NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

8131

EXPERIMENTAL FIRES IN ENCLOSURES

C.I.B. TEST RESULTS

by

D. Gross

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Luther H. Hodges, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

A. V. Astin, Director

THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

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Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402.
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

m% PROJECT NBS REPORT

1002-11-10122 November 27, 1963 8131

EXPERIMENTAL FIRES IN ENCLOSURES

C.I.B. TEST RESULTS

by

D. Gross

NATIONAL BUREAU OF S for use within the Government

and review. For this reason, i whole or in part, is not auth Bureau of Standards, Washini

the Report has been specifical

IMPORTANT NOTICE

Approved for public release by the

Director of the National Institute of

Standards and Technology (NIST) on October 9, 2015.

ress accounting documents intended

is subjected to additional evaluation

re listing of this Report, either in the Office of the Director, National

by the Government agency for which

copies for its own use.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

EXPERIMENTAL FIRES IN ENCLOSURES

C.I.B. TEST RESULTS

by

D. Gross

Abstract

The results of a series of model fire

experiments performed under an international

cooperative program are reported.

1. Introduction

Following the original suggestion by the British Joint

Fire Research Organization (J.F.R.O.) in 1959, for a systematic investigation of the growth of fires in rooms

using small-scale models [l9 ,,a preliminary series of tests

under the sponsorship of the Working Party on Fire Research

of the Conseil International du Batiment (C.I.B.) was

undertaken by eight laboratories in six countries including

the U. S. National Bureau of Standards [2]. The results

from that series of eight tests were analyzed by J.F.R.O.,

who concluded that too great a variation existed between

laboratories to permit the start of a larger program

without more detailed specification of experimental

techniques. More specific test procedures were subsequently

suggested in both report form [ 3 ] and through a series of

letters.

Ten laboratories in eight countries are participating

in the current program and this report is the summary

record of tests performed at N.B.S.

2. Experimental Procedures

2.1 Test Schedule

The testing scheme outlined in reference [ 3 ] provides

for examining the effect of six parameters on the rate of

burning, temperature and radiation In a compartment containing a wooden crib and a single window opening. The parameters, with the number of combinations in parentheses,

were: Shape (5) ? Scale Size ( 3 ), Window Opening ( 3 ), Fire

Load, or Quantity of Fuel (3), Fuel Dispersion ( 3 ) and

Fuel Dimension (4)

.

In addition, one laboratory was to

examine the effect of wind speed in three directions.
2

The tests assigned to each laboratory were divided

into two series. Series 1 comprised eight tests each

repeated so as to provide an estimate of experimental

variation and to establish a common base between

laboratories. The Series 2 program assigned to NBS

was considerably larger than could reasonably be handled

and was deferred.

2.2 Test Compartment

The compartment was constructed according to detailed

drawings provided by a cooperating laboratory, Brandveiligheidsinstituut T.N.O., Holland. It consisted of an angle

steel framework and asbestos-cement sheets held together

with screws (see Figure 1). An asbestos-cement board

partition was used for those tests requiring a compartment

only one-half the overall length of 2 meters. The width

and height were 2 meters and 1 meter, respectively, A

removable window assembly was constructed as a single

member rather than in two halves.

The prescribed properties of the asbestos sheets were

as follows:

Thickness: 0.95 cm (3/8 in.)

Density: 1.5 g/cc

Thermal

Conductivity: 0.00085 cal/sec cm °C

Although an asbestos-cement board of these properties

was obtained and used in the initial program in 1959, it

was found to be no longer available on this continent.

Therefore, and because of the severe fire exposure to which

the compartment walls were to be subjected, it was considered necessary to purchase and use the currently available "Superbestos , " rated by its manufacturer, Atlas

Asbestos Co., Ltd., Montreal, to possess a higher degree

of thermal stability during fire exposure. It had the

following properties:

Thickness: 0.95 cm

Density: 0.67 g/cc

Thermal

Conductivity: 0.00029 cal/sec cm °C
- 3 -

Severe cracking was experienced, nonetheless during

the first preliminary test, so that a means of patching

was required. The method which proved most satisfactory

and was used several times during the program, involved

a light Spray application of a fire-resistant gypsum

plaster with perlite aggregate (avg. applied density

0,43 g/ee, thermal conductivity .00028 cal/sec cm °C.)

The same plaster was also applied by trowel to fill in

large cracks.

Tests were conducted only after preheating and

drying of the compartment to remove moisture absorbed

by the asbestos-cement sheets and the plaster. This was

done by burning a minimum of 40 kg of scrap wood at the

start of each day's testing and, where possible, by

cpngeeutive testing. All tests were conducted in the

prescribed sequence during the period October 18 to

November 4, 1963

,

After the first few tests, a noticeable distortion

of the window opening was observed and which remained

fairly constant throughout the series. Whereas the

original design opening was 48 cm, the opening became

barrel-shaped and varied from approximately 48.0 cm at

the top and. bottom to approximately 49*5" cm near the center.

2.3 Wood Cribs

The fuel consisted of wood sticks of nominally

square section arranged in cribs with a lattice-type

construction. The type of wood prescribed was spruce with

a density of O .39 g/ce ± 10 percent when oven dry. The

wood used was select grade Engelmann spruce (Pieea

engelmannii) which was smooth-sawed to size and preassembled

Into cribs using a thermosetting urea resin adhesive and a

small quantity of nails. Details of the construction,

composition and average density of each crib are given in

Table 1. Cribs were conditioned to constant weight in an

atmosphere controlled at 73 ± 2 F and 50 ± 5 percent rh.

Prior to test, each crib was adjusted to its prescribed

weight by the' addition or removal of wood. The average

moisture content of each crib at the time of test is also

listed in Table In each case, the crib weight comprised

the spruce crib, the glue and the fiberboard wicks, but

excluded the weight of nails and kerosene.
2 A Weight Measurements

The tests were performed with one side of the compartment approximately 1.5 meters from the wall of a very

large and essentially draft -free room. The compartment

was suspended in a steel cradle so that its floor was

approximately 1 meter above the building floor. The

entire cradle and compartment was suspended and weighed

by means of a commercial load cell of the strain gage

type. In order to prevent load cell erros due to thermal

effects* a cooling water jacket was placed around it. The

temperature of the load cell case was monitored in all

tests and never exceeded 46 °C, the permissible temperature

limit for complete conformance to specifications*. The

load cell output was adjusted to 0.0662 mv/kg (O.O3OO mv/lb)

and checked out perfectly before and after the test program

using known weights. The millivolt output signal was

digitally recorded at one minute intervals.

The compartment was levelled prior to each test and

required slight relevelling (by means of sliding weights)

during a few tests. No account was taken of the buoyancy

effect* the magnitude of which might possibly be 4 kg

for the scale 1* shape 221 compartment with 160 kg lead.

It was found in a typical test that the weight of

the compartment and crib would decrease to a minimum

value* corresponding to approximately 1 to 10 kg negative*

and regain approximately 5 kg upon cooling to room

temperature. The weight of ashes was usually between 0.2

and 0.7 kg.

2.5 Temperature Measurements

Thermocouples for Indicating "ceiling" and "floor11 temperatures were of 0.0508 cm (0.020 in.) diameter

(B & S 24 gauge) chromel and alumel wires with asbestos

and glass* silicone impregnated insulation. The beads

were bare and unshielded. The thermocouples were inserted

through a small hole in the top of the compartment and new

thermocouples were used for each test* Temperatures were

recorded directly and automatically .'in digital form at one

minute Intervals.
5

2.6 Radiation Measurements

Window (opening) radiation was monitored by Radiometer

nH/l4n for all tests and the calibration provided by JoF.R.O.

(and checked at IBS) was used for conversion of millivolt

output readings to intensity values in cal/sec cm . This

radiometer was mounted on an outrigger frame attached to the

compartment and at a distance of 2 meters from the compartment face for all tests. Except for the first test (NBS No.l,

C.I.B. No.'l), all succeeding tests were conducted using a sheet metal screen immediately in front of the radiometer

so as to minimize the contribution of radiation from flames

above the window opening [4].

Flame radiation was monitored by a similar radiometer

placed centrally 1.0 cm above the top of the compartment and

in the plane of the opening* It was fabricated at UBS according

to the published description. [5], and its cone was blackened

to reduce reflections [4]. Radiometer n R 1” was used for all

tests with the exception of Test Nos. 7, 15 and 16 (NBS

chronological designation), where Radiometer ”R 2" was used.

Calibration curves for the three radiometers used are

shown in Figure 2.

2.7 Data Recording

Data were automatically recorded in digital form by

means of a scanning and recording system [6] programmed to

provide a complete set of readings at one minute intervals.

Since the measuring potentiometer contained two balancing

slidewires, it was possible to obtain both direct temperature

readings (with the use of ehromel-alumel thermocouples) in

the range 0 to l400°C (±4°C accuracy) and millivolt readings

in the range 0 to 14.00 mv (±6.04 mv accuracy). For thqse

cases in which the output from the flame radiometer exceeded

14 mv, a 10 mv bucking signal, was used to extend the range of

the potentiometer to 24 mv.

For the scanning sequence used, the actual measuring times

for each one minute cycle were as follows:
Quantity Time

min: sec

- 6 -

Channel

Enclosure Weight, mv 0 0:00(and each succeeding

minute)

Window Radiation, mv 31 0:08 Tt

Flame Radiation, mv 32 0:09 tl

Ceiling Temperature, °C 33 0:10 Tl

Floor Temperature, °C 34 0:11 tl

In the listing and analysis of data, however, it was

assumed that all readings were made at the time corresponding

to the weight reading.

3. Results

Tiie results of the sixteen tests performed in the

prescribed sequence are listed in the standard form at the

end of this report. Statistical averages were computed as

requested for the time periods corresponding to 80 and 55

percent of the initial weight (80/55) and to 55 and ^0

percent of the initial weight (55/30)° The radiation and

temperature averages were based upon the appropriate measured

values at one -minute intervals, with no attempt at curvefitting or interpolation. However, the rate of weight loss

averages were based upon the interpolated 30 , 55 and 80

percent times from a smooth curve drawn through the oneminute readings. Table 2 presents a summary list of all

average values for the test series.

4. Observations

The following additional observations were visually noted

during the test series

:

Tne entire crib was not involved in flaming simultaneously,

but rather burning proceeded from the front third, where the

kerosene-soaked wicks were ignited, toward the rear. After

burning had involved the front face of the crib, the increasingly taller flames were bent backwards by the inrush of air.
- 7

-

The normal pattern of air inflow at and near the floor level,

then up and around at the rear of the compartment, and the

exhaust of hot gases and flames at the ceiling level was

then always obvious. However, for those tests with only 1/4

window opening, strong fire whirls were observed in the

front corners of the compartment near the start of the test*

These flaming vortices, which rose directly toward the

ceiling and were drawn out of the window opening, lasted only

until the burning had increased sufficiently to establish the

normal pattern.

It was observed that with the 1/4 window opening the

exiting flames and gases filled a larger portion (up to

two-thirds) of the window opening than with the full open

window (up to one-third) . In addition, the flames extended to

a greater height outside the compartment (up to 3 mteters) in

those tests with the 1/4 window opening.

During the major portion of those tests with the full

window opening, a definite pattern of flame pulsations with

accompanying n swoosh” sounds was noticed. These pulsations

occurred with a frequency of approximately one per second.

In both instances of a test with a 1/4 window opening

(C.I.B. 3 ), a single rapid burst or mild explosion followed by

momentarily increased flaming was ob served

.

The crib retained its lattice structure until almost

the entire weight loss had occurred and then gradually crumbled,

this again proceeding from front to rear as the charcoal glowing

took place. The weight of the remaining ashes never amounted

to more than one percent of the initial crib weight.

Dark, dense smoke was common to all tests, and for those

tests with 80 and 160 kg cribs, the entire building of over

3000 became completely smoke-logged with visibility at eye

'level reduced to as little as 25 cm.

5* Acknowledgments

I am pleased to acknowledge the aid of John Klein and

James Turner in the assembly of the cribs and of David Newman

in the efficient performance of the tests and in the summary

of the data, Edward Bender, Garnett Robinson and Melvin Womble

assembled the compartment and attended to its repair and maintenance throughout.
6. References

Lawson, D. I., International Co-operation in Modelling

Fires?. A Suggested Programme, n F.R e W.P»/G»T*F.

No. 59/11 (TJ.K® ) , June 1959*

Gross, D., Ward, D» and Shoub ? H. ”Fires in Model Rooms,

Results of Preliminary Experiments Under an International

Cooperative Program/* MBS Technical Report No. 6888,

July I960.

Thomas, P* H. , and Mather, J. ’'’Proposals for Next Stage of

C.I,B. Programme on Fires in Compartments,” C.I.B./C.T.F.

No. 6lA9 (U.K.), September 1961*

Letter from P B H, Thomas, dated April 2, 1962b

McGuire, J. H. and Wraight, H. ”A Radiometer for Field Use,

J « Sci* Inst. 32, p. 128, April I960*

Gross, D m Bailey, W. H. , Bender, E. W, and Robertson, A. F

’’Central Furnace Control and Recording Facility,” NBS

Technical Report No. 7015* November I960*
omparmen
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THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The scope of activities of the National Bureau of Standards at its major laboratories in Washington, D. Cl., and

Boulder, Colorado, is suggested in the following listing of the divisions and sections engaged in technical work.

In general, each section carries out specialized research, development, and engineering in the field indicated by

its title. A brief description of the activities, and of the resultant publications, appears on the inside of the

front cover.

WASHINGTON, D. C.

Electricity. Resistance and Reactance. Electrochemistry. Electrical Instruments. Magnetic Measurements.

Dielectrics. High Voltage. Absolute Electrical Measurements.

Metrology. Photometry and Colorimetry. Refractometry. Photographic Research. Length. Engineering Metrology.

Mass and Volume.

Heat. Temperature Physics. Heat Measurements. Cryogenic Physics. Equation of State. Statistical Physics.

Radiation Physics. X-ray. Radioactivity. Radiation Theory. High Energy Radiation. Radiological Equipment.

Nucleonic Instrumentation. Neutron Physics.

Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry. Pure Substances. Spectrochemistry. Solution Chemistry. Standard Refer- ence Materials. Applied Analytical Research. Crystal Chemistry.

Mechanics. Sound. Pressure and Vacuum. Eluid Mechanics. Engineering Mechanics. Rheology. Combustion

Controls. Polymers. Macromolecules: Synthesis and Structure. Polymer Chemistry. Polymer Physics. Polymer Characterization. Polymer Evaluation and Testing. Applied Polymer Standards and Research. Dental Research.

Metallurgy. Engineering Metallurgy. Metal Reactions. Metal Physics. Electrolysis and Metal Deposition.

Inorganic Solids. Engineering Ceramics. Glass. Solid State Chemistry. Crystal Growth. Physical Properties.

Crystallography.

Building Research. Structural Engineering. Fire Research. Mechanical Systems. Organic Building Materials. Codes and Safety Standards. Heat Transfer. Inorganic Building Materials. Metallic Building Materials. Applied Mathematics. Numerical Analysis. Computation. Statistical Engineering. Mathematical Physics. Operations Research. Data Processing Systems. Components and Techniques. Computer Technology. Measurements Automation.

Engineering Applications. Systems Analysis.

Atomic Physics. Spectroscopy. Infrared Spectroscopy. Far Ultraviolet Physics. Solid State Physics. Electron Physics. Atomic Physics. Plasma Spectroscopy,

Instrumentation. Engineering Electronics. Electron Devices. Electronic Instrumentation. Mechanical Instru- ments. Basic Instrumentation. Physical Chemistry. Thermochemistry. Surface Chemistry. Organic Chemistry. Molecular Spectroscopy. Ele- mentary Processes. Mass Spectrometry. Photochemistry and Radiation Chemistry.

Office of Weights and Measures. BOLLDEK, COLO.

CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Cryogenic Processes. Cryogenic Properties of Solids. Cryogenic Technical Services. Properties of Cryogenic

Fluids. CENTRAL RADIO PROPAGATION LABORATORY

Ionosphere Research and Propagation. Low Frequency and Very Low Frequency Research. Ionosphere Research. Prediction Services. Sun-Earth Relationships. Field Engineering. Radio Warning Services. Vertical Soundings Research. Troposphere and Space Telecommunications. Data Reduction Instrumentation. Radio Noise. Tropospheric Measurements. Tropospheric Analysis. Spectrum Utilization Research. Radio-Meteorology. Lower Atmosphere

Physics.

Radio Systems. Applied Electromagnetic Theory. High Frequency and Very High Frequency Research. Fre- quency Utilization. Modulation Research. Antenna Research. Radiodetermination.

Upper Atmosphere and Space Physics. Upper Atmosphere and Plasma Physics. High Latitude Ionosphere

Physics. Ionosphere and Exosphere Scatter. Airglow and Aurora. Ionospheric Radio Astronomy.

RADIO STANDARDS LABORATORY

Radio Standards Physics. Frequency and Time Disseminations. Radio and Microwave Materials. Atomic Fre- quency and Time-Interval Standards. Radio Plasma. Microwave Physics.

Radio Standards Engineering. High Frequency Electrical Standards. High Frequency Cal ibration Services. High

Frequency Impedance Standards. Microwave Calibration Services. Microwave Circuit Standards. Low Frequonry

Cal ibration Services.

Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics- NBS Group (Univ. of Colo.). USCOMM-NBS-DC
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