AlllOD TTEfi7S

NAT'L INST OF STANDARDS & TECH R.I.C.

A1 11 00992875

/NBS building science series TA435 .U58 V7S;1979 C.I NBS-PUB-C 1974

NISI

PUBUCATiONS

N BS BUILDING SCIENCE SERIES 75

Building Research

at the

National Bureau of Standards

1968-1974

.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE/National Bureau of Standards]
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The National Bureau of Standards' was established by an act of Congress March 3, 1901. The

Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and technology and

facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts

research and provides: (1) a basis for the Nation's physical measurement system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and government, (3) a technical basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to promote public safety. The Bureau's technical work is performed by the National Measurement Laboratory, the National Engineering Laboratory,

and the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology.

THE NATIONAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY provides the national system of

physical and chemical and materials measurement; coordinates the system with measurement

systems of other nations and furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform

physical and chemical measurement throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry,

and commerce; conducts materials research leading to improved methods of measurement,

standards, and data on the properties of materials needed by industry, commerce, educational

institutions, and Government; provides advisory and research services to other Government

Agencies; develops, produces, and distributes Standard Reference Materials; and provides

calibration services. The Laboratory consists of the following centers:

Absolute Physical Quantities' — Radiation Research — Thermodynamics and

Molecular Science — Analytical Chemistry — Materials Science. THE NATIONAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY provides technology and technical

services to users in the public and private sectors to address national needs and to solve national problems in the public interest; conducts research in engineering and applied science

in support of objectives in these efforts; builds and maintains competence in the necessary

disciplines required to carry out this research and technical service; develops engineering data and measurement capabilities; provides engineering measurement traceability services; develops test methods and proposes engineering standards and code changes; develops and

proposes new engineering practices; and develops and improves mechanisms to transfer

results of its research to the utlimate user. The Laboratory consists of the following centers:

Applied Mathematics — Electronics and Electrical Engineering^ — Mechanical

Engineering and Process Technology^ — Building Technology — Fire Research —

Consumer Product Technology — Field Methods.

THE INSTITUTE FOR COMPUTER SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY conducts

research and provides scientific and technical services to aid Federal Agencies in the selection, acquisition, application, and use of computer technology to improve effectiveness and

economy in Government operations in accordance with Public Law 89-306 (40 U.S.C. 759), relevant Executive Orders, and other directives; carries out this mission by managing the Federal Information Processing Standards Program, developing Federal ADP standards

guidelines, and managing Federal participation in ADP voluntary standardization activities; provides scientific and technological advisory services and assistance to Federal Agencies; and

provides the technical foundation for computer-related policies of the Federal Government.

The Institute consists of the following divisions:

Systems and Software — Computer Systems Engineering — Information Technology.

'Headquarters and Laboratories at Gaithersburg, Maryland, unless otherwise noted; mailing address Washington, D.C. 20234. ^Some divisions within the center are located at Boulder, Colorado, 80303.

The National Bureau of Standards was reorganized, effective April 9, 1978.
^AHis Building Research at the National

V Bureau of Standards 1 968- 1 974

Neil Gallagher, Editor

Center for Building Technology

National Engineering Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary

Jordan J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology

I NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director

Issued March 1979

i
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 79-600008

National Bureau of Standards Building Science Series 75

Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Bldg. Sci. Ser. 75,rl26 pages (Mar. 1979) CODEN: BSSNBV

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON: 1979

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402

Stock No. 003-003-02029-0 Price $3

(Add 25 percent additional for other than U.S. mailing)
TOREWORD

Shelter, one of mankind's basic concerns, has always been a part

of the program of the National Bureau of Standards. From its

beginning in 1901, the Bureau carried out studies to meet the

needs for technical information on properties of building materials. In 1921, the Secretary of Commerce, Herbert Hoover,

expanded these studies to include scientific, technical, and

economic research in building; simplification and standardization of building materials; and assistance in the revision of

State and municipal building codes. These functions, shaped by

the demands of today's dynamic building community, are still a part of the Bureau's program.

It was, however, in 1968, that the Bureau began to add additional

strengths to its building research activities. Such new and rele-

/ vant disciplines as psychology, architecture, sociology, urban

planning, and economics were added. The performance approach to building was stressed, a concept that has its philosophical roots deep in a desire to satisfy the user's requirements. Consideration was given not only to the generation of knowledge but the

delivery of that knowledge to as wide an audience as possible.

This action was consistent with both the nature of applied research

and the information dissemination obligation of a publicly supported laboratory.

This report, undertaken in that spirit of dissemination and

accountability, describes the changes that took place in the

Bureau's building research activities from 1968 to 1974. It is a follow-up to the first history of building research at NBS

published in 1970. As that document served as a key to the building research work done by the Bureau in the previous 69 years,

this document is also intended to be of service to building users,

and to builders, engineers, architects, students, Government

officials, and others who have an interest in building research.

E. Ambler

Director

iii
PREFACE

This report is supplemental to Building Research at the National

Bureau of Standards through 1968 (designated BSS-O in the Bureau's

Building Science Series). It is also a self-standing account of

a specific and unique period in NBS' long and continuing history

in building technology. It was made possible through the able

contributions of the following NBS staff members: Harvey W. Berger,

Sandra A. Berry, James 0. Bryson, Dr. Paul G. Campbell, Louis E. Cattaneo, Robert D. Dikkers, Daniel R. Flynn, Dr. Lawrence Galowin,

Daniel Gross, Dr. Tamami Kusuda, Charles T. Mahaffey, Dr. Harold

Marshall, Thomas E. Pierce, Frank J. Powell, Deborah Raisher, Mary

Reppert, Nancy Starnes, Dr. Robert Wehrli, and Robert S. Wyly.

The editor also expresses his appreciation to the Management Group

in the NBS Center for Building Technology for its guidance and

support.

Neil Gallagher, Editor

iv
ABSTRACT

This report discusses the progress of building research at the

Center for Building Technology from the year 1968 to 1974. Starting

with the backlog of needed research in building techniques, components, and materials that faced researchers in the 50's, this history covers the evolution of the performance concept for building

specifications, cooperation with states and codes-generating organizations, and specific accomplishments. The report continues with

discussions of programs involving the building community, research

on the needs of the building users, and technology transfer. A special chapter is devoted to energy conservation in buildings

and how CBT's test methods and other programs - including solar - were pressed into this vital national struggle.

Key Words: Building technology; Center for Building Technology;

history of building research.

V
CONTENTS

Chapter 1 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY AND CHANGES IN DIRECTION - 1960s 1 For building research, a new home, a new commitment, and a new direction... Deficiencies in the built environment and the building processes —government studies and actions. . .Bui 1 ding a new

kind of research team. . .Measurement for buildi ng. . .The performance approach,... Working with other Federal agencies, standards

groups, the States, and the building community.

Chapter 2 BUILDING RESEARCH ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN THE LATE 1960s 7 Explicit consideration of the building user... The Sensory Environment Branch. . .Energy sensitivity. . .Accelerated weathering...

Porcelain enamel... Organic coatings. . .Inorganic building materials. . .Roof ing hail damage... Heat release cal orimeter. . .Standards

participation-materials, fire, structures. . .Precoordi nation. .

.

CCRl The electrical codes. . .Testing of a housing system.

Chapter 3 THE PERFORMANCE CONCEPT 17 Performance and a study of its relationship to housing. . .Some

origins of performance. . .The "Man and His Shelter Conference"...

First stirrings of Operation Breakthrough. . .HUD ' s engagement of

NBS advisory and operating services The NBS team and its approach

to Breakthrough. . .A performance specification for office buildings. . .Appl i cation of the performance specification by the Public Buildings Service.

Chapter 4 WORKING WITH THE STATES 23

A chance meeting in Wisconsi n. . .A gathering of State representatives... Founding the National Conference of States on Building

Codes and Standards (NCSBCS) .. .Regulatory constraints on "the two

economi es" . . .HUD and NCSBCS i nf luences. . .The Laboratory Evaluation

and Accreditation Program. . .The Coordinated Evaluation System

Model legislation.

Chapter 5 BUILDING RESEARCH ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN THE EARLY 1970s 29

Plumbing, reduced-size venting. . .Mobi le homes. . .Floor coverings..

Joint seal ants. . .Rei nforci ng bar coatings. . .Disaster mitigation...

Wind studies... Long-range research. . .Progressi ve col 1 apse. . .Structural testing, deflections... Performance standards.

Chapter 6 REORGANIZATION AT NBS TO MEET THE NEEDS OF THE BUILDING

COMMUNITY 39

The need for a different kind of research organization...

Creation of the Center for Building Technol ogy. . .A Policy Advisory

Committee... Streamlining the research organization. . .Programmatic

reshapi ngs--acousti cs and fire research.

vi
Chapter 7 RESEARCH FOR THE BUILDING OCCUPANT 43

A wide spectrum of research investigation. . .The work of the newer disciplines in building research at NBS... Stair safety...

Security. . .User requi rements. . .Psychophysical approach. . .Acousti cs Illumination. ..Color. .. Lead paint.

Chapter 8

REACHING THE APPLICATION POINTS 49

Technology transfer. . .Standards participation... Working

with other agencies. . .The dissemination program. . .Formal and

informal interaction with the building community. . .Working with

research organizations abroad in "large areas of common interest."

Chapter 9 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY 53

Thermal load determination program. . .Indoor air qual ity. . .Ai

r

infiltration... A demonstration bui Idi ng. . .Total energy .. .Early

solar work. . .Insulation. . . Symposi a. . .Mean radiant temperature...

Modular boilers. . .Solar test methods... Solar retrof it. . .MIUS. .

.

Insulating glass. ..Heat pump evaluation. . .Energy economics.

Chapter 10 A MATURING CENTER FOR BUILDING TECHNOLOGY . . .- 63

Buildings perceived in different terms. . .Statutory responsibilities of building research at NBS. . .Demands on building

research. . .NCSBCS ' interest in energy and its requests of NBS...

Criteria for energy conservation in new buildings. ..Response

capabi 1 ity. . .The maturing of a comprehensive laboratory... Richard

Wright succeeds James Wright.

Bibliography 69

Supplements

Staffing/Funding 1966-74 109

Disciplines of Professional Staff 110

Sponsors of Building Research Ill

Technical Evaluation Panel Members 113

Center for Building Technology Advisory Committee 120

vii

CHAPTER 1

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY AND CHANGES IN DIRECTION

1960's

For building research at the National Bureau of Standards

(NBS), the late 1960s and early 1970s was a time of

change —change in place, in level of effort, and in

research orientation.

The place of building research changed, the Bureau moving

in 1966 from its former site in Washington, D.C., to a modern research facility in Gaithersburg, Md.

The Bureau's personnel investment in building technology

changed, the building research staff growing from 98 in

1967 to a leveling-off figure of more than 250 in 1971.

The research direction changed, with Dr. James R. Wright,

Chief of the Building Research Division, infusing his

staff with an application-oriented, perf oniiance-based,

multidiscipl inary approach to building research.

Concurrently, both government and the building community were in search of better building procedures and better

built environments. A 1966 study by the Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations blamed the system of building regulation for placing "unjustified

burdens on the technology and economics of building"

and declared that the "economic range of housing" was being circumscribed. Two years later the Douglas Commission reached a similar finding.

The Douglas Commission and later the Kaiser Commission"^

concluded that the building industry was fragmented and

incapable of constructing enough buildings for America's

needs by the end of the century.

The Housing Act of 1968 asserted a "national commitment"

to the production through both rehabilitation and new construction of 26 million housing units in a single

Established by Congress and approved by President Dwight

D. Eisenhower in 1959 to bring together representatives

of local. State and Federal governments for the consideration of common problems.

o^Formally, the National Commission on Urban Problems which

was requested by President Lyndon B. Johnson and approved

by the Congress in 1967. The Commission's charge was to

conduct "a penetrating review" of zoning, housing and

building codes, taxation, and development standards, and

to recommend solutions to problems unearthed by the study.

Officially, the President 's established in 1967 to study

soluti ons.

Commission on Urban Housing,

housing problems and recommend

1
decade, a goal that was to prove to be either overdrawn

or under-served. Nonetheless, the 1968 Housing Act was

to have significant influence on building research at the

National Bureau of Standards. The provisions of the

legislation for the fostering of new technology within

the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) put

the Department in greater need of laboratory-based support and inclined HUD toward a technical reliance on NBS.

Change was sought at the popular level. People were demanding and achieving a new importance in the overall

scheme of things. And change was urged at the professional

level. What the world of building needed was not further

technical advances, concluded a 1969 study commissioned

by the American Institute of Architects, but "social

inventions." In the building enterprise, people —building

occupants--gained in importance, and while "sticks and

stones" considerations continued to predominate, no longer

did this predominance go unchallenged.

The Building Research Division in 1 967 had a disciplinary

base confined to structural engineering, mechanical engineering, mathematics, chemistry, and physics. There was

one notable exception, however. A small project staff was

set up to consider building systems and the performance

approach to building. Comprised primarily of architects

(architecture was considered an exotic discipline for the

Division at the time), the group later was to gain organizational status in its designation as the Division's

Building Systems Section.

NBS' traditional research strengths in building technology were coupled with a more people-oriented capability. Building Research Division management in a 1968

policy statement contended that "the combined talents of

the architect, engineer, physical scientist, and behavioral scientist must be applied to make the building more responsive to the human occupant." The statement called

for "greater emphasis on the human being as a meter,"

i.e., as a register of response in the way of instrumentation.

James Wright promoted the argument for subjective measurement Offered originally by John P. Eberhard, Director of

the Institute for Applied Technology, who once listed

nine examples of human-meter measurement —some humans have

'perfect' pitch, anyone can recognize famous people from

caricatures, experts can identify by taste the source vineyard of a wine and the year of harvest, and so on.

At the same time, Wright criticized the use of subjective

measurement where objective measurement was possible. And

he warned against analyzing subjective data as though they were obtained by objective means.

William R. Ewald, Jr. in a study for the

Future of the Profession Committee, American

Institute of Architects, Washington, D.C, 1969.

^Eberhard served in this position from 1966 to 1968.

2
To be sure, the emphasis was placed on the identification

of the subjects for, and means of, meaningful measurement,

an emphasis reiterated a year later (1969) in a policy

statement which asserted that the Division, "as an integral unit of the National Bureau of Standards, has a major

responsibility for developing adequate measurement techniques for the nation's building industry, both public

and private." According to the policy, the Bureau's

resources were to be used in "developing both technical

and user requirements for buildings in terms of performance, and to stimulate innovation and application of

systems methodology in Federal construction."

The new research philosophy stressed the performance

approach to building, an approach setting forth the function to be performed by a building material, component,

or system regardless of the means employed. This approach

differs crucially from the building industry's traditional

prescriptive orientation. Instead of stipulating the

performance sought —and letting it go at that--the prescriptive approach specifies how the desired performance

is to be delivered. Prescription dictates construction

particulars ; it limits the solution to these particulars.

A principal advantage of the performance approach lies

in its impartiality vis-a-vis traditional and innovative

technologies. The performance approach accommodates

innovation and by so doing facilitates innovation. When

installed in a building regulatory system and made meaningful by a means of evaluating candidate technologies

and a willingness to accept validated technologies, performance avoids over-regulation and nurtures benefitcost gains.

Another value of the performance approach i s that it forces

examination of the needs of building users, and the con- sequent evaluation of candidate technologies in the

context of those needs. The performance approach encourages mult idi sci pi i nary approaches to building question*.

Consider the performance questions implicit in the

"simple" wall: Is the wall structurally adequate? Would

it withstand earthquake forces? What are its privacy

implications, visually and acoustically? What are its

economic implications? Is it thermally efficient? Is it durable? How do you hang a picture on it when it is made

of steel? What are its fire characteristics? What are the psychological implications of its opaque surfaces and

voids? Its color? Texture? In short, hov«/ should the

wall perform in terms of a host of considerations, each

of which requires its own disciplinary expertise and all of which lie at the base of design?

Not only does the performance approach imply a wide

variety of attributes of walls, for example, but perfor- mance also requires the researcher to delve deeply into

each and to understand the interrelationships of attributes. In researching acoustic and thermal properties of

exterior walls, the researcher first studies properties

which add or detract from both acoustic and thermal performance, then studies commonalities and differences. He must be thorough in his analysis of each factor which

contributes to or denies acoustic or thermal performance.

3
The Building Research Division was taken with, but not preoccupied with, the performance philosophy. It also

sought to be involved in and have influence on the "real

world" of building. The Division extended its hand to

Federal agencies having building responsibilities and

endeavored to reach the private sector as well. "Building

research is applied research," a Division policy statement said. "There is no use doing research unless it gets

applied. We ought not sit in isolation on the NBS campus

and carry out research of interest to our individual

researchers and their peers in science and engineering,

whether they are in government, universities, or industry.

We must also be part of the total building construction

process.

The Division shouldered a greater volume of research for

other agencies. Steps were taken to improve communication with the more than 40 Federal agencies which have

a role in planning, financing, designing, constructing,

and operating buildings. Closer coordination with the

other Federal agencies was urged by the Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations (ACIR) and the

Douglas Commission, an urging repeated by the Bureau of

the Budget.^

Tfie Bureau of the Budget in early 1968 asked a selected

group of representatives of various Federal agencies to

consider an ACIR recommendation that Federal agencies use

a common set of building construction standards.

The interagency group in its final report to the Bureau

of the Budget said it could not, on the basis of a limited

survey it had conducted, trace a relationship between

poor construction and differences in standards. The

group noted that the Federal Construction Council of the

Building Research Advisory Board, National Academy of

Sciences, was looking into the subject of Federal standards and that "the more important task" for the Federal

building family was "improved communfcations, cooperation,

and coordination."

The Bureau of the Budget requested that NBS conduct

activities to improve communications between the Federal

agencies. NBS agreed to 1) ensure positive dissemination

of its research findings, 2) promote an exchange of

information between agencies by distributing technical

bulletins or a newsletter, and 3) conduct seminars to ensure that agencies are made aware of the most important

developments in standards and practices.

The Division made available to other agencies brief

accounts of its research projects and began a series of

Federal Building Workshops in which representatives of

the Federal agencies could discuss building problems and

interests with NBS building research staff. Instrumental

in arranging this workshop series was Harry E. Thompson,

Deputy Chief of the Division.

Now the Office of Management and Budget.

4
The Division continued its participation in the work of more than 200 standards-generating committees and

attached a new importance to the concept of appropriate

technical support to building regulation. In the latter

connection, it helped to arrange a meeting of several

States to consider regulatory matters and the advisability

of following up with a formal conference for all the States.

A meeting was held in 1967 at NBS with persons from seven

States attending along with Division staff members and

representatives of the Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations. As a result of this meeting a representative of one of the States called for a meeting of the

several States to consider NBS' invitation to assist with

a national organization that might be patterned after the

National Conference of States on Weights and Measures.

The meeting was held and the organization which emerged

was called the National Conference of States on Building

Codes and Standards ("NCSBCS" and "Nix-Bix" by written

and spoken acronym), and NBS became its secretariat.

The revitalized Building Research Division also moved to

improve its communication with the building community.

It named Dr. William W. Walton to head a newly established

Scientific and Professional Liaison Section, focus of

communications and liaison with builders and building

researchers both at home and abroad. The Division not only sought to broaden its research program but to widen

and hasten the diffusion of research results.

It would be misleading to suggest that the Building

Research Division prior to 1968 lacked an interest in the performance approach to building, in the support of

other Federal agencies, or in the transfer of technology.

Accomplishments were achieved in all three areas of concern. Still, it is fair to say that these were concerns

which now had become explicit targets of building research

at NBS. The building users —always at least an implicit

factor in building research and, for that matter, in the

building enterprise—was elevated to the level of conscious concern.

1968 Bull din p. Research

Division

Structures Environmental

Biglneerinp

Fire Research Materials

Durability and Analysis

Codes and Standards Building

Systems

Scientific and Professional

Liaison

"Consideration of the performance requirements for buildings from the user's point of view," wrote Paul Reece

Achenbach, "quickly reveals that the occupant is more responsive to such factors as space arrangements, natural

and artificial illumination, noise and vibration control,

air purity, the thermal environment, and the convenience

and effectiveness of the service systems than he is to the more basic characteristics of strength, safety, and

The term "building community" includes the many participants in the design-build process--architects, engineers,

developers, contractors, specialty contractors, researchers,

planners, standards writers, regulators, financiers, product

producers, owners and operators, etc. --plus the users of

bui 1 dings.

5
health because he cannot evaluate the adequacy of_these

latter characteristics directly with his senses.

"°

And so a Sensory Environment Branch was formed within

the Division with Achenbach as its Chief. It was comprised

of the Environmental Engineering Section, the Psychophysics Section, and the Building Transport Systems Sjgction. The Branch was charged with responsibility for

broader, performance directed studies, and its staffing

brought to the Division a discipline—psychology--

previously missing from building research at NBS.

1969

Fire Research

Codes and Standards

&ivironmental Engineering

Buildinp, Research Division

Sensory Qivirooment

Branch

Materials Durability and Analysis

Scientific and Professional

Liaison

Building

Systems

Psychophysics Building

Transport

Systems

^Achenbach, P.R>, Building Research at the National

Bureau of Standards through 1968 , Building Science Series

0, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. 20234

(1970).

6
CHAPTER 2

BUILDING RESEARCH ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN THE

LATE 1 960's

The Sensory Environment Branch occupied a pivotal role

not only in the Division's commitment to performance but

in the energy supply/price crunch soon to come. Many

of the environmental phenomena to which the occupant is responsive —the thermal and illuminative factors, for

example--are also energy sensitive/factors.

Branch studies concerned the thermal, acoustical and

visual environment; the systems and equipment that transport energy, fuel, waste, water, materials, and people

in buildings; the response of the building occupant to

physical stimuli; and the thermophysical properties of

materials.

While the focus on energy was sharpened by the harsh new supply/cost realities that so suddenly presented themselves, energy as a subject of building research at NBS

extends back through the decades. Indeed, because of the

NBS histc 7 of energy-relevant research and a management

sensitivity to the energy issue, building researchers at the Bureau were considering energy questions well before

the energy problem seized the nation's full attention.

The Division over the years sought to improve measurements of the effectiveness of thermal insulating materials. NBS researchers in 1920 developed a guarded hot

plate apparatus for such measurements. This apparatus has

been used in both NBS' own research and in the supply

of other laboratories with measured samples of selected

insulating materials for calibration purposes.

The guarded hot plate apparatus had served as the model

for a test method of the American Society for Testing

and Materials (ASTM). However, seemingly minor differences

in design led to differences between test results obtained

at various laboratories. That researchers were troubled

by inaccuracies proved fortunate. The pursuit of accuracy

and precision may have seemed somewhat academic in the

days of plentiful and inexpensive energy, but for the

future, far more than measurement nicety hung in the

balance.

To improve handbook data on insulating materials,

researchers wanted an apparatus that possessed not only

the qualities of scientific accuracy and precision but one that was simpler, faster-operating, and more readily

maintainable than existing equipment. The Thermal Engineering Section produced such an apparatus based on a concept developed by the late Henry E. Robinson, a senior

research fellow, and christened it the Robinson LineHeat-Source Guarded Hot Plate Apparatus (818).

Figures indicate references in the Bi bli ography.

7
For the most part, however, the Division's work in the

late 1960s focused on longstanding issues embodied in

building materials, structures, and mechanical systems.

Measurement was the keystone in these studies. And

measurement embraced not only the development of techniques and apparatus designed to detect and quantify a property or attribute, but fundamental questions of what

should be measured in the first place.

Objective and contributive participation in the standards

generation processes of the nation's system of voluntary

standards was continued and was accompanied by notable

instances of cooperation with other government agencies

and the private sector. An example of this cooperation

produced a back-up system for the testing technique known

as accelerated weathering.

Accelerated Weathering

Early work at NBS led to the development of accelerated

weathering devices which today are produced commercially

and used throughout the world to measure the performance

of materials under controlled laboratory conditions.

However, outdoor exposure testing is also necessary to

establish a correlation between the effects of laboratory

and in-service exposures (339, 408).

Largely through the efforts of the Division's William

C. Cullen and the cooperation with the Tri-Services

Committee (consisting of building-concerned representatives of the three Armed Service branches), a network

of outdoor exposure stations was set up at military bases

from Alaska to Puerto Rico; thus an exposure spectrum

ranging from the sub-artic to the tropic was established.

The Division's work in materials also involved close

association with the private sector. Private industry

researchers worked at Gaithersburg under a collaborative

program and exchanged technical information with Bureau

staff.

The Asphalt Roofing Industry Bureau^^ established a Research Associ ateshi p at the Bureau in 1926 which con- tinued formally until 1968. Since then close collaboration has continued between the two organizations in roofing research. The Manufacturing Chemists Association also

established a Research Associate Program to study the

performance of plastic building materials. This cooperative program involved the exposure of plastic materials

to the climates of Arizona, Florida, and Maryland and

provided valuable information on the outdoor performance

of plastics (416).

Now the Asphalt Roofing Manufacturers

Association.

8
Porcelain Enamel

The Research Associate Program initiated with the Porcelain Enamel Institute in 1937 was designed to develop

standard tests for the quality control of porcelain

enamels, i.e., with respect to weatherabi 1 ity, adherence

to steel and aluminum, and cleanability (104, 129, 138,

150, 159, 313). Research results also were furnished

through consultative and advisory services to other

Federal agencies, manufacturers, and the user.

Organic Coatings

Research programs ongoing in the late 1960s included the

upgrading of organic coatings (paints containing carbon

compounds in their binders) through the development of

performance criteria and the necessary test methods to ensure compliance with these criteria.

A comprehensive text on organic coatings was prepared for

the general public (107) and performance specifications

were also developed for coatings used on masonry, wood,

and metal substrates.

The development of synthetic resins for use in coatings

spurred the development of methods for determining resin

contents in various coating systems. Among the resin

systems studied were styrene-acrylate, styrenebutadi ene, and acrylic latex systems (800, 801, 802), These test

methods have been incorporated in many Federal and military specifications of the General Serviipes Administration

and Department of Defense, respectively.

In cooperation with the Tri-Services Paint Committee,

tests were conducted at various military bases to study

the field performance of selected coating systems. As an example, results of a field test were used in the

preparation of specifications for a lead-free primer and

top coat system for exterior wood surfaces.

A coatings manual was developed for the military services

which provided guidance for all facets of coatings, e.g.,

surface preparation, safety, application methods, and

which also recommended to the military services coating

systems for housing and other facilities (803). The

use of the manual expanded to a number of other Federal

agencies and the text was made available to the general

publ i c.

For example--TT-P-001 51 0 Paint, Latex, Exterior for

Wood Surfaces, White and Tints; TT-P-001728 Paint, Latexbase, Interior, Flat, Deep-tone; MIL-P-28577 Primer,

Water Reducible, Corrosion Resistant, for Metal Surfaces,

May 14, 1971; and MIL-P-28582 Primer Coating, Exterior,

Lead Pigment-Free (Undercoat for Wood, Ready-mixed, White

and Tints) March 17, 1972.

9
Additional work on protective coating systems has included

the development of performance criteria for industrial

and residential siding materials (409), building stone

preservatives (459), and waterproofing of concrete masonry

surfaces (346).

Inorganic Building Materials

Inorganic building materials have been researched at the

Bureau for more than 60 years. This work has yielded

many publications covering cement, concrete, gypsum, and

lime (102, 108, 115, 135). Recent studies have concen- trated on the performance of these materials and have

been directed towards an understanding of the relationship between composition, mi crostructure, and performance.

A study seeking relationships between cement and concrete

properties, with particular reference to trace elements,

used 199 concrete specimens which had been, exposed out- doors for 16 years (136). The durability of the specimens

was determined by dimensional changes, weight changes,

changes in appearance, and other laboratory techniques.

The results of the work, carried out by R.L. Blaine and

H.T. Arni , provide the basis for performance criteria for

concrete based upon actual outdoor exposure conditions.

A series of investigations was carried out on the products

formed between calcium sulfate and water (gypsum plaster).

The analytical techniques used involved scanning electron

microscopy, differential thermal analysis, and infrared

spectroscopy. The effects of additives on the setting

times and on the crystal morphology of hardened plaster were studied and a modified crystallization theory has

been proposed (321, 804, 805). The performance of plaster

can be improved through improvements in set regulating

additi ves.

Roofing

The Federal agencies with roofing problems and the roofing

industry, with which Cullen, the Bureau's leading roofing

expert, maintained close contact, looked to Gaithersburg

for technical support. NBS prepared guidelines and procurement criteria designed to avoid the expense of over- design as well as the cost (plus replacement inconvenience) of under-design (155, 328).

Studies addressed the chemistry of photooxidation of

coating grade roofing asphalts, hail resistance, insulation, slippage, membrane rheology, and roofing design

(300, 302, 344). The performance of roofing felts was investigated (119, 124, 303), and in a continuing study

of the chemistry of asphalt, an infrared spectroscopy

technique was developed and applied to the preparation

of coating grade asphalts.

10
Hail Damage

Hail causes enormous damage to roofing, especially in the

Great Plains where severe hailstorms are common. An NBS

study of the problem, which produced new measurement techniques and unique test equipment, e.g., a "hail gun" that

fires ice spheres to simulate hail impact damages at terminal and wind-driven velocities. This work established

a technical basis for performance criteria for roofing

and siding materials (123). The Bureau, supported in this

work by the Asphalt Roofing Manufacturers Association,

tested traditional as well as innovative roofing systems.

In addition, the use of the hail gun was expanded to

study the effects of hail on industrial and residential

siding.

Performance criteria for hail resistance were developed

in time to be applied to a massive housing experiment

of the Department of Housing and Urban Development

(HUD)--the soon-to-come Operation Breakthrough.

Standards Participation

Materials research findings were incorporated in voluntary

standards for roofing, sealants coatings, and flooring

systems. Findings in studies of bituminous built-up

roofing, the most widely used industrial roofing, were applied to a proposed ASTM standard. Additionally, a rapid, simple method for measuring viscosity and viscosity temperature relationships of asphalts was developed

and proposed as an ASTM standard.'

Arthur Hockman, a materials engineer, was prominent in stone and sealant activities of ASTM. The Federal specifications Hockman developed for sealants were adopted,

with minor modification, by countries around the world

England, Germany, Japan and Australia to name a few.

In fire research, an NBS-developed smoke density test

method achieved wide acceptance for measuring the quantity

of smoke generated by building materials and aircraft

interior finishes (322). The method was proposed to ASTM

and the National Fire Protection Association and was incorporated in many specifications and safety standards.

In addition, a large amount of technical data, associated

directly and indirectly with standard'-, was provided to

the Federal Fire Council, to national and international

organizations, and to building code authorities. These

activities, led by Irwin A. Benjamin, were concerned primarily with the life safety of building occupants, included

such subjects as alarms, detectors, sprinklers, extinguishers, elevators, surface f 1 amma bi 1 i ty , smoke movement,

and structural fire protection.

Proposed Method of Test for Coefficent of Linear Thermal

Expansion of Roofing and Waterproofing Membranes, 1 975

Annual Book of ASTM Standards , Part 15.

^^Proposed for publication in the 1977 Annual Book of

ASTM Standards .

11
Structures

Participation in Standards generating activities continued

at a high level in the late 1960s for structures researchers

as well. NBS's structural engineers served in the chair

of the American Standards Association''^ Committee A41

,

Design of Masonry, included Robert G. Mathey, Robert D. Dikkers, and Dr. Felix Y. Yokel. The contributions to

standards made by NBS professionals were based on considerable laboratory and theoretical work (133, 134).

Research in the area of masonry construction has been a continuing activity of the Division throughout its history.

It was one of the activities of the Structures Section

to experience little interruption in the move to

Gaithersburg.

The Bureau developed an analytical procedure for predicting the response of masonry wall systems to combined axial

and flexural loading. Predicted values correlated closely

with those obtained in physical testing. These findings

were disseminated to the professional community through

a number of publications.

The research effort was continued into the area of shear

walls on the belief that masonry design standards did

not recognize the beneficial effects of compressive loads

on the racking strength of masonry walls. Laboratorygenerated data, it was thought, would lead to improved

design procedures and more economical construction. Later

analysis of test results indicated it was possible to

predict ultimate failure loads by rational methods (495).

Investigations of the behavior of masonry structural systems were carried out in collaboration with the Structural

Clay Products Institute, the National Concrete Masonry

Association, and the Tri-Services Committee. Results were presented to standards-producing organizations such as the American Concrete Institute Committee 531 on Concrete

Masonry Structures. NBS personnel served on the technical committees of these organizations, sometimes chairing the committee, as with the American National Standards

Institute (ANSI) Committee A41 , Design of Masonry.

The same kind of standards participation marked loads

research, the Division serving as secretariat to ANSI

Committee A58 on Building Code Requirements for Minimum

Design Loads in Buildings and Other Structures. Again,

this work was directed toward more rational code provisions based on analysis of known conditions, as distinguished from those suggested by experience. During the

tenure of the A58 secretaryship by Division wind loads

specialist, Richard D. Marshall (130, 309, 310), the

Committee worked toward a new edition of ANSI A58.1 —

American National Standard: Building Load Requirements

for Minimum Design Loads in Buildings and Other Structures. This edition contained important changes.

^^Now the American National Standards Institute.

^ ^Now the Brick Institute of America.

12
The cooperative efforts of the Committee with the Environmental Data Service are reflected in the section on wind

loads which contains a major innovation--the concept of

varying wind load requirements both with the dynamic

properties of the structure and the nature of the terrain.

This enables the engineer to design structures with more uniform safety and therefore with greater economy. In the light of wind losses which yearly run between $500

million and $2.5 billion, the objective of reducing losses was attractive. (Mentioned in another section of A58.1 are works by James Bryson and Daniel Gross (116) involving

techniques for the study of live loads and fire loads

in office bui 1 dings.

)

But improved safety and economy of building is a structural research goal with many facets. Many aspects of

structural safety and economy were pursued upon settling

into the new research facilities. Studies were resumed

on prestressed T-beams constructed by the split-beam

method (131)--a technique of casting'the compressive portion of the beam after the web has been formed and

prestressed to effect an economy of materials.

Innovative concepts such as honeycomb core panels (143) were researched with a view to application by the military.

Also, performance studies were being made of devices

suitable for suspending loads from ceilings in commercial

and institutional buildings to optimize expensive floor

space utilization, but at safely designed load-carrying

capacities (142).

Precoordination

The concept of having a common dimensional module for

use by building designers and component manufacturers ha5 been a source of long but sporadic interest on the part

of the building community. ANSI Committee A62, Precoordination of Building Components and Systems, was re-activated in 1966 with NBS serving as secretariat. The com- mittee's major objective was to "establish, through

national standards, a fundamental theory of coordination

which will serve as a format for the application of

industrial efficiencies within the building process."

NBS' role with A62 was in a sense a pilot function undertaken with the hope that industry would assume secretariat

responsibilities. This was not to occur, and the Bureau

eventually terminated its support. As metrication became

a more likely prospect for the United States, and as the

relationship between metrication and dimensional coordination became pronounced, the principles of coordination

were to re-emerge in the mid-1970s with new promise.

Heat Release Calorimeter

Why and how buildings withstand the effects of fire has

long been a research subject at NBS. Early on it was found that the severity of a building fire depended on the amount of heat produced by the burning of its com- bustible elements and contents. If these materials gave

13
off small amounts of heat at a slow rate, the fire would

be less severe than if the materials quickly generated

large amounts of heat. Thus the measurement of the quantity and rate of heat released by building materials

under fire conditions became a major objective.

A heat release calorimeter was developed to measure the

rate at which heat is released from burning materials

under carefully controlled exposure conditions.

Reference Laboratory

There are two materials reference laboratories at the

National Bureau of Standards; the Cement and Concrete

Reference Laboratory (CCRL) sponsored by the American

Society for Testing and Materials and the AASHTO Materials

Reference Laboratory (AMRL) sponsored by the American

Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

Both of these organizations were housed with the Building

Research Division until the late 1960s but have since been

located elsewhere in the Institute for Applied Technology

(now reorganized into the National Engineering Laboratory).

The principal function of CCRL is to promote uniformity

in the testing of hydraulic cement and hydraulic cement

concrete in materials testing laboratories throughout the

United States and Canada. The principal function of AMRL

is to promote uniformity in the testing of soils,

bituminous materials, and bituminous concrete in primary

state and federal transportation materials testing laboratories throughout the United States.

By 1970, CCRL had completed 17 tours of the over 400

participating laboratories and had distributed 30 proficiency test samples of portland cement. It's personnel were

actively serving on ASTM committees and the American Concrete Institute, and for over 40 years had performed major

secretarial work of ASTM Committee C-1 on Cement and had

served as the liasion representative of this committee

with serveral other ASTM committees.

AMRL had completed three inspection tours of laboratories

and had implemented proficiency sample programs to test

aggregates, soils, and bituminous materials. Staff

members were actively participating in several ASTM

committees and were steadily contributing to improving

AASHTO specifications and methods of test for materials

used in construction of highways and other transportation facilities.

Electrical Codes

Again in support of the nation's voluntary system of

standards, NBS for 60 years--from 1913 to 1973--served

as secretariat to the National Electrical Safety Code

effort, which operates under ANSI procedures. Under the

leadership of NBS, three of the electrical code's four

parts were updated and the fourth was well along in its

recasting at the time of the secretariat transfer to the

Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers.

14
NBS personnel —notably William Meese--also contributed to

the National Electrical Code developed under the auspices

of the National Fire Protection Association. This code

ANSI CI, is primarily concerned with the installation of

wiring and electrical equipment in buildings.

The Importance of Testing

A 1968 event which was to mean much for the Division's

immediate future took place in the structures laboratory.

It illustrated the Division's ability to respond within

a matter of weeks to a real-world problem faced by HUD,

and it was probably influential in HUD's turning to the

Bureau for technical support in Operation Breakthrough.

The event was Project Phoenix (125).

"Phoenix" was the name of a Detroit housing project undertaken in the aftermath of ghetto rioting. The project

was to use an innovative building system of factory-made

pre-cast concrete components assembled at the site to

create a structural framework. The system involved a number of departures from conventional building practices,

its developer mindful of HUD's admonition that each additional $100 in the cost of a house prices some 15,000

American families out of the market.

In conventional structural practice the design usually

depends solely on the building's framework to provide

strength and stiffness. The developer of the Phoenix

system also took into account the structural contribution of walls and partitions.

Detroit's commissioner of buildings, however, could not credit these "skin" components with a structural contribution. HUD, meanwhile, was eager to have the project

built and held discussions with the City of Detroit for more than a year. Finally it was agreed to test the

system's overall performance to determine whether it met the code requirements. The Building Research Division

was chosen to perform the tests.

The housing system was erected on the tie-down floor of the

Division's main structures testing laboratory. Hydraulic

rams and pneumatic air bags were used to simulate loadings.

Expressing the Detroit building code load requirements

in terms of people, research engineers found that a 3.7

by 6 m (12 by 20 ft.) room would have to support a load

comparable to 240 persons, in itself a decidedly stern

requirement. But the laboratory test showed the floor

capable of supporting 540 persons, at which point the

test had to be terminated due to the failure of one of

the air bags used in loading.

As for lateral loading, the structure had to resist the

equivalent of about a 40 m/s (90 mph) wind. The fullscale tests were discontinued when a wind load equivalent

of a 67 m/s (150 mph) was reached; the test structure

was experiencing excessive uplift rather than internal

structural damage.

15
The tests showed that with skins in place, the innovative

system easily met the intent of the building code. They

also yielded more knowledge about the structural behavior

of buildings and the part played by "non-structural" components. The City of Detroit granted a waiver from its

building code, permitting the system to be used.

The Phoenix testing took five weeks. It demonstrated both

NBS's capability for short -deadl i ne laboratory support and

the kind of measurement necessary to advance the perfor- mance concept in building.

16
CHAPTER 3

THE PERFORMANCE CONCEPT

The performance approach accentuates function. Since

buildings serve people and their activities, function is

defined by the attributes necessary to satisfy human

requirements. The means of delivering attributes is left

open. It is in this way that the builder or the supplier

of building components is invited to innovate—and indeed,

the encouragement of innovation (and the corollary avoidance of overregulation) is soiretimes cited as the reason for being of the performance approach.' But the philosophy

of performance puts its principal emphasis on the satisfaction of human requirements.

The Building Research Division addressed not only the

theory of performance, but its practical application as well. It had gained the interest of the Office of Urban

Technology and Research in the Department of Housing

and Urban Development (HUD). The Department joi ned with

the Division in funding a preliminary study on how the

performance concept might be applied to housing.

Housing has long been a research concern at NBS. The

first organizational unit established specifically for

building research at NBS was named the Division for Housing and Building Technology. That was in 1922.

The HUD/NBS performance-in-housing project sought to

identify the knowledge gaps that had to be filled to

develop a practical set of performance standards. It sought the formulation of impartial, innovation-inducing

standards to replace the prescriptive "cookbook" provisions blamed for needlessly constraining building technology. "It is hypothesized that if adequate performance

standards for low-cost housing could be developed, and

if they were broadly used," explained the study agreement

with HUD, "an important and fundamental way would have

been opened to accommodate the introduction of costreducing innovations into the design of low-cost

housing. "

'

The words "if. . .broadly used" went beyond "economies of

technology." Clearly they suggested scale (mass production) economies as well.

The study probed an idea--perf ormance-that, while hardly

pervasive, was not entirely novel, either. As early as the 1930s the Building Research Station in Great Britain

Now the Office of Policy Development and Research

'^Eberhard, J. P., The Performance Concept: A Study of

Its Application to Housing , Preface, National Bureau of

Standards, Washington, D.C. 20234 (1969).

17
proposed that health and safety considerations be couched

in performance terms. A 1938 NBS publication noted that

"adequate performance requirements of nationwide acceptance would facilitate the rapid development of new, better- and, it is hoped, cheaper methods of construction." NBS' George N. Thompson in a 1949 paper urged

the judicious application of performance in building code

formulation and cited advantages to this approach.

France, South Africa, and the Nordic countries over the

years also made important contributions to the concept

and its application.

The first project to use performance requirements in the

United States was directed by Ezra Ehrenkrantz. This was the School Construction System Development project, which

Ehrenkrantz, who had had previous experience in building

systems in Great Britain, began in 1961.

"System," a word often associated with the performance

approach, derives from two sources. It comes from building systems --the dimensional and functional coordination

of the subsystems of a building which when assembled

deliver specified attributes, and from operations

research or systems analysis.

While it is generally held that the performance approach

and systems analysis are separate and distinct, the two

methodologies hold much in common. Both seek a high

degree of problem definition; both reject unquestioning

adoption of conventional solutions; both seek out and

entertain the widest srray of possible solutions; both

apply an evaluative routine to potential solutions; both

emphasize feedback in order that future solutions can benefit from earlier experience; both insist on procedurally organized methods; and both insist philosophically on a comprehensive view of the problem and an openended range of possible solutions.

The Division in 1968 held a conference for the building

community on the theme, "Performance of Bui 1 dings--Concept and Measurement; Man and His Shelter" (101). The

conference and its proceedings not only advanced the performance concept but had the effect of spreading the word

that the Division welcomed new challenges, especially

those that would permit it to move from its traditional

materials-testing preoccupation to performance standards

for buildings.

1

8

Wright, J.R., "The Performance Approach: History and

Status," Performance Concept in Buildings , Vol. 2, Special

Publication 361, National Bureau of Standards, Washington,

D.C. 20234 (1972).

1

9

' Whittemore, H.L., and Stang, A.H., Methods of Determin - ing the Structural Properties of Low-Cost House Constructions . Building Materials and Structures 2, National Bureau of

Standards, Washington, D.C. 20234 (1938).

on^""Thompson, George N., Preparation and Revision of Build - ing Codes , Building Materials and Structures 119, National

Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. 20234 (1949).

18
Significantly, the sub-title of this notable conference

began not with sticks and stones but with "Man." The

Division was convinced that building research must involve not only physical scientists and engineers but

social scientists, research architects, economists, urban

planners, and "those who have the specific task of getting results put into practice," i.e., those who understood the needs of the appliers of building technology

and of the regul ators--the building code officials principally--of this technology.

At HUD, meanwhile. Secretary George Romney was equally

convinced that the rationalized and coordinated mass-production techniques of the automobile industry from which

he had come could be transferred to homebu ildi ng. Romney

wanted to achieve a "break through" to innovative, industrialized housing. And so, "Operation Breakthrough."

An Operation Breakthrough Request for Proposals , distributed in the summer of 1969 yielded 632 proposals from

a wide range of industrial and professional firms and

consortia. From these proposals, 22 housing system producers were chosen to participate in the largest housing

prototype demonstration program ever conducted in the

United States.

HUD's new Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology, Harold B. Finger, told the Bureau in late 1969 that

HUD, "in order to establish testing requirements, performance criteria, and the validity of testing procedures

and results," required the "advisory, consultative, and

operating services of the National Bureau of Standards."

Pilot funding followed to enable NBS building researchers

to begin work on Operation Breakthrough.

The Division had a clear idea of how to proceed. Its immediate objective was the development of a comprehensive set of performance criteria for the design and evaluation of the entire range of the 22 housing systems

selected. A December 22, 1969, meeting between HUD, NBS,

and the National Academy of Sciences indicated that the

Division would manage the "evaluation program" for Operation Breakthrough and would develop the performance criteria necessary for evaluati on--by February 1, 1970.

An interdisciplinary Operation Breakthrough team was

formed, its members representing every Section and discipline within the Division. Dr. Edward 0. Pfrang, then

Chief of the Structures Section, was appointed program

manager and Vannie E. Gray, a chemist, was named assistant manager.

Planning for the task of developing a comprehensive set

of performance criteria was constrained by the tight

schedule imposed on the Division. The development of the

criteria in so short a time required disciplined procedures and an ordered framework. It was decided to structure the criteria according to a matrix (707). One

axis on the two-dimensional matrix represented the built

^Vhe selection panel included two NBS staff members,

Paul Reece Achenbach and Thomas Ware. 19
elements and the other the attributes necessary to serve the user. The intersection of each built element with

each attribute was examined in the formulation of performance statements. The matrix also provided a way of

organizing these as provisions of the resulting perfor- mance specification.

Built elements were lettered and attributes were numbered. The built element "structure" (A) and the attribute "fire safety" (4) formed the intercept A-4. Here

could be found all performance statements bearing on the

structural/fire safety interrelationship.

Operation Breakthrough activities for a time tended to

eclipse many of the Division's other research activities.

The conduct of the entire evaluation effort —which was founded on the criteria —proved an absorbing, significant, and meaningful responsibility.

Any assessment of the Division's contribution to housing

via Operation Breakthrough on the one hand depends on the value of the program itself, and on the other on the quality of the Division's technical support irrespective of Breakthrough's merits.

To Harold Finger the question of Breakthrough's success

was beyond dispute. Three years after the program's

launching Finger declared: "Our goal was to accelerate

the rate of change, of improvement in housing, to encourage innovation in housing systems, in land planning, and

in providing opportunities for all people to live in wel 1 -desi gned communities. In this short time we have

accomplished much of what we set out to do, and in many

areas we have accomplished more than we expected. We have

broken through many of„the constraints to the improvements we are seeking.'

Finger ascribed to Operation Breakthrough a large measure

of credit for the industrialized housing laws or general

purpose building codes adopted by 20 States in the first

years of Operation Breakthrough.

Certainly the development of performance criteria for

Operation Breakthrough was considered an enduring technical achievement. These criteria were published in four

volumes covering as many kinds of housing--single-f ami ly

detached, single-family attached, multi-family low-rise,

and multi -family high-rise. Entitled Guide Criteria for

the Design and Evaluation of Operation Breakthrough

Housing Systems (704) they have influenced building

codes, standards used by HUD, and indeed the perspective

at NBS with respect to performance and prescription.

The experience of working with new materials and techniques, the opportunity to challenge state-of-the-art

technology, and most of all, the greater engagement in

real -world problems afforded by Breakthrough, stimulated

and redirected building research at Gaithersburg.

'^'^Foster, B.E., Performance Concept in Buildings, Vol. 2 , Special Publication 361, p. 819, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. 20234 (1972).

20
The performance criteria in addition to health and safety

cons'derations also included issues of durability and

livability. Durability and livability had to be addressed

since the innovative systems in question had not undergone the test of time or marketplace. Moreover, Operation Breakthrough sought not only safe and healthful

housing but housing of improved quality (715).

The Breakthrough team aimed at achieving at least that

level of health and safety intended by the codes. "Tar- gets of opportunity" having high payoff also were incorporated, an example being smoke detection. The Breakthrough criteria called for smoke detectors on a much

broader scale than did most regulatory jurisdictions. In general, considerable attention was paid to life safety,

the Breakthrough team believing that historically regulations placed too little emphasis on protecting housing

occupants compared with the stress on protecting property.

It was necessary to identify and measure inherent but

unexpressed attributes in conventional housing in order

to ensure their presence in innovative housing. For example, for the first time attention was given to the fire

safety of innovative materials and construction techniques for single-family residences. Never before had

building codes prescribed fire endurance requirements

for flooring and wall assemblies, or smoke generation

limitations for interior finish materials, or smoke

detectors. Since the criteria sought a level of safety

at least the equal of that found in conventional con- struction (708), researchers had to first define and

quantify conventional technology in order that the Operation Breakthrough criteria could be assigned commensurate

values (312).

The Guide Criteria for the Design and Evaluation of

Operation Breakthrough Housing Systems was one of two major performance documents generated at NBS. The other

was the PBS Performance Specification for Office Buildings . The Public Buildings Service (PBS) in the General Services

Administration funded the specification in an effort to achieve better government office buildings and to generally

advance systems know-how in the building community.

Arthur F. Sampson, PBS Commissioner, said in 1971: "This new approach to the design and construction process presents a challenge which must be accepted in order to ensure continuing excellence in Federal and private building con- struction. "

The specification was a product of the Building Systems

Section which was headed by Robert Blake and which

counted among its staff systems and performance thinkers,

Michael Brill, Thomas E. Ware, and David B. Hattis (700),

It was developed for three payment centers of the Social

Security Administration. Earmarked for San Francisco,

Philadelphia, and Chicago, the buildings' combined cost was estimated at $110 million.

The performance specification envisaged buildings in part

designed and constructed by conventional techniques and

in part designed, manufactured , and assembled by coor- dinated (system) methods. Procurement provisions of the

21
system portions are stated clearly in performance terms

rather than in the particular technologies of pre-existing

models. The specification is aimed at any or all of

the following advantages: increased building quality,

decreased building costs, and more efficient construction

management techniques.

The specification addresses the volumetric portion of the

building, the portion that houses the building's operational reason-f or-being as distinct from ancillary

spaces, e.g., spaces serving circulation or special-purpose functions, seven of the major elements of the work

space: structural frame, HVAC equipment (ductwork, and

through a later PBS revision, air-handling equipment),

electrical and telephone distribution, lighting fixtures,

finished floors, finished ceilings, and partitions.

The performance specification changes the process of

building and introduces a new participant--the executive

architect. It is the executive architect's responsibility to define the roles of all participants and to maintain open lines of communication between them. The specification encourages the offsite manufacture of coordinated

subsystems, this to replace the traditional in-situ,

piece-by-piece assembly of the building.

Additionally, the systems building approach with its

through-process management "pulls the parts together"

within government, countering a tendency of the building

process to segment along functional lines--site acquisition, space requirements, design, construction, etc.

Finally, it raises such ideas as life-cycle costing from

conceptual to application levels. PBS undertook the

development of bid equalization factors so that proposals

with attractive first costs--but high maintenance and

operating costs —would not necessarily win in the bidding.

This is a stark departure from customary practice in an industry dominated by first costs. Moreover, as the cost dynamics in energy became felt, bid proposals were

required to be energy sensitive as well as cost descriptive in relation to time.

Two of the three Social Security payment centers were

completed by the mid-1970s and the third was under construction. PBS was also applying the specification to

two more Social Security buildings in Baltimore with an estimated total cost of $61 million. PBS found that

the construction process was speeded up and that the

office work environments which resulted were superior to

those of conventional construction. Costs were within

estimates but did not lend themselves to comparison with

conventional construction because of the complicating

life-cycle aspect.

?3 Conversation with James Parksen, Chief, Criteria and Research

Branch, Professional Services Division, PBS. 22
CHAPTER 4

WORKING WITH THE STATES

An NBS building technologist was in Madison, Wis., his

day's business at the Forest Products Laboratory completed. It was 1967, and in spite of his having participated in a major building codes study conducted by the

Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations, he

had in mind no particular thoughts on the subject of

building regulation. The technologist, Charles T. Mahaffey, was in Madison on other business.

He met by chance an official of the NBS Office of Weights

and Measures who that night was to meet with a group

from the National Conference on Weights and Measures, and

he was invited to attend the session as an observer.

The cordial but effective nature of meeting with the

State representatives impressed Mahaffey. On his return

to Gaithersburg he asked Dr. A. Allan Bates, then Chief

of the Building Research Division (BRD), to consider

formal interaction with the States on the subject of

building regulation. Bates first wanted to determine if

the States were interested. A telephone survey of 10 representative States was conducted; it revealed a distinct enthusiasm for the idea.

A month later officials of the States met in a two-day

session with NBS staff members. The morning went well,

but it was at a noon luncheon with NBS Director Allen

V. Astin that the State representatives developed an approving attitude toward the National Bureau of Standards. Astin's low-key style and candid manner, but most

of all his insistence that NBS's offer of help was on condition that the States assume the leadership role,

offset worries over Federal pre-emption.

Among the State representatives on hand was Gene A. Rowland, one of three Commissioners in the Wisconsin

Department of Industry, Labor, and Human Relations.

Rowland was keenly interested in the notion of interstate

cooperation on building regulation; he asked the Governor

of Wisconsin to host a meeting of all States. That meeting was held in the fall of 1967.

It should be noted here that building regulation in the

United States is, in principle, a State prerogative.

However, the actual regulation of buildings has been

carried out for the most part by the towns and cities.

This localism in regulation stems from two facts. One

is that the building enterprise itself was once exclusively local, and the other is that building regulation

is a civic matter drawing from the conflagrative and

hygienic implications of human settlements, i.e., from

the close proximity of one building with other buildings.

In short, building was a. local enterprise and its regulation a communal concern. 23
But as the enterprise began to take on a more intercity

and even interstate character, the problem of local

building codes, often in conflict with one another,

required examination. The in-depth study of the Advisory

Commission on Intergovernmental Relations produced 11 remedial recommendations, seven of which required some concerted action by the States.

The 1967 Wisconsin meeting resulted in the formation of

the National Conference of States on Building Codes and

Standards (NCSBCS). The Conference is primarily composed

of State officials who have been appointed by their gov- ernors as delegates to NCSBCS. Its purpose is to provide

a forum to discuss mutual problems and to promote statewide and national uniformity in building codes and enforcement practices. Two months later the BRD's Codes and Standards Section became the Secretariat to NCSBCS. At about

the same time. Gene Rowland, having just completed the

reorganization of the building codes section in Wisconsin's

Industry, Labor, and Human Relations Department, left his

State post to become Chief of the Codes and Standards

Section at the Building Research Division. Rowland at the time was serving as NCSBCS' first chairman.

The first annual meeting of NCSBCS was held at NBS on May 6-7, 1968. This meeting was for the purpose of

establishing objectives, approving the proposed organizational structure, electing officers and committee members, and outlining NCSBCS' initial programmatic directions.

In 1969 the organization's constitution and by-laws were

approved by 36 States at NCSBCS' second annual meeting,

in Hollywood Beach, Fla. The next year all 50 States,

the District of Columbia, and tv/o territories through

their respective governors' offices endorsed the concept

and scope of NCSBCS and named delegates to the body.

While depicted as a forum for the discussion and resolution of problems, NCSBCS in the final analysis was designed to counter the proliferation of building code

jurisdictions with their varying requirements. These

jurisdictions numbered at least 12,000 with a potential

of thousands more.

Not only do code requirements differ from one jurisdiction to another, but so do jurisdictional interpretations

of common requirements. Additional differences are found

in the administrative practices of regulatory agencies.

This situation was seen as an impediment to the realization of "the two economies"--an economy of scale and an economy of technology. So fragmented a regulatory overlay upon what otherv/ise might be a cohesi ve--and sizeable--market discouraged the development of innovative

building products.

"Building Codes: A Program for Intergovernmental Reform,"

Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations,

Washington, D.C., January 1966.

24
tive technologies made little sense in the absence of

an evaluation and acceptance system to guarantee markets

of investment-worthy size.

NCSBCS established standing committees each of which was

to meet at regular intervals and each of which was assigned an NBS staff member for support. Several joint

NBS/NCSBCS projects were undertaken at first, followed

by an ambitious, NBS-funded research program launched on NCSBCS' behalf.

NCSBCS influenced the passage of state-wide regulatory

legislation as did the Operation Breakthrough program of

the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD).

Both HUD and NCSBCS had a telling influence on greater

intrastate uniformity in the regulation of buildings,

especially industrialized buildings.

Enhancing the climate for new technology has been the

intent of the Bureau's service to NCSBCS. This service

enables the States to describe more uniformly their regulatory requirements and to more accurately evaluate new construction materials and techniques, paving the way for

the natural evolution of a market area sufficiently large

and rewarding to stimulate industrial innovation. In turn, the consumer's choice range is widened. It is the consumer who is the ultimate beneficiary of an improved

regulatory climate.

It was as the Bureau maintained this "relatively modest

but high priority" program with the States that Secretary

of Commerce Maurice Stans asked for a status report on the program and for suggestions on what might be done to

"accelerate" it. The report, prepared by the Bureau,

noted that NCSBCS had asked for support in the development of 1) laboratory accreditation procedures, 2) a coordinated system for evaluating and processing building innovations, and 3) model legislation on the regulation of buildings.

Funds were made available for all three. Thus were born

the Laboratory Evaluation and Accreditation Program

(LEAP), the Coordinated Evaluation System (CES), and the

model legislation effort.

With the full support of the Bureau, NCSBCS grew in both

status and financial resources, achieving a maturity

which suggested that the NBS secretariat role need not be extended beyond 1976. A close association with

NCSBCS was expected to continue. The Bureau will provide

support as appropriate within the scope of the NBS

mission. Meantime, a legacy of significant programs

conducted by the Bureau for NCSBCS testifies to the close

NCSBCS-NBS alliance. These programs included a Laboratory

Evaluation and Accreditation Program (LEAP), a Coordinated

Evaluation System (CES), model enabling legislation, and

the development of criteria for energy conservation in new bui 1 di ngs (462)

.

25
LEAP

The Laboratory Evaluation and Accreditation Program had

as its backdrop a trend toward greater industrialization

through State-level certification of manufactured buildings and toward interstate reciprocity in the certification of buildings and components. The caliber of the

laboratories and agencies performing the evaluating and

compliance assurance functions for manufactured buildings was subject to some question, however. A way of

assessing the capabilities of these organizations on a uniform, interstate basis was needed if evaluations made

by one State were to be confidently accepted by another.

NCSBCS in 1970 asked the Bureau to develop a program

to accredit laboratories. The need for such a program

was recognized and NBS initiated LEAP in January, 1971.

LEAP under the leadership of James 0. Bryson produced

four research reports which NCSBCS and NBS turned over

to ASTM for processing as national consensus standards.

Two ASTM committees, E32 Criteria for Evaluating Agencies

Concerned with Systems Analysis, Testing, and/or Compliance Assurance of Manufactured Buildings, and E36 Criteria for the Evaluation of Testing and/or Inspection

Agencies, were established to process the documents. The

E32 Committee produced a standard which in time (1975) was to win consensus agreement —ASTM E541 Criteria for

Evaluating Agencies Engaged in Systems Analysis and Compliance Assurance for Manufactured Building. The E36

Committee, meanwhile, pressed ahead with the development

of generic criteria for the evaluation of testing laboratories.

Using LEAP evaluation criteria and methodology, pilot

efforts were undertaken by the States of Massachusetts

and Maryland to demonstrate the benefits of a LEAP approach to building regulation. The results of these

demonstrations, along with the on-going deliberations of

the ASTM committees, were expected to advance the industrialization of the building process as was the Coordinated Evaluation System (CES) project.

CES

The CES project was directed toward the fostering of

regional or national markets through consistency of procedures and documentation. Headed by Robert D. Dikkers,

CES was undertaken in response to two requests, one from

NCSBCS and another from the Executive Office of the President. Its purpose was to develop, in conjunction with the

States, consistent informational documents as a means of

facilitating the acceptance of new technology (327).

Among the project's products was a four-volume preliminary

report entitled. Model Documents for the Evaluation,

Approval and Inspection of Manufactured Building (172)

.

26
This and other output from the project were endorsed by

NCSBCS and adopted for use by several States and a number

of independent laboratories (342).

The National Conference of States on Building Codes and

Standards and NBS agreed that model legislation in cer- tain building-related areas was needed. NCSBCS and NBS

began the development of the models out of an awareness

of the multiplicity of proposals before State legislatures and of the need to upgrade building code programs.

NBS formed four balanced working groups to develop as many legislative models —a Manufactured Building Act,

Mobile Home Act, State Building Code Act, and a Registration of Code Enforcement Officers Act. These groups were comprised of representatives of industry. States, local

governments, model codes, the Federal Government and the

general public. The models were endorsed by NCSBCS and

all but the Registration of Code Enforcement Officers Act were included in the 1974 Suggested State Legislation

package of the Council of State Governments, the Council

believing that additional research was needed on the subject of registration. Several States have used the models

in developing their own legislation.

NBS' work in support of NCSBCS has drawn it close to—but

not into—the arena of building regulation. Building

regulation is the function of the States and their political subdivisions.

27

CHAPTER 5

BUILDING RESEARCH ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN THE

EARLY 1970's

Building research at NBS in the first years of the 1970s

began to consciously address user needs and energyrelated technologies, but the majority of investigations

involved traditional mechanical, structural, and materials concerns.

Plumbing

Long-range plumbing studies contributed to the development of criteria and methods for the performance evaluation of innovative materials for fixtures and piping.

These studies also contributed to the protocol for

hydraulic performance evaluations of innovative systems

(141). New laboratory capabilities made possible the

measurement of typical dynamic transient processes, a significant advance in the measurement technology in this field. Plumbing research prior to the establishment

of these new capabilities was conducted largely with

instrumentation more suitable for non-typical static or continuous-flow conditions (209).

Development of a procedure for measuring and reporting

the essential hydraulic characteristics of plumbing fixtures and appliances was undertaken. Also, studies were conducted to examine the conditions under which plastic

pipe may be used in wall and chase constructions with

fire requirements appropriate for the safety of occupants

and the protection of of property (167, 169).

Reduced-Sized Venting

This project was directed toward the potential for using

smaller--and thus less costly--vent pipes in drain-wastevent systems. Potential savings are estimated at between

$46 and $125 per dwelling depending on the configuration

of the plumbing system and the plumbing code in the

jurisdiction of its location. The laboratory research

showed that traditional dry vent sizing procedures are unnecessarily restrictive for one- and two-story residential applications (149, 944, 945, 946).

The performance criteria adopted for this work and the

sizing procedures derived from it provided adequate

assurance against the emission of sewer gases or sewage

into the building. This was accomplished through design

procedures taking into account retention of adequate

water seals in the plumbing fixture traps and limitation

of pneumatic pressure fluctuations in the drains connecting to the traps.

29
I ne economic benefits are derived from the use of pipes

and fittings (for dry vent lines) that are usually two

to four commercial pipe sizes smaller than those ordinarily used, i.e., those required by plumbing codes. Fur- ther economic benefits are gained through labor savings

and reduced values in overhead and profit factoring by

plumbing contractors. The design methods derived from

this work were recommended for application in any one- or two-story residential drain-waste-vent system, the

"wet" piping of which complies with at least one of the

model plumbing codes.

Work in reduced-size venting was carried out in the mid1960s under the sponsorship of the National Association

of Home Builders. Criteria generated in these studies were improved and expanded in work undertaken for the

military services in the early 1970s by Robert S. Wyly

and colleagues. This work confirmed the potential for

reduced-size venting and pointed the way to field trials.

It also provided criteria to code groups considering

changes in venting requirements.

Mobile Homes

Manufactured housing, including most notably the mobile

home, became an NBS research subject of major importance

in the 1970s. Millions of Americans were turning to this

form of shelter. By 1971 mobile homes accounted for 70

percent of the under $20,000 market in America. By 1974,

with the average cost of a furnished unit still under

$10,000, mobile homes claimed 90 percent of this market

sector. Indeed, by 1974 mobile homes were accounting

for 20 percent of all new housing in the United States

irrespective of cost.

i9i PH!* 1

1

The effectiveness of mobile homes in providing safe, adequate, and low-cost shelter was questioned, however, by consumer groups, members of Congress, and others. In a project sponsored by HUD, building researchers sought to

identify the performance problems of mobile homes, and

to link these with the provisions of the ANSI A119.1

Standard for Mobile Homes as well as the practices of

regulatory and mortgage insurance institutions (486, 493,

494). More than 30,000 problems were identified in the

4105 mobile homes evaluated during the study. Most of

these units were purchased by HUD for Wi Ikes-Barre, Pa.,

families made homeless by the 1972 Hurricane Agnes

di saster.

Seven mobile home projects were in progress at one time,

including a study of the States' regulatory programs on mobile homes (492). Many of these projects were in support

of hud's Congressional mandate to produce a Federal mobile

home construction standard.

At the same time, NBS was studying fire safety in mobile

homes. Full-scale tests were conducted to determine fire

spread in mobile home kitchen areas and corridors. In addition, a project was started to determine where

30
smoke detectors should^e placed to achieve the best performance. The results were supplied to the mobile home

industry and to HUD for use in its mobile home standard.

Floor Coverings

Technical investigations of flooring materials, conducted

at NBS for more than 40 years, have been concentrated in

the areas of wear and slip resistance. A major problem

of resurfacing concrete floors has been the surface con- tamination of the concrete. When flooring materials were

used to renovate the concrete surface, premature failures

resulted (806). A study of this problem suggested remedial

procedures and materials to prevent premature failure.

Studies were also conducted on the performance characteristics of monolithic flooring systems (338). Performance

criteria were developed and applied in cooperative programs with the American National Standards Institute

(ANSI) and the American Society for Testing and Materials

(ASTM). Both organizations recognized the need for performance standards for floor coverings, particularly in

terms of slip resistance and wear. Research findings also were applied through consultative and advisory services

to other Federal agencies, manufacturers, and the public

(329, 339, 808).

Additionally, floor coverings were examined from a fire

standpoint. In full-scale fire tests in corridors,

researchers observed that floor coverings, responding to

heat radiated from the corridor ceiling, could cause

flames to spread rapidly. A test method was developed

for simulating the level of heat radiating from ceiling

to floor. Called the flooring radiant panel test, it

is used (at the Center for Fire Research and elsewhere

in the Federal government) to predict the fire perfor- mance of flooring when exposed to varying intensities of

radiant heat occurring in corridor fires. The test is

going through the process of becoming an ASTM test method.

Joint Sealants

Many problems of leakage through building joints accompany present building design and practice. Such leakage

causes damage and reduces the efficiency of heating and

cooling systems. Some 40 test methods for evaluating

improved sealants were developed in cooperation with ASTM

and the American Concrete Institute. Performance criteria

N BSIR 75-788 Evaluation of the Fire Hazard in a Mobile

Home Resulting from an Ignition on the Kitchen Range;

NBSIR 76-1016 Mobile Home Smoke Detector Siting Study;

and NBSIR

"76^1Q21 Fire Spread Along a Mobile Home Corridor.

31
were developed and incorporated in widely-used Federal

specifications for sealants and caulkings. Also, the

recommendations of studies to improve joint design were incorporated in Joint Sealants in Aluminum Curtain Walls , a publication of the Architectural Aluminum Manufacturers' Association.

Several theories were proposed in an attempt to explain

the phenomenon of adhesion and adhesive failure, and surface studies were conducted to elucidate the mechanism

of sealant failure. Study methods included photon activation analysis, neutron activation analysis, and scanning electron microscopy.

Activation analysis indicated merit in the absorption

theory of adhesion. It was found that what appeared to

be adhesion failure may actually have been cohesion failure in the sealant (808). The results of this study have

been applied in the formulation of performance criteria

and in the solution of adhesive failures in sandwich

panel construction (151 , 409).

Reinforcing Bar Coatings

The premature deterioration of concrete bridge decks has

been a major concern of highway authorities. Much of this

deterioration has been attributed to the corrosion of

steel reinforcing bars caused by chloride ions from

'de-icing salts. Spray-applied, powdered epoxy coatings were identified as being promising coating materials for

corrosion protection of reinforcing steel. Test methods

and performance criteria were developed to assess their

performance. This work is expected to have direct application to concrete buildings subject to reinforcing bar

corrosion--reinforced concrete parking garages which

inherit de-icing salts from roadways, buildings in marine

environments, and industrial buildings subject to reinforcing bar corrosion (164, 452).

Disaster iViitigation

Hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, and earthquakes each year

inflict on the United States untold human suffering and

^ TT-S-00227E (COM-MBS), Sealing Compound: Elastomeric

Type, Multi -Component (for Caulking, Sealing, and Glazing

in Buildings and Other Structures); TT-S-001543A (COM-NBS),

Sealing Compounds: Silicone Rubber Base (for Caulking,

Sealing, and Glazing in Buildings and Other Structures);

TT-S-00230C (COM-NBS), Sealing Compound: Elastomeric Type,

Single Component (for Caulking, Sealing and Glazing in

Buildings and Other Structures); TT-S001657 (COM-NBS),

Sealing Compound--Si ngle Component, Butyl Rubber Based,

Solvent Release Type (for Buildings and Other Types of

Construction); and TT-C-00598C (COM-NBS), Caulking

Compound, Oil and Resin Base Type (for Building Construction) . 32
property damages averaging billions of dollars (140, 308,

310). In Hurricane Agnes alone, property losses exceeded

$2 billion. These losses were multiplied many times over

by disruptions of commerce.

The research program to mitigate life and property losses,

headed by Dr. Charles Culver, included laboratory studies

to improve building practices in disaster-prone areas,

but much stress was placed on field investigations. The

field efforts emphasized safety evaluations of surviving

buildings, postdisaster emergency measures, evaluation of

the performance of bui ldings--good as well as bad--under

abnormal stress, and more reliable measurements of buildings' responses to extreme forces (161, 472, 505, 853,

857, 887). The combined field/laboratory approach was directed toward improved design.

Field work sometimes included on-the-spot advice such as that given in 1967 to some 5,000 Alaskan families whose

homes were damaged by the flooding Chena River. Because

they were advised to thoroughly dry out their homes

before the imminent freeze of the long Alaskan winter,

these families were able to resume normal home life and were spared an estimated $5 million in frost damages (735).

Among other disasters investigated were Hurricane Camille

in 1969 (310), the Lubbock, Tex., tornado of 1970 (308),

the 1971 San Fernando earthquake (140), the Managua,

Nicaragua, earthquake of 1972 (334), the Military Personnel Records Center Fire in St. Louis in 1973 (845), and

the 1973 collapse of the Skyline Towers apartment building under construction at Bailey's Crossroads, Va. (439).

The report on the San Fernando earthquake included 17 recommendations for improving the seismic resistance of

buildi ngs.

The National Science Foundation (NSF) under its Research

Applied to National Needs program, the Department of

Housing and Urban Development (HUD), the Office of Emergency Preparedness, and NBS in 1972 planned a cooperative

Federal program on Building Practices for Disaster Mitigation. The NSF and NBS in the same year conducted a workshop to develop a national plan for disaster mitigation activities. A cross-sectional sample of highlevel

experts of the building community participated in the

workshop in synthesizing state-of-the-art building practices (146).

Seventy-one recommendations resulted from the workshop.

They were grouped into two categories: policies and practices. The former were directed toward government and

the financial and insurance communities. The latter were directed toward professional practitioners, standards

writers, and researchers. The recommendations were published along with 15 technical papers presented by

experts. Activities in implementing the recommendations

have begun.

The Defense Civil Preparedness Agency (DCPA), requested

the Center to develop a methodology for surveying and

evaluating existing buildings to determine risks of damage under natural disaster conditions. The project devel33
oped procedures for evaluating the safety of existing

buildings from wind and seismic forces. The DCPA is using

the procedures, as are the General Services Administration and a number of design professionals (161).

Disastrous fires where structural damage was a significant loss, as in the Military Personnel Records Center, were also investigated. And in an attempt to prevent

potential human disasters in high-rise buildings,

researchers studied smoke control systems that could

blunt the travel of deadly smoke and gases induced by

thermal expansion, ventilation ducts, wind, and stack

effect (441, 448).

Wind Studies

A continuing wind study, begun in 1968 and funded by NBS

with assistance from the Tri-Services Committee, the

National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the

Environmental Science Services Administration, sought more rational design provisions for wind loads (130. 309,

341).

An array of meteorological towers was set up alongside

the building research laboratory in Gaithersburg. These

towers gathered wind direction and wind speed data and

also provided information on the turbulence characteristics of surface winds. By attaching pressure transducers to the laboratory building, it was possible to

study the mechanism by which velocity fluctuations are converted to pressure fluctuations on buildings. As the

project progressed it sought to provide estimates of

building response characteristics and an evaluation of

the instrumentation and techniques for the acquisition

of data by fullscale measurements. Correlations also were sought with wind tunnel modeling which if reliable

makes possible the inexpensive prediction of wind

effects.

Results from these investigations indicated that localized pressure fluctuations exceed recommended design values, and that the scale of wind tunnel turbulence must be

increased to better simulate atmospheric flows (156, 341).

The overall disaster mitigation program includes projects

aimed at improving the resistance of low-rise buildings

(principally low-cost housing) to wind and earthquake

Sponsored by the Department of State's Agency for International Development (AID), this work is directed toward

developing countries but has application in many areas

of the world, including the United States (148, 156, 505).

The AID effort includes technical support in improving

the seismic resistance of low-cost housing using oilstabilized and bamboo cane-reinforced adobe block con- struction. The research was performed in collaboration

with the Peruvian government and the University of California. Testing specifications for adobe masonry were developed which considered the physical limitations of

the testing equipment at the National University of Engineering in Lima (212).

34
The project produced tentative criteria for stabilized

block masonry construction and draft calculations for a prototype housing unit. These guidelines were transferred

to the Peru AID Mission and governmental authorities.

Another project assessed state-of-theart housing technology in several developing countries (Peru, Turkey, and

the Philippines) (148). Included was an evaluation of

these countries' socio-economic and cultural constraints.

Technical and socio-economic data gaps in building con- struction knowledge were addressed. In addition, alternative approaches were studied to improve building

designs, material usage, and construction techniques to overcome socio-economic barriers hindering the advancement of technology and improvement of building regulations.

The Center in March of 1973 initiated a project to

develop improved design criteria for low-rise, low-cost

buildings in developing countries to better resist

extreme winds. The project is aimed at learning more

about the effects of extreme winds on low-rise buildings.

It is intended to develop siting, design, and construction information which would improve the resistance of

buildings to extreme winds and which would be culturally

acceptable to the user, and to provide training to local

professionals and technicians in performing wind measurement and analyses of full-scale and wind-tunnel testing.

It is also intended to effect a large-scale transfer of

technology to make use of these improvements in design

and construction, as supported by new cl imatologi cal

,

sociological and economic findings. This study is

expected to improve structural design practices, the use

of materials in resisting extreme winds, community planning, and wind risk mapping. This would be accomplished

through building code adoption of project results.

Long-Range Research

Operation Breakthrough added to the ongoing research

effort. In the course of preparing performance criteria

and evaluating the 22 housing systems for Operation

Breakthrough, researchers uncovered gaps in existing

building knowledge (401 , 404, 410, 417). These gaps were priority ranked by HUD and NBS, and a research program,

formulated and funded by HUD, was set in motion to

address the more serious deficiencies.

So-called "long-range" projects (projects requiring from

two to four years to complete and therefore falling out- side the Breakthrough immediacy) involved a number of

technologies. These technologies are discussed below.

Progressive Collapse

Among the Breakthrough-inspired research projects was one addressed to progressive collapse--a structural failure

which, while local in origin, travels through all or much

35

f
of the building (166). Such collapses can occur when a link is taken out of a support chain—for example, when

an explosion destroys a load-bearing module in a nest of

modules (189), or when an abnormal load produces advancing failure, e.g., an upper floor collapses, the debris

destroys the floor below, the combined debris of the two

floors destroys the next floor, and so on (438).

Such collapses represent a serious set-back to the concept of industrialized building which sometimes consists

of loadbearing, stack modules. Numerous HUD-supported studies were undertaken under the leadership of Dr. Norman

F. Somes, and were pointed toward the development of

design criteria to increase resistance to progressive

collapse.

Structural Testing

Research structural engineers tested new construction

materials and design approaches, their efforts directed

toward the generation of performance test methods (158).

Laboratory work aimed at improved in-plane compression

testing was supplemented by computer-aided analytical

studies. A first draft of a standard compression test

method for wall panels was presented to a task group

of ASTM which was concerned with the performance of vertical components (504).

A racking test method applicable to traditional as well

as innovative wall constructions was developed (173).

The principal new features of the test method are: 1)

the application of distributed vertical loading, 2) the

adaptability of the method of testing panels of various

height-to-width ratios, and 3) the provision of top and

bottom edge boundary conditions which do not induce

unreal modes of failure.

Several racking test parameters in need of further study were identified (158) and information germane to the subject of pre-test environmental condi ti oni ng was gathered,

studied, and summarized.

Structural Deflections

Another longrange project that was pointed toward the

preparation of structural test methods included the

development of a methodology for the evaluation of the

effects of floor vibration (710, 720).

Studies correlated floor vibrations with available human

discomfort data, and computer programs for the analysis

of floor vibration data were devised and made operable

(349, 350). The overall structural deflections study

included a review and compilation of related research

findings (147) ranging from deflections in floors to

wind-induced drift deflections. This effort led to the

development of an electro-optical instrument for the

measurement of drift in tall buildings (345).

36
Performance Standards

As a result of Operation Breakthrough, HUD realized that

the development of performance standards had to be

expanded to accommodate the evaluation of special and

innovative construction.

Building researchers generated performance standards that were the equivalent of HUD's Minimum Property Standards

in their intent and requirements and provided a basis

for the evaluation of innovative construction for home

mortgage guarantee purposes. Drafts of these standards were iteratively reviewed by HUD and the National Conference of States on Building Codes and Standards (NCSBCS).

NCSBCS was enlisted in this effort on the theory that'

if the standards were adopted by the regulatory community, those standards bearing on health, safety, and welfare —the regulatory community's concern--could be dropped from the Minimum Property Standards. The Minimum Property Standards would retain the performance standards

bearing on livability, durability, etc. --on issues outside the police-power concern for the public well-being

but of direct pertinence to a mortgage guarantee program.

The performance standards were developed and delivered.

They were not, however, made part of the Minimum Property

Standards.

37

CHAPTER 6

REORGANIZATION AT NBS TO MEET THE NEEDS OF

THE BUILDING COMMUNITY

As the Building Research Division broadened its disciplinary base, took on more varied projects, and assumed

a more activist role in the transfer of technology, its

organizational structure appeared less and less equal to the expanded task. A different kind of organizational

unit —one more accommodating of a broad research

approach--was sought for building technology at NBS, and

much effort was exerted to bring this change about.

The Department of Commerce on June 12, 1972, issued

Department Organization Order 30-2B creating a Center for

Building Technology. Dr. Lawrence M. Kushner, Acting

Director of NBS, pointed out that the new Center would

provide the means for "cooperating with the States, local

government, the building industry, and the consuming public in achieving greater benefit from the Bureau's long

experience in building science and technology."

The Commerce Department's organization order called for

strong real-world connections. "The Center shall consult,'

it said, "with industry, government agencies, professional

associations, labor organizations, and such organizations

as the National Conference of States on Building Codes

and Standards. ..."

Moreover, while continuing a program with the National

Academy of Sciences/National Academy of Engineering/

National Research Council, a program providing for private sector technical advice through the instrument of

a Technical Evaluation Panel, the organization order

established a Policy Advisory Committee. The latter was

set up to furnish pol icy advice to complement the technical consultation of the Panel.

Named to the Committee for two-year terms were 18 representatives of building design, construction, finance,

labor, standards and codes, consumer interests, homebuilding, and building product manufacture. Dr. F. Karl

Willenbrock, at the time Director of the Center's parent

organization at NBS, the Institute for Applied Technology,

was named Committee chairman.

1971 Building

Research

Division

Housing Technology

rire Research

tlaterials iHjrability and Analysis

Federal Building Research

liDordinator

Building

Systems

Scientific and Professional

Liaison

State Codes and 5 tandards

Sensory

Environinent Branch

Environmental Engineering Building

Transport

Systems

Applied Acoustics and Illumination

The creation of the Center provided an answer to what was regarded as an inefficient management system, one in which

10 or so Section Chiefs reported directly to the Division

Chief. The new Center would be composed of Divisions and

Offices. These Divisions and Office Chiefs would report

27 Listings of committee members are presented

in "Supplements" which follows the Bibliography.

39
directly to the Center Director. The Center Director now

had more time for performing policy and planning activities.

Dr. Edward 0. Pfrang, who had headed the NBS' Operation

Breakthrough effort, became the Chief of the new Structures, Materials and Life Safety Division. Paul R. Achenbach was the new chief of the Building Environment

Division. Porter Driscoll was hired from HUD to head the

new Technical Evaluation and Application Division.

The former Operation Breakthrough group was carried over

to the new Center organization, becoming its Office of

Housing Technology. James Gross became the Chief of this

Office.

Two other two Offices were created by upgrading the Codes

and Standards Section to Office status (under Gene

Rowland's direction) and by establishing an Office of

Federal Building Technology for effective collaboration

with the Federal agencies. During the Operation Breakthrough effort, the Building Research Division looked for

stronger relationships with all Federal agencies con- cerned with building and the position of Federal building

coordinator was created. The Office of Federal Building

Technology was an outgrowth of this position. Samuel

Kramer, who served the Division as its Federal Building

Coordinator, became Chief of the Office of Federal Building Technology.

With its Center status, the new organizational structure

meant an enhanced capacity to serve the building com- munity. And it gave greater and more explicit status to

two key building technology activities, elevating the

subject of standards and codes to an importance commensurate with the expanded program to assist building regulation, and recognizing the growth in NBS' service to other Federal agencies having building responsibilities.

Two important research functions were transferred out of

the Center in 1972-74. First, a research capability in

building acoustics was located elsewhere in the Bureau,

and then building fire safety, was joined with other fire

programs in a newly created Center for Fire Research.

An NBS decision to form a unified program in acoustics

was announced just five weeks before the Center was established. The applied acoustics work of the building

research program was joined with sound-centered research

in the Bureau's Institute for Basic Standards (IBS).

Fifteen personnel were transferred from building research

to a new Applied Acoustics Section in IBS with building

research retaining a liaison in acoustics. These personnel continued to be available for building acoustics

studies. Meantime, the Center developed a capability in

applied psychoacoustics in addition to cooperating in the

overall NBS acoustics program.

The Fire Research Center, charged with developing the

technical base for improved fire safety standards and

design concepts and with recommending fire safety proce- • dures, was established by the Federal Fire Prevention

and Control Act of 1974. At the same time, the Congress

1972-74

Office of Building

Standards and Codes

Bulldlno. Technology

Office of Housing

Techno logy

Office of Federal Building Technology

Structures, Haterlali) and Life Safety

Division

Building

&ivlrontnent Division

Technical Evaluation I and Application

Division

Building

Service

Systems

MscrScientific and Professional

Liaison

40
set up the National Fire Prevention and Control Administration, also within the Department of Commerce.

Ongoing fire research in the Center for Building Technology, including work on plastic pipe, smoke movement,

fire endurance of materials, and mobile home fire safety, were transferred to the Center for Fire Research. All

fire-related activities were organized as a single

unit--l earni ng from one another and working toward one goal--the reduction of fire losses by 50 percent within

a single generation (210).

The Center for Building Technology continued providing

behavioral science expertise in program development and

coordination of related NBS programs concerned with occupant safety in building fires.

41

CHAPTER 7

RESEARCH FOR THE BUILDING OCCUPANT

By the early 1970s, building research at NBS embraced a wide spectrum of issues —issues of technological application, building economics, building systems, the perfor- mance approach, human accommodation, and human survival.

A 1971 management report dealing with building research

trends offered the following profile of how the distribution of effort had changed over a six-year period:

Program Area 1964 1970

Performance Design and Evaluation 1% 30%

Sensory Environment 18 24

Materials and Composites 58 15 Building Fire Research 11 13

Building Research Information 6 18

100% 100%

The paper addressed the reprogramming of research funds to

such research issues as noise problems in and around buildings, the evaluation of industrialized housing, and building economics. Another of the issues was energy conservation —building research management taking a research initiative on energy well before the Middle East oil embargo.

(This is a broad topic with varied yet inter-locking com- ponents; a separate chapter of this report--Chapter 9--is

devoted to energy conservation.)

The emphasis on application and the widened research con- cerns yielded projects of direct significance to the wellbeing of building users. These projects were made possible

by the addition of new disciplines to the engineering/physical sciences core of competence. Two such projects dealt

with stair safety and security.

Stair Safety

Center work in the interests of safety included a stairway safety project that combined architectural psychology

with the performance approach.

Researchers found that stair accidents (second only to

bicycle accidents in inflicting death and injury), while

caused in part by human error, are also attributable to

deficiencies in either the staircase itself or its sur- roundings. Deceptive or distractive environmental factors

all too often turn stair negotiation into a harming event.

Researchers held in view all factors operating within the

behavioral -environmental system formed by the stairway and

its setting. This was done with the aid of an "accident

behavior model "--clusters of hypotheses formulated from a 43
survey of the behavioral and environmental literature, a review of stairway accident reports, and an examination

of codes and standards. The model first reveals the human

requirements for safe stair use, then identifies the environmental prerequisites necessary to support them.

The model provides a comprehensive and coherent framework

for both the research process and the ensuing performance

statements aimed at diminishing the likelihood and conse- quences of stairway accidents. Its corroboration was achieved through an analysis of 11,000 stair accident

reports, and some 50 hours of videotaped stairway use in

shopping centers, airports, and similar places where at least a dozen serious accidents and more than 100 noticeable missteps were videotaped.

The performance statements were prepared for issuance by

the Consumer Product Safety Commission, sponsor of the

research, to guide the safe design and construction of new stairways and stairway surroundings, and the remodeling of

existing stairways. However applied, these statements will

extend well beyond tread and riser dimensions and the handful of other considerations to which the subject of stair

safety has been traditionally confined.

Security

Security was among other "people concerns" addressed by

building researchers. The National Institute of Law

Enforcement and Criminal Justice funded a Center project

designed to develop performance standards and guidelines

for door and window security.

Prompted by a 31 percent increase in residential burglaries

over a few years with annual losses running to more than

$500 million, the Institute sponsored NBS investigations

which led to the development of test methods for evaluating

the security performance of door and window constructions.

Recommended standard test methods were developed for

measuring the resistance of doors and windows to forced

entry (870, 871).

User Requirements

In recent years designers and builders have been actively

attempting objective definition of the requirements of users in the home. Traditionally, the architect has

employed his judgment in specifying the needs of users, but the users themselves have wanted a voice in the design

process.

If we want to learn what the user needs in the home, why

not ask him? Unfortunately, the process of asking has

proved mere of an art than a science. Simple questions

have led to simple answers, and in fact have resulted in

many more questions than answers. The design of standardized "test instruments" has proved to be an elusive goal.

The Center prepared a state-of-the-art review to 1) explore

44
questionnaire design, and 2) cover other methods that might

be used in developing user information. The review is

designed to provide a fairly thorough compilation of the

"tools" available to collect data and gives a handbook

approach on how to use such "tools." In addition, it introduces methods for collecting related information via other

disciplines. Selected studies are illustrated in some

detai 1

.

Questionnaires and other techniques developed by architects, psychologists, and sociologists were used to measure

occupant response to Operation Breakthrough housing. A principal finding was the occupants' emphatic acceptance

of industrialized housing, clear indication that the "prefab" stigma which marked the post-World War II era had all but disappeared.

Another finding of the feedback study challenged the com- monly held belief that old people prefer to live amid

children. Survey findings suggested a marked annoyance on the part of oldsters with the noise, toy litter, and danger

(e.g., col 1 i di ng with a rol lerskater) implicit in a childrich neighborhood.

Perhaps a key gain in Project Feedback, however, was the

development of a methodology for eliciting the response

of people to their housing. Researchers began the preparation of a handbook containing the base survey methodology

with sections to cover security, safety, and other topics.

Although developed for housing, the methodology can be

adapted for use with other building types such as office

buildings and hospitals.

Psychophysical Approach

One approach used by the Center in man/environment relations is the psychophysical approach. This approach seeks

a causal relationship between environmental conditions and

human behavior. For example, does noise of 110 dBA awaken

a sleeping person? Psychophysics links a behavioral parameter with a physical parameter which can be quantified

(in the example, at 110 dBA). Thus it is possible to write

design criteria with specific numerical values. Such criteria are meaningful for designer and procurer alike, and

if the issue is part of the set of concerns of building

regulation, for the regulatory official as well.

Acoustics

Acoustics research has a history at NBS that dates back to 1919. That NBS is regarded as a source of acoustic engineering data is evidenced by yearly sales to architects

and acousticians of several thousand copies of publications

on noise control. George E. Winzer gave the building acou- stics program its early impetus, and Daniel R. Flynn led

expanded studies of noise in and around buildings.

The handbook, A Guide to Airborne, Impact, and Structure - borne Noise Control in Multi -family Dwellings , which NBS

45
prepared for HUD, provides an extensive compilation of data

on the sound insulation of wall and floor/ceiling assemblies (942). In addition, this publication provides a discussion of airborne and impact noise criteria for buildings

and an extensive collection of detailed architectural drawings which illustrate acoustically important building con- struction and installation techniques.

Other NBS activities in building acoustics included examination of simplified procedures for measuring the airborne

noise isolation between rooms (939), a review of procedures

for measuring impact noise generation and transmission in buildings (751), and development of an apparatus for

measuring the forces applied to floors by human footfalls

(938). The NBS reverberation room was instrumented to

enable computer-controlled, rapid determination of the

acoustical absorption of architectural materials such as acoustical tile and carpet (943). NBS also sponsored an extensive investigation at the Owens-Corning Fiberglas

Research Center of the sound insulation of residential

exterior walls, doors, and windows (170).

The Environmental Protection Agency, with NBS' cooperation,

prepared a report for the President and the Congress on the problem of noise. NBS produced several extensive

reports containing backup material for the report (752,

753, 754, 810).

The Congressional and Executive Branch activity reflected

the fact that noise had become a matter of national concern. Environmental noise was increasing in pace with the

nation's technological and economic growth. Other activities developed improved procedures for measuring noise

emission from stationary and moving sources (332, 460, 471,

482, 487, 488, 935, 936, 937), evaluation and development

of noise-measuring instrumentation (941), and examination

of sampling procedures for community noise measurements

(495).

Illumination

The visual environment is another research concern of Long

standing at NBS. One investigation was based on the premise that a high-quality lighting system at lower luminance

levels can be more effective than a system of high lumin- ance levels but poor distribution, producing veiling

reflectance which partially obscures details of the viewed

piece. This thesis was preliminarily validated and additional measurements were undertaken.

Another study questioned the validity of the existing method

for measuring the relationship of luminance to visibility.

In testing human subjects, the research approach used situations that are more "real world," e.g., presenting the cus- tomary black type on white paper, than traditional experimental methods. Early findings raised doubts about the validity of traditional methods and suggested that currently

specified levels of illumination, based upon these methods,

are too high.

Indications are that different levels of illumination are

46
required for different activities. Studies were conducted

to determine visibility or legibility of lined gratings and

of alpha-numeric charts at different luminance and contrast

levels for equal clarity. This work dealt with four levels

of vi sibi 1 ity--l ) detection , e.g., seeing an object;

2) recognition , seeing that the object is a ball; 3) iden - tification , seeing that the ball is a baseball; and

4) degreF~of identification , seeing that the baseball is an official American League baseball. The promise of these

investigations is greater visibility and reduced use of

energy for illumination.

Color

The NBS history in colorimetry goes back to the Bureau's

earliest days and has yielded, among other contributions,

the Inter-Society Color Council NBS color designation system. The colorimetry program was placed in the Institute

for Applied Technology in 1969, and the following year much

of this program was located in the Applied Acoustics and

Illumination Section of the Building Research Division.

Later the program was made part of the Sensory Environment

Section in the Center's Building Environment Division.

The color scientists' work included color coding for safety,

the objective being the development of precisely defined

colors with explicit safety meanings. This work was carried

on by Kenneth L. Kelly and Gerald L. Howett, both of whom

had had a long association with the NBS colorimetry program

and the late Dr. Deane B. Judd, the Bureau's world-renowned

color authority. Another color scientist, Gary Yonemura,

turned his attention to light and more accurate simulations

of illumination requirements for image clarity.

Lead Paint

It is estimated that as many as a half million American

children could have excessive lead levels traceable to lead

in air, water, food, and dust (318). A major source of

lead poisoning may be painted surfaces. In addition to the

natural tendencies of small children to chew and teethe on nonfood items, some children attempt to seek out and ingest

lead paint (729). Dried, peeling paint on walls, woodwork,

and other accessible surfaces represents a health hazard

to these children (730), especially when the paint contains

lead compounds. High body burdens of lead result in severe

neurological damage, includi ng mental retardation, and, in some cases, death.

HUD was directed by the Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention Act of 1972 to conduct a research and demonstration

program that would determine the nature and extent of lead

paint poisoning, and to evaluate methods for the detection

of this hazard and its elimination from housing. HUD requested NBS' scientific and technical support. In response, NBS organized a multidi scipli nary lead paint team

headed by Harvey Berger and composed of chemists, engineers,

mathematicians, systems analysts, housing technologists,

and others (323).

47
To determine the magnitude of the lead paint problem, NBS

developed a mathematical model for estimating the incidence

of lead poisoning in 241 metropolitan areas (733). Following

a pre-test in Washington, D.C., a procedure including survey

plans, techniques, and analytical methodologies was developed

for carrying out a major-city statistical survey of housing

for lead paint hazards (456).

Chemical methods used in laboratory and field to detect

lead in paint were evaluated (742). Portable x-ray fluorescence lead detectors were exhaustively evaluated and characterized (442), and new guidelines for their use by housing authorities were prepared. A Lead-Based Paint Standard

Reference Material was developed for use by laboratory

chemists in calibrating and standardizing lead paint analysis procedures (200).

A testing and evaluation program was conducted to determine

potential usefulness of hazard elimination methods which were identified as a result of a comprehensive survey of

industry (325, 335). Pilot demonstrations of hazard abatement techniques were carried out in Washington, D.C's housing in anticipation of a large-scale hazard abatement demonstration program (443, 458).

As HDD's research needs and objectives became more clearly

defined, the responsibilities of the Lead Paint Project,

under the leadership of Harvey W. Berger, expanded into

several area. These included a technical evaluation of HDD's

development contracts for improved lead detection devices

and innovative abatement methods, technical evaluation of

HDD's Experimental Hazard Abatement Program involving

250 dwellings distributed among a number of major cities,

and analysis of housing and lead poisoning incidence data

derived from a major-city survey. The Lead Paint Project

team also was asked to participate in further efforts to

identify and evaluate innovative abatement methods and to

develop an information dissemination program on lead

poisoning.

48
CHAF^TER 8

REACHING THE APPLICATION POINTS

The mission of the Center for Building Technology includes

the diffusion as well as the generation of technology.

One of the Center's more significant diffusion activities

is its traditional participation in the formulation of

voluntary standards.

Standards Participation

The contributions to the committees, A40 Plumbing Code and

AllZ Standardization of Plumbing Materials and Equipment,

operating under American National Standards Institute

(ANSI) procedures, are typical of how technical information

is carried to points of application through standards participation. These contributions have included recommended

technical bases and updated design criteria for establishing storm loads or flow capacities, for limiting the

lengths and sizes of piping system components, and for the

design of reduced-size venting.

Building research personnel hold approximately 300 memberships on standards-generating bodies, occupying chairmanships or other offices on many of these. Taking note of

this extensive and critical role in standards work, building research management in 1973 established a Standards

Management Council to effect a coordinated program in standards generation.

A standard is usually prepared under a consensus procedure

that accommodates the investment and trade interests

affected by it. Participating Bureau personnel, on the

other hand, have no vested interest and are thus free to

represent the general or public interest. Their work in

upgrading standards ultimately upgrades the system of

building regulation since codes are essentially reference

documents based on citations of existing standards and

materials specifications.

Working with Other Agencies

Federal builders and building operators have all the headaches of their counterparts in the private sector. Theirs

are real, on-line problems. Accordingly, research addressed

to the solution of these problems produces results that

tend to win ready acceptance at the Federal level and rapid

diffusion in the building community through demonstrated

performance.

Frequently NBS and collaborating agencies explicitly set out to effect a "demonstration" —as in the case of the pre49
viously-di scussed performance specification for office

buildings for the Public Buildings Service (PBS). Another

PBS demonstration was planned for a Federal office building,

the design of which would incorporate a host of energy-saving techniques and devices with the object of reducing the

building's energy consumption by one-third of what was con- sidered normal for an office building of its size.

Assistance in developing Federal procurement specification

procedures benefits the agency in question and the Federal

government generally through the family of federal specifications produced by the General Services Administration.

Further benefits accrue to the public through adoption of

improved practices in voluntary standards and from producers

making improved products available to the general public.

Information Dissemination

Publications are a key part of the technology transfer program. More than 100 publications are prepared each year by

the research staff.

While most of these publications are addressed to technical

and professional audiences, consumer brochures also are produced. Two brochures, "7 Ways to Reduce Fuel Consumption

in Household Heating. . .through Energy Conservation," and

"11 Ways to Reduce Energy Consumption and Increase Comfort

in Household Cooling," had a distribution of more than one

mi 1 1 i on.

The brochures have been the basis of television "spot"

messages and have been cited by a number of popular publications. These booklets were prepared in 1971-72 under the

leadership of James L. Haecker, Chief of the Scientific and

Professional Liaison Section, in collaboration with the

Sensory Environment Branch. They were developed from

historical knowledge at NBS and were in wide circulation

by the time the Middle East oil embargo struck the nation

in 1973.

Interaction with the Building Community

Both formal and informal relations were maintained with the

building community. The formal research associate program

carried out in cooperation with industry brings about a cross-fertilization between NBS building research laboratories and those of the private sector. Guest worker

arrangements were maintained with a number of building product manufacturers, universities, and professional and

trade organizations. The findings resulting from such joint

programs are disseminated to the building community.

Building research personnel hold memberships in over 70

professional organizations, and research alumni have carried measurement techniques and knowledge acquired at NBS

to industry, the professions, and the academic community.

George Washington University offered a course in the performance approach to building that was taught by a team

of three former building researchers at NBS.

50
NBS in 1973 established an architect-i n-residence program

with the American Institute of Architects. The program each

year brings to the Bureau a practicing architect for the

purposes of sharing building knowledge, strengthening the

architectural community's relationship with NBS building

research, and sharpening the direction of research to better serve design practitioners.

Guest workers are brought to the NBS building research

activity under various arrangements, including the Intergovernmental Personnel Act, and under such titles as Senior

Research Fellow, Post Doctoral Research Associate, Presidential Intern, and United Nations Guest Worker. With such

programs as these the Structures Section, for example, is rarely without one or two guest workers.

Foreign Activities

While acknowledging the regional or national uniqueness of

building problems found around the world, building research

management noted the presence of "large areas of common

interest." Management felt that these areas "should be

discovered, discussed, and divided among interested nations

in such a way that solutions can be found efficiently and

without duplication of effort." William R. Herron was named to head a program in international coordination.

A report summarizing the 1972 international activities of

the Center listed four cooperative programs, 10 exchange

(of professional visits and literature) programs, and three

special projects (457).

The cooperative programs included that conducted with the

Centre Scientifique et Technique du Batiment (CSTB). This

program embraced projects in environmental engineering,

materials durability, wind loads on structures, fire

research, building acoustics, building evaluation mechanisms, plumbing, and building economics.

The complementary program established with the United

Kingdom's Building Research Establishment in 1971 set as its initial goal an exchange of documents and visits and

made provision for extension of the program to include long

term exchanges of professionals and joint research projects. And the US/Japan Panel on Wind and Seismic Effects,

a cooperative program conducted with the Japanese Public

Works Research Institute, Ministry of Construction,

exchanges information, specialists, technical data, and

research equipment.

Other exchanges of building information and professional

visits were conducted with building research units in

Australia, Canada, Denmark, Ghana, India, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa and Sweden.

NBS Special Foreign Currency Program projects were con- ducted with India, Israel, Pakistan, Poland, the United

Arab Republic and in 1972 numbered 10. These projects were

made possible by an excess of foreign currencies which

accumulated as a result of the conduct of U.S. government

business abroad. Project criteria under this program include

51
requirements that projects "benefit both the U.S. and the

participating countries" and that they be "within the main

stream of NBS interests."

Additionally, as previously indicated, the Center supported the U.S. Agency for International Development

efforts to make low-cost housing in developing

countries more resistant to windstorms and earthauakes. As a special project the Center furnished

assistance to Nicaraguan authorities following the

December 23, 1972, Managua earthquake.

The 1972 report also noted Center membership and participation in such international organizations as the

Reunion Internationale des Laboratoires d'Essais et

de Reserches sur las Materiaux et les Materiaux

(RILEM) and the Conseil International du Batiment

pour la Recherche 1 'Etude et la Documentation (CIB).

The efforts of the Center in its foreign/international activities dealt with the transfer as well

as the generation of technology and resulted in a number of translations of French reports for the

American building community.

A major publication was Industrialized Building in the

Soviet Union (202), the result of a visitation con- ducted under the US/USSR Exchanges Agreement which in

1969 brought a Soviet delegation to the United States

and sent a team of U.S. building community leaders to the USSR. David Watstein, former Chief of the

Structures Section and at the time Structural Research

Manager of the Structural Clay Products Institute, was instrumental in making arrangements for the visit and

served as interpreter for the American team which was especially interested in Soviet inovations in building products and processes.

52
CHAPTER 9

CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

By the mid-1970s the word energy held profound lifestyle

and pocketbook implications. Energy conservation was becoming a pervasive concern. Buildings, responsible for

a third of the nation's energy consumption, figured prominently in conservation efforts, and conservation became

a principal concern of building research at NBS.

The research interest in energy at NBS rested on a tradition of energy-related measurements and investigation. This

longstanding interest provided a foundation for anticipation

of the domestic energy shortage by the Building Research

Division as early as 1970. The research program in energy

conservation was initiated by Paul R. Achenbach and was augmented by the timely arrival of Dr. Charles Berg, who

came to the Bureau from the Massachusetts Institute of

Technology in 1971. As the program grew in size and

involved additional NBS organizational units, it was placed

under the leadership of Dr. Jack E. Snell.

Energy developments unfolded at NBS from laboratory, field,

and analytical studies. Among them were the following:

Thermal Load Determination

Dr. Tamami Kusuda in the late 1960s began to develop, under

the sponsorship of the Department of Housing and Urban

Development, a computer program to help architects and

engineers predict the thermal performance of a building.

Important enough at the time, this work was to balloon

in significance in the context of energy shortages and

rapidly escalating energy prices.

The program was named the National Bureau of Standards Load

Determination (NBSLD) program (477). In the use of NBSLD,

it is necessary to input outdoor weather conditions, design

details of the building, and the planned schedule for operating the building. Algorithms of NBSLD operate on these

data and predict the heating and cooling load.

Loads are predicted on a dynamic or time-varying basis,

taking into consideration, for example, lag induced by the

thermal storage and transmission characteristics of the

building's mass. Attention to dynamics contributes to the

proper sizing of heating and cooling equipment; steadystate calculation techniques can lead to oversizing and

thus to operating inefficiencies that waste energy.

NBSLD' s distinctiveness among thermal load calculation programs lies in its philosophical approach. Instead of taking the building envisaged as an unalterable given upon

which to simply determine the kinds and quantity of heating/cooling equipment, NBSLD invites manipulation of the

53
building design scheme toward the goal of greater energy

efficiency. It can be taken so far as to profile the

hour-to-hour indoor temperatures that would prevail without

mechcinical heating or cooling.

Such profiles can point to energy-saving opportunities.

Where summer weather is moderate, for example, they may

suggest the possibility of avoiding mechanical cooling by

adjusting one or several variables in the design. Long,

moderate spring and fall seasons also may offer natural

ventilation opportunities even where winters are cold and summers are hot.

The ability of NBSLD to predict the thermal performance

of two full-scale buildings was determined experimentally

in the Center's threestory environmental laboratory (145).

The first building, of heavy masonry materials, was designed for very little air leakage. The heat transfer

characteristics of the building were studied under cyclic

"outdoor" air temperature conditions in the laboratory.

This was done first without any room heat being added, and

later with the indoor air heated and the temperature under

thermostatic control.

Several tests were made for each type of operating condition, but with different insulating conditions of the

exterior walls and with varying fenestration arrangements.

The difference between the predicted and observed values

of indoor temperature did not exceed one half of one degree

Celsius in all the tests performed. The difference between

the measured and predicted maximum heating load was less

than 8 percent.

The masonry building was intentionally designed for experimental simplicity. A second, lightweight building was con- siderably more complex to model and was used to extend

the NBSLD validation exercise (157). This was a full-scale

house composed of three "box" modules of insulated frame

construction. The modules were joined inside the environmental laboratory forming the house. The four-bedroom

house had a floor area of about 112 m (approximately

1200 ft ) and was factory-equipped with a warm-air furnace

and air-conditioner. It was fully furnished for the tests,

and all heat release functions for a family of six were

simulated.

A summation of curves plotted for predicted and observed

energy consumption indicated a disparity of only 5 to 10

percent for a 24-hour test. NBSLD predicted peak heating

and cooling energy requirements within 8 percent.

The laboratory studies of the two buildings revealed the

ability of the NBSLD computer program to accurately determine varying heat transmission rates in buildings of different heat capacity under changing outdoor conditions and

with typical patterns of indoor heat release.

NBSLD is being continually updated and improved with respect

to its basic heat transfer data, mathematical procedures,

and input/output handling. The precision of the program

is approximately 5 percent.

54
Some of the unique applications of NBSLD are to:

0 Determine the effect of interior partition walls

or floor-ceiling sandwich structures on the heat

storage characteristics of a room

0 Evaluate intentionally undersized heating and

cooling equipment, permitting room temperature and

humidity deviations from a design set-point in

order to determine whether indoor conditions

remained within acceptable limits

0 Evaluate an indoor thermal environment of various

zones during the intermediate season, such as spring and autumn, when the heating or cooling

requirements for some zones may not be in phase

with that of the building as a whole

0 Calculate solar energy for heating and cooling

bui 1 dings

0 Design heating and cooling systems and equipment

on the basis of intermittent operation, such as shutdown of air-conditioning facilities when the

building is not in use

0 Effectively plan a ventilation schedule to minimize

the heating load during the winter season.

Because of its unique features and reliability, NBSLD

has been gaining gradual acceptance by many who are actually pursuing an energy conservation objective through

building design. Moreover, the algorithms employed in NBSLD

have been adopted by the American Society of Heating,

Refrigerating and Air-Condi tioning Engineers as a recoras mended procedure for computerized energy calculations.

Indoor Air Quality

The high cost of energy raised questions which suddenly

acquired new pertinence. What is a reasonable contaminant

burden for a building environment? What, if any, health

hazards should be risked? And what, if any, comfort

sacrifice should be accepted? These questions were prompted

by the energy predicament, energy conservation suggesting

the use of greater amounts of recirculated air and less

fresh air.

Center researchers in their investigations of this subject

measured the airborne particulates contributed by cigarette

smoking, cooking, cleaning, and aerosol spraying. These

measurements contributed to the hard data necessary for

ventilation practices appropriate for a time of uncertain

energy supplies and escalated energy costs.

no ASHRAE Special Publication, "Procedures for Determi ning

Heating and Cooling Loads for Computerized Energy Calculation," 1975.

55
Air Infiltration

Air infiltration may be the prime factor behind 10 to 50

percent of the heating and cooling load. Infiltration is

determined experimentally by measuring the decay of a tracer

gas distributed through the building. The decay rate makes

possible a calculation of the infiltration rate.

Dr. Charles Hunt developed a procedure which uses sulfur

hexafluoride (SFg) as the tracer gas and adopts a commercially available leak detector which can measure minute

amounts of the gas (157, 842, 843). So sensitive is

the detector that a volume of SFg no greater than that

of ping-pong ball is enough to measure the rate of infiltration in a 500 m-^ (18,000 f ) house.

The correlation of the infiltration rate with weather con- ditions, e.g., temperature and wind, requires repetitive

measurements over as wide a range of conditions as possible. Thus a semi -automated version of the procedure

has been developed. From a number of locations within

a building an apparatus collects the necessary concen- tration-versus-t ime data for infiltration measurements.

As with the work in air quality, the infiltration investigations are aimed at producing a quantified understanding

of a wide range of infiltration combinations. One general

observation made in the course of early measurements,

however, is that cracks around windows represent only

a small part of the total leakage path in a house.

Office Building Demonstration

In May of 1972, the General Services Administration (GSA)

joined with NBS in sponsoring an Energy Conservation Roundtable for the purpose of gathering from participants--30

designers, engineers, executives, and government officials--techniques for conserving energy in buildings.

While the conference only scratched the surface of conservation possibilities, it produced agreement that much could

be done to reduce energy consumption in buildings. GSA

announced to the conference its intention to test that

premise by having an energy-conserving building designed

and constructed.

GSA said it would construct the building in Manchester,

N.H., and that it would demonstrate to the building com- munity various conservation strategies. The building's

size, shape, climate orientation, thermal transmission

characteristics, the performance of the mechanical and

electrical systems, and the use of supplementary solar

apparatus were factors considered in the design.

The Center used the NBSLD program to calculate the annual

energy requirements (171). Design options for energy con- servation were introduced sequentially into the program

to reach a recommended design. This design, predicted a

56
53 percent energy saving over a conventional office building.

The building, completed late in 1976, will be the subject

of field measurements pertaining to the use of a gas engine

to drive an air-conditioning compressor and a generator

for emergency power in case of power failure, and the

integration of a solar collector into the mechanical system

to further reduce fuel and electricity consumption for

domestic water heating and absorption air-conditioning.

The Center designed and prepared the purchase specifications for the instrumentation and data acquisition system.

Among the concerns of the demonstration at Manchester are occupant thermal comfort and illumination requirements.

Total Energy

Another full-scale field study, this one carried out under

hud's sponsorship, was undertaken at an Operation Breakthrough complex in Jersey City, N.J. The complex consists

of four buildings containing 485 apartments for 1250 residents, a 4,650 vt (50,000 ft^) office building, an elementary school, a swimming pool —and a total energy system.

The on-site total energy utility furnishes all electricity,

hot water for space heating and domestic use, and chilled

water for air-conditioning. It also collects solid waste

by a pneumatic system and compacts it for removal from the

site.

Essentially, total energy takes the combustion energy nor- mally lost to the environment in electrical generation,

putting this energy to work in space heating and cooling.

The Center prepared the performance specification for the

total energy system's design, operation, and maintenance.

In work sponsored by HUD, the Center designed and installed

a system of 300 digital channels and six analog channels

to collect performance information on the total energy

plant (497). The system records information on the electricity generated, fuel burned, heating and air-conditioning performance, costs, and system maintainability and

reliability. The system also records voltage and frequency

transients whenever an electrical malfunction occurs in the plant. An NBS minicomputer facilitates analysis of

the data.

Early Solar Work

Solar energy work conducted in 1970 was connected with

the NBSLD prediction program. From incident solar radiation data gathered over the cloudy/clear day spectrum,

comprehensive solar radiation routines were developed for

NBSLD.

About the same time, total hemispherical radiation, diffuse

sky radiation, and ultraviolet data were collected in a study of the effect of various types of ground cover on earth temperatures to depths of 9 meters (30 feet). This

57
work showed that ground temperatures in summer can be

as much as 15°C (27°F) higher under an unpainted paved

surface than under a grass-covered surface.

Begun in the late 1950s, the underground studies were

undertaken in connection with fall-out shelter environments

and heat distribution systems. The findings of this work

are of obvious importance to campuses, shopping centers,

and to any building complex, city, or even region where

thermal energy is produced in a central plant (directly

or as a byproduct of power generation) and delivered

through a distribution network.

Insulation

The early energy work in building technology at NBS dealt

largely with thermal insulation. A 1971 projection by

the Bureau showed important savings potential in the use

of insulation. Based on a projected increase in the

nation's housing stock from 60 million units to 100 million units over a 25-year period, and assuming modest

thermal performance improvements over present construction,

the projection showed potential cost savings of from $100

billion to $500 billion, depending on the annual rate

of energy price increases. (Increases of 2, 4, 6, 8, and

10 percent were calculated in the projections.)

Symposia

The Thermal Engineering Section of the Building Environment

Division, in addition to developing computer programs for

its own research purposes, e.g., NBSLD, through symposia

helped to advance the use of computers in environmental

analysis, the start of which was sluggish compared with

the rate of use in structural engineering, for example:

The "First Symposium on the Use of Computers for Environmental Engineering Related to Buildings," jointly sponsored

with the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and

Ai r-Conditioni ng Engineers (ASHRAE) and Automated Procedures for Engineering Consultants, Inc., drew 500 architects and engineers to Gaithersburg, November 30-December

2, 1971. The published proceedings of this symposium,

which included 59 papers from 12 countries, became a landmark in the use of computers in environmental engineering

(139).

The second symposium on the same subject was held in Paris

in June, 1974. The proceedings were accepted for publication by the Comite Scientifique et Technique de L'industrie

du Chauffage, de la Ventilation et du Condi ti onement D'Air.

Mean Radiant Temperature

The telling measurements for comfort are those which center

on the occupant of the building. It is generally accepted

that the primary variables governing comfort are tempera58
ture, relative humidity, air velocity, mean radiant temperature, the metabolic rate of the occupant, and the clothing

worn.

The mean radiant temperature (MRT) is defined by ASHRAE as the temperature of a uniform black enclosure in which a solid body or occupant would exchange the same amount of

radiant heat as in the existing non-uniform environment.

A globe thermometer is commonly used to measure MRT because

it integrates the effects from all directions into a single

reading. But it does not evaluate the asymmetrical aspects

of the envi ronment.

NBS designed a scanning radiometer which measures the sur- face temperature in any direction or measures and records

a 350 profile by automatically rotating the instrument

a full turn. The radiometer is being used to study the

pattern of mean radiant temperature before and after thermal improvements. Such studies provide greater insight

into the intricacies of thermal comfort (831).

Modular Boilers

The potential for increased efficiency in substituting

several small boilers for one large boiler was investigated

in the laboratory under a range of heating loads. Large

boilers make the match with fractional loads by intermittent

operation or cycling. Experience indicates that any central

heating device suffers a decrease in operating efficiency

as the percentage of running time decreases.

In the modular arrangement, the small boilers or modules

are sequentially fired to match the heat output in the

load. The efficiencies of various combinations of the boilers, with several variations in the control systems, were measured and the results plotted to give efficiency versus

load curves. While four of the five combinations set up for the measurements shewed no greater efficiency with the

modular configuration, one combination did produce higher

efficiencies for all loads below about 70 percent of the

maximum heating load.

The improved efficiency amounted to 7 to 8 percent at 25

percent of full heating load. This combination consisted

of four small boilers with primary pumping in which water

was circulated through all four boilers, with pilot lights

turned off in modules not in use at a given load, and with

secondary valving allowing water to flow through only the

boilers that were operating.

Solar Test Methods

In late 1973 Dr. James Hill undertook the development of

standard test methods for solar collectors and thermal

storage systems. The National Science Foundation (NSF),

which had a research program addressed to solar collectors

and heat storage systems, engaged the Center to help fill

a need revealed by this program-the standardization of test

59
procedure as a basis of comparison for both prototype and

commercial hardware in the solar field. Draft standards were transmitted to NSF and ASHRAE (484).

During the course of developing test procedures, the Center

was asked to perform an evaluation of the instrumentation

and planned use of a transportable solar heating and cooling

research laboratory built for NSF by the Honeywell Corporation. The laboratory consists of an equipment van and mobile

home linked together and heated and cooled by a solar system. Transducers measuring the critical parameters of

insulation, temperature, and fluid flow rate were calibrated and specific recommendations were made to ensure

that significant data would be taken by the portable laboratory.

Solar Retrofit

The factory-built house used in the experimental validation

of the NBSLD in 1972 and 1973 was exploited further in a solar retrofit project. The procedure followed in the

validation exercise exposed the house to various environmental influences while maintaining an interior temperature

of 24°C (75°F). The hourly heating and cooling input

energies were measured and compared with predicted values.

Thus actual in-use data were assembled; these data, as

it turned out, formed a conventional energy base against

which to evaluate the performance of the house when solar

equi pped.

The house was retrofitted with 45 m^ (485 ft^) of flatplate collectors having water/ethylene glycol as the

transfer fluid, fluid storage facilities, and an absorption

air-conditioning unit integrated into the house's existing

forced air system. The performance of this system during

typical summer and winter operation was to be compared with

that of the gas-fired furnace and electric air-conditioner

as recorded in the earlier measurements. Some 15 different

solar energy systems can be simulated as a basis for developing methods of measurement and criteria for solar energy

system performance.

Utility Integration

The Center under the leadership of Clinton W. Phillips

furnished both technical and programmatic support to HUD's

Modular Integrated Utility System (MIUS) program, a program

with implications not only for energy but for the environment and human settlement patterns as well.

MIUS, like total energy, generates electric power at the

site of its consumption and captures much of the heat

energy this process normally loses to the environment

(about 65 percent) for use in heating or cooling buildings

and in providing domestic hot water. But MIUS goes

further, encompassing potable water services, the treatment

of liquid waste and the use of the resultant effluent as a

60
cooling agent in utility or industrial processes. MIUS

also reduces and exploits solid wastes by extracting their

energy content through burning.

Insulating Glass

Factory-sealed, double-glazed insulating window units are intended to provide a permanently sealed air space between

two or more panes. The air must be held at a moisture con- tent or frost point so low that no moisture will condense

between the panes. This is essential because condensation

over a long period may leave a cloudy film on inaccessible

glass surfaces.

Double-glazed insulating glass units have relatively high

thermal resistance which reduce heat loss in winter and

heat gain in summer. But because of their high first cost,

there is great need for standard test methods to evaluate

the quality, service life, and durability of sealed insulating glass units.

A "Seminar on the Durability of Insulating Glass," held at the Bureau in 1968 under the sponsorship of NBS and the

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), produced

the idea for a project to develop an insulating glass test

method (120). ASTM sponsored a Research Associate at NBS

and Dr. Mahn Hee Hahn, the Research Associate, developed a dew-frost-point measuring apparatus that controls the temperature within a half-degree Celsius and can measure the

repeatable dew-frost-point within a half-degree Celsius.

Heat Pump Evaluation

A project to evaluate the performance of heat pumps was initiated in 1973. This project was aimed at determining

the potential energy savings that might result from the

employment of more innovative heat pump systems. Basically the heat pump works like a refrigerator or air-conditioner, transferring the heat from one space to another,

except that in the heating cycle, the heat is transferred

to the interior of the building, and in the cooling cycle,

the heat is expelled from the building.

Usually operated by electricity, the heat pump can deliver two or more times the heat energy produced by resistance heating, the most common form of electric heating.

A heat pump may reduce electric heating bills by 30 to 50

percent or more, depending on the climate.

Center engineers set out to develop a laboratory test

procedure that would simulate field conditions and thus

yield realistic the actual efficiency values. By studying heat pumps under both laboratory and field conditions,

the Center documented the actual part-load performance of

the present-day electric heat pump. This information

facilitates estimates of expected seasonal performance of

heat pumps in various climates, and it provides a basis

for decisionmaking in energy conservation.

61
Energy Economics

Besides laboratory, analytical, and field studies, the

energy research program at NBS dealt with the economics

of energy conservation and with the implementation of

energy conserving technology.

The long era of relatively cheap energy produced buildings,

heating and cooling equipment, and control systems that

emphasized low first costs. When energy prices rose sharply, builders, financiers, and government policy makers

were not prepared to identify the cost-effective levels for

many of the known techniques for improving the energy efficiency of buildings, mechanical and electrical equipment,

and industrial processes. This area of the Center research

program was directed toward better economic guidance in

improving the energy performance of buildings and equipment.

It was also intended to assure lending institutions and owners alike that energy conservation makes financial sense.

In one project, for example, an economist reasoned that the

huge increase in energy prices and the unevenness in prices

between electricity, fuel oil, and natural gas were bound

to impact the question of what constitutes adequate insulation. He found the situation so drastically altered that a Washington, D.C., homeowner's heating bill suddenly read

as if his house had been whisked to Minnesota. To be sure, he needed more insulation. The question was--under

radically changed prices--how much more ?

In cooperation with the Federal Energy Administration, CBT

economist, Stephen R. Petersen conducted a study which

showed homeowners just how much insulation to install in order to get the maximum return on their investment. The

study dealt with such variables as climate, energy prices,

and the cost of the thermal improvements, and came up with

answers sensitive to these variables. While 230-300 mm

(9-12 in) of insulation for attics in oil-burning houses

generated the greatest savings in heating and cooling in

all but the mildest climates, the study found that 150-230

mm (6-9 in) of attic insulation was economical for gas heated

houses in most climates, and that 300 mm (12 in) or more

was recommended for houses which are both heated and cooled

electrically (163, 601).

In short, thermal improvements that reflect the variation

in fuel prices, and the cost of the improvements themselves, yield greater benefits than recommendations taking

into account climate alone.

62
CHAPTER 10

A MATURING CENTER FOR BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Increasingly, buildings were being perceived less as structures and more as conditioned spaces for people and

their acti vities--a shift in perspective due in part to the energy problem, and due in part to the increased concern bestowed upon the building user. The energy efficiency of buildings was becoming as common a notion as the gasoline efficiency of automobiles.

All building issues, whether energy-connected or not, were enlivened by this fresh perception. Furthermore, virtually

all issues ran the risk of being overridden in the name of energy efficiency—all were subject to trade-off in the

interest of energy.

Rational trading off cannot be done, however, without a sense, if not a measurement, of the value of that which is

being sacrificed. Reducing a house's volume may be an excellent way to reduce its energy needs, but at the same

time, it is a step that compels examination of the value

of the spatial sacrif ice--f unctional ly, psychologically,

esthetical ly, etc.

Energy was just one of the concerns to catch the attention

of the nation and to find expression in national legislation. Other issues spawned legislation, too, and many of

the measures that were adopted held express or implied

meaning for building researchers at the Bureau who conduct

their activities, basically, in the context of two laws.

One, Public Law 177, established the Bureau in 1901, and

the other, Public Law 619, was enacted in 1950, elaborates

upon Bureau functions. These functions included testing

materials and structures; cooperating with others in establishing standard practices, specifications, and codes; and

determining the properties of building materials and structural elements.

!MGTIONS^ FROMTHE NBS ENABLING ACT

tCOOPERATION WITH OTHER GOVERNMENT

AGENCIES AND WITH PRIVATE ORGANIZATIONS

IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF STANDARD

PRACTICES, INCORPORATED IN CODES AND

SPECIFICATIONS »THE DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS FOR TESTING

MATERIALS. MECHANISMS. AND STRUCTURES

i ADVISORY SERVICE TO GOVERNMENT AGENCIES ON SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL PROBLEMS

While responsibilities stemming from founding legislation

remained central, additional demands —legislated and

otherwise—were placed on the Bureau and its building

researchers. An ability to identify what needed to be

measured and to make the measurements, the Bureau's close

connection with the standards world, and its third-party

objectivity were among the factors that made NBS an attractive resource. Additionally, the Bureau was credited

with having the requisite competence to address some of

the acute technical problems facing the nation. By 1974

the Bureau's focus had shifted, announced NBS Director

Richard Roberts, from measurement standards to "new national concerns," e.g., pollution, safety, personal

security, energy, and consumer protection.

A dozen or so separate pieces of legislation adopted from

1965 to 1974 gave Congressional assignments to NBS. Some

63
of the measures placed explicit responsibilities on NBS

building researchers while others appeared to be likely

generators of Bureau research.

The research implications of the Housing Act of 1968 were discussed earlier. The Occupational Safety and Health Act

of 1970 was to result in Center involvement in research

aimed at understanding and reducing or ameliorating accidents at places of employment including building construction sites. The Consumer Product Safety Act of 1972 directed the Consumer Product Safety Commission to use the

Bureau to "perform research, develop test methods, and

provide technical assistance." The language of the Noise

Control Act of 1972 also specifically called for the use

of NBS servi ces.

Legislation called on HUD to consult with NBS in prescribing energy conservation and solar energy standards

{Housing and Community Development Act of 1974) and set forth numerous responsibilities for the Bureau in solar

enegry development (Solar Heating and Cooling Demonstration Act of 1974). Other mandates included the Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1974, the Federal Non-Nuclear

Energy Research and Development Act of 1974, and later

the Energy Policy and Conservation Act and the Metric

Conversion Act.

Not all of the research impetus came from legislation.

Forces were also afoot outside the legislative chambers.

For example, the concern over energy in 1972 moved the

National Conference of States on Building Codes and Standards (NCBCS) to request a report on the Bureau's energyrelated activities. This was furnished and the following

year a joint NBS-NCSBCS workshop was held. Two significant developments resulted from the workshop.

One was a publication, Technical Options for Energy Con - servation in Buildings , which contains the workshop

papers of Center staff and which was to become a muchsought-after guide to energy conservation techniques (330).

The other was NCSBCS' request that NBS develop an energy

conservation standard for new buildings. Work on the

conservation standard was begun immediately. On November

11-12, 1973, a workshop was held to assess the approach

being taken with the standard, receive technical comment,

and identify areas requiring further work. Attending were

some 250 persons from 31 States, several foreign countries,

and all sectors of the building community. This was but one of several steps taken to obtain feedback from the

building community.

On February 27, 1974, the draft document, NBSIR-74-452

Design Evaluation Criteria for Energy Conservation in New

Buildings (462), was presented to NCSBCS. The document was transmitted to the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) which had

offered to process it as an ASHRAE standard and as a consensus standard under procedures of the American

National Standards Institute (ANSI).

The consensus process brought into play a mix of special

64
and general interests. While some of the requirements of

the NBS document were omitted or relaxed, the standard

to emerge did retain the format and philosophy of the NBS

docume nt.

Both the ASHRAE and NBS documents can be characterized as "component performance standards" in that their requirements are cast in performance language and promote the

aggregation of energy-efficient components or subsystems

in the design of a building. Both documents provide alternatives for innovative design and for trade-offs between

different energy conservation options.

By the mid-1970s the Center was confronted by emphatic

research challenges, particularly over the need for resource conservation in building technology. Heading

the management team charged with shaping a response to

these challenges was Dr. Richard N. Wright, successor to

Dr. James R. Wright who in early 1974 left the Center to

become Deputy Director of the Institute for Applied

Technol ogy

.

Key team members were Harry Thompson, Center Deputy Director, and the Chiefs of the Center's principal organizational units: Gene Rowland, Building Standards and Codes

Services; James Gross, Housing Technology; Samuel Kramer,

Federal Building Technology; Dr. Edward 0. Pfrang, Structures, Materials, and Safety; Paul R. Achenbach, Building

Environment; and Porter Dri scol 1

, Technical Evaluation

and Appl ication.

Heading the Sections were Dr. Robert A. Crist, Structures;

Dr. Geoffrey J.C. Frohnsdorff, Materials and Composites;

James 0. Bryson, Building Safety; Frank J. Powell, Thermal

Engineering Systems; Dr. Arthur I. Rubin, Sensory Environment; Dr. Lawrence S. Galowin, Building Service Systems;

Dr. Robert Wehrli, Architectural Research; Dr. Harold E. Marshall, Building Economics; and Roger A. Rensberger,

Scientific and Professional Liaison.

The research facilities within the Center, or available

to the Center, were impressive. Structural research apparatus included testing machines with capacities of up to 2,700,000 N (600,000 pounds) in compression and 900,000 N (200,000 pounds) in tension, a three-story bay laboratory

with a tie-down floor capable of testing full-size building

systems, and systems providing as many as 200 channels for

collecting data suitable for automated processing. Facilities available for environmental engineering include seven environmental chambers in a range of features and sizes, the

largest capable of subjecting a full-size, two-story house

to a temperature range of -45° to 66°C (-50 to 150°F) and

a relative humidity range of 15 to 85 percent.

ASHRAE Standard 90-75, Energy Conservation in New

Building Design, the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Ai r-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (1975).

65
The early 1970s witnessed the construction of a new fire

research facility to replace the large-scale testing laboratory at the Bureau's former site in Washington, D.C.

The new laboratory, a facility of the Center for Fire

Research, permits a wide range of full-scale testing.

It is considered one of the most sophisticated facilities

of its kind.

The fire laboratory contains a multi-purpose fire endurance furnace which measures the fire endurance of floors,

walls and columns. It also includes a full-scale cor- ridor where researchers can simulate a fire in a room adjoining the corridor and determine the contribution of

the corridor walls, floor, and ceiling to fire and smoke

spread in a building. Fire growth in fully-furnished

rooms as well as the fire behavior of individual pieces

of furniture can also be observed and quantified. In all, the information gained through the tests provides

the technical base for better fire standards and firesafe design.

A plumbing laboratory features a five-story test tower

where plumbing configurations ranging from those of ranch

houses to apartment complexes are simulated. It also

includes two tools that have boosted capabilities in

plumbing research-electronic instrumentation and a highspeed minicomputer.

With plumbing research tools such as these it is possible

to pre-program the control of experiments and to visually

display significant action at critical points in systems

under test. An instantaneous picture of the dynamics of

a plumbing process is offered. Computer print-outs,

e.g., graphs or tabulations, can be obtained as a test

is being run.

For the first time, key dynamic performance parameters

could be measured for correlation with traditional static

or steady-state design criteria. This capability provides the basis for greater precision in the design of

traditional plumbing systems and for an acceptable evaluation methodology for innovative systems. Among the

many dynamics that can new be measured are pressures,

velocities, and massflow or volume-discharge rates of air

and water, water levels, temperatures, strains and

stresses, accumulated weights, and linear or rotational

mo vements.

Finally, in tandem with the network of outdoor exposure

sites, building researchers' efforts in materials technology benefit from accelerated weathering laboratories.

The Center also draws support from others. It has linkages with a host of agencies and organizations with which

it collaborates in the development of standards and in

the general advancement of building technology. As part

of the Bureau, the Center is a laboratory within a laboratory. In the larger laboratory--the Bureau--are units

with which the Center has particular opportunities for

technical cooperation. These units (pre 1978 NBS reorganization) include: —The Analytical Chemistry Division and the Metallurgy

Division in NBS' Institute for Materials Research, and

66
in the Institute for Basic Standards, the Applied Mathematics Division, the Mechanics Division, and the Applied

Acoustics Section. Acoustic facilities at NBS include

an anechoic (echo-free) chamber for use in the calibration of microphones and accoustical instruments and in

experimentation requiring a noise-free environment, and

a reverberation chamber used in measuring the sound

absorption of architectural materials and the sound power

output of machinery and equipment. —The Center for Consumer Product Technology in the Institute for Applied Technology. The Institute for Applied

Technology is also home for the Center for Fire Research. —And the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology

with its Computer Services, Information Technology, Systems and Software, and Computer Systems Engineering Divis ions.

The richness of the Center for Building Technology's own technical program, its research facilities, its collaborative relationships with other organizations, and its

location within the National Bureau of Standards, all heighten the prospects of successfully meeting the challenges of building research in the final quarter of the

20th century. What may have equipped the Center more than anything else, though, was its philosophic and programmatic approach to building research. This approach

had grown more responsive to the full range of building

community needs.

John Eberhard laid the foundation for the widened approach,

and on this foundation James Wright and colleagues erected

a new research structure. Lending guidance and counsel

along the way was William Allen, formerly of the Building

Research Station, British Research Establishment, and at present chairman of the London architectural firm of

Bickerdike Allen Bramble.

The research unit in building technology had grown; in

terms of one index, the number of research personnel, it was two and one-half times the building research force

of the mid 1960s. More importantly, it had registered a notable gain in breadth.

The emphasis Center management placed on the performance

approach to building mandated the inclusion of new research disciplines and directions. This emphasis had more than theoretical roots . Indeed the late 1960s and

early 1970s were distinguished for having challenged NBS building researchers to test performance theories in the

real world of building. The challenges were met in the

development of the PBS performance specification for office buildings and the criteria for HUD's Operation Breakthrough, both major ventures in the application of the

performance concept.

The new structure of building research sought greater

involvement with other Federal agencies having responsibilities in building technology. It also pursued greater

cooperation with the building community and a stronger

program for disseminating research findings.

67
In short, the building research activity at NBS had undergone significant growth. Moreover, it had grown up in the

sense of having acquired the attributes necessary for

mature, responsible service to the complex building enterprise, and to the complex interrelationship between

building users and the built environment as well.

Dr. Richard N-. Wright, who left the University of Illinois

where he was a professor in the Department of Civil

Engineering, to be at the helm of the Bureau's program in

building technology, was no stranger to the Center. He

had served as Chief of the Building Research Division's

Structures Section (1971-72) and as Center Deputy

Director—Technical (1972-73).

Richard Wright called on the broadened Center staff to renew its commitment to excellence, demonstrating

"expertise in all sciences, esthetic sensibilities, political awareness, common sense—and a dedication to the

public benefit."

So changed, NBS building research professionals looked to

a future certain to present new research challenges. They

faced what lay ahead with the reinforcing legacy of a research program that, in its recent years, dared to

grapple with the broad issues of the built environment.

68
BIBLIOGRAPHY

This listing includes all published output related to the work of the period covered. Not all of the publications and papers are referenced in the text. NBS Special

Publications 457, Supplements 1 and 2, Building Technology

Publication 1965-75 , 76 , and 77 respectively provides a keyword listing of "the Center"^ publications during the

past 1 3 years.

NBS (100) Achenbach, P.R., Building Research at the National

Building Bureau of Standards , BSS 0 (Washington, D.C.:

Science National Bureau of Standards, October 1970), 59

Series pages.

(100-199)

(101) Walton, W.W., and Cadoff, B.C., editors. Perfor - mance of Buildings Concept and Measurement , BSS 1 (Proceedings of a conference on Man and His Shelter, held at the National Bureau of Standards,

Gaithersburg, Md. , September 23-25, 1968) (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, January

1970), 132 pages.

(102) Blaine, R.L., Arni , H.T., Foster, B.E., Clevenger,

R.A., Bean, L., and Hubbard, E.K., Interrelations

Between Cement and Concrete Properties, Part 1: Materials and Techniques, Water Requirements and

Trace Elements , BSS 2 (Washington, D.C.: Nati onal

Bureau of Standards, August 1965), 36 pages.

(103) Shoub, H. , and Gross, D., Doors as Barriers to Fire

and Smoke , BSS 3 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau

of Standards, March 1966), 10 pages.

(104) Rushmer, M.A., and Burdick, M.D., Weather Resis - tance of Porcelain Enamels; Effect of Exposure

Site and Other Variables After Seven Years , BSS 4 (Washington, D.C.: Nati onal Bureau of Standards,

May 1966), 16 pages.

(105) Blaine, R.L., Arni, H.T., and Evans, D.A., Inter - relations Between Cement and Concrete Properties,

Part 2: Sulfate Expansion, Heat of Hydration, and

Autoclave Expansion , BSS 5 (Washington, D.C.:

National Bureau of Standards, July 1966), 44 pages.

(106) Carlson, E.T., Some Properties of the Calcium A1 u

- minoferrite Hydrates , BSS 6 (Washington, D»C«:

National Bureau of Standards, June 1966), 11 pages.

(107) Roberts, A.G., Organic Coatings; Properties, Selec - tion, and Use , BSS 7 (Washington, D.C.: Nati onal

Bureau of Standards, February 1963), 202 pages.

(108) Blaine, R.L., Arni, H.T., and DeFore, M.R., Inter- relations Between Cement and Concrete Properties,

Part 3: Compressive Strengths of Portland Cement

Test Mortars and Steam-cured Mortars , BSS 8 (Contains section 7 and section 8) (Washington, D.C.:

National Bureau of Standards, April 1968), 101 pages.

69
(109) Cullen, W.C., and Boone, T.H., Thermal -Shock Resis - tance for Bu11t-Up Membranes , BSS 9 (Washington,

D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, August 1967),

25 pages.

(110) Gross, D., Field Burnout Tests of Apartment Dwell - ing Units , BSS 10 (Washington, D.C.: National Bur- eau of Standards, September 1967), 23 pages.

(111) Shoub, H., and Ingberg, S.H., Fire Resistance of

. Steel Deck Floor Assemblies , BSS 1 1 (Washi ngton,

D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, December

1967), 22 pages.

(112) Faison, T.K., Jr., Davis, J.C., and Achenbach, P.R.,

Performance of Square-Edged Orifices and OrificeTarget Combinations as Air Mixers , BSS 12 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, November

1967) , 11 pages.

(113) Petersen, P.H., and Watstein, D., Shrinkage and

Creep in Prestressed Concrete , BSS 13 (Washington,

D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, March 1968),

12 pages.

(114) Watstein, D., and Johnson, P.V., Experimental Deter - mination of Eccentricity of Floor Loads Applied to a~Bearing Wall , BSS 14 (Washington, D.C.: National

Bureau of Standards, June 1968), 6 pages.

(115) Blaine, R.L., Arni , H.T., and Evans, D.N., Inter - relations Between Cement and Concrete Properties,

Part 4: Shrinkage of Neat Portland Cement Pastes

and Concretes , BSS 15 (Contains section 9 and sec- tion 10) (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of

Standards, March 1969), 79 pages.

(116) Bryson, J.O., and Gross, D,, Techniques for the

Survey and Evaluation of Live Floor Loads and Fire

"Loads in Modern Office Buildings , BSS 16 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, December

1968) , 32 pages.

(117) Bean, B.L., and Dise, J.R., Causes of Variation in

Chemical Analyses and Physical Tests of Portland

Cement , BSS 17 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau

of Standards, March 1969), 34 pages.

(118) Gross, D., Loftus, J.J., Lee, T.G., and Gray, V.E.,

Smoke and Gases Produced by Burning Aircraft Inter- ior Materials , BSS 18 (Washington, D.C.: Nati onal

Bureau of Standards, February 1969),

(119) Greenfeld, S.H., A Study of the Variables Involved

in the Saturating of Roofing Felts , BSS 19 (Washington, D.C.:- National Bureau of Standards, June

1969) , 18 pages.

(120) Robinson, H.E., Durability of Insulating Glass , BSS

20 (Proceedings of a seminar held at the National

Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD., November

14-15, 1968) (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of

Standards, February 1970), 84 pages.

70
(121) Kusuda, T., Algorithms for Psychometric Calculations , BSS 21 (Skeleton Tables for the Thermodynamlc Properties of Moist Air) (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, January 1970), 53

pages.

(122) Achenbach, P.P., project director/coordinator,

Investigation of Performance Characteristics for

Sanitary Plumbing Fixtures , BSS 22 (Washington,

D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, January 1970),

72 pages.

(123) Greenfeld, S.H., Hail Resistance of Roofing Pro - ducts , BSS 23 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau

of Standards, August 1969), 11 pages.

(124) Greenfeld, S.H., Natural Weathering of Mineral

Stabilized Asphalt Coatings on Organic Felt , BSS 24

(Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards,

October 1969), 17 pages.

(125) Pfrang, E.O., and Yokel, F.Y., Structural Perfor- mance Evaluation of a Building System , BSS 25 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards,

November 1969), 127 pages.

(126) Davis, J.C., Radiation Errors in Air Ducts Under

Nonisothermal Conditions Using Thermocouples, Therm- Tstors, and a Resistance Thermometer , BSS 26 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, November 1969), 14 pages.

(127) Faison, T.K., Jr., Davis, J.C., and Achenbach, P.R.,

Performance of Louvered Devices as Air Mixers , BSS

27 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, March 1970), 22 pages.

(128) Blaine, R.L., and Tomes, L.A., Exploratory Studies

of Early Strength Development in Portland Cement

Pastes and Mortars , BSS 28 (Washington, D.C.:

National Bureau of Standards, July 1970), 14 pages.

(129) Baker, M.A., 1964 Exposure Test of Porcelain

Enamel s on Aluminum—Three Year Inspection , BSS 29

(Washi ngton, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards,

April 1970), 13 pages.

(130) Marshall, R.D., editor. Wind Loads on Buildings and

Structures , BSS 30 (Proceedings of a Technical Meeting held at the National Bureau of Standards,

Gaithersburg, MD., January 27-28, 1969) (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, November

1970), 169 pages.

(131) Bryson, J.O., and Carpenter, E.F., Flexural Behav - ior of Prestressed Concrete Composite Teebeams , BSS

31 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, July 1970), 14 pages.

(132) Smith, R.W., Jr., editor, Precoordi nati on--Bas1

s

for Industrialized Building . BSS 32 (Proceedings of

a conference held at Gaithersburg, MD., September

24-26) (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, January 1971), 136 pages.

71
(133) Yokel, F.Y., Mathey, R.G., and Dikkers, R.D., Com- pressive Strength Of Slender Concrete Masonry

Walls , BSS 33 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of

Standards, March 1971), 74 pages.

(134) Yokel, F.Y., Mathey, R.G., and Dikkers, R.D.,

Strength of Masonry Walls under Compressive and

Transverse Loads , BSS 34 (Washington, D.C.: National

Bureau of Standards, March 1971), 74 pages.

(135) Blaine, R.L., and Arni , H.T., Interrelation Between

Cement and Concrete Properties, Part 5: Freezingand Thawing Durability, Saturation, Water Loss and

Absorption, Dynamic Modulus , BSS 35 (Washington,

D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, November

1971), 129 pages.

(136) Clifton, J.R., and Mathey, R.G., Interrel ations

Between C-ement and Concrete Properties, Part 6: Compilation of Data From Laboratory Studies , BSS 35 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards,

August 1971 ) , 118 pages.

(137) Powell, F.J., and Robinson, H.E. , The Effect of

Moisture on the Heat Transfer Performance of Insu - Tated Flat-roof Constructions , BSS 37 (Washington,

D. C.: National Bureau of Standards, October 1971),

81 pages.

(138) Baker, M.A., 1939 Exposure Test of Porcelain

Enamel s on Steel

,

30-year Inspection BSS 38 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, August

1971 ), 9 pages.

(139) Kusuda, T. , editor, Use of Computers for Environ - mental Engineering Related to Buildings , BSS 39 (Proceedings of a Symposium sponsored by the

National Bureau of Standards, the American Society

of Heating, Refrigerating and Ai r-Condi ti oni ng Engineers, Inc., and the Automated Procedures for

Engineering Consultants, Inc., held at the National

Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD., November

30-December 2, 1970) (Washington, D.C.: National

Bureau of Standards, September 1971), 826 pages.

(140) Lew, H.S., Leyendecker, E.V., and Dikkers, R.D.,

Engineering Aspects of the 1971 San Fernando Earth - quake , BSS 40 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau

of Standards, December 1971), 419 pages.

(141) Wyly, R.S., and Sherlin, G.C., Performance of a Single-Stack DWV System Utilizing Low-angle Stackbranch Confluence and Bottom Shunt Venting , BSS 41 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards

,

April 1972), 24 pages.

(142) Reichard, T.W., Carpenter, E.F., and Leyendecker,

E. V., Design Loads for Inserts Embedded in Concrete , BSS 42 (Washington, D.C. : National Bureau of Standards, May 1972), 28 pages.

72
(143) Reichard, T.W., Paper Honeycomb Sandwich Panels as Lightweight Structural Components , BSS 43 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, April

1972) , 7 pages.

(144) Yokel, F.Y., Hsi, G., and Somes, N.F., Full Scale

Test on a Two-story House Subjected to Lateral

Load , BSS 44 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of

Standards, November 1972), 26 pages.

(145) Peavy, B.A., Powell, F.J., and Burch, D.M., Dynamic

Thermal Performance of an Experimental Masonry

Building , BSS 45 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau

of Standards, July 1973), 103 pages.

(146) Wright, R.N., Kramer, S., and Culver, C, editors.

Building Practices for Disaster Mitigation , BSS 46

(Proceedings of a workshop sponsored by the National

Science Foundation, Research Applied to National

Needs Program, and the National Bureau of Standards, held at the National Bureau of Standards,

Boulder, CO., August 28-September 1, 1972) (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, February

1973) , 483 pages.

(147) Galambos, T.V., Gould, P.L., Ravindra, M.K.,

Suryoutomo, H., and Crist, R.A., Structural Deflec - tions. A Literature and State-of-the art Survey , BSS 47 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, October 1973), 104 pages. ^

(148) Reps, W.F., and Simiu, E., editors. Design, Siting,

and Construction of Low-cost Housing and Community

Buildings to Better Withstand Earthquakes and Wind - storms , BSS 48 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau

of Standards, January 1974), 152 pages.

(149) Wyly, R.S., Sherlin, G.C., and Beausoliel, R.W.,

Laboratory Studies of the Hydraulic Performance of

One-story and Split-level Residential Plumbing Sys - tems with Reduced-size Vents , BSS 49 (Washington,

D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, March 1974),

53 pages.

(150) Baker, M.A., Weather Resistance of Porcelain

Enamel S--1 5-year Inspection of the 1956 Exposure

Test , BSS 50 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of

Standards, July 1974), 15 pages.

(151) Pielert, J.H., Reichard, T.W., and Masters, L.W.,

Structural Evaluation of Steel Faced Sandwich Panels , BSS 51 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards

,

April 1974), 43 pages.

73
(152) Lew, H.S., The Effect of Impact Loadings on the

Performance of Wood Joist Subflooring Systems , BSS

52 (Washington, D.C. : National Bureau of Standards. May 1974), 35 pages.

(153) Yokel, F.Y., Study of the Local Resistance of Con - ventional Plywood Subflooring to Concentrated Load , BSS 53 (Washington, D.C: National Bureau of Standards, May 1974), 43 pages.

(154) Kapsch, R.J., editor, Health and Medical Facilities

Design , BSS 54 (Proceedings of the First Federal

Agency Workshop, held at the National Bureau of

Standards, Gaithersburg, MD., December 5, 1972)

(Washington, D.C: National Bureau of Standards,

July 1974), 87 pages.

(155) Mathey, R.G., and Cullen, W.C, Preliminary Perfor- ma nce Criteria for Bituminous Membrane Roofing , BSS

55 (Washington, D.C: National Bureau of Standards, November 1974), 16 pages.

(156) Raufaste, N.J., Jr., and Marshall, R.D., editors,

Development of Improved Design Criteria for Low-rise

Buildings in Developing Countries to Better Resist

the Effects of Extreme Winds , BSS 56 (Proceedings

of a Workshop held in the Philippines, November

14-1 7, 1973) (Washington, D.C: National Bureau of

Standards, October 1974), 171 pages.

(157) Peavy, B.A., Burch, D.M., Powell, F.J., and Hunt,

CM., Comparison of Measured and Computer-predicted

Thermal Performance of a Four Bedroom Wood-frame

Townhouse , BSS 57 (Washington, D.C: National Bureau of Standards, April 1975), 62 pages.

(158) Yancey, C.W.C, and Cattaneo, L.E., State-of-the-art

of Structural Test Methods for Walls, Floors, Roofs

and Complete Buildings , BSS 58 (Washington, D.C:

National Bureau of Standards, November 1974), 136

pages.

(159) Baker, M.A., The Adherence of Porcelain Enamel to

A1 umi num , BSS 59 (Washington, D.C: National Bureau of Standards, November 1974), 39 pages.

(160) Orloski, M.J., and Wyly, R.S., Hydraulic Perfor- mance of a Fullscale Townhouse Drain-Waste-Vent

System with Reduced-size Vents , BSS 60 (Washington,

D.C: National Bureau of Standards, August 1975),

43 pages.

(161) Culver, CG. , Lew, H.S., Hart, G.C, and Pinkham,

C. W., Natural Hazards Evaluation of Existing Build - ings , BSS 61 (Washington, D.C: National Bureau of Standards, January 1975), 958 pages.

(162) Meese, W.J., and C i 1 i mberg, R.L. , Analysis of Cur - rent Technology on Electrical Connections in Resi - dential Branch Circuit Wiring , BSS 63 (Washington,

D. C: National Bureau of Standards, March 1975),

23 pages.

74
(163) Petersen, S.R., Retrofitting Existing Housing for

Energy Conservation: An Economic Analysis , BSS 64

(Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards,

December 1974), 76 pages.

(164) Clifton, J.R., Beeghly, H.F., and Mathey, R.G., Non - metallic Coatings for Concrete Reinforcing Bars , BSS

65 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau, of Standa rds

,

August 1975) , 42 pages.

(165) Kusuda, T., editor. Underground Heat and Chilled

Water Distribution Systems , BSS 66 (Washington,

D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, May 1975), 146

pages.

(166) Leyendecker, E.V., Breen, J.E., Somes, N.F., and

Swatta, M., Abnormal Loading on Buildings and Pro - gressive Collapse , BSS 67 (An Annotated Bibliography) (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of

Standards, January 1976), 60 pages.

(167) Wyly, R.S., Parker, W.J., Rorrer, D.E., Shaver,

J.R., Sherlin, G.C., and Tryon, M., Review of Stan - dards and Other Information on Thermoplastic Piping

in Residential Plumbing , BSS 68 (Washington, D.C.:

National Bureau of Standards, May 1975), 65 pages.

(168) Collins, B.L., Windows and People: A Literature Sur - vey, Psychological Reaction to Environments With

and Without Windows , BSS 70 (Washington, D.C.:

National Bureau of Standards, June 1975), 93 pages.

(169) Parker, W.J., Paabo, M. , Scott, J.B., Gross, D.,

and Benjamin, I. A., Fire Endurance of Gypsum Board

Walls and Chases Containing Plastic and Metallic

Drain, Waste and Vent Plumbing Systems , BSS 72 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards,

September 1975), 114 pages.

(170) Sabine, H.J., Lacher, M.B., Flynn, D.R., and Quindry,

T.L., Sound Transmission Loss, Thermal Transmittance

and Air Leakage of Exterior Walls, Doors, and Windows , BSS 77 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, November 1975), 170 pages.

(171) Kusuda, T., Hill, J.E., Liu, S.T., Barnett, J. P.,

and Bean, J.W., Predesign Analysis of Energy Con - servation Opti o ns for a Multistory Demonstration

Office Building , BSS 78 (Washington, D.C.: National

Bureau of Standards, November 1975), 59 pages.

(172) Cooke, P.W., Dikkers, R.D., Trechsel, H.R., Tejuja,

H.K., and Zelenka, L.P., Model Documents for the

Evaluation , Appi-oval , and Inspection of Manufactured

Buildings , BSS 87 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau

of Standards, July 1976), 308 pages.

(173) Yancey, W.C., The Development of An Improved Test for Evaluating the Racking Resistance of Wall Panels , BSS 91 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of

Standards, November 1976), 67 pages.

75
NBS (200) Greifer, B., Maienthal, E.J., Rains, T.C., and

Special Rasberry, S.D., Standard Reference Materials:

Publi- Development of NBS Standard Reference Material No. cations 1579 Powdered Lead-Based Paint , SP 260-45 (Washing-

(200-299) ton, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, March 1973),

31 pages.

(201) Flynn, D.R., and Peavy, B.A., Jr., editors. Thermal

Conductivity , SP 302 (Proceedings of the Seventh Conference held at the National Bureau of Standards,

Gaithersburg, MD., November 13-16, 1967) (Washington,

D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, September 1968),

820 pages.

(202) Wright, J.R., editor. Industrialized Building in the

Soviet Union , SP 334 (A report of the U.S. Delegation

to the U.S.S.R.) (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau

of Standards, December 1970), 81 pages.

(203) Menis, 0. editor. Status of Thermal Analysis , SP 338

(Proceedings of a Symposium on the Corner Status of

Thermal Analysis held at Gaithersburg, MD., April

21-22, 1970) (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of

Standards, October 1970), 189 pages.

(204) Foster, B.E., editor. Volume 1, Performance Concept

in Buildings , SP 361 (Invited papers--proceedings of

a symposium jointly sponsored by the International

Union of Testing and Research Laboratories for Materials and Structures (RILEM), the American Society

for Testing and Materials (ASTM), and the International Council for Building Research Studies and

Documentation (CIB), Philadelphia, PA., May 2-5,

1972) (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards,

February 1972), 819 pages.

(205) Foster, B.E., editor, Volume 2, Performance Concept

in Buildings , SP 361 (Opening addresses, rapporteur

reviews, and discussions--proceedings of a symposium

jointly sponsored by the International Union of Testing and Research Laboratories for Materials and Structures (RILEM), the American Society for Testing and

Materials (ASTM), and the International Council for

Building Research Studies and Documentation (CIB),

Philadelphia, PA., May 2-5, 1972) (Washington, D.C.:

National Bureau of Standards, September 1972), 169

pages.

(206) Fath, J.M., Standards on Noise Measurements, Rating

Schemes, and Definitions: A Compilation, Washington,

D.C. , SP 386 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of

Standards, November 1973).

(207) Kelly, K.L., Colorimetry and Spectrophotometry: A Bibliography of NBS Publications January 1906 through

January 1973 , SP 393 (Washington, D.C.: National

Bureau of Standards, April 1974), 54 pages.

(208) Butler, M.J., and Slater, J. A., editors. Fire Safety

Research , SP 411 (Proceedings of a symposium held at the National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD.,

August 22, 1973) (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau

of Standards, November 1974), 251 pages.

76
(209) Plumbing Research Laboratory. Special Technical

Facilities at the National Bureau of Standards , SP 413 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards,

January 1975), page 7.

(210) Giles, K., and Powell, P., editors, Attacking the

Fire Problem: A Plan for Action , SP 416 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, May 1975),

37 pages.

(211) Berry, S.A., editor, Proceedings of the 7th Annual

Conference of the National Conference of States on Wilding Codes and Standards , SP 429 (Washington,

D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, September 1975),

129 pages.

(212) Lew, H.S., editor. Wind and Seismic Effects , SP 444

(Proceedings of the Sixth Joint Panel Conference of

the U.S. -Japan Cooperative Program in Natural Resources held at the National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD., May 15-17, 1974) (Washington, D.C.: National

Bureau of Standards, April 1976), 462 pages.

NBS (300) Cullen, W.C., Solar Heating, Radiative Cooling, and

Technical Thermal Movement , TN 231 (Their Effects on Built-up

Notes Roofing) (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Stan-

(300-399) dards, December 1963), 33 pages.

(301) Robbins, D., editor. Disclosures on a Plumbing Vent Manifold, a Micro-adjuster, a Glass Joint or Stopcock,

and a Miniature Puller , TN 253 (Washington, D.C.:

National Bureau of Standards, November 1964), 9 pages.

(302) Boone, T.H., Skoda, L.F., and Cullen, W.C., Labora - tory-field Comparison of Built-up Roofing Membranes , TN 473 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, December 1968), 15 pages.

(303) Greenfeld, S.H., The Performance of Roofing Made with

Asplund Felts , TN 477 (Washington, D.C. : National

Bureau of Standards, March 1969), 27 pages.

(304) Greenfeld, S.H., Warner, E.R., and Reinhart, H.W.,

Bibliographies on Fabric Flammability, Part 1, Wear - ing Apparel; Part 2, Fabrics Used on Beds; Part 3,

Carpets and Rugs , TN 498 (Washington, D.C: Nati onal

Bureau of Standards, February 1970), 36 pages.

(305) Greenfeld, S.H., Warner, E.R., and Reinhart, H.W.,

Bibliographies on Fabric Flammability, Part 4, Inter- ior Furnishings , TN 498-1 (Washington, D.C: Nati onal

Bureau of Standards, June 1970), 24 pages.

(306) Greenfeld, S.H., Warner, E.R., and Reinhart, H.W.,

Bibliographies on Fabric Flammability, Part 5, Test - ing and Test Methods , TN 498-2 (Washington, D.C:

National Bureau of Standards, September 1970), 39 pages.

(307) The Flammable Fabrics Program 1968-1969, National

Bureau of Standards , TN 525 (Washington, D.C:

National Bureau of Standards, April 1970), 84 pages.

77
(308) Somes, N.F., Dikkers, R.D., and Boone, T.H., Lubbock

Tornado: A Survey of Building Damage in an Urban

Area , TN 558 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of

Standards, March 1971), 38 pages.

(309) Marshall, R.D., Surface Pressure Fluctuations Near

an Axisymmetric Stagnation Point , TN 563 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, August 1971),

67 pages.

(310) Dikkers, R.D., Marshall, R.D., and Thorn, H.C.S.,

Hurricane Cami lie-August 1969: A Survey of Struc - tural Damage Along the Mississippi Gulf Cost , TN 569 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards

March 1971), 71 pages.

(311) The Flammable Fabrics Program 1970, National Bureau

of Standards , TN 596, (Washington, D.C.: National

Bureau of Standards, September 1971).

(312) Yokel, F.Y., and Somes, N.F., Structural Performance

Evaluation of Innovative Building Systems , TN 706

(Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards,

August 1972), 16 pages.

(313) Baker, M.A., Three-year Inspection of Nature-tone

Porcelain Enamels on Steel , TN 707 (Washington,

D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, December 1971),

16 pages.

(314) Lee, T.G., Interl aboratory Evaluation of Smoke Den - sity Chamber , TN 708 (Washington, D.C.: National

Bureau of Standards, December 1971), 80 pages.

(315) Blachere, G., Building Research Translation: Account

of the Principles of Modular Coordination: Industrial - ization in Building , TN 710-1 (Washington, D.C.:

National Bureau of Standards, March 1972), 15 pages.

(316) Gilbert, P., Building Research Translation: An Investigation of the Protection of Dwellings from

"External Noise Through Facade Walls , TN 710-2 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, March 1972),

26 pages.

(317) Katz, R.G., United States and Canadian Fabric Flamma - bility Standards , TN 742 (Washington, D.C.: National

Bureau of Standards, October 1972), 59 pages.

(318) Gil Sinn, J.F., Estimates of the Nature and Extent of

Lead Paint Poisoning in the United States , TN 746

(Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards,

December 1972), 151 pages.

(319) The Flammable Fabrics Program 1971, National Bureau

of Standards , TN 749 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, December 1972), 92 pages.

(320) Slater, J. A., Buchbinder, B., and Tovey, H., Matches

and Lighters in Flammable Fabric Incidents: The

Magnitude of the Problem , TN 750 (Washington, D.C .

:

National Bureau of Standards, December 1972), 27 pages.

78
(321) Clifton, J.R., Some Aspects of the Setting and Harden - ing of Gypsum Plaster , TN 755 (Washington, D.C.:

National Bureau of Standards, January 1973), 33 pages.

(322) Lee, T.G., The Smoke Density Chamber Method for Eval - uating the Potential Smoke Generation of Building

Materials , TN 757 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, January 1973), 20 pages.

(323) Berger, H.W., The NBS Lead Paint Poisoning Project:

Housing and Other Aspects , TN 759 (Washington, D.C.:

National Bureau of Standards, February 1973), 25

pages.

(324) Clifton, J.R., Beeghly, H.F., and Mathey, R.G., Non - metallic Coatings for Concrete Reinforcing Bars: Coating Materials , TN 768 (Washington, D.C.: National

Bureau of Standards, April 1973), 40 pages.

(325) Waksman, D., Skoda, L.F., and Clark, E.J., Hazard

Elimination Procedures for Leaded Paints in Housing , TN 770 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards. May 1973), 99 pages.

(326) Coiner, D., and Gilsinn, D., Fire Service LocationAllocation Models , TN 774 (Washington, D.C.: National

Bureau of Standards, June 1973), 46 pages.

(327) Dikkers, R.D., Coordinated Evaluation System (CES)

Project, Model Documentation for Building Regulation , TN 775 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards,

May 1975), 16 pages.

(328) Cullen, W.C., and Rossiter, W.J., Jr., Guidelines for

Selection of and Use of Foam Polyurethane Roofing Sys - tems , TN 778 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of

Standards, May 1973), 46 pages.

(329) Wolfe, W.C., Roberts, R.F., and Russell, M. , Durabil - ity and Maintenance as Related to the Selection of

Flooring , TN 783 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau

of Standards, August 1973), 68 pages.

(330) Technical Options for Energy Conservation in Build - Tngs , TN 789 (National Conference of States on Buildi ng Codes and Standards and National Bureau of Standards Joint Emergency Workshop on Energy Conservation

in Buildings held at the U.S. Department of Commerce,

Washington, D.C., June 19, 1973) (Washington, D.C.:

National Bureau of Standards, July 1973), 184 pages.

(331) Berry, S.A., Emergency Workshop on Energy Conserva - tion in Buildings , TN 789^ (Washington, D.C.:

National Bureau of Standards, July 1975), 31 pages.

(332) Cadoff, M.A., Mathews, D.E., and Blomquist, D.S.,

Development of a Procedure for Measuring the Noise

of Paper Caps , TN 793 (Washington, D.C.: National

Bureau of Standards, October 1973), 23 pages.

79
(333) Fung, F.C.W., Suchomel, R., and Oglesby, P.L., NBS

Corridor Fire Tests: Energy and Radiation Models , TN 794 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, October 1973), 127 pages.

(334) Wright, R.N., and Kramer, S., Building Performance

in the 1972 Managua Earthquake , TN 807 (Washington,

D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, November 1973),

155 pages.

(335) Waksman, D., Ferguson, J.B., Godette, M., and

Reichard, T., Potential Systems for Lead Hazard

Elimination: Evaluations and Recommendations for

Use , TN 808 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of

Standards, December 1973), 192 pages.

(336) Yokel, F.Y., and Reichard, T.W., Evaluation of the

Column Connections Used in a Precast Concrete Modu - lar Housing System , TN 811 (Washington, D.C.: Nati onal

Bureau of Standards, March 1974), 63 pages.

(337) Rubin, A. I., and Cohen, A., Occupant Behavior in

Building Fires , TN 818 (Washington, D.C.: National

Bureau of Standards, February 1974), 28 pages.

(338) Wolfe, W.C., A Review of Federal and Military Specifi - cations for Floor Coverings , TN 822 (Washington, D.C.:

National Bureau of Standards, April 1974), 99 pages.

(339) Masters, L.W., and Wolfe, W.C., The Use of Weather

and CI imatol ogical Data in Evaluating the Durability

of Building Components and Materials , TN 838 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, August

1974), 101 pages.

(340) Lubman, D., Review of Reverberant Sound Power Measure - ment Standard and Recommendations for Further Research , TN 841 (Washington, D.C.: Natonal Bureau of Standards,

August 1974), 24 pages.

(341) Marshall, R.D., A Study of Wind Pressures on a Single - family Dwelling in Model and Full Scale , TN 852

(Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards,

October 1974), 40 pages.

(342) Cooke, P.W., Tejuja, H.K., Dikkers, R.D., and Zelenka,

I . P ., State Building Regulatory Programs for Mobile

Homes and Manufactured Buildings —A Summary , TN8 53

(Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards,

September 1974), 35 pages.

(343) Culver, C, and Kushner, J., A Program for Survey of

Fire Loads and Live Loads in Office Buildings , TN 858

(Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards

,

May 1975), 229 pages.

(344) Sushinsky, G.F., and Mathey, R.G., Fatigue Tests of

Bituminous Membrane Roofing Specimens , TN 863

(Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards,

April 1975), 32 pages. .

80
(345) Crist, R., Marshall, R., and Laursen, H., Electrooptical Deflection Measuring Device , TN 873 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, December

1975), 24 pages.

(346) Clark, E.J., Campbell, P.G., and Frohnsdorff, G.,

Waterproofing Materials for Masonry , TN 883 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, October

1975), 86 pages.

(347) Hill, J., and Richtmyer, T., Retrofitting a Residence

for Solar Heating and Cooling: The Design and Con - struction of the System , TN 892 (Washington, D.C.:

National Bureau of Standards, November 1975), 99

pages.

(348) Hunt, CM., Treado, S.J., A Prototype Semi Automated

System for Measuring Air Infiltration Using Sulfur

Hexafluoride as a Tracer Gas , TN 898 (Washington,

D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, March 1976),

24 pages.

(349) Crist, R.A., and Shaver, J.R., Deflection Perfor - mance Criteria for Floors , TN 900 (Washington, D.C.

:

National Bureau of Standards, April 1976), 23 pages.

(350) Shaver, J., Correlation of Floor Vibration to Human Response , TN 904 (Washington, D.C: National Bureau

of Standards, May 1976), 29 pages.

NBS (400) Berg, CA., Energy Conservation Through Effective

Interagency Utilization , NBSIR 73-1 02 (Washington, D.C:

Reports National Bureau of Standards, February 1973), 53

(400-599) pages.

(401) Shaver, J.R., Masters, L.W., Reichard, T.W., and

Pielert, J.H., Environmental Evaluation of Polyure - thane Foam Core Sandwich Panel Construction , NBSIR

73-105 (Washington, D.C: National Bureau of Standards, December 1972), 47 pages.

(402) Fang, J.B., Analysis of the Behavior of a Freely

Burning Fire in a Quiescent Atmosphere , NBSIR 73-115

(Washington, D.C: National Bureau of Standards,

February 1973), 60 pages.

(403) Yokel, F.Y., Study of the Local Resistance of Con- ventional Plywood Subflooring to Concentrated Load , NBSIR 73-116 (Washington, D.C: National Bureau of

Standards, March 1973), 64 pages.

(404) Yancey, CW., and Somes, N.F., Structural Tests of

Wood Framed Housing Module , NBSIR 73-121 (Washington,

D.C: National Bureau of Standards, March 1 973),

111 pages.

(405) Lee, T.G., and Huggett, C, Interlaboratory Evalua - tion of the Tunnel Test (ASTM E84) Applied to Floor

Coverings , NBSIR 73-1 25 (Washington, D.C: National

Bureau of Standards, March 1973), 56 pages.

81
(406) Cattaneo, L.E., and Yokel, F.Y., Structural Tests of

Mechanical Connections for Concrete Panels , NBSIR

73-126 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, November 1972), 118 pages.

(407) Waksman, D., Skoda, L.F., Clark, E.J., and Godette,

M. , Evaluation of Lead Paint Hazard Elimination

Methods Part II , NBSIR 73-127 (Washington, D.C.:

National Bureau of Standards, March 1973), 77 pages.

(408) Masters, L.W., Wolfe, W.C., Rossiter, W.J., Jr., and

Shaver, J.R., State-of-the-Art on Durability Testing

of Building Components and Materials , NBSIR 73-132

(Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards,

March 1973), 128 pages.

(409) Sleater, G., Performance of Industrial Type Cladding

Materials , NBSIR 73-134 (Washington, D.C.: National

Bureau of Standards, March 1973), 30 pages.

(410) Son, B.C., Fire Endurance Tests of Steel Sandwich

Panel Exterior Wall and Roof/ Ceiling Constructions , NBSIR 73-135 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of

Standards, December 1972), 38 pages.

(411) Parker, W.J., Brackett, D.C., Willard, R.E., and

Zile, R.H., A Preliminary Investigation on the

Effect of Humidity on the Ignition, Heat Release,

and Smoke Density Tests for Typical Room Finishing

Material

s

, NBSIR 73-139 (Interim report) (Washington,

D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, March 1973).

(412) Son, B.C., Fire Endurance Test of Plywood-Faced

Exterior Walls for Single Family Housing , NBSIR

73-140 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, March 1973), 24 pages.

(413) Shoub, H., and Son, B.C., Fire Endurance Tests of

Plywood on Steel Joist Floor Assemblies, With and

Wrthout Ceiling, NBSIR 73-141 (Washington, D.C.:

National Bureau of Standards, March 1973), 35 pages.

(414) Kusuda, T., CI imatol ogical Data at the Proposed Proto - type Sites in the United States for the Evaluation of

HUD Operation BREAKTHROUGH Housing Systems , NBSIR

73-144 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards,

April 1973), 136 pages.

(415) Buchbinder, L.B., Study of Relationships Between

Activity, Reaction, Garment Parameter Patterns and

Injury Severity for Fire Incidents Involving Apparel , NBSIR 73-145 (Interim report for period September

1972-February 1973) (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, April 1973), 33 pages.

(416) Rossiter, W.J., Jr., Outdoor Performance of Plastics

X Final Update of Weathering Data , NBSIR 73-146

(Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards,

March 1973), 113 pages.

(417) Yokel, F.Y., and Reichard, T.W.. Evaluation of the

Column Connections Used in a Precast Concrete Modular

Housing System , NBSIR 73-148 (Washington, D.C.:

National Bureau of Standards, March 1973), 90 pages.

82
(418) Wyly, R.S., and Rorrer, D.E., Field Test of Hydraulic

Performance of a Single-Stack Drainage System at the

Operation Prototype Site in King County, Washington , NBSIR 7 3-161 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of

Standards, May 1973), 66 pages.

(419) Son, B.C., Fire Endurance Test of a Steel Sandwich

Panel Floor Construction , NBSIR 73-164 (Washington,

D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, April 1973),

25 pages.

(420) Son, B.C., Fire Endurance Test on a Steel Tubl ar Column Protected with Gypsum Board , NBSIR 73-165

(Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards,

April 1973), 23 pages.

(421) Son, B.C., Fire Endurance Test of an Interdwel 1 i ng Double Wall Construction of Paper Honeycomb and Gyp - sum Board , NBSIR 73-166 (Washington, D.C.: National

Bureau of Standards, April 1973), 24 pages.

(422) Son, B.C., Fire Endurance Test of a Roof/Ceiling

Construction of Paper Honeycomb and Gypsum Board , NBSIR 73-167 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of

Standards, January 1973), 20 pages.

(423) Son, B.C., Fire Endurance Test of a Fiber Glass Rein - forced Polyester Double Wall Assembly , NBSIR 73-168

(Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards,

April 1973), 26 pages.

(424) Son, B.C., Fire Endurance Test of a Wood Stud Inter - dwelling Double Wall Construction , NBSIR 73-169

(Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards,

April 1973), 21 pages.

(425) Son, B.C., Fire Endurance Test of an Interdwel 1 i ng Double Wall Constructed of Polyurethane Foam-FiHed

Sandwich Panels , NBSIR 73-1 70 (Washington, D.C.:

National Bureau of Standards, April 1973), 27 pages.

(426) Son, B.C., and Shoub, H., Fire Endurance Tests of

Double Module Walls of Gypsum Board and Steel Studs , NBSIR 73-1 73 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of

Standards, April 1973), 32 pages.

(427) Parker, M.J., Comparison of the Fire Performance of

Neoprene and Flame Retardant Polyurethane Mattresses , NBSIR 73-1 77 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of

Standards, April 1973), 46 pages.

(428) Craw, A.R., Analyses for Decision in the Office of

Flammable Fabrics: The Level of the Standard , NBSIR

73-182 (Status report) (Washington, D.C.: National

Bureau of Standards, April 1973), 80 pages.

(429) Lew, H.S., The Effect of Impact Loadi ngs on the Per - formance of Wood Joist Subfl coring Systems , NBSIR 73-187

(Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, May

1973), 49 pages.

(430) Reichard, T.W., Greene, W.E., Jr., Cattaneo, L.E.,

and Masters, L.W., Structural Tests on Housing Com - 83
ponents of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyester Laminate , NBSIR 73-188 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of

Standards, April 1973), 98 pages.

(431) Quindry, T.L., Acoustical Evaluation of a Single

Family Attached Steel Frame Modular Housing System

Constructed on an Operation Breakthrough Prototype

Site , NBSIR 73-190 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, April 1973), 21 pages.

(432) Quindry, T.L., Acoustical Evaluation of a Single

Fami ly Attached Wood-Frame Modular Housing System

Constructed on an Operation Breakthrough Prototype

Site , NBSIR 73-191 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, April 1973), 21 pages.

(433) Quindry, T.L., Acoustical Evaluation of a Single

Family Detached Honeycomb Panel Housing System Con - structed on an Operation Breakthrough Prototype Site , NBSIR 73-192 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of

Standards, April 1973), 19 pages.

(434) Denyes, W., and Quintiere, J., Experimental and Ana - lytical Studies of Floor Covering Flammabil ity with

FModel Corridor , (Final report) NBSIR 73-199 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, May 1973),

115 pages.

(435) Denyes, W., and Raines, J.W., A Model Corridor for

the Study of t:he Flammabil ity of Floor Coverings , NBSIR 73-200 (Final report) (Washington, D.C.:

National Bureau of Standards, May 1973), 40 pages.

(436) Burnett, E.F.P., Somes, N.F., and Leyendecker, E.V.,

Residential Buildings and Gas-Related Explosions , NBSIR 73-208 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of

Standards, June 1 973), 32 pages.

(437) Siu, C.I., Ellis, W.M., and Kusuda, T., Test of a Polyester Composite Wall Panel for Moisture Accumu - lation and Potential Removal of Moisture Through

Venting , NBSIR 73-220 (Washington, D.C.: National

Bureau of Standards, May 1973), 18 pages.

(438) Somes, N.F., Abnormal Loading on Buildings and Pro- gressive Collipse , NBSIR 73-221 (Washington, D.C.:

National Bureau of Standards, May 1973), 76 pages.

(439) Leyendecker, E.V., andFattal, G., Skyline Plaza

Collapse in Fairfax County, VA. , NBSIR 73-222 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, June 1973),

136 pages.

(440) Bryson, J.O., Methodology for Examining Testing Lab - oratories for Manufactured Buildings , NBSIR 73-225

(Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, January 1973), 110 pages

(441) Ferguson, J.B., Summary of Flame Spread and Smoke

Generation Tests Conducted for Operation Breakthrough , NBSIR 73-228 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of

Standards, July 1973), 27 pages.
(442) Spurgeon, J.C., Response Characteristics of a Port - able X-ray Fluorescence Lead Detector: Detection

of Lead in PaTnt , NBSIR 73-231 (Washington, D.C.:

National Bureau of Standards, June 1 973), 31 pages.

(443) Boone, T.H., Ray, T.R., and Street, W.G., Pilot Demon - stration of Lead Based Paint Hazard Elimination Method , NBSIR-242 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, June 1 973), 38 pages.

(444) Paabo, M., Analytical Methods for the Detection of

Toxic Elements in Dry Paint Matrices—A Literature

Survey , NBSIR 73-251 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, July 1973), 42 pages.

(445) Son, B.C., Fire Endurance Tests of Unprotected WoodFloor Constructions for Single Family Residences , NBSIR 73-263 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of

Standards, July 1973), 65 pages.

(446) Son, B.C., and Fang, J.B., Fire Spread on Exterior

Walls Due to Flames Emerging from a Window in Close

Proximity to a Reentrant Wall Corner , NBSIR 73-266

(Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards,

April 1973), 35 pages.

(447) Issen, L.A., Report of Fire Tests on Flexible Con - nectors in HVAC Systems , NBSIR 73-267 (Washington,

D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, July 1973), 67

pages.

(448) Fung, F.C.W., Evaluation of a Pressurized Stairwell

Smoke Control System for a 12 Story Apartment Build- ing, NBSIR 73-277 (Washington, D.C. : National Bureau

of Standards, June 1973), 53 pages.

(449) Dikkers, R.D., Trechsel , H.R., Cooke, P.W., Tejuja,

H.K., and Zelenka, L.P., Model Documents for the

Evaluation, Approval . and Inspection of Manufactured

Buildings , NBSIR 73-278 (Washington, D.C: National

Bureau of Standards, September 1973).

(450) Trechsel, H.R., Swiss Building and Housing Research

Activities , NBSIR 73-288 (Washington, D.C.: National

Bureau of Standards, August 1973), 63 pages.

(451) Marshall, H.E., Cost Sharing as an Incentive to Attain

the Objectives of Shoreline Protection , NBSIR 73-294

(Washington, D.C: National Bureau of Standards,

December 1973), 70 pages.

(452) Clifton, J.R., Beeghley, H.F., and Mathey, R.G.,

Interim Report No. 7: Chemical Resistance and Phys - ical Durability Testing of Coating Materials , NBSIR

73-295 (Washington, D.C: National Bureau of Standards, August 1973), 22 pages.

(453) Joel, L.S., and Berger, H.W., Report on a Pre-test

of a Survey Plan for Estimating Incidence of Lead

Based Paint , NBSIR 73-407 (Washington, D.C: National

Bureau of Standards, December 1973), 86 pages.

85
(454) Leasure, W.A., Jr., Fisher, R.L., and Cadoff, M.A.,

Evaluation of Commercial I ntegrating-Type Noise Expo - sure Meters , NBSIR 73-417 (Contracted by EPA EPA- 550/9-73-007) (Washington, D.Co: National Bureau of

Standards, December 1973), 33 pages.

(455) Hendrickson, R.G., and Corrigan, D.W., An Overview

of the Factors Impacting Metrication of the U.S.

"Housing Industry , NBSIR 73-421 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, December 1973), 35

pages.

(456) Hall, W., Ayers, T., and Doxey, D. , Survey Plans and

Data Collection and Analysis Methodologies: Results

of a Pre-survey for the Magnitude and Extent of the

Lead Based Paint Hazard in Housing , NBSIR 74-426

(Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards,

January 1974), 108 pages.

(457) Raley, C.C., 1972 International Activities Center

for Building Technology , NBSIR 74-432 (Washi ngton,

D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, August 1973),

68 pages.

(458) Boone, T.H., Ray, T.R., and Street, W.G. , Pilot Demon - stration of Lead Based Paint Hazard Elimination Meth - ods, NBSIR 74-438 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau

of Standards, December 1973), 26 pages.

(459) Sleater, G.A., A Review of Natural Stone Preserva - tion , NBSIR 74-444 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, December 1973), 40 pages.

(460) Leasure, W.A., Jr., and Mathews, D.E., Pecos Truck

Tire Noise Study: A Summary of Results , NBSIR 74-446

(Washington, D.C,: National Bureau of Standards,

January 1974).

(461) Parker, W.J., Fire Endurance Tests on Walls and Plumb - ing Chases Containing Drain Waste and Vent Systems , NBSIR 74-449 (Washington, D.C: National Bureau of

Standards, February 1974), 100 pages.

(462) Heldenbrand, J., editor. Design and Evaluation Cri - teria for Energy Conservation in New Buildings , NBSIR 74-452 (Washington, D.C: National Bureau of

Standards, February 1974), 99 pages.

(463) Lee, T.G., Parker, W.J., and Tryon, M. , Eval uation

o f the Fire Performance of a Dibromotetraf1 uoroethane

Blown Rigid Polyurethane Foam , NBSIR 74-456 (Washington, D.C: National Bureau of Standards, April 1974),

17 pages.

(464) Masters, L.W., Grimes, J.W., and Crist, R.A., Simu - lated Solar Heat Tests on M.U.S.T. Air-inflatable,

Double-wall Hospital Ward Shelters , NBSIR 74-457

(Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards,

May 1974), 64 pages.

(465) Sav, G.T., Natural Disasters: Some Empirical and

Economic Considerations , NBSIR 74-473 (Washington,

D.C: National Bureau of Standards, February 1974),

72 pages.
(466) Marshall, H.E., and Ruegg, R.T., Analysis of Costsharing Programs for Pollution Abatement of Munici - pal Wastewater , NBSIR 74-479 (Washington, D.C.:

National Bureau of Standards, September 1974), 145

pages.

(467) Path, J.M., Blomquist, D.S., Heinen, J.M., and Tarica,

M. , Measurements of Railroad No1se--L1ne Operations,

Yard Boundaries, and Retarders , NBSIR 74-488 (Contracted by EPA-550/9-74-007) (Washington, D.C.: National

Bureau of Standards, December 1974), 108 pages.

(468) Hartzell, L.G., Development of a Radiant Panel Test

for Flooring Materials , NBSIR 74-495 (Washington,

D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, May 1974), 79 pages.

(469) Raley, C.C., Benjamin, I. A., Marshall, R.D., and

Snell, J.E., US/UK Joint Complementary Research Pro - gram in Building , NBSIR 74-497 (Wind loads, wat' r supply, fire detection, July 1972-June 1973) (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, October

1973), 24 pages.

(470) Raley, C.C., 1973 International Activities, Center

for Building Technology , NBSIR 74-514 (Washington,

D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, July 1974), 54

pages.

(471) Leasure, W.A., Jr., and Quindry, T.L., Methodol ogy

and Supporting Documentation for the Measurement of

Noise from Medium and Heavy Trucks , NBSIR 74-517

(Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards,

June 1974).

(472) Fattal , S.G., and Cattaneo, L.E., Eval uatlon of Struc - tural Properties of Masonry in Existing Buildings , NBSIR 74-520 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of

Standards, July 1974), 127 pages.

(473) McGuire, W., and Leyendecker, E.V., Analysis of Nonreinforced Masonry Building Response to Abnormal Load - ing and Resistance to Progressive Collapse , NBSIR

74-526 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, November 1974), 67 pages.

(474) Wyly, R.S., Parker, W.J., Rorrer, D.E., Shaver, J.R.,

Sherlin, G.C., and Tryon, J., Review of Performance

Characteristics, Standards and Regulatory Restric - tions Relating to the Use of Thermoplastic Piping

Tn" Residential Plumbing , NBSIR 74-531 (Washington,

D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, March 1975),

68 pages.

(475) Chapman, R.E., and Colwell, P.P., Economics of Pro - tection Against Progressive Collapse , NBSIR 74-542

(Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards,

September 1974), 34 pages.

(476) Raufaste, N.J., Jr., and Marshall, R.D., FY 74 Pro - gress Report on Design Criteria and Methodol ogyTor

Construction of Low-rise Buildings to Resist Typhoons

and Hurricanes , NBSIR 74-567 (Washington, D.C.: National

Bureau of Standards, July 1974), 276 pages.
(477) Kusuda, T., NBSLD, Computer Program for Heating and

Cooling Loads in Buildings , NBSIR /4-574 (Washington,

D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, November 1974),

414 pages.

(478) Raufaste, N.J., and Marshall, R.D,, FY 1973 Progress

Report on Design Criteria and Methodology for Con - struction of Lowrise Buildings to Better Resist

Typhoons and Hurricanes , NBSIR 74-582 (Washington,

D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, July 1973), 31 pages.

(479) Tryon, M., Investigation of Procedures for Determin - ation of Thermal Performance Characteristics of Plas - tic Piping Used in Housing , NBSIR 74-610 (Washington,

D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, November 1974),

36 pages.

(480) Cramp, A. P., and Masters, L.W., Preliminary Study of

the Slipperiness of Flooring , NBSIR 74-613 (Washington,

D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, July 1974), 42

pages.

(481) Raley, C.C., Benjamin, I. A., Galowin, L.S., and

Marshall, R.D., US/UK Joint Complementary Research

Program in Building , NBSIR 74-618 (Wind loads, water

supply, fire detection, July 1973-June 1974) (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, October

1974), 23 pages.

(482) Cadoff, M.A., and Blomquist, D.S., Measurement Meth - odology for Determining the Sound Output of Toy Guns , NBSIR 74-519 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of

Standards, August 1974), 17 pages.

(483) Tryon, M., Thermal Properties of Selected Plastic

Piping Used 1n Housing , NBSIR 74-629 (Washington,

D.C. : National Bureau of Standards, April 1975),

28 pages.

(484) Kelly, G.E., and Hill, J.E., Method of Testing for

Rating Thermal Storage Devices Based on Thermal Per - formance , NBSIR 74-634 (Washington, D.C: National

Bureau of Standards, May 1975), 45 pages.

(485) Hill, J.E., Kusuda, T. , Method of Testing for Rating

Solar Collectors Based on Thermal Performance , NBSIR

74-535 (Washington, D.C: National Bureau of Standards, December 1974), 63 pages.

(486) Pielert, J.H., Greene, W.E., Skoda, L.F., and Street,

W.G., Performance of Mobile Homes Data Acquisition

and Analysis Methodology , NBSIR 75-541 (Washi ngton,

D.C: National Bureau of Standards, February 1975),

75 pages.

(487) Holmer, C.I., Procedures for Estimating Sound Power

From Measurements of Sound Pressure , NBSIR 75-652

(Washington, D.C: National Bureau of Standards,

July 1975), 78 pages.

(488) Holmer, C.I., Measurement Methodology and Supporting

Documentation Tor Portable Air Compressor Noise , 88
NBSIR 75-653 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of

Standards, January 1975), 48 pages.

(489) Berendt, R.D., Corliss, E.L.R., and Ojalvo, M.S.,

Quieting: A Home Owner's Practical Guide to Noise

Control , NBSIR /b-b68 (Washington, D.C.: National

Bureau of Standards, March 1975).

(490) Meese, W.J., Cilimberg, R.L., and Camacho, A. A., A Preliminary Approach to Performance Requirements and

Criteria for Electrical Connections in Residential

Branch Circuit Wiring , NBSIR 75-672 (Washington,

D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, March 1975),

37 pages.

(491) Liu, S.T., Analysis of Construction Systems for the

Thermal Classification of Residential Buildings , NBSIR 75-678 (Washington D.C.: National Bureau of

Standards, November 1975), 58 pages.

(492) Cooke, P.W., Zelenka, L.P., and Tejuja, H.K., Mobi 1

e

Home Construction Standards Adopted by State Regula - Tory Programs —An Analysis , NBSIR 75-680 (Washington,

D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, March 1975),

107 pages.

(493) Skoda, L.F., Pielert, J.H., Greene, W.E., and Street,

W.G., Performance of Mobile Homes —A Field Inspection

Study , NBSIR 75-688 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau

of Standards, June 1975), 119 pages.

(494) Street, W.G. , Greene, W.E., Pielert, J.H., and Skoda,

L . F ., A Compilation of Problems Related to the Perfor - mance of Mobile Homes , NBSIR 75-690 (Washington, D.C.:

National Bureau of Standards, April 1975), 86 pages.

(495) Fisher, R.L., Blomquist, D.S., Forrer, J.S., and

Corley, D.M., A Minicomputer - Based System for

the Measurement and Analysis of Community Noise , NBSIR 75-692 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau

of Standards, May 1975).

(496) Yokel, F.Y., and Fattal , S.G., A Failure Hypothesis

for Masonry Shearwalls , NBSIR 75-703 (Washington,

D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, May 1975), 38

pages.

(497) Coble, J.B., and Achenbach, P.R., Site Analysis and

Field Instrumentation for an Apartment Appl ication

oFa Total Energy Plant , NBSIR 75-711 (Washington,

D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, May 1975), 65

pages.

(498) Ruegg, R.T., Solar Heating and Cooling in Buildings:

Methods and Economic Evaluation , NBSIR 75-712 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, July

1975), 47 pages.

(499) Yokel, F., Pielert, J., and Schwab, A., The Implemen - tation of a Provision Against Progressive Collapse , NBSIR 75-715 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of

Standards, August 1975), 23 pages.

89
(500) Bartter, B., Economic Objectives of Utility Compa - nies and Developers 1n Evaluating a MIUS , NBSIR 75-

721 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards,

November 1975), 35 pages.

(501) Eisenhard, R.M., Building Energy Authority and Regula - tions Survey: State Activity, NBSIR 75-747 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, June 1975),

25 pages.

(502) Boone, T.H., Berger, H.W., Cramp, A. P., and Jackson,

H.A., The Demonstration of Experimental Lead Paint

Hazard Abatement Methods in Washington, D.C. , NBSIR

75- 761 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, June 1975), 102 pages.

(503) Masters, L.W., and Tryon, M,, A Methodology for Estab - lishing Conditioning Requirements for Building Mate - rials and Composites , NBSIR 75-767 (Washington, D.C.

:

National Bureau of Standards, October 1975), 30 pages.

(504) Yancey, C, and Cattaneo, L., The Development of an Improved Compression Test Method for Wall Panels , NBSIR 75-779 (Washington D.C: National Bureau of

Standards, December 1975), 107 pages.

(505) Marshall, R.D., and Raufaste, N.J., FY75 Progress

Report on Design Criteria and Methodology for Con - struction of Low-Rise Buildings to Better Resist

Typhoons and Hurricanes , NBSIR 75-790 (Washington,

D.C: National Bureau of Standards, November 1975),

358 pages.

(506) McCabe, R.M., Culver, C, Lee, L.T., and Hirschberg,

J.G., Data Processing and Data Analysis Procedures

for Fire Load and Live Load Survey Program , NBSIR

76- 982 (Washington, D.C: National Bureau of Standards, December 1975), 336 pages.

(507) Sherlin, G., Beausoliel, and Galowin, L., Guide Criteria for Laboratory Evaluation of Backflow Preven - tion Devices for Protection of Potable Water Supplies , NBSIR 76-1020 (Washington, D.CTl National Bureau of

Standards, March 1976), 40 pages.

(508) Pielert, J.H., Skoda, L.F., and Finnan, J.T., Selected

Problems Related to the Storage of Mobile Homes for

UsFas Disaster Housing , NBSIR 76-1044 (Washington,

D.C: National Bureau of Standards, April 1976).

(509) Pielert, J.H., Greene, W.E., Jr., Skoda, L.F., and

Street, W.G. , Performance of Mobile Homes , NBSIR

76-1058 (Summary report) (Washington, D.C: National

Bureau of Standards, April 1976).

(510) Eisenhard, R.M., A Survey of State Legislation Relat - ing to Solar Energy , NBSIR 76-1082 (Washington, D.C:

National Bureau of Standards, April 1976).
NBS

Consumer

Information

Series

(600-699)

Other

Report

Series

(700-799)

(600) Judd, D.B., Color in Our Daily Lives , CIS 6 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, March

1975), 32 pages.

(601) Jacobs, M., and Petersen, S., Making the Most of

Your Energy Dollars in Home Heating and Cooling , CIS 8 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, June 1975), 20 pages.

(700) Blake, R.W., and Brill, M. , Public Building Sys - tems Project Status Report , NBS 9668 (Washington,

D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, December 1967).

(701) Eberhard, J. P., editor. The Performance Concept:

A Study of Its Application to Housing, yoj^ifne one, Performance Standards for Housing , NBS 9849 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, June 1968),

(702) Eberhard, J. P., editor, The Performance Concept:

A Study of Its Application to Housing. Volume

two. Appendices , NBS 9850 (Washington, D.C.: ^Nati onal

Bureau of Standards, June 1968).

(703) Eberhard, J. P. editor. The Performance Concept: A Study of Its Appi icatioTTto Housing. Volume three.

Supplementary Documents , NBS 9851 (Washington, D.C.:

National Bureau of Standards, June 1968).

(704) Pfrang, E.O., editor. Guide Criteria for the Design

and Evaluation of: Operation Breakthrough Housing

Systems , NBS 10200 (In fivevolume set) (Washi ngton,

D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, December 1970).

Vol. I Multifamily high rise

Vol. II Multifamily low rise

Vol. Ill Single family attached

Vol. IV Single family detached

Vol. V Quality assurance program provisions PB 212-538

PB 212-055

(705) Pfrang, E.O., editor, Guide and Format for the

Preparation of a Housing System Testing and Anal - ysis Program for: Operation Breakthrough Housing

Systems , NBS 10213 (A preliminary report, in fourvolume set) (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau

of Standards, June 1970).

Vol. I Vol. II Vol. Ill Vol. IV

Mulitifamily high rise

Multifamily low rise

Single family attached

Single family detached

(706) Pfrang, E.O., References From the Guide Criteria

for Operation Breakthrough Housing Systems , NBS

10214 (Washington, D.C. : National Bureau of Stan- dards, August 1972 Rev.).

(707) Haecker, J.L., Cross-index

Matrix,

Operation Breakthrough

NBS 10215 (Washington, D.C. : ^National

Bureau of Standards, August 1972 Rev.).

91
(708) Pfrang, E.O., Health and Safety Guide Criteria , NBS 10216 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of

Standards, August 1972 Rev.)-

(709) Chen, P.T., Coulter, C, and Morlan, T,H., Final

Report on Building Economics Study Program Phase

T~- Analysis and Summary , NBS 10245 (Washington,

D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, May 1970).

(710) Lew, H.S., Transient Vibration Tests on Wood-joist

Floors , NBS 10248 (Washington, D.C. : National Bureau of Standards, August 1972).

(711) Achenbach, P.R., and Coble, J.B., A Performance

Specification for a Total-Energy Plant at the

Jersey City Breakthrough I Site , NBS 10313 (Washington, D.C: National Bureau of Standards, December 1970).

(712) Lew, H.S., Impact Tests on Gypsum Wall board , NBS

10314 (Washington, D.C: National Bureau of Standards, August 1972 Rev.).

(713) Discussion of Acoustic Environment Guide Criteria

for the Design and Evaluation of Operation Break - Through Housing Systems , NBS 10316 (Washington,

D.C: National Bureau of Standards, January 1971).

(714) Yokel, F.Y., Report on Study of Evaluation Cri - teria for Floors Under Concentrated Load , NBS

10317 (Washington, D.C: National Bureau of Standards, August 1972 Rev.).

(715) Pfrang, E.O., An Overview of Operation Breakthrough

Guide Criteria , NBS 10319 (Washington, D.C: National

Bureau of Standards, August 1967 Rev.).

(716) Achenbach, P.P., Coble, J., Cadoff, B.C., and Kusuda,

T. , A Feasibility Study of Total-Energy Systems for

Breakthrough Housing Sites , NBS 10402 (Washington,

D.C: National Bureau of Standards, August 1971).

(717) Son, B.C., Fire Endurance Test of a Conventional

Plywood Faced, Wood Exterior Wall Containing Fiber - glass Insulation Batts , NBS 10407 (Washington, D.C.

:

National Bureau of Standards, October 1972 Rev.).

(718) Son, B.C., Fire Endurance Tests of a Fiberglass

Wall Assembly for Single Family Housing , NBS 10408

(Washi ngton, D.C : National Bureau of Standards,

October 1972 Rev.).

(719) Pielert, J.H., Structural Evaluation of Steel Faced

Sandwich Panels , NBS 10409 (Washington, D.C:

National Bureau of Standards, September 1972 Rev.).

(720) Crist, R.A., Floor Vibration Tests Kalamazoo, Mich - igan, Breakthrough Site , NBS 10410 (Washington, D.C:

National Bureau of Standards, February 1972).

(721) Quindry, T.L., Acoustical Evaluation of a Multifamily

Low Rise Woodframe Modular Construction System on an Operation Breakthrough Prototype Site , NBS 10411

92
(Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, June

1972).

(722) Issen, L.A., Tests of the Fire Resistance of Intume - scent-pai nted Structural Elements , NBS 10412 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, April

1973).

(723) Yokel, F.Y., Full Scale Test on a Two-story House

Subjected to Lateral Load , NBS 10413 (Washington,

D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, November 1972).

(724) Greene, W.E., Structural Test for a Housing System

Using Sandwich Panels with Gypsum Board SurfacingT , NBS 10414 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, November 1972).

(725) Son, B.C., Fire Endurance Test of a Mechanical /El ec - trical Core Assembly for Use in Multifamily Housing , NBS 10415 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, December 1972).

(726) Son, B.C., Fire Endurance Test of an Exterior Sand - wich Panel Wall Assembly , NBS 10416 (Washington,

D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, October 1972).

(727) Son, B.C., Fire Endurance Test of an Interdwening

Double Wall Assembly for Single Family Housing , NBS

10417 (Washington, D.C. : National Bureau of Standards,

December 1972).

(728) Son, B.C., Fire Endurance Test of a Corrugated Alu - minum Sheet and Gypsum Board Exterior Wall Assembly , NBS 10418 (Washington, D.C: National Bureau of Standards, December 1972),

(729) Gilsinn, J., Nocks, B., Reismen, B., and Clark, E.,

The Nature of the Lead Paint Poisoning Hazard , NBS

10499 (Washington, D.C: National Bureau of Standards,

November 1971).

(730) Clark, E.J., Identification of Potential Building

Material Sources of Lead Poisoning , NBS 10532

(Washington, D.C: National Bureau of Standards,

November 1971 )

.

(731) Greifer, B., Report on Literature Review, Survey,

and Conferences Lead Paint Poisoning Hazard Detec - tion Methods , NBS 10649 (Washington, D.C: National

Bureau of Standards, December 1971).

(732) Gilsinn, J., National Estimates of Lead Based Poisoning of Children (Tstimated by Standard Metropolitan

Statistical Area) , NBS 10651 (Washington, D.C.:

National Bureau of Standards, December 1971).

(733) A Model to Estimate the Incidence of Lead Paint Poi - soning , NBS 10654 (Washington, D.C: National Bureau

of Standards, December 1971).

(734) Hatis, D.B., Procedures for Lead Paint Removal and

Detoxification: Guidelines and Attributes , NBS 1 0658

(Washington, D.C. : National Bureau of Standards, December

1971).

93
(735) Cullen, W.C., The Effects of the Fairbanks, Alaska,

Flood on Residential Construction , NBS 10676 (Mashington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, January

1972).

(736) Greifer, B., Report on Lead Based Paint Detection Meth - ods Chosen for Evaluation (milestone IC), NBS 10667

(Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, December 1971).

(737) Chen, P.T., and Schulman, R.B., Interim Report on Cost Analyses of Lead Paint Hazard Elimination Meth - ods, NBS 10679 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau

of Standards, January 1972).

(738) Schulman, R.B., and Chen, P.T., Interim Report: Lead

Paint Detection in Residential Dwellings; A Cost Anal - ysis , NBS 10680 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of

Standards, January 1972).

(739) Pierce, E.T., Edelman, S., and Ballard, L.D. , Low

Amplitude Vibration Measurement System , NBS 1 0836

(Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards,

May 1972).

(740) Gilsinn, J., Testing the Validity of Models to Pre - dict the Incidence of Lead Paint Poisoning , NBS 10917

(Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards

,

September 1972).

(741) Beausoliel, R.W., Field Investigation of the Natural

Gas Pipeline Accident: at Canterbury Woods, Annandale,

Virginia , NBS 10961 (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, December 1972).

(742) Greifer, B., Comparison of Laboratory Methods for

Determining Lead in Dried Paint Films , NBS 10966

(Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards,

December 1972).

(743) Wehrli, R., Hospital Bedrooms and Nursing Units, a Systems Approach , NBS 10972 (Washington, D.C.: Rational

Bureau of Standards, September 1972).

(744) Eberhard, J. P., project director. The Performance

Concept: A Study of Its Application to Housing,

Vol. I , (Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, 1968). Available from NTIS PB 184-458.

(745) Pfrang, E.G., Guide Criteria for the Evaluation of

Operation Breakthrough Housing Systems , (chapter

H-plumbing, 5 volume set) (Washington, D.C.: National

Bureau of Standards, 1970). Available from NTIS PB 212-055 and PB 212-058.

94
(NBS GOVERNMENT CONTRACT REPORTS)

(746) Regulation and Evaluation of Industrialized Build - ing: A Literature Review with Annotated Bibliograph'

NBSGCR /3-19.

(747) Buchill, R.F., Mechanical and Acoustical Signature

Analysis of Engine-Generator Units to be Used at the

Department of HUD Total Energy Plant, Jersey City,

New Jersey , NBSGCR 74-22 (May 1973).

(748) Survey of Lube Oil Analysis Techniques to be Used

at the Department of Housing and Urban Development

Total Energy Plant, Jersey City, New Jersey , NBSGCR

74-23.

(749) Planning Computer Compatabi 1 i ty for Uniform Building

Regulation of Manufactured Building , NBSGCR 74-26.

(750) State-Local Interface Relationship in the Regulation

of Manufactured Buildings , NBSGCR /4-2/ (October 19/4 )

.

(751) Schultz, T.J., Impact Noise Testing and Rating , NBSGCR

75-33 (January 1974).

(ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY DOCUMENTS).

(752) The Social Impact of Noise , NTID 300.11 (December 1971).

(753) The Effects of Sonic Boom and Similar Impulsive Noise

on Structures , NTID 300.12 (December 19/1).

(754) Fundamental of Noise: Measurement Rating Schemes, and

Standards , NTID 300.15 (December 19/1).

(800) Post, M.A., "Determination of StyreneButadiene and

Styrene-Acryl ate Resins in Solvent Type Paint," J. PAINT TECHN. (1969).

(801) Post, M.A., "Copolymer Determination in Surface

Fillers," PAINT AND VARNISH PRODUCTION (September

1971).

(802) Post, M.A., "Liquid Latex Paint Analysis," PAINT

AND VARNISH PRODUCTION (September-October 1973).

(803) "Paints and Protective Coatings" (Army TM 5-618,

NAVFAC MO-110, Air Force AFM 85-3) (January 1969).

Available from U.S. Government Printing Office,

Washington, D.C.

(804) Clifton, J.R., "Infrared Spectra of Supposed D and

B Forms of Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate," NATURE

PHYSICAL SCIENCE (1971).

(805) Clifton, J.R., "Thermal Analysis of Calcium Sulfate

Dihydrate and Supposed D and B Forms of Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate From 25 to 500° C," J. RESEARCH NBS

(1972).

(806) Wolfe, W.C., "Field Study of Floor Coverings,"

FLOORING (November 1968).

Articles

and

Papers

i n Non-NBS

Medi a (800-999)

95
(807) Wolfe, W.C., "Performance Tests for Floor Coverings," MATERIALS RESEARCH AND STANDARDS (July 1970).

(808) Masters, L.W., "Application of Photon Activation

Analysis to Studies of Adhesion" (162nd ACS Meeting

Washington, D.C.) (September 1971).

(809) Reichard, T., Masters, L.W., and Pielert, J.H.,

"Evaluation of Structural Adhesives for Use in Housing Systems" (Performance Concept in Buildings,

proceedings of Joint RILEM-ASTM-CIB Symposium, May

1972).

(810) "The Economic Impact of Noise," U.S. EPA, Office

of Noise Abatement and Control, No. NTID 300.14

(December 1971 ).

(811) "Life Cycle Costs of HVAC Using Computerized Energy

Studies ," -Discussion of Paper by Eppelheimer, D.,

Levy, J., Proc. conference on Improving Efficiency

in HVAC Equipment and Components for Residential

and Small Commercial Buildings (October 1974).

(812) Ruegg, R.f., "Evaluation of Small/Medium HVAC Systems to Promote Energy Conservation: A Critique,"

Proc. Purdue University conference on Efficiency in

HVAC Systems (March 1975).

(813) Ruegg, R.T., "First Cost-Operating Cost Tradeoffs

for Air-Conditioning Equipment: A Commentary on the

Cost Analysis," Proc. Purdue University conference

on Efficiency in HVAC Systems (March 1975).

(814) Marshall, H.E., "Cost Sharing and Efficiency in

Salinity Control," Chapter 8, Salinity in Water

Resources, (Boulder, CO: Merriman, 1974),

pp. 139-152.

(815) "Abatement of Water Pollutions," NBS Dimensions

(December 1974).

(816) "Economics of Energy Conservation in Buildings," NBS

Dimensions (February 1975).

(817) "Applying a Human Approach to Housing," Commerce

Today , pp. 4-7 (March 8, 1972).

(818) Hahn, M.H., Robinson, H.E., and Flynn, D.R., "Robinson Line-Heat Source Guarded Hot Plate, pp 167-192

Special Technical Publication 544, American Society

for Testing and Materials, 1974.

(819) Holmer, C.I., "Measurement Methodology and Supporting

Documentation for Portable Air Compressors."

(820) Holmer, C.I., "Procedures for Sound Power Level

Measurement: An Experimental and Theoretical Investigation with Application to Noise from portable Air

Compressors.

(821) Achenbach, P.R., and Coble, J.B., "The Application

of Total-Energy Systems to Housing Developments,"

Proceedings of the Joint RILEM-ASTM-CIB Symposium,

May 2-5, 1972, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, March 1972.

96
(822) Coble, J., Bulik, C, and Kuklewicz, M., "Modern

Instrumentation for the Evaluation of a Total

Energy Plant." presented at the 10th lECEC Conference

at the University of Delaware (August(|18-21 , 1975).

(823) Kusuda, T., "Effectiveness Method for Predicting the

Performance of Finned Tube Coils." ASHRAE Bulletin

for Heat and Mass Transfer to Extended Surfaces

(1970).

(824) Kusuda, T. , "Thermal Response Factors for Multi-Layer

Structures of Various Heat Conduction Systems."

ASHRAE Transactions Vol. 75, Part 1, pp. 246-271

(1969).

(825) Hahn, M.H., "The Line-Heat-Source Guarded-Hot-Plate

for Measuring the Thermal Conductivity of Building

and Insulating Materials." Doctoral dissertation.

Catholic University of America (1971).

(826) Kusuda, T., "Procedures for Determining Heating and

Cooling Loads for Computerized Energy Calculations."

Task Group on Energy Requirements for Heating and

Cooling, ASHRAE, New York, New York (1971).

(827) Burch, D.M., Peavy, B.A., and Powell, F.J., "Experimental Validation of the NBS Load and Indoor Temperature Prediction Model." ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 80, Part 2 (1974).

(828) Burch, D.M., Peavy, B.A., and Powell, F.J., "Comparison

Between Measured Computed-Predi cted Hourly Heating and

Cooling Energy Requirements for an Instrumented Wood

Framed Townhouse," ASHRAE Transaction Vol. 81, Part II (1975).

(829) Hill, J.E., and Furlong, R., "ASHRAE Cooling Load

Calculation." ASHRAE Journal, pp. 61-66 (May 1973).

(830) Hill, J.E., "Calculation of Building Thermal Response."

(same as listing above), Proceeding Solar Heating and

Cooling for Buildings Workshop, Part I: Technical

Sessions held in Washington, D.C. 2/21-23/73 NSF Report

NSF/RA/N-73-004 (July 19, 1973). (831) The Design,

(831) Benzinger, T.H., Mangum, B.W., and Hill, J.E., Design,

Construction and Calibration of a Scanning Radiometer,

The ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 8, Part II (1976).

(832) Hill, H.E., and Kusuda, T., ASHRAE "Manchester's New

Federal Building: An Energy Conservation Project."

Journal (August 1975).

(833) Kusuda, T., and Achenbach, P.R., "Earth Temperature

and Thermal Diffusivity at Selected Stations in the

United States." ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 71 (1971).

(834) Kusuda, T., "Least Squares Technique for the Analysis

of Periodic Temperatures of the Earth's Surface Region."

NBS Journal of Research 71C1-442, pp. 47-54.

97
(835) "Interim Performance Criteria for Solar Heating and

Combined Heating/Cooling Systems and Dwellings,"

prepared by NBS for HUD, Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office,

No. 0235-01043 (January 1975).

(836) Hill, J.E., "Laboratory-Based Activities in Solar

Energy at the National Bureau of Standards." ASTM

Standardization NEWS, Vol. 3, No. 8, pp. 20-28 (1975).

(837) Berg, C, "A Discussion of a Research Program for the

Application of Solar Energy to Space Heating, AirConditioning, and Water Heating in Buildings." Solar

Energy Research a staff report of the Committee on Science and Astronautics, U.S. House of Representatives. 92 Congress (Available from GPO, No. 86-764

0 December 1972).

(838) Kusuda, T., "Solar Heating in Japan Proceedings of the

Solar Heating and Cooling for Buildings Workshop."

Part I: Technical Sessions, held in Washington, D.C.

3/21-23/73 NSF Report NSF/RA/N-73-004 (July 1973).

(839) Hill, J.E., Proposed Method of Testing for Rating Solar

Collectors for Heating and Cooling of Buildings. Held

in New York, November 20-23, 1974, NSF Report NSF/RA/N75-019 (May 1975).

(840) Streed, E., A Brief Review of Material Property

Measurements for Solar Collectors for Heat and Cooling

of Buildings, New York, November 20-23, 1974, NSF Report

NSF/RA/N-75-019 (May 1975).

(841) Hill, J.E., and Richtmyer, T.E., Preliminary Critique

and Evaluation of the NSF/Honeywel 1 Transportable Solar

Energy Research Laboratory. A report to the National

Science Foundation (July 17, 1974).

(842) Hunt, CM., Simple Observations of Some Common Indoor

Activities as Producers of North Airborne Particulates,

ASHRAE Symposium Cleaner Indoor Air- Progress and

Problems, Cincinnati, Ohio, pp. 81-14 (October 1972).

(843) Hunt, CM., and Burch, D.M., "Air Infiltration Measurements

in an Four-Bedroom Townhouse Using Sulfur Hexaf luouride

as a Tracer Gas," ASHRAE Transactions 81, Part I, pp. 186-201 (1975).

(844) Crist, R.A., (major contri buter) , "The Shear Strength

of Reinforced Concrete Members," ASCE-ACI Task Committee on Shear and Diagonal Tension, ASCE Journal

Structural Division, Vol. 99, No. ST 6, (June 1973.)

(845) Culver, C, and Crist, R., "Structural Performance

of Military Personnel Records Center, St. Louis,

Missouri, Fire of July 12, 1973." Journal of the

American Concrete Institute (April 1973).

98
(846) Grenley, D.G., Cattaneo, J.E., and Pfrang, E.O.,

"Effect of Edge Load on Flexural Strength of Clay

Masonry Systems Utilizing Improved Mortars, Included

in Designing, Engineering and Constructing with

Masonry Products." Gulf Publishing Company, Proceedings

of the International Conference on Masonry Structural

Systems, University of Texas at Austin (May 1969).

(847) Grenley, D.G., and Cattaneo, I.E., "The Effect of

Edge Load on the Racking Strength of Clay Masonry

Systems Utilizing a High-Strength Mortar."

Proceedings of Second International Brick Masonry

Conference, Stateon-Trent, England (April 1970).

(848) Ang, A.H.-S., Ellingwood, B.R., "Critical Appraisal

of Reliability Principles Relative to Design."

Conference on Applications of Probability to Soil

and Structural Engineering, Hong Kong (September 1971).

(849) Ellingwood, B.R., and Ang, A.H.-S, "Probabilistic Evaluation of Design Criteria." Presented at ASCE National

Structural Engineering meeting at San Francisco, April

1973; also published in Journal of the Structural

Division , ASCE, September 1974, as part of the report

of the ASCE Task Committee on Structural Safety.

(850) Ellingwood, B.R., and Ang, A.H.-S., "Probabilistic

Study of Safety Criteria for Design." Department of

Civil Engineering Research Report SRS 387, University

of Illinois (June 1972).

(851) "Probabilistic Assessment of Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of Structural Welds," presented at 2nd National

Congress on Pressure Vessels and Piping, ASME, San

Francisco, June, 1975; also Journal of Pressure Vessel Tech. , ASME Paper 75-PVP-29.

(852)

Yokel, F.Y., Dikkers, R.D., and Fattal, G., "Strength

of Load-Bearing Masonry, Walls, Closure." Journal

of Structural Division, ASCE (May 1973).

(853) Yokel, F.Y., and Fattal, G., "A Failure Hypothesis for

Masonry Shear Walls." ASCE Journal of the Structural

Division (March 1976).

(854) Greene, W.E., Jr., "Stochastic Models and Live Loads

Surveys." Conference Proceedings, International Conference on Planning and Design of Tall Buildings at Lehigh University, Bethleham, Pennsylvania (August

1972).

(855) Wright, J.R., and Leyendecker, E.V., "Measuring the

Performance of Industrialized Housing under OPERATION

BREAKTHROUGH." Proceedings, Fifth CIB Congress,

Versailles, France (June 1971).

(856) Marshall, R.D., and Hsi, G., "Techniques for Measuring

Wind Loads on Full-Scale Buildings." Proceedings , US-Japan Research Seminar on Wind Loads on Structures, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, pp. 133-148 (October 1970).

99
(857) Marshall, R.D., and Kennedy, J.F., "Wind Tunnel and

Full Scale Investigations." Summary Report , Conference on Wind Loads on Structures, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, pp. 29-34,

(December 1970).

(858) Marshall, R.D., "Surface Pressure Fluctuations Near

an Axi symmetric Stagnation Point." Fluid Dynamics

Transactions , Polish Academy of Sciences, Vol. 5,

Part II, Warsaw, pp. 135-163 (1971).

(859) Thom, H.C.S., and Marshall, R.D., "Wind and Surge

Damage Due to Hurricane Camille." Journal of the

Waterways, Harbors and Coastal Engineering Division , ASCE, Vol. 97, No. WW2 , Proc. Paper 8144, pp. 355-363

(May 1971).

(860) Marshall, R.D., "Book Revi ew--Proceedi ngs of WMO

Symposium on Urban Climates and Building Climatology,

WMO Technical Note No. 109." Bulletin of the Ameri - can Meteorological Society (July 1971).

(861) "Building Code Requirements for Minimum Design Loads

in Buildings and Other Structures," American National

Standard A58. 1-1972 . American National Standards

Institute, New York, New York (1972) (major contribution).

(862) Dalgliesh, W.A., and Marshall, R.D., "Wind Effects

on Tall Buildings -State-of-the-Art Report No. 3".

Proceedings , International Conference on Planning

and Design of Tall Buildings, Lehigh University,

Vol. lb, pp. 382-398 (August 1972).

(863) Thom, H.C.S., and Marshall, R.D., "Wind and Surge

Damage Due to Hurricane Camille -Closure." Journal

of the Waterways, Harbors and Coastal Engineering

DTvTsion , ASCE, Vo. 98, No. WW4, Proc. Paper 9310,

pp. 583-584 (November 1972).

(864) Simiu, E., Marshall, R.D., and Haber, S., "Wind Loading and Modern Building Codes." Journal of the Struc - tural Division , ASCE (Submitted for publication. No.

1, 1974).

(865) Marshall, R.D., "A Study of Wind Pressures on a SingleFamily Dwelling in Model and Full Scale." Journal

of Industrial Aerodynamics , Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 177-

199 (October 1975). (Also published as NBS Technical Note 852, October 1974).

(866) Walker, G.R., Minor, J.E., and Marshall, R.D.,

"The Darwin Cyclone-Valuable Lesson in Structural

Design." "Engineering Aspects of the Darwin Cyclone

of December 25, 1974." CIVIL ENGINEERING Magazine,

pp. 82-86 (December 1975).

(867) Minor, J.E., and Marshall, R.D., "Cyclone Tracy:

Implications for Residential Construction?" Wind

Engineering Research Council Newsl etter . Vol. 1, No.

2, pp. 6-14 (August 1975).

100
(868) Reichard, T.W., Masters, L.W., and Pielert, J.H.,

"Evaluation of Structural Adhesives." ASTM-RILEMCIB Symposium.

(869) Reichard, T.W., and Masters, L.W., "Evaluation of

Adhesive-Bonded Joints in Housing Components of Glass

Fiber-Reinforced Polyester Laminate," ASTM Special

Publication 580, ASTM, Philadelphia (1975).

(870) Reichard, T.W., and Stroik, J.S., "Physical Security

of Door Assemblies and Components." NILECJ-STD-306.00,

LEAA, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, D.C. (1975).

(871) Reichard, T.W., Stroik, J.S., and Washington, J.,

"Physical Security of Window Assemblies." NILECJ-STD316.00, LEAA, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington,

D.C. (1976).

(872) Simiu, E., "Gust Factors and Alongwind Pressure Correlations." Journal of Structural Division, ASCE,

Vol. 99 (April 1973).

(873) Simiu, E., "Logarithmic Profiles and Design Wind

Speeds." Journal of Engineering Mechanics Division,

ASCE, Vol. 99, No. EM5 (October 1973).

(874) Simiu, E., "Improved Methods for Determining Wind Profiles and Dynamic Structural Response to Wind." Proceedings, ASCEIABSE Regional Conference on Tall

Buildings, Bangkok (January 1975).

(875) Simiu, E., "Wind Spectra and Alongwind Structural

Response." Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE

(September 1974)

.

(876) Simiu, E., "Variation of Mean Winds with Height in

Huricanes." Technical Note, Journal of Engineering

Mechanics Division, ASCE (August 1974).

(877) Simiu, E., and Filliben, J.J., "Probabilistic Models

of Extreme Wind Speeds: Uncertainties and Limitations."

Proceedings of World Conference on Wind Effects,

London 1975, Cambridge University Press.

(878) Simiu, E., "Recent Developments in Wind Engineering

and Their Proposed Use in Codes and Standards."

Proceedings, 2nd U.S. Conference on Wind Effects

on Buildings and Structures, Fort Collins, Colorado

(June 1975).

(879) Yokel, F.Y., and Somes, N.F., "Proposed Revision of

ACI 318-63 Building Code, Discussion of Requirements

for Reinforced Concrete Reported by ACI Committee 318."

Journal of the American Concrete Institute (September

1970).

(880) Yokel, F.Y., and Somes, N.F., "Performance Criteria

for Innovative Housing Systems." Journal of the

American Society for Engineering Education (November 1970).

101

f
(881) Yokel, F.Y., and Dikkers, R.D., "Strength of Load

Bearing Masonry Walls." Journal of the Structural

Division , American Society of Civil Engineers (May

1971).

(882) Yokel, F.Y., "Stability and Load Capacity of Members

Made of Materials with no Tensile Strength." Jour- nal of the Structural Division Proceedings of the

American Society of Civil Engineers (July 1971).

(883) Yokel, F.Y., and Somes, N.F., "Can Performance

Criteria be Evolved for New Buildings Systems?."

Building Research and Practice , London (May/June

1973).

(884) "Unreinforced Masonry Bearing Walls," Yokel, F.Y. Solicited Answer to Question No. 3 in "Engineer's

Inquiry Box," Civil Engineering , Volume 43, No. 11,

New York, New York (November 1973).

(885) Yokel, F.Y., "Anchorage Between Concrete Floor Panels

and Masonry Bearing Walls." Solicited Answer to

Question No. 13 in "Engineer's Inquiry Box," Civil

Engineering, Volume 44, No. 12, New York, New York

(December 1974).

(886) "The Operation Breakthrough Evaluation, an Experience in the Application of Performance Criteria,"

Industrialization Forum , Volume 6, No. 1, Montreal,

(887) Yokel, F.Y., and Fattal, S.G., "Failure Hypothesis

for Masonry Shearwalls." Journal of the Structural

Division Proceedings , American Society of Civil

Engineers, Volume 102, No. ST3, Paper 11, 992 (March

1976).

(888) Dikkers, R.D., and Yokel, F.Y., "Strength of Brick

Walls Subject to Axial Compression and Bending."

Proceedings, 2nd International Brick Masonry Conference, British Ceramic Research Association (1971).

(889) Yokel, F.Y., and Somes, N.R., "Performance Criteria

for Tall Buildings." Fifth International Congress - CIB, Paris (June 1971).

(890) Yokel, F.Y., and Somes, N.F., "Trends Affecting

Industrialized Housing of Lightweight Construction

in the U.S.A.." CIB - International Symposium of

Low-Rise Lightweight Construction, Budapest (April

1971 ).

(891) Pfrang, E.O., and Yokel, F.Y., "Evaluation of Innovative Structural Systems with Respect to Creep Buckling."

Submitted to RILEM Symposium on the Experimental

Analysis of Stability Problems on Reduced and FullScale Models, Buenos Aires (November 1971).

(892) Yokel, F.Y., and Somes, N.F., "Structural Perfor- mance Evaluation of Innovative Building Systems."

CIB Symposium on Tall Buildings, Moscow (October

1971).

102
(893) Birky, M.M., and Yeh, Kwan-nan, "Calorimetric Study

of Flammable Fabrics." Part 1. Instrumentation and

Measurements. J. Appl. Polymer Sci., Vol. 17, pp. 239-253 (January 1973).

(894) Birky, M.M., Kwan-nan, and Huggett, C, "Calorimetric

Study of Flammable Fabrics." Part 2. Analysis of

Flame Retardant Treated Cotton. J. Appl. Polymer

Sci., Vol. 17, 255-268 (January 1973).

(895) Huggett, C, "Carpet Flammability and the NBS Corridor

Fire Program." ASTM Standardization News, Vol. 1, No. 5, 16-20 (May 1973).

(896) McCarter, R.J., "The Cause of Anomalous Behavior

in the Vertical Flammability Test." Textile Chemist

and Colorist, Vol. 4, No. 4, 21-23 (April 1972).

(897) Creitz, E.C., "Construction Details and Measurements

of Response of a Gas Density Balance." J. of Chrom.

Sci., 7, 137-144 (March 1969).

(898) Parker, W.J., and Long, M.E., "Development of a Heat Release Rate Colorimeter at NBS. " ASTM STP

502, 135-151 (1972).

(899) Hartzell, L.G., "Development of a Radiant Panel

Test for Flooring Materials." Journal of Fire and

Flammabi 1 ity/Consumer Product Flammability, Vol.

1, 305-353 (December 1974).

(900) Robertson, A.F., "Effluent Fire Product - A Crude

Approach to Fire Gas Hazard Assessment." Fire Technology, Vol. 10, No. 2, 115-127 (May 1974).

(901) Denyes, W., and Quintiere, J., "Experimental and

Analytical Studies of Floor-Covering Flammability

with a Model Corridor." Journal of Fire and

Flammabi 1 ity/Consumer Products Flammability, Vol. 1,

32-109 (March 1974).

(902) Kashiwagi, T., "Experimental Observation of Flame

Spread Characteristics Over Selected Carpets."

Journal of Fire and Fl ammabi 1 ity/Consumer Product

Flammability, Vol. 1, 367-389 (December 1974).

(903) Torrance, K.E., Orloff, L., and Rockett, J. A.,

"Experiments on Natural Convection in Enclosures

with Localized Heating from Below." Journal of

Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 36, Part 1, 21-31 (1969).

(904) Clark, J.E., "The Federal Role in Fabric Flammability

Research and Standards." Textile Information Sources

and Resources, Vol. 4, No. 4, 7-9 (April 1971).

(905) Tovey, H., "Fibers in Flammable Fabrics Case Histories." Textile Information Sources and Resources,

Vol. 4, No. 7, 11-13, 1971. 162nd National Meeting,

ACS, Washington, D.C. (September 1971).

103
(906) Robertson, A.F., and Gross, D., "Fire Load, Fire

Severity, and Fire Endurance. ASTM Special Publication 464, 3-29 (1970).

(907) Fung, F.C.W., Suchomel, M.R., and Oglesby, P.L.,

"The NBS Program on Corridor Fire." Fire Journal,

Vol. 67, No. 3, 41-48, (May 1973).

(908) Ryan, J.V., "Nonwovens and Flammability Standards."

Textile Information Sources and Resources, Vol. 4, No. 8, 29 (1971).

(909) Torrance, K.E., Orloff, L., and Rockett, J. A.,

"Numerical Study of Natural Convection in an Enclo- sure with Localized Heating from Below—Creeping

Flow to the Onset of Laminar Instability." Journal

of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 36, Part 1, 33-54 (1969).

(910) Rockett, J. A., "Objectives and Pitfalls in the Simulation of Building Fires with a Computer." Fire

Technology, Vol. 5, No. 4, 311-322 (November 1969).

(911) Rockett, J. A., "On the Fire Frontier." Fire Journal,

Vol. 66, No. 1, 44-45, 56 (January 1972).

(912) Rockett, J. A., "Planned Operation of National Bureau

of Standards Fire Research and Safety Office."

Fire Journal, Vol. 63, No. 6, 41-43 (November 1969).

(913) McCarter, R.J., "The Pyrolysis of Cellulose at Rates

Approaching Those in Burning." Textile Research

Journal, Vol. 42, No. 12, 709-719 (December 1972).

(914) Bright, R.G., "Recent Advances in Residential Smoke

Detection." Fire Journal, Vol. 68, No. 6, 69-77

(November 1974).

(915) Clark, J.E., "Research Requirements in Fabric Flammability." Textile Information Sources and Resources,

Vol. 4, No. 9, 10-11 (1971).

(916) Comeford, J.J., "The Soectral Distribution of Radiant

Energy of a Gas-Fire Radiant Panel and Some Diffusion

Flames." Combustion and Flame, Vol. 18, 125-132

(1972).

(917) Lee, T.G., "A System for Continuously Monitoring

Hydrogen Chloride Concentratons in Gaseous Mixtures

Using a Chloride Ion-Selective Electrode," Analytical

Chemistry, Vol. 41, 391 (February 1969).

(918) Robertson, A.F., "Two Smoke Test Methods - A Comparison of Data," Fire Technology, Vol. 10, No. 4, 282-286

(November 1974).

(919) Roberston, A.F., "Tests Indicate Venting Increases

Smoke from Some Ploymerics. Fire Engineering, Vol.

126, No. 9, 97-98 (September 1973).

(920) Tovey, H., "What's Next in Textile Flammability Standards." Textile Information Sources and Resources,

Vol. 5, No.l, 15-16 (1971).

104
(921) Issen, L.A., Gustaferro, A.H., and Carlson, C.C.,

"Fire Tests of Concrete Members: An Improved Method

for Estimating Thermal Restraint Forces." ASTM

Special Publication 464, 153-185 (1970).

(922) Rockett, J. A., "The Fire Research and Safety Center

and the Fire Marshall." Fire Journal, Vol. 64,

No. 6, 50-53 (November 1970).

(923) Mills, R.M., "Flame Inhibition with Electron Attachment as the First Step." Combustion and Flame, 12, No. 2, 513-520 (December 1968).

(924) Plitt, K.F., and Utech, H., "Flammabi 1 ity of Turnout

Coats Tested." Fire Engineering (November 1971).

(925) Creitz, E.C., "Gas Chromatographic Determination

of Composition Profiles of Stable Species Around

a Propane Diffusion Flame." Journal of Chromatographic Science, Vol. 10, 168-173 (March 1972).

(926) Huggett, C, "Habitable Atmospheres Which Do Not Support Combustion." Combustion and Flame, Vol.

20, No. 1, 140-142 (February 1973).

(927) Harrison, G.A., "The High-Rise Fire Problem." CRC

Critical Reviews in Environmental Control, Vol. 4, No. 4, 483-505, (October 1974).

(928) Utech, H.P., "Injuries Show What Protection Improved

Clothing Should Offer." Fire Engineering (April

1972) .

(929) Gross, D., and Natrella, M.G., "I nterl aboratory

Comparison of the Potential Heat Test Method."

ASTM Special Publication 464, 127-152 (1970).

(930) Creitz, E., "A Literature Survey of the Chemistry

of Flame Inhibition." Journal of Research of the

National Bureau of Standards, Vol. 7A, No. 4, 521-530

(July-August 1970).

(931) Comeford, J.J., and Birky, M., "A Method for the

Measurement of Smoke and HCl Evolution from Poly(vinyl

chloride)." Fire Technology, Vol. 8, No. 2, 85-90

(May 1972).

(932) Hastie, J.W., "Molecular Basis of Flame Inhibitions."

Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, Vol. 77A, No. 6, 733-754 (November-December

1973) .

(933) Chien, W.P., Seader, J.D., and Birky, M.M, "Monitoring Weight Loss in an NBS Smoke Density Chamber."

Fire Technology, Vol. 9, No. 4, 285-298 (November

1973).

(934) Mandel, J., Steel, M.N., and Sharmen, L.J.,

"National Bureau of Standards Analysis of the ASTM

Inter-laboratory Study of DOC/FF 3-71 Flammability

of Children's Sleepwear." ASTM Standardization News,

Vol. 1, No. 5, 9-12 (May 1973).

105
(935) Leasure, W.A. , Jr., Mathews, D.E., and Rinkinen, W.J.,

"Truck Noise 1-A: Noise Evaluation of Military Truck

Tires." Report DOT-TST-74-21 , National Bureau of

Standards, Washington, D.C. (February 1974).

(936) Corley, D.M., "Test of a Proposed Method for Vehicle

Noise Measurement." Proceedings of Noise-Con 73,

Washington, D.C, pp. 230-235 (October 15-17 , 1973).

(937) Leasure, W.A., Jr., "Automobile Tire Noise: A Review

of the Open Literature." Proceedings of Noise-Con

73, Washington, D.C, pp. 187-195 (October 15-17,

1973).

(938) Pallett, D.S., "A Force Platform Instrumentation

System for the Study of Impact Forces." Proceedings

of Inter-Noise 74, Washington, D.C, pp. 89-92

(September 300ctober 2).

(939) Quindry, T.L., and Flynn, D.R., "On a Simplified

Field Measurement of Noise Reduction Between Spaces."

Proceedings of Inter-Noise 73, Copenhagen, Denmark,

pp. 199-207 (August 22-24).

(940) Leasure, W.A., Jr., "Personal Noise Exposure Meters

An Evaluation of Performance." Sound and Vibration 8^ (3), 36-41 (March 1974).

(941) Blomquist, D.S., and Leasure, W.A., Jr., "An Hourly

Noise Exposure Meter." Proceedings of Inter-Noise

73, Copenhagen, Denmark, pp. 67-69 (August 22-24,

1973).

(942) Berendt, R.D., Winzer, G.E., and Burroughs, C.B.,

"A Guide to Airborne, Impact and Structureborne

Noise Control in Multifamily Dwellings." HUD-TS-24,

1968.

(943) Bartel, T.W., and Schade, P. A., "Digital Processing

of Decay Rates for Reverberant Sound Fields," InterNoise 74 proceedings, pp. 61-64 (September 1974).

(944) Wyly, R.S. and Orloski, M.J., "Studies of ReducedSize Venting of Sanitary Drainage Systems in the

U.S.A.." Paper 13, proceedings of Symposium on Drainage for Buildings CIB Commission W62, Stockholm

(September 1973).

(945) "Procedures for Estimating Economic Benefits and

Materials Savings for Plumbing Drainage Systems with

Reduced-Size Venting," contract report to NBS by

Di ckerson-Gl adstone Associates, Consulting Engineers, Van Nuys, California (October 1975).

(946) Jackson, T., and Konen, T.P., "An Investigation

of the Adequacy of Performance of Reduced Size

Vents Installed on a Ten Story Drain, Waste, and

Vent System." Report DL-73-1708, Stevens Institute

of Technology, contract report to NBS (July 1973).

106
(947) Wyly, R.W., and Galowin, L., "An Approach to Perfor- mance Evaluation for Water Supply and Drainage

for Buildings." Proceedings of Symposium on Drainage

and Water Supply for Buildings, CIB Commission W62,

Glasgow (September 1975).

(948) "New Evaluation Lab-Tower Fills Need for Research

in Plumbing," CONTRACTOR (February 1972).

(949) "Plumbing Industry Looks to Research Facility for

Better, Cheaper Systems," COMMERCE TODAY (February 21,

1972).

(950) Snell, J., "Summary Review - Evaluation Factors,

Design Requirements and Needed Research." Proceedings of Symposium on Water Demands in Buildings,

CIB Commission W62, Garston (U.K.) (September 1972).

107

SUPPLEMENTS

STAFFING/FUNDING 1966-74

1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974

STAFFING: 105 98 115 159 201 225 208 207 231

FUNDING:

Millions

$6.

Sponsored Res. 1.3 .9 1.2 1.5 2.7 4.9 5.4 4 9 5 8

Allocated Funds 12 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.3 1.9 3.2 2.9 3.4

TOTALS $ 2.5 2.4 2.6 3.1 4.0 6.8 8.6 7.8 9.2

109
DISCIPLINES OF PROFESSIONAL STAFF

CENTER FOR BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

• Acoustician • Architect • Architect - Psychologist • Architect - Sociologist • Architectural Engineer

• Behavioral Psychologist • Ceramic Engineer • Chemical Engineer

• Chemist

• Civil Engineer

• Code Analyst • Economist • Electrical Engineer • Electronics Engineer • Fire Prevention Engineer

• General Engineer

• Hydraulics Engineer

• Industrial Engineer • Materials Engineer

• Mechanical Engineer

• Metallurgist • Operation Research Analyst • Physicist • Psychologist • Public Administrator • Safety Engineer • Sociologist • Structural Engineer • Technical Writer • Technologist - Flooring • Technologist - Roofing • Urban Planner

110
SPONSORS OF BUILDING RESEARCH

Agency for International Development, Department of State

American Concrete Institute

American Iron & Steel Institute

American Institute of Architects

American National Standards Institute, Inc. American Society for Heating, Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Engineers

American Society for Testing and Materials

Army Natick Development Center

Atomic Energy Commission

Brick Institute of America

Consumer Product Safety Commission

Defense Civil Preparedness Agency

Defense Supply Agency

Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards

Department of Commerce, Small Business Administration

Department of Health, Education and Welfare

Department of Housing & Urban Development

Department of Justice

Department of Transportation

District of Columbia

Dow Chemical Company

Environmental Protection Agency

Executive Office of the President

Fairchild-Hiller Corporation

Federal Aviation Administration

Federal Energy Agency

Federal Highway Administration

Federal Trade Commission

General Services Administration, Public Buildings Service

International Council for Building Research

Studies and Documentation

Law Enforcement Assistance Agency

Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory

Manufacturing Chemists Association

Maritime Administration

Masonry Institute of America

Munsell Color Foundation

National Academy of Science, Building Research Advisory Board

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

National Center for Health Services Research and Development

National Concrete Masonry Association

National Forest Products Association

National Gypsum Company

National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice

National Institute of Mental Health

National Park Service

National Transportation Safety Board

111
National -Science Foundation

Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory

Occupational Safety & Health Administration

Office of Civil Defense

Office of Emergency Preparedness

Owens Corning Fiberglas Corporation

Porcelin Enamel Institute

Sandia Corporation

Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers

The 3M Company

Tri -Services Committee, Department of Defense

Truck Body and Equipment Association

Underwriters Laboratory

U. S. Air Force

U. S. Army Corps of Engineers

U. S. Army Natick Laboratories

U. S. Coast Guard

U. S. Naval Facilities Engineering Command

U. S. Postal Service

U. S. PQbTic Health Service

U. S. Weather Bureau

Veterans Administration

112
TECHNICAL EVALUATION PANEL MEMBERS

National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of

Engineering, National Research Council,

Technical Evaluation Panel Members

In 1953 the Secretary of Commerce established an ad hoc

committee to evaluate the functions and technical operations of the National Bureau of Standards. Various panels were created each responsible for one unit within the

major organizational units within NBS i.e. the Institute

for Applied Technology (now the National Engineering

Laboratory). Advisory panel members from 1968 through

1974 are listed below.

FY 1968-1969 Advisory Panel Members

Dr. Robert A. Hechtman, Chairman (1970)

821 Clinton Place

McLean, Virginia 22101

Prof. Ray Clough (1971)

Department of Civil Engineering

University of California

Berkeley, California 94720

Mr. Edward N. Davis (1969)

Vice President and Chief Engineer

Fire Protection

Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc. 333 Pfingsten Road

Northbrook, Illinois 60062

Dr. J. Vincent Fitzgerald (1970)

Research Director

Tile Council of America, Inc.

P. 0. Box 326

Princeton, New Jersey 08540

Dr. William H. Lindsay, Jr. (1969)

Mechanical Contractors Association

of Philadelphia, Inc. 1422 Chestnut Street

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102

Mr. Andrew R. Lolli (1971)

Director

State Department of General Services

915 Capitol Mall

Sacramento, CA 98514

Mr. Raymond C. Reese (1970)

Post Office Box 556

Toledo, Ohio 43601

Dean Charles E. Schaffner (1969)

Vice President for Administration

Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn

333 Jay Street

Brooklyn, New York 11201

113
Dr. J. Stavrolakis (1969)

Manager, Plumbing Fittings Department

American Standard

Plumbing and Heating Division

P. 0. Box 1050

Louisville, Kentucky 40201

Mr. Herbert H. Swinburne (1970)

Nolan, Swinburne and Associates

120 South 17th Street

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103

Mr. Charles H. Topping (1970)

Development Department

E. I. DuPoint de Nemours & Co. Wilmington, Delaware 19898

FY 1969-1970 Advisory Panel Members

Dr. J. Vincent Fitzgerald, Chairman (1970)

Research Director

Tile Council of America, Inc.

P. 0. Box 326

Princeton, New Jersey 08540

Dr. William W. Caudill (1972)

Partner

Caudill, Rowlett, Scott

P. 0. Box 22427

Houston, Texas 77027

Professor Ray Clough (1971)

Department of Civil Engineering

University of California

Berkeley, California 94720

Dr. Robert A. Hechtman (1970)

821 Clinton Place

McLean, Virginia 22101

Mr. William L. Hooper (1972)

Director of Operation Breakthrough

Boise Cascade Urban Development Corporation

525 School Street, S.W.

Washington, D.C. 20024

Mr. Andrew R. Lolli (1971)

Di rector

State Department of General Services

915 Capitol Mall

Sacramento, California 98514

Mr. Raymond C. Reese (1970)

Post Office Box 556

Toledo, Ohio 43601

Mr. Herbert H. Swinburne (1970)

Nolan, Swinburne and Associates

120 South 17th Street

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103

114
Dr. Calvin W. Taylor (1972)

Co-Director, Architectural Psychology Program

The University of Utah

Salt Lake City, Utah 84112

Mr. Charles H. Topping (1970

Development Department

E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Wilmington, Delaware 19898

Mr. John Wacker, President 91972)

J. W. Bateson Company, Inc.

P. 0. Box 20677

Dallas, Texas 75220

FY 1970-1971 Advisory Panel Members

Mr. William L. Hooper, Chairman (1972)

General Manager

Boise Cascade Housing Development

61 Perimeter Park East Atlanta, Georgia 30341

Mr. George B. Begg (Federal Observer)

Director, Research & Standards Division (PCR)

Office, Design and Construction

Public Buildings Service

General Services Administration

GSA Building, 19th & E Sts., N.W. Washington, D.C. 20405

Mr. Herman Blum (1973)

President

Herman Blum Consulting Engineers, Inc. 1015 Elm Street

Dallas, Texas 75202

Mr. William W. Caudill (1972)

Partner

Caudill Rowlett Scott

P.O. Box 22427

Houston, Texas 77027

Professor Ray Clough (1971)

Department of Civil Engineering

University of California

Berkeley, California 94720

Mr. Fred Good (1973)

Executive Manager

National Roofing Contractors Association

1515 North Harlem Avenue

Oak Park, Illinois 60302

Mr. Andrew R. Lol 1 i (1971)

Vice President

Meyerson & Co. , Inc. 216 Montgomery Street

San Francisco, California 94104

115
Mr. Alfred A. Perry (Federal Observer)

Director of Operation Breakthrough

Office of Research and Technology

Department of Housing and Urban Development

Washington, D.C. 20410

Mr. Herbert H. Swinburne (1973)

Nolen, Swinburne and Associates, Architects

120 South 17th Street

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103

Dr. Calvin W. Taylor (1972)

Director, Architectural Psychology Program

The University of Utah

Salt Lake City, Utah 84112

Mr. John A. Wacker (1972)

President

J. W. Bateson Company, Inc. P.O. Box 20677

Dallas, Texas 75220

Mr. Frank Waters (1973)

Director, Sweet's Special Systems

McGraw-Hill Information Systems Company

330 West 42nd Street

New York, New York 10036

FY 1971-1972 Advisory Panel Members

Mr. William L. Hooper, Chairman (1972)

General Manager

Boise Cascade Housing Development

61 Perimeter Park East Atlanta, Georgia 30341

Mr. George B. Begg (Liaison Representative for GSA)

Director, Program Management Division (PCG)

Office, Design and Construction

Public Buildings Service

General Services Administration

GSA Building, 19th & E Sts. , N.W. Washington, D.C. 20405

Mr. Herman Blum (1973)

President

Herman Blum Consulting Engineers, Inc. 1015 Elm Street

Dallas, Texas 75202

Mr. William W. Caudill (1972)

Partner

Caudill Rowlett Scott

P. 0. Box 22457

Houston, Texas 77027

Mr. Fred Good (1973)

Executive Manager

National Roofing Contractors Association

1515 North Harlem Avenue

Oak Park, Illinois 60302

116
Mr. Alfred A. Perry (Liaison Representative for HUD)

Director of Operation Breakthrough

Office of Research and Technology

Department of Housing and Urban Development

Washington, D.C. 20410

Mr. Herbert H. Swinburne, F.A.I. A (1973)

The Nolen and Swinburne Partnership

Architects, Engineers, Planners

1624 Locust Street

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103

Dr. Calvin w. Taylor (1972)

Professor of Psychology & Director,

Architectural Psychology Program

The University of Utah

Salt Lake City, Utah 84112^

Mr. John A. Wacker (1972)

President

J. W. Bateson Company, Inc. P.O. Box 20677

Dallas, Texas 75220

Mr. Frank Waters (1973)

Assistant Treasurer

Chemical Bank

20 Pine Street

New York, New York 10015

FY 1972-1973 Advisory Panel Members

rio Meetings Conducted

FY 1973-1974 Advisory Panel Members

Dr. Paul Weidlinger, Chairman (1976)

Weidlinger Associates, Consulting Engineers

110 East 59th Street

New York, New York 10022

Dr. Henry Aaron (1976)

Senior Fel low

The Brookings Institution

1775 Massachusetts Ave. , N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036

Dr. John A. Duffie (1975)

Director, Solar Energy Laboratory

Engineering Experiment Station

University of Wisconsin

1500 Johnson Drive

Madison, Wisconsin 53706

Dr. Steven J. Fenves (1976)

Head, Dept. of Civil Engineering

Carnegie-Mellon University

Schenley Park

Pittsburgh, PA 15213

117
Dr. Ralph F. Goldman (1976)

Director, Military Ergonomics Laboratory

U.S. Army Research Institute of

Environmental Medicine

Natick, Massachusetts 01760

Mr. John F. Hennessy, Jr. (1975)

Preisdent

Syska & Hennessy, Inc. 110 West 50th Street

New York, NY 10020

Mr. Rudard A. Jones, AIA (1975)

Director & Research Professor of Architecture

Small Homes Council-Building Research Council

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

One East Saint Mary's Road

Champaign, IL 61820

Dr. Fazlur R. Khan, Partner, (1975)

Skidmore, Owings & Merrill

30 West Monroe Street

Chicago, IL 60603

Mr. James Rossant, Partner (1976)

Conklin & Rossant, Architects

251 Park Avenue South

New York, New York 10010

Mr. Herbert Rothman, Partner (1975)

Ammann & Whitney, Civil Engineers

111 Eight Avenue

New York, New York 10011

Mr. Paul Spadone, Jr. (1973)

421 Garison Forest Road

Owings Mills, MD 21117

FY 1974-1975 Advisory Panel Members

Mr. Paul Wiedlinger, Chairman (1976)

Weidlinger Associates, Consulting Engineers

110 East 59th Street

New York, New York 10022

Dr. Henry Aaron (1976)

Senior Fel low

The Brookings Institution

1775 Massachusetts Ave. , N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036

Dr. John A. Duffie (1975)

Director Solar Energy Laboratory

Engineering Experiment Station

University of Wisconsin

1500 Johnson Drive

Madison, Wisconsin 53706

Dr. Steven J. Fenves (1976)

Head, Dept. of Civil Engineering

Carnegie-Mellon University

Schenley Park

Pittsburgh, PA 15213

118
Dr. Ralph F. Goldman (1976)

Director, Military Ergonomics Laboratory

U.S. Army Research Institute of

Environmental Medicine

Natick, Massachusetts 01760

Mr. John F. Hennessy, Jr. (1975)

Preisdent

Syska & Hennessy, Inc. 110 West 50th Street

New York, NY 10020

Mr. Rudard A. Jones, AIA (1975)

Director & Research Professor of Architecture

Small Homes Council -Building Research Council

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

One East Saint Mary's Road

Champaign, IL 61820

Dr. Fazlur R. Khan, Partner, (1975)

Skidmore, Owings & Merrill

30 West Monroe Street

Chicago, IL 60603

Mr. James Rossant, Partner (1976)

Conklin & Rossant, Architects

251 Park Avenue South

New York, New York 10010

Mr. Herbert Rothman, Partner (1975)

Ammann & Whitney, Civil Engineers

111 Eight Avenue

New York, New York 10011

Mr. Paul Spadone, Jr. (1973)

421 Garison Forest Road

Owings Mills, MD 21117

FY 1974-1975 Advisory Panel Members

Mr. Paul Wiedlinger, Chairman (1976)

Weidlinger Associates, Consulting Engineers

110 East 59th Street

New York, New York 10022

Dr. Henry Aaron (1976)

Senior Fel low

The Brookings Institution

1775 Massachusetts Ave., N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036

Dr. John A. Duffie (1975)

Director Solar Energy Laboratory

Engineering Experiment Station

University of Wisconsin

1500 Johnson Drive

Madison, Wisconsin 53706

Dr. Steven J. Fenves (1976)

Head, Dept. of Civil Engineering

Carnegie-N.el Ich

119
Dr. Ralph F. Goldman (1976)

Director, Military Ergonomics Laboratory

U.S. Army Research Institute of

Environmental Medicine

Natick, MA 01760

Mr. John F. Hennessy, Jr. (1975)

Presi dent

Syska & Hennessy, Inc. 110 West 50th Street

New York, New York 10020

Mr. Rudard A. Jones, AIA (1975)

Director & Research Professor of Architecture

Small Homes Council-Building Research Council

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

One East Mary's Road

Champaign, Illinois 61820

Dr. Fazlur R. Khan, Partner (1975)

Skidmore, Owings & Merrill

30 West Monroe Street

Chicago, Illinois 60603

Dr. James Rossant, Partner (1976)

Conklin & Rossant, Architects

251 Park Avenue South

New York, New York 10010

Mr. Herbert Rothman, Partner (1975)

Ammann & Whitney, Civil Engineers

111 Eighth Avenue

New York, New York 10011

Mr. Paul Spadone, Jr. (1975)

319 Golf Course Road

Owings Mills, MD 21117

CENTER FOR BUILDING TECHNOLOGY ADVISORY COMMITTEE

Department of Commerce

Center for Building Technology

Advisory Committee Members

The Center for Building Technology Advisory Committee was established by the Secretary of Commerce on January 4, 1973.

The Committee advises the Department of Commerce on the

Nation's needs for building research and technology, and

provides a forum for discussions with representatives from

the building community to provide guidance for CBT's

research activities. Advisory committe members serve a two

year term. The list of members for 1973 and 1974 are presented below.

Mr. Michael D. Banko, Jr. 800 N. 2nd Street

Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17102

120
Mr. Charles J. Betts

State Building Commissioner

215 North Senate Avenue

Indianapolis, Indiana 46219

Dr. Cleo W. Blackburn

Executive Director, Planner House

156 East Market Street

Indianapolis, Indiana 46304

Mr. George W. Clark

Engineering Manager - Special Projects

GTE Sylvania Lighting Products

Danvers, Massachusetts 01923

Dr. Patrick Conley

Vice President

The Boston Consulting Group, Inc. One Boston Place

Boston, Massachusetts 02106

Mr. Robert Georgine

Secretary-Treasurer, Building & Construction Trades Dept., AFL-CIO

815 16th Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20006

Mr. Geroge T. Heery, President

Heery & Heery

880 West Peachtree Street, N.W. Atlanta, Georgia 30309

Mr. Kenneth Henke, Jr.

Di rector

Division of Municipal Affairs

Office of Planning & Programming

523 E. 12th Street

Des Moines, Iowa 50319

Mr. Robert H. Howe

President, Real Estate & Construction

International Business Machines Corp.

100 Westchester Avenue

White Plains, New York 10604

Mr. Carl Huebner, Senior Vice president

Metropolitan Life Insurance Company

1 Madison Avenue

New York, New York 10010

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121
Mr. Otis M. Mader, President

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122
'NBS-n4A (REV. 7-73)

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO. NBS BSS 75

2. Gov't Accession

No.

3. Recipient's Accession No.

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

BUILDING RESEARCH AT THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

1968 - 1974

5. Publication Date March 1979

6. Performing Organization Co'l.

7. AUTHOR(S)

1.1 C ^ J- \J CL J L CL &L 1 d. y i_J W J_ L- I-' J8. Performing Organ. Report No.

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. Project/Task/Worlc Unit No.

11. Contract/Grant No.

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Complete Address (Street, City, State, ZIP) 13. Type of Report & Period Covered

14 Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 79-600008

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-woTd or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.) This report details the progress of building research at the Center for

Building Technology from the year 1968 to 1974. Starting with the backlog

of needed research in building techniques, components, and materials that

faced researchers in the 60' s, this history covers the evolution of the

performance concept for building specifications, cooperation with states

and codes-generating organizations, and specific technical accomplishments.

'The report continues with discussions of programs involving the building

community, research on the needs of the building users, and technology

transfer. A special chapter is devoted to energy conservation in buildings

and how CBT's test methods and otheir programs - including solar - were

pressed into this vital national struggle.

17. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper name; separated by semicolons) Building technology; Center for Building Technology;

history of building research.

18. AVAILABILITY [X] Unlimited 19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

21. NO. OF PAGES.

1 ! For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

UNCLASSIFIED

126

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