical, standard size... 295

sizes for. 342 Caustic poison act 122 Cedar guard rail posts 349 lumber 312,361

piling 361 poles... 361 northern white 349

posts 361

Ceilings, metal 333 Celanese, dyeing of 329 Cement, branch laboratories for inspection of. 198 concrete pavements 302 pipe 121 Keene's 320

limes, and plasters 122 Portland 121, 276, 281, 284, 300, 350

tests for 350

reference laboratory 198 work of National Bureau of Standards on.. 195 Central Committee on Lumber Standards.. 277,

312, 341 Centrifugal and rotary pumps. 302 Ceramic bodies, moisture expansions of 204 shapes, refractories and methods for making 218 Ceramics 283
INDEX

Page

Cereal chemistry. . . 280 Cereals and cereal products, methods of analysis of 280

Certification and labeling 198 Certified milk 280 Producers Association of America (Inc.) - - 312 Ceskoslovenska Normalisaenl Spoleenost (CSN) 97 Chain 303,313

Institute 313 Chains and sprockets, transmission 289 conveyor 283 dimensions on 294 transmission . 301 welded. 313 Chairs, folding and portable wooden 345 wooden folding and portable 345 Chamber of Commerce of the United States

of America 313 Channel pin 298 Channels, window glass 355 Charts 156 standard, for marine navigation 10 Cheese 117 Cheesecloth 322 Chemical apparatus 353 and bacteriological examinations 280 engineering projects 272 standards 272

testing and methods of analysis 200 Warfare Service 155 Chemicals 281,295 Chemistry, cereal 280 work of National Bureau of Standards

during 1930 199 Chief Coordinator. lfil Children's Bureau 139 Chilled-tread wheels 310 Chimney construction, ordinance for 322 Chimnevs, reinforced concrete 284 China, vitrified 283 Chinaware 289,304

cafeteria and restaurant 344 cutlery marking of. 202 improved apparatus for testing 202 Chisels 303 Chlorine containers. 313 Institute 313

liquid 313 staining 281 Chloroplatinate-chloroplatinite electrode 200 Chromic acid solutions, conductivity of 237 density of 256 Chrome tanned leathers 292 tanning materials 292 Chromium in dyes and dyeing, substitutes for 252

electrodeposition of 287 Crj03-Si02, phase equilibrium diagram for the system 199 plating 287

for weights 255 Chucks 341 Cinder concrete building 335 Civil engineering standards 272 Service Commission 171

Circles, graduation and calibration of 232 City planning 195,302 Claims, freight 296

Classification Board, Personnel.. 170 pitch pine 356 pumps 321 raw silk 354 scrap 298 waste materials 333 Clay 121,276,317,360 and silicate produ cts 201 Products Association 313 sewer-pipe 313 Clays as admixtures in concrete 196 Cleaners, polishers, and, letter circular de- scribing — 201 Cleaning of textile materials 251

Clinical laboratories 284 thermometers - - - 289, 347

Clips, tube... 354 Cloth backings 279 Clothes dryers 288 Coal 128

381

Page

Coal, bituminous 335 mine cars 293 mine drainage 293 mine tracks.. 293 mine ventilation 293 Mining Institute of America 313 physical tests of 318

sizes standardization of (Poland) 113 Coarsefabrics, materials for 251 Coast and Geodetic Survey __ 133 Artillery Corps.. 155 Guard 149 radio receiving sets for 240 Coated abrasives 279 Coatings, protective 333 Cocoa 163 Code; advertising 338

aeronautic, safety .- 280

aviation cable 280 blowers 302

boiler construction 302 building 330 compressors 302 conveyors and conveying machinery 302

cranes, derricks, and hoists 302

elevator 302

for fans and blowers 302, 329

for farm tractors 300

for identification of piping systems... 290

for ladders 325

for mechanical refrigeration 332, 352

for mine explosives 328

for pressure and vacuum gauges 290 piping 290,301,332

for protection against lightning 291, 340

of industrial workers 288, 309

for testing and rating of unit heaters 322, 329 natural gas for gasoline content 347

for woodworking plants 320 foundry safety and sanitary 287

gas an d oil engines 302 producers 302 locomotives 302 motor-bus specifications 331 on machinery for compressing air 302 mechanical power-transmission apparatus . 302 on steam and hydraulic turbines 302 engines 302 plumbing 303 pertaining to the use and care of abrasive wheels 357 pumping machinery 302

regulating the installation of gravity warm

air heating systems in residences 346

relating to fusion welding and gas cutting.. 304

to train, block signal, and interlocking

rules 297

safety, National Bureau of Standards work

on 245

test, for centrifugal fans and blowers 329

for disk and propeller fans 329

for refrigerating systems 302

for steam-driven ice plants 303

testing, for hydraulic turbines 326

unfired pressure vessel 352

vehicle 281 Coffee 122,163 Coins 149 Coke 128 physical tests of 318 sampling, methods of - 318

testing methods_ 3 18 Cold water meters 304

paints --- 340

Collars, drill - 294 Color card, standard 358 comparator for incandescent lamps _ - 205 range on sewing silks 354 temperature, filters for determination of. . . 205 Colorado Potato Shippers' Association 324 Colorimetry, theory of reduction of mixture

data ------- 205 work of National Bureau of Standards in, during 1930... 205 Colors, standard 325 Columbus Laboratory of National Bureau of Standards 204
382 INDEX

Page

Columns, steel.- 300 Combustion in an engine cylinder 193 phenomena of 193 Commerce 124 Commercial forms ._ 352 standardization 152 standards, general statement concerning... 180 issued in printed form 206 Monthly 175 service and procedure 181 translation of, into foreign languages 206 work of National Bureau of Standards

during 1930 206 Comisiunea Romana de Normalizare 113 Commission Romande de Rationalisation (Switzerland) 116

Scientific Organization of Work (France).. 101 standardization of biological stains 313 Common brick 287, 314 Manufacturers' Association of America.. 314 Communication, telephone 358 transmission 298 Commutator machines 290 Comparator for long gage blocks and end

standards _. 256 Compressed Air Society 314 gas cylinders 314 Manufacturers Association 314 Compression faucets 331 Compressors, air 314 code 302 Concrete 276,284,340,350 admixtures in. 196 aggregates 195,350 weighing 281 and concrete aggregates 121 and reinforced concrete arches _ 300 blocks 359 building units 315 cement pavements. 302

coloration of 284

cylinders, test of large 196 disintegration of 284 durability of.. 336

gravel, tests on 336 gypsum fiber 220 lime in 340 masonry units 196 mixer standards _ 307

piles. 354 Products Association 315 reinforcement bars 308 Reinforcing Steel Institute 315 road specifications 120

slabs, tests on 357 temperatures developed in 196 work of National Bureau of Standards on. _ 195 Condensed skimmed milk 308 Conductors 291,333 Cones, propeller hub 354 Conference on printing 167 Connecting rod bolts 355 Conservation of heat 337

textiles 326 Consistometer, Bulkley 222 Consolidated Freight Classification Committee. 315 Constant current transformers 291 Construction and repair 141

aircraft 280

boiler code 302 building.. 285 economics 195

electrical _ 310 highway 280

plant, mobile 153 track 302 work, safety code for 290 Consulting Committee on Lumber Standards 278,341 Container act, United States standard 324 boards standards, test 349 Containers 296, 303, 341 canned foods 347

chlorine 313 colored glass 295

insecticides 327 packaging of fresh fruits and vegetables,

for the 357

Page

Containers, paint and varnish 294

rosin. 350 shipping 296, 311, 314, 350 vegetable 288 Contract forms ... igg municipal 302 law.. iqq Contracting Plasterers' International Asso"*

ciation 315 Contracts and adjustments 166

for engineering 307

for fuel oil and pig iron [ 332 Control pulleys.. " 354

Controllers, universal switch circuit 298 Converters' Association 315 Converters, synchronous 290 Conveyor belting 353 chains 283 Equipment Manufacturers Association 332 Conveyors and conveying machinery, code on 302 Cooperage 306,322 Coordination, inductive 337 Copper and Brass Research Association..... 316 base alloys in ingot form for sand castings.. 348

boilers 331 electrodeposition of 287 wire. 291 Cordage 294,316

Institute 316 Cords, armored.. 359 Corn 308

Cornices, metal 333 Cornstalks, utilization of 234 Corps of Engineers 153 Corrosion of duralumin 228

iron and steel.. 121 magnesium alloys 228 metals 224 pipe r 288

storage-battery plates 208 underground, of buried pipe 237 Corrugated matting 353 Corset and Brassiere Association 361 Cosmic radiation 248 Cottage cheese jars. 319 Cotton cloths, specifications for 316

fabrics 353 methods for testing. 329 parachutes 251 terms relating to 316, 346

linter.. 311 Textile Institute 316

textiles 289 Cottonseed 294,308,336

hulls.. 294,336

linters.. 336 meal 336 methods of chemical analysis of 336

oilcake 294 products 348 Council fcr Scientific and Industrial Research

(Australia) 91 County purchasing agencies 261 Couplings.. —- 306,355 Course, asphalt macadam surface 306

asphaltic concrete surface. 306

sheet asphalt binder and surface 306 Cover Paper Manufacturers Association 316 Covers, battery 353 manhole : 301 Crab meal 308 Cracked cake 336 Crackers 358 Crane rating standards, locomotive 326 Cranes, derricks and hoists, code on 302

electric overhead traveling 309

Crates, wooden 297, 322, 333 Crazing of semiporcelain dinnerware . 201 Cream meal 285 Creep tests for steels 224 Crocking 281

Crossties 297,332,340 Crown Manufacturers Association of America 316 Crucibles 350 outside dimensions of plumbago 280 Cryostat, low temperature— 218 Crystallographic studies of sugars 258 Cultivators 300
INDEX 383

Page

Culvert pipe, reinforced concrete 350 Culverts, reinforced concrete pipe for 284 Cup rings 294 Cuprous chloride 284 Cups, ice cream - - 324 Curbs. - 302 Curriculum, veterinary __ 304 Cut nails - 344 tacks — 344 Cultery marking of chinaware 202 Cutters, milling - 327,341 Cutting fluids - 222, 301 metals 301 Cyanamide - 340 Cylinders, compressed gas 314 Cypress lumber 320,356 Czechoslovak National Committee for Scientific Management 98 Czechoslovakian national standardizing body 97 D

Dairy and Ice Cream Machinery and Supplies Association 317 Danish national standardizing body 98 Dansk Standardiseringsraad (DS) 98 Deck equipment -. 283 Definitions of clean content of wools 334

of heat treatment for steels _ 354

relating to clean wools - 334 Deformed bars 315 Dental investments, specifications for 206 materials and methods 206

plaster 320 research at the National Bureau of Standards -. 206 Dentisty 285 Department of Agriculture 117 Commerce 124 Interior.— 135 Labor 139 Derricks 294 Designs for joint plates 287 Deterioration of paper 343 Detonation, measuring 192 Detours, maintenance of 281 Deutscher Normenausschuss (DNA) 103 Devices, electroacoustic. 323 elevator safety... 301 wiring 305 Diamond Core Drill Manufacturers Associ- ation 317 Diamonds 340 Diatomaceous silica 197 Die blocks, steel 303 lubricants for clay extrusion machines 204 Dies 303, 337, 358 Hollow ware for clay extrusion machines 203 Diesel Engine Manufacturers Association... 317 parts 354

fuel oil- 317 Dietetics 284 Dimensional standards, precise control of, in manufacture of automobiles 14 Dinbiicher, Dintaschenbiicher, and DINWandtafeln.... 104 Dinnerware, semiporcelain, crazing of 201 Diophantine quantities, measurement of 199 Direction finder, airplane radio 191 Director of the Mint 149 Disability ratings 172 Discharge devices, hand operated 359 outside visible measure 359 power operated.. 359 Disconnecting and horn-gap switches 291 Disinfectants. 340 Disk plows 300 Displacement pumps, reciprocating steamdriven 302 Distribution, simplified practice in field of.— 247

District heating 337 Division of Equipment and Supplies 148 Dolomite.. 346 Domestic and industrial fuel oils — 294,295 Door list, flush 337 hardwood veneer... 337 Doors

337,

357 hollow metal 333 kalamein 321 metal 321

Page

Dough mixers 290, 300 Douglas fir 312, 361 Drain tile 281, 284, 313, 350 Drainage, coal mine 293 Drains in buildings, capacities of _ 194 Drawers. 307 Drawings and drafting-room practice standards for 301 Dress patterns 289, 344

Drill and Reamer Society, The 317

collars 294

steel 293 Drilling hooks 294 machines 293

tool joints 294

Drills... 300, 317, 341 Drug bottles 319 Druggist sundries 353 Drugs. 123, 144, 293, 295, 360 Drums, steel, sizes of 327, 357 Dry and wet heat 281

cell standardization 208

cells, tests for 287 cleaning of fur and leather garments 329 skim milk 286 Dryers, clothes 288 Duck, belting 353 Durability of mortar and concrete 336 Duralumin, embrittlement of sheet, by cor- rosion 228 Dutch national standardizing body. 109 Dwelling construction, small, recommended

requirements for 358 Dye testing 281 Dyed textiles.. 281 Dyes 281 and dyeing, substitutes for chromium in... 252

for textiles 251 Dyestuff 340 E

Earth roads 340 Eastern Clay Products Association... 317 States Blast Furnace and Coke Oven

Association 317 Supply Association 318 Eaves trough.... 333 Economics, construction 195 Elastic hysteresis research 236 pointing materials for masonry 249 Elbows, conductor 333

Electric arc welding apparatus 291 Hoist Manufacturers Association. 318

interlocking machine.. 298 motor frame dimensions 302 motors for Class I locations 359

for use in hazardous atmospheres 359 porcelain 283 railway car 299 Railway Presidents' Conference Committee - — 299

ranges, domestic - 359

resistance welding apparatus 291 train lighting - 310

signs - 359

Steel Founders Research Group 318 welding - 310 wiring installations standards. _ 309

Electrical apparatus and supplies 337 Association (Japan) 108 code (Canada) 96

construction.. - 310 energy, transport, standardization in 26 engineering standards 272 equipment, locomotive 310

installations on shipboard 291 insulation and insulating materials 209, 343 machinery 290 measuring instruments 291 ordinance, model uniform 338, 355 protection message traffic 298

resistance, unit of. 208 Standardizing Commission (Sweden) 115 units and standards 36, 37

international, ratios, of, to absolute units. 207 wiring rules (Australia) 93

Electrically heated appliances 359 welded steel tubing 226
384 INDEX

Page

Electricity, National Bureau of Standards' work in, during 1930 207 International Advisory Committee on 35 meters 309

Electrification materials, railway 298

rural 300 Electroacoustic devices 323 Electrode, chloroplatinate-chloroplatinite 200

Electrolysis, protection against 298 Electrometer, absolute high-voltage. 208 Electromotive force, standards of 207 Electroplating 287 Electrotechnical Commission, international. 04 Electrotypes. 324 Elevator belting 353 code on 302 Manufacturers Association of the United

States 318

safety code for 290

devices.. 301 interlocks 223 standardization 22

Elixirs 295 Employing bookbinders of America. 311,318 Enamel 283 Enameled cast-iron articles, blistering of 214 iron sanitary ware 331 Enamels, vitreous, properties of 214 Encyclopedia of specifications 247 End standards, accuracy of 230 Ends, spindle 341 Engine parts, Diesel 354 performance, effect of humidity on... 193 sand 345

testing forms 354

tests of lubricating oils 221 Engineering 142 automotive, work of National Bureau of Standards in 191 Institute of Canada 97 instruments, testing of 222 Engines, Diesel 317 gas and oil, code on.. 302 internal-combustion 222,302

reciprocating steam 302 Ensilage machinery 329 Envelope Manufacturers Association of America.. 318 Envelopes 166

sizes of 318 Ente Nazionale per l'Unificazione nell' Industria (UNI) 106 Equipment, farm 329 illuminating bulletins and posters, for 349

lighting 305

oil burning 339

rental agreement 307 Erection hydraulics 300

Escalators, safety code for 290 Escutcheons - 331 Establishments 155 Estimating quantities of materials for concrete. 345 Evaporating apparatus.. 302 Examinations .. 171 Executive departments 117 Experiment Stations, Office of, Agriculture. . 124 Explosives 128,311 and chemicals, hazardous Regulations on.. 339 strengths of high 322 F

Fabrics, pyroxlyn coated 310

textile 251,353 Face brick.. 287,314 Fans, centrifugal, test code for 329 code for 302,329 disk and propeller, test code for 329

propeller, investigation of 223

testing 301 Farm equipment, 129 329 Farms, sanitary inspection of.. 280 Fatigue testing, high-frequency 225 Faucets, compression 331 Federal food and drugs act 118 Liquidation Board 162 Purchasing Board 118, 162 Radio Commission 156

Page

Federal Specifications Board 118,122,

124, 125, 127, 152, 162 Standard Stock Catalogue Board. 164 standardizing agencies 117 Trade Commission 156 Traffic Board 166 Federated Master Builders' Association

(Australia) 91 Feeding stuffs 308 Feeds 285.319 Feldspar. 283,360 Grinders' Institute 318 standard classification of 202 Felt Manufacturers' Association 318 Fence, woven wire 344 Fencing, woven wire 339 Ferromanganese 154 Ferrous metals standards 275

Fertilizer 118,125,339 Fifth International Botanical Congress 343

Files 344

Filler sand 345 Film, motion picture. 235,356 Films of liquids, thickness of absorbed 221

Filters for determination of colcr temperature 205 photometric, blue glass 205 reproduction of sunlight 205 Financing, home 195 Fineness of flint 360

of spar 360 Finlands Standardiseringskommission (SFS) 99 Finnish national standardizing body 99

Fir, Douglas 312,361 white — 312,361 Fire clays, thermal expansion of 202 detecting systems, tests of 210 doors 333 extinguisher brackets 354 appliances 223

fighting equipment in mines 293 hazard in buildings 195 hazards, aviation, regulations on 339 hose couplings 306

protection 300

resistance - 284 work at the National Bureau of Standards

during 1930 209 retardant surface treatments for wood

scaffolding 210

tests -- 3,210,330

First aid 131 Fish meal 124

nets, gaging 257

oil - 124 Fisheries 124

Fishtail bits 294

Fittings and flanges, pipe 292 diamond core drill 317 paper seal 324 screw 327 Fixed nitrogen investigations 118

Fixtures, plumbing .- 304,318

Flags, bunting signaling.. 297 Flanges 292, 301, 321, 332, 352, 354 Flashings and corrugated iron work 333 Flashlight batteries, testing of 208

Flashlights 339 Flax 308

Flexible nonmetallic tubing 359 Flexometer for measuring bending resistance

of cloth 252

Flight testing 280 Floor constructions, welded steel, fire tests of 210 sweeps - 283

tile, rubber. 353 Flooring 327,349 wooden, standardization of (Czechoslovakia) 98 Florida State marketing bureau 357 Flour 122, 280, 327, 348 handling units 300 hoppers 300 packages, standardization of 327 •Fluidity" of metals 226

Fluids, cutting - 301 Flush door list 337 tank mechanism 331 valves 331
INDEX 385

Page

Fog signals 125 Folding and portable wooden chairs 345 boxes 349 Food and Drug Administration 122, 285, 296 Food Service Equipment Association .. 318 standards 122 Foods, canned -- . 335 Forest Products Laboratory. 294 Forged tools ~ 344 Forging Manufacturers' Association.. .. 319 Forgings 285,297 Forms, commercial 352

contract, municipal 302 engine testing 354 highway estimate 307 Forms, standard office 166 warehouse 304,332 Foundry apprenticeship, minimum stand- ards of 339 malleable refractories 283, 287. 288, 299 materials and methods 226 patterns of wood 288 sands 287 standards 310 Fourth Assistant Postmaster General 148 Fractional horsepower motors. 291 Frames, manhole 301 Franklin specifications for lighting 355 Freedman's Hospital 136 Freezing point of bismuth 216

of platinum 216 Freight 160

cars, specifications for new _. 288 claims 296

classifications 315

loss 296

rates 165 French national standardizing body 100 Frequency dissemination, standard 239 standard, primary 23S standards, improvement of secondary 239

of various laboratories, intercomparison

of 239 Fruit and Vegetable Brokers' Association 324 jams.... 342

juice 122 Fruits 117, 162, 288, 312

fresh, containers for the packaging of 357 Fuel oils, domestic and industrial 294, 295 pump mountings 354

specifications, aviation 347 systems, pulverized, installation of 339 valves.. 354 Fuels, automotive 192, 221, 222, 302, 342 Fungicides 280, 340 packages for .-. 339 Fur garments, dry cleaning of 329 Furnace for fire tests of walls and partitions. .. 210 Furnaces, warm-air 301, 333 Furniture, steel 333 Furniture, steel office, fire tests on 330 Fusees 297,298 and capacitors, rule for altitude correction. 291 Fusible boiler plugs 228

Gages, master. 256 metal 161,297,304 plain limit 301 standardization of 330 Work of National Bureau of Standards on, during 1930 256 Galvanized ware 327 Garages 339

fire tests on all-steel 330 heating and ventilating... 301 Garden hose 344 Gas - 288 analysis and service 210 volumetric 211 and oil engines, code 302 combustion 288

city, installation, maintenance and use of piping for 339

cylinders, compressed 314

for gasoline content, code for testing natural. 347

inert, for fire and explosion prevention 339

joints 312

Page

Gas, natural, measurement of 211 pipe lines, standardization of 29 producers 302 Products Association 319 ranges 288 systems for protection of vaults against burglary 359 thermometry 217 Gases 128

dissolved in glass. 213

liquefied petroleum 347

regulations on 339

solubility of, in metals 224 Gaskets, manhole and handhole 298 Gasoline 162 gumming characteristics of 221 natural 347

octane number of 192

stoves for cooking and heating 339 Gauges, pressure and vacuum 292, 302 Gear teeth, strength of 301 Gears 289,301,303 Gelatin 340 General Accounting Office, Federal 156 Committee for Standardization in the Mechanical Industry (Italy) 106 Confederation of French Production 101 Fascist Confederation of Italian Industry.. 106 Generators, acetylene.. 323

electrical 154,290,311 Geodesy, International Union 54 Geodetic activities, international 63 tapes and wires, standardization of 23 George Washington University 355 German Association for Testing Engineering

Materials 103 Metallurgical Association 103 national standardizing body 103 Glandular products 295 Glass 340 and vitreous enamels 212 annealing of 212 chemical composition, density, and index

of refraction 213 Container Association of America 319

electrode for pH measurements 200

finishes , types of_ 319

gases dissolved in... 213

optical 212 physical properties of, as affected by

thermal treatment 212

plate, for glazing purposes 350 pyrex - - 213 sand 345

sheet, weathering of, in storage 213

silvering.. - 200

viscosity of - 212 volumetric apparatus 256

Glasses, window, effect of ultraviolet rays on transparency of 252 Glazed sash 337 Glazes and glasses, experimental work on 204 Glycerine 319

Producers' Association. -- 319 Glow plugs, automotive 355 Glue 330,340 Gold 149 Goldbeater's skin, substitute for 189 Golf shafts 330 Government laboratories, testing equipment

in 247 papers 234 Printing Office 158 telephone service 238 Governmental Research Association 325 Grading of aggregates 345 cotton linters. 336

gravel ballast 345 Grain 348 and Feed Dealers National Association 319 Grain, standards of 319, 327 track scales for weighing 242 Granite — 335,346 Grape juice 122 Graphic art terms 360 Graphical symbols 291,323 Gravel - - 280, 345, 346

roofing 360 Gravitation, constant of 236
386 INDEX

Page

Gravity 343 warm-air heating systems, code regulating the installation in residences... . 346 Gray goods 359

iron castings . 298

Institute 320 Grease, physical tests for 222 Greases.. 292,340 Great Britain, national standardizing body

of. 104 Grinding Wheel Manufacturers Association

of the United States and Canada 320 Ground glass joints, interchangeable 257 Guitar 341 Gummed tape. 342,344 Gumming characteristics of gasoline 221 Gun carriages 153

steels 153 Guns and bullets, identification of.. 218 Gutters 333 Gypsum. 276,320 Association 320 calcined 320

fiber concrete 220 methods for testing 320 products, manufacture of 220 work of National Bureau of Standards on, during 1930 220 H

Hack Saw Manufacturers Association of America 300 Hand-operated discharge devices 359

tools, standardization of (Czechoslovakia). 98 trucks 322 Handbook, motor and control instruction 338

of radio standards and engineering information 338,351

of reinforced concrete building design 350

of steel construction 292

of supply standards 338 on biological stains 314 power switchboard and switching equip- ment 338 Handles, ash 305 hickory. 321 Hard-drawn aluminum conductors 291 Hardware 289 Hardwood Consulting Committee 278, 341 Interior Trim Manufacturers Association. . 320 lumber 278,340 Manufacturers Institute 320 molding 320 veneer door list 337 Harrows 300 Hat cleaning 329 Hay 340,348 Head lamp mountings 355 motor vehicle 354 Headlight testing 281 Head sets, radio 351 Heat capacities of aqueous solutions 216 conduction, theory of 216 conservation of 337

resisting alloys 224 temperature measurements.. 215

transfer through building walls 217 transmission— 301,343 treated bridge wire 228 treatment of steel 303, 355 wet and dry _ 281 Heaters, space. 288

unit, code for testing and rating 322, 329 water 288 Heating and Piping Contractors' National

Association 321 and ventilating of buildings 301 and ventilating garages 301 appliances, fire hazard of 195

boilers 301

district 337 systems- 333 Heats of combustion of hydrogen, methane, and carbon monoxide 216 Heavy duty antifriction bearings. 301 Hemlock lumber 348, 361 Herds, veterinary inspection of 280

Page

Kerschel oiliness machine 221 Hickory Golf Shaft Association 330 Handle Association 321,333 handles 321 High explosives, strengths of 322 frequency fatigue testing 225 speed blades... 320

tool steel and the rnachinability of steel.. 227

voltages, measurement of. 208 Highway construction 280 estimate forms 307 Research Board 121,343

traffic control, standards for 22, 262 Hoists, portable overhead 318 Holders, tool... 341 Hollow building tile 357,358 Metal Door and Trim Manufacturers'

Association 321 doors... 333 windows 333 ware dies for clay extrusion machines 203 Home building, minimum standards for 333 economics 119 financing 195 ownership problems 195 Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United

States 291 remedies 291 Hoofdcommissie voor de Normalisatie in Nederland (HCNN) 109 Hooks, drilling 294 Hoops, steel 306 Hoppers, flour 300 Horological Institute of America 254, 321 Horticultural Society 324 Hose and hose liners 354

aviators, for winter flying 330 connections for welding and cutting torches. 319 on gas regulators and blow-pipes or torches -. 323 garden 344 house. 306 nipples 354 rubber lined 359 unlined 359 Hosiery boxes 330 knitting machines stainless oil for. 252 method of measuring the size of 330 Hospital beds 289 plumbing fixtures 289,304 sunplies and equipment - 144 Hospitals 136,138,173.284,289,300 Hot plates - 288 water storage tanks — 318 Hotel ranges. 211 House, care and repair of 195 Houses, construction of small 195 Hubs, wood propeller 354 Hull structure 283 Hulls, cottonseed 294,336 Humidity, effect of, on engine performance— 193 measurement of 193 Hungarian national standardizing body 105 Hydrants- 304,306,327 Hydrated lime, properties of 220 Hydraulic power 337

plants 302 Society 321 Hydraulics, irrigation 300 Hydrocarbons, molecular weight of — 199 Hydrochloric acid, tables for 327 Hydrogen, heat of combustion of 216 Hydrographic charts 155

Office, Bureau of Navigation 145 Hydrometers, tests of, at National Bureau of Standards 256 Hypodermic needles 285 I

Ice cream containers 317, 324

plants, test code for steam-driven 303

Identification of piping systems. 290, 301 typewriters, guns, and bullets 218

Ignition, automotive, effect of spark characteristics on 193 shielding 191 spontaneous... 209
INDEX 387

Page

Illuminating Engineering Society 150, 321 nomination.... 291,310 International Commission on 70 Imitation leather 318 Implements, plow and tillage 329 Import milk act - 122 Incandescent lamps for motor boats 354 Incinerators — 288 Independent establishments, Federal _ 155 Index to Decisions of the Accounting Officers. 157 Indian Affairs 138 Indicator posts 306 vibrating reed 190 Indicators, switch 298 Induction machines _ 290, 291 regulators and reactors 291 Inductive coordination 337

interference 298 Industrial codes 332 control apparatus 291, 338

lighting... 343

safety codes 309 Truck Association 322

tires 359 Unit Heater Association 322 Ingot metals, nonferrous 227 Inks 158 Inland Waterways Corporation 160

Insecticide act 122

Insecticides 280,340 containers for 327, 339 Inspection and testing 158, 162 Installation and operation of acetylene equip- ment for lighting, heating, and cooking 334

centri fugal fire pumps 334 Installation of gravity warm-air furnaces 301 oil-heating equipment 293 pulverized fuel systems 334, 339 pulverizing systems for sugar and cocoa.. 334 sprinkler equipments 334, 339 maintenance and use of first aid fire appli- ances 334

of piping for city gas 339

Institut d' Organisation Commerciale et Industrielle 101 Institute of American Meat Packers 322 Boiler and Radiator Manufacturers 322 Makers of Explosives 322 Paint and Varnish Research 323 Radio Engineers 323

Scientific Organization (Poland) 113 Institution of Engineers, Australia 91 Instruction for the care and operation of transformers 338 Instrument transformers 291 Instruments, electrical measuring- 291 musical 341 Insulated Power Cable Engineers Association 323 wires and cables 287 Insulating materials, electrical 209 thermal conductivity of 217

Insulation, rubber, for wire and cable for general 291 Insulators 291 Insurance, casualty 335 Interdepartmental Board of Contracts and

Adjustments 166 on Simplified Office Procedure 166 Interior Department 135 Interlocking machine, electric 298

Interlocks, elevator safety 223 Internal-combustion engines. 222, 302 International Acetylene Association 323 Advisory Committee on Electricity 35 Apple Association 324 Association of Blue Print and Allied Industries 324 Electrotypers of America 324 Garment Manufacturers 324

Ice Cream Manufacturers 324 Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions 139,324 Milk Dealers 325 Municipal Electricians •_ 325

International Astronomical Union. 51 Bureau of Weights and Measures, Paris... 48

calendar simplification... 52 City Managers' Association _ 325 Commission on Illumination 70

Page

International Committee on Weights and

Advisory Committee on Electricity 35

Critical Tables of Numerical Data, Physics, Chemistry, and Technology 342 Electrotechnical Commission 64, 153 Geodetic Activities 63 and Geophysical Union 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59 Hydrographic Conference 155 marine standards 273 Radio Conference 126 Radiotelegraphy Union 342 Research Council 342 Seed Testing Association _ 119 Society of Master Painters and Decorators. 325 standardization agencies.. 35 Standards Association 70,271 Steam-Table Conference 69 Technical Consulting_Committee on Radio

Communication.... 67 Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry 70, 343 Interstate Commerce Commission 288 common carriers, standards for 17 Iridium, purification of 229

Iron, cast, for enameling purposes 214 and steel 121 and steel bars 302 wrought 362

Irons, rig _ 294

Irrigation projects 135

Italian national standardizing body 106

Japanese Electrotechnical Commission 108 Engineering Standards Committee (JESC). 107 Technical Society of Portland Cement 108 Japanned ware 327

Jars, cottage cheese 319

Jellies 342

Jigs - 337 Joint Committee on Foundry Refractories.-- 287 Pattern Equipment Standards — 287 Printing of Congress 118 Standard Specifications for Concrete and

Reinforced Concrete 350 Concrete Culvert Pipe Committee.. 285, 300, 350

Joints, aircraft 283 welded rail 283

Joists, steel 311 Journal bearing performance 222 Junior shirts 324 Jute... - 339 spontaneous heating and ignition of... 209

Kalamein doors 321, 333 Keene's cement 320 Kegs, wooden 306 Kennelly-Heaviside layer, measurement of the height of the — 24C Keyways - 294 Knitted underwear - 307 Knitting machines, Oil for... 252 Krypton, spectral lines of— 230

Labeling, certification and - 198 Labor.. - 139

statistics 139 Laboratoire Central D'Electricite, France... 89 National D'Essais Mecanique, Physiques, Chimiques, et Machines, France. 87 Laboratories, clinical-.. - 284 Government testing 247 Laboratory apparatus 284

for microscopy at the National Bureau of Standards.. - 201

of Experimental Psychology (France) 101 on the physiology of Work (France) — 101 Lacquer, pyroxylin 306 Lactic acid 292 Ladder Manufacturers Association of America 325 Ladders for mines 293 code for 325
388 INDEX

Page

Laminated phenolic products standards 338 Lamps, incandescent, color comparator for.. 205

for motor boats. 354 Landing lights 354 systems, blind 190 Lanterns 297 Larch 312,361 Lard... 348 cans 322 Lathing 315 Laundry standards 326 stoves 288 Laundryowners National Association of the United States and Canada.. 326 Laws, apple grading 324

barrel, for fruits, vegetables and other dry commodities 324 sanitary bedding 311 Lead acetate 284 base and tin base bearing alloys 228 Pencil Institute 326 pencils 326 Leather 340

acid in ' 218 belting 292,351 chrome tanned and vegetable tanned 292

effect of splitting on strength of 219 garments, dry cleaning of 329 imitation 318

sole 219 work at National Bureau of Standards during 1930 218 Leathers, methods of analysis for 292 Leman-Thicssen method for calibration of length standards 232 Length measurement, methods of 232 standards, comparisons of 231 Lens design 219 diameters, projection 356 Lenses, aberration of 219 Letter circulars of the National Bureau of Standards 175 symbols.. 291 box enamel 148 Levulose production, hard refined 249 License plate brackets 354 Light, primary standard of 35, 38, 42 standard of, Waidner-Burgess 236 Lighthouses, Bureau of 125 propane as a fuel for lamps in 211 Lighting of airports and airways 191

electric-train. 310 equipment. 305

industrial 343

of school buildings, safety code for.. 290

street and traffic 302, 325 Lightning arresters 291 protection against 245, 291, 340 reds 340 Lights, signal 125 landing 354 Lime . 276,311,340 work of National Bureau of Standards, during 1930 220 Limestones.. 346 Lime-sulphur solution 280 Line shafts 294 standards, special material for 231 Liners, hose 354 Linseed 308

Linters, cotton 311,336 Liquefied petroleum gases 347 Liquid chlorine 313

fuels 342 shrinkage in metals 288 Liquids, thickness of adsorbed films of 221 Liquor, bleaching 340

Listers, agricultural 300 Loaded paper shot shells 344, 356 Lock valves 300 Locomotive Crane Manufacturers' Association 326 rating standards 326

electrical equipment.. 310 wheels 297 Locomotives, code 302

for coal mines 293

rules for fuel economy on 297 steam 302

Page

Logs, veneer _ 304 Loudspeakers 351 Lovibond glasses, standardization of... 205 Low temperature tryostat 218 Lowell Textile Institute 326 Lubricants 342 and liquid fuels 122,221 Lubricating greases 340

oils, engine tests of 221

oiliness of... 221 Lubrication 301 Lugs, soldering 359 cedar 361 cypress. 356 hardwood 320,340 hemlock 348 nomenclature of 340 pine 356 red cedar 361

sizes of 340

soft pine 305 softwood, grade marking of 332 standardization of 162, 328, 340 tamarack. 348

treated, uses and economies of 335 walnut 304 Luminaires, residence lighting 309, 321 M

Macaroni plants 344 Machinability of steel 227 Machine pins 301

tools 341 standardization of (Czechoslovakia) 98 Machines, commutator 290

drilling 293 induction 291 synchronous 290 Machinery, air compressing, code on 302

Builders' Society 326

electrical 290

ensilage 329 Macroscopic 153 Magnesium alloys, deterioration of, by corro- sion 228 sulphate.. 284 Magnet wire 291 Magnetic testing and research at the National Bureau of Standards in 1930 209 Magvar Ipari Szabvanyosito Bizottsag (MISz) 105 Maizolith 235 Malleable foundry refractories 283, 287, 288, 299

iron castings 298 Research Institute 326 Manhole frames and covers 301 Manila cordage 294 rope 316 Manometers, testing of 217 Manual, A. E. R. E. A. Engineering 286

of Recommended Practice, A. R. A., signal section. 298

of Standard Practice for the Power Laundry Washroom 326

of Water Works Practice 304 Manuals on the training of welding operators. . 343 Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve and Fittings Industry 326 and Willing-to-certify, statistical summary

of 199 Manufacturing Chemists Association of the United States 327 Maple Flooring Manufacturers Association... 327 Maps, touring 282 Marble work 331 Marine boilers 344 Corps 147

field, standardization in 12

fire hazards, regulations on 339 navigation, standard charts for 10

forecasts for 6

oil terminals -- 339 standards 273,356 international 273 Marking of waterproof fabric products 346 Masonry 299 brick . 314 opening sizes 353
INDEX 389

Page

Masonry units, concrete 196 wall construction, recommended minimum

requirements for 358 Master gages, certification of 256

scale tests 241 Materials - 120 paving 302,342 and road 337 Mathematical symbols 291 Matting, corrugated 353 Meal — 294 cottonseed..- 336 crab - 308 cream. 285 peanut 336 scrap — 308 shrimp .- 308 Measurement and control of municipal sanita- tion 325 standards for governmental services 325 Measures.. 292 Meats 294 Mechanical engineering projects and standards. 272 loading in metal mines 293 power transmission, apparatus, codes for. . 302, 351 refrigeration 303

safety code for 292 rubber goods 353 springs. 301 Mechanics' lien act.. 328 Work of National Bureau of Standards in, during 1930 222 Mechanism, flush tank.. 331 Medical Corps 154 examinees 172 Se.vice 173 Medicine.. 292 and Surgery 144 Melon Distributors' Association 324 Men's pajamas 289,344 Merchant Fleet Corporation 172 Merchants' Association of New York 305 Metal ceilings 333 cornices 333 culverts 122 doors 321 heating 310 lath 307 mines 128 mechanical loading in 293 underground transportation in 293 spraying 225 Metallographic polishing machine, automatic. 229 Metalluigical information 230

testing and service for Government depart- ments 230

Page

Methods of analysis for agricultural products. 310

for leathers 292

of cereals and cereal products 280

of chemical analysis of cottonseed 336

of cottonseed hulls 336

of crude and refined oils 336

of coke sampling 318

of estimating radiation 321

of measuring the size of all hosiery 330

of mine sampling 293

of procedure under A. S. A 270

of testing paper 358 petroleum products and lubricants 293 wood 340 Metric system, use of, in Japan 109" Metrology 230 Mica, effect of high temperatures on 216

radio-frequency power factor of 239 Microscopic 153 Microscopy, laboratory for, at National Bureau of Standards 201 Mid West Shippers' Advisory Board.. 288 Middlings, purified 341 Military standardization 151 Milk 280

analysis. 296

certified 280,312 condensed skimmed 308 dry skim __ 286,308 ordinance 151 Millers National Federation 327

Milling Cutter Society 327

cutters 303,341 Millwork, cost-accounting methods for 357

Institute of California 327 Mine accident statistics 128

explosives, code for 328 gas indicators 131 Inspectors Institute of America 328

safety standards 132 sampling, methods of 293

scales, tests of 243 timber preservation 123 preservatives 293 timbering 293 Mines 127 metal, mechanical loading in 293 underground transportation in 293 Minimum standards for home building 333

of foundry apprenticeship 339 Mining projects 272 standardization work 313 standards 272 Mirror Manufacturers Association 328 Mixers, dough 290, 300 Model uniform electrical ordinance 355

.. 292

.. 320

320, 337

.. 324

.. 153.

.. 333

331

.. 356

... 235

. 338

. 331 302

. 162

. 355

.. 137

.. 331

.. 354

.. 294

. 354

.. 354

. 281

. 290

. 359

. 359

. 291

. 290

. 291

290, 303

. 354

.: 354

. 355

148-

Metals 153 and alloys, fundamental constants and properties of 223 thermoelectric properties of 216

corrosion of 224 cutting 301

effects of temperature on properties of 301

fluidity of 226 hardness testing of 225 liquid shrinkage in 288 platinum 229

resistance of, to abrasion, in clay extrusion machines 203

solubility of gases in 224 thermal conductivity of 224 work of the National Bureau of Standards in during 1930 223 Metalware Institute 327 Meter bars, platinum-iridium 231 Meters 337 cold water 304

electricity 309

orifice 288 Methane, heat of combustion of 216 Methods for determining weighing in silk fabrics 354

for floor measurement of rentable areas in

office buildings 328

for millwork cost accounting 357

for screen testing of ores 292

for testing cotton fabrics 329 gypsum 320

Moeilons Molding plaster wood

Molds, ice-cream brick Molybdenum

Mopstick Manufacturers Association Mopsticks

Motion-picture films resolving power and sensitivity of.. Motor and control instruction handbook.

bus specifications code frame dimensions, electric fuel

specifications, outboard

trucks Vehicle Conference Committee

head lamps

operators, visual acuity for — signal lamps

tail lamps

vehicles Motors

electric, for Class I locations

for use in hazardous atmospheres

fractional horsepower - induction — railway synchronous Mountings, airplane engine starter

fuel pump

headlamp

Mucilage
390 INDEX

Page

Municipal contract forms 302 purchasing and standardizing agencies 259 sanitation 325 Musical instruments 341 Muslin 322 N

Nailed wooden boxes 322 National Academy of Sciences 342 National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics 160 National American Wholesale Lumber Association- _ 328 National Association

for Industrial Standardization (Italy) 106 Boards of Pharmacy . ... 295 Builders Exchanges 328 Building Owners and Managers 328 Cost Accountants 352 Dyers and Cleaners of the United States and Canada 329 Fan Manufacturers . 301,329 Farm Equipment Manufacturers 329 Finishers of Cotton Fabrics 329 Flat Rolled Steel Manufacturers 330 Glue Manufacturers— 330 Golf Club Manufacturers 330 Hosiery and Underwear Manufacturers . 330 Manufacturers of Heating and Cooking

Appliances 330 Marble Dealers 331 Master Plumbers of the United States. _ 331 Mopstick Manufacturers 331 Motor Bus Operators 331 Musical Instrument and Accessories Manufacturers _ _ 331 Mutual Casualty Companies. . 331 Practical Refrigerating Engineers 332 Purchasing Agents 332 Railroad Tie Producers 332 Real Estate Boards 332 Sheet Metal Contractors of the United

States 333

Steel Furniture Manufacturers 333 Waste Materials Dealers. 333 Wood Turners 305, 333 Wooden Box Manufacturers 333 Wool Manufacturers. 333 National Automobile Chamber of Commerce. 334 Battery Manufacturers Association 334 Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel In- spectors 334 Board of Fire Underwriters. 334 Building Granite Quarries Association 335 Bureau of Casualty and Surety Underwriters 335 Canners Association 335 Cap Manufacturers Association 319 Cinder Concrete Products Association 335 Coal Association 335 Committee for French Organization.. 101 on Municipal Reporting. 325 on Specifications (Germany) 103 on Wood Utilization 335 Conference on Street and Highway Safety. 281,

331, 334 on Weights and Measures 324 Cottonseed Products Association 294, 336 Crushed Stone Association 336 Die and Special Tool Builders Association. 337

District Heating Association. 337 Door Manufacturers Association 337 Education Association of the United States. 337

Electric Light Association. 337

Electrical Code... 334, 338 Electrical Manufacturers Association 337 Engineering Inspection Association 338 Federation of Radio Associations 338 Fence Manufacturers Institute 339

Fertilizer Association 339 Fire Protection Association 339 Formulary 295 Founders Association 339 Hair and Jute Felt Manufacturers Association 339 Hardware Association of the United

States — 289,339

Page

National Hardwood Inspection Rules Committee 278 Hay Association (Inc.) ..." 340

Institute of Health * 150 Jewelers Board of Trade _~" 340 Lightning Rod Manufacturers Association! 340 Lime Association 340 Lumber Association _ 340 Lumber Manufacturers Association 340 Macaroni Manufacturers Association 341 Machine Tool Builders Association. 341 Municipal League 325 Musical Merchandise Manufacturers Association 341 Paint, Oil and Varnish Association (Inc.) . . 341 Paper Box Manufacturers Association 341 Trade Association ._ 342 Park Service 139 Paving Brick Manufacturers Association.. 342 Petroleum Association 342 Physical Laboratory, England 75 Preservers Association 342 Research Council 342 Retail Dry Goods Association 344 Retail Hardware Association 344 Retail Lumber Dealers Association 344 Restaurant Association 343 Safety Council. 344 Sand and Gravel Association 345 Scale Men's Association 345 School Supply Association. 345 Screw Thread Commission.. 145, 146, 153, 161, 257 Slag Association 345

Slate Association. 346 Society for Austrian Industry 93 Standardizing Agencies 75,90 Supply and Machinery Distributors Association 346 Tent and Awning Manufacturers Association 346 Terra Cotta Society 346 Tuberculosis Association 346 Wall Paper Wholesalers' Association 346 Warm Air Heating Association. 346 Wholesale Druggists Association (Inc.) 347 Grocers Association of the United States. 347 Wiping Cloth Standardization Association. 347 Natural Gasoline Association of America 347 Naval Observatory 145

stores act 122 Navigation 145 marine, standard charts for 10 Navy Department 140 Needles, hypodermic- 2S5 Netherlands, national standardizing body for. 109 New and nonofficial remedies 292 New England Council 347 quality label. 347 Water Works Association.. 348 New York Produce Exchange. 348 State standard apple crating law 324 Nichrome for weights 255 Nickel-chromium-iron allowys, thermal ex- pansion of 253 Nickel, electrodeposition of 287 Nipples, hose 354 pipe 295,318 Nitric acid, tables for 327 Noise in airplanes, reduction of 190 Nomenclature for softwoods 344

of banjo parts 341

of lumber... 340 Nonferrous Ingot Metals Institute 227, 348 metals standards 275 Nontraffic hazards of the commercial driver.. 344 Norges Industriforbunds Standardiserings- komite (NIS) 110 North Carolina Pine Association 348 Northern Hemlock and Hardwood Manufacturers Association 348 Pine Manufacturers Association 349 White Cedar Association 349 while pine 349 Norway pine 349 Norwegian national standardizing body 110 Numbering machines 223 Nursing, hospital 284

service in industry.. 344 Nut proportions 301
INDEX 391

O Page Oak Floring Manufacturers Association of the United States - - 349 Oats...- 308 Octane number of gasoline — 192

Office buildings, lighting practice for 286

for the Promotion of the Iron and Steel In- dustry (Sweden) 116

Official Agricultural Chemists of North

America 308

Oil and gas pipe lines, standardization of 29 burners - 293, a39 cake 294,308

circuit breakers 291 Diesel fuel 317

field boilers - 294

for knitting machines 252 heating equipment, installation of 293 Institute... - 293 lubricating.-. 162 recommendations-. .- 222

stainless lubricating for all knitting machines 330

storage tanks 294

Oiliness of lubricating oils. 221

Oils, animal and mineral 292, 294, 348 chemical testing of (Belgium standard) 96 crude and refined 336

fuel, domestic and industrial 294, 295 vegetable -- 348 Open sash _ 337 Openings in walls and partitions, protection

of — 339 Operation of transformers- 291 Optical glass, production of 212 Orange juice... 122 Ordinance for chimney construction 322 Ordnance, Navy 145 Department, War Department 153,290

Ores, method for screen testing of. 292 zinc. 305

Orifice meters 210,288 Osaka Limit Gage Society (Japan) 108 Osmium, purification of 229 Osterreichischer Normenausschuss fur In- dustrie und Gewerbe (ONIG) 93 Osterreichisches Kuratorium fur Wirtschaftlichkeit (OKW) 93 Outboard motor specifications 355 Outdoor Advertising Association of America. 349 Outlet boxes 305 Outside blinds 337

visible measure discharge devices 359 Ovens linings, corrosion of materials for 212 Ovens for Japan enamel and other flammable

liquids 339

Overdiversification, surveys of. 247 Overhead systems.. 337 P

Packing methods and materials (Norway) ... Ill Padlocks... 298 Paint and varnish brushes _ 283 containers 294 Painting for highway gate arms.. 298 Paints 162, 323, 333 cold-water 340 Pajamas, men's 289,324,344 Pan American Sanitary Bureau 168 Union „ 169 Panama Canal, The 170 Paper 118,159,164,294,322,340 backings 279 bags.. 342 blue-print 324

cable specifications 323 cover... 316

deterioration of 343 manufacture of 234 methods of testing 358 shot shells 339

sizes.. _ 332 standardization of 233

testing methods 234

tissue 342 wall.. 289,346,360 waxed 304

Page

Paper work of the National Bureau of Standards during 1930 233 wrapping 344 writing 362 Paperboard 349 Industries Association 349 Papers, Government. 234 permanence of 233 Parachutes, cotton fabric for 251 Paris Chamber of Commerce 101 Partition tile 320

Pastes, alimentary _ 341 Patterns, dress ._ 289,344 Pavements, asphalt 306 bituminous 302

filled, brick 280 brick 302 and block 342 cement concrete 302

stone block. 302

street-railway 302 Paving, asphalt 309

brick 342 materials. 302,342 Peanut cake 336 meal 336 Peanuts.. 308,336

Pearls 340 Pencil Makers Association 326

Pencils, lead 326 Permanent Conference on Printing 167 Permeameters, magnetic, standardization of. 209 Personnel Classification Board 170 Petroleum 348

lubricants, methods of testing 293 products 294,342

properties of 221 pH-measurements, Glass electrode for 200 Pharmaceutical bottles 319

catalogues, standard size 295 Pharmaceuticals... 285,295 Pharmacopoeia, Homeopathic, of the United

States 291 United States 123,295,360 Phonograph apparatus 351 Photo-electric cell, seconds signals from a pen- dulum by use of a 254 Photographic films, storage and handling

Of 334,339

lenses, new instrument for testing 235

materials, spectral sensitization of 235 Photography, work of National Bureau of Standards in, during 1930 235 Photometric units and methods 37 Photometry, work of National Bureau of Standards in, during 1930— 205, 236 Physical constants 176,236

tests of coal and coke 318 Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt, Ger- many 80

Piezoelectricity, studies of 239 Pigments 340

Piles, concrete 354

Piling, cedar — 361

Pilings 312

Pills 295 Pine Institute of America 118, 350 lumber 356

soft — 305 northern white 349 Norway 349

pitch, classification of. 356 pondosa.. — 312,361 sugar .- 312 timbers... 356 white— 312,361 Pins, channel 298 machine 301 Pipe, cast-iron 312

soil - 331 water 304 clay sewer 313

corrosion 288

flanges 321,332 and fittings 292, 301 iron and steel. 357

lines, oil and gas, standardization of 29 nipples —- 318
INDEX

Page

Pipe, plain concrete 284 sewer .. 351 reinforced concrete culvert and sewer 350 threads 301

vitrified clay sewer 317 wrought-iron and wrought-steel 302, 318 Pipes, supply 331 Piping, refrigerating 292 systems, identification of 301 Plain and lock washers 301 girder rail 287

limit gages 301 Plant Industry, Bureau of 119 Plants, beverage 282 hydraulic power 302

testing interlocking 298

Plaster 307,320 board ._. 320 dental 320 lime 340 molding 320

Plastering 315 sand 320,345

Plastic clay, abrasive action of 203 pyroxylin 306 Plate glass for glazing purposes 350 Manufacturers of America . . 350

Plates, flat, strength of 189

joint, designs of 287 tank 297 Platforms, skid 322

Plating, chromium 287

silver 237 Platinum, freezing point for 216 iridium meter bars 231 metals 229 plating for weights 255 Play pipes 306 Plow and tillage implements 329 Plows, disk 300

Plugs, glow 355 Plumbago Crucible Association 350

crucibles, outside dimensions of 288 Plumbing code 303 equipment 302,303

fixtures 318

hospital 2S9.304 materials 331 systems.. 194 Plungers 294 Plywood 320,349

doors, standardization of (Finland) 100 Manufacturers Association 350 Pointing materials, elastic, for masonry 249 Poisson's ratio for concrete columns 196

Poles, cedar 361 northern white cedar 349 tubular steel. 287 wood 305,349

Polish, furniture 162 national standardizing body 111 Polishes and cleaners, letter circular describ- ing 201 Polishing machine, automatic metallographic. 229 Polski Komitet Normalizacyjny (PKX) 111 Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, X. Y 360 Pondosa pine 312, 361 Pontoons, seaplane 189 Porcelain, electric- 283 standardization of (Czechoslovakia) 98 Pork trolleys 322 Portable overhead hoists 318 Portland cement 281,284 Association 350 stucco finishes 284 Post Office Department 148 Postal machines, automatic 223 Posters—equipment for illuminating 349

Posts, cedar 361 guardrail 349 indicator 306

tool 341 Potassium 128 Pottery 253,360

plaster 320 Powder, bleaching 340 Power, hydraulic 337 operated pumps 359

Page

Power Survey Committee (Australia) 93 switchboard and switching equipment handbook 338

transfer relay 298 transmission and power equipment, under- ground... 293 Association 351 Precious stones 340

Precise control of dimensional standards in the manufacture of automobiles 14 Precision screw cutting and ruling 254 Preservation, wood.. 286 Preservative treatment of wood 305

Preservatives, mine timber 293 Preserve jars. 319 Preserves. 342 Pressure and vacuum gauges 302 gauges, code for 290 piping, code for 290, 301, 332

vessels 283 welding of ._ 343 Prevention, accident 337 and fire 298

of dust explosions in wood flour manufacturing establishments 339 dust ignition in spice grinding plants 339 Primary standard of light 35, 38, 42 Prime movers 337 Printing and binding 159

Office, United States Government 158 Producers council 341 Products, asphaltic 305

Profiles (Belgian standard) 95 Projection lens diameters 356 Propane, use of, in Lighthouse Service 211 Propeller fans, investigation of 223 hub cones 354 hubs, airplane __. 354 wood 354

Propellers, bronze 326 Protection of openings in walls and partitions. 339 Protective coatings 333

for heavy weights 244 general work of Xational Bureau of Standards on 236 Protein and nutrition division, U. S. D. A 118 Provisions 348 Public Buildings and Public Parks of the Xational Capital 170 Health Service 150 purchasers, cooperation with 247 Roads, Bureau of 120

utility relations 237 works construction 195 Publications of the Xational Bureau of Standards 175 Pulleys, control 354 Pulp 294 Pulping processes 123 Pumping machinerv code - 302 Pumps 321,329

classification of 321 displacement, reciprocating steam-driven.. 302

fire, regulations on 339 power operated 359 rotarv and centrifugal 302 Punches 303 Purchasing board 162 Purified middlings 341 Pyrex glass, heterogeneity of 213 Pyrometer protection tubes 218 Pyroxylin coated fabrics 310 lacquer 306

plastic 306 Q

Quartermaster Corps 153 Quenching media for steel 227 Quicklime, recommended specifications for.. 220 R

Radiation, method of estimating 321 Radiator glycerine 319 investigation 217

traps, thermostatic 223 Radiators, rating 301
INDEX

Page

Radio - 125,291 and automotive rubber battery cases and

jars, testing of 353 and wire carrier systems.- 298, 358 antennas - 323 Commission.. — 156 communication, graphical symbols used in. 323 international technical consulting committee on 67

field intensity, Measurements of _ 239 in air navigation __ 190

investigations at the National Bureau of Standards during 1930... 238 Manufacturers Association 351 measurement methods, improvements in.. 240

receivers — 351 receiving sets for the Coast Guard. 240 power operated 359 standardization 351 standards and engineering information, handbook of 351 handbook of 338 transmission research -_ 342 transmitters 323 vacuum tubes 323 wave, intensity and direction, variations of. 240 Wholesalers Association. 338 Radium testing 248 Radiobeacon svstems 190 Radiobeacons-- 125,126 Radio-frequency power factor of mica 239 Rags 318 Rail 160

joints, welded 283 welding of 343 plain girder 287

steel 227 Bar Association 351 bars 352 Railroad track and other high-capacity scales, tests of, by National Bureau of Standards.- 240

scale test car calibrations in field 242 Railway Accounting Officers Association 352 bridges 299 control apparatus 291

electric car „ 299

electrification materials - 298 Fire Protection Association 352 Mail Service 148 motors 291 Railways, standardization on 19 Range boilers - 318 domestic, burners for 211 Ranges 331

electric 359 hotel 211 Rasps 344 Rating radiators 301 Rationalization and Standardization Office (Rumania) 113 Rayon fabrics, dry and wet cleaning of 329 Reactors, induction 291 Reagent chemicals, analytical 200 Reagents 153

analytical- 284 Reamers 317 Receivers, radio 351 Reciprocating steam-driven displacement pumps. 302 steam engines .__ 302 Reclamation — 135 practices 298 Recommended good practice requirements

for the construction and protection of air- plane hangers 334 minimum requirements for masonry wall

construction 357 practice for arrangement of building cedes.. 358 requirements for small dwelling construction 358

Rectifiers- — 298 Red cedar lumber 361 Redwood, California 312

Refractories 287

boiler furnace 301 malleable foundry 283, 287, 288, 299

special thermal dilatation of 202

393

Page

Refrigerating Machinery Association 352 Piping 292 systems „ 302

test code for 302 Refrigeration 292,352 mechanical 292,303,332

Refrigerators 289, 292 Refuse disposal 302 Regulation of sanitary conditions in restau- rants 344 Regulations for the construction and operation of pyroxylin lacquer manufacturing

plants 334

for the construction of merchandise vaults. 334 on automatic sprinklers 339 on aviation fire hazards... 339 on blower systems 339 on building construction 339 on fire pumps 339 on gases 339 on hazardous chemicals and explosives 339 on marine fire hazards 339 Regulators -.- 323 induction 291 Reinforced concrete culvert and sewer pipe.. 350 Relation of aggregates to concrete 345 Relay, power transfer 298 Remedies, homeopathic 291 Research associates 176

at the National Bureau of Standards 176 automotive, standards in 20 work at Government Printing Office 158 Residence-lighting luminaires 321 Residence standards, Intercomparison of 208 Restaurant chinaware 344 Restaurants, regulation of sanitary conditions

in 344 Retirement 166 Rice 308

Miller's Association. 352 Rig irons 294 Rigs.— 294 Rims 359 Rings, cup 294 Rivet proportions 301 Riveted tanks 294 Rivets 297 aluminum alloy 354 Road and paving materials 122, 337 design 280 materials — 121,343 Roads, earth 340 Rods, lightning 340

spiral, sizes of 315 sucker 294 welding 286,305 Rolled threads for screw shells of electric sockets and lamp bases. 302 Roller bearings - 309, 354 Roofing - 333 asphalt — - 309

gravel 360

materials, fire tests of— 210

slag. - - — 360

steel, fire tests on. 330 Rope, manila 316 wire. 356

for mines 293 Ropes - 322 Rosin - 282 Barrel Manufacturers Association 306 containers --- - 350 Rotary and centrifugal pumps 302 Royal Australian Institute of Architects 91 Institute of Engineers (Netherlands) 109 Rubber 163,340 abrasion tests for - 244 cements -- - 227 chemical nature of - 244 compounds, antioxidants in. 244

effect of humidity and temperature on... 244

floor tile » 3^3 goods, mechanical 353 graphite compositions, thermal conductivinsulation for wire and cable for general.— 291
394 INDEX

Rubber lined hose Manufacturers Association National Bureau of Standards work in during 1930 pure crystalline soling strips Rubberizing

Rug cleaning... Rugs

Rules, arc welding

for altitude correction capacitors and fuses..

for fuel economy on locomotives

for installing dry pipe sprinkler equip- ments

sprinkler equipments _ for railroad purchasing department operation stores department operation

for seed testing governing the condition of, and repairs to

freight and passenger cars for the inter- change of traffic construction, installation, and operation

of steam boilers loading and carrying of structural materials, plates, rails, girders, etc loading of lumber, logs, stone, etc

silk Rumanian national standardizing body

Rural electrification Russian national standardizing body

Rye

Page

359 352

244 353

281 329 310

286

291 297

8. A. E. Handbook.

Safes. Safety appliances for cars and locomotives... automobile

cans for the storage and handling of hazard- ous liquids code for aeronautics

for construction work

for elevators and escalators

for lighting of school buildings

for mechanical refrigeration

for walkway surfaces codes prepared by National Bureau of Standards

rules for installing and using electrical equipment in metal mines..

vision, limits of—

Saggers, porosity of burned fire clay

St. Elizabeths Hospital Samples, distribution of standard Sanatorium administration Sanatoriums, tuberculosis Sand

engine _

filler glass lime brick 220, Association

plastering 320

sheet asphalt

specifications for different uses of Sands, foundry

Sanitary bedding laws. Bureau

Sanitation 299, municipal

Sash, glazed open

Sausage

Scaffolding, fire-retardent surface treatments

of Scale tests, master..

Scales, large capacity, repair and overhauling...

railroad track and other high-capacity, tests

of, by National Bureau of Standards

specifications for the overhauling and repair

of heavy capacity School buildings, safety code for lighting of.. Schoolhouse planning

306

306

298

298 310

297

334

297

297 354

113 300

114 308

354

333

297

281 359

280

290 290

290

292 290 344

245

293 294

203

138 201 346

300

345

345

345 345

340

353

345 345

345

287 311

168 302

325

337

337

357

163 210

241 240

240

345 290

337

Page

Schweizerische Normalien-Vereinigung

(SNV) lie

Scientific and engineering symbols and abbreviations 280,290,292,301 apparatus makers of America 353 Scoring of bakery products 290 Scouring 281 Scrap, classification of 298 meal 308 Screen testing or ores, methods for 292

Screenings, stone 336 Screw cutting, precision 254

fittings. 327 Thread Commission 161 threads 301

for fire-hose couplings 301

for small hose couplings 302 Screwed unions 318 Screws, wood 354 Seats 294 Second Assistant Postmaster General 148 Secretary of Commerce 134

of the Navy 147 Seed act 119 laboratory 119

testing, rules for 310 Seeds 119 Selecting drivers for commercial vehicles 344 Sewage, methods for the examination of 296 Sewer pipe.. 351 reinforced concrete 350 Sewerage 302 Sewers 299,302

reinforced concrete pipe for 284 Shaft ends, airplane 354 Shafting 301 dimensions on 294

Shafts, golf - 330 Shapes, aluminum alloy 354 streamline tubing 354 structural steel 301 Shear blades 303 Sheet asphalt binder and surface course 306 Metal Ware Association 353 Sheeting, bed 289

Sheets, steel 289

sizes of.. - 339 Shellac. - 360 bleached 282 weights of 360

Shells, loaded paper shot 344 paper shot 339 Shingles 356 Ship bottom paints 162 standards 273 Shipments 165 Shipping Board 172 containers _ 296, 311, 314, 323

Shirts 307,324 boys' 289 Shock absorber struts 354 Shoe goring 361 Shops, lighting practice for 286 Shovels — 344 Shrimp meal 308 Shrinkage of textile materials 281 Sidewalks 302

Sieves, standards for (Poland) 113

Sifters... 300 Signal Corps 154 lamps, motor vehicle. 354 Signaling, terms used in 298

Signals - 126,293

light, testing of 298

testing motor semaphore 298

Signs, electric 359

Silica brick... 340 diatomaceous 197

Silicate products 201

Silk 289 Association of America — 353 raw, classification 354 rules 354 weighting.. 251

Silks, sewing, color range on 354 Silver.. 149 plating 237

Silvering glass 208
INDEX 395

Page

Simplex Concrete Pile Association (Inc.) 354 Simplified office procedure 166 practice 153

activities during 1930 246

definition of 181 general conferences on . 246

in field of distribution 247 recommendations 175 adherence to 246 Sink traps - 318 Sirup 118,340 Sitka spruce 361

Sizes, abrasive grain — 320 catalogue... 342 crushed stone - --- 336 envelope - -- 318 lumber - --- 340

spiral rod - - - 315

steel reinforced bar 315

steel sheet - 339 Skid platforms - — 322 Skylights —- 333 Slack barrels- 306

Slag, percentage of wear for 281 roofing.. — 360

Slags - - 346

Slate 306,346 properties of, from various localities 249 Small tools - 301 Smoke prevention - 290 Soap stock. 336 Soaps. - - -- 289 dry cleaning -— 329 Society for Electrical Development 355

for Keat Economy (Austria) 93

for Industry (Netherlands) ._ 106

for the Promotion of Engineering Education - 353

of Automotive Engineers 353

of German Professional Engineers 103

of Industrial Engineers 355

of Motion Picture Engineers 356

of Naval Architects (Japan) 108 and Marine Engineers 356

of Swiss Machine Industrialists ._ H6

of Terminal Engineers 356 Soda- 340 water 122 Sodium metal 284

Soft pine lumber 305 Softening point of bituminous materials 237

Soil pipe, cast-iron — 331

Soils 300 Soldering lugs 359 Solenoid, value of inductance of 207 Solution, lime-sulphur 280 Sorghum 340 Sound absorbing materials 194 recording and reproducing equipment 359 Soundness of stone 336 South African branch of British Engineering Standards Association 105 Southern Cypress Manufacturers Association 356 Freight Association 357 Hardware Jobbers Association 356 Pine Association 356 Sash, Door, and Millwork Manufacturers

Association 357 Supply and Machinery Distributors' Association 357 Space heaters 288 Spar varnish, durability of_. 236 Spark plugs 354

Specific gravity balance _ 211 Specification record 303

Specifications Board, Federal 162 Encyclopedia of 247

facilitating the use of 198

for brickwork _ 314

for different uses of sand and gravel. 345

for lubricants and liquid fuels and methods

for sampling and testing. 128, 132

for the overhauling and repair of heavy

capacity scales 345

for railway track scale test weight cars 345 paper cable 323 promotion and unification of. 181 work of National Bureau of Standards

during 1930 247 27171—31 26

Pag*

Spectral sensitization of photographic materials. 235 Spectrochemical analysis 248 Spectroscopy, National Bureau of Standards work in, during 1930 248- Speech transmission, standards for 28 Speeds of driven machines, standardization

of 302,351 Spindle ends ._ 341 Spontaneous heating and ignition. _ 209 Sprayers.. 329 Spraying, metal 225 Springs, mechanical 301 Sprinkler equipments, installation of. 339

Sprinklers, automatic, regulations on 339 Sprockets and chains, transmission 289

for motion-picture projectors 356 transmission.. 301 Spruce. 312,349,361 Sitka 361

Staining, chlorine 281

Stainless lubricating oil for all knitting machines.. _. 330

Stains, biological 314

Stairs for mines 293 Standard charts for marine navigation 10

color card 358

colors _ 325 container manufacturers 357

forecasts for air and marine navigation 6 forms 156 methods of grading and evaluating cotton- seed 336 personnel 166 practice in sheet metal work 333

size catalogue page 347 Standardization... 125,149,153

agencies, international 35

division, American Mining Congress 123

elevator 24

in aeronautics 1 in the lighthouse service __ 7

in the marine field 12

in Transport; symposium l of electrical energy 26

of accounting forms 158

of air mail service 33

of automotive traffic rules 31

of gages 330

of grades of lumber 340

of oil and gas pipe lines 29

of speeds of driven machines 351 on railways 19 Standardized data and charts for water trans- portation. 9 Standardizing activities of technical societies and trade associations. 279 agencies 75,117

bodies, national 90 Standards 118, 156 appraisal practice _ 333

Association, International . 70 Association of Australia 91 automotive research 20 Commission of the Ministry of War (Po- land,- 113 Committee (OST), Council of Labor and

Defense, TJ. S. S. R 114 concrete mixer 307 dimensional, precise control of in manufacture of automobiles 14 drawings and drafting-room practice.. 301

electrical 36

foreign trade _ 181 highway-traffic control.. 22,262

industrial control 338

interstate common carrier 17 laminated phenolic products 338 speech transmission _. 28 vulcanized fiber 338 State purchasing agencies, alphabetical list of. 264 and standardizing agencies 261 Utility Commission Engineers, Conference

of.. 237 Stationary steam boilers 302

Stations, automatic 291 Statistical Institute (France) 101 Steam and hydraulic turbines, code on 302

boilers, stationary 302
396 INDEX

Page

Steam engines, code on 302 reciprocating ._ 302 heating boiler testing code 322

solid-fuel boilers 301 locomotives 302 properties of 21.5 table conferences, international- 215 tables 301 turbines 302 Steamboat Inspection Service 134 Steel Barrel Manufacturers Institute 357 barrels.. 327

sizes of 357 bars and billets (Canadian standard) 97

boiler 308

castings 226,318 columns 300 construction, handbook of 292

drill 293 drums, sizes of 357 Founders Society of America 357 furniture 333

.fusion welding, specifications for 305 heat treatment of 303 Mgh-speed tool 227 hoops. 306

joists.. 311 machinability of . 227

poles, tubular .. 287 quenching media for 227

rail 227 railway bridges 301 reinforcing bars, sizes of._ 315 sheets _. 289 structural.. 292,308

for buildings 292 structures (Canadian standard) 97 towers 306

Steels, carbon 303

definitions of heat treatment for. 354

stainless, for length standards ._ 23

1

Stone-block pavements 302

cast 197,284,312 crushed, sizes of. 336

tests on 336 screenings 336 soundness of 336

studies of, at National Bureau of Standards- 249 Stones, precious 340 Stop watches, specifications for 254 Storage and handling of photographic films and X-ray nitrocellulose films 334 batteries 291

size of 311

specifications for 208 battery construction and operation... 208

plates, corrosion of 208 Stoves 331 gasoline, for heating and cooking 339 laundry 288 Straw 240,348 grades for 340 weighing rules 340 Strawboard 340 Streamline tubing shapes.-. 354

Street and traffic lighting.. 302 cleaning 302 railway pavements 302 Strength of gear teeth 301

of hollow-tile walls 357

Strips, rubber soling 353 Structural Clay Tile Association 357

steel 292,308

for buildings 292 welding 343 shapes ._ 301 Struts, fixation of 188 shock absorber 354 Stucco _ 284,307,311

finishes, Portland cement 284 lime 340 Style manual, United States Printing Office. 168 Submarine storage batteries 208 Sucker rods — 294 Sugar, beet 340 cane 340 pine 312 products, standardization of 249 work at National Bureau of Standards during 1930 249

Page

Sugars, crystallographic studies of 250

structure of 250 Suggested ordinances for fire prevention"" 334 Sulphenated (sulphated) oils 292 Sulphuric acid, tables for 327 Summer suits, wet cleaning of 329 Supercharging of aircraft engines... 189 Supervising Architect, Treasury Depart- ment.... 150 Supplies and accounts 146

electrical 337 Supply pipes 331 standards, handbook of 338 Surveys of overdiversification of product 247 Svenska Industriens Standardiseringskommission (SIS) 115 Swedish Electrotechnical Commission. 115 national standardizing body... 115 Society of Mechanical Engineers 115 Sweeps, floor 2&3 Swiss national standardizing body 116 Switch indicators 298

ties 299,332,340 Switchboards for power and light 291 Switches 293 disconnecting and horn-gap. 291 track 286 Symbols 156 and abbreviations, scientific and engineering 280

for electrical equipment of buildings 290, 291 graphical. 291 used in radio communication 323

letter 291 mathematical 291 Symposium on transport 1 scientific and engineering 290, 292, 301 Synchronous converters 290 machines 290 motors 290,303 Syrups 295 Systems, blower, regulations on 339 burglar alarm 359 overhead 337

street lighting 325 underground 337 water 329 T

Tables, steam 301 Tablets- 295 Tags for marking wires... 298 Tail lamps, motor vehicle 354 Tamarack 348,349 Tank cars 297,327

flanges. 354

flush, mechanism 331 plates 297 Tanks, hot-water storage 318

oil storage 294 riveted 294 water 300,306 Tanned leather, chrome 292 vegetable 292 Tanners Council of America 118 Tanning materials, chrome 292 Tap and Die Institute 358 Tape, gummed. 342, 344 Tapers 341 Tapes and w res geodetic 233 Taps 303,358 Tea act 122,123 Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper

Industry 123, 124, 358 Institute of the Biscuit and Cracker Manufacturers Association 358 News Bulletin 175 Society for Agriculture (Sweden) 116

societies and trade associations, standardizing activities of 279 Telegraphy 291 Telephone service, Federal 1 161,238 communication 358 group, A. S. A 358 Telephony.. 291 Television 351 Temperature measurements. _ 215 Tensile properties of rail and other steels at elevated temperatures 227
INDEX 397

Page

Terminals, marine oil .. 339 Terms, graphic art-. . . 360

relating to cotton fabrics 316, 346 used in sewerage and sewage disposal 300

in signaling 298 Terra cotta, properties of architectural 204 standard construction 346

Terrestrial magnetism, department of the Carnegie Institution 133 Test cars at master track scale depot 240 code for centrifugal fans and blowers 329

for disk and propeller fans 329

for refrigerating systems ._. 302

for steam-driven ice plants 303 container boards standards 349 Testing, automobile brakes and brake 281 at the National Bureau of Standards, General facts concerning 179, 200 code for hydraulic turbines 326

for steam heating boiler. _ 322

for deterioration of fabrics 329 dye 281 equipment in Government laboratories 247 fans 301

flight.... — —. 280 headlight — 281 interlocking plants. _ 298

laboratories, commercial 179 Federal 179

light signals.. 298 motor semaphore signals 298 natural gas for gasoline content, code for 347

of radio and automotive rubber battery

cases and jars 353

seed, rules for 310 road materials 121 Tests, baking '.. 280 on crushed stone - 336 dry cells.. 287 gravel concrete 336 hollow tile and concrete slabs 357 mine scales 243 motor-truck impact 355 Portland cement. 350 welds 343 Tetraethyl lead in automotive fuels 194 Textile Color Card Association of the United

States 358 Converters' Association 359 standards 272

test methods 252 Textiles 159,281,340 cotton 289 conservation of 326 dyed 281 work on, at National Bureau of Standards, during 1930 251 Therapeutic accessories, studies of, at National Bureau of Standards 252 carbon arc lamps 359 Thermal conductivity of insulating materials 217

of metals 224 expansion apparatus 253 ofcarboloy 253 measurements at the National Bureau of Standards during 1930 253

of solids 253 properties of superheated steam 215

resistance of components of completed walls. 217 Thermoelectric properties of metals and al- loys 216 Thermometer connections 325 Thermometers 289,327,347

testing of 217 Thermostatic radiator traps 223 Threads, pipe and screw 301 Threshers 329 Tie rods 354

Ties, cross and switch 299, 332, 340

Tile, concrete building 284 drain 281,313,350 hollow building 358

partition 320 rubber floor.. 353

Tiles 308 Tilework 308 Timber, standardization of (Czechoslovakia) 98 Timbering, mine 293

Timbers, bridge 312* pine 356; trestle 356' Time-card frames _ 148> Tin base bearing alloys. _ 228 Tinware. 327' Tire and Rim Association 359* Tires, balloon 354,353,359

industrial truck 359 pneumatic 163 Tissue paper 342 Tomatoes... 162 Tool holders 341 posts 341 Tools 337

cable drilling _ 294

forged 344 hand and machine, standardization of (Czechoslovakia) 98 machine 341 small 301 Tops, bottle 317 wool 362 Torpedoes, track 297 Torsional properties of tubing 226 Touring maps 282 Towers, steel 306 Track circuit bonds ._ . 298 construction 302

gage, designing of 286

scale census 242

depot, master 240

test results 241 weight cars, specifications for 345

scales for weighing grain 242

switches 286

transformer 298

torpedoes 297 Tracks, coal mine. 293 Tractors 329

for farm, code 300 Trade associations and technical societies, standardizing activities of.. 279 Commission 156

Practice Conference 156 standard pamphlet 314

Traffic Board 165

control 302 standards for 22

electrical protection message 298

rules, automotive, standardization of 31 Train lighting 297 Transformer standards 338

track 298 Transformers (Canadian standard) 96 constant current 291 instruction for the care and operation of. _ 338 instrument 291 operation of 291 Transmission belting 353

chains and sprockets.. 289, 301

of speech, standards for 28 standards 294 Transmitters, radio 328 Transport symposium.. 1 Transportation problems. 311 Transport of electrical energy, standardization in . 26

standardization in (symposium) 1 Traprock 346 Traps 331 sink 318 Traumatic surgery _. 284 Treasury Department, Federal.. 149

Trestle timbers 356

Trestles, wood 299 Treasurer of the United States 160

Trolley construction, 600-volt direct-current overhead 287 wire —- 286

Trolleys, pork 322 Truck, motor, impact tests 355 Trucks, hand 322 Trucks, railway 297 Tube clips 354 Tuberculosis hospitals 173

classification of 346 sanatoriums _ — 30O
INDEX

Page

Tuhes, vacuum 351 Tubing 294

electrically-welded steel 226

flexible nonmetallic 359

sizes, aircraft 354

torsional properties of 226 wrought-iron and wrought-steel 302 Tubular steel poles 287 Tungsten blades 320

steel 153 Turbines, code on steam and hydraulic 302 hydraulic, testing code for 326 steam 302 Twine 322,342,344 Type metal.. 158,159 Typewriters, identification of 218 U

Ukulele 341 Ultra sonic waves _ 236 Ultra -violet rays, effect of, on transparency

of window glasses 252 Underground corrosion of buried pipe. 237 power transmission and power equipment- 293 systems 337 transportation in metal mines 293

Under«hirr.3-. 307 Underwear, aviators' 307 Underwriters' Laboratories. 359 Unfired pressure vessel code _ 352 Uniform electrical ordinance 338 Union of German Engineers 103 Unions, malleable iron or steel screwed 288, 318 Unit piling 286,298 United Roofing Contractors Association of North America 360 United States Bureau of Mines 288,298,301 Feed Distributors Association 360 Independent Telephone Association 358 Marine Corps 147 Pharmacopoeia 295 Pharmacopolial Convention 360 Potters Association 360

Shellac Importers Association 360 standard container act 324 United Typothetae of America 159, 360 Units, concrete building ___ 315

electrical 36,37

flour handling 300 photometric 37 Universal switch circuit controllers 298 University of Nebraska 280 Ununed hose _ 359 Uses and economies of treated lumbers 335 Use of wood in rayon production 335

Vacuum gauges, code for 290 tubes 323,351 Valves.. 304, 306, 318, 327, 352, 357, 359

flush 331

for hazardous liquids 359

fuel 354 lock 300 Vapor lock in airplane fuel systems 192 Varnish 323,340 and paint containers 294

spar, durability of 236 Vegetable containers 288

oils 348 tanned leathers 292

fresh, containers for the packaging of 357 Vegetables— 117, 288 Vehicle code 281 Vehicles, motor. 281 Velocity measurement of fluid flow 301 Velvet bean 308 Veneer logs : 304 Veneers 304,320,349,350 Ventilating systems 333 Ventilation and heating of buildings 301

coal mine 293 Ventilators 333 Vereins Schweizerischer Maschinenindustrieller... 116 Vessel moorings 125

Page

Vessels 283 pressure 111111111""" 283 Veterans' Bureau, United States"!-"!!""! 172 Veterinary biological products 304 curriculum 394

Viscosity of glass 212

Vision, safety, limits of 294 Visual acuity for motor-vehicle operators 294 Vitamin content us

Vitreous enamels, physical and chemical

properties 214

Vitrified china 283 clay sewer pipe 317

Volatile liquid fuels 222 Volumetric apparatus, glass 256 Vulcanized fiber standards 338 W

Wages 140 Waidner-Burgess, standard of light ._ 236 Waists 289,324 Walkway surfaces, safety code for 290 Wall board 311,320 Wallpaper 289,346 Association of the United States.. 360 Walls, building, heat transfer through 217 strength of hollow tile 357 Walnut lumber 304 War Department, United States 151 Warehouse forms 304,332 Warm-air furnaces 333 Washed gravel ballast for railroads 345 Washers, plain and lock 301 Washing 281 Waste materials, classifications for 333 Watches, stop, specifications for 254 Water 299

carriers 160 heaters 288 methods for the examination of 296

seals 331 supply lines for carbonators 283 systems 329 tanks 300,306

transportation, standardized data and

charts for 9 works construction 348

Practice, Manuel of 304 Waterproof fabric products, marking of. 346 Waterproofing compounds for masonry 197 Waterways Corporation, Inland 160 Wave lengths, standard 230 Wax in shellac - 282 Waxed paper 304 Waxes - 348 Wear-resistant alloys 224 Weathering tests, accelerated, for protective coatings 237 Webbing Manufacturers Exchange 1. 360 Webs 361 Weighing concrete aggregates 281 Weighting of silk 251, 354 Weights - 292 and measures 254 conference 257 International Bureau of 48 International Committee on 37 matters, cooperation with States in 243 equipment for testing 255

for billing bars -- 315 improvement in constancy of. 254 maintenance of standard 255

of welding neck flanges — 321

plated, studies of -- 255 used on large scales, protective coatings for . 244 Welded chains — 313

rail joints... - 283

structures, strength of 225 Welding code 304 gas and electric 163, 283, 310

in bridge and building construction 292 neck flanges 321

of pressure vessels - 343

of rail joints 343

operators, manuals on the training of 343 rods..... — 286,305 structural steel - 343 wire 283,343
INDEX

Page

Welds, tests for 343 West coast hemlock 361 Lumbermen's Association 361 Western Fruit Jobbers Association of America 324 Pine Manufacturers Association 361 Red Cedar Association 361 Wet and dry heat 281 Wheat 308 straw, utilization of. - 234 Wheel rims, airplane - - 354 Wheels, abrasive 320

car 310 chilled-tread- 310 locomotive.. 297 White fir 312, 361 pine 312,361 Whiteware, semivitreous, treatment in autoclave 201 Wholesale Stationers' Association of the United States of America 328, 347

Willing-to-certify manufacturers, statistical summary of _ — 199 Wind-indicator cones, lighting of 191 pressure on structures 194 tunnel turbulence 187 Window cleaner anchors 359

glass channels 356 weathering of, in storage 213

glasses, effect of ultra-violet rays on trans- parency of— _ 252 Windows, hollow metal 333 Wiping cloths 347 Wire - 325 Wire-bound boxes - - 361 Box Manufacturers Association 361 and sheet-metal gaging systems ..... 301 Wire carrier systems, and radio 358 copper 291

for suspension bridges 228 magnet 291 rope 293,356

trolley 286 welding.. 283,343 Wires and cables 287, 291, 323 other than telegraph and telephone 299 Wiring devices 305 Women's Bureau, U. S. Department of Labor 140 Wood bridges. 299 foundry patterns of. 288 methods of testing 340 moldings 337 poles 305,349 preservation 286,299,305

399

Page

Wood pulp 308 screws 354 standards _ 272

trestles _ 299

utilization 134,335 Wooden barrels 306 boxes 297 333

chairs, folding and portable."!TM!TM"!.. ' 345

crates 297,333

flooring, standardization of (Czechoslo- vakia) 98 kegs 306 Woodenware 322 Woodwork, architectural 328 Woodworking plants, code for 320 Wool 334 Blanket Manufacturers' Association 326

Institute (Inc.) 362 tops 362 Wools, clean, definitions relating to 334 Working barrels, petroleum.. _ 294 World Engineering Congress 51 Power Conference 68, 222 Woven-wire fence. 339,344 Wrapping paper 344 Writing Paper Manufacturers Association 362 Wrought-iron bars 298

u Research Association 362 X

X ray 153, 284 apparatus 144 generators, high direct-current potentials.. 248 study of 253

nitrocellulose films, storage and handling

of.-. 334,339 standards, development of. 253 Xenon, spectral lines of. 230 Xylose, manufacture of. 251 Y

Yards and Docks, Bureau of 146 lighting practice for 286 Z

Zinc 305

chloride, tables for - 327 coating for galvanized roofing 330

of iron and steel 305

ores.. — 305 sulphate 284 Zoning - - 196