NBSIR 77-1411

International Research

The FY 1977 Survey of CBT's International Programs

Center for Building Technology

Institute for Applied Technology

Washington, D.C. 20234

U.S. Department of Commerce

National Bureau of Standards

March 1978

NBSIR 77-141

INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH

The FY1977 Survey of CBT's International Programs

Center for Building Technology

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

March 1978

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE. Juanita M. Kreps. Secretary

Dr. Sidney Harman. Under Secretary

Jordan J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS. Ernest Ambler, Director

Abstract

This report presents the international research activities of the

Center for Building Technology during the transition quarter and

Fiscal Year 1977. In general, the objectives of this work were to

spread the results of building research worldwide in hopes of creating

a better built environment. Last year CBT continued working closely

with less-developed countries to improve their building practices.

The Center also continued cooperative research efforts with a number

of countries that have acknowledged expertise in particular areas of

building research, such as England, Israel, and France, to name but a few. On such projects, the Center pursued common research goals

alongside the building researchers from other nations on studies of

critical importance to all nations, such as energy and natural resources conservation.

Key words: Building practices; building research; codes and standards;

housing; international cooperation; technology transfer.

i ii

CONTENTS Page No.

Introduction 1 Bangladesh 2 Bulgaria 4

Brazil 7 Canada 8

CENTO: Iran, Pakistan, Turkey 12

Egypt 13

England 15

Finland 18

France 20

India 25

Indonesia 27

Israel 29

Italy 32

Japan 34

Philippines 36

Poland 37

Romania 39

Spain 40

Sweden 42

U.S.S.R 47

International Organization Memberships 52

CEB 53

CIB 55

DESBRO 56

ISO 57

International Energy Agency 59

International Seminar on Heat Transfer in Buildings 61

International Total Energy Congress: ITEC 62

North Atlantic Treaty Organization: CCMS-MIUS Project 64

RILEM 6 7

List of Foreign Guest Workers 70

Research Organizations 71

List of Foreign Visitors 74

INTRODUCTION

International research activities at the Center for Building

Technology (CBT) are of two kinds: either individual agreements

with other nations to jointly pursue common building research

goals, or institutional memberships with multinational research

organizations. In both kinds of arrangement, however, the object

of CBT's work is the same: to spread the results of building

research to the building community worldwide. Beyond that, the

aim is for improved building practices in the U.S. building

community and throughout the world.

In contrast to this, CBT's arrangements to cooperate in large

ventures with building research groups in other industrialized

nations is a prudent attempt to avoid costly and time-consuming

duplication of effort. It is also an admission that no one country has an edge over the others in building research. Some

nations have acknowledged expertise in certain areas such as: England, for total energy systems; Sweden, for rehabilitation;

Israel, for water conserving plumbing systems; and Russia, for

the analysis of blended cements. CBT, in turn, has a similar

catalog of expertise that is attractive to building decisionmakers in other countries. For these reasons, it is expected

that international arrangements like those in this report will

continue to expand over the years. Likewise, tours of foreign

building sites and analysis of international technology will

continue to be a source of ideas for domestic building techniques.

1
BANGLADESH

The results of CBT's project, sponsored by the Agency for International

Development, to improve the performance of low-rise buildings in nations

prone to high winds are watched with great interest in Bangladesh. Jamiliu

Choudhury, Professor, Civil Engineering, of the University of Engineering

and Technology, Dacca, is responsible for transferring the project's results

to other countries and groups within the Bay of Bengal area, and to groups

including the World Bank and the United Nations Development Program. Other

follow-on activities that will be led by Jamiliu Choudhury will be a series

of workshops, each on one of the project's four technical areas: wind

loads and design criteria; building practices for masonry connectors and

timber fasteners; forecasting housing needs; and socio-economic and architectural considerations. The material on wind loads and masonry connectors/

timber fasteners will be used as engineering text material starting with

the 1977 fall semester at the Dacca University. (See the Philippine section

of this report for a more complete description of the high-wind study.)

The University was also the site of a talk on the CBT high-wind project,

given by Noel J. Raufaste, Assistant to the Director of CBT for Program

Planning. The meeting was attended by approximately 60 government and

private engineers, including such individuals as the chief architect of the

government, several deputy directors, and private consulting engineers.

At the CARE, Inc. facility in Dacca, Noel Raufaste viewed the low-cost

plastic-house manufacturing operation. In four years, the production facility

has expanded from 7 to 35 employees. A number of plastic buildings are being

produced: single-family homes, school buildings, warehouses, and grain silos.

Most of these orders are from government and relief agencies, e.g., AID,

UNESCO, UNDP^ World Bank, etc. The original concept of producing a house fojj

$21 US per m has not been possible. Costs are averaging about $64 US per in . At this cost, the homes are more expensive than brick houses. The plastic

houses do make good service buildings, however, especially those that will be

moved several times during their life. The buildings are easy to construct

and dismantle because they bolt together.

2
CARE donated a quonset house in 1974 to the Philippines for use by CBT

as a test house in their high-wind research study. It was instrumented

with pressure transducers. Wind loads were recorded during storm passages

and wind tunnel tests were performed on the building. Detailed technical

results on the performance of the house, in field and wind-tunnel conditions,

were given to the CARE facility in Dacca during Spring 1977.

3
BULGARIA

A series of week-long seminars were held in both Bulgaria and Poland during

March 1977, with the expressed purpose of applying U.S. experience and

materials to the industrialized building needs of these Eastern European

nations. Both seminars were chaired by Porter Driscoll, Manager of CBT '

Design and Construction Technology Application Program.

In Bulgaria, the Ministry of Construction is responsible for carrying out

state policy regarding the built environment. Decisions regarding urban

and regional growth are made at a political level drawing upon information

furnished by this organization through their research and development

activities. Once the decision to build "X" number of units in a given

location has been reached, the physical form is established by designers

within the Ministry.

There are five basic functions of the design elements of the Ministry:

(1) Research and Development . This activity covers a broad spectrum

including sociological, economic, and physical technology research on

the form of urban buildings and neighborhoods, building materials, and

the development and introduction of new techniques of construction.

(2) The Development of Standards and Standardization . This activity

builds on the Ministry research and development activities as well as on information gained through participation in international standards

organizations. (3) Organization and Management of Design Activities . Since all physical planning and design is done by this large

organization, there is great emphasis on Architectural and Engineering

productivity. (4) "Typezation .

The development of standard building

components, subsystems and units. To achieve economies of scale

and to promote the industrialization of construction activities,

great emphasis has been placed upon "standard plans" for individual

apartment units. Even though no larger scale of standardization

was intended there is a certain element of monotony in some of the

apartment buildings made up of these standard units. (5) Innovative

Techniques and Inventions (including licensing). Under this program,

innovative techniques and new materials are accepted for incorporation

into building practice in Bulgaria.

4
These functions all take place to achieve national housing goals which

have been identified by political means. The national goal is one dwelling unit per family and one room within that dwelling unit for

each person in the family. A married couple is counted as one person.

The goal is to develop housing that is flexible enough to permit change

in function over time, and housing that makes effective use of space and

equipment to promote the health of the occupants. It is also recognized

that housing establishes the character of large portions of the city;

therefore, close attention is paid to the esthetics of buildings and

groups of buildings.

The need for new buildings is described in terms of five-year plans. The

sociological goal for 1980 is to reduce the number of families sharing

dwellings to 5% of the total families in the country. The goal in 1985 is

4%; in 1990, is 1.8%. It has been established that the last figure represents

the number of families who are voluntarily sharing dwellings units. This

includes, of course, extended families of two or more generations. The

production of these dwelling units will be 73% in urban areas and 27% in

rural. Thus, 1990 will see the end of an intensive Bulgarian effort to

provide sheer numbers of dwelling units; after 1990, emphasis will be

placed upon raising the quality of residential units and neighborhoods

through supplying amenities that cannot now be afforded.

Fifty percent of all new construction is of large panel concrete, and

Bulgaria's industrialized building factories produce from 1,000 to

5,000 dwelling units per year, depending upon market size and location.

The present labor input is 16 to 18 manhours per square meter of completed

building and the goal is 10 to 12 manhours per square meter. Productivity

is a major concern of the Bulgarian building community. Much use is made of

modules, precast elevator hoistways, and precast foundations. Large panel

construction is also used in shops and hotels as well as in housing units.

An additional 22% of construction is created by means of the lift-slab

method using a Bulgarian modification featuring short stub steel columns

that are raised successively with each floor's final placement after

shoring on in-situ cast concrete columns.

An unusual building using the lift-slab method is a 22-story building

in downtown Sophia that had a slip-form central core containing stairs,

elevators, and all utilities. The top of this building has an expanded

core unit consisting of cast-in-place concrete cantilevers extending

30 feet out from each side of the square core unit to provide a support

hanger for the outboard edges of all slabs. A jacking system that has

32 lift points is used, and the control console is at the top of the

building. All floor slabs are cast in the usual lift-slab manner

and each slab, before it is hoisted into place, has placed upon it all

the finishing materials required. It is hoisted slightly (1.5 meters) to

permit the exterior cladding to be affixed and then the whole is lifted

complete with all bulky materials needed for the completion of that floor.

5
The third form of construction, which accounts for a large part of

the balance of Bulgarian industrialized construction technique, is

the use of . large forms or tunnel forms. The Bulgarians are also

doing considerable work on light aggregate concrete and are only now

beginning to utilize sandwich construction for exterior nonbearing walls.

6
BRAZIL

CBT is taking part in a joint program between the U.S. and Brazil to improve

the staff capabilities of the Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnologicas (IPT), Sao

Paulo, in the general area of building technology, with emphasis on the development and measurement techniques needed for performance standards. This

program is part of the NBS/IPT Collaborative Program under the US-Brazil

Joint Group on Science and Technology Memorandum of Understanding.

During the past year, the first IPT staff member completed his 2-year rotating

assignment at CBT, during which he participated on research in all divisions

of the Center. Two new Brazilian staffers began working on separate projects

in the Building Services Section of the Center. A third Brazilian staff

member is working in CBT's Materials and Composites Section.

In addition, Thomas K. Faison, Assistant Chief of CBT's Office of Housing

and Building Technology, and project coordinator, traveled to Brazil to

review the state of the Brazilian construction industry with an eye to

how the special problems of Brazil mesh with the Center's research programs.

But this cooperation between Brazil and the United States is not just a one-way street. A new project is concerned with an exchange between CBT and

IPT on natural weathering at various environmental exposure sites. IPT is in

the process of establishing three sites in Brazil. IPT is also interested in

learning more about the measurement techniques used by CBT for correlation

determinations (accelerated versus natural weathering conditions).

Further, one of the conditions established by CBT management in carrying out

the IPT/CBT program is that programs are not initiated for the sole purpose

of IPT training. The major benefit to CBT is the gaining of professional

assistance at a time when CBT is severely limited by a personnel ceiling. In

addition to the staff trainees who will be working in the laboratory in support of an ongoing activity, the programs fund a portion of the project leader's

time for orientation, training, and supervision. An intangible benefit will

be the exposure of our staff to the trainees to gain some insight into problems

unique to the Brazilian building design/construc t ion/regulat ion process.

7
CANADA

The Center is collaborating with the Division of Building Research (DBR)

of Canada's National Research Council in a study of crowd movement during

the XXI Olympiad in Montreal, July 1976. Using videotape and film, the

DBR/CBT team recorded the flows of large groups of spectators as they

moved into, out of, and around the Olympic Stadium and other facilities

constructed for the Games. These records are now being analyzed to

identify the performance of various architectural systems with respect

to rates of egress from the different arenas, the flow of crowds to

and from adjacent transport facilities, and pedestrian movement on aisles, stairs, and escalators.

Late in 1976, John Archea, a research psychologist from CBT's Architectural

Research Section, visited DBR to review some 87 hours of videotype and

super-eight film, and to begin coordinating the research results.

DBR will provide CBT with a detailed index of the entire tape and

film library soon, and a joint DBR/CBT report that describes the scope,

procedure, and preliminary findings of the study in general terms will

be compiled.

In addition to meeting with representatives of DBR, Alan Gilmour and

Tad Ogrodnik of the Department of National Health and Welfare in

Canada were visited. Mr. Gilmour is particularly interested in CBT's

use of the Consumer Product Safety Commission's National Electronic

Injury Surveillance System in conjunction with the stair safety research

conducted in 1973-75. A similar system is contemplated to document

non-highway accidents in Canada. Mr. Ogrodnik is primarily interested

in describing a study that his office is conducting on stair use for

interfloor movement in high-rise office buildings. His study involves

both the conservation of energy (due to lower utilization of elevators

for interfloor movement of less than three floors) and the physical

fitness aspects of stair climbing as a form of exercise. He is particularly

concerned with the tradeoffs between the energy conservation or physical

fitness issues and the problems of stair safety that had been investigated

at CBT.

8
Likewise, John S. Stroik, a research architect with CBT's Architectural

Research Section, who is also vice-chairman of ASTM Committee F-12 on Security Systems, met with Byron Johnson, of DBR, who is preparing a symposium on better building security to resist burglary and vandalism.

Also present at the meeting was H.U.V. James of the Royal Canadian

Mounted Police, who will also be participating in the symposium. Emphasis

of the symposium will be building form/layout and its relationship to

criminal behavior and crime. The Canadian symposium although in the

planning stage also, has received comments of interest from the Canadian

Standards Association, the Canadian National Building Code, local police

departments, Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the Planning and Architecture

Department of Edmonton University.

In cases such as these two, DBR and CBT work has been linked through

active participation in the same standards and professional society

committees. However, improved cooperation, with management attention,

could promote more efficient research and technical services by reducing

duplication of work and applying the resources conserved to topics which

otherwise could not be treated. Complementary programs permit attainment of these objectives without loss of independence, tortuous management

processes, or complicated exchanges of funding. In complementary projects,

each institution arranges objectives, milestones, and schedules so that

activities are mutually supportive.

The following appear to be good target areas for complementary projects.

In each, CBT proposes to continue negotiations by having section chiefs

and project leaders meet to develop complementary activities.

Metrication is pending for the Canadian building industry. Therefore,

there is great interest in cooperative work in technical support for

the transition in the areas of dimensional coordination. That is,

what modules should be used for the building dimensions that govern

the sixes of building products, what tolerances are appropriate, the

catalog of the sixes to be provided (e.g., appropriate dimensions for

standard sheets of wallboard and the number of discrete thicknesses to be

stocked). These concerns are a major activity in ISO TC-59, Building

Construction.

Canadian studies of wind forces on buildings have emphasixed tall

buildings, while ours have emphasixed low buildings. There has been

general coordination of activities, visits, common committee participation,

and regular correspondence. Attention will be given to field and wind

tunnel research, design procedures, and standards -development.

DBR has an ongoing project on progressive collapse, as has CBT. Complementary activities may include laboratory studies of the phenomenon and

philosophical approaches to its treatment in design standards.

Materials research at DBR has included studies of the mechanisms of

degradation in nature and character ixat ions of environmental exposure.

In a complementary project, the environments at the CBT exposure sites

can be characterixed on the same bases and coordinated programs of

testing may use the sites of the two organixat ions

.

9
DBR is beginning studies of the mechanisms of degradation of bituminous

roofing materials and CBT has a substantial ongoing program for development of test methods for the characterization of roofing physical properties.

Energy conservation research and technical services programs are active in

both organizations. For instance, DBR has studied moisture movement in

building enclosures for some 20 years and CBT sees need for expanded

activities in this area because of recent increases in amounts of insulation .

Architects in both DBR and CBT are looking at the way people use buildings

and seeking rational bases for major classes of criteria such as those

intended to provide safe egress in emergencies. CBT has the advantage of

research staff expertise in the behavioral sciences, which could be of

considerable assistance to DBR in the planning of their experiments. Since

the DBR has somewhat more direct access to implementation of such findings

in building codes, there are mutual benefits of complementary work.

In September 1976, Hans J. Milton attended the Eighteenth Meeting of

Steering Committee 5 (Construction Industry) of the Metric Commission of

Canada, by invitation of the Sector Plan Manager. The principal purpose

of the trip was to become acquainted with the state of metrication

in the Canadian construction community and key sectors within it, such

as design, production, codes and standards, and governmental activity.

Specific objectives included: (1) The assessment of general metric

preparedness and activity relative to the changeover date (M-date)

agreed by the Canadian construction community—January 1, 1978; (2) To

identify areas of special interest to the U.S. construction community

and, in particular, the NBS/CBT metrication/dimensional coordination

program; (3) To identify any specific problems or bottlenecks; (4) To

meet with members of the Steering Committee on metrication in the Canadian

construction community to develop first-hand points of contact for exchange

of information and U . S . /Canadian liaison on research aspects of metrication.

In the end, it was agreed to develop a joint U . S .-Canadian/St andard of

metric practice.

In October, 1976, Richard Marshall, Structural Research Engineer, in

CBT 1 s Structures Section attended the meeting of the AISI/MBMA/CSICC

Joint Task Committee on Wind Research. The purpose of this meeting

was to review the results of model studies being carried out at the

Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel Laboratory, University of Western Ontario,

London, Ontario. His participation was as an advisory member of the

Task Committee and as a representative of ANSI Committee A58, Subcommittee on Wind Loads. This research program is concerned with

the effects of wind on prefabricated industrial metal buildings and the

research findings are expected to form the basis for the next revision of

certain wind load provisions of American National Standard A58.1 —

"Minimum Design Loads in Buildings and Other Structures". In addition

to this meeting, discussions were held with research staff of the Boundary

Layer Wind Tunnel Laboratory concerning results of a recent NBS study

of wind loads on mobile homes and the tentative design criteria developed

from this study.

10
On another study, William L. Carroll, a physicist in CBT's Thermal

Engineering Section, travelled to Ottawa to confer with DBR specialists

on the design and construction of guarded hot plates and hot boxes.

DBR has one of the best-equipped laboratories in the world for thermal

conductance measurements of building insulation materials. This

equipment has the capability to test insulations up to about 20-25 cm

thick, in a variety of configurations and thermal conditions. In

addition, DBR has two hot boxes capable of testing building wall systems.

Most of the time was spent discussing merits and problems with the existing apparatus, based on DBR's operating experiences. DBR recommended

building at least two new hot plates if CBT wants to have a broad measurement capability. DBR offered copies of the shop drawings for their

apparatus, and informed CBT what they would do differently if they

were to build such apparatus now. DBR also offered to give CBT copies

of the detailed drawings for their guarded hot boxes.

Late in 1976, James G. Gross, Chief of CBT's Office of Building Standards

and Codes Services, traveled to Ottawa to participate in the National

Research Council (NRC) Ad Hoc Review Committee on the National Building

Code of Canada. The purpose of this trip was to review NRC's activities

with respect to the National Building Code. Particular attention was paid to the effectiveness of NRC's current role, and to assess whether

the following are appropriate in relation to the NRC work in support

of the Code:

° priority

° manpower and dollar resources

° organization

° management

Further, he was asked to recommend the future direction of Canada'a

National Building Code and its subcommittees.

11
CENTO: IRAN, PAKISTAN, TURKEY

Late in 1976, Charles Culver, Manager of CBT 1 s Disaster Mitigation

Program, participated in a seminar on Recent Advances in Earthquake

Hazard Minimization. The seminar was one of a series of scientific

conferences held by the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) to enable

scientists from the CENTO regional countries (Iran, Pakistan, Turkey)

to exchange ideas and to learn of recent progress. The meeting was held in Tehran and included participation by the CENTO countries, the

United Kingdom, and the United States. A similar seminar was held in

Ankara, Turkey in 1968.

Among other papers, M. Amin from Arya-Mehr University of Technology

in Tehran described construction of a shaking table at the University.

The Table will have one component of horizontal motion and will use a 100-kip MTS hydraulic ram.

Work at Pahlavi University in Shiraz, Iran on masonry structures

was of interest in view of the CBT masonry research program. Their

program involving small-wall tests and prism tests is directed

toward developing a failure hypothesis for unreinforced masonry

and is similar to that at CBT, although they were not aware of our efforts. Pahlavi University staff was advised of CBT's program

and were sent copies of recent CBT reports on masonry. Continued

exchange of research results with the group at Pahlavi University

would be worthwhile as the CBT program proceeds.

Analytical studies by Dr. Amin of the response of piping systems in

nuclear power plants were also of interest in connection with CBT work

on developing design procedures for service systems subjected to earthquake loading. Dr. Amin's work involved simplified design procedures

based on ground-motion spectra.

12
EGYPT

In September 1977, James R. Wright, Acting Director of the Institute

for Applied Technology, and William C. Cullen, Assistant Chief of

CBT 1 s Structures, Materials, and Safety Division, traveled to Cairo to

discuss priority projects under consideration by the Joint U . S . /Egypt ian

Working Group, new projects assigned to the Standards and Application

Panel, and to obtain on-site information regarding the status of the

Egyptian building construction community.

Among other subjects for future joint study was a "Study of Building

Raw Materials," a proposal that has been developed by Dr. Ramez of

Egypt's Building Research Institute (BRl). Dr. Hifnawi, Director of

BRI , agreed and predicted a high probability of success. Further,

he urged that the constraints to funding be identified and removed.

It was agreed to put this on the agenda for the September 12, 1977,

meeting when the Egyptian members of the Building Materials and

Technology Study Panel, as well as representatives of the Science

Office of the U.S. Embassy, including AID, would be present.

There was also a meeting with His Excellency Architect Hassan Mohamed Hassan,

the Minister of Housing and Reconstruction as well as the Minister's

Counsellor, Engineer Ahmed Salaat.

Addison Richmond, the Science Officer of the U.S. Embassy and Jim Reilly

who represented AID, were particularly helpful in suggesting ways and means of obtaining resources. They posed answers to some of the

questions which arose, e.g., What direction to take? What criteria

are appropriate? What organizations have resources to fund these

projects? Addison Richmond suggested NBS , NSF, AID and OSTP as potential sponsors. Jim Reilly pointed out that the probability for

AID funding will be significantly higher if the project could be

incorporated into an existing, or future, larger project which is, or will be funded. (This suggestion proved to be very beneficial in our discussions with A. Abou El-Azm, the President of the Academy of

Scientific Research and Technology. ) Addison Richmond also volunteered

to accept the responsibility to forward approved proposals to various

agencies for consideration as sponsors. In addressing the constraints

13
to obtaining resources, he felt that the Working Group on Science and Technology has limited organizational or institutional backup, such as m

that enjoyed by the Health Group, to support its functions in Egypt or the U.S.

14
ENGLAND

Since 1971, cooperative programs between England and the United States

have been conducted by CBT working with the Building Research Establishment

(BRE), in Garston, Watford, England. Last year, this cooperation was concentrated in three areas: plumbing research, heat pumps, and wind

loads on buildings.

Plumbing Research

Since 1972, CBT and BRE have worked together on the design of water

supply and drainage installation in buildings. A computer program is

available at BRE for sizing drainage and vent stacks on traditional as well as single-stack systems (the latter are simplified systems that

are now beginning to win application in the USA). BRE has welcomed

the chance to gain further field data for comparison with its computerprogram prediction and CBT received a copy of their computer program

design use. Adaptation for U.S. conditions required attention to

1) pressure loss factors appropriate to U.S. fittings, and 2) flow rates

appropriate to U.S. fixtures.

Second, both BRE and CBT have an interest in new drainage systems

that are coming on the market, especially in respect to health and

safety requirements, water economy, and economics. BRE has conducted

some drainage tests; and CBT, under a Department of Defense, TriServices sponsored project, developed criteria for the evaluation of vacuum drainage systems. The results of all these studies were collated and shared.

Third, in the area of water demand loads, a sound theoretical framework

as well as adequate field data are required for the specification of

plumbing systems design loads and storage requirements. Current methods

are not rigorous and are known to lead to over-design. BRE has developed

a theoretical basis for improved design load estimation. CBT has

completed the installation of field measurement instruments and procedures

15
for the evaluation of field data at Twin Rivers, N.J., and at Andrews

Air Force Base, Maryland. Interpretive data reports are being compiled

and have been provided to BRE. Even though the UK and the US have

somewhat different plumbing systems, a common theoretical framework has

emerged

In October, 1976, the draft materials for a final report on these

three areas of common plumbing research was prepared. This draft was developed by Cyril Webster of BRE and Lawrence S. Galowin, Chief of

CBT's Building Services Section. As for the future of joint plumbing

research, a new listing of BRE interests has been prepared for CBT

review; CBT responded with a corresponding list of research topics.

Heat Pumps

The maximum potential from universal application of electrically driven

heat pumps for space and hot water heating to existing housing has

been estimated by BRE to be about 11% of the total UK consumption of

primary energy for all purposes. This ranks heat pumps as one of the

two most effective means of conserving energy in England. Similar savings can be expected in the United States. Under this study, CBT and BRE have

agreed to exchange laboratory and field data on the dynamic performance

of heat pumps, as well as exchange experimental measurement techniques.

A comparison of different computer models of heat pumps will be undertaken.

Testing procedures to evaluate the operating performance of heat pumps

and complementary field demonstrations of the feasibility of engine-driven

heat pumps for residential and/or commercial application will also be

staged. A complementary program to improve the seasonal performance

of heat pumps either by component improvement or by combining the heat

pump with storage systems, solar collectors, and/or fossil fuel boosters

is also underway.

Joseph Chi, a mechanical engineer in CBT's Mechanical Systems Section,

visited BRE to present the CBT heat pump and furnace/boiler evaluation

procedures. As a result, BRE would to like to use CBT's computer

programs to help their study of controls for boilers. At present, two new test buildings are under construction, a heat-pump test facility

and a boiler test facility. A U.S. made heat pump was installed on the

heat pump test facility and two heat pumps of German and Swiss make were

stand-by. Different approaches to frost problems were noticed in the

designs of outdoor coils for U.S. and European heat pumps.

Joseph Chi also visited the Imperial College in London, where flame

turbulence, chemical reactions, and heat transfer are studied in detail.

Wind Loads on Buildings

For more than five years, wind loads have been the subject of intense

study by both nations under this agreement. Last year, work continued

on this front with joint consultations in the areas of performance

criteria for wind tunnels, comfort criteria for pedestrians, and loads on low-rise buildings, including wind pressure data on the CBT mobile

16
home and on a full-scale variable-roof slope building in Aylesbury, England.

In Lhe area of high-rise buildings, recent full-scale experiments carried

out by Peter Sparks (BRE) can be successfully used in verifying models

for torsional and across-wind response to be developed by NBS . The two

nations also collaborated on instrumentation, particulary pressure transducers. The detailed results of work carried out by BRE in connection with

North Sea off-shore drilling platforms were made available to CBT. Little

work of this kind is on hand in the U.S.

Further consultations were held between Emil Simiu, Structural Research

Engineer of CBT's Structures Section and with BRE staff over their

report "Wind Environment Around Buildings". There, it was concluded that

the current comfort criterion whereby wind speeds at a given outdoor

location should not exceed lm/s more than 10% of the time should be

modified if the wind rose (i.e., the dominant wind direction) at that

location is taken into account. This report could serve as a useful basis

for a joint BRE/CBT guide to the design of outdoor spaces for pedestrian

comfort. The BRE results of a study of progressive collapse of buildings

induced by gas explosions is similarly of interest. They show limited or low effectiveness of steel ties.

At Cambridge University, Emil Simiu conferred wi

Department of Engineering. Topics discussed inc

wind flow over hills, comfort criteria for pedes

and the variation of dynamic wind loads with hei

th J. C. R. Hunt, of

luded code provisions

trians in open spaces

ght above ground.

theon

5
FINLAND

Geoffrey Frohnsdorff, Chief of CBT's Materials and Composites Section,

visited Finland's Technical Research Center (TRC) to review their

building materials research activities. In general, the Technical

Research Center draws on information from the U.S. and Europe through

a data network that gives direct access to major data bases, including

NTIS (the National Technical Information Service, in Washington).

Much of the information stored in the Research Center is on microfiche. Although NBS reports are highly regarded by Mr. Laitinen,

Director of the Information Center, he expressed disappointment that

many of the older NBS reports are not indexed in NTIS or other computer

data bases.

The Concrete Laboratory has a staff of about 90. It is largely a testing

lab and research is at a low level. However, an attempt is now being

made to re-establish a long-term concrete research program. The Fire

Technology Laboratory, which was shown by Mr. Oksanen, a Research

Engineer, was claimed to be the best equipped in Scandinavia and it is

being expanded by the addition of a new building for large scale tests.

It carries out research on fire safety properties of building materials,

products, elements and buildings.

The Wood Preservation Laboratory staff indicated that one of their most

serious current problems is with a fungus that, once it has become

established in wood under wet conditions, will continue to grow on and

destroy even dry wood. This fungus also grows on urea/formaldehyde

and other foam insulations. A recent large increase in the incidence

of damage caused by this fungus (Melitus domesticus) is attributed to

improper practices in repair and renovation of houses. A somewhat

similar fungus is known to occur in the U.S. In a discussion of wood

preservatives, it was suggested that copper chromium arsenate is the

most effective and that the treatment can be permanent if carried out

properly. The Metals and Metallurgy Lab carries out studies on metal

physics, physical metallurgy, welding technology, process metallurgy,

and corrosion prevention. The laboratories are well-equipped for

instrumental analysis. A major project is on corrosion at welds in

nuclear reactors.

18
There are two Building Laboratories, one in Otaniemi and one in

Helsinki. The staff of about 50 carries out research on building

materials, equipment, and components, and on building acoustics. The

largest part of the materials work is on organic building materials

such as plastic pipe, degradation mechanisms of plastics (a joint Nordic

project), foam insulation, and flooring materials. Other work is on inorganic coatings for masonry and atmospheric corrosion of metals in

buildings (another joint Nordic project). The joint Nordic projects

have participation of about eight laboratories in Finland, Norway,

Sweden, Denmark and Iceland, and about eight outdoor exposure sites

are used.

After the Helsinki RILEM conference (discussed later in this report)

William C. Cullen, Assistant Chief of CBT's Structures, Materials, and

Safety Division, visited Tampere, the second largest city in Finland

(population 166,000), located about 170 kilometers northwest of Helsinki.

It was selected for the post Symposium excursion because it is the site

of the Tampere Technical University and the "new town" of Hervanta,

which is located in surburban Tampere.

The group (approximately 80) travelled to Tampere by bus and was welcomed at the City Hall where there was an illustrated talk by the

Chief Town Planner of Tampere on the planning and development of the new town of Hervanta. Following the lecture there was a tour of the new town, which consisted of residential units from single family to

multi-family high-rise buildings. The interesting concept is that industry and business is also attracted to the area in such a quantity that

the number of jobs available is equal to the number of housing units.

The Tampere University of Technology is located in Hervanta. After

a brief general lecture on the University, laboratories and lecture

rooms of a recently completed science building were toured. The

facilities appeared to be quite good. The highlight of the visit

was a tour of a new university building under construction. It was extremely interesting to observe design and construction practices

as well as the use of building materials in the construction process.

William Cullen also toured buildings in the Helsinki area. Of particular interest was the construction of a new facility for Helsinki's

largest newspaper, "The Helsingin Sanomat." As with much new construction

in Finland energy conservation is of primary importance. Buildings in

Finland are having unique problems with the performance and durability

of their external facades. An example is the Helsinki Cathedral; currently,

the external surface is undergoing restoration. The condition and restoration of this building provided the subject matter for one of the Symposium

papers

.

19
FRANCE

A formal program to exchange building research results and to coordinate

research objectives has existed between France and the U.S. since 1969.

Since then, the Centre Scientifique et Technique de Batiment (CSTB) has

been CBT ' s primary point of contact. CSTB's main facility is near Paris,

with other laboratories in Nantes, Grenoble, and Champs-sur-Marne

In May 1977, a new five-year agreement on future cooperative research

was signed between NBS and CSTB. In the realm of building research, the

agreement centers on developing new program thrusts, contingent on resources and areas of mutual interest. The agreement identified a num- ber of topical areas for joint programs over the next two years.

This joint CBT/CSTB program covers numerous activities, including

complementary research, exchange of technical information, and also the

exchange of scientists for short-term visits. For example, last year

CSTB guest worker Jean-Noel Andre completed his research assignment at

CBT and returned to Grenoble on December 1, 1976. The results of his

studies on the effects of hot water on the corrosion of piping materials

will be published as a journal article or a CBT publication. Likewise,

CSTB's Philippe Eurin, Chief of the Physics and Materials Section,

Grenoble, visited CBT in September 1976. The visit included a four-day

stay, during which time he conferred with CBT's Geoffrey Frohnsdorff

and his staff. Philippe Eurin was supplied copies of the Materials and

Composites Section project plans for the coming year on non-destructive

coating of metals.

In April 1977, a two-man team —including the IAT Acting Director,

James R. Wright —went to CSTB to explore further exchanges and to view

several promising new programs.

20
Corrosion of Metals

This project deals with the corrosion of building water pipes from both

untreated natural waters, representing various areas of France, and

similar waters containing corrosion inhibitors. The research is a continuation of the investigation which Jean-Noel Andre began at CBT

.

The experimental apparatus, which is currently under construction, is a second generation version of the one located at CBT and includes a data-logging system.

Corrosion of Rebars in Concrete

A similar study was conducted at CBT a few years ago. That work served

as a point of departure for this French study--precisely illustrating

the value of a cooperative program such as this one. Here, several

methods are used to measure corrosion, including electrochemical techniques and weight loss.

Building Plastics

A number of materials are under study. These include polyvinyl chloride

(PVC), glass-reinforced polyester, and others. The chemical and mechanical

behavior of these materials under exposure conditions are under investigation. For example, in determining the predicted performance of these

materials, hydrochlorination tests are being used, employing thermal

techniques. Photo-degradation studies, using ultraviolet radiation, are

also under way. Mechanical properties such as impact, breaking load, and

the like are also being conducted on plastic materials. These mechanical

techniques, in conjunction with dynamic tests such as the swinging pendulum,

are being used to study the properties and performance of glass reinforced

polyester. In the area of sealants and gaskets, certain elastomers such

as EPDM and (poly)-chloroprene are under investigation.

Roofing

Materials being studied include plasticized PVC, as well as petroleum

asphalt modified with a styrene butadiene polymer. These latter chemicals

are provided by Shell Oil Company, as well as Phillips Petroleum. It was reported that the asphaltic bitumen containing 10-15% of the polymer

appeared to be quite effective. Other studies in the roofing area involve

the measurement of the properties of some insulating materials such as foam polyurethane and a rather new material in France, which was identified

as a paper foam.

Acoustics: Sonic Booms

The French sonic boom facility is extremely interesting. The equipment can simulate a sonic boom at a frequency of about 10 hz. This is generated by

a large piston about 1.5 meters in diameter, which moves a distance of plus

or minus 5 centimeters. This test room can accommodate walls or roofs of

various types of construction, approximately 2x3 meters in size. The

immediate benefit is to determine in simulated laboratory tests what effects

supersonic aircraft, such as the Concorde, would have on construction.

21
Acoustics: Traffic Noise

The traffic noise facility is contained in a single building. Its model

landscape includes highways and expressways, as well as models of conventional buildings, constructed to scale. A series of noise generators are spaced at intervals in the highway, to simulate the noise of moving vehicles.

Microphones are placed in various areas and identified by coordinates to

pick up the highway noise. Then, traffic flow along the highway is controlled

at various speeds and various distances. Noise barriers and shields in the

form of buildings, canopies, trees and shrubbery can be placed at strategic

locations to determine their effect on noise reduction. Each experiment is

computer-controlled, and both the noise generation and the location of the

microphones can be identified by coordinates.

Another unique facility studies noise transmission and propagation in buildings. The model is 1/3 scale and is made of concrete and plexiglas.

Structural Studies

A structural research engineer from CBT, Emil Simiu, spent nearly six months

at the CSTB laboratory at Nantes, France, last year working on part of a program to study wind engineering problems common to our two countries. The

topics covered during his stay included the following:

(1) Probability Distribution of Extreme Wind Speeds

Common research efforts by CBT and CSTB on this topic have resulted in

data heretofore unavailable, on load factors for wind-sensitive structures. The data jointly produced by CSTB and NBS , as "Sampling Errors

in the Estimation of Extreme Winds" will be submitted to the Journal

of the Structural Division, ASCE.

(2) Mean Wind Profiles in Suburban Terrain; Relation Between Wind Speeds

at Airports and Over Built-up Terrain

Detailed results of measurements conducted by CSTB, as well as computer

outputs and meteorological station data are now available. Extensive

consultations on this topic between CSTB staff and CBT have been held

for the purpose of proposing design parameters for the terrain roughness

and the wind speed reduction factor over built-up terrain. A joint

paper entitled "Mean Wind Profiles and Change of Terrain Roughness" and

a Draft ISO Code section on this topic were prepared and presented at

the Gothenburg, Sweden, meeting.

(3) Effect of Change of Terrain Roughness Upon Wind Loads

Extensive literature search and consulations led to the joint development

of a simple procedure for making allowance for this effect.

(4) Effect of a Terrain Slope Upon Wind Loads

CSTB has made available detailed information obtained in fullscale measure

ments of an actual site. A theoretical model of flow over hills is now

22
being developed. It is anticipated that these exchanges and future

work by CSTB, the results of which will be conveyed to CBT, will

allow the drafting of acceptable design provisions on this topic.

(5) Wind Tunnel Testing

Two projects have been conducted: the testing of a floating nuclear

power plant and the testing of an inflatable structure. Based on these observations. Dr. Simiu was able to write a paper entitled

" Wind Tunnel Simulation of Along-Wind Structural Response" to be

submitted to the Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE.

(6) Pedestrian Comfort Under Wind Loads

CSTB has conducted substantive research and has assembled extensive

documentation on this topic. Exchange in this area has been very

il luminating

.

(7) Wind Code Provisions on Tall Building Design

One purpose of the research program at the CSTB has been to develop code

provisions on the design of tall structures for wind loads. Such draft

provisions were presented at the London ISO meeting in a joint CBT/CSTB

paper, "Dynamic Along-Wind Response of Tall Buildings".

Study of the "Agrement" System

CSTB holds the secretariat of the "Union Europeene pour 1' Agrement Technique

dans la Construction" (European Union for the Technical Agreement in Construction) (members: Austria, Belgium, France, West Germany, Great Britain, Italy,

The Netherlands, Portugal and Spain). The objective of the "agrement" is to

provide information on new components and systems such as window frames,

plumbing, partitions, floors (including precast and prestressed concrete),

roofing, curtain walls, waterproofing and moisture control, and heating.

Their problems in technical evaluation and administration are similar to CBT's.

Both groups are expected to prosper from consultation on this matter.

Visits to Other Laboratories

At the Champs-sur-Marne facility, research is underway on several new programs

in the area of fire research, including heat transmission through partitions,

and studies of toxicity of the air in the presence of fire. This research

could make a solid contribution to parallel work underway at the NBS's Center

for Fire Research.

At the Centre Technique Industriel de la Construction Metallique (at Puteaux)

,

much promising work is continuing, especially on the plastic design of structures. Design procedures, including computer programs, are being developed

that result in more economical (less conservative) designs than the AISC procedures. Further work covers composite structures, thin walled structures,

23
t

t

and staggered truss systems. There too, computer programs are widely

used, particularly in the area of off-shore platform structural designs.

Likewise, much work is being done in the area of wind design and probabilistically defined loadings. Many of their research interests are similar to ours. It was agreed that CBT/CSTB will exchange publications,

criticize each other's work, and otherwise cooperate on furthering of common research goals.

At the Centre Experimental de Recherches et d'Etudes du Batiment et de

Travaux Publics (CEBTP), St. Remy-les-Chevreuse , Emil Simiu conferred

with the head of the Aerodynamics Testing Branch. CEBTP has branches in

various African countries and missions in Brazil, Guyana, and Iran . Main

activities cover soils and foundation research, testing of materials, testing of structures (including full-scale in-fill masonry), physics and

chemistry of materials (cement, concrete, paintings, plastics, corrosion,

radiation), heating, acoustics and vibrations (including noise control),

plumbing, and aerodynamic testing. Useful experimental techniques for

evaluating combined wind and snow loadings were demonstrated, and pertinent

literature has been made available to CBT.

Joint Publication

Three reports published by CSTB are being translated and published as NBS

Technical Notes. They are: "Incomfort du au Vent aux Abords des Batiments,

Concepts Aerodynamiques , " "Methode de Prevision Par Calcul du Comportement

au Feu des Structures en Beton," and "Acous t ique .

As a result of discussions between the Director of IAT and CSTB in May, it was decided that joint activities over the next two years should cover the

following areas:

Exchange of scientific personnel on long-term and short-term

assignments.

Exchange of visits of building technology teams in areas of

1) general activities; 2) hospital and medical facilities;

3) housing; and 4) school construction.

- Exchange of visits of individual scientists and engineers.

Exchange of ideas, skills, techniques, and procedures for

attacking mutual problems in technical areas of buildings.

Exchange of technical literature, including translation and

distribution of selected papers.

24
INDIA

Two members of the CBT staff—Edward 0. Pfrang and Lawrence Galowin

attended the International Seminar on Low-Cost Housing in Madras, India.

There they provided information to developing countries on the U.S.

experience with the performance approach in evaluating innovative

housing solutions, studied new housing developments taking place elsewhere in the world, and met with international housing experts.

They also spoke with India's Hitendra Desi, Minister of Works and

Housing. Although India's housing problem is more serious than ours,

unfortunately India lacks several essential resources. The Minister

pointed out that he was convinced that in some ways, India is in a vicious cycle in that their people lack the housing they need to achieve

a healthy environment. As a result, their people generally do not have

the sufficient energy to build the very housing they need.

Although the Minister pointed out that the housing problem in any country

is a social-economic problem as well as a technical one, in the main

his country looked to CBT and the United States for technical support.

He felt that India needed a great deal of technical input to meet the

housing needs of its people. He acknowledged that the U.S. has the most

technologically advanced building industry in the world and also is the

world's most efficient builder.

V. Kandaswamy , of the Center for Housing, Building, and Planning of the

United Nations, had interesting thoughts concerning the housing problem

in the less-developed countries (LDCs). Chief of these was that housing

is traditionally treated as a consumer good, not as a productive good.

Thus, as LDCs attempt to develop, they give housing a low priority. As

he sees it, however, housing is the key to productivity in a developing

country. Until you can improve the health and strength of your working

force, you have no chance of working your way out of poverty. Therefore,

he is urging that LDCs devote a much greater proportion of their resources

and capital to at least minimal housing as a mean of breaking the poverty

eye le.

25
At the Central Structural Engineering Research Center, on the outskirts

of Madras, most of the work is directed at specific applied problems.

The work appeared to be a suitable balance of experimental and analytical

effort. The Indians are extremely interested in pursuing cooperative

research with CBT.

By participating in this international seminar on low-cost housing, CBT

provided access for much of the world to U.S. building technology. It

also provided input into our own program development, because most of the

attendees at the conference looked to the U.S. and NBS for the technology

for solving their own housing problems. In fact, most of the Middle Eastern

countries now have ample capital available to them for overcoming their

housing shortages. However, they lack technology, skilled labor, and building materials

Upcoming cooperative work between CBT and India could involve: flat conductor

cable systems for Indian wiring in buildings based on an Indian proposal to

CBT; and continuation of sanitary plumbing drainage for high-rise buildings

without a vent, at the Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee.

26
INDONESIA

A CBT staff member, Noel J. Raufaste, participated as a group leader on a two-week survey of standardization and measurement services in support of

Indonesia's building industry. This work was performed at the request of

the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) and funded by the Agency for

International Development. Noel Raufaste was assisted by Zaini Djaprie,

Inspectorate General of Indonesia's Ministry of Public Works and Electric

Powe r

.

The basic material for the survey was gathered at meetings with Indonesian

building officials during June 1 to 11, 1977. After various papers reviewing the standardization, calibration, and measurement activities in Indonesia

were presented, numerous visits were made to construction sites, manufacturers of building products, and executives in the industry.

Building technology is one facet of Indonesia's national needs which are usually expressed in terms of 5-year Development Plans. In 1969, the first

such plan was enacted. It was aimed at improving a shaky political and

economic environment. Priorities were placed on methods to stabilize the

government. During the second 5-year plan (1974-1979) refinements were

made to improve the quality of life; emphasis was placed on agriculture,

mining, industry, electricity, natural gas, and oil exploration. The third

5-year plan will be more specific. The results of this CBT survey will be

used to outline the nation's expectations in the realm of housing and

construction.

Today, however, Indonesian building practices vary widely. There are few

building codes and standards. And what few there are, are seldom enforced.

Buildings are constructed following traditional methods (post and beam

structures and thatch roof and walls), transitional methods (mix of the

traditional with modern materials), and modern methods (adopting building

designs from the western world). With the exception of imported industrial

construction—to attract multinational investments, for example—building

practices need improvement.

27
Most of the residential buildings in Java, where 65 percent of the

nation's 130 million population live, are constructed of brick and

concrete block. Buildings on the other islands are usually made from

timber. Java's inclination toward brick results from its forests having

been cut down to make way for rice planting.

Manufacturers of building products generally fail to produce uniform

(standardized) goods. Clay tile and bricks are examples. This is due

in part to a lack of consistent standards and to lack of enforcement.

The products are uneven in quality, shape, and cost. Concrete tends

to be poorly made at the job site. Steel reinforcing bars have been

known to be smaller than their identified size. For example, a 25-mm

bar may in fact measure 20-mm or even 18-mm.

Improvements in Indonesian building practices can be attained with a new

organization specifically formed to oversee building. This organization

would serve as the national leader for a new system of building regulation. Specific recommendations to achieve a better built environment in

Indonesia will be discussed in the forthcoming NBS survey of standardization and measurement services report.

28
ISRAEL

The serious water drought in

efforts by CBT to draw upon

alleviating water shortages,

discussions between Lawrence

Section, and representatives

the western U.S. is bringing about strong

the Israeli talents and experiences in

Part of this effort was represented by

Galowin, chief of CBT's Building Services

of the Israeli building research community.

In the past, joint research projects between Israel and the U.S. under

P.L. 480 have had successful outcomes. During the past few years, a series

of Bi-National science projects have been undertaken, under which both

countries involved mutually share the cost of the research. One area of

interest for future studies under this program is gas chromatography

measurements of wastewater and treatment studies of wastewater. Both these

studies are compatible with current CBT studies of community service system

and water conservation studies. A second topic of interest covers test

method development and improvements to solar collectors--s ince there are so many solar hot water supply systems in Israel.

The Standards Institute of Israel (SIl) is the authorized center for specifications, standards, and testing of products. Their approval is indicated

by one of two symbols that indicate a standard--or speci f icat ion--approved

item. The Minister of Trade has the authority to declare a standard as official law. The thrust is to gain compliance for economy, safety, and

health. There are about 400 committees of about 20 representatives each

(not all active) to draft standards. The Hydraulics Laboratory staff provides design aid to manufacturers to develop new plastic pipe components.

They are actively developing research projects to expand beyond the existing

testing activities base. The Israel Center of Water Works Appliances, at

SII, generates specifications for domestic, agricultural, and industrial use.

At SII, a wide variety of purchased test equipment and specially built test

devices are used. There is less dependence upon electronic instrumentation

than is common in the U.S. For example, simultaneous tests on six watercloset tanks with dual flushing capabilities were controlled by fluidic

timers and electrical solenoids to drive them for 50,000 operating cycles.

29
Simplifications of ASHRAE and ASTM testing methods are adopted for

laboratory testing because of limited funds available. A CBT exchange

in seeking lower-cost standard test methods may be desirable in this area.

The PL 480 Plumbing Study completed at SII was discussed. The recommendation to have SII become an active participant in CIB W62 was accepted

and that action was initiated through the W62 Coordinator. Agreement

was obtained to cooperate in the consolidation of the PL 480 material

into a joint report for presentation at a future CIB W62 meeting.

Currently, field test study of pressure regulators and flow regulators

are underway with water savings indicated at 20 to 38% in apartments.

Galvanized steel pipe is widely used with corrosion as the major problem

being studied. Hot water heater corrosion is another problem area under

active study. Installation practices for plastic water pipes are also

being evaluated. Likewise, laboratory studies are underway to evaluate

concrete, reinforcing rods, aluminum window frames, radiators, insulation, and solar systems (particularly corrosion in tanks), which are in

wide use for hot water supply in Israel. They are concerned in all their

endeavors with problems in undertaking the costly, complex standard tests

as recommended by ASHRAE and ASTM.

At the Building Center of Israel, Tel Aviv, Lawrence Galowin met with

Director Nahum Granot and three staff members to discuss their activities

in providing and developing new housing. Currently the major concern is

to provide for energy savings and better services in buildings. Central

solar systems for apartment buildings are desired to eliminate the unsightly scatter of panels and tanks on roofs and balconies. One approach is to

eliminate gravity-feed tanks with pumped systems to the hot water heater.

The new building developments in Jerusalem were cited as a very effective

program. The project aims to coordinate the "ancient" appearance with

the new housing and has conserved a Roman arch-covered road through the area. Shops are also being built to make the area economically practical--

as a living area with services and businesses. Efforts to similarly

improve the housing in the other Quarters cannot go forward now but serious

considerations are being made for improvements to the water supply, drainage, and electrical services.

The Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, is divided into two

major parts: the Center for Building Research and the Environmental

Engineering Research Center. The Center for Building Research is part of

the organization known as Technion Research & Development Foundation.

This is distinct from the academic functions since the Center contracts

for work and functions through its laboratories to provide certification

of building materials. Tests are based upon official or accepted standards.

When approvals are made they permit manufacturers to label or mark their

products for conformance to a specification. The laboratories have dealt

30
mostly with structures and properties of materials. Sample markings

of reinforced concrete rods, concrete blocks, and tiles were displayed.

The Environmental Engineering Research Center claims a significant capability developed over several years in applications of gas chromatography

and mass spectrometry as a general method for determining presence of

organics (distinct from the biological factors) in wastewater processing.

Investigators are now preparing identification listings of trace amounts

of compounds detectable throughout the intermediate steps of the water

treatment process. Their decision to go toward a "fingerprinting" technique is shared with knowledge of new methods also under development in

other countries (Ohio River pollutants identification research, Switzerland water studies). The wastewater facilities include a pilot plant to use chemical /phys ical /ozonat ion treatment methods. The sequence and

interchange of the several treatment methods are under study to optimize

the treatment process.

31
ITALY

Italy's 1976 earthquake resulted in almost 1,000 deaths, left an estimated

70,000 people homeless, and caused damage estimated at about $2 billion.

To help assess the damage, a CBT staff-member, Emil Simiu—then on a long-term research assignment in France —was asked to join a Task Force

studying the problem shortly after the disaster struck.

To contribute to the rehabilitation of the earthquake-stricken regions, the

U.S. Congress allocated $25 million. The U.S. /Italy earthquake disaster

relief program, supported by these funds, was to be based on actual need as identified by this Task Force. Further, this expenditure had to be consistent with U.S. legal requirements, including a limitation on the use of U.S.

public funds for humanitarian assistance programs only. The funds could

not be used for the restoration of works of art or the rebuilding of monuments of artistic or historic value unless such rebuilding served humanitarian

assistance purposes, as in the case of public buildings that can be used as emergency shelters. The Task Force did, however, provide information on,

and facilitated contacts with private U.S. groups interested in contributing

to the restoration of works of art, churches, and villas.

Further complicating this task was the knowledge that previous experience in

Italy, notably in Belice, Sicily, has shown that emergency settlements, even

if not planned to meet long-term needs, may tend to perpetuate themselves.

The over-all rehabilitation effort was to be planned with a view to avoid

such developments. For example, the temporary dwellings that were needed

before the advent of the cold season in September to house the tens of

thousands of persons now living in tents were to be designed in manner

compatible with long-term needs and should therefore, allow for subsequent

esthetically and economically legitimate uses.

At a tent city ( " tendopoli" ) near Osoppo, the tents, as well as the sanitary

and cooking facilities, were supplied by the Italian Army, which was also

responsible for managing the camp operations, food supply, disinfection, and

security. The discipline and cleanliness in the tent city were impressive.

32
The effects of the earthquake in Majano were catastrophic. A mediumrise apartment building with reinf orced-concrete frame structure

collapsed; almost 50 persons died. A second medium-rise apartment

building sustained very severe damage, including floor displacements of

as much as 0.20 m. The frame columns were provided with only nominal

reinforcement and stirrups were rare (0.40m o/c or so). Several columns

failed near the joints by crushing of the concrete and buckling of the

reinforcing bars. The frames were filled with masonry brick walls which

increased the rigidity of the structure and, thus, the magnitude of the

lateral loads. The frame-masonry wall system is not capable of composite

action, the shear capacity of the masonry and the frame-masonry bond capacity being too low. Fortunately, the building did not collapse, owing to

redistribution of vertical loads and to possible relief of damaged columns

by adjoining masonry. Press reports indicate that the designers and builders of the two medium-rise buildings have been indicted on several counts

of substandard design and construction. The inspection of the damage

patterns revealed that modern structures would have resisted the earthquake

forces successfully in most cases, had seismic provisions been incorporated

in the design.

33
JAPAN

The US-Japan Cooperative Program in Natural Resources (UJNR) was established in 1964 by the US-Japan Cabinet-level Committee on Trade

and Economic Affairs. Its purpose is to exchange scientific and technological information that will be mutually beneficial to the economy

and welfare of both countries.

This year was the ninth annual meeting of the UJNR "Panel on Wind and

Seismic Effects," which was chaired by Edward 0. Pfrang of CBT. The

annual joint meeting of this panel is designed to exchange technical

information on the latest research and development activities within

governmental agencies of both countries. Thirty-three technical papers were presented this year, including "Transferring the Technology of

Wind-Resistant Buildings to Developing Countries," by Noel J. Raufaste

of CBT.

In addition to the technical papers, seven task committees and a resolution

committee met and developed plans for continuing cooperation between the

U.S. and Japan in the areas covered by the Panel. The task committees are:

- Task Committee on Strong Motion Earthquake Observation

- Task Committee on Large-Scale Testing Program

- Task Committee on Repair and Retrofit of Existing Structures

- Task Committee on Evaluation of Structural Performance

- Task Committee

Natural Hazard

on Land Use Program for Controlling

Effects

- Task Committee on Life Line Systems

- Task Committee on High Speed Wind Data

34
The National Science Foundation is funding a program under the auspices

of the UJNR for the development of plans for large-scale structural testing

to be carried out jointly by the U.S. and Japan. CBT will be playing a major role in these plans.

The Japanese Government has developed a new program by which it is able

to fund U.S. Government researchers coming to Japan to participate in

joint research projects. Robin McGuire of the U.S. Geological Survey,

a temporary member of our UJNR panel, is the first participant in this

program in the construction area. CBT has been asked to consider potential

candidates for next year under the program. In addition, the Japanese

have agreed to explore methods by which they could send their researchers

to the U.S.

Proceedings of this Ninth conference will be published prior to the Tenth

Joint Meeting scheduled for May 1978. Last year also saw the publication

of the conference proceedings from the Seventh and Eighth Joint Meetings,

as summarized below:

The Seventh Joint Meeting of the US-Japan Panel on Wind and

Seismic Effects was held in Tokyo, Japan on May 20-23, 1973.

The exchanges dealt with extreme winds in structural design;

assessment and experimental techniques for measuring wind loads;

dynamics of soil structures and ground response in earthquakes;

structural response to wind and earthquake design criteria;

disaster mitigation against natural hazards; and technological

assistance in developing countries (NBS Special Publication

Number 470)

.

The Eighth Joint Meeting of the Panel met in Washington, D.C.

on May 18-21, 1976. The topics included wind effects on structures; extreme winds for structural design; ground motions

and instrumentation; seismicity and earthquake risk; lessons

learned from recent natural disasters; seismic effects on structures; design of nuclear reactor facilities; and a special session

on the Guatemala earthquake (NBS Special Publication Number 477).

In September 1977 Edgar Leyendecker, structural research engineer of CBT '

s

Structures Section attended a planning session in Tokyo of a National

Science Foundation sponsored program on large-scale testing of structures.

The purpose of this task committee meeting was to develop with the Japanese

a cooperative program on full-scale testing of buildings.

35
PHILIPPINES

Under an Agency for International Development (AID) project, the Center

has been developing improved wind-loss design criteria for low-rise

buildings. The results of this work are applicable to wind-prone

nations worldwide. A significant amount of this research was undertaken

in the Philippines and assistance was provided by professionals and

technicans from the University of the Philippines and from the Philippine

Weather Bureau.

The research is now complete, with the publication of CBT ' s five-volume

technical research report, BSS-100, Building To Resist the Effect of Wind , a shorter user-manual, entitled 43 Rules — How Houses Can Better Resist

High Wind, and a large poster emphasizing improvements that can be made

to existing houses and directing citizens of wind prone countries to the

location of more information on wind-resistant building practices. These

latter two materials will be translated by and for use in other nations.

The CBT research data have led to revisions of the Philippine National

Building Code and are used as text material for engineering courses at the

University of Engineering and Technology, Dacca, Bangladesh (a participant

in this research project). The Center's 16-mm color/ sound movie on the

results of the research was awarded first prize at the 1976 international

film competition in Rome. The success of this project is largely due to

the CBT Structures Section, and in particular to Richard D. Marshall,

the principal investigator.

During late September 1977 Richard Marshall presented a paper at the

Joint U.S. - Southeast Asia Symposium on Engineering for National Hazards

Protection. He discussed recent developments in the formulation of design

wind loads. This opportunity to visit the Philippines gave him a chance

to discuss with staff from the University of the Philippines and the

Philippine Weather Bureau the experimental results from the CBT's High Wind

project and to prepare for their widespread application to housing designs

at a later date.

36
POLAND

Porter Driscoll, Manager of CBT ' s Design and Construction Technology

Application Program, was the chairman of a group of building executives

who presented in Warsaw a seminar on automated building technology.

The project aims at applying this branch of U.S. technology to Eastern

European building needs. The seminar participants were exposed to the

latest ideas in administration and financing of Poland's massive housing

and rebuilding program.

Large areas of Poland, particularly Warsaw, were severely damaged during

the 1939-45 war. Since then, the Polish design and construction industry

has been continuously employed in replacing housing and commerical and

industrial buildings. Whole sections of Warsaw have been planned and

rebuilt; the Poles now enjoy an international reputation as planners.

It is through this planning ability that design and construction enterprises have been established in emerging countries. At this and subsequent

meetings with executives of Budimex, the Polish foreign trade building

enterprise, the specific use of American technology was examined both in

groups and individually.

Poland's building research is conducted at the Center for Building

Systems Research and Development. This organization performs research

underlying the establishment of standards or "normatives" (both minimum

and maximum) established by various elements of the government. The

Ministry of Building and Building Materials establishes the design and

construction "normatives" for town, city, and regional planning. The

Director feels his organization is very closely linked to reality because

it must establish and modify over time those standards which will provide

wise and efficient allocation of limited resources to meet a tremendous

need

.

In the past 15 years, 4.3 million flats have been built to the standards

established by this organization. Generally, research there begins

with the identification of individual and group needs and the analysis

37
of how these needs can be met within the resources available. In addition

to the standards for housing and related housing amenities, standards are

also established for schools, day-care facilities, health-care facilities,

and retail facilities —based on the populations they serve.

In the area of financing, the Ministry of Building and Building Materials

has manipulated real demand by establishing different downpayments and

different loan periods for different types of housing. For example, an apartment in a multi-family dwelling qualifies for an 80% loan repayable

over a period of 40 years, whereas a single-family detached house qualifies

only for a 50% loan that must be repaid over 25 years. This revision has

changed the form of housing in Poland, which prior to World War II had over 45% single-family detached houses. Now a very high percentage of production

is grouped mid-rise multi-family buildings. However, the Poles' love of the

is at least partially met by the creation of long-term allotments for gardening, remote from the apartment buildings.

In addition to determining "what" should be built, a great deal of attention

was paid to "how" to build it. Much use is being made of building systems

similar to those in the other Eastern European countries. The systems are quite often large precast concrete panels and are combined with prefabricated "core" units for bath and kitchen assemblies. Additional techniques

include "tunnel" forming and large panels cast in~situ .

As the fiscal year came to a close, discussions were just underway for

Poland to approve a new cooperative research venture between CBT and the

Building Research Institute of Poland (Instytut Techniki Budowlanej). The

subject of this first--of what is hoped will be a series of such projects--

will be the development of improved techniques for the non-destructive

testing of concrete.

38
ROMANIA

Two CBT researchers —Charles Culver, Manager of CBT's Disaster

Mitigation Program, and S. George Fattal, a structural research

engineer—of the Structures Section visited Romania after the

earthquake of March 4, 1977. They were part of a U.S. delegation

assessing the damage and making suggestions for repair and reconstruction.

This post-disaster investigation provided an opportunity for NBS to

contribute technical expertise in response to a specific request from

Romania. It also was an opportunity to further observe the behavior

of full-scale structures subjected to earthquakes. The data will be

particularly useful in identifying research needs for rehabilitation

of similar structures in the eastern United States. The CBT staffers

also made contact with earthquake researchers at the Romanian Building

Research Institute and opened channels for exchange of research data

on building performance.

This investigation was recently acknowledged by AID's Administrator John

Gilligan, in a letter to Secretary Juanita Kreps , for the excellent

support provided by CBT, and who requested strengthening AID/NBS activities

under more formal arrangements. NBS Special Publication 490, Observations

on the Behavior of Buildings in the Romania Earthquake of March 4, 1977 , is available for distribution.

39
SPAIN

In September 1977, Edward 0. Pfrang, Chief of CBT's Structures, Materials,

and Safety Division, met in Madrid with Prof, del Campo of the Laboratorio

Central de Ensayo de Materiales de Construccion (LCEMC) and other laboratory

staff members to finalize the first year's cooperative effort between

LCEMC and CBT under the U.S. /Spain Joint Agreement on Science and Technology.

To date, it has been agreed that the first joint study will cover "Factors

Affecting Corrosion of Steel in Prestressed Concrete Structures."

The Laboratorio Central de Ensayo de Materiales de Construccion (LCEMC)

consists of eleven departments. Two, the Secretariat and the Administration,

are concerned with general activities and public relations. The remaining

nine departments are concerned with specific technical areas covering

the broad field of testing construction materials and structures. These

departments are: Physics and Electronics; Inorganic Chemistry; Organic

Chemistry; Mechanical Testing and Concretes; Theoretical Studies of Structures;

Experimental Analysis of Structures; Experimental Analysis of Conduits

and Drainages; Special Studies; and the Mechanics Shop. Work in the LCEMC

is accomplished by teams formed through cooperation between the sections

of the different departments.

The laboratory carries out mostly problem-solving work aimed at immediate

application. They do quite a bit of work with elastic models for structural

analysis. But most of their structural work, in addition to the modeling,

is relatively small-scale. They do not have particularly large test capabilitie

in the structural area. They generally tend to use self-contained structural

test frames. They are, however, doing a fair amount of full-scale work on

large, prestressed concrete pipes. They are also in the process of carrying

out model studies of proposed dams not only for Spain, but also for the use of being built in other countries.

40
the materials areas, most of their work relates to either concrete, cement,

inforcing steel or masonry. The most critical problem at this time appears to

the corrosion of prestressed reinforced concrete pressure pipes. They have

d a number of failures with these pipes and they have now become suspicious

all prestressed concrete in Spain. The Spanish are having a number of failures

|t a aqueducts bringing in water to their major cities. Madrid, in fact, has lost

s water supply on a few occasions. This may be a profitable area for future

int studies.
SWEDEN

In May 1977, Paul R. Achenbach CBT ' s Senior Research Engineer, attended as

a representative of NBS and as a member of the U.S. delegation, a Seminar

on Building Research Policies sponsored by the Committee on Housing,

Building and Planning of the European Commission for Europe. The Government of Sweden hosted the seminar, which was held at the new facilities

of the Swedish Building Research Institute in Galve, about 180 km north

of Stockholm. An auxiliary function was to visit several building con- struction sites in Gavle and Stockholm to observe Swedish practices in

renovating old residential units and in building for detached housing

apartments

Representatives from the following countries participated in the seminar:

Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, both Germanies,

Hungary, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Sweden, Russia, the

United Kingdom, the United States of America, and Yugoslavia.

Four working sessions were held, with a half day each allotted for the

papers of the rapporteurs and discussion by the delegates. The general

objective of the seminar was to discuss ways and means of planning, organizing, coordinating, and financing building research at the national level.

In Gavle, Paul Achenbach visited the subsidized housing for employees of

the Sandvik steel plant. Sandvik originally built this housing for its

employees: first, one-story buildings containing apartments of one room

and kitchen; later two-story buildings with 8 apartments of similar size.

The entire housing area was acquired by the municipality of Gavle in 1969.

Most of the old buildings were demolished, but a few have been renovated

for historical purposes. About 700 new apartments have been built, with

groups of 30 to 40 centered around a courtyard that contains a Laundry room and meeting hall. No automobile traffic is allowed in the area.

42
A few blocks of old Gavle have been restored, near the center of town.

However, renewal has been slackening in recent years. Surveys indicate

that only about 1500 units out of a total of 38,000 in the municipality

are in need of renovation to bring them up to modern dwelling standards.

A new development, Satra, which houses 11,000 people was also visited.

The development has a mixture of housing types —multi-family stuctures

of four stories, and 2-and 3-story sections with both rental and

tenant-owned options. There are also single-family houses in one-story

and 2-story row house styles. Every sixth dwelling in this development

is a rented row house. Old age pensioners and young families with small

children have often chosen this latter form of dwelling.

Another development, Andersberg, is Gavle's newest community and is about

2.5 km from city center. The city owns all of the land. Construction

started in 1973 and will be completed in 1978, when about 2300 dwelling

units will house approximately 5000 inhabitants. The mix of dwelling

types is similar to that for Satra except that a considerable number

of apartments are incorporated in large 5-story buildings. A group of

1-family houses has also been allocated for research purposes. Thirty

households have been invited to participate in the planning and selection

of house types. In addition each household can collaborate with the

architect in designing its dwelling.

At two sites —Trasten and Pyramiden—in the center of Stockholm,

rehabilitation of old 5-story flats were being carried out in block-size

areas. The buildings were from 60 to 85 years old and had not contained

indoor plumbing nor elevators. They had used fireplaces or the Swedish

form of "Kacheloven" for heating selected rooms, and most did not have

domestic hot water. The walls and floors appeared to be in very good

shape structural ly--there were no cracked walls or sagging--perhaps because

most of Stockholm is underlaid with rock. In general, walls and floors

were simply given patching and refinishing. Three large buildings were demolished because they were supported by pilings that had decayed.

Walls were of very thick masonry, 50-60 cm thick, with no insulation.

Many apartments were enlarged; 419 original apartments were renovated into

239 larger apartments. Apartments were of mixed sizes, ranging from 1 room

and kitchen to 5 rooms and kitchen. Hot water heating, using radiators

with small tubing, was installed with hot water being supplied from a central plant. Modern baths and kitchens were installed as were elevators

wherever there was enough space. Single windows were replaced with double

windows; new wiring was installed, partly hidden and partly surface. Old

tile roofs were replaced with ridged metal roofs.

Rents after renovation are equivalent to those for new housing^at 125

crowns/m^ per year (equivalent to about $250/mo. for a 1000 ft house).

This is about 3 to 4 times the pre-renovation rent, but tenants can get

subsidies ranging upward to the full cost, depending on their financial

condition. The buildings will be occupied by a mixture of subsidized

and non-subs idized families.

43
Stockholm has about a half million non-modern and semi -modern dwelling

units. City plans call for renovation of about 5000 units per year.

The cost of heating and electricity are not paid by subsidy. The total

cost of heating for the block is pro-rated to the tenants on the basis

of floor area.

The seminar attendees also visited four new-town type developments on

the perimeter of Stockholm about 16 km from the center of the city.

These four towns are planned to contain 13,200 dwelling units and 33,000

people by 1979. The population in 1977 is about 27,000. Two of the towns

are completely occupied. One, Kista, will have 3500 units, and is only

about half completed at present. The city subway adjoins the developments.

In the Master Plan for the entire area, 32% of the dwelling units will

be one and two-story buildings, 46% will be in 3-to 6-story structures,

and 22% will be in 9-to 13-story structures. In Kista, several different

styles of building are being constructed to provide varied architectural

views to the occupants--terraced buildings, rowhouses, and a starshaped

plan with units radiating from a central entrance.

In Kista, the buildings interior partitions are reinforced concrete and

loadbearing. The outer walls, made of air cell concrete with exterio

stucco, serve as curtain walls. Windows are triple-glazed, one large

section fixed, and a smaller section the casement type with gasketed

meeting surfaces. Buildings are hot-water heated from a central plant.

A pneumatic trash collection system serves the entire area, but the waste

is taken from the central point to another location for incineration and

power generation.

About 41% of the dwelling units comprise two rooms and kitchen or less,

37% comprise 3 rooms and kitchen, and 22% contain four rooms and kitchen

or more. About 10% of the dwellings are designed for pensioners, and

about 11% of the population will be 60 years of age or older. About

800 units will provide for the owner to make a contribution to the house

construction. About 1000 one-and two-story houses wiLl have their own gardens and ground-level entrances.

All of these developments involved competitive designs and proposals by

Architectural Engineering firms, with awards being made to those judged

to be best. The City government is making great efforts to make the new

towns more liveable, since their experience with the generation of similar

developments in the 1960's indicated that designs were too stereotyped.

Rents generally cannot exceed 150 crowns/m per year. On this basis the

monthly dollar cost would be about as follows:

1 - room & kitchen $150/mo

2 - " " 160-195/mo

3 - " " 230/mo

44
4

f I II 265/mo

5 - " " 310/mo

Similarly, in September of 1976, William C. Cullen, Assistant Chief of

CBT's Structures, Materials, and Safety Division, met with members of

the Swedish building community. His first contacts were with corporate

executives of a consortium of firms that supply building material to

Scandinavia. Discussions included the general areas of marketing,

performance, application and technical aspects of building materials

both in the U.S. and European countries. The contributions of CBT

in furthering the application of the performance concept for roofing,

including the impact of performance criteria on European roofing, were particularly noted.

In Lund, Sweden, William Cullen discussed critical roofing problems --such

as cracking under heavy loads of ice and snow—with technical personnel.

In Stockholm, William Cullen met with staff members of the National Board

of Physical Planning and Building, Ministry of Housing and Physical

Planning of the Swedish government. The primary function of that office

is to provide guidelines for housing policy in the form of proclamations

and regulations in accordance with the resolutions of the Riksdag (Swedish

Parliament) and the government. This government organization is the

ultimate appeal authority concerning buildings and building regulations.

And it differs from CBT in that it publishes mandatory standards for the

industry to follow--rather than just the technical support to a variety

of codes and standards.

James Wright met with Professor S. G. Bergstrom, Director of the Swedish

Cement and Concrete Research Institute. The purpose of James Wright's

visit was twofold: (1) to visit the laboratories of the Research Institute

and learn more about their research programs on the performance of concrete

in building structures; (2) to visit Professor Ingemar Hoglund of the Royal

Institute of Technology. Professor Hoglund is a foremost Swedish expert on energy conservation in buildings and solar energy.

A number of these areas are of interest to the Inorganic Materials program

of CBT, particularly those dealing with early strength of concrete, the

corrosion of reinforcing bars in concrete, and polymer and fiber reinforced

concrete. A member of the CBT staff (Thomas Reichard) serves on a RILEM

technical committee under Professor Bergstrom which is making an indepth

study of the performance strength of concrete at an early age.

James Wright was particularly interested in the work that the Research

Institute is doing on application of the performance concept to the

performance of concrete in a finished building. This research program

grew out of the RILEM/ASTM/CIB Symposium held in Philadelphia in 1972

on the Performance Concept. The aim of the Institute's work is to write

performance specifications and standards for ultimate use in building

codes to replace prescription specifications currently in use in Sweden,

and most other countries as well. The results of the Swedish research

45
have reached a stage where they are now going into a revision of the

building codes. This work will be of direct benefit to the Center

for Building Technology, NBS , as it works with both Federal builders,

builders in the private sector and building code officials to develop

performance-based standards for building codes in the United States.

The meeting with Professor Hoglund of the Division of Building Technology,

Royal Institute of Technology, was to discuss energy conservation research

and solar energy techniques that are being carried out in the Institute

as well as in practice in Sweden. Sweden imports all of its oil and has

a severe winter climate. Therefore, energy conservation and efficient

thermal performance of whole buildings has been reflected in building

practice in this country for many years; long before energy was considered

a problem in the United States. Consequently, many of the current building practices in Sweden, such as double glazing of windows to reduce heat

loss by 50 percent, have been a part of their building regulations for

many years, but are seen in the U.S. as new practices yet to be fully

implemented. To give some measure of the state-of-the-art, Swedish building codes are now being revised to require triple glazing of windows

rather than double glazing. The basis for the additional cost and effort

for triple glazing as compared to double is an economic one which has been

developed from a highly sophisticated life-cycle costing technique.

Professor Hoglund is interested in the work CBT is doing in solar heating

and the use of solar energy for domestic hot water heating. In spite of

its northern latitude, Sweden wants to explore the potential for the use

of solar energy for these purposes.

46
USSR

The U. S ,/U. S . S .R. Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Housing and

other Construction was signed in Moscow in 1974. The purpose of the

Agreement was to facilitate information transfer between the U.S.

and the U.S.S.R.

Following this agreement, a Memorandum of Implementation was signed

by the Secretary, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, and

the Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers for Construction

Affairs (Gostroy, U.S.S.R.). The Memorandum of Implementation formally

established six working groups. CBT has been involved in two such

groups, "Building Materials and Components" and "Building Design

and Construction Management."

Cement Studies

In November of 1976, Geoffrey Frohnsdorff, Chief of CBT's Materials

and Composites Section, traveled to the U.S.S.R. as part of a working group

studying cement production and chemistry. An early stop was at the

Podulsk facility of Nllcement, the All-Union Cement Research Institute.

Nllcement is the main national research institute dealing with problems

of the cement industry; it carries out scientific research, develops

equipment for cement plants, and trains cement specialists. The

Institute has a staff of 950 in Podulsk, of which 400 are researchers

in the 13 laboratories (total staff 700) and an additional 250 are

in the pilot plant. Nllcement coordinates the activities of Giprocement

(the All-Union Scientific Research and Design Institute of the Cement

Industry) in Leningard and Yuzhgiprocement (the Southern All-Union

Scientific Research and Design Institute of the Cement Industry) in

Kharkov; its work is also closely coordinated with that of the National

Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R. Special attention is paid to increasing

the outputs of high-strength cements, expansive cements, and decorative

cements and to converting wet-process cement plants to the dry process

or to combined processes for the manufacture of cement and other products.

They hope to be able to draw on U.S. technology in these and other

areas through the cooperative agreement. Individual laboratories visited

47
in the Institute were devoted to slag formation, clinker burning,

refractories, fine grinding, and cement plant automation and control.

Yuzhgiprocement employs about 1,300 persons, of whom over 1,000 are university graduates. The largest part of the activity is cement plant

design, but research on cements and cement manufacture is carried out

in the laboratories and pilot plant of the Institute. The Institute

has been responsible for the design of about 50 cement plants, which

account for about half of the U.S.S.R's cement production. The design

group works on new plants and the improvement of existing plants. New

plants usually have capacities in the range of 2.5 to 3.5 million tons

per year. Research on slags and slag cements was discussed; the Institute has recently developed rapid hardening and super rapid hardening

s lag-port land cements. They also produced, and obtained a patent on,

sulfate-resistant s lag-port land cements that can be used in aggressive

waters containing as much as 4,000 milligrams of SO

2 per liter. MchedlovPetrosyan discussed research on new types of portland cement that had

been carried out at the Institute. Cements of high reactivity have been

prepared by burning at lower temperatures than were usual for clinkering.

This has implications for energy conservation and for prolonging the

life of kiln linings. Mchedlov-Petrosyan ' s labs were interesting for

their application to clinker characterization of unusual techniques such

as infrared spectroscopy and ESR in addition to the more usual methods

such as X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis.

The Balakleya Cement Plant is about 70 km south of Kharkov. It is one

of the largest cement plants in the Soviet Union and has an annual

capacity of about 3.5 million tons. The plant began operations in 1963

and it has been expanded three times since then in accord with designs

drawn up by Yuzhgiprocement. The plant is impressive for the size of

its equipment although it did not appear to be as well laid out for

efficiency of operation as many modern plants in the U.S. Nevertheless,

it demonstrates high levels of engineering and manufacturing capabilities.

The plant manufactures two types of portland cement clinker and makes six

types of cement.

In Leningrad are the laboratories and pilot plant of the Giprocement

Institute, the All-Union Scientific Research and Design Institute of the

Cement Industry. This is a large organization with similar functions to

those of Yuzhgiprocement, though serving a different area of the country.

Although the major part of the Institute is the Design Department, the

Scientific Research and Pilot Plant departments are substantial, with

at least 230 people between them. There are 14 technical laboratories.

These include two for studies of clinker forming processes, two for studies

of grinding and mixing of raw materials and cements, and other labs for

physical and chemical analyses, physical and mechanical testing, refractory problems, dust collection, and economic production. Current work of

the laboratories includes studies of new cements for oil and gas wells;

the use of high voltage discharges to promote clinkering; the simultaneous

manufacture of phosphorus, alumina, and high-quality portland cement; and

48
fluxes for use in the clinkering process. Overall, the Institute's

laboratories appeared to be well-equipped though they lacked an electron microscope.

The Institute of Silicate Chemistry, Leningrad, has a staff of about 400

and has two main departments —one studying silica and high-temperature

reactions of refractory oxides, and the other studying solid-state processes.

In the cement area, they are studying solid solutions of tricalcium

aluminate and the effects of the dissolved oxides on the rate of hydration.

A large range of techniques is used in the studies, including X-ray

diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, electron

microprobe analysis, calorimetry and DTA. Other studies cover the earliest

stages of hydration of calcium aluminate using single crystals grown in

the laboratory.

At Giprocement, in

of the Institute,

Dr. Dan ju shevsky

.

U.S. team relating

the use of fluxes

cement industry in

possible areas of

for the analysis o processes, but pos

processes were rec

of the U.S. indust

Leningrad, meetings were held with Dr. Olesov, Director

and members of his staff including Dr. Egarov and

They spent some time answering questions from the

to the use of slag and fly ash in cements and concrete,

in cement manufacture, and general questions about the

the Soviet Union. Ultimately, discussion turned to

cooperation. Common areas of interest were in methods

f cements and raw materials and research on hydration

sibilities for cooperation in research on manufacturing

ognized as being less certain because of the structure

ry.

The Scientific Research Laboratories of Nllcement are situated in an old

two-story house within the Moscow city limits. The staff of 26 is under

the direction of Dr. Malinin. The emphasis is on basic research on cements

with little concern about direct application to cement manufacture.

Although the laboratory facilities were primitive, the laboratory was well-equipped. Most of the usual equipment for cement research was available including an X-ray diffractometer, DTA and TGA equipment, a transmission electron microscope, atomic absorption, flame photometers, light

microscopes, an emission spectrograph, and an isothermal calorimeter.

Of particular interest was a five-channel X-ray diffractometer for rapid

analysis of mu 1 1 i-comp onent mixtures such as cements and a polarograph

used in studies of the liquid phase in cement hydration. Activities of

the laboratory included quantitative phase analysis of cements and related

materials, studies of microstructural changes during the hardening of

cement, and studies of the mechanisms of cement hydration.

VNIIZhelezoBeton, Moscow, is the All-Union Scientific Research Institute

for Reinforced Concrete. It focuses on concrete for industrialized construction. Major laboratories in the Institute are devoted to the development

of technology for in-plant manufacturing of concrete products and stuctures;

the production of industrialized housing; joining and welding; the production of pipes and reinforced pipes; the manufacture of prestressed

reinforced concrete and railroad ties; and ordinary concrete including curing

at high temperatures. Also, NDE is used for control, automation, and

optimization of properties of concrete mixtures. Among the most promising

and popular NDE methods were ultrasonics and radioisotopes. National

49
standards have been established for use of several methods. They

are now working in a new direction, which is the application of ultrasonics to forecasting the strength of joints and structures.

In general, exploratory visits such as this help both nations uncover

those areas where each is lively to benefit from cooperation. In

Russia today, the magnitude of the Soviet research effort in cements

and the use of large pilot plants are impressive. The technology of

blended cement manufacture and use, as well as methods of cement

analysis are both likely candidates for cooperation.

Housing Research

In May of 1977, Harry E. Thompson, Deputy Director of CBT, traveled to

the U.S.S.R. as part of the joint working group on "Building Design and

Construction Managment." During that time he participated in discussions

with Soviet experts on Norms and Standards, Terminology, and Space

Planning. The American delegation consists of Federal officials and

representatives of the architectural /engineer ing industry throughout

the U.S.

One of the larger Institutes visited was the Central Research and Design

Institute for Dwellings. This Institute has three Divisions (Research,

Design, and Industrial Technology) with approximately 1,000 employees in

each. Fifteen Republic (State) Institutes are under this Central

Institute. They cover all building types, urban planning, and site

planning plus experimental research and testing and prototype design.

The Research Division is primarily working in applied technology similar

to CBT (architectural, sociology, c 1 imate /heal th , building technology

methods, structural engineering, mechanical/electrical, modular coordination/

standards, and testing laboratories).

Another Institute visited was the Central Research and Design Institute

for Industrial Buildings, which also has fifteen Republic Institutes

under its direction. While in Minsk and Leningrad the Republic Institutes

were visited. These are very large units doing all of the design and con- struction for the industrial government agencies operating in the Republics.

In Moscow, the Research Institute for Building Physics has 16 laboratories

doing work in acoustics/noise, thermal engineering, natural and artificial

lighting, and building climatology. They have a new anechoic chamber

which has three levels and is much larger than NBS's.

The U.S. delegation also toured a sprawling Soviet facility set up to

mass-produce precast concrete sections for housing being built in connection with the Moscow Olympics in 1980.

In June 1977, Richard A. Symuleski of CBT's Building Services Section

travelled to Moscow and Leningrad to review Soviet water and wastewater

treatment technology and to discuss future collaborative studies.

50
Based on this tour, it would appear that the application of innovative

technology for water and wastewater treatment is proceeding at a slower

pace in the Soviet Union. The singular exception to this is the modern

ozonation facility built by the French for the water supply for Moscow.

Nutrient removal in wastewater treatment and chlorinated hydrocarbon and

virus removal in water treatment, while of major interest in the U.S.,

are not high-priority issues in the U.S.S.R. Major Soviet concerns

appear to be focused on the design and engineering of simple factory

fabricated components for use in small towns and worker villages in

remote regions. Inspection of several facilities showed an orientation

for labor intensive versus automated process control.

Soviet technologists appear to be well acquainted with new developments

taking place in the West; but due to their orientation, this knowledge

is primarily of theoretical rather than operational aspects of the

technology

.

Of potential value to the U.S. community, is the application of standardized

design elements for water and wastewater treatment plants. A crude analogy

for descriptive purposes would be the nationalization of the package treatment plant industry in the U.S. What needs to be learned is how design

criteria are developed on such a large scale and the fabrication and assembly

technologies that have been developed to permit large-scale implementation.

Joint cooperation in this area should continue with primary focus in the

initial stages on acquainting U.S. technologists with the standardized

design concept used in the U.S.S.R. This would also permit a closer

examination of other aspects of Soviet water and wastewater treatment

technologies. The differences in priorities and capabilities in the

U.S.S.R. make the identification of other areas of joint cooperation

very difficult at this time.
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION

MEMBERSHIPS

In addition to individual research agreements with other nations, CBT

also maintains a presence in a number of multinational professional

research groups. Here, the aim, as always with CBT activities, is to

foster the progress of building technology, to note changes in codes

and standards the world over, and to bring the best foreign building

research to the U.S. Last year's activities along these lines are discussed on the following pages.

52
CEB

Edward 0. Pfrang, the CBT liaison representative to the Comite EuroInternational du Beton (CEB), met with Andrew Short, President of

CEB at the Building Research Station, Garston, Watford, England to discuss

and coordinate future activities. This collaboration with CEB will involve

CBT more deeply in the developments of international codes of practice

for building design and standards for reinforced concrete.

Since the end of World War II, CEB has become the dominant institution in

Europe for technical cooperation in the area of concrete. It has been

sufficiently successful in this area so that it is now being given a broader charter which covers all general structural design considerations.

To obtain this broader charter, CEB has developed working agreements

with such organizations as:

European Economic Community (EEC)

United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE)

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

European Committee for Standardization (CEN)

International Federation for Prestressing (FIP)

European Convention for Structural Steel Work (CECN)

International Council for Building Research

Studies & Documentation (CIB)

International Union of Testing and Research Laboratories

for Materials and Structures (RILEM)

International Association for Bridge and Structural

Engineering (IABSE)

53
In the last few years, CEB has also gained the cooperation of several

European countries, most notably the Soviet Union. An organizational

tie has now been developed with the Eastern European Common Market

through their Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) and through

its standards organization. Similar ties have been developed with the

Nordic countries through their standards organization, the Nordic Committee on Building Regulations (NKB). In addition, Canada and Mexico are also members of CEB and actively participate in their technical committee

s tructure.

The CEB recognizes that the U.S. is a vitally important potential technical

contributor and is most anxious to include us in this cooperative activity.

The major obstacle which must be faced is that within the U.S., the

American Concrete Institute (ACI) in itself has become a center of international cooperation. Over three thousand of the 16 thousand members of

ACI are from outside of the U.S. The technical standards produced by

ACI are currently widely used, not only in the U.S., but throughout most

of Latin America and many other countries such as Australia, New Zealand,

Canada and the Middle East. The role which CBT has chosen is to attempt

to establish avenues that will lead to technical cooperation between

these two spheres.

The original approach that was made by CEB was that the U.S. join CEB as

a full member. Such an action would be detrimental to the image that

ACI has in the international technical community. Edward Pfrang has

suggested that for the time being, we should put aside the question of one organization recognizing the other and get on with technical cooperation, letting recognition follow at some later date. This now seems to

be acceptable to both ACI and to CEB.

In September of 1977, Edward Pfrang attended the CEB meetings in Granada,

Spain, to seek areas for mutual cooperation between ACI and CEB. There

he found a surprising receptivity to the thought of closer work with

U.S. institutions, and in particular, with ACI. A number of discussions

of possible avenues for cooperation were discussed with the Administrative

Council of CEB, which corresponds to ACI Board of Direction. The one which surfaced as being most attractive was a joint activity toward a mutually acceptable performance code for concrete structures. Based on

this conclusion, a resolution was drafted and presented to the General

Assembly of CEB where it received unanimous endorsement.

54
CIB

The Conseil International du Batiment pour la Recherche l'Etude et la

Documentation (CIB) was established in 1953 in response to recommendations

made by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. CIB's major

objective is to encourage and stimulate international cooperation in

the gathering, refinement, and dissemination of building research information. These mutual exchanges facilitate the development and adoption

of building standardization practice, which in turn provide for the effective sharing of building research data and interchangeability of products

on the international level. Fifty countries are currently members of CIB

and send delegates from building-oriented organizations to participate in

various CIB activities.

Lawrence Galowin, chief of CBT's Building Service Section, attended the annual meeting of the CIB W62 Plumbing and Drainage working group at the Norwegian

Building Research Institute in Oslo, Norway in May 1977. The group reviewed

a draft of the preliminary requirements for a minimum performance plumbing

code as a technological contribution to less developed countries. The draft

was returned to the authors for modification and resubmission to the

October 1978 meeting for further consideration and expansion.

During the past year, David Didion, CBT's Chief of the Mechanical Systems

Section, traveled abroad to attend a meeting of the Technical Sub-Group on

Heat Pumps of the CIB W67, "Energy Conservation in the Built Environment."

This was the first meeting on heat pumps and included 21 reports from 12

countries. In representing CBT, he was the only American in attendance and

therefore tried to present the state of the American heat pump industry as well. At present, America is the only country that manufactures unitary

heat pumps for both heating and cooling.

Likewise, Robert R. Jones, CBT's Program Manager for Energy Conservation,

attended the January 1977 meeting of CIB W67 in Brussels. Among other

papers delivered at the meeting was an interesting one by Mr. Uy t tenbroeck

,

of Belgium, who demonstrated, by means of a series of equations on the

chalkboard, the need for studies on free heat. Free heat is evidenced by

the fact that an unoccupied building will have an indoor temperature

higher than the outdoor temperature.

55
DESBRO

In September 1977, Richard N. Wright, the Director of CBT, attended the

meeting of the Directors of English Speaking Building Research Organization

(DESBRO), which meets once every three years.

This group activity affords the Directors opportunities to pick up

techniques and technical information from the other Directors; this

in turn increases the effectiveness of NBS as a building research

laboratory. Moreover, the close personal relationships with the other

Directors of English speaking building research organizations increase

the effectiveness of communications when special needs arise and provide

good opportunities for the development of cooperative or complementary

programs

Among the many discussions at this year's meeting were presentations on flexitime at the Australian Division of Building Research, energy performance policy in Canada, and a request from tropical nations to push for

practical solutions to water heating needs, the only substantial factor

related to building in their national energy consumption picture.

Educational efforts were also reviewed for effective translation of

the new knowledge and practice to design professionals and tradesmen.

There was agreement that these efforts must be effective for public

benefits to be realized from building research.

A variety of activities is underway. South African staff supervise

University theses, Ghana staff offers course work at the University,

Indian staff provide extension courses across the country as well as teaching at the local university. T. L. Webb, of South Africa, offered

the approach "Teaching the teachers." In a country as large as the U.S. even this may not offer enough leverage; perhaps we need to teach the

teachers of teachers.

There was general concern that the repetition of defects in building

show that knowledge is not effectively applied. Materials such as the

Canadian "Building Research Digests" and the Australian "Notes on the

Science of Building" appear effective. Still, the great size of the

U.S. building community suggests that we need look for a method with

higher leverage than direct mail to disseminate this type of information.

56
ISO

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is comprised of

the national standards bodies of some eighty countries. The work of ISO

is aimed at world-wide agreement on international standards for the

purpose of the expansion of trade, the improvement of quality, the

increase of productivity, and the lowering of costs.

An International Standard is the result of agreement between the member

bodies of ISO. A first important step toward the International Standard

takes the form of a draft proposal--a document circulated for comment

within the technical committee. But the draft must pass through several

stages before it can be accepted as an International Standard. This

procedure is designed to ensure that the final result is acceptable to

as many countries as possible.

In December of 1976, Charles Mahaffey, of CBT's Office of Building Standards

and Codes Services, participated in the second meeting of the Divisional

Council of Technical Division 3 of ISO. The central theme of this meeting

concerned the proposal for the establishment of an international building

standards center. This proposal represents a studied response to the

problems identified at the first meeting of the Divisional Council (June

1976). Those problems were centered in two areas: (1) the slowness of

the development process (particularly in the preparation of draft standards),

and (2) the difficulties in maintaining technical coherency among the

standards produced by the scattered and relatively independent Technical

Committees, Subcommittees and Working Groups (a situation that is expected

to worsen as the number of such groups is increased).

Earlier, Charles Mahaffey had participated, as a technical advisor to the

USA delegate, Milton Francis of HUD in an ad hoc meeting of experts

in the field of performance-based building standards, which was held

in Sofia, Bulgaria, in October 1976. This meeting was another step

in a large international project operating under the auspices of

the United Nation's Economic Commission for Europe (ECE). This

project is aimed at developing and implementing a methodology for harmonizing the technical content of building regulations utilizing a

57
performance-based approach and involving standards developed by the

International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

In March 1977, Charles Mahaffey participated in the second meeting of

Subcommittee 3 of ISO Technical Committee (TC) 59. This is the ISO

Committee charged with developing the methodology, terminology, and format

to be used in the application of the performance concept to all future

ISO building standards. Since this committee will establish the

basis for the writing of all future performance-based building standards,

it is judged to be the single most important standards committee in the

world

Likewise, Emil Simiu attended ISO meetings in Gothenburg (September 1976)

and London (November 1976) for members of the "wind loads" technical

committee. The meetings were devoted to presentations and discussions

of draft code provisions on various aspects of wind loading. Draft

code provisions and supporting papers were presented jointly by Mr. Bietry

and Emil Simiu under the titles, "Mean Wind Profiles and Change of Terrain

Roughness" and "Dynamic Along-Wind Response of Tall Buildings".

58
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

In October 1976, Elmer R. Streed, a mechanical engineer in CBT ' s Thermal

Engineering Section, participated in the second experts meeting of the

International Energy Agency, Committee on Energy Research and Development, Working Party on Solar Energy, held in Wiehl, Germany. He also

attended a meeting on advanced collector system tests in Freiberg, with

visits to experimental solar heated houses at Aachen and Heidelberg.

The primary area of study is the performance of solar heating-cooling

systems. Initial system modeling and simulation studies by four countries

(Denmark, Germany, Japan, and U.S.A.) were reviewed and some difficulties

in computer compatible tapes were resolved. One-year building load tapes

(CBT townhouse) for Madison, Wisconsin, Santa Maria, California, and

Denmark were distributed at the meeting by CBT. Additional tapes for

German and Japanese weather will be run by CBT soon. The solar system

performance of two selected systems will be calculated using a detailed

and simplified computer program developed in each country. The results

will be compared.

In the solar area, each country briefly described recent developments

related to component development, with a majority of the work on collector

research. A greater concern and effort to reduce collector costs rather

than to greatly improve performance is indicated by the European countries.

Most countries are striving for a collector cost of $100/m^ or less

but have been unable to do so for heating applications. Sweden reported

a mass-produced roof integrated collector for $50/m^ that is currently

under evaluation.

A review of outdoor performance testing experience by each country

indicated the great difficulty encountered in trying to obtain all data

points prescribed in CBT ' s report. Method of Testing for Rating Solar

Collectors Based on Thermal Performance . The lack of clear days

and the variability in sky temperature, wind, and diffusion ratio all

contributed to testing periods of one month or longer and uncertainties

that made it impractical to rate the performance of collectors. Therefore, the use of solar simulators and/or indoor measurements of the

59
loss coefficients were being investigated by most of the nine represented

countries

A detailed analysis and design of the Freiberg-Colorado State Project,

a multi-family hot water heating system, was described. The proposed

collector is a new evacuated-tube design by Phillips. The U.S. will

use the evacuated fin-tube design developed by Corning. The Colorado

State University system is scheduled to commence in early 1977 and the

Freiberg system in about one year.

The Phillips experimental house in Aachen combines energy conservation,

solar collectors, and long-term thermal storage. The system eraplQys an evacuated tube collector with a liquid heat transfer fluid. The

general conclusions from the past year of operating experience

indicate that seasonal storage is not feasible because of excessive

thermal losses. The collector design currently in use is economically

impractical because it is not amenable to low-cost mass production.

It is indicated that solar heating in central and northern Germany is

not economically justified at this time and will require a thermally

we 1

1 -designed building to be practical. The use of a heat pump with a ground heat source and sink design and some thermal storage for off-peak

power use appears more promising.

60
INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON

HEAT TRANSFER IN BUILDINGS

Joseph Chi, a mechanical engineer in CBT's Mechanical Systems Section,

attended the 1977 International Seminar on Heat Transfer in Buildings

at Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia for presentation of a paper on computer

simulation of residential heating boilers.

The seminar was attended by about 180 persons and 81 papers were

presented. Much interest was shown in the CBT work on heat pumps,

boi lers /furnaces , and Stirling engines. For example, many questions

followed the presentation of papers on the boiler simulation and

Stirling engine driven heat pump. In particular, Peter Warren

of British Building Research Station and D.J. Nevrala of British

Gas Corporation expressed interest in future cooperation with NBS

in these works.

61
INTERNATIONAL TOTAL ENERGY

CONGRESS: ITEC

In October 1976, John D. Ryan, a CBT mechanical engineer, attended the

ITEC meeting held in Copenhagen. One paper given at the conference

merits particular attention relative to current CBT studies in totalenergy systems. The paper, "Aldershot P.D.A. -- Total Energy Power

Station with District Heating", presented the operating experiences

of a diesel total-energy system over a 10-year period. The engines

used were four Mirrlees 12-cylinder 2140-kW units operating on heavy

residual fuel. This lengthy paper provides details on all aspects

of plant design, operation and control. Also included is substantial

information on the district heating system to which the plant is

connected. In private discussions with the author, significant further

points were brought to light which were not dealt with in the paper.

During the conference, a special technical tour was arranged for a small

group by the Copenhagen district heating department. This visit

included the Amager refuse incinerator, which supplies heat to the

district heating system. A very modern plant (1970) serving a population

of 550,000, this typifies European refuse incineration practice. Important

features of this plant are: no auxiliary fuel firing, no separation of

garbage except by separate collection of bulky items, a dry furnace,

very clean and odor free, electrostatic precipitators, 100 T/day

maximum capacity. Heat transfer tube life has been very short due

to low return water temperature (70°C) from the district-heating system.

An intermediate loop design is now thought to be a better approach.

A brochure on this plant includes some cost data.

This tour also included district-heating piping installation activities.

The Copenhagen system consists of both steam and hot water distribution,

because the system is quite old (1925). At present three-fourths of the

connected load is steam and one-fourth hot water. The maximum distance

of heat transmission (plant to farthest customer) is 8.7 km.

62
The post-conference study tour centered on a trip to the district

heating plant for the Danish town of Odense on the island of Funen. The

total electrical capacity was 656 MW and both coal and oil fuels are used. This plant is interesting in that the most recent unit (September,

1974) is of a type beginning to be very common in Scandanavia. It produces 230 MW and 325 MW in normal operation but can switch to

285 MW in straight condensing duty.

The district heating system serves 23,500 households (1974) with about

90% saturation in the area covered by district heat. (Electrically, the

plant is connected to the grid of Funen and the mainland of Jutland).

The system (735 km) also includes 10 satellite, remotely-operated oilfired boiler stations for peak loads and security. As with all modern

European installations, the system is based on pressurized hot

water, in this case at 85°C normal, 105°C maximum delivery temperature.

In a presentation to members of the Study Tour, it became obvious that

communications would be easier if certain standardized approaches to

reporting data from these types of plants were available. Data presented

on demand factor, capacity factor, load factor, efficiencies, and

losses all caused some confusion. The CCMS-MIUS "standard methodology"

could have served a useful purpose. (See the following section

of this report, on the NATO project).

Opportunities for are significant.

Metering problems

Europe (hot water

in the U.S.

CBT-related research in the district heating areas Metering of hot water and steam energy is a key area, are now causing concern in the U.S. (steam) and in

). This may be considered a barrier to implementation

Piping systems are a major cost item of any such system. Efforts to reduce

costs so that lower-density areas can be supplied has promulgated many

new piping systems and material applications. Test methods for these

innovative piping systems are under development in Europe. Test

methods and performance/reliability data need to be developed for

these systems to be widely used in the U.S.

63
NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION

CCMS-MIUS PROJECT

The Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society (CCMS) was established

in 1969 by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to promote the

effective and continuing exchange of information, technology, and experience to create a better environment. In May 1974 the pilot study,

"Rational Use of Energy," and its sub-project, "Modular Integrated

Utility and Total Energy Systems," known as the CCMS-MIUS Project, were established

Both the pilot study and the sub-project are led by the U.S. The CCMSMIUS Project was established because of international concern over

the need to provide more utility services to communities while improving

energy utilization and the environment. The U.S. Department of State

assigned the lead role responsibility of the CCMS-MIUS Project to

the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) which also

sponsors the HUD-MIUS Program.

The Center for Building Technology is supporting HUD by representing

the U.S. in the CCMS-MIUS Project. This includes committee participation,

developing the technical reporting system, administrative and technical

leadership, and supplying technical data from the HUD-MIUS Program

demonstration.

In October of 1976, a CBT staff member working on the MIUS project,

Morris H. Nimmo, participated in the Candian Building Congress (CBC) at

Toronto. He also participated in a seminar in Toronto given by the

Swedish Trade Commissioner on District Heating Systems in Scandinavia.

The three-day CBC was attended by approximately 600 persons mostly from

the Canadian government, industry, and consulting firms. Paul Achenbach

of CBT also attended and delivered a paper on "Development of PerformanceBased Energy Conservation Standards for Building."

t

64
The Congress dealt with three major themes:

(1) Present and future sources of energy for supplying the heat

and power needs of buildings.

(2) Energy conservation through improved building design and

operation.

(3) Design of communities so that by-product heat from industrial

operations can be utilized.

Papers were given on the following topics: energy conservation through

improved building design and operation, use of by-product heat, criteria

and standards for energy conservation, and design of communities. The

session on utilization of by-product heat was of particular interest

to integrated utilities systems. Six other papers were delivered on by-product heat in buildings and district heating.

The Swedish Trade Commissioner's seminar featured papers on large-scale

power generation, heat production, and heat recovery from power plants.

The papers delivered were:

° "District Heating —A Step by Step Approach" by Erik Wahlman,

Engineering Director, H. Theorells Eng. Co ( SWECO-group )

.

° "Combined Production of Heat and Power" by Bertil Koehler,

Manager of Energy Technology Dept., AB Energikonsul t

.

° "Large Systems —Nuclear Stations, New Developments," Peter

Margen, Chief Engineer, AB Atomenergic.

° "Solid Waste —Source of Heat" by Grels Berg, M.Sc., AB

Energikonsul t

.

° "Economics, Financing and Institutional Framework" Ake Karlberg,

Chief Engineer and Vice-President, Sodertorns District Heating

Company

.

These papers are of direct interest to the HUD-MIUS Program and Integrated

Utilities Systems. The seminar also included presentations by manufacturers

of hardware for district heating systems and distribution networks. In

general, it is apparent that countries around the world are finding the

MIUS concept very attractive.

Canada is definitely moving in the direction of energy conservation and

the development of future supplies. Canada is self-sufficient in energy

at this time, and is already beginning to curtail exportation of oil, and

cut back on power and heating in government buildings. They appear to have

a better opportunity to solve their energy problem than the U.S. since they

have not reached a critical stage where they rely on imports. Canada thus

has good potential for district heating, and heat recovery from power

generation.

65
The Swedish Trade Commissioner's Seminar was very convincing about the

advantages of district heating, power generation and heating combined,

and heat recovery from solid waste incineration and nuclear power

plants. Back pressure production plants will be promoted in Sweden

as their overall efficiency is about 85%, as opposed to condensing power

based on oil or other fossil fuels, where efficiency is below 40%.

Sweden is moving toward the supply of all heat by district heating and

combined production of heat and power. Space heating by home furnaces

will be the exception rather than the rule. At present large portions

of their towns are heated from district sytems. The U.S. should

examine these types of sytems very closely.

In July 1977, the CCMS-MIUS held its fifth meeting near Turin, Italy,

where forty-three experts in integrated utility systems from 12

countries worked to develop and publish an International Project

Catalog and a standard methodology for measuring the performance of

integrated utility systems. The Catalog identifies 200 integrated

utility projects in the participating countries. The Catalog describes

each project, its status, the approach, expected results, some technical

data, and an indication of what data will be available. The standard

methodology identifies those elements and measurements that are essential in assessing the system performance of an integrated utility

sys tern.

66
RILEM

The Reunion Internationale des Laboratories de'Essais et de Recherches

sur les Materiaux et les Constructions (RILEM) is an international

nonprofit association governed by Swiss Law. Its aim is to constitute

a medium of exchange and of communication of scientific experience,

especially the experience acquired by the study of materials and

building elements, by observation, by tests in the laboratory and

in-situ , and by research. The 1975 RILEM membership list shows

representatives from 70 countries with a total membership of 679

persons. Recently RILEM has become more active in international

standards organizations, particularly the International Organization

for Standardization (ISO) and has adopted the policy whereby each

technical committee must summarize its recommendations as prospective

standards and submit them through the Permanent Committee of RILEM

to ISO for international standards.

James R. Wright, Acting Director of NBS's Institute for Applied Technology--of which CBT is a part--is beginning his third year of a four-year term as a member of the RILEM Bureau. The Bureau of RILEM

corresponds to the Board of Directors of an organization such as the

ASTM in the United States. Concurrently, he is beginning his third

year of a five-year term as the RILEM Delegate for the United States,

and in this capacity represents 24 US RILEM members.

At this year's RILEM Coordinating Group Meeting in April 1977, William C.

Cullen, Assistant Chief of CBT's Structures, Materials and Safety

Division, continued his work as a member of the group's five-man executive force

(his term expires in 1980). The Coordinating Group is responsible for

developing and promulgating guidelines, for the operation and technical

activities of over 30 RILEM committees, and the coordination of these

activities with other technical organizations, such as, CIB. The Coordinating

Group meets in executive session once each year and then in joint

session with RILEM's Advisory Committee.

67
:

At last years' meetings, the annual reports of all RILEM technical

committees, which were submitted to the Coordinating Group, were reviewed. Progress, as well as technical accomplishements

were noted and discussed. The reports also included the various

symposia sponsored by the respective committees and the recommendations

prepared by them. The accomplishments and output of the respective

technical committees were reviewed in terms of the planned objectives.

Based on the reports and the discussion of the reports during the

meeting, a progress report to the Permanent Committee of RILEM

was prepared. This report was presented to the Permanent

Committee of RILEM at the annual meeting in Budapest, Hungary in

September 1977.

Also, the third draft of a publication "Guidelines for Technical

Committees of RILEM" was reviewed and edited. The document is now ready for publication and will be sent to technical committee

members in the near future.

The Coordinating Group also identified a need for the various technical

committees to coordinate their efforts with other technical committees

of RILEM, as well as with related technical committees of CIB. The

next meeting of the Coordinating Group is scheduled to be held in

Luxembourg in April 1978.

William Cullen also chaired the Stockholm meeting of RILEM Technical

Committee 27-EVS on the "Evaluation of External Vertical Surfaces of

Buildings," in September 1976.

Likewise, in December of 1976, Thomas W. Reichard, a physicist in

CBT's Structures section, went to Stockholm to participate in organizational meetings for a new RILEM technical committee (42 CEA) on "Properties

of Set Concrete at Early Ages." The purpose of the committee is to

collect and analyse existing knowledge, prepare a state-of-the-art report,

identify needed research, and recommend methods of measuring and

characterizing the properties of concrete at early ages. For the

purpose of this committee "early age" is defined as being from the time

of placing up to about 24 hours (as much as 48 hours for some atypical

concretes). This definition is at variance with common U.S. usage

where "early age" is thought of as being up to about 7 days (in some cases, in fact, it can be any age less than 28 days).

The second RILEM/ASTM/CIB Symposium on the Performance Concept was held in Helsinki, Finland, on August 26-September 1, 1977. The Conference

was held at the University of Technology and the Technical Research

Center of Finland, Otaniemi. The first RILEM/ASTM CIB Symposium was held in Philadelphia in 1972. That Symposium was entitled the Performance

Concept in Buildings.

The current Symposium in Helsinki was entitled Evaluation of the Performance

of External Vertical Surfaces of Buildings. James R. Wright, Acting

Director of NBS's Institute of Applied Technology and William Cullen,

Assistant Chief of CBT's Structures, Material and Safety Division participate

68
James R. Wright's role included (1) conference development and (2) conference

participation. He was chairman of Session II, "Factors Affecting External

Vertical Surfaces."

William Cullen's involvement included (1) chairman of RILEM Technical

Committee 27-EVS; (2) member of the Program Committee, and (3) active

participant. As chairman of Technical Committee 27-EVS and member

of the Program Committee, he was actively engaged in organizing the

conference, planning the technical sessions, reviewing and selecting

papers, as well as in selecting session chairmen and general reporters.

The annual meeting of the Permanent Committee of RILEM took place

in Budapest, Hungary, at the Budapest Hilton Hotel. The meeting was attended by 46 delegates and representatives from 26 different countries. William Cullen attended this meeting.
FOREIGN GUEST WORKERS

CBT makes its facilities available to qualified professionals to pursue

individual scientific or technical building projects. Last year, the

following guest workers had assignments at CBT:

February 15, 1975 - November 26, 1976

Ricardo Guerra Florez, Architect

Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnologicas

Sao Paulo, Brazil

Assigned: Office of Housing and

Building Technology

Subject: IPT/CBT Cooperative

Program (Performance Criteria

for Building Systems and Subsystems)

March 1, 1977 - June 30, 1977

J. E. Raduan

Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnologicas

Sao Paulo, Brazil

Assigned: Office of Housing and

Building Technology

Subject: IPT/CBT Cooperative

Program (Electrical

Wiring System Performance)

March 1, 1977 - June 30, 1977

M. H. F. Montenegro

Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnologicas

Sao Paulo, Brazil

Assigned: Office of Housing and

Building Technology

Subject: IPT/CBT Cooperative Program

(Plumbing System Performance)

July 5, 1977 - December 1977

Juan Fregolente

Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnologicas

Sao Paulo, Brazil

Assigned: Materials and Composites

Section

Subject: IPT/CBT Cooperative Program

(Methods for Evaluating

Performance and Durability

of Building Materials

70
RESEARCH ORGANIZATIONS

Listed below are the addresses of international organizations that CBT worked

with last year. But in addition to the cooperative research programs previously described, CBT maintains close ties with many other building

organizations by exchanging building information and making professional

visits to research laboratories and organizations worldwide. These

organizations are also listed below.

Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial

Research Organization, Division of Building Research

P.0. Box 56, Highett, Vic. 3190

Melbourne, AUSTRALIA

Australian Department of Housing Construction

P.O. Box 690, Canberra City, A.C.T. 2601

AUSTRALIA

Building and Road Research Institute

Council for Scientific and Industrial Research

University P.O. Box 40

Kumasi, GHANA

Building Research Institute

Technical University in Prague

Solinova 7, Praha 6-Dejuice

Prague, CZECHOSLOVAKIA

Building Research Institute

28-8 Hyankunin-Cho 3-Chome

Shin juku-ku

Tokyo 160, JAPAN

Central Building Research Institute (CSIR)

Roorkee (U.P), INDIA

Centre Scientifque et Technique de la Construction

International Relations, Rue de Lombard, 41

Brussels, BELGIUM

Centro de Investigaciones de Ingeneria

Ciudad Universitaria Zona #12

Guatemala City, GUATEMALA C.A.

Cement Industry Research Institute (VDZ)

4 Dusseldorf Nord

Tannens trasse 2, GERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC

Danish Building Research Institute

Postbox 119, DK 2970

Horsholm, DENMARK

71
I

Division of Building Research

National Research Council

Ottawa, CANADA KIA 0R6

Department of Mechanics

Technion - Israel Institute of Technology

Haifa, ISRAEL

Division of Building Materials

The Lund Institute of Technology

Box 725

220 07 Lund 7, SWEDEN

Institut National des Science Appliques

Direction 209, 20, Avenue A. Einstein

69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, FRANCE

Institutul de Cercetari in Constructii

Sos , Pantelimon nr. 266- Sectorul 3 Bucuresti, ROMANIA

Institute of Concrete and Reinforced Concrete

of the USSR

Gosstroy, 2nd Institutskaya U1.6

109389 Moscow, USSR

Jamaica Bureau of Standards

P.0. Box 113

Kingston, JAMAICA

Laboratory of Building Technology

State Institute of Technical Research

02150 Otaniemi, FINLAND

Ministry of Housing and Urban Development

P.0. Box 15-1114

Tehran, IRAN

National Building Research Institute

Council for Scientific and Industrial Research

P.0. Box 395

Pretoria, SOUTH AFRICA

National Industrial Standards Research Institute

Ministry of Commerce and Industry

199, Dong Sung-Dong

Chong Ro-Ku , Seoul, KOREA

Paint Research Association

Waldegrave Road

Teddington

Middlesex TW1 1 8LD, ENGLAND

72
Philippine Bureau of Standards

Quezon City, PHILIPPINES

The Royal Institute of British Architects

66 Portland Place

London, WIN 4AD, ENGLAND

School of Architecture

The Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)

S-100 44 Stockholm 70, Stockholm, SWEDEN

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73
FOREIGN VISITORS

CBT also provides an opportunity for foreign visitors to obtain information pertaining to research conducted at the Bureau and other U.S. building

research organizations. Arrangements are made annually to visit U.S.

laboratory facilities and technical staff specializing in particular

building areas. Thus, building professionals of foreign countries and

CBT staff have an informal basis.

opportunity to exchange information and ideas on an

July 9, 1976 Professor Igbal Shah

University of Peshawar, Pakistan

Subject: Mechanical Engineering and

Solar Energy

July 12, 1976 Mr. & Mrs. Ch . Krengel

Building Research Station, Israel

Subject: Administrative Aspects of

Building Technology

July 15, 1976 Policarpo Vitti

Institute of Food Technology, Brazil

Subject: Project Planning and Control

July 22, 1976 Japanese Group

Subject: Solar Energy

Professor Dr. Tsuneyoshi Uyemura

Dep. of Precision Machinery Eng.,

Faculty of Eng. , Univ. of Tokyo

Mrs. Miyoko Uyemura

Asso. Prof. Dr. Shigeo Ohzono

Dep. of Precision Machinery Eng.,

Faculty of Eng. , Univ. of Tokyo

Instructor Dr. Yoshitaka Yamamoto

Dep. of Precision Machingery Eng.,

Faculty of Eng. , Univ. of Tokyo

Instructor Mr. Takao Tsuno

Eng. Research Institute

Faculty of Eng. , Univ. of Tokyo

July 22, 1976 Mr. Zacharia George

National Research Lab.

Madras, India

Subject: Housing, Structural Engineering,

and Pre-stressed Concrete

74
lUgust 9, 1976 Professor Baruch Givoni

Building Research Station, Israel

Subject: Energy and Solar Heating

and Cooling

lugust 24, 1976 Australian Scientists & Engineers (12 individuals)

The Combustion Institute

Melbourne, Australia

Subject: Solar Energy

August 27, 1976 Professor T.J. Olivier

University of the Witwatersrand

Johannesburg, South Africa

Subject: Housing, Systems Buildings

and Evaluation

September 2, 1976 Dr. Ian McLeod

Paisley College of Technology, Scotland

Subject: Structural Engineering and

Housing Technology

September 7-14, 1976 Dr. Philippe Eurin

Chief, Materials Section CSTB

Grenoble, France

Subject: Materials

September 16, 1976 Ephraim Winter, Head

Sanitary Appliances Section, Hydraulics Laboratory

Standards Institute of Israel

Subject: Water Supply, Sewage Projects,

and Plumbing Research

October 21, 1976 CIB Programme Committee (8 individuals)

Liesje ten Hauten, Coordinator BRAB

National Research Council

Washington, D.C.

Subject: Building Technology and Research

November 4, 1976 Dr. Hormoz Famili

Building & Housing Research Center

Ministry of Housing and Urban Development

Tehran, Iran

Subject: Materials, Structures, and

CBT Research

November 8-9, 1976 Dr. Erwin Petersen

The Danish Illuminating Engineering Laboratory

Lyngby, Denmark

Subject: Sensory Environment, Thermal, and

Solar Research

75
November 8, 1976 Dr. Ake Skarendahl

Mr. Stig Ostfjord

Swedish Cement and Concrete Research

Institute

Stockholm, Sweden

Subject: Cement and Concrete Research

November 12, 1976 Mr. Kyu-Hyun Lee

Industrial Advancement Administration

Ministry of Commerce & Industry

Seoul, Korea

Subject: Energy Conservation, Solar Energy,

and Control Systems

November 17-19, 1976 Ellio P. Souzi, M.E.

Head, Maintenance and Fuel Efficiency Dept.

Israel Institute of Productivity

Hakiryah, Israel

Subject: Energy Conservation and Fuel

Efficiency

November 22, 1976 Members of the Metallurgy Section (6 individuals)

Institute of Nuclear Energy Research

Republic of China

Subject: Fire Research, Standards and Codes,

Environmental Engineering Lab

December 6-7, 1976 John Nicholas, Deputy Chief

Division of Building Research

CSIRO, Australia

Subject: Town Planning, Urban and Regional

Development, Architectural Physics, Fire

Research, Consumer Activities,

Building Technology

December 13, 1976 Professor M. Farzan

Iranian Oil Co., Iran

Subject: Air Conditioning & Electronic

Instrumentation

January 13, 1977 Mr. Kyu-Hyun Lee

Industrial Advancement Administration

Ministry of Commerce & Industry

Seoul, Korea

Subject: Energy Conservation in Industry

January 17, 1977 Jean Pierre Plumensi

Scientific Attache, French Embassy

Washington, D.C.

Subject: Fuel and Energy Conservation, Trends

in Heating and Electricity

76
January 18, 1977 Soviet Delegation

USSR State Commission on Construction,

State Projecting Institute and

Central Research Institute

Subject: Discussion on US/USSR Housing

Agreement, Building Design and

Construction

February 9, 1977 Dr. A. Shenhar, Director

National Physical Lab of Israel

Jerusalem, Israel

Subject: Energy Conservation in Industry

February 14, 1977 Technology Transfer Institute of Japan

(16 individuals)

Tokyo, Japan

Subject: Energy Conservation in Buildings

February 18, 1977 Air Conditioning & Heating Engineers Group

Sanyo Company Japan

Subject: Heating & Air Conditioning Systems

February 22, 1977

Engineering Study Team

Japan Research Corporation

Tokyo, Japan

Subject: HVAC Systems, Solar Energy

March 29, 1977 Professor J. Bougard

Technical University Mons, Belgium

Subject: Solar Energy

April 13, 1977 Darrell Eagles

Public Works

Ottawa, Canada

Subject: Information Technology Transfer

May 5, 1977 Ehsam Katmeh

Geological Survey & Mineral Resources, Ministry

of Petroleum & Raw Material

Damascus, Syria

Subject: Properties of Sand, Clay, and

Gypsum, building materials

May 9-10, 1977 John Morris, Head

Organic Materials Division, CSIR

Praetoria, South Africa

Subject: Properties and Behavior of Plastics

in Fire

77
May 17, 1977 Jan Lindgren

Managing Director

Swedish Building Center

Stockholm, Sweden

Subject: Standards, Technical Research

Management, Information Dissemination

May 19, 1977 Mr. R. Rossi, Director

CSTB, France

Paris, France

Subject: Overview of Building Research Technology

June 2, 1977 Ramachandra Murthy, Scientist

Structural Engineering Research Centre

Madras, India

Subject: Prefab Housing Systems and Prestressed

Concrete

June 8, 1977 Nahum Granot, Director General

Building Centre for Israel

Tel Aviv, Israel

Subject: Solar Energy and Energy Conservation

June 14, 1977 Dr. Andrew Short, President

Comite European International du Beton

c/o Permanent Secretariat

Paris, France

Subject: Codes and Practices relating to Concrete

Research

June 17, 1977 Grethe Jensen, Deputy Director

Henry Gunst

Danish Factory Inspection Service

Stockholm, Sweden

Subject: Nondestructive Testing, Laboratory

Evaluation and Certification Programs

July 11, 1977 Delegation - People's Republic of China

Ch ina

Subject: General Building Technology

July 12, 1977 Philip G. Ruefel

Saskatschewan Minerals Ltd.

Canada

Subject: Solar Energy - Use of Sodium Sulphate

in Solar Systems

78
July 13, 1977 Drs. T. Lefeude, Director

F. Berry, Deputy Director

D. Hampton

Department of Public Works

Ottawa, Canada

Subject: Solar Energy

July 15, 1977 Paul Fazio, Ph.D., Eng.

Centre for Building Studies

Montreal, Quebec

Subject: General CBT Research

August 3, 1977 Ehsan Katraeh, Deputy Director

The General Establishment for Geology & Mineral Resources

Damascus, Syria

Subject: Research Activities of the Structures,

Materials, & Safety Division

August 8, 1977 Mr. Lagaya

Manager, Information Research Division

Industrial Technology Association

Japan

Subject: Solar Energy

August 24, 1977 A. Rudnick, Director of Research

Standards Institution of Israel

Tel Aviv, Israel

Subject: Research & Testing of Solar Collector

September 7, 1977 Popov Society USSR

USSR

Subject: Computers

September 8, 1977 Dr. Bryan Callaghan

Senior Chief Research Officer

NBRI of the CSIR

South Africa

Subject: Corrosion of Metals and Performance

of Metallic & Organic Coatings

September 22, 1977 Messrs. Douillet and Brouard

Compagnie Generale d ' Electricite

France

Subject: Solar Energy

September 26, 1977 Dr. Kodiyat

Director of Planning

Indonesia

Subject: General Technology

September 28, 1977 Dr. A. J. Bland

Corporate Research & Development Department

London, England

Subject: New Technology

79
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‘
MBS-l-1 14A (REV. 7-73)

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO. NBSIR 77-1411

2. Gov’t Accession

No.

3. Recipient’s Accession Nc

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

International Research

The FY 1977 Survey of CBT's International Programs

5. Publication Date March 1978

6. Performing Organization Code

[7. AUTHOR(S)

Michael Olmert. Editor fCBT Contact - N. Raufaste)

8. Performing Organ. Report No.

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. Pro ject/Task/Work Unit No.

1L Contract/Grant No.

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Complete Address (Street, City, State, ZIP)

National Bureau of Standards

Department of' Commerce

Washington, D.C. 20234

13. Type of Report & Period Covered

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant in formation. If document includes a significant

bibliography or I iterature survey, mention it here.) This report presents the international research activities of the Center

for Building Technology during the transition quarter and Fiscal Year

1977. In general, the objectives of this work were to spread the results

of building research worldwide in hopes of creating a better built environment. Last year CBT continued working closely with less-developed countries

to improve their building practices. The Center also continued cooperative

research efforts with a number of countries that have acknowledged expertise

in particular areas of building research, such as England, Israel, and

France, to name but a few. On such projects, the Center pursued common

research goals alongside the building researchers from other nations on studies of critical importance to all nations, such as energy and natural resources conservation.

17. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries ; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper

name,- separated by semicolons) Building practices; building research; codes and standards;

housing; international cooperation; technology transfer.

18. AVAILABILITY IX

1 Unlimited c For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

Order From Sup. of Doc., U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, . D.C. 20402, SD Cat. No. Cl 3

Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS)

Springfield, Virginia 22151

19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

UNCL ASS1FIED

20. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS PAGE)

UNCLASSIFIED

21. NO. OF PAGES

83

22. Price

$ 6.00

USCOMM-DC 29042-P74

I
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