NBSIR 75-705

Thermal and Flow Characteristics of

the ASTM E 84 Tunnel Test Method

JdiTies G. Quintiere and James W. Raines

Center for Fire Research

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

September 1975

Final

tit OF

U S DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

NBSIR 75-705

THERMAL AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF

THE ASTM E 84 TUNNEL TEST METHOD

James G. Quintiere and James W. Raines

Center for Fire Research

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington. D.C. 20234

September 1975

Final

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Rogers C.B. Morton, Secretary

James A. Baker, III, Under Secretary

Dr. Betsy Ancker^Johnson, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technoiogy

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Errtest Ambler, Acting Director

CONTENTS

Page

LIST OF FIGURES iv

LIST OF TABLES V

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTS 2

3. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 3

3.1. Mass Flow Rate of Air 5

3.2. Energy Balance 6

4. CONCLUSIONS 7

5. REFERENCES 8

APPENDIX A. TABULATION OF DATA 9

APPENDIX B. SI CONVERSION UNITS 20

iii
LIST OF FIGURES

Page

Figure 1. Schematic of instrumentation. (1 in =

0. 0254 m, 1 ft = 0. 3048 m) 21

Figure 2. Flame tip position as a function of time.

(1 ft = 0.3048 m) 22

Figure 3. Exit gas temperature as determined in the

standard test for an energy release rating. 23

;

' m V » o ! Figure 4a. Air mass flow rate of T374, nylon carpet.

(1 Ib/min = 0.00756 kg/s) 24

Figure 4b. Air mass flow rate for T375, wood carpet.

(1 Ib/min = 0.00756 kg/s) 25

Figure 4c. Air mass flow rate for T376, polypropylene

carpet. (1 Ib/min = 0.00756 kg/s). ... 26

Figure 4d. Air mass flow rate for T377, Nylon carpet

(floor mounted). (1 Ib/min = 0.00756 kg/s). 27

Figure 5. Enthalpy flow rate at section A for the

calibration run. (1 Btu/min = 17.57 W) . 28

Figure 6. Enthalpy flow rate a't section B for the

calibration run. (1 Btu/min = 17.57 W) . 29

Figure 7a. Net energy loss rate between sections A

and B for the calibration run.

(1 Btu/min = 17.57 W) 30

Figure 7b. Net energy loss rate between sections A

and B for T374 , nylon carpet. (1 Btu/

min = 17. 57 W) 31

Figure 7c. Net energy loss rate between sections A

and B for T375, wool carpet. (1 Btu/min =

17. 57 W) 32

Figure 7d. Net energy loss rate between sections A

and B for T376, polypropylene carpet.

(1 Btu/min = 17.57 W) 33

iv
LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 1. Description of Experiments 4

Table 2. Classification Results 5

Table A-1. Data Channel Code and Location 10

Table A-2. Experiment No. 1: Asbestos-Cement Board,

Calibration Run 11

Table A-3. Experiment No. 2: Polypropylene Carpet. . . 12

Table A-4. Experiment No. 3: Wool Carpet 14

Table A-5. Experiment No. 4: Nylon Carpet 16

Table A-6. Experiment No. 5: Nylon Carpet (Floor Mount) 18

V

THERMAL AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS

OF THE ASTM E 84 TUNNEL TEST METHOD

James G. Quintiere and James W. Raines

Five experiments were conducted using an

ASTM E 84 tunnel test facility. These included a calibration test, three standard tests involving

carpet materials, and one test in which a carpet

material was tested on the floor of the duct. In

addition to the measurements recorded during a

standard test, instrumentation was added to measure

inlet air velocity, temperature within the test

section of the duct, and heat flux. From these

measurements mass and energy balances were determined for each experiment. The results indicate

that inlet air mass flow rate dropped during a test and appears to depend on the extent of burning

in the duct. The energy balance results indicate

that for the calibration run about half of the

energy of the gas burner is lost by radiation and

convection to the walls in the test section of the

tunnel. During combustion of a test specimen,

significant energy losses occur in the last 9 feet

of the test section even after the flame tip has

reached the exit of the tunnel.

Key words: ASTM E 84; carpets; energy balance;

flame spread; mass balance; test method.

1. INTRODUCTION

Many building code and regulatory agencies set flammability acceptance requirements for interior surface lining

material based on performance established by the ASTM E 84-70

[1] ^ tunnel test method. Essentially, the test consists of

burning a material on the ceiling of a 25-foot duct under an

initial air speed of 240 ft/min and an ignition exposure of

5,000 Btu/min. Classification of a material is expressed in

terms of a comparative rating system for the categories of

flame spread, fuel contribution, and smoke production. The

method originated at Underwriters' Laboratories and was first

described by Steiner in 1943 [2] . In 1950 it was approved by

ASTM as a "Tentative Method."

Numbers in brackets correspond with the literature references

listed at the end of this paper.

1
In recent years, a concern for carpet flammability has

focused attention on the applicability of the "tunnel test"

(ASTM E 84) in determining the flammability performance of

floor coverings. In 1972, the National Building Code of

Canada [3] adopted a modified version of ASTM E 84 for use in

evaluating materials designed for floor application. Essentially, the modification consists of mounting the specimen on

the floor of the tunnel and directing the ignition flame downward onto the material. Presumably, this change overcomes

some problems associated with testing a flooring assembly

mounted in a ceiling orientation. Another consideration, not

restricted to flooring materials, concerns the variability of

results from the tunnel test. Lee and Huggett [4] reported

on an inter laboratory evaluation of the test method. They

reported the variation in test performance within and among

eleven laboratories. Other studies, by Endicott and Bowhay

[5] and Groah [6] , examined the effect on test performance of

system variables.

In the present study, measurements of velocity and temperature were made during four tunnel tests. The sample

materials were carpets. The purpose of the experiments was to

assess the applicability of the tunnel test for measuring the

flammability performance of floor covering materials. This

subject has been discussed by Quintiere and Huggett [7] , and

it will not be pursued any further here. The present report

deals with the results and analysis from these experiments

which serve to characterize the thermal and flow conditions

during a tunnel test.

2. DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTS

The tunnel tests were conducted using the test facility

[1] operated by the Hardwood Plywood Manufacturers Association

in Arlington, Virginia. The instrumentation used in these

experiments is shown in figure 1. An array of five pitot tubes

was located in the plane of the rectangular orifice opening at

the entrance of the tunnel. This arrangement would then provide a convenient means of determining total air inflow rate.

Each pitot tube was connected to a pressure transducer which

had been calibrated over a range of 0 to 0.1 inch of water.

These calibrations showed a linear relationship between

transducer voltage output and pressure difference. Arrays

of thermocouples were positioned within the test section and

at the end of the flame spread zone of the tunnel. At each

station five thermocouples were arranged vertically 2 inches

apart. Two thermocouples (Nos. 4 and 5) at section A-A (see

fig. 1) attempted to measure the lateral variation in temperature; however, the support for these two thermocouples

melted during the tests and these temperature data were

disregarded. Bare chromel-alumel thermocouples were used.

2
A radiometer (with a sapphire window) was located 16 feet

from the ignition burner and was positioned on the floor of

the tunnel to view the burning specimen.

Five tests were run. Each test was conducted in the

standard manner prescribed by ASTM E 84-70 [1] with one

exception. The exception was the last test conducted, which

mounted and directed the igniting burners downward to impinge

a flame onto the floor. A description of the experiments

and test materials is given in table 1. The same specimen

materials were tested in experiments 4 and 5 to compare the

standard ceiling-mounted results with a floor-mounted configuration.

All data were recorded on a digital data acquisition system over a time span for the standard test of 10 minutes duration. In experiment 1, velocity data were not recorded, and

the radiometer was not used in experiment 5. A complete scan

of all data channels was made each 10 seconds during the test

and the resulting data were processed by computer.

3, RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

The flammability classification results are given in

table 2. The classification results are based on measurements

and observations recorded during a standard ASTM E 84 tunnel

test. The prescription for determining the classification

indices is described in reference [1] . The flame-spread

classification is derived from observations of the flame tip

as burning progresses along the sample. These results are

plotted in figure 2. The "fuel factor" is based on the

temperature-time curve of a thermocouple located at the exit

end of the test chamber and 1 inch below the test specimen.

These temperature curves are shown in figure 3. The smoke

density factor given in table 2 is derived from the integral

of light attenuation by the combustion products over the 10

minute duration of the test. All three of these classification indices can, in theory, be related to more quantitative

flammability parameters such as rate or extent of flame spread,

rate of energy release, and rate of smoke or particulate

production. However, the interpretation and application of

such quantitative parameters derived from the tunnel test

remain to be specified.

The measurements taken beyond the standard test data

are tabulated in appendix A. These data were analyzed to

estimate the mass rate of air supply and the overall energy

transfer rates in the tunnel.

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Table 2. Classification Results

1

Test

Flame-spread

Classification

Fuel Contributed Factor

Smoke Density.

Factor

1 Polypropylene

carpet; T-376 69 20

j 110 !

Wool carpet;

T-375 197 84

i 297 1 Nylon carpet;

T-374 169 69 243 i

Nylon carpet, floormounted; T-37 7 107 78

i 565 1

1

3.1. Mass Flow Rate of Air

The velocity data taken at the slit was used, in part, to

determine the mass flow rate of air supplied to the tunnel

test section. The mass flow rate was calculated by using

m = /pVdA (1) a which is approximated by

3

m = p 2 V.A. (2)

a a . , 1 1 1=1

The velocity is assumed to be uniform over each of three equal

area segments, A^ (3 1/8" x 6"). Channel 16 was disregarded,

and channels 14 and 18 were averaged for one area segment. The

result of these approximations yields

lb

m = 0.130 p IV,^ + ""^ + V,_|-j^ (3)

a aV 15 2 17/min

where p = 0.0746 lb ^a m

and V = velocity at the indicated channel location (ft/min)

.

5
The results for the four test runs are shown in figures

4a-d. It should be pointed out that the initial tunnel flow

rate, corresponding to test section conditions of 240 ft/min

and 21°C, is 25.4 Ib/min. Note that in each test the air velocity decreased over most or all of the tests and that this

decrease ranged from about 19 to more than 28%.

* 3.2. Energy Balance

By using the temperature profile data at the 15 and 24

foot stations in the test section along with the measured air

supply rate, several energy balances can be made to estimate

the magnitude of the energy flows in the tunnel. An energy

balance applied to a control volume encompasing the test

section space, bounded by the walls of the duct and stations

1 and 2, where station 2 is downstream of 1, is given approximately as

is an effective temperature,

is the energy release rate due to combustion, and

is the conductive wall heat loss rate and radiative

loss rate.

The mass of gas from the burners and the pyrolysis mass

flow from the burning sample are small compared to the air

supply and were neglected in the energy balance. The gas

burner fuel contribution is about 5,000 Btu/min based on a

design specification of the test method. Actually, for these

experiments the gas flow rate to the burner indicated an average of 4,7 50 Btu/min based on a lower heating (net) value and

5,280 Btu/min based on a higher heating (gross) value. The

5,000 value was used in the subsequent calculations, although

it is probably more correct to use 4,750 Btu/min. An average

value of Cp was taken to be 0.202 Btu/lb°R which corresponds

to nitrogen at 427°C. An effective temperature was determined

by an area-weighted average. For example, at station B

T +T +T T+T

^B 6 ^ 4

This would correspond to a bulk temperature, provided the mass

velocity (pV) is equal over the duct cross section. It would

where T

Q,

1,2

6
overestimate the bulk temperature if velocity (V) were equal

over the cross section. The results of several energy balances will be given.

Figures 5 and 6 show the convective enthalpy flow rates

at stations A and B, respectively, for the calibration test.

In both cases (A and B) the energy loss rate is given by

Q. = 5,000 - m c (T. - T )

, i = A,B (6)

1 ' min a p 1 °°

where a constant iTi =25.4 Ib/min was used. It is seen that

for a 5,000 Btu/min burner energy release rate, more than 2,000

Btu/min is lost before station A, and an additional 600 Btu/min

loss is incurred between stations A and B.

Figures 7a through 7d display the net energy loss rate for

a control volume bounded by sections A and B. The net energy

loss rate is the difference - E and was determined by

Q. - E = m c (T^ - T„) (7)

£ a p A B

In Figure 7a, the calibration run, no energy release takes

place between A and B; hence, only the loss associated with the

burner is displayed. In figures 7b and 7c it is interesting to

notice that a net energy production rate is not established

between A and B until well after the specimen flame has reached

the end of the duct.

4. CONCLUSIONS

Velocity measurements and calculations have shown a drop

in air supply rate during burn in the ASTM E 84 tunnel test.

The drop in air flow was at least 19 percent in all of the

cases tested. It is not known if this drop in flow is associated with a temperature rise in the duct [7], mass transfer by

the specimen, or whether it is peculiar to a particular tunnel

facility. Moreover, it is not known what effect this reduction

in oxygen supply has on tunnel flame spread and smoke measurements .The energy balance calculations give some insight to the

magnitude of energy flows in the tunnel. There appears to be

a substantial loss of energy near the burner flame. Also, the

energy losses appear to be significant during burning, at least

during the time period in which the flame has not yet reached

the end of the duct.

7
5. REFERENCES

[1] Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of

Building Materials, ASTM E 84-70, American Society of Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1970.

[2] Steiner, A. J., Method of Fire-Hazard Classification of

Building Materials, ASTM Bulletin, 19-22 (Mar. 1943)

.

[3] Standard Method of Test for Surface Burning Characteristics

of Flooring and Floor Covering Materials, CSA B 54.9-1972,

Canadian Standards Association (1972)

,

[4] Lee, T. G. and Huggett, C, Interlaboratory Evaluation of

the Tunnel Test (ASTM E 84) Applied to Floor Coverings,

Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), NBSIR 73-125 (Mar. 1973).

[5] Endicott, L. E. and Bowhay, R. B., A Statistical Evaluation

of the Fire Hazard Classification Furnace (ASTM E 84-68)

,

Materials Research and Standards, American Society of

Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19-21,

50, 52 (May 1970)

.

[6] Groah, W. J., A Study of Certain Operating and Material

Variables of the 25-Foot Tunnel Flamespread Test, Forest

products Journal, Vol. 23, No. 12, 39-45 (Dec. 1973).

[7] Quintiere, J. and Huggett, C, An Evaluation of Flame

Spread Test Methods for Floor Covering Materials, Fire

. Safety Research, Proceedings of a Symposium on Fire held

at the National Bureau of Standards on August 22, 197 3,

Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Special Publication SP-411

(Nov. 1974)

.

8
APPENDIX A. TABULATION OF DATA

The temperature, velocity, and heat flux data are tabulated for each experiment. Table A-1 lists the data channel

numbers and corresponding sensors as indicated in figure 1.

Tables A-2 through A-6 list the data taken for each experiment.

In some cases data were faulty or changes were made in sensor

location. In all the experiments channel 16 yielded erroneous

velocity data due to an improper installation. Channel 14 in

experiment 2 appeared, initially, to give an erroneously high

output. In experiments 1 through 4, the thermocouples on

channels 4 and 5 may not have remained in position and these

data should be regarded with caution. In experiment 5, thermocouples 4 and 5 were relocated to measure temperature near the

ceiling and at the carpet surface, respectively. Also, in

experiment 5 some thermocouples apparently did not function

properly, and the heat fluxmeter was not used. Finally, it

should be noted that velocity and heat flux measurements were

not taken in experiment 1.

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19
APPENDIX B. SI CONVERSION UNITS

In view of present accepted practice in this technological area, U.S. customary units of measurement have been used

throughout this report. It should be noted that the U.S. is

a signatory to the General Conference on Weights and Measures

which gave official status to the metric SI system of SI units

in 1960. Readers interested in making use of the coherent

system of SI units will find conversion factors in ASTM Standard Metric Practice Guide, ASTM Designation E 380-72 (available from American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916

Race Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103) . Conversion

factors for units used in this paper are:

Length

Area

* 1 in = 0.0254 meter

* 1 ft = 0.3048 meter

.2 * _4 2

1 m = 6.4516 X 10 meter

1 ft^ = 9.2903 X 10"^ meter^

Mass

1 lb = 0.454 kg

Pressure

1 in of H2O = 248.8 Pa

Energy

1 Btu = 1054 J

Temperature

°C = 5/9 (Temperature - 32)

Power

1 Btu/min = 17.57 W

Exact Value

20
E-84 ifJSTRy:.iErJTATIO:J (uOT TO SCALE)

AIR FLOW

Q BURNER

1

19

RADIOMETER

B

15'-16'

24'

15'

2

• T

^ i

4 3 • 5

• 10 -s

6

• 11 •

7 • _!

12 •

8 • 13 •

SECTION A-A

TC LOCATIONS© 15' SECTION B-B

TC LOCATIONS @ 24'

1 1.5

11 • lb • 1C • 18 • 17 • "in

SECTION C-C

PITOTTUBE LOCATIONS (3) AIR INTAKE

THERMOCOUPLES 2-13

PITOT TUBES 14-18

RADIOMETER 19

Figure 1. Schematic of instrumentation. (1 in = 0.0254 m,

1 ft = 0. 3048m)

.

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USCOMM-NBS-DC

33
NBS-1 MA (REV. 7-73)

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO.

NBS IR 75-705

2. Gov't Accession

No.

3. Recipient's Accession No.

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Thermal and Flow Characteristics of the ASTM

E 84 Tunnel Test Method

5. Publication Date September 1975

6. Performing Organization Code

7. AUTHOR(S)

James G. Quintiere and James W. Raines

8. Performing Organ. Report No. IR 75-705

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. Project/Task/Work Unit No. 4915676

11. Contract/Grant No.

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Complete Address (Street, City, State, ZIP)

• same as No . 9

13. Type of Report & Period

Covered

Final

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.)

Five experiments were conducted using an ASTM E 84 tunnel

test facility. These included a calibration test, three standard

tests involving carpet materials, and one test in which a carpet

material was tested on the floor of the duct. In addition to the

measurements recorded during a standard test, instrumentation

was added to measure inlet air velocity, temperature within the

test section of the duct, and heat flux. From these measurements

mass and energy balances were determined for each experiment.

The results indicate that inlet air mass flow rate dropped during

a test and appears to depend on the extent of burning in the duct.

The energy balance results indicate that for the calibration run

about half of the energy of the gas burner is lost by radiation

and convection to the walls in the test section of the tunnel.

During combustion of a test specimen, significant energy losses

occur in the last 9 feet of the test section even after the flame

tip has reached the exit of the tunnel.

17. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper name; separated by semicolons) i-. r> >i . 1^1 jr-i j ASTM E 84; carpets; energy balance; flame spread;

mass balance; test method.

18. AVAILABILITY \X] Unlimited 19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

21. NO. OF PAGES

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Washington, D.C. 20402. SD Cat. No. C13

Office 20. SECURITY CLASS

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22. Price

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