PB 161569

^ecknic&L ^iote 68

TRANSISTORIZED BUILDING BLOCKS

FOR DATA INSTRUMENTATION

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

functions and Activities

The functions of the National Bureau of Standards are set forth in the Act of Congress, March

3, 1901, as amended by Congress in Public Law 619, 1950. These include the development and

maintenance of the national standards of measurement and the provision of means and methods for making measurements consistent with these standards: the determination of physical constants and

properties of materials; the development of methods and instruments for testing materials, devices,

and structures; advisory services to government agencies on scientific and technical problems; in- vention and development of devices to serve special needs of the Government; and the development

of standard practices, codes, and specifications. The work includes basic and applied research,

development, engineering, instrumentation, testing, evaluation, calibration services, and various

consultation and information services. Research projects are also performed for other government

agencies when the work relates to and supplements the basic program of the Bureau or when the

Bureau's unique competence is required. The scope of activities is suggested by the listing of

divisions and sections on the inside of the back cover.

Publications

The results of the Bureau's work take the form of either actual equipment and devices or published papers. These papers appear either in the Bureau's own series of publications or in the journals

of professional and scientific societies. The Bureau itself publishes three periodicals available from

the Government Printing Office: The Journal of Research, published in four separate sections,

presents complete scientific and technical papers; the Technical News Bulletin presents summary

and preliminary reports on work in progress; and Basic Radio Propagation Predictions provides

data for determining the best frequencies to use for radio communications throughout the world.

There are also five series of nonperiodical publications: Monographs, Applied Mathematics Series,

Handbooks, Miscellaneous Publications, and Technical Notes. Information on the Bureau's publications can be found in NBS Circular 460, Publications of the

National Bureau of Standards ($1.25) and its Supplement ($1.50), available from the Superintendent

of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C.
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

technical ^lote

68

SEPTEMBER 1960

TRANSISTORIZED BUILDING BLOCKS

FOR DATA INSTRUMENTATION

J. A. Cunningham and R. L. Hill

NBS Technical Notes are designed to supplement the Bureau's regular publications program. They provide a means for making available scientific data that are of transient or limited interest. Technical Notes may be

listed or referred to in the open literature. They are for sale by the Office of Technical Services, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington 25, D. C.

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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

OFFICE OF TECHNICAL SERVICES

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Price $2.00
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Number

1. Normal Distribution of Current Gain for a Single

Type Alloy Junction Transistor.

2. Transistorized Logical Building Blocks.

3. A General Equivalent Circuit of an Alloy

Junction Transistor.

4. Analog Simulated Results with Experimental

Oscilloscope Traces. (1st Case)

5. Analog Simulated Results with Experimental

Oscilloscope Traces. (2nd Case)

6. Basic Flip-Flop Circuit.

7. Flip-Flop with A-C Trigger Inputs.

8. A Four Input And-Or Inverter.

9. Input Characteristic of Flip -Flops.

10. One -Shot Package.

11. Analog Switch Package.

12. Building Block Package Tester.

13. Block Diagram of Package Tester.

14. Rotating Beam Ceilometer Computer.

15. Inside View of Ceilometer Showing Building

Block Packages.

16. Suggested Logical Symbols for Flip-Flops.

17. Gating Package.

II
List of Figures (Cont'd)

Figure Number

18. Schematic Diagram with Waveforms and Logical

Symbol for Gating Structure.

19. And -Inverter, Or -Inverter Package.

20. Logical Symbols for Or -And Inverter Circuits.

21. Analog Voltage Comparator Package.

22. Decimal Decoder Package.

23. Octal -Hexadecimal Decoder Package.

24. Power Driver Package.

25. Indicator Package and Its Logical Symbol.

26. Read Package.

27. Record Package.

28. Pulse Generator Package (flip-flop not shown).

29. Cardmatic Switch Card.

30. Internal Flip-Flop No. 1 with Amplifiers.

31. Input Pulse Generator.

32. Schmitt Trigger Circuit with Amplifiers.

33. Input Selector Switch.

34. Output Selector Switch with Test Flip-Flop.

35. Load Selector Switch.

36. Output Indicator.

37. Indicator Package Test Lamps.

Ill
List of Figures (Cont'd)

Figure Number

38. Flip -Flop Package Layout.

39. Gate Circuits Package Layout.

40. One -Shot Package Layout.

41. And-Or Inverter Package Layout.

42. Analog Switch Package Layout.

43. Analog Voltage Comparator Package Layout.

44. Decimal Decoder Package Layout.

45. Octal -Hexadecimal Decoder Package Layout.

46. Power Driver Package Layout.

47. Indicator Package Layout.

48. Read Package Layout.

49. Record Package Layout.

50. Pulse Generator Package Layout.

IV
TRANSISTORIZED BUILDING BLOCKS

FOR DATA INSTRUMENTATION

by J. A. Cunningham and R. L. Hill

The National Bureau of Standards has developed a number of

modular transistorized digital circuits that have been used in

automatizing many data recording and preliminary processing tasks

encountered in its scientific operations. These versatile building

blocks can be connected together systematically to form digital

circuits that accept raw data from experimental equipment and

transpose these data into a form suitable for input to a high-speed

electronic computer. These blocks can be used where: 1) data are

produced in large volumes; 2) data taking is extremely fast,

extremely slow, or extremely precise; 3) a need exists to minimize

human error, tedium and eyestrain; or 4) computation is extensive.

This report describes 5 major packages and 8 special-purpose

packages.

Each assembly of packages can be tailored to fit the special

requirements of the project and can be used at the site of the

experiment. The output from the system can be: 1) fed directly

to a computer, 2) recorded on a medium (paper tape, magnetic

tape, etc.) suitable for computer input at a later date, or 3) used

to drive display equipment that keeps the scientist informed of the

progress of his experiment.

General System and Package Specifications

The following specifications apply to all packages and to any system

built up from them:

1) All major functions may be performed up to 50 kc operating

speed.

2) The temperature can range from to 50 C (32 to 122 F).
-2-

3) The supply voltages are:

a) - 12 volts (Care should be taken not only in ground

distribution but also in ensuring that this voltage

appears at the terminals of the package. This

supply is usually filtered with an electrolytic

capacitor as well as a smaller mylar capacitor

that has a lower impedance to high frequency

transients).

b) +12 volts.

c) other special voltages required for references (analog

comparison) and for driving mechanical devices.

4) The digital pulses have:

a) a minimum range of to -6 volts,

b) a propagation delay averaging 0. 5 usee,

c) a 6-volt rise in not more than 1 jisec.

Each package is constructed on a 4" x 5" plug-in printed-board and

uses electronic components that are common stock items to avoid

replacement problems. Most of the packages contain type 2N414

transistors, and some contain types 2N363 or 2N123 transistors. In

most of the packages some components or subassemblies are left

unconnected and must be wired externally to the package. Connecting

these components externally allows greater flexibility in combining

them.

Design Requirements and Considerations

Three factors were emphasized as the main considerations in

designing these packages: reliability, cost, and versatility.

Reliability

1) The circuits are designed to permit wide variations from

the nominal values of the characteristics and parameters

of the components.

2) The majority of the electrical outputs from the packages

can be short-circuited to ground or to the negative voltage
-3-

supply without damage to any of the components.

3) Pin-type connectors with high-pressure contacts are used

rather than printed-circuit edge -type connectors.

4) Signal swings are at least 6 volts.

5) All connectors have gold-plated pins.

6) All back panel wiring is by taper pins for ease and

convenience in making external connections. Taper pins

also eliminate solder joints.

Economy

1) "Entertainment" -type germanium transistors are used

throughout the circuitry.

2) The wide tolerances permit using unselected "off-the-shelf"

components. However, transistors and diodes are tested

for open or short circuits before assembly into the packages.

3) All connections, including those to the connector, are made by

dip -soldering the board.

4) The simplified layout permits mechanized assembly.

5) The board is self-supporting on its connector without special

guides in the chassis.

Versatility

1) Two triggering gates are included with each flip-flop circuit to

permit connecting the package as either a counter or a register

without having to use additional gates from some other

package.

2) The bases of the transistors on flip-flop circuits are

accessible at the connector so that an unlimited number of

additional input gates can be connected.

As product control of transistors appears to improve and then to

stabilize over a period of several years after introduction of the type,

only those transistor types that have been in long-time production were

considered reliable enough for the packages. Thus, future buyers of

these types, will have reasonable assurance that the parameter
-4-

distributions will still be much the same as they were when the types

were originally chosen. This consideration removes the need for

possible future readjustment of other component values or for radical

redesign of the circuitry, as changes in the transistor parameters

probably will not occur to any serious extent.

Not only stability of parameter distribution was considered

essential, but ready availability and low price of transistors as well.

The only transistors that seem to satisfy these requirements are those

of the "entertainment" -types that are normally manufactured in large

volume by several producers. The circuits were therefore designed to

accommodate the wide range in parameters that can occur in these types

so that a large yield of useable packages would result. As an example

of the wide range of values in only one parameter, current gain, (Fig. 1)

shows the distribution of beta for samples of an alloy junction

transistor delivered to the Bureau over a period of 4 years.

The packages were designed with the expectation that they would be

used only under normal laboratory conditions. These everyday

circumstances considerably narrow the range of temperatures (0 to

50 C) over which the transistors would be expected to work. Therefore,

germanium transistors were the obvious economical choice.

Two basic types of transistor circuits seemed to have the

versatility required for resolving the majority of the Bureau's instrumentation problems. These were a flip-flop with its triggering

circuitry and an or -inverter or an and-inverter.

One and-or inverter circuit appeared to satisfy the requirements;

thus, only one such circuit had to be optimized, and much original

engineering time was saved. Resistor -coupled logical circuits appeared

to be too slow for the transistor in this inverter, and direct -coupled

transistor logic increased the cost too much. Therefore, diode -coupled

circuits were chosen as they provide sufficient operating speed,

decrease the number of transistors and widen the operating margins.
-5-

The operating speed of the flip-flops consistent with the

requirements of instrumentation problems appeared to be less than

100 kc. To operate above this speed, another type of transistor and

closer operating margins would be needed. Moreover, the extensive

logical fanout and the wide operating tolerances required for the

flexibility of these packages make necessary a low operating speed.

Therefore, the speed was chosen to be 50 kc. Since the input is a-c

coupled this circuit provides the advantage of allowing coupling from

external vacuum-tube or transistorized equipment.

To achieve the required degree of versatility, the basic flip-flop

circuit makes use of a diode, resistor, and capacitor triggering

circuit to satisfy such logical functions as RS, T, and JK. — If the

base connection of the transistor is left available for external

connection, then external trigger circuits can be added to produce

multi -input variations of RST, T, and JK logical functions.

Two 12 -volt power supplies were selected for all package

circuitry, except for those devices requiring special supplies or for

coupling to other circuits. The operating levels are volts and at

least -6 volts. With the common Eccles -Jordan circuit, the minus

level can swing between -6 and -12 volts depending on the load

condition of the flip-flop.

The possibility of using clamping diodes was considered for fixing

the voltage levels. However, for maximum reliability, circuits had

to be designed that could be over -loaded or short-circuited- -conditions

under which the diodes would surely fail. Therefore, the decision was

made to eliminate the clamping diodes and to let the voltages vary

between -6 and -12 volts.

The base connector, shown in Fig. 2, was chosen on the basis of

the Bureau's satisfactory experience with it, although a number of

other designs are available that would work equally well. The connector

contains 25 gold-plated pins, which is sufficient for the number of

external connections required by any of the packages. Its strength is
-6-

also sufficient to support the etched-circuit board without the aid of

guiding supports. The absence of such supports decreases the cost

and complexity of the package -holding chassis. The connector may

also be plugged into printed-circuit wiring for special applications.

Circuit Design

To facilitate the design of the circuitry, a general medium2/ speed junction transistor equivalent circuit — was developed that is

valid for small- or large -signal modes of operation. The equivalent

circuit was developed primarily for practical application by the circuit

designer. By including the nonlinearity of the base -to -emitter

diffusion elements, the circuit is made to respond correctly to

driving sources with any value of internal impedance. Solutions for

the non-linear differential equations of the equivalent circuit in

response to large -signal driving pulses can be obtained from graphical,

analytic, or analog computer techniques. The general equivalent

circuit is. shown in Fig. 3; Figs. 4 and 5 illustrate some results

obtained when the equivalent circuit was simulated on an analog

computer. This equivalent circuit was used to optimize the two basic

circuits of the package series--the flip-flop and the and-or inverter.

One package was developed for each of the five most frequently

used circuits. They are:

1) flip-flop

2) and-or inverter

3) trigger or gating circuits for the flip-flop

4) "one -shot" pulse generator, and

5) analog switch.

The Flip-Flop Circuit

The flip-flop package consists of 2 bistable flip-flop circuits and

the necessary logical gating for converting each to one of several modes

of operation. A normally open switch can be connected to the collector

of either transistor to reset the flip-flop. Sufficient circuitry is in

each package to construct one bit of a double -rank shift register or two
-7-

bits of a serial shift register. The output of the package can drive 5

other flip-flops, 5 or-inverter circuits, 8 gate resistors, or 5 gate

capacitors.

The flip-flop circuit shown in Fig. 6 is a modified conventional

Eccles -Jordan circuit. The major change was the elimination of both

diodes in the cross -coupling network and the parallel resistor to the

input of the transistor. These were replaced with a pull-down resistor

(R4) to serve as a current source to the transistor base. A further

change was an increase in the value of the cross -coupling capacitor

(CI). It serves to reduce both the turn-off and turn-on times of the

transistor. However, its value cannot be increased too much as it

decreases the operating speed or resolution time of the flip-flop and

it requires an increased trigger pulse width to change the d-c state

of the circuit. An a-c trigger circuit is added to each flip-flop, shown

in Fig. 7, to increase the versatility of the circuit. As the transistor

base connection of the flip-flop is easily available, additional input

triggers can be connected without any practical limitation on their

number.

The And -Or Inverter

These packages can be used either as a positive and-inverter or

as a negative or-inverter. They contain four separate 4 input inverter

circuits. For negative input pulses, the 4 input-diodes function as an

or -gate; for positive inputs, the diodes serve as an and-gate. The

output of the gate is amplified and inverted. One of these packages can

drive 6 other similar packages, 6 flip-flops, 8 gate resistors, or 6

gate capacitors.

The basic 4-input and-or inverter circuit is shown in Fig. 8. Four

diodes are connected to a common resistor-capacitor input network.

The capacitor CI serves to reduce the turn-on time of the transistor,

and resistor Rl limits the turn-on current regardless of the number of

negative input signals.
-8-

Resistor R2 speeds up turn-off by removing the stored minoritycarriers, i. e. , by discharging the input diffusion capacitance of the

transistor. The values of the collector resistor (R3) and the base

resistor (Rl) determine the drive or fanout conditions. The desired

number of drives, determined by analyzing instrumentation problems,

was set at 6. These input-output requirements were used in optimizing

the design of the circuit on an analog computer.

The diodes and the resistors, Rl and R2, serve as a bleeder to

provide a threshold value for the input signal. This circuit eliminates

the need for a current source connected to the base of the transistor.

Depending on the polarity of the input voltages, this circuit will

perform either the SHEFFER STROKE or PIERCE functions, which have

the property that any switching network can be constructed from either

of them alone. For instance, flip-flops could be formed by connecting

2 inverters together. However, these would be d-c coupled and would

not have the previously mentioned advantages of a-c coupling that have

been designed into the flip-flop packages.

Trigger Or Gating Circuit

The gating package (Fig. 17) contains 8 logical gating circuits

consisting of resistor -diode networks with capacitor inputs. They are

mainly for supplementing the gates in the flip-flop packages to complete

the component requirements of shift registers, counters, or other

systems. They can transfer information from a shift register or form

feed-back paths in various counting configurations. These gates can be

driven by the output of a flip-flop, a "one -shot" pulse generator, an orinverter, or a power driver.

The component values of the trigger circuit depend on two

considerations. First, the RC time constant for charging the capacitor

limits the maximum speed at which the flip-flop can operate. It also

determined the input requirements to change the d-c state of the flipflop. Second, the performance of the flip-flop is affected by two

parameters of the input signal- -the input amplitude and its rise time.
-9-

Fig. 9 shows a curve of input signal amplitude (at a constant rise slope

of 6 volts per jisec) required for switching 114 flip-flops. The

component values and tolerances determine both the slope and the

horizontal position of this curve. Values were chosen so that the curve

would fall in the position shown in Fig. 9.

One -Shot Pulse Generator

The pulse generator (Fig. 10) can deliver a single pulse whose

duration is variable from 10 to 10,000 |j.sec. Regardless of the duration

of the pulse, the circuit is prepared to generate a new pulse 20 jisecs

after the termination of the first pulse.

This package consists of a flip-flop identical to the one in the flipflop package, together with an integrator, discriminator, and an

amplifier. After the flip-flop is triggered, its output is integrated.

When this integrated signal reaches a predetermined level, the

discriminator is triggered. Its output is differentiated, amplified, and

inverted, then differentiated again before being fed back to reset the

flip-flop. The circuit can be connected so that it will either turn itself

off or be turned off by an external signal before its pre -set time is up.

The output of the package, which can be either positive or negative,

has the same driving capabilities as the flip-flop package. Although

this circuit is made up from a standard flip-flop plus an integrator,

comparator, and amplifier combination, which is rather expensive,

most systems use so few that its cost is not important.

Analog Switch

The analog switch package (Fig. 11) contains a flip-flop that

controls an electronic single -pole two -position switch that connects the

output to ground or in the opposite state to an analog input voltage that

may range from minus to plus 10 volts. The analog switch is essentially a single -pole, two -position switch which seems to meet the majority

of instrumentation needs. A group of these switches can make a

commutator, a distributor, or a digital-to-analog converter of any of

several types. With the analog voltage comparator package described
-lOin the appendix, this can be made into an analog -to -digital converter of

the ramp, count-up-count-down, or bit-by-bit types.

The switch can pass analog voltages between plus and minus 10 volts,

and is able to pass these voltages within 5 millivolts of the input.. This

tolerance makes possible converters that have 0. 1% accuracy, which is

equivalent to the least significant of 10 binary digits.

Other Packages

From time-to-time, it has been necessary to devise other specialpurpose packages to meet the special requirements of some

instrumentation problem. These packages include

1) magnetic drum (or tape) read circuit

2) magnetic drum (or tape) write circuit

3) amplifier for driving mechanical devices

4) power gate driver for large parallel-drive applications

5) decimal decoding circuit

6) octal or hexadecimal decoding circuit

7) pulse generator circuit

8) voltage comparator circuit

9) indicator circuit (This circuit can drive 10 incandescent

bulbs rated at 12 v, 18 ma, or electromechanical equipment within the power limits of its 2N363 transistors.

)

Details and specifications on all of these packages are included in

the appendix.

Package Tester

A Universal Package Tester, shown in Fig. 12, was built around a punched-card controlled switch. A different punched-card for each of

the packages properly sets up switch connections inside the tester,

thus making possible the testing of any existing or future packages. The

block diagram is shown in Fig. 13.
-11-

Engineering Applications

The Bureau has used these packages in a number of combinations

to solve a variety of instrumentation problems. The following is a list

of some applications drawn from the Bureau's experience:

1) nucleotide instrumentation needs, such as preparation of

printed copy and punched-paper tape from pulse height

analyzers and scalers.

2) logical control and decoding for a high-speed printer.

3) control and logical functions of a rapid film reader.

4) reading and decoding punched-paper tape to control an

X-Y plotter.

5) preparing punched-paper tape and printed copy from an

automatic device for measuring characteristics of

transistors.

6) automatic data distributor for high-speed teletype system.

7) analog -to -digital and digital-to-analog converters (10 bits).

8) most of a digital differential analyzer.

9) digital time clocks for display and control functions.

10) special-purpose computer with drum memory for the

Weather Bureau's rotating -beam ceilometer (shown in

Figs. 14 and 15).

Conclusion

Approximately 2, 000 packages have been supplied to the Bureau by

contractors. Unselected components were used except for the diodes and

transistors. The reverse voltage of the diodes was checked and an open

or short test applied to the transistors.

Yield of useful packages has been high. Upon receipt of the

packages, the flip-flops were subjected to 2 tests --d-c stability and

input trigger sensitivity; the yield was better than 98%. All other types

of packages have had similar yields. Including rejects and costs

chargeable to final testing, the average cost per package has been less

than $30. 00.
-12-

The reliability of the packages can be determined only from their

performance in various applications for a long period of time. In the

first year of use, no packages failed because of component drift. Two

out of 10,000 transistors failed for unknown reasons, and several more

from mishandling by technicians. All of these failures have been in

equipment during the initial troubleshooting phase; no failures have

occurred under operating conditions, although the equipment has been

in use over one year.

— Montgomery Phister, Jr. , "Logical Design of Digital Computers, " Chapter V, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. , New York, 1958. —2/

' S. Geller, P. Mantek and D. Boyle, "A General Junction Transistor

Equivalent Circuit for Use in Large -Signal Switching Analysis, " submitted to the Proc. of the IRE.
-13-

APPENDIX A

Detailed Building Block Descriptions

Physically, each package consists of a 4" x 5" etched-circuit

board of single -clad XXXP phenolic laminate with a 25-pin right -angle

connector soldered to one end of the board. This connector plugs into

a socket having two taper-pin receptacles for each of the 25 contacts.

Components used throughout the circuitry are all stock (or off-theshelf) items and are, therefore, readily available. The majority of the

packages, except the indicator and a portion of the analog switch,

utilize type 2N414 transistors. Type 2N363 transistors are used in the

indicator package. Type 2N123 transistors are used as a voltage switch

in the analog switch packages.

Flip-Flop

This package consists of two bistable flip-flop circuits (Fig. 7) plus

logical gating necessary for converting each to either RS, JK, or T type

flip-flops. In normal use, the diode of each half of the trigger circuit

is connected to the base of its respective transistor. To be used as an

RS-type flip-flop (Fig. 16-a), one of the input capacitors is used as an

R input for resetting the flip-flop to "zero" state; the other is used as an

S input to set it to the "one" state. A JK-type flip-flop (Fig. 16-b)

would be connected in the same manner with J as the set and K as the

reset input. For use as a T-type (Fig. 16-c) both input capacitors

would be connected to form a single input. The polarities shown in the

logical symbols (Fig. 16) indicate the level of either output of the flipflop in its zero state. To facilitate connection of the desired type of

flip-flop each of the gating inputs is brought out to a connector pin. To

operate as an RST-type flip-flop, additional gating may be obtained from

a gating package which can supply gates for either the RS or T function.

Thus, a flip-flop may serve as a multi-input circuit.

The emitter of each transistor is normally grounded, but in the

package each emitter is brought out to a separate pin (6, 8, 18, 20) so

that provisions may be made for manually resetting the flip-flops by
-14-

opening the proper emitter -ground circuit with a normally closed pushbutton switch. Also, non- saturating circuitry may be constructed by

the addition of an RC network between each emitter and ground.

Gating Package

Eight gating circuits are contained in each package (Fig. 17).

These gates are used primarily to supplement those of the flip-flops

when wiring shift registers, counters, etc. , or they may,be used for

transferring information from a register. Also, the gates may be used

as feedback paths for producing various counting configurations.

These gates may be driven by the output of a flip-flop, one -shot,

or -inverter, or power driver. A schematic diagram plus the logical

symbol for a gate circuit is shown in Fig. 18. Normally, the resistor

is connected to a d-c signal, the capacitor to a pulse or a d-c signal,

and the diode to the base of a flip-flop transistor. Thus, a positive

d-c signal on the resistor with a positive going pulse on the capacitor

provides a pulse which turns off the transistor to which it is connected,

thereby causing a negative signal on the transistor collector. The

driving pulse to the capacitor must always be positive with an amplitude

of six volts or greater and a rise time of not more than one microsecond.

One -Shot

This package (Fig. 10) consists mainly of a flip-flop circuit

identical to that of the flip-flop package, an integrator, a discriminator,

and an amplifier. After the flip-flop is triggered by a positive pulse to

pin 1, its output is integrated. When this integrated signal reaches a

predetermined level the discriminator is triggered. Its output is

differentiated, amplified and inverted, then differentiated again before

being fed back to reset the flip-flop. Inputs 1 and 11 may be connected

to insure placing the flip-flop in the correct state. This mode (T-type)

of operation is preferred, however, it is optional. The trailing edge

of the negative output of this package may be differentiated and used

as a delayed trigger for other circuits.
-15-

The standard package is capable of generating a single pulse with

a duration which is variable from less than 10 microseconds to beyond

10,000 microseconds. Socket pin connections (pin 12 and ground) are

provided for modifying the package by adding additional capacitance

with which a maximum pulse duration of up to approximately one second

may be obtained. Regardless of the duration of the pulse being

generated within the above limits, the recovery time of this circuitry

is approximately 20 microseconds; that is, 20 microseconds after the

termination of any pulse the circuit is prepared to begin generation of a

new one.. Coarse control of the pulse duration, 10-10,000 microseconds, is achieved by grounding of the appropriate capacitor (C^C,,,

or Cj, respectively). The IK miniature potentiometer is used for fine

control. A positive or negative output is obtainable and, like the flipflop package, it is capable of driving 5 flip-flops, 5 or-inverters, 8

gate resistors, or 5 gate capacitors.

And-Or Inverter

Each of these packages (Fig. 19) contains four separate four -input

inverter circuits. For negative input pulses the four -input diode gate

performs a logical or-function, but for positive inputs the diodes

perform a logical and-function. The output of the gate is fed into an

amplifier and inverted.

For example, if a negative voltage is assumed to be a binary one

and a positive voltage a binary zero, then the application of a binary

one on any input will result in a positive voltage at the output. In like

manner, when a positive voltage is assumed to be a binary one and a

negative voltage a binary zero, then all inputs must be positive, or

binary ones, to obtain a negative output voltage. With these circuits

properly connected in series, the function performed may be and-orand-or-etc.

Approximately 0. 5 microsecond is the average pulse propagation

time through one of these circuits. An inverter circuit is capable

of driving six similar inverter circuits, six flip-flops, eight gate
-16-

resistors, or six gate capacitors. The logical symbols used for these

circuits are shown in Fig. 20.

Analog Switch

This package (Fig. 11) contains one standard flip-flop which

controls an analog switch capable of switching an analog voltage (pin 17)

of up to plus or minus 10 volts within 5 millivolts of the input. By

proper selection of the resistance (R, and R, plus the potentiometer) at

the output of the switch, an analog presentation may be obtained for a

quantity or digit represented by it. A miniature potentiometer is used

as a trimmer for fine adjustment of the output weighting resistance.

For normal operation, pins 6, 8, 16, and 22 are grounded; pin 3 is

connected to pin 5; 7 to 10; 4 to 19; 9 to 21; and pin 1 to pin 11 for the

input. Pins 15, 23, and 25 are left floating and the remainder of the

package is connected as indicated on the schematic diagram.

Analog Voltage Comparator

This package (Fig. 21) is used to compare an unknown voltage input

(pin 21) with an analog voltage (pin 17), both of which are related to

ground. The critical point of this comparison is stable to within 3

millivolts. An output pulse is produced when the analog voltage input

is more negative than or equal to the unknown voltage (V ). If there

is an output it should appear within 3 microseconds. Transistor T.,

in the blocking oscillator remains in the cut-off state when its baseemitter voltage (V, ) is positive, but oscillation begins when this

voltage becomes negative by approximately 0. 1 or 0. 2 volt. An

oscillating& condition exists when V > V . With V = V the balance

x = a ax

control is adjusted until the blocking oscillator is at the brink of

oscillation. This insures that the forward voltage drop across the

emitter-base diode of transistor T, is not added to V . Transistor T,

1 x 2

is an amplifier for producing a positive output (pin 1) referred to the

system ground. Oscillation ceases and, therefore, comparison is

inhibited whenever a positive input pulse is applied at pin 15.
-17-

The +V (12 volts) supply of the comparator is floating and separate

from the collector voltage (-V ) supply for the output amplifier which

is related to ground. This enables the generation of full voltage output

pulses for differences as low as 10 millivolts between V and V . With

V > V the input impedance (Z. ) is fairly high, but for V < V , a x

c r in a =s x

Z. is relatively low.

in ' Decimal Decoder

The function of this package is to take the outputs of a binary

decimal counter, of either the 8-4-2-1 or 4-2-2-1 type, and furnish an

output for each of the counter's ten states to drive some type of visual

decimal indicator, such as lamps, a projection-type decimal readout,

a nixie, etc. No. 344 incandescent lamps may be driven directly from

the decoder package, or, by leaving out the collector resistors, the

package may drive relays which in turn operate mechanical devices.

Connections for each type of counter are shown in the schematic diagram

(Fig. 22).

Octal -Hexadecimal Decoder

This package may be used singly for decoding an octal counter by

using the three inputs designated A, B, and C (weighted 4, 2, 1 respectively) and their complements. To decode a hexadecimal counter,

two packages are used, one for the outputs through 7 and the second

for 8 through 15. Inputs for this case are designated A, B, C, and D

(8, 4, 2, 1) and complements thereof. The 0-7 package will have one A

connection common to all gates and the 8-15 package one common A

connection to all gates. The connections for B, C, D, and their

complements, as shown in Fig. 23, would be used for A, B, and C,

respectively when decoding an octal counter.

Power Driver

The power driver package (Fig. 24) is composed of two units and

used primarily for driving gate circuits which in turn are used for

transferring information from one flip-flop to another or for resetting

flip-flops. Each unit is capable of controlling up to 20 gate circuits.
-18-

The two inputs to a power driver must be of opposite phase and may be

provided by a flip-flop, a one -shot, or an inverter package. In normal

use pin 9 is connected to pin 2 (-V ). A precaution that must be

observed is that neither ground nor -V should be applied at the output

of these circuits. The result would be certain failure of an output

transistor.

Indicator

This package (Fig. 25) contains driver circuits for ten G. E. No. 344

incandescent lamps which draw approximately 18 ma at 12 volts. These

circuits use a type 2N363 general-purpose audio frequency transistor

which has a maximum voltage rating of 40 volts with a power dissipation

of 168 milliwatts. In addition to driving indicator lamps this package

may also be used to drive electromechanical devices if their requirements are within the above limits.

The logical symbol for an indicator connected to a flip-flop is also

shown in Fig. 25. In normal use the indicator is turned on when the side

of the flip-flop to which it is connected goes negative.

Read Package

The read package is used for converting digital input signals, of

approximately 0. 3 volt peak and alternating polarities, from a magnetic

drum or tape, to standard (12 volt) negative output pulses. This circuit

is normally used with non-return-to-zero type recordings but could be

adapted to other types. Positive output pulses with less than one

microsecond rise time for triggering flip-flops, etc. , may be obtained

by passing the output of the read package through an or -inverter stage.

A schematic diagram of the circuit is shown in Fig. 26. The 100 -ohm

balancing potentiometer is adjusted until equal -amplitude pulses are

obtained at test point no. 5. In its present application this package

is used with a Brush BK110 head.

Record Package

The record package is used to drive a read-write head for recording

on a magnetic drum or tape. It has been used for non-return-to-zero
-19-

(NRZ) recording, but should be equally suitable for rectangular -pulse

recording. The circuit is designed to drive a center -tapped winding

for producing saturation of the magnetic medium in either direction.

This package has been used satisfactorily with a Brush BK 110 head.

With such a head, reversal of the flux requires about 100 microseconds.

The required saturation current, which may be adjusted with the 500-

ohm potentiometer, for the same head was approximately 30 milliamperes. The and-inverter, or -inverter, and flip-flop, shown with the

schematic diagram of the circuit in Figure 27 demonstrate a method of

using the package for NRZ recording.

Pulse Generator Package

This package, Fig. 28, consists of a free-running blocKing

oscillator, a transformer -coupled amplifier, and a flip-flop. The

blocking oscillator operates at a variable frequency determined by the

adjustment of the 200K potentiometer. A frequency range of lOKc to

lOOKc may be obtained by using the component values as shown with a

-12 volt collector supply. By changing the value of the . 005 mfd

capacitor and the potentiometer, the frequency range may be extended

from a few cycles per second to beyond lOOKc. If desired, an output

pulse may be taken directly from the blocking oscillator transistor (pin

16). However, when more drive is required the amplifier output

(pin 22) may be used.

The flip-flop included in this package is of the standard type with

pin connections identical to those of the lower -numbered half of the

flip-flop package.
-20-

APPENDIX B

Transistorized Building Block Package Tester

An instrument is available for testing the five major types of

packages, and contains provisions for testing others, if desired.

Fig. 12 is a photograph, and Fig. 14 is a block diagram of the tester.

The circuitry is fully transistorized using type 2N414 transistors except

for a type 2N363 in the output indicator. The nucleus of this tester is

a Hickok Cardmatic Switch. When there is a blank card in the switch,

which is spring -loaded, all pins along a bus are interconnected.

Inserting a card, with selected holes punched, trips a solenoid which

activates the switch and allows the undesired pins along each bus to

be released. This switch greatly simplifies the testing procedures

and increases the versatility of the instrument. The switch has been

modified to provide 33 bus lines instead of the original 11, with a

minimum of 5 external contacts for each bus. Each pin of the test

package socket is connected to one or more of these contacts. Also,

connected to particular contacts are the input and output selector

switches plus the output load switch and the indicator lamps.

Fig. 29 is a diagram of the layout of a switch card. The number

or letter within a circle designates a pin number of the test package

socket, rotary switch contact, or an indicator lamp which is connected

to a particular card switch contact.

A notation along the bus line (-V, +V, etc.) designates the function

of that group of contacts. To utilize a card switch contact, the card is

left unpunched for that particular position. For example, in an indicator

package only 24 is grounded. Therefore, all circles along the 3 ground

buses (D, E, and F, 11 through 16) will be punched out except the

circle at location E-16.

A test signal with adjustable amplitude (3 to 8 volts) is provided by

a standard flip-flop (Fig. 30) triggered by blocking oscillator (Fig. 31)

that free -runs at 50Kc (high) or 20 cps (low). Alternatively, the

oscillator may be triggered by a Schmitt circuit (Fig. 32) to provide
-21-

a single -pulse signal. The input test signal is available at the front

panel to be observed and/or used for sync purposes. The desired

input pulse repetition rate may be selected manually with the rotary

switch so labeled. This input signal is normally fed into all inputs of

a package, but^or an or -inverter package the input is switched among

the input diodes by the input selector switch (Fig. 33). Each output of

the package may be selected for observation by the output switch

(Fig. 34). The output signal may be observed either with no load or

with a maximum design load of simulated flip-flops or or -inverters

selected by the output load switch (Fig. 35). The output is normally

observed on an oscilloscope, but an output indicator lamp (Fig. 36) is

provided to permit quick check with a single pulse or low frequency

input.

Power requirements for the tester are 110 volts a-c for the

card switch solenoid, +12 volts at approximately 50 ma, -12 volts

(greater than 300 ma when indicators are being checked), and for

Analog Switch packages, a reference voltage source (for quick checks

-12 volts may be used).

General testing procedure is as follows:

1) After connecting power sources, insert the Hickok switch card

which has been punched to correspond with the package to be

tested. Packages are color coded with a strip of colored tape

along the top edge according to type, and the switch cards are

coded to match.

2) Set repetition rate control to desired test frequency.

3) Adjust amplitude of input signal while observing it at the test

signal terminal with an oscilloscope. This is normally set at

6 volts.

4) Select desired load condition with load selector switch.

5) Insert package which is to be tested.

6) The output waveforms of the package may now be selected by the

output switch and observed at the output terminal with an oscilloscope. For merely determining whether or not an output is
-22-

produced from a package, at low rep. rate or single pulse, the

output indicator lamp may be observed.

Additional testing details which apply specifically to particular

packages are described below.

Flip-Flop

For testing purposes the flip-flop package is connected as two Ttype flip-flops with a common input. The exact pulse amplitude required

for triggering each circuit may be determined by observing the test

signal while increasing the input amplitude until the flip-flop is turned

on. The output sv ten is used to select either side of each flip-flop

(1 and 2 for flip-flop A, 3 and 4 for flip-flop B). Using the load

selector switch the output may be loaded with either five flip-flop or

five or -inverter circuits.

Gating

The Gate package is tested by connecting the eight gate circuits in

4 pairs which may be selected with the output switch. Through this

switch these gates are fed into a standard flip-flop which is built into

the tester. Normally, the test signal amplitude is set at six volts and

the load selector at zero. For properly operating gates a flip-flop

output will be observed at the output terminal.

One -Shot

The One -shot package is normally tested at the low repetition rate

or with a single pulse input of six volts amplitude. One of the three

integrating capacitors must be grounded through the input selector

switch at position 1, 2, or 3 (pins 17, 19, and 21 respectively). A

negative output pulse may be observed with output switch in position 1 or a positive pulse at position 2. Available output loads are zero,

5 flip-flops, or 5 or-inverters.
-23-

And-Or Inverter

The input selector switch is used to select one of the four input

diodes of each of the four circuits and the output switch is used to

select one of the four circuits (inverter transistors). Available output

loads are zero, 6 flip-flops, or 6 or -inverters.

Analog Switch

To test the Analog Switch package it is necessary to provide a

reference voltage supply in addition to the normal plus and minus 12

volts. However, for a quick check the -12 volt supply may also be

connected to the reference voltage terminal.

For testing purposes the package is connected with pins 4 to 21, 9

to 19, and 22 grounded. The flip-flop is connected as a T-type. With

the output switch in position 1 the output waveform at pin 20 may be

observed.

Indicator

The Indicator package is normally tested with either low repetition

rate or single pulse input. Its operation is determined by observing the

row of 10 indicator lamps (Figure 37) at the top of the tester, which are

triggered by the indicator package. To test this package the -12 volts

source must be capable of supplying 0. 35 amps.

Power Driver

Complementing inputs are provided for both circuits of the Power

Driver package. The output of either half may be observed by selecting

output switch position 1 or 2. A simulated load of 20 flip -flop,.-circuits

may be introduced at the output with the load selector in flip-flop

position.
-24-

APPENDIX C

Figures 38 through 50 are illustrations of etched-circuit layouts, for

the various types of packages, wijth components and their values. In each

the component side of the board is shown.
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(Common Emitter Mode)

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REQUIRED MEASUREMENTS:

T* = r , x Cj£ ; Inverient Time Constant Factor.

^BE vs *B = Static Base To Emitter V-I Characteristic.

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Figure 3. A General Equivalent Circuit of an Alloy Junction Transistor.
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TIME IN JUSEC

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Figure 4. Analog Simulated Results with Experimental Oscilloscope Traces.

(1st Case)
TIME IN USEC.

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Figure 5. Analog Simulated Results with Experimental Oscilloscope Traces.

(2nd Case)
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Figure 8. A Four Input And-Or Inverter.
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Figure 15. Inside View of Ceilometer Showing Building Block Packages.
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(FESET AND SET)

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Figure 16. Suggested Logical Symbols for Flip -Flops.
.001 15/00 i&DR435

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13 -15 -/& - 11 - - /&

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TRANSISTORS : 2N4I4

DIODES : DR435

FOUR CIRCUITS PER PACRAGE

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Figure 19. And-Inverter, Or-InVerter Package.
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Figure 25. Indicator Package and its L-ogicaJ. Symbol,
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Figure 27. Record Package.
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Figure 28. Pulse Generator Package (flip-flop not shown^i
DOUBLE LINES INDICATE SHUfJTS ADDED AT TERM/HAL 3TZ/PS.

NUMBER 1NJTH/N CIRCLE IND/CATES TEST SOCKET P/N

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Figure 37. Indicator Package Test Lamps.
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Figure 38. Flip-Flop Package. Layout.
ALL CAPACITORS - .OOlyu-f

PLL RESISTORS -S.IK

ALL DIODES - DR43S

Figure 39. Gate Circuits Package. Layout.
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Figure 40. One -Shot Package Layout.
620 SL

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3900 -aOR 435

Figure 41. And-Or Inverter Package Layout.
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Figure 43. Analog Voltage Comparator Package Xayout.
A- 8. 2K GATE RESISTORS

B-IOOK BASE RESISTORS(TO + l/J

C- IK COLLECTOR RESISTORS {TO - V)

JUMPERS

Figure 44. Decimal Decoder Package Layout.
A- GATE RESISTORS 32/PK<t. 8 2 K

B ~ BASE RES/STORS 8/PKG-. /OOK (TO + V.)

C-COUECTOR RES/STOPS 8/PX& //( (to- 1/.)

JUMPERS

Figure 45. Octal -Hexadecimal Decoder Package Layout.
/OSL ?

/ IY/I7T

Figure 46. Power Driver Package Layout.
2N363

Figure 47. Power Driver Package Layout.
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USCOMM-DC-60918

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Frederick H. Mueller, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

A. V. Astin, Director

THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The scope of activities of the National Bureau of Standards at its major laboratories jn Washington, D.C., and

Boulder, Colo., is suggested in the following listing of the divisions and sections engaged in technical work. In

general, each section carries out specialized research, development, and engineering in the field indicated by its

title. A brief description of the activities, and of the resultant publications, appears on the inside of the front cover.

Electrochemistry. Electrical Instruments. Magnetic Measurements.

Photographic Research. Length. Engineering

Molecular Kinetics. Free

WASHINGTON, D.C. ELECTRICITY. Resistance and Reactance.

Dielectrics. METROLOGY. Photometry and Colorimetry. Refractometry.

Metrology. Mass and Scale. Volumetry and Densimetry.

HEAT. Temperature Physics. Heat Measurements. Cryogenic Physics. Rheology.

Radicals Research. Equation of State. Statistical Physics. Molecular Spectroscopy.

RADIATION PHYSICS. X-Ray. Radioactivity. Radiation Theory. High Energy Radiation. Radiological

Equipment. Nucleonic Instrumentation. Neutron Physics.

CHEMISTRY. Surface Chemistry. Organic Chemistry. Analytical Chemistry. Inorganic Chemistry. Electrodeposition. Molecular Structure and Properties of Gases. Physical Chemistry. Thermochemistry. Spectrochemistry. Pure Substances.

MECHANICS. Sound. Pressure and Vacuum. Fluid Mechanics. Engineering Mechanics. Combustion Controls. ORGANIC AND FIBROUS MATERIALS. Rubber. Textiles. Paper. Leather. Testing and Specifications.

Polymer Structure. Plastics. Dental Research.

METALLURGY. Thermal Metallurgy. Chemical Metallurgy. Mechanical Metallurgy. Corrosion. Metal Physics.

MINERAL' PRODUCTS. Engineering Ceramics. Glass. Refractories. Enameled Metals. Constitution and

Microstructure.

BUILDING RESEARCH. Structural Engineering. Fire Research. Mechanical Systems. Organic Building Materials. Codes and Safety Standards. Heat Transfer. Inorganic Building Materials.

APPLIED MATHEMATICS. Numerical Analysis. Computation. Statistical Engineering. Mathematical

Physics.

DATA PROCESSING SYSTEMS. Components and Techniques. Digital Circuitry. Digital Systems. Analog

Systems. Applications Engineering.

ATOMIC PHYSICS. Spectroscopy. Radiometry. Mass Spectrometry. Solid State Physics. Electron Physics.

Atomic Physics.

INSTRUMENTATION. Engineering Electronics. Election Devices. Electronic Instrumentation. Mechanical

Instruments. Basic Instrumentation.

Office of Weights and Measures. BOULDER, COLO.

CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING. Cryogenic Equipment. Cryogenic Processes. Properties of Materials. Gas

Liquefaction.

IONOSPHERE RESEARCH AND PROPAGATION. Low Frequency and Very Low Frequency Research. Ion- osphere Research. Prediction Services. Sun-Earth Relationships. Field Engineering. Radio Warning Services. RADIO PROPAGATION ENGINEERING. Data Reduction Instrumentation. Radio Noise. Tropospheric Measurements. Tropospheric Analysis. Propagation-Terrain Effects. Radio-Meteorology. Lower Atmosphere Physics.

RADIO STANDARDS. High frequency Electrical Standards. Radio Broadcast Service. Radio and Microwave

Materials. Atomic Frequency and Time Standards. Electronic Calibration Center. Millimeter-Wave Research.

Microwave Circuit Standards.

RADIO SYSTEMS. High Frequency and Very High Frequency Research. Modulation Research. Antenna Research. Navigation Systems. Space Telecommunications.

UPPER ATMOSPHERE AND SPACE PHYSICS. Upper Atmosphere and Plasma Physics. Ionosphere and

Exosphere Scatter. Airglow and Aurora. Ionospheric Radio Astronomy.