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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37 

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF 

PENNSYLVANIA 

Appellee 

v. 

DANIEL FORMICA 

Appellant No. 1782 EDA 2018 

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered January 11, 2018 

In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County 

Criminal Division at No(s): CP-51-CR-0002126-2017 

BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., GANTMAN, P.J.E., and COLINS*, J. 

MEMORANDUM BY GANTMAN, P.J.E.: FILED AUGUST 02, 2019 

Appellant, Daniel Formica, appeals from the judgment of sentence 

entered in the Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas, following his bench 

trial conviction for persons not to possess firearms.' We affirm. 

In its opinion, the trial court fully and correctly set forth the relevant 

facts and some of the procedural history of this case. Therefore, we have no 

reason to restate them. We add that on January 11, 2018, the court 

sentenced Appellant to three years' probation. Appellant timely filed a post - sentence motion on January 18, 2018, which was denied by operation of law 

on May 21, 2018. On June 20, 2018, Appellant timely filed a notice of appeal. 

The court, on August 27, 2018, ordered Appellant to file a concise statement 

' 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6105(a)(1). 

Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court. 
J -A15021-19 

of errors complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). Appellant 

timely filed a Rule 1925(b) statement on September 5, 2018. 

Appellant raises the following issues for our review: 

WAS THE EVIDENCE INSUFFICIENT TO SHOW THAT 

[APPELLANT] CONSTRUCTIVELY POSSESSED A FIREARM 

FOUND INSIDE OF HIS UNLOCKED TRUCK WHEN HE WAS 

MERELY PRESENT INSIDE THE BUILDING BEHIND WHICH 

THAT TRUCK WAS PARKED, AND WHERE HE WAS NEVER 

SEEN WITH A FIREARM, INSIDE THE TRUCK, OR OUTSIDE 

OF THE BUILDING? 

DID THE TRIAL COURT ABUSE ITS DISCRETION BY 

DENYING [APPELLANT'S] POST -SENTENCE MOTION THAT 

THE VERDICT WAS AGAINST THE WEIGHT OF THE 

EVIDENCE WHERE THAT COURT MISAPPLIED THE LAW 

REGARDING CONSTRUCTIVE POSSESSION? 

(Appellant's Brief at 8). 

A challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence implicates the following 

legal principles: 

The standard we apply in reviewing the sufficiency of the 

evidence is whether viewing all the evidence admitted at 

trial in the light most favorable to the verdict winner, there 

is sufficient evidence to enable the fact -finder to find every 

element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. In 

applying [the above] test, we may not weigh the evidence 

and substitute our judgment for the fact -finder. In addition, 

we note that the facts and circumstances established by the 

Commonwealth need not preclude every possibility of 

innocence. Any doubts regarding a defendant's guilt may 

be resolved by the fact -finder unless the evidence is so weak 

and inconclusive that as a matter of law no probability of 

fact may be drawn from the combined circumstances. The 

Commonwealth may sustain its burden of proving every 

element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt by means 

of wholly circumstantial evidence. Moreover, in applying the 

above test, the entire record must be evaluated and all 

evidence actually received must be considered. Finally, the 

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[finder] of fact while passing upon the credibility of 

witnesses and the weight of the evidence produced, is free 

to believe all, part or none of the evidence. 

Commonwealth v. Jones, 874 A.2d 108, 120-21 (Pa.Super. 2005). 

After a thorough review of the record, the briefs of the parties, the 

applicable law, and the well -reasoned opinion of the Honorable Sierra L. 

Thomas -Street, we conclude Appellant's issues merit no relief. The trial court 

opinion comprehensively discusses and properly disposes of the questions 

presented. (See Trial Court Opinion, filed November 16, 2018, at 4-10) 

(finding: (1-2) Appellant's father testified he lived with Appellant on Walker 

Street, where father's gun was located, and no one else lived at residence; 

Appellant's father's gun went missing on or about 12/30/16 or 12/31/16; 

Appellant's father contacted police, filed report, and informed police he 

thought Appellant had missing gun; next day, police found missing gun in 

Appellant's vehicle; Appellant's vehicle doors were unlocked and butt of gun 

was on floor with barrel leaning against passenger side seat; vehicle was 

registered to Appellant, and Appellant had keys to vehicle on his person at 

time of arrest; parties stipulated Appellant's prior conviction prohibited him 

from possessing firearm; Commonwealth presented sufficient circumstantial 

evidence of constructive possession to sustain conviction and verdict was not 

against weight of evidence). The record supports the trial court's rationale. 

Accordingly, we affirm on the basis of the trial court opinion. 

Judgment of sentence affirmed. 

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Judgment Entered. 

seph D. Seletyn, 

Prothonotary 

Date: 8/2/19 

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Circulated 07/22/2019 03:39 PM

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! 

I 

h : 

. � . . ,,,. � :F·, L.E iii THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF PHILADELPHIA COUNTY 

i:,· ... �, FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA 

20 \ n NO� \ 6 �I'\ l \: 3 3 CRIMINAL TRIAL DIVISION 

v. 

DANIEL FORMICA 

OPINION 

THOMAS STREET, 1. 

I. PROCEDURAL HISTORY 

CP-51-CR-0002126-2017 

SUPERIOR COURT 

1782 EDA 2018 

November 16, 2018 

On January 1, 2017, the Defendant, Daniel Formica, was arrested and charged with 

possession of a firearm by a prohibited person, 

1 burglary,2 criminal trespass;' contempt for 

violation of order or agreement,

4 possession of instrument of a crime,5 simple assault,6 and 

recklessly endangering another person.

7 At the preliminary hearing on March 9, 2017, the 

possession of a firearm by a prohibited person and criminal trespass charges were held for court 

and the other charges were dismissed due to a lack of evidence. On July 11, 2017, the Defendant's 

motion to quash was granted as to the criminal trespass charge only. A scheduling conference was 

held on August 9, 2017, where the Defendant requested a waiver trial and discovery was marked 

as complete. A waiver trial was held on September 22, 2017, and the Defendant was found guilty 

of possession of a firearm by a prohibited person. 

1 18 § 6105 §§ A I 

218§3502§§AI 

3 18 §3503 §§ Al 

4 23 § 6114 §§ A 

5 18 § 907 §§ A 

6 18 § 2701 §§ A 

7 18 § 2705 

CP-� l·CR-OC0212B-i017 Comm. v. Formica, Dan;,/ Patnok 

Or-inion 

IIII II 1111111111111111111 

8190552281 
II. FACTUAL HISTORY 

The Commonwealth's first witness was the Defendant's father, Thomas Formica, Sr., who 

testified that he owned a black and brown Marlin firearm, Model JAS rifle, that went missing on 

or about December 30

1h or 3151, 2016. (N.T. 09/22/17 Pp. 9

4

10). Mr. Formica identified the 

Defendant as his son and stated that his son had the rifle when it went missing from his house. 

(N.T. 09/22/17 P. 11). Mr. Formica contacted the police, filed a report about the missing 6tleon 

December 30, 2016, and informed the police that he thought his son had the firearm. (N.T. 

09/22/17 P. 11 ). 

Philadelphia Police Officer Andrews then testified that on December 31, 2016, at 10:30 

a.m., he went to 3100 Robbins A venue Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in response to a radio call for 

a person with a gun. (N.T. 09/22/17 P. 14). Officer Andrews was met by the complainant on the 

side street adjacent to the property and could see the back of the property, the driveway, and a 

pickup truck sitting in the driveway. (N.T. 09/22/17 P. 14). Officer Andrews testified that he 

arrived at the scene minutes after the call and met the complainant about a half a block away. (N.T. 

09/22/17 P. 15). He noted that she was shaking, frantic, her voice was trembling, and that she 

seemed very scared. (N.T. 09/22/17 Pp. 15-6). Officer Andrews then radioed to backup officers 

that the complainant's boyfriend could be at the property with a gun. (N.T. 09/22/17 P. 16). 

Officer Andrews stated that he only saw the Defendant from a distance and only enough for the 

complainant to identify him. (N. T. 09/22/17 P. 17). 

Police Officer Raymond Lacey of the Philadelphia Highway Patrol Unit then testified that 

he arrived at the property around l 0:30 a.m. on December 31, 2016. (N. T. 09/22/17 P. 19). Officer 

Lacey explained that he met the complainant behind the property, learned what was happening, 

and then proceeded to the complainant's house. (N.T. 09/22117 P. 20). Officer Lacey testified 

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that he observed a black Dodge pickup truck in the driveway, the rear garage door was up, and 

there was a ladder on the back of the property. (N.T. 09/22/17 P. 21). The Commonwealth entered 

three photographs of the property and the firearm found in the Defendant's truck. (N.T. 09/22/17 

P. 21-3). 

Officer Lacey testified that he first checked the pickup truck and then the garage to ensure 

there was no one in ttll$.locations with a firearm, at that point the other units arrived and they 

knocked on the front door. (N.T. 09/22/17 P. 23). The Defendant answered the front door and 

although he had lived there in the past, a protection from abuse order was issued and so he was not 

supposed to be at the residence. (N.T. 09/22/17 Pp. 23-4). He testified that the complainant 

identified the Defendant and that his partner recovered a rifle from the front passenger seat of the 

Defendant's pickup truck. (1'.J.T. 09/22/17 P. 25). Officer Lacey explained that no one was in the 

pickup truck, the doors were unlocked, the butt of the gun was on the floor with the barrel leaning 

against the passenger side seat, and the pickup truck was registered to the Defendant, Dar.i12I 

Formica, (N.T. 09/22/17 P. 26). The Commonwealth then entered the certified PENNDOT 

registration for the vehicle in the _Defendant's name into evidence, as well as the property receipt 

for the firearm found in the Defendant's vehicle. (N.T. 09/22/17 Pp. 26-7). The Defendant had 

the keys to the truck on his person when he was apprehended by police. (N.T. 09/22/17 Pp. 28-9). 

The Commonwealth recalled Thomas H. Formica, Sr. who testified that he lived at 6142 

Walker Street the original location of the gun with his son. ·(N.T. 09/22/17 P. 31). The following 

stipulations were read into the record: a certificate of nonlicensure certifying that the Defendant 

was not licensed to carry a firearm and the Defendant's FBI record including a 2008 conviction 

for Possession with Intent to Distribute. (N.T. 09/22/17 P. 32). The Court then found the 

Defendant guilty of Possession of a Firearm by a Prohibited Person. (N.T. 09/22/17 P. 40). 

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III. ISSUES 

In the Pa. R.A.P. l 925(b) Statement of Matters Complained of on Appeal, the Appellant 

identifies the following issue(s): 

A. This Court erred by finding that Formica constructively possessed 

contraband which was inside of his vehicle where the evidence was 

insufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he had dominion and 

control of that contraband. Formica was never seen with the contraband, 

inside the vehicle, or even outside of the building behind which his vehicle 

was parked. 

B. This Court abused its discretion by denying Formica's motion for a new 

trial because the verdict was against the weight of the evidence. The verdict 

was so contradictory to the evidence that it shocks one's sense of justice. 

That evidence included, but is not limited to, Formica's lack of presence 

either inside or near the vehicle where the contraband was found. When 

analyzing weight of the evidence claims, a court's role is to determine that 

"notwithstanding all the facts, certain facts are so clearly of greater weight 

that to ignore them or to give them equal weight with all the facts is to deny 

justice." Discretion is abused where the judgment is manifestly 

unreasonable or where the law is not applied or where the record shows that 

the actions is a result of partiality, bias or ill will. Commonwealth v. Widmer, 

744 A.2d 745 (Pa. 2000). 

IV. STANDARD OF REVIEW 

The standard of review is one of deference to the trial court.: Commonwealth v. Giles, 182 

A.3d 460, 461-62 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2018). The issues raised in the defendant's appeal are all matters 

of discretion for the trial judge to determine. In considering a claim that the trial court erred in 

refusing to find that a verdict was against the weight of the evidence, "appellate review is limited 

to whether the trial court palpably abused its discretion in ruling on the weight claim." 

Commonwealth v. Taylor, 63 A.3d 327 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2013} (quoting Commonwealth v. Shaffer, 

40 AJd 1250, 1253 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2012)). "A claim alleging the verdict was against the weight 

of the evidence is addressed to the discretion of the trial court. Accordingly, an appellate court 

reviews the exercise of the trial court's discretion; it does not answer for itself whether the verdict 

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was against the weight of the evidence." Commonwealth v. Karns, 50 A.3d 158, 165 (Pa. Super. 

Ct. 2012). An abuse of discretion requires: 

not merely an error of judgment, but where the judgment is manifestly unreasonable 

or where the law is not applied or where the record shows that the action is a result 

of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill will. 

Giles, 182 A.3d at 461-62 quoting Commonwealth v. Chmiel, 738 A.2d 406, 510 (Pa. 1999) 

(citation omitted). 

V. DISCUSSION 

A. COURT DID NOT ERR BY FINDING THAT DEFENDANT HAD 

CONSTRUCTIVE POSSESSION OF THE FIREARM IN HIS TRUCK BECAUSE 

HE HAD DOMINION AND CONTROL OVER THE FIREARM 

Defendant avers that this Court erred when it found that he had constructive possession of 

a firearm located in his truck. This Court disagrees. 

Where a defendant does not have physical possession of an illegal item, a conviction can 

still stand through constructive possession. Constructive possession is defined as follows: 

Constructive possession is a legal fiction, a pragmatic construct to deal with the 

realities of criminal law enforcement. Constructive possession is an inference 

arising from a set of facts that possession of the contraband was more likely than 

not. We have defined constructive possession as conscious dominion. We 

subsequently defined conscious dominion as the power to control the contraband 

and the intent to exercise that control. To aid application, we have he]d that 

constructive possession may be established by the totality of the circumstances. 

Commonwealth v. Hopkins, 67 A.3d 817, 820 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2013); quoting Commonwealth v. 

Brown, 48 A.3d 426, 430 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2012), appeal denied, 63 A.3d 1243 (Pa. 2013). mwe 

have defined constructive possession as conscious dominion,' meaning that the defendant has 'the 

power to control the contraband and the intent to exercise that control.?' Commonwealth v. 

Parrish, 191 A.3d 31, 36 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2018); quoting Hopkins, 67 A.3d at 820. 

5 
Constructive possession can be proven by circumstantial evidence. Commonwealth v. 

Haskins, 677 A.2d 328, 330 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1996); ci f1<'.8 Commonwealth v. Macolino, 469 A.2d 

132 (Pa. 1983). "The requisite knowledge and intent may be inferred from examination of the 

totality of the circumstances." Id.; citing Commonwealth v. Thompson, 428 A.2d 223 (Pa. Super. 

Ct. 1981 ). "The fact that the contraband is located in an area usually accessible only to the 

defendant may lead to an inference that he placed it there or knew of its presence." Id "[I]n a 

prosecution based upon circumstantial evidence, conviction may not be based upon suspicion or 

conjecture, but rather the evidence must be such 'as reasonable and naturally to justify an inference 

of guilt of the accused . . and of such volume and quality as to overcome the presumption of 

innocence .... " Commonwealth v. Townsend, 23 7 A.2d 192, 195 (Pa. 1968) Several Superior 

Court cases deal with constructive possession of a weapon. See Commonwealth v. Cruz, 21 A.3d 

1247, 1253 (Pa. Super. Ct. 201 I) (finding constructive possession of a firearm where the gun was 

hidden in a compartment on the passenger side of the car and the defendant was the sole occupant); 

Commonwealth v. Harvard, 64 A.3d 690, 699 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2013) (finding constructive 

possession where a gun was found in a house that the defendant was living in and had the keys to 

and other occupant denied owning gun); Cf Commonwealth v. Carrington, 324 A.2d 531, 532 (Pa. 

Super. Ct 1974) (finding that mere.ownership of the vehicle was not enough to prove possession 

where the defendant's car was stolen). 

In the instant case, it was more likely than not that the Defendant had possession of the 

contraband based on the facts under the standard set out in Brown and Hopkins. Thomas H. 

Formica, Sr., the Defendant's father, testified that he lived with his son at 6142 Walker Street 

· where the gun was located. (N.T. 09/22/17 P. 31). No one else lived at the residence. Mr. Formica 

testified that he owned. a black and brown Marlin firearm, Model 3AS rifle, which went missing 

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on or about December 30

1h or 3151, 2016. (N.T. 09/22/17 P. 10). Mr. Formica identified the 

Defendant as his son at trial and stated that his son had the rifle when it went missing from his 

house. (N.T. 09/22/17 P. 11). Mr. Formica stated that he contacted the police, filed a report about 

the missing rifle on December 30, 2016, and informed the police that he thought his son had the 

firearm. (N.T. 09/22/17 P. 11). The weapon was found in the Defendant's vehicle the following 

day. (N.T. 09/22/17 P. 25). 

Officer Lacey testified that the complainant identified the Defendant and that his partner 

recovered a rifle from the front passenger seat of the Defendant's pickup truck. (N.T. 09/22/17 P. 

25). Officer Lacey explained that no one was in the pickup truck, the doors were unlocked, the 

butt of the gun was on the floor with the barrel leaning against the passenger side seat, and the 

pickup truck was registered to the Defendant. (N.T. 09/22/17 P. 26). Prior to approaching the 

residence, the police searched the surrounding area and no one else was in the area. (N.T. 09/22/17 

P. 23). The Commonwealth entered the certified PENNDOT registration for the vehicle in the 

Defendant's name into evidence, as well as the property receipt for the firearm found in the 

Defendant's vehicle. (N.T. 09/22/17 Pp. 26-7). The Defendant had the keys to the truck on his 

person when he was apprehended by police. (N.T. 09/22/17 Pp. 28-9). Although circumstantial, 

the evidence supports the inference that the Defendant had constructive possession of the weapon. 

B. THE VERDICT IN THIS CASE IS NOT AGAINST THE WEIGHT OF THE 

EVIDENCE BECAUSE OF THE CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE PRESENTED 

AT TRIAL 

Defendant claims that there is not enough evidence to convict him of possession of a 

firearm by a prohibited person and that the Commonwealth failed to prove constructive possession 

of the firearm. This Court disagrees. 

7 
In order to find the Defendant guilty of 18 § 6105 §§ Al, the Commonwealth must prove 

two elements beyond a reasonable doubt; "first, that the defendant was a person prohibited by law 

from possessing, using, or controlling a firearm" and "second, that the defendant, on a date more 

than 60 days from the time he· became a person prohibited by law from possessing, using, or 

controlling a firearm, knowingly: possessed, used, or controlled a firearm within the 

Commonwealth." 15.6105 (Crim) Persons Not to Possess, Use, Manufacture, Control, Sell, or 

Transfer a Firearm, Pa. SSJI (Crim), §15.6105 (2016). The statute states, in pertinent part, 

(I) A person who has been convicted of an offense enumerated in subsection (b ), 

within or without this Commonwealth, regardless of the length of sentence or 

whose conduct meets the criteria in subsection (c) shall not possess, use, control, 

sell, transfer or manufacture or obtain a license to possess, use, control, sell, transfer 

or manufacture a firearm in this Commonwealth. 

18 Pa. Stat. and Cons. Stat. Ann. § 6105 (West). The parties may stipulate to the prior conviction 

that would bar a defendant from possessing a firearm or the Commonwealth may present evidence 

to the fact. The law defines a firearm as "any weapon that is designed or may readily be converted 

to expel any projectile by the action of an explosive; it also includes the frame or receiver of any 

such weapon." 15.6105 (Crim) Persons Not to Possess, Use, Manufacture, Control, Sell, or 

Transfer a Firearm, Pa. SSJI (Crim), §15.6105 (2016). See also Commonwealth v. Thomas, 988 

A.2d 669 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2009), app. denied, 4 A.3d I 054 (Pa. 20 l 0) and Commonwealth v .. 

Zortman, 23 A.3d 519 (Pa. 2011 ). The term possess is defined as having "the intent to control and 

the power to control the firearm." 15.6105 (Crim) Persons Not to Possess, Use, Manufacture, 

Control, Sell, or Transfer a Firearm, Pa. SSJI (Crim), § 15.6105 (2016). 

A new trial may only be granted by a trial court where the verdict was so contrary to the 

weight of the evidence it would "shock one's sense of justice." Commonwealth v. Rossetti, 863 

A.2d 1185, 1191 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2004) (quoting Commonwealth v. Hunter, 554 A.2d 550, 555) 

(Pa. Super. Ct. 1989)). "A new trial should not be granted because of a mere conflict in the 

8 
testimony or because+ejudge on the same facts would have arrived at a different conclusion." 

Commonwealth v, Widmer, 744 A.2d 745, 751-752 (Pa. 2000). Rather, "the role of the trial judge 

is to determine that 'notwithstanding all the facts, certain facts are so clearly of greater weight that 

to ignore them or to give them equal weight with all the facts is to deny justice.?' Id. at 752. 

Moreover, credibility determinations are solely within the province of the fact-finder, and an 

appellate court may not reweigh the evidence and substitute its judgment for that of the finder of 

fact. Commonwealth v. Taylor, 63 A.3d 327 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2013) (quoting Commonwealth v. 

Shaffer, 40 A.3d 1250, 1253 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2012)). In considering a claim that the trial court erred 

in refusing to find that a verdict was against the weight of the evidence, "appellate review is limited 

to whether the trial court palpably abused its discretion in ruling on the weight claim." Taylor, 63 

A.3d at 330 (quoting Shaffer, 40 A.3d at 1253). 

It is well settled that the Superior Court cannot substitute its judgment for that of the trier 

of fact. Commonwealth v. Miller, 172 A.3d 632, 642 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2017), appeal denied, 183 

A.3d 970 (Pa. 2018) (citing Commonwealth v. Talbert, 129 A.3d 536, 546 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2015), 

appeal denied, 13 8 A.3 d 4 (Pa. 2016). "The weight of the evidence is exclusively for the finder 

of fact, who is free to believe all, none or some of the evidence and to determine the credibility of 

the witnesses." Id. (citing Talbert, 129 A.3d at 545). "Resolving contradictory testimony and 

questions of credibility are matters for the finder of fact." Id "Because the trial judge has had the 

opportunity to hear and see the evidence presented, an appellate. court will give the gravest 

consideration to the findings and reasons advanced by the trial judge when reviewing a trial court's 

determination that the verdict is [or is not] against the weight of the evidence." Id. (citing Talbert, 

129 A.3d at 546). "One of the least assailable reasons for granting or denying a new trial is the 

9 
lower court's conviction that the verdict was or was not against the weight of the evidence and that 

a new trial should be granted in the interest of justice." Id. o:.t IP"13" 

A guilty verdict in this case does not shock the c.>'\�c.�tl'\Ct, In this case, Thomas Formica, 

Sr. and his son, the Defendant, were living together at 6142 Walker Street Philadelphia, 

Pennsylvania when the father's gun went missing from the house. (N.T. 09/22/17 P. 31 ). No one 

else lived in the house. The Defendant's father discovered that his firearm was missing and quickly. 

. . 

contacted the police fearing that his son had taken the weapon. (N.T. 09/22/17 P. 11). The 

following day police then responded to a radio call that a male with a gun was violating a protection 

from abuse order. (N.T. 09/22/17 Pp. 23·4). Upon their arrival, the complainant identified the 

Defendant. (N.T. 09/22/17 P. 17). The officers at the scene searched the location, surrounding 

area, and inside the property where the Defendant was located and no one else was present. (N.T. 

09/22/17 P. 23). The Defendant had the key to the truck on his person and the truck was also 

registered to him. Moreover, a gun was found inside the Defendant's truck. (N.T. 09/22/17 P. 

26). For the reasons stated above this Court correctly found that the Defendant constructively 

possessed the firearm. The Commonwealth proved their case beyond a reasonable doubt as the 

weight of the evidence supports the conviction. 

' 

VI. CONCLUSION 

For all of these reasons, this court's decision should be affirmed. 

BY THE COURT: 

Dated: November 16, 2018 

10