/ 0 — 0

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

QUARTERLY REPORT

ON

EVALUATION OF REFRACTORY QUALITIES OF

CONCRETES FOR JET AIRCRAFT WARM-UP, POWER CHECK,

MAINTENANCE APRONS, AND RUNWAYS

by

W. L. Pendergast, E. C. Tuma, Bruce Foster

6562

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Functions and Activities

The functions of the National Bureau of Standards are set forth in the Act of Congress, March

3, 1901, as amended by Congress in Public Law 619, 1950. These include the development and

maintenance of the national standards of measurement and the provision of means and methods

for making measurements consistent with these standards; the determination of physical constants and properties of materials; the development of methods and instruments for testing materials,

devices, and structures; advisory services to Government Agencies on scientific and technical

problems; invention and development of devices to serve special needs of the Government; and the

development of standard practices, codes, and specifications. The work includes basic and applied

research, development, engineering, instrumentation, testing, evaluation, calibration services, and

various consultation and information services. A major portion of the Bureau’s work is performed

for other Government Agencies, particularly the Department of Defense and the Atomic Energy

Commission. The scope

vof activities is suggested by the listing of divisions and sections on the

inside of the back cover.

Reports and Publications

The results of the Bureau’s work take the form of either actual equipment and devices or published papers and reports. Reports are issued to the sponsoring agency of a particular project or program. Published papers appear either in the Bureau’s own series of publications or in the

journals of professional and scientific societies. The Bureau itself publishes three monthly periodicals, available from the Government Printing Office: The Journal of Research, which presents

complete papers reporting technical investigations; the Technical News Bulletin, which presents

summary and preliminary reports on work in progress; and Basic Radio Propagation Predictions,

which provides data for determining the best frequencies to use for radio communications throughout

the world. There are also five series of nonperiodical publications: The Applied Mathematics

Series, Circulars, Handbooks, Building Materials and Structures Reports, and Miscellaneous

Publications.

Information on the Bureau’s publications can be found in N BS Circidar 160, Publications of

the National Bureau of Standards (#1.25) and its Supplement (#0.75), available from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, I). C.

Inquiries regarding the Bureau’s reports should be addressed to the Office of Technical Information, National Bureau of Standards. Washington 25, D. C.
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

MBS PROJECT NBS REPORT

1007-20-10472 October 10, 1959 6562

QUARTERLY REPORT

ON

EVALUATION OF REFRACTORY QUALITIES OF

CONCRETES FOR JET AIRCRAFT WARM-UP, POWER CHECK,

MAINTENANCE APRONS, AND RUNWAYS

by

W. L. Pendergast, E. C. Tuma, Bruce Foster

Concreting Materials Section

Building Technology Division

Sponsored by

Department of the Navy

Bureau of Yards and Docks

Reference: Task Y-F015-15-102

NBS File No. 10.7/10472

Approved:

Raymond L. Blaine

Chief, Concreting Materials Section

IMPORTANT NOTICE

NATIONAL BUREAU 0T P’

intended for use yvithin th to additional evaluation am

listing of this Report, eithe the Office of the Director, I however, by the Governmei

to reproduce additional co|

Approved for public release by the

Director of the National Institute of

Standards and Technology (NIST)

on October 9, 2015.

progress accounting documents

formally published it is subjected

g, reproduction, or open-literature

ission is obtained in writing from Such permission is not needed,

y prepared if that agency wishes

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
;• >.? :"v

•* ‘
QUARTERLY REPORT

ON

EVALUATION OF REFRACTORY QUALITIES OF

CONCRETES FOR JET AIRCRAFT WARM UP, POWER CHECK,

MAINTENANCE APRONS, AND RUNWAYS

1. INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this project is the development of criteria for the

fabrication of jet exhaust resistant concretes. Concretes under development are evaluated by exposure to hot gases from a combustion chamber.

The combustion chamber delivers these gases at velocities and temperatures approaching field conditions.

- 2 -

2. ACTIVITIES

2.1 Fabrication of Test Panels

For the purpose of comparing results of jet impingement tests made at

NACERELAB, Bureau of Yards and Docks laboratories at Port Hueneme, California,

with those obtained at the National Bureau of Standards, tests were made

during the last fiscal year at both laboratories. An informal report of the

results of the tests conducted at NACERELAB was made by members of the staff

of that laboratory at a conference held at the National Bureau of Standards

July 15, 1959. The behavior of test panels fabricated and tested at your

Port Hueneme laboratory did not compare favorably with those fabricated and

tested at the National Bureau of Standards laboratory. The Port Hueneme

laboratory reports failure of slabs subjected to full scale jet impingement

tests after seven days conventional wet curing and 56 days out-door exposure.

Panels of the same design concrete, fabricated at this Bureau, and subjected

to our laboratory jet blast showed no failure when given 28 days fog-room

curing and 70 days drying at 50% relative humidity and 73°F. There were,

however, some differences in the concretes and their curing in the first two

sets of panels that will be eliminated in the second comparison. Some of

these differences were (1) type of cement used, (2) water cement ratio,

(3) method of mixing, (4) wet curing and drying.

To eliminate such discrepancies, six test panels have been fabricated

during the period covered by this report. They have been fog-room cured

for 28 days, moisture sealed on all but the cast surface and are being dried

at controlled humidity, 50%,, and temperature, 73°F. The length of the drying

period for the panels that are to be shipped to Port Hueneme depends on the

results of tests obtained in this laboratory.
..

•

. .
-3-

In this set of panels, portland Type I cement was used in a seven sack

mix with a w/c ratio of 0.42. Virginia diabase was the aggregate. The

proportion, by weight, of cement to coarse and to fine aggregate was 1:3.42:1.84

The ratio of the coarse to fine aggregate was 65-35. The gradation of the

coarse and fine aggregate conformed with the Bureau of Yards and Docks Specifications for Portland Cement Concrete Pavement for Airports No. 45 Ya. The

batch was mixed in a pan type mixer. The aggregate was soaked 16 hours.

The coarse and fine aggregate were thoroughly blended in the mixer; the cement

added and mixed thoroughly. The water and Vinsol resin were added and the

batch mixed for one and one-half minutes. The mixer was stopped for three

minutes and then allowed to run for one minute before discharging.

The properties of the fresh concrete, P - - PH, were:

Cement content

3 6.94 sacks/yd of concrete

Vinsol resin 0.017, by weight of cement

Water content

3

32.85 gals/yd of concrete

Air content 1.957, gravimetric method

Slump 1.5 inches

3 Weight of fresh concrete 162.8 lbs/ ft

Water cement ratio 0.42

Remarks Fair, slightly harsh

2.2 Fabrication of Permeability Specimens

It has been shown in previous reports that steam pressure is generated

in concrete, when it is heated, approximately in accordance with the values

given in the Steam Tables. The egress of the steam and subsequent reduction

in pressure is dependent on permeability.

-4-

For the purpose of studying the permeability of concrete during the

progress of fog-room curing and drying at 50% relative humidity and 73°F,

ten specimens (9 x 4-1/2 x 2-1/2 inches) were fabricated from a mix similar

to the previously mentioned batch. The maximum size aggregate used was 3/4

inch instead of 1 inch, and the design was modified accordingly. Three types

of surface finishes were used on these specimens, broom, wood floated, or

steel troweled.

2.3 Permeability

The apparatus, mentioned in the last NBS Report (6475), used successfully in measuring the permeability of refractories, has been assembled.

For the purpose of checking the apparatus and procedure, the values for

permeability of several brands of fire brick were determined in a flatwise position and were found to compare favorably with the values, for the

same brands of brick reported by Messengale et al.—

Table I. Permeability of Fire Brick

Brand of Brick Permeability

Determined Published Data

Average of Average of Coefficient

2 specimens

*/

10 specimens

*/

of variation

%

Woodland 0.0478 0.0568 23

A.P. Green D.P. .0374 .0219 57

Yough (Silica) .3180 .2800 10

Duro (Acid Proof) .000017 .0000023 53

3 * (cm ) (cm)

2 2 (sec) (cm )(gm/cm )

_1/ Permeability and Some Other Properties of a Variety of Refractory

Materials, I and II, J.A.C.S., Vol. 36, No. 7 and 8, July and

August, 1953.
• •;

.
-5

Table I shows that the brands of brick are classified in the same

relative order by both sets of permeability determinations and that the

variability of the specimens of the same brand was large.

A review of the literature on the permeability of concrete, and cement

paste —^revealed that the concretes to be studied might have a permeability

approaching that of the acid proof brick in Table I.

Additional data showed that the permeability of a brick is essentially

constant when determined with dry air under pressures ranging from nil to

15 inches of water.

The permeability of several concrete specimens (9 x 4-1/2 x 2-1/2 inches)

with variable histories was determined in the flat-wise position. The results

appear in Table II.

_1/ T. C. Powers - Structure and Physical Properties of Hardened

Portland Cement Paste. J. Amer. Ceram. S. 4-1, 1-6 (1958).

T. C. Powers, L. E. Copeland, J. C. Hayes, and H. M. Mann - Permeability of Portland Cement Paste. J. Amer. Concrete Ins

26, No. 3, 285-297 (1954).
•f . ' V

*•' - - !" : ,
Table

II.

Permeability

of

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-6

When tested flat-wise the diabase concrete specimen (P-D^-4-l) with six

sawed sides was more permeable than the corresponding specimen (P-D^-4-2) with

but five sawed sides, indicating that a concentration of cement at or near the

evacuated surface reduced the permeability. The diabase concrete, evacuated

after placing, was much more permeable than similar concrete conventionally

placed. The concretes made with diabase and that made with blast furnace

slag, when conventionally placed, had similar permeabilities. The high

permeability of the evacuated diabase concrete was associated with its resistance to jet impingement. However, the blast furnace slag concrete resisted

the jet impingement test regardless of its permeability.

A continuing flow of dry air through the specimens, P-D^-4-l and 2,

while measuring the permeability, or even for 72 hours, affected the results

only slightly.

The permeability apparatus in use requires a capillary as part of the

flow rate indicator. Since the concretes have such low permeabilities an

unusually small bore capillary would be desirable for more accurate determinations. After considerable inquiries, we have been able to locate a supplier

of such capillaries.

2.4 Pressure Developed Within Concretes During Rapid Heating

Completed studies with neat cement pastes and concretes have shown that

high presaures are developed at temperatures as low as 300°C when tested by

the bomb method. Due to the low permeability of concrete, pressures approaching these values might be expected to develop within the concrete itself on

rapid heating.

-7-

Methods for the measurement of pressures developed within concrete

during jet impingement have been considered. Several different types of

instruments have been studied. At present, the preferred instrument

consists of a small bore, water filled, pressure transmitting (metal) tube

connected to an electric transducer by a sealing flange.

Instruments of this type are available within the probable pressure

range, temperature compensated, and with responses in the micro-second

range. Specifications for the purchase of such an apparatus are being

prepared.

2.5 Miscellaneous

A conference was held at the National Bureau of Standards, July 15th.

The names of those attending follow:

P. P. Brown

Melvin Herman

F. Knoop

L. A. Palmer

Bureau of Yards and Docks

John Bishop

H. Tomita

Douglas Parsons

R. L. Blaine

Bruce E. Foster

W. L. Pendergast

U. S. NAVCERELAB, Port Hueneme, Calif.

National Bureau of Standards

The work accomplished during the fiscal year of 1959 at the National

Bureau of Standards and at NAVCERELAB, the Bureau of Yards and Docks laboratories at Port Hueneme, California was discussed. No changes in the method

of approach, originally outlined in the proposal submitted by this Bureau

for the current fiscal year, were suggested. It was, however, suggested

that we include the testing of concrete panels, that will be fabricated on

the job, under the supervision of an inspector at the several "turn-up" areas

planned. Specifications for the three types of aggregate that are to be used

for these areas were discussed.

- 8 -

It was also suggested that four 18 x 18 x 6 inch panels be fabricated

in our laboratories using a mix of diabase aggregate and portland type I

cement*. These panels, after being fog-room cured and dried, are to be

sealed and shipped to NAVCERELAB for test. Panels for test at our laboratories will be fabricated from the same batch, similarly cured, and dried,

and subjected to our jet test.

* A more detailed report of this work appears in Section 2.1.

USCQMI&-NES-DQ

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Krril. iitk II. Mueller. Secretary NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

A. V. As tin, Director THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The scope of activities of the National Bureau of Standards at its headquarters in Washington, D.C., and its major

laboratories in Boulder, Colorado, is suggested in the following listing of the divisions and sections engaged in technical work, fn general, each section carries out specialized research, development, and engineering in the

field indicated by its title. A brief description of the activities, and of the resultant publications, appears on the

inside of the front cover. WASHINGTON, D.C.

1 Electricity and Electronics. Resistance and Reactance. Electron Devices. Electrical Instruments. Magnetic Measurements. Dielectrics. Engineering Electronics. Electronic Instrumentation. Electrochemistry.

Optics and Metrology. Photometry and Colorimetry. Optical Instruments. Photographic Technology.

Length. Engineering Metrology.

Heat. Temperature Physics. Thermodynamics. Cryogenic Physics. Rheology. Engine Fuels. Free Radicals Research.

Atomic and Radiation Physics. Spectroscopy. Radiometry. Mass Spectrometry. Solid State Physics.

Electron Physics. Atomic Physics. Neutron Physics. Radiation Theory. Radioactivity. X-rays. High

Energy Radiation. Nucleonic Instrumentation. Radiological Equipment.

Chemistry. Organic Coatings. Surface Chemistry. Organic Chemistry. Analytical Chemistry. Inorganic

Chemistry. Electrodeposition. Molecular Structure and Properties of Gases. Physical Chemistry. Thermochemistry. Spectrochemistry. Pure Substances.

Mechanics. Sound. . Mechanical Instruments. Fluid Mechanics. Engineering Mechanics. Mass and Scale. Capacity, Density, and Fluid Meters. Combustion Controls.

Organic and Fibrous Materials. Rubber. Textiles. Paper. Leather. Testing and Specifications. Polymer

Structure. Plastics. Dental Research.

Metallurgy. Thermal Metallurgy. Chemical Metallurgy. Mechanical Metallurgy. Corrosion. Metal Physics.

Mineral Products. Engineering Ceramics. Glass. Refractories. Enameled Metals. Concreting Materials.

Constitution and Microstructure.

Building Technology. Structural Engineering. Fire Protection. Air Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration. Floor, Roof, and Wall Coverings. Codes and Safety Standards. Heat Transfer.

Applied Mathematics. Numerical Analysis. Computation. Statistical Engineering. Mathematical Physics.

Data Processing Systems. SEAC Engineering Group. Components and Techniques. Digital Circuitry.

Digital Systems. Analog Systems. Application Engineering.

• Office of Basic Instrumentation. • Office of Weights and Measures.

BOULDER, COLORADO

Cryogenic Engineering. Cryogenic Equipment. Cryogenic Processes. Properties of Materials. Gas Liquefaction. Radio Propagation Physics. Upper Atmosphere Research. Ionospheric Research. Regular Propagation

Services. Sun-Earth'Relationships. VHF Research. Radio Warning Services. Airglow and Aurora. Radio

Astronomy and Arctic Propagation.

Radio Propagation Engineering. Data Reduction Instrumentation. Modulation Systems. Radio Noise.

Tropospheric Measurements. Tropospheric Analysis. Radio Systems Application Engineering. RadioMeteorology. Lower Atmosphere Physics.

Radio Standards. High Frequency Electrical Standards. Radio Broadcast Service. High Frequency Impedance Standards. Electronic Calibration Center. Microwave Physics. Microwave Circuit Standards.

Radio Communication and Systems. Low Frequency and Very Low Frequency Research. High Fre- quency and Very High Frequency Research. Ullra High Frequency and Super High Frequency Research.

Modulation Research. Antenna Research. Navigation Systems. Systems Analysis. Field Operations.