U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

THE GRADE TERMINOLOGY PROBLEM

Miscellaneous Publication M173

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

JESSE H. JONES, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

LYMAN J. BRIGGS, Director

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATION M 1 73

THE GRADE TERMINOLOGY PROBLEM

by

Her J. Fatrchild

Issued March 7, 1944

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1944

y the Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25, D Price 10 cents
i
THE GRADE TERMINOLOGY PROBLEM

h-4f Her J. Fairchild

CONTENTS

Page

I. Introduction 1

II. Definitions...., 2 III. Examples of grading or rating systems.... 3

1. Alphabetical systems „ 3

2. Numerical systems 3

3. Mixed systems . 4

4. Informative or descriptive adjectives 4

5. Confusing terms 5

6. Scoring 5

7. Complex systems 5

Page

IV. Comparison of natural with manufactured products , 5

V. Order of grades 6

VI. Effect of time and new

developments. 7 VII. Need for simplicity and understandabil J ty 9 VIII. Conclusions 9

IX. Sources of material for the grade

terminology problem 27

ABSTRACT

This parser sets forth in digest form the grade

terms, designations, and bases for grading or rating for 64 commodities and characteristics selected

as broadly representative of the various grading

and rating systems used in the United States. These terminologies and designations are compared in the

1 ight of the technical background for each com- modity and imnartially from the viewpoint of the buyer, seller, the Inspection or testing agency, enforceability, and provisions for future improve- ment in a search for underlying principles and pos- tulates as a general guide in the selection, formulation, or revision of grade designations in the future. Five general conclusions are drawn in order

that grade terminology for the future may be fur- ther coordinated, simplified, and clarified.

I. INTRODUCTION

Much has been written on grade terminology, designations, and grading systems,

some of it from a critical point of view

deprecating the current complexity and advocating a single master grading system

with a nonchalance that reflects superficiality. Most of us work with a relatively small

group of items or in areas where the products ire related. In these areas we become

familiar with the background, the terminology, the reasons for a particular terminology, and make necessary allowances for

any peculiarities, or what might appear to others to be inconsistencies.

In fields outside our own work we are

less inclined to be sympathetic or to make

allowances for such peculiarities or inconsistencies, and we are quite prone to take

the attitude that grade systems and grade

terminologies for items in every field of

work except our own could and should be

made very simple. No paper has come to our attention which

attempts to examine impartially the various

aspects and ramifications of the grading

problem broadly from the several points of

view of those most directly concerned to uncover the underlying facts or principles

preparatory to the formulation and promotion

of one or more simple, model systems of

grade designation.

In an effort to throw more light on the

subject, this paper attempts to examine,

without prejudice, from the point of view

of the consumer, the distributor, the manufacturer, the testing laboratory, and the

policing or enforcing agency, the broad

general aspects of the grade classification

and the terminology problem for a representative number of commodities, and to record for future guidance such underlying

principles as may be revealed.
For most of the commodities mentioned,

only the current grading system or terminology is outlined. For a few products it

is possible to review the evolution of the

present grade terms to show the effects of

time and successive improvements of the

product on systems of grade designation,

and to draw therefrom some conclusions or principles which deserve consideration in

the selection or formulation of grade designations for a given commodity.

.

It is believed that a more thorough ex- amination of the broader aspects of the

problem and the enumeration of the resulting deductions or tests which should be

fulfilled by an adequate grade-designation

plan, making due allowance for future developments and improvements in the commodity

itself, will bring about a better understanding of, a more wholesome respect for,

and possibly a more simple and universal

answer to this problem, which lies at the

very core of commerce and which holds the

brakes upon the flow of goods from seller

to buyer.

It seems to be conceded that simple, informative, understandable grade terms or designations will inevitably light up the

channels of commerce and guide the consumer

through the markets' mystic maze of natural

and synthetic materials, compounds, con- structions, compositions, combinations,

coatings, and containers; that such grade

terms are destined to dispel the fog and

fear of unknown qualities; and bring from

the murky shadows of doubt into gleaming

relief, a healthy, sturdy, uplifting confidence in our products and services where it

is most urgently needed, at the point of

sale.

Let us examine our grade terminology to learn, if we can, its whys and wherefores.

II. DEFINITIONS

The dictionaries give many definitions

for the word "grade," depending upon the

field in which it is used. Here we are con- cerned only with those connotations which

pertain to the order, rank, degree, size, or quality to place the item in its proper

rank according to one or more criteria.

According to Webster's New International

Dictionary, second edition, unabridged, 1910,

the noun "grade" is defined as "a position

in any scale of rank, quality, or order;

relative position or standing; hence a class

constituted by things having the same relative position or standing or the same

quality or value; as crimes of every grade," For the verb, this dictionary says "to arrange in order, steps, degrees or classes

according to size, quality, rank, etc.; to class or sort; to assign to a grade or as- sign a grade to; as to grade pupils or lumber, to divide into grades as a graded

school.

The word "grade" as a noun is defined by

Funk & Wagnall's New Standard Dictionary,

1940, as "a degree, step, rank or division

in any order, as of dignity, quality, proficiency or ability, in any series involving

relative position or standing or in any course of instruction; quality; rank; standing." For the verb, this dictionary gives

"to arrange or classify by grades or degrees

as according to size or quality; arrange in

successive departments, classes or grades,

as according to attainments of ranks, as to grade sugar; to grade pupils."

For the instruction of its seventy-odd

technical committees, the Federal Specifications Executive Committee states in its

outline of form for Federal Specifications

that "Grade implies differences in quality

of a commodity. Type implies differences

in like commodities as to design, model,

shape, color, etc. Class implies differences in mechanical characteristics, weight,

size, or other physical characteristics of

commodities which do not constitute a difference in type, grade, or quality. Composition, like 'class,' is intended as a subdivision under 'type,' but is us^ed in lieu

of the former in classifying commodities

which are differentiated strictly by their

respective chemical compositions."

The word "quality" has many connotations

and ramifications. Generally it applies to something other than size, even though many

commodities are graded according to size,

and in the case of an interchangeable part,

a minute departure from the required size or

[2D
tolerance limits may render it wholly unsatisfactory for use. The quality of many

of the various items of commerce is meas- ured by means of an amazing array of criteria and characteristics. New criteria

are constantly being sought and properties

previously unknown or undetermined for count- less materials, both natural and synthetic,

constitute the objectives of much of our research today.

As research reveals the significant properties, as methods for the reproducible

measurement of these properties are devised,

and suitable criteria limits are agreed

upon, we may then proceed to establish one

or more grades or ranks for the material or produc t

.

III. EXAMPLES OF GRADING OR

RATING SYSTEMS

One is quite amazed at the number of

commodities today on which we have grading

or rating systems either applicable to the

commodity as a whole or to one or more criteria for that commodity. Sixty-four com- modities and characteristics have been se- lected to illustrate the ramifications of

grading or rating terminology. These are shown in tables 1 to 33.

i. Alphabetical Systems

Table 4 shows the high lights of the

grading system for book cloths as recorded

in "Book Cloths, Buckrams, and Impregnated

Fabrics, CS57-40," as published by the National Bureau of Standards , effective from

June 20, 1940.

Briefly, the over-all requirements are that book cloths shall be made from cotton free from waste, in plain weave, except that

the warp shall be woven in pairs for grades E and F, without pinholes, which may affect

the appearance or serviceability, and be

reasonably free from other defects. Grading

is based upon weight of fabric per square

yard, number of warp and filling threads

per inch, and breaking strength. The grade

terminology is A, B, C, C-l, D, E, F. House doors of Douglas fir are graded, see table 8, according to heartwood, grain

direction and fineness, defects and repairs,

on an ABC basis, with an added "mill run"

grade in which the panels are the same as for B and/or C. Hair for mattresses, as shown in table 20,

is graded on an ABC basis, according to the source and percentage of the hair used.

Other ABC grading systems might be cited

as examples, such as those for lima beans,

dry and frozen; canned corn; peas and

peaches; raw milk; pasteurized milk; and

household insecticide, see pages 27 to 29.

Although the tables show only the highlights of the basis for grading or rating,

it is quite obvious thot even with these

simple systems the technical details involved are beyond the knowledge and ability

of the average purchaser. In other words,

it is contemplated that a qualified technician or expert will be called upon to do

the actual grading.

2. Numerical Systems

Cotton linters, table 8, are graded very

simply by numbers from 1 to 7, with an additional grade known as hull fiber.

Wheat, table 31, is graded in numbers

from 1 to 5, with the addition of a sample

grade, except that in Class 1 only, Hard

Red Spring Wheat, there is a grade No. 1 Heavy. Also, when dockage exceeds 1 percent

the word "Dockage" and the percentage thereof is added to the grade designation. In certain special grades the words "Tough,"

"Light Smutty," "Smutty," "Light Garlicky,"

"Garlicky," "Weevily," and "Ergoty" shall

be added to the grade designation. These

terms are added to any of the regular grade

numbers, if the wheat otherwise grades ac- cording to specifications. What may seem

to be a simple numbering system is far from

simple when these various terms are added. For ignition quality of Diesel fuels,

table 18, the cetane numbers now most commonly used run from about 70 down to about

30. They represent the percentage by volume

of cetane in a mixture of cetane and alphamethyl-naphthalene which the fuel matches

in a direct-matching method on the basis of

ignition delay.

Perhaps the inverted order of some of

these numbering systems is puzzling. In an effort to place these grading terms,
numbers, and symbols in a comparable order

as far as practicable, it will be noted that

the last argument in the left-hand column

reads, "Present Top Grade, Remaining Grades

Arranged In Descending Order." In other

words, the ideal is in the upward direction, even though the present top grade may not represent the ideal. Sometimes there is a question as to which is the ideal, and in

those cases a special note explains the ex- ception or assumption.

In kinematic viscosity, table 30, one might assume that minimum viscosity is the

ideal, but for purposes of comparison, this

table assumes that when viscosity is the

objective, the more the better, so maximum

viscosity is placed at the top. For the

% benefit of those who may not be working with

viscosity, the grade numbers represent the

efflux time in seconds, corrected for the

instrument in accordance with the formula

shown, at the temperature of the test, or more correctly numbers represent kinematic

viscosities at 210°F in this case. The

ASTM table gives a total of 321 possible

values

.

Additional examples of numerical systems

listed among the Sources of Material, page

27, include shrinkage in dry cleaning and

corrosion-resistant steel bars andforgings.

3. Mixed Systems

The grades for pork carcasses, table 23,

illustrate a mixed terminology, numbers

combined with terms to indicate the grade.

Although the grade and type are technically

separate and distinct, in many cases the

over-the-counter purchaser will find it difficult to understand just where and why

grades leave off and types begin.

As one reads the grade terms, table 9,

for shell eggs which follow Grade C, he re- alizes that there must be some trade reasons

for the discontinuity of the alphabetical

system.

Grades for potatoes, table 23, are com- binations of words and numbers. It might

be well to note that in the case of potatoes, the size is controlled by the grade,

whereas for peas, U. S. Grade A may be any

one of six different sizes, that is to say, the size of peas does not affect the grade.

The grading of American Upland Cotton,

table 7, employs such terms as "middling

fair," "strict good middling," and the like,

formerly also tied to an alternate system

of numbers from 1 to 9. However, it will be

noted that six separate colors are recognized

and that there is a grand total of 32 grades

for American Upland Cotton. For American Egyptian Pima Cotton (same

table) it will be noted that there are 10

grades and the one-half numbers are recognized. For glue, table 20, we have a combination of letters and numbers which depend

upon viscosity and jelly strength and divide

the glue into three different uses. Under

hickory handles on the right of the same

table, we have a combination of letters that are really quite simple, when one knows that W represents white, and R represents red,

hickory.

4. Informative or Descriptive Adjectives

For fire-resisting safes, table 24, we have 4-hour, 2-hour, 1-hour, and insulated

cabinets, based upon their ability to withstand fire of a described severity and en- durance, impact after heating, and an ex- plosion test. In anthracite coal, the terms for size,

table 6, are fairly descriptive. While

looking at the table, it might be well to note the size designations for all coal

except anthracite. No. 68 indicates coal

that will pass through 6- to 8-inch screens

.

No. 24 likewise represents coal that will

pass through 2- to 4-inch screens. It is not quite so obvious why the No. 13 represents coal passing through iVa- to 2 ^2-inch

screens. The terms for the rank of coal, table 5,

represent technically the class and group, and are descriptive, whereas the grade designations are combinations of letters and

numbers representing the percentage of ash,

the softening point of ash and the percentage of sulfur— a possible total of 480

grades

.
5. Confusing Terms

The grades for apples, table 2, are a bit confusing to the uninitiated, including

such terms as "Fancy," "Commercial, " "Utility," "Hail," "No. 1." They do not include

three grades of cannery apples. It might

be well to note that the size is independent

of the grade. While the table is before us,

it might be well to note that in canned

asparagus there is no grade B, tnat is,

grade C may score from 70 to 84. No doubt the official grader of meat has

no difficulty in dis tiguishing between

prime, choice, good, commercial, utility,

cutter, and canner. From the grade terms

alone, it might be reasonable to assume that

choice bull beef, table 3, corresponds in

grade with choice steer beef, especially

since there is no prime grade of either bull

or stag beef.

6. Scoring

Although there are scoring systems as a

basis for grading many food products, butter, table 4, is the chief recent instance

in which the score number is used as the

grade term. An ABC grading system for butter was proposed in 1935, starting with AA

for 93 score or higher, which is now officially recognized in preference to the al- ternate score numbers.

7. Complex Systems

Jn most States, the grade designations

for fertilizer, table 14, stand for the_ percentage by weight of nitrogen, phosphoric

acid, and potash, in that order. In some States the first figure represents ammonia.

South Dakota requires all three to be ex- pressed as percentages of the elements, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. A few

years ago (prior to 1930) the order was P-N-K instead of, as now, N-P-K. At least

982 different grades were sold in the 1939

season.

The grading of ground feldspar, table 13,

is also complex and is normally expressed

by a series of numbers. 67-51 designates a

feldspar of silica content 68.00 up to 67.99

percent and with 5 or more parts of potash

to 1 part of soda. In the first group there

is a total of 20 combinations, in the second, 5 ranges of soda; and in the third, a

total of 50 combinations, all of these independent of 10 regular sizes, according to screen tests. Many are familiar with the SAE system

of numbering steels, table 27. There are

the carbon steels in the ten-hundred series,

the free-cutting (screw stock) steels in the

eleven-hundred series, the manganese steels

represented by the thirteen-hundred series,

the nickel steels in the two-thousand series

referring to nickel content, and so on for

the other elements. The 1943 SAE Handbook

lists 136 such steels. In this table, as well as in tables 13 and 14, the ideal depends upon the use or purpose, and until

the use is known it is impracticable to ar- range them in the order of the ideal.

IV. COMPARISON OF NATURAL

WITH MANUFACTURED

PRODUCTS

The plea is often presented that this

product is the way nature made it, therefore it is more difficult to grade than a manufactured product. While this may be true as regards defects, size, and number

of characteristics, on which grading is desired, there are many natural products which

are sold on the basis of specific grades,

and many more whioh are processed or partly

manufactured that are graded prior to marketing.

Table 17, column 2, shows the grade terms

for citrus fruits, including sweet oranges,

grapefruit, and varieties of the Mandarin

group except tangerines, and except California and Arizona citrus fruits. It will

be noted in column 3 that the California

and Arizona grapefruit grades are much simpler than for the rest of the country. For mica, table 22, we have descriptive

terms for the gradations of clearness and

color, and numbers to indicate the size of

the usable rectangle which can be cut from

the specimen.

In flue-cured tobacco, table 28, the

grades are divided into five groups . Sample

designations are AIL, A1F, AIR, for the

wrapper grades, and similarly for other

577361 O 44-2
grades, a total of 65 grades. Similarly,

for fire-cured, there are somewhat similar 1 designations for a total of 77 grades in 6

groups

.

Burley tobacco, table 29, has 56 grades

in 5 groups, whereas dark, air-cured tobacco

is divided into 86 grades in 6 groups* There

are 284 grades in the 4 major types.

The grades for wool, table 32, indicate

an attempt to abandon eventually the older

terms, "one-half blood, " "three-eighths

blood," "one -fourth blood," and the like,

in favor of a grade number indicating fine- ness of the fiber and the dispersion of the

fiber diameters. It will be noted that the

grade numbers for wool top are not identical

throughout with those for grades of wool.

Maple flooring, table 15, is a natural

product finished to avoid as many defects

as practicable. While the main grade terms are first, second, and third, it will be

noted that there are a number of divisions

under the first grade.

The grades of oak flooring, table 16, are divided into three general groupings,

quarter-sawed, plain-sawed, and squareedged, with terms under each which are familiar to the lumberman but which are likely

to leave the householder in doubt.

The hardwood lumber grades, table 21, start out bravely, first and seconds, but

then revert to the more usual lumber terms. Softwood yard lumber (same table) is divided into two groups, select and common, the first being graded according to letter,

and the second, numerically.

Asbestos yarn, table 33, is an example

of three hidden grades, that is, grades

above grade A, based upon asbestos content

by weight.

V. ORDER OP GRADES

Up to this point, with a few exceptions,

the grade designations have started with the

highest grade at the top and run downward

to the lowest grade. It should be recalled

that in order to obtain comparability in the

tabulation, the normal listing of a few of

the grade numbers has been reversed so that

the present top grade would be in the direction of the ideal.

In table 25, screw-thread fits are ar- ranged in order of decreasing desirability,

assuming that the close fit is the ideal.

Of course the actual desirability depends

on the use or application.

In table 12, the rating designations are arranged in the same order, assuming that

maximum resistance to yarn slippage is the

most desirable. It will be noted that when

a grading or rating system is arranged this

way there is always room for . improvement at

the top. In table 10, center column, we have

colorfastness to laundering of cotton and

linen fabrics. Class 1 is about the lowest

acceptable grade of colorfastness, class 2

is the next step above, class 3 is above

this, and class 4 is tested at the most

severe conditions. If it is possible to improve dyes tuffs and finishing methods to a point where higher degrees of colorfastness to laundering are available, it will

be possible to extend this scale without

interfering with the present classes or without inserting any hidden grades. This

arrangement was deliberately chosen to provide for improvements.

In table 11, colorfastness to light is

arranged in the same order. Class 1 represents fabrics which show no appreciable

change in color after exposure in a FadeOmeter for 10 hours; class 2, 20 hours;

class 3, 40 hours; class 4, 60 hours; and

class 5, 80 hours. As better degrees of

colorfastness to light are available, the

scale can be extended without disturbing

the present grades or methods of tests. Most

grading systems are worked out to fake care

of the current situation only, but these

last two systems (colorfastness to laundering and to light) represent also provision

for future improvement, even though the

numbers may seem to run counter to the more common order.

Those who are working on pH research may

possibly take some exception to the arrangement in table 1 of the pH scale as a method

of rating acidity or alkalinity. For scientific and technical purposes it is a single

continuous scale indicating a function of

hydrogen-ion concentration. However, as a
means of indicating acidity or alkalinity,

from the lay point of view, the pH scale starts with water in the middle at 7.0 and

runs both ways.

In table 19 we have two groupings of

gasoline, one aviation and the other automotive. In aviation gas the octane number

has been gradually improving. No. 91 octane

represented the gasoline most frequently

used in 1941 for commercial planes and 100 octane for fighter planes.

For automotive gasoline, strangely

enough, type B is more volatile than type

A, 50 percent being distilled over at 257°F,

whereas in type A the 50-percent point is not reached until 284°F. Likewise, there

is a difference in the 90-percent point. It

is interesting to note that for automotive

gasoline, the specifications provide for

automatic variations in the 10-percent point

by locality to suit the seasonal requirements, that is, in cold weather the gas contains more of the lighter ends to facilitate ignition.

VI. EFFECT OF TIME AND

NEW DEVELOPMENTS

Along about 1916, the grades of gasoline

were generally differentiated by specific

gravity. From 1918 to about 1928, the almost universal method of differentiating

gasoline was on the basis of volatility and

flash point. About 1928 the Cooperative

Fuel Research Committee, composed of representatives of the American Petroleum Institute, National Automobile Chamber of Commerce, Society of Automotive Engineers, and

the National Bureau of Standards, began to study the problem of rating motor fuel, and

there was developed the C.F.R. Motor Method

to determine the knock characteristics. The

octane number represents the percentage by

volume of isooctane in a blend of isooctane

and normal heptane , and we thought at that

time that isooctane represented the 100

percent possibilities for antiknock characteristics. As far back as 1937 we learned

how to produce fuel of 120 to 125 octane,

and engines are being developed to suit

these fuels. Tetraethyl lead is added to

isooctane to measure the octane numbers of

these super fuels

.

In the right-hand column of table 26,

there are shown the grade designations for

silver-plated tableware, known in the trade ( as flatware. Quadruple, or XXXX, carries 8 ounces of silver per gross on teaspoons,

with proportionally larger amounts on the

larger items, such as dessert spoons, forks

and knives. The next grade is Triple, or XXX, which carries 6 ounces of silver per

gross on teaspoons; the next Double, or XX

,

4 ounces; below that A A, 3 ounces. The "A1+" or "A1X" or "Extra" carries 2^2 ounces of

silver per gross on teaspoons, with no overlay, or 2 ounces of silver per gross on tea- spoons plus the overlay, whereas Al, or Standard, carries 2 ounces per gross.

The Federal specification for silverplated hotel and cafeteria tableware re- quires 9 ounces per gross on teaspoons . In other words, it is a grade above all of the

commercial grades.

The purchaser may be inclined to think

that these grade designations were selected

solely with the idea of confusing or beclouding the situation. Who would suspect

that Al grade would be the lowest of all

the designated grades for a given commodity?

The record, however, indicates that these

terms or designations were introduced by a natural process during the evolution of

silver plating.

According to the records, in 1847 the Rogers Brothers adopted the designation Al for

silverplated flatware. Silver was expensive

in terms of purchasing power, and Al quality

was the best then produced. Advertisements

in 1868 referred to a patented process taken out by the Meriden Britannia Co., then owners of the Rogers Brothers firm, in which an extra thickness of silver is deposited at the points of wear. The designation Al XII was used to identify the superior product, which

also has been called A1+, AlX, or Extra. The Al grade then became known as Standard.

The trade reasons for the introduction

of this new term illustrate an entirely

natural process which has occurred in the

grade terminology for many other items.

[7]
When the new process or new development is

discovered, the manufacturer or seller selects descriptive terms or designations

which will make clear to the buying public

that this is a superior or super article as compared to what previously was considered

best. It seems obvious that when a new process or a superior article is placed on the

market, the seller wants to get full credit

for that superiority, and he is not inclined

to consider his old best grade just that

much better than it was before. It is a new child and he gives it a new or different

name.When one .looks at the underlying facts

of the marketer's problem such as the thousands of catalogs which have been distributed, innumerable advertisements which have

described the article by the old grade term,

the familiarity of wholesale and retail

sales people with that term and what it

signifies, one then begins to appreciate

what a Herculean task it would be to attempt to tell distributors and customers

that the old Al grade means something quite

different than before. The average mind

does not take kindly to changes . There is

considerable inertia, even sluggishness,

about the response to such changes; in fact, a major correction in the meaning of a grade

term, like the correction of a newspaper

item, never seems to quite catch up with all

of the previous distribution and references.

Therefore, when the seller contemplates the

•relative difficulty of changing the meaning

of an established term and the confusion

that would result, as compared to the easier

and more attractive method of adopting a super term, his course is quite understandable.

So, by successive improvements and the

introduction of super grades, a time finally

arrives where the Al or previously best

grade is actually the lowest grade sold and

is overshadowed by five or six higher grades.

What was once best may even, in the course of time, pass out of the picture entirely.

Many will recall the days when the fabric

tire was "tops" and when, with the introduction of the cord construction, the fabric

tire became a very poor second. The manufacturers described the cord tire as a super

grade, and rightly so in terms of mileage

run and reduced trouble - Accordingly, in setting up new grade terminology systems or

in revising previous systems, it is well to bear in mind the possible effect of new developments in the course of tirne^ Even

with natural products, new varieties may be

developed, and new methods of processing or manufacturing may bring out grades of such

superior merits as to justify the introduction of higher grade terms

.

In this country, our education, study,

and work are specialized, to a point where

many are unsympathetic, sometimes even intolerant, of other's point of view. This

refers not merely €o the point of view of

another individual but the point of view of

one industry toward another; research personnel toward production .personnel; or both

of these toward sales or marketing personnel; and all of these toward transportation

and distribution personnel, even in the same industry or affecting the same commodity.

If we are to continue our progress and

reach a higher degree of civilization, which

means a higher degree of integration and

interdependence, we must learn to be tolerant and we must learn better how to harmonize, cooperate, and coordinate our various specialties.

Many of these grade terms shown in the

tables are confusing, some may seem deliberately to mislead, bwt, speaking broadly,

the background of each commodity grading

system is complex, and those in the individual industries who are responsible for

the grade terms have had little or no other

experience or guidance to point the way to- ward a preferred grading system c Some con- sumer groups advocate an ABC system for

everything. While it might be possible to fit some of these grading systems into a

few pigeonholes represented by letters, if

one visualizes the 284 grades of tobacco,

the 321 kinematic viscosity numbers, the

136 SAE steels, the many grades of beef,

coal, pork, and so on down the list, he will

doubtless admit that the job of telling the

technicians and the leaders of these industries how to make such a change is not easy.

[8:
VII. NEED FOR SIMPLICITY

AND UNDERSTANDABILITY

This hodgepodge of grade terminology

cries out for leadership and long-range

planning in order that our grade terms of

the future may fulfill their mission of

facilitating commerce more effectively, re- ducing misunderstandings, returns, rejections, law suits, and allow our commerce at home and abroad to go forward with greater

confidence; to accelerate turnover and assist our Nation in the direction of real

prosperity.

If an organization is to earn and deserve a position of leadership in grade ter- minology, it must study the larger aspects

of this problem, it must consider not only

the technical complexity of the commodity

in question, the background of grade ter- minology in that field, but also its relationship to other grade terms, its general

acceptability in relation to grade terms for other standards from the viewpoint of

the seller, the buyer, the distributor, the

technician, the testing laboratory or inspection agency, from the viewpoint of legal

enforcement and last but not least, from the

view-point of possible future developments

in order that the grade terms may require

as little change as possible.

VIII. CONCLUSIONS

\"o solution to the grade terminology

oblem is presented, but attention is in-

" ted to a few conclusions from this study,

well as a few principles which deserve

sideration in the selection, formulation,

revision of grade designations.

1. It seems rather obvious that grade

terminology and designations have been developed by specialists in their particular

fields and that, broadly speaking, the grading systems are not coordinated.

2. There is an underlying complexity

based on diverse methods of test, diverse

criteria, characteristics and uses; and this

complexity is real, deserving of respect,

difficult to simplify, and may not lightly

be brushed aside.

3. In setting up grade designations or terms, provisions should be made for future

developments, even those unforeseen and

unpredictable improvements which from time

to time occur in most every field, and to- ward which we are constantly striving.

4. A master order of grade terms might

well be considered, starting with the lowest

present grade at the bottom and proceeding

upward in the direction of the ideal, with

plenty of room at the top for unforeseen

developments. Possibly this could follow

the order of numerical designations of types

for colorfastness to light of woven fabrics.

There will doubtless continue to be some products for which it is impracticable to make a general decision as to what is the

ideal, such as in the SAE steels, in the

fertilizers, or feldspar. But, perhaps,

even for these commodities, the individual

identification or designation for each criterion might be arranged in the order to- ward the ideal, with room at the top for

unforeseen radical improvements-.

5. In spite of the present confusion,

complexity, or obvious absence of foresight

in establishing grade terminologies, there seems to be room for considerable further

coordination, simplification, allowance for

future progress, and further study of the

underlying principles for the formulation,

selection, and revision of grade terminology

systems to the end that they may be as simple, consistent, and understandable as may be practicable, as flexible for accom- modation of future developments and as enforceable as possible.

Acknowledgment is gratefully extended to Kenneth A. Milliken for obtaining and ar- ranging much of the original material contained in tables 1 to 33 on Grading and Rating Designation; and for the library research which brought to light the facts con- cerning the earlier records on silver-plated

tableware

.

[90
3O

o

o

pa

i-l m

E-H

I bO to •H C -d

Vi -H W, W)P <S

O OS P

« i-H W

CD S T) Q t

"

tO Ml*1"1

efi .-p •> • ID 9 » a & -h

3 H

C CD

eS a

a) +5P.

cd

CD u u

O <H

P

I P>

<l> 5 N

C

10 P

T) 0) 0)

<D O -P

13 CD oS C P. O

cd to -h

O CD fci to p cd

*H CD 1h£ =

•H P • P CD

fc. CD N

CD P -H O cS CO S)m H O

to Cm

•H CD CO T)

i-i -a oho!

Ch -h t, j£ M)

CD CD 3

CD

w IO lO O O

s-. ^ c

OS O CD T)

fl) H W C H Ofl 0) O O <C EH

c* °

.£ z

* «!

to

o *^ " Q • w S5 a

Q <! Q

<! H <j

cc to cr, C5 • O • t/3 I CO •

. 3 (X, o o

-p 3 C cS CD CD E b

t, n

cS O K

CD h!3 oS 915 3 «

CD Ij -P C p. q h. ?

<tf S 3 r

CD

•rt Cm <h O

C O O -H

CO I 3 CD

c

3O -n C P ^

o ^

OS S CD H rl fl

•H

OS

;>o

•H p

M

CD bO a

cS • • n

bo to -p

to s o • . to

• Hh CD CD O C CD

,>> O C s o o • g P -H P cS •H ID C

ri Tj H o -P -P cS m c r-l u •H O t. 3 £ 3 CD O >. T) CD CD P P CD > "5 p C^H cS CD rH CD O CD O CD O s s o Q O O Q E-i

CO

cS u 63

•H cS • t) H >i >>'

• ;-. p p »

r-l CD rH -H tH C C

6 riri o . o

• E . -H -H -H CO -H O O O P -P P P

to

co co'otococo,Q'ti.a

E C E

O cS O 3 O

• OS 11

tO *H

(S

T3 CO i c"a:

CD > :h 5

•H 5

«'

cS

t- CD "*&

CO P- 1rH CD O C

I u

§ a

H

p

•H

-oo

I rH CD rH t. OS -H tO

I 3 P

r. cr c

CD CD CD > U B

hiff* n a) •3 -P to

cS oS cS

r- i- p

-3 M

CD . C

e cd "0 u

bO CD hO oS -S

"CJ

V-H PQ<d

c

CD

a ^CO

CD CJ J3 OJ

o

O

5 rj

c S o o

•H -H P P

oS oS

E-. !- P P

c c

CD CD c s o o o o

rH CD rH

cS -H tO

1 5.12

CD CD CD > k. S

bo tm P 7)

cS cS cS

;-. u &

CD

T-j P

•r

1 e

it o to P.H 4)

CD « ^ B

hn "? P

P I CD

tO C rH e cS

OC3300i>CD10 qO 05001^ 1010 nn ra n n "'ocnajoicnos / HrlHHHHtTjH ^3 C CD

* 3

©

toM tO p

>> C

' rH CD IsO HJ , o to

a

CD O

CD toC

•ti o

co cm P i © H

B C H O

g M P • B cs °

O CS CO t- tO lO OlO^tCOCQt-HO

to* >»

to OS p. -ao

rH S

» to

fc. CD OS Sh

to CD P >

1 s

«

3 J- p s 10 S:

CO

S-. O

CD to M CD •H P

P P

C Cm

CD O >

CD tO T3 O

PT) o

O "3 CD P S 3

[10]
I

I I I 3 MO C < _ "d

a) x! E

0) c_ o x!

-p o

aj O <6

•H *

4-1 +-) *s 03

W C 0) -H

43 fc, -P E 3 3

43 -u -p p P> fci r-t -H H (d 3

C P. O -P 3

3 *> -P -H

as r.

o 5 03 S3S „ «i OH 03 4> 4) 7 u ^

as

" ^ ° >>

T3 fc, t, c if 43 ai «|p2

t/3 o m

03 S- 3 °

rHO rH X -rt 0) E

U -P I OHHai O

r. 03 O 5

H g-2 pj * I S

rT ° -P o 32

Mrj CD

p as -p o s o

ai

fi E.-P

t- O "S

(U bflOO -H pc £

-P -H C *

as C *

E -H H ^ (0 CH t ° <p id -h O 43 rH O E

5£

o >, g -p

4> J3P

4hO

co

aJ ®

"2 §

«S jo

s- a! O

43 < m ffl «) o 43 «« -

O 43 O 01 O 41 o

XI 03 ai cd O 03 O 00 03^03^03^03 . fe 03 O

a ^ 3 3 3

I. E fl t fc - 2 TM e -

E C ^ *

«S 43 ^ 3 O 03 o ai

•> as

| 03 ^

4) o aj ID > a fc H H !fl H O) P. t. o O -P rH •P ai

43 4i k O Ul

ai 73 -P

43 4) 43 p. 43 43 P- S- 4h

<! fa O Q in Vf3 o +a CM. Cm n S

rH O

o. of

de-

• >> 4h *

• -P

• fH o ;

• E 0) • as

• t- o u) t,

L. O 0> C -P 3 H O 4h N m o 4-3 cd rH iH H to Oi X P

O C 10 43 4h 0) o O 3 <J EH EH

CO

I rH I I rH ai I &

3 h 0> C

. „ 3 43 ai " -P -H -P

-rl rH > 03

o f 5 M

-P "3

-p ' a) 01

4-i I - 0«<H

0) 10 t,

4) - 01 a » a ed -P O

fc 0) -p

T> x) taS 4> Oj 4) C* r-S C)

•C ai S 3

u ^ c

•3 TJ 4-i 4) h eJ; £ 5 • »

4) aS

1 4) c

C -P 4) O iH >

O C ^

rH

Oi

-H <M

-H 4>

ai x) tn 4) = -as^

H 2 ai C S 3t< ai o

ai o 4h

(0

4) 4) • 4) ,C rH 4> "P

ai -H " t. 3 p CD £ 4-i o O

05 S S O 4h O

n (0 • o in ^® 0) <H p

-p c ° -H OjHr

** " „

2=o ^ a0

0^ 03 ai

. • -G

-, 3 ^

t. -p O O in

Cd <C O

< Oj r3 05 Eh £ H O (fi (C •• j . . O tfl M

• W I 4) O 03 1/5 U) ,

' rH _

.

• 0> £• DH **J * D ora

Q EH

(a 3

63 HO „

03

63 «

CC

63 E

-1 Eh 03

X. 63

<3r03

O aiarH 0) rH t.

Oi iH 05

I 3 -P

t. a- C

4) 0) 4) > M E

C C X)

•H tH 4) T3 P 05

aJ ai aS

t- ». ^3

c3

SO fl Tl C Jl fl H in 60 C

C 4) C 4) •H X) aS O 4>

a! ai fc. 05 x3 E ^ ^ C 4) t>

4) bO ai -h x3 O

03

to

05 to a)

05 o

ai u o ai u o

<eo 4-i4) 4h 4)

4) P

A rH

rH3

CQ

4h o

iH

4) 4-i S. 0> 'P

X) c • 4> -H 4) •H x! 4h . X

•H 4-1 U

-P 4> bO C 4) ^ p 9 X) -P M C

05 -P

CO

Xi -P

4) 05

aS A

3

o o p. -P 4H S -P $

. C CO 4h 0)

4) X)

4) -H . S

x *

4h 4>

03 41 P- J H O

O X3 P

O -HM) O

E -H * OH-P

4h 4) . P P 03 X) ° 4) 43 C *3 o (- »

-*-l'*-<U>l-l_Jl/.'03 w " I-OO03Px!-H4Hb0

t. 1 4) &H P 4) -P O O

a! C x) !- 5 aS P

od 43 B • >» . o » h o

4h -H rH C

C C ai -H O -H 3 E O fa O

1 3

= 1

>> r. S 2

tdE • t- P

O IP Tl -

Ih H H t- O fa

ai O

5 3e

fa Or

O 3

o

43 41 P C

c

3 ai

41 • ed -H >> u u

•2-H

43 43 4) o o mer H tt nn P o •H 3 as o o P=3 o U

p

in ®

^\ ^H

rH 01 rH t.

Oi *H 05

I 3 P

t. o- C

4) 4) 4) > U B

bO M

PCX) •*H *H 4)

Ml X3 C 4) •H 1/1 CO « C « C

•a -h x) ai ai a! ai h

IH E t- 4. Ml 43 M) ai 03

14) I- 4> 41

03 xi xi o

[11]
oo

CDa

<!

E-i

• O

E-l rH

0) 3

H CD O -P

xs cd to U C 3 o 4}

i-i a) u t-. 


'•j 01 Dh t»

0) H X3

0) O

-p P. •H

to P.X3 3

CD -P 3 c

c c

cd a) +5

. > to O bC o cd

t. bO -P X3

CQ H CO U

>s

""cd rH oH TO Pd

-p -P -p

cd cd cd»

X3 X3 s, &

% 1

'6 m m

rH CM n

O o o z 25 25

rH -P

cd -rt o o

O cd

• -3

00 t. CO cd

I 3

rH C

CO cd HH -P — _O 02

" H (1) •

W) >

(1) o •

. &

2

5H O •

• to w

73 rH •

fc. -p

CD CD 1*^ co C c „

O Ml) »

•H C D

jj -H t- CmO

CO

Ch I CD O H £

3 -P

.<3 <° -P 3 O 4> S »

p. « y

-p M

P to o ^ £ C 2 o3 CD 7?

to C Jrt S

S * *

rH U ® CO oj O H O

O 10 P, o

<D i—

I

rH «H

rH

03 CD X3 X3

1/1 -P

rH I bO

i—I "H 3

flj O H

X3 CD -P - cop-en

I/) CD

to -P 2 3 CD t, m

CD cd O

00 CD CO r* CO

CO CO C\J rH

•H CD .c x: s -P

CM3

rHP.

tuO to

N CD •H -P

co

CD "

•H fi m E O

CD Sh *H

tO O -P Cp cd bO C O

C O -H •H o <H

"2 5

^ ~

o ^P-rH

P. CB

a „ - O H ti J) tO tl rlU

co o

o o.« o . ^ +-> -p^-p^ ^, CO CO- C\J (M rH «^CO C

3 CD rH O

Cm

CM

I CO

3

fc. etJ CD C fa

C CD rH CD

erj -6

-p 2 O *H

rH CD rH fc.

CtJ -H to

I 3 -P

D- C

CD CD CD > f- S o

hO M

C C T3 H -H d) Tj +J (0 CO cd CD

W> T3 C CD H to bfl •Sr§ g

CO CO M

CD t. O CD

to -d

CD fc.

01

oo

Co

ta

rH

03<

6-H

tO -P rH 03 g 6 O -H

CO Qh 1) o Q

oj W

Ch ^

•H CD co t3

to o!

CD **

p.p.. ^ < n

o * l>

to S rH oj 2 < -p 7

CD O X3

p C Xi 3

CD o to +5

to oj

cC 3

bfl CD a 3

t3 *

CO CD

UJ Ch

CD >»'H

XI rO H

C Sh

CD 3

Ch rH O 3

to to

o o 01 o CO 00 rH rH E <*• <J <J < <C rjitOOOOOXtDrJiMOO •

• HHHOlNtMMflWMaOH

N O CO to o o

tQ3

rH o o

r-1 rH CM CO

tf) CO CO w

Ch Ch o o

t/3

II CO*! 00 T3

erj

to -P

rH CO

OS c o a

o ^ •H eh

CD <. o w

p<

p. ^ < rSH o o)

to -d

i-l c

<! to 55

03 00 rH

I

oo

•H <| Ch•H »

10 H

to C

cd oS rH CC

CO c3 o CM

COCO

I 00 . . co r-

•• CO CDE o Q <d z

5

*

to •H•S c

P. O

H -H O -P S cci CO H ^

Ch « • •H -H CD to en 3

tO rH

ccj O CO ri i> >

CO • t> U CD oj Xh P Sh •H -H X3 O -P rH -H

CO C

I H CO

03 £ -H p p e

o o >5

+J CD

CD P>

CDe

• CD

tu x: ^5 3

10

-H -P

•3 -H

CD X2

x: -p bO-H H X3

2 3

CO o

•as

r! r° •H X2

<: m o

3 3 3

o o o

c C c

•H -3 -H

+J p

•H -H -H S >9 -2 §§§

C/3 C/3 CO

H C

03 -H m cd

CD to t< C. 10 rH X3 hO CD erj P

bO 3 O P

H OS P- C

CO rQ .H p

9 CD CO OS

rH CM CO

I 3 to

3 e

CO

c

bO o

•H -H rH

CCS "H H P

CO to x; *H « o

I rH CD rH H

(0 "H CO

I 3 P

H CT C

CD CD CD > u e

bp

bO bO

•S '5 "S

I

C CD C CD Sh •h trj ccj o CD cd co h to 3

E Sh h C CD h

CD bO co -H 3 O

PC

[12]
03 ^ rH •> "

ij o isnio

r-< O -H 7}< rH bO-P O 1 . 3 m t. n «

•= 75 ° a g 3 E -H

P_ .p - as p> x » t u • C- t. C 43 C73 t. o 3 »h s

1 •c « o -p c« a

H i Q W 0) "-1

• -p • x: 03 H U 60 10 Bl

OS p C C 4) H E »i S C

- - _ 1 ~

4) to O S O P C i-i w iH

aS O -P O .3 S O W S EH

73 £- 03 Ot< B • • 73 4) to 05 S C -P t- -P C 4) O -H t t C « «! 1 cS n In p.

4! S- Cm 4- 4)

OS *->

4> m

E O s\03 75c

0} OS C

r"1 S 4) CQ E c

CC O r-l ai «-

o

o

O

co

o

00

Ed

H?CD

•a!

O +5 03 O W M

03 Cm 05 I

-P rHbO

CCD

fe

. rH K iS

a as 75 t- -u c 4) a;

OS -5 P> U 75 lits. P

<<- 95 —

O £, C O 3

4)

4)O • 03 CC w in s o

I 05 H 75 M U

bG OB «< 75 V. §

O -P

5. rH bOE§

C

^ a; °

;

'

iH — CO

OS 03 C3 3 t- rH C 41 I

H t J £ hC 73 O «!

S. s o

- r *»

,

S Is *>-P

" B ;

§ iS I

C Hi c C o e

a; u Q

2 J5

> ? a

4)

(- 05 3 a S3H 01

P -H C i43 .2

g.

4)

03 J5

Cm o cS^ > O

C3 "H

•H ° -P JJ ^ P-5

•H " J)

r, = 75 C

03 OH

OJ -P r< o

4)

4> 03 E

06 Oiio

43

S- 03

43 4)

Ow | 03 C t. O fl)

03 -H

75 rH Cw 1 4) U

o 75 4)c

t. o o

O rH

4) hC,

.a C =" •WOO Cm rH

t- <« £

43 O S

a; o

c t- o <M

03

(0 43 1—1 3X

- oe e

; - c

c a. - ^ o

-P ^ -P Cm

. 03 a s

43 O 2 43

~ * • _j O 3 M *M

<: c 4) p

C «

75 c "2

t. 4) 2

ai 03 o«J

= 43 3 -° r S *H Cm ?1h O

43 C £

*> 03 S

p 3 b 03 bC-P

O. C 03 O OH t. r^ 03

1 03 O

J-5 ID

5

rH CMW'i'lOCDt-rH

Cm

43 75 rH

oj rH

Cm -p O

f- 03 73 -

4) t- 03 75 O 43

OS S 03 m ai bO t- 4)

4> m

75 X O

C -P 43

Oj O 73

03 ^

43

03 43

ec 03

43 C3 U 43 O M C U M 03 75 U

4> £2 <J

sS Cm 03

Iu$ o

r -

rH A

rH M

ai -H 05

I 3 -P b O- C

0) 03 03 > CC E o

bO aO C C 75 M iH 03 73 -P g

•- t -i

S 4)

1- 75

03 asM 75 C 4) •H 03 bC C 4J g

* sj t. M «- C

4) M « -n

75C

43 U

O 4) 03 73

o

I

-

-<

bC >»

<4 «-O

^ -p

43 cj - rH 3 §3 3

O 75

bC 03

U CM

43 rj- -

•rl Cj c s

E ° M ins ai t. <; P.-P _ 0) 03 75

i- 03

03 E K

03 75 -m -p <

O C Cm O *M £ o P 75

03 111-

- : ~ >> 3 C P 45 B. 7 o -p >»« «i bC & p t. t r - -

C 4) T3 ° o = ° M

75 Cw 05 43 43 = *" bD C-43 =P " £ 5

m m :

03 C m ^ . 03 4> -

t. o a

43 o C S

<" t. ri rH

2 05 75 >>

a! £ M C bO w"

4) C

05 -M

4)

03 CmO C

43

05 O

43 05 X 4) O 75 J5

43 75 t- m a!

a! "S 03

43 ° o . e cp

t. 03 > O £ T<

«-c -P P

O P.

t. 4) E

1) s- P

S as ^

<< rH C aS

, O V

5r p -h P -P 05 « O >>

- £&

w C n « *5

SJ -P 73 43 73 P. 43 73 B >» r.

a) W3 cj - •P K P. bO

09

05

ai

^«MnP3>*T)iio

9 o

43 43 4) 41 43 0) 43 43 7573757575737575 OBaSaScSaiaSaSaS s3socoi:os

3

t 73 • K

43 75 S

43 cj -P 03 O • P fc. -P WJrH p-> M -P O C rH a! iS X p.r-! 43 t. a ic ic o n

2 « O «5 tr

rH 4> rl t.

a: -H

c- C

43 43 U E

bC bO C C 75 HH II 75 P 03 U t- X3

bO 75 C 43 -h 03 be C r? S •H 73 OS

a) oS

" e t-bO oJ -H 75 O

[13]
to

to I. I C CD cd -p T3 «m

cd

O

fc.

C 1 ° s

ri 43 c O -H

fc. rH o

rHO

O 43 O

rH 10 C o O O *H

43 43 fc, 43 ,Q

10O cd

(0 CJ Cm

0)e <h e 43 O 4)

(0

C

cd b£)-H <h CH fc, -H O fc, H 0) O bC

43

C

•H

tO £1 g 2

ai bC

fc, *H O X

fc. o

p.

cc

CD

y

fc. W) cd

to <n V *n

•h CD

fc, -9 *

cd rH

to ^ * g |

-g

-a S § > 43 o co

bOC

CO 0) p. a to J*

43

O

to o

0> Li Eh O

CD ^

fc. CD

s- § o §

0) fc, M O §

.CO 43

to

CCS +3 « t! § 9 £ o * 5

to

CD p.

Pu « M C r cd O -H (1) SB «aj

cj o »

JS p.

to U) rH *

bOC

J. =Hi e i 43 e

43 bO to bo bO C 3 C s C c H 4h •H *H •H Cm •H

fc. fc. fc. t- fc. fc. fc, 0) O <u o 0) O 0) 73 rH 0 H e rH •a O O O O o I

CJ CO CO I

rH CO

rH

CM

H «H rH o o O O

+3 to 43 to 43 to +3

to

to to

to to

to

to

to cd to co- to cd to ne rHO

ne rnunne "CI

ne

43

bO

43 ti 9 C 9 C rfast rf;

ickl rfiickl o o o

ol fc. ol crc ol o o o CJ <! to cn to o

tos

ess ass ess ass rH c rH c rH u u O

is 3o

CO

cd -H 10 13+3 u tr c

CD 0) 0> > h e o

bO bO C C 73

•H -H 0) 73 43 tO

CO CO CO

fc. fc. £>

73

1)bO

co cd

fc E

bo a; 0h

coa

TO

aj

6-H

°!3

rH ^Ch

cd CO

O 3 -a

73 fc, CD H 1) O > 73 iH

•H

G Cm

73 co Cm C +3 o i—I CO v r» L CV

to

C -H ° 3 2 43 -H Sr^^co . 3 Cm £ a o o §

to J, 43

PL,

C CD a> > „ E -H

t_ *H 43 43

cd

O fc, cj 73 . cd CD C P-Cm S 0) CD Cm

43 73

Q

<» r, o m

CO CD

CD

_ 43

CD

CO ^

73 rH CD CO

CD rH +3

43 CD -H CD h £ c Jh C CO S 43 s

rH 3 CD X 73 73

•HO cd 73 m fc. to Ol CS

to to c rH

to to 43 o rH

0> CD •H •H CD rH 43 rH CJ 0) € cd •H rH 43 E 73 CD fc. rH •H

CD fc. JC •H o

rH o O

g CO <J

U 03 ssO

bO

M

CC 73

HH »

73 43 tO

cd cd cd

fc. fc. X>

Eh

CC

rH i CQ O Q

CC

to to to to Eh fH « to Q Q Q Q CC Eh o «

<S <t! < «s! C5 CC

a

CC (X CC cc ^H

w o C3 C3 rJ Q o rH

CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO D 3 3 a D 3

CD to

J

fc. 73 CD CD CD

cd 73 73

fc. cd 73 bO fc. c fc. P M> •H o o

43 bO 73 bO C 0) c 43 H bO •H

(3C §

73

CD •H

C

CO cd fc, CD

CD E fc.

O

fc cd to Ph tS

[14]
M

C

^3O -o c cd •H -P 3 t- C 0)p.

rH 0) d (0 ^ tl P C -H o ta Oi ih

cd rH

, v cd

CD cd ,P .C

P- u

a!

0)> •

CCS "C

1)

+? 3 1 «

«

°

». V

to C

a) -h o

cd sr-l 0)

i co co co o *

o oj oo i> to in

' CD lO lO lO lO lO

c

a)>>O CD -P to

Ki 01o B•H § rH

-p to

10 •H

10

CO £C

CCJ -H

1- -P

uj (0 £ iH

t> u

a>

t. p

o

^ - 73 » Ml

H

° c m i-" aS m p -a r° ^ e

tt, p. as

0) P

l—! -a

t. aj a) H c t. •H CD C -P g

CD to E > 4) O OHO

rH §J

rH

I -

Cft §

CO cd o a

E

3

C 3 a ^

« - « 2 w 2 p-5

c 5 x CO fl c o

E n H •ri cd > E

CD = fc, tuO P. -e c

Bl M I H

C t p

P tH O to

10 » -P 01

CD CD O P

Eh CO T3

Cm CD CD O S3 rO o

C Q c

CD o> O faO 3 sj e

o

tr rH p. to M n

'-'go

CD § £

p- o *

p.

T3 -P

») C to O -rt CD

CD O

•H CD 3 h

cr P.

O OJ 03 OOlCOMOlO^OOlHOOOJ O) O) •OlrHrHrH.-lrHH.H.HrHrH-P

rH CD

W) ho C C "0 •H H 11 O -P tO co cci aS

-P CO C O

CD to

to

CD Cm

t- O

CU

6 to o

tO iH

CD P

5 g

10 -H

P c" -P

to W> ^ "<h

O P

rjCO

1 3 II M •H

CD an ion CD olo O p o o on lu c

a! c

tS

•H & •H

-P to c c 3 0) p <-H ¥3

sol ine le ang

Repc o rH "3 M c "C CO ai

al CD iH M •H 2 E O rH u

•e CD ci ai aS

CD rH §

> CD 13 •C M d •H P. S- M P. P to cd CO P. t. o to o B 0 eO o CO to iH CD P rH u a) Cw to § § o rH

'es1 Cm CD -P p o % o CD EH CO CO z

«H Cm u

sa 1 & o o

•H 01 § Cm M iO S3

iibei ab CS CJ CDU

Ck

CD Vu C

)le c

3

to rH as CD

a! •H o

•H T3 E M -p p.

-p H CD X § O -P §

O

CD

tl X

CD p CD CD o CD Eh CO

sp 0m C

P.

rHo

fe

(0 C rH 1 P- o Ch

CD CO -P 0)

aS H

r» •H to c d § o o a> £ O

3: H to ss •<<

to -pc

0) t. e o

rH CO

CD rH b bC

CS •H C -o

CJ •H •H CD U I & "O -P IS %

3 CD CD cd CB a! o > k. fc, rP

CO o es

c c

to to to

in to to

CD CD cp 5 5

to to. aS 8 ai Cm Cm Cm

ti M o O O

rH e rH rH e O O O

o P O -P -P in & •a CO 6

iH •H •H

to rH to rH to rH w to to

aS O ai O ai o

rH P> rH P rH -p o U O t c

to to

tn to

CD CD £ B

to S ai Ch Cm

tt U o O

rH rH o o

o Pi O -p

CM "SO tH 6

iH •H

to rH to rH

to 9 O ai o

rH P> rH -p O O

[15]
fa

C 03 o m •H 05

3 O 10 CO co o> o c

73 fa 9)

1 73

-P c § H

r-l t.

a>

4-1 fH o

8 3

SI•H 73 C "H

•H >

cd <z

H"" m aj 73

mnwto^oooN

i I i i I i

i i i

i i i i i i

a1 o

D o

m 4h

5 PoJ e o

6 -p

ou

i -H n

I 3 -P

<-, a1 S

a) <p <d > fc, E o

c c -d

•h *h 9> C

1) CH P. P O -H 73 O

9> p o £ m

73 3 to as o

as o <D ©

J5 «> > a

<" 73 » 73

to tg OJ m fc- f-i cd -P T3 m

rr G B 8 «

o ,0

9) to

I ® g -H

9) as 73 P.

Hi .5 Dl ., Sri 91 o®

» £ c

to

73 "> _L t»

aj -H p -p

rt aS B -P -P

E5 t» W

ooooooocow a)E rlHHHHririOO Oz IOQQOQQOQOQ

OHMlDli'tHOncJ r-l (M CO CD

8' lAiiooocicig C0O1DOOOOOO

OOHOIOO^HOO!

OOOOOOQQO

01 S H H H H

-p -p 0) .p S C > B

3 9> 9) 91 •a o -h o

o t. m t,

fc. 9) 9) P PO P

o J|0«H

% to <K

to -Pin

3 9)>

-P 9) g » BJ oo

S -p H

SO 9) C jC

I nS -P eh efl _

a -h 9) C

n s t. «i

O . CM

-a

r-l 9> fa

Si

O P

,0

9) O U)

"5

O r-< M Cm

9) Z -Hu

2 T3 O

* O tL,

9) Cm

10 O O

C -P o C — 9) HO +J W O

O O II.

r-l O

7. !H -H

O t-l

C 3

9) rH p aJ BO » o «3O

a3 -h

g § §

CD ^ £^(0 •§

. 91 °

-PC P 9> £ a> JJ u P

Btt) o s- o 9) a 3 o E (o O O M 3

M X

H rXW

P >3 * T) O 9) X -P

9) ct) ,6

c «2

9) 13

US i-l M J-> « to

I rH 9) rH M

aS *H to

t 3 -P

t. C

9) 0) 9) > U S o

•S 5 "8 b

T3 P to o

aS «s as P

<~ t. XI 3

CD P

O

o s

[16]
1 1-1 ^ A 1 73 Ph CO CP cd p-° p 73 Ed c 3 cd be i-H CO O -P C cd fa +-> CC .£ c »

CP CP • o 2 b .G M V 73 CO o -H 4j +3

01 c 3 Cd • +3 rH fH cd 3 CP cd 1X4 Jh cd cd F-H CJ Cv « Z *-< cd t>

CD 3 .3 Ph C CO Oh CO CP CP „ - cd t> CO Fh 3

•M lo *c5

<u co 05 S

-5 2 m •

(0 c CPCP Ph

V "3

Ph p. cd s. § j- fa Ch 3 CO CS -a s

T3 Ph 3 O CS 3

i-H " ar c fa V. rH

oS -*J hC ca Cd H-3 4-> cd c

1/3

O

C •m cc co "CJ -rt cj CJ -w O fa fa K CJ CJ 3

bp t£^r ce co ' (0 : - O CD CP

w

C <» rH <H CPbC

CP1

Phcd

cd

W P-(Xf 0^

u & CC

Floorir

•H *H ^ O

C

cd

CP Ci, 00 <w CO CO

cial cttve

d

CP 4h

d

inci

p. CD

O CO 0) Cm -P § a V

sr Cm

eg *5> CO 3 "83 E P. CJ k. 40 O CP 1 Ci> CO O O a CP "CJ it X c Cm U "3 -3

cd o MC in

co - ,

CP

tin 73§ •

CP '

Cm

cd— 3

CO1 V33

CO

C c V

<Jo

"CJ C53

faO

O rH

•a >-.

C

p_| 3 coc * OC • u

HO 1 • c

fa ci 1 w i O fa fa 73 *H O CO w a) a 6

r-l ad cd

O CP CO •M £ 3 • -h> • 3 CJ Cm > c JJ 4-> 3 i-H Ci, 4-5 & O CO CP cd bO O) O O Ph O r-l CM § ,0 O E o c cd CP cd CD "5 -U CP CO be

rH cd CP CD P. rH CP rH • 1—1

bC73 P. r-l r-fcd co r-t CP c

<S

O CO

O CO z z

P> bC

>; 1fa

Ph 1 4-> bC

•r-l o rH CP

C bp -c 9 o

*H rH Ph bC bC C C -3

•M CO bC

C o

fa 4-> 0) cd 1-1 CO c CP

C CP

C CP E o CO 1 3 S -H CD C CD c th "g

cd co co S E -H fa cr C t> 43 (Q O

cd cd cd P.

CO p- to -c

O CP CP CP CP Ph E Ph P.

C CP cj J> P- E fa fa j3 3 p. bo CP b£ c — ~ o CC O a, s O 3 5 §

bC b£ O h O O

rH o

P. CP m p.

•o *" § s

>> - js

cj cj; CPCP o>

CO rH

jr. rH b£ s-t . c^ o

73O -H t04)

cd I cd 33 I -< 05 CJ C M O

Ph C5 CO

CP rH CO s. < 4-5 n

Ph rH CO O Ph Z CP CP

a - o

4-> TS

cd cc J3

CO £

CC ss co ^5 o b

Aca 73 X C

CD

p.60C

CO

cd

Ph c • O CO •m s:

4J> 4J

cd bC

•U

C

cd

P.

co . . TS

i-H 1—I P. 5" as fcx s -s -m = Cm U U rH

cd cd p.

>. cd rH i-H S • CJ O I 0- P- •c c co cd

cd 4-> 5 tP. h- O P- rH

I. cd ^c; 'O -m 7j — c; cj cd p. v b

41 rj " -H CS "

p. P- cS ~ CO

Cd

"a rH

O ad

T3

a cd - cs

a

cs

CJ •c- o CJ tj c Ph CP c "O P. CC m

CO CO

P. bOc 4-> bOz — rH•3

-u rl cc bC c C 1 fa 73 •3 § V

co CS Id cd fa 01

Ph

a fa faC

IV bC bO cd -h I rH

i-H fa Od -H 10 I 3 4J

fa c- c 000 > fa E ^ -n73 cc nj c «

fa fa * i
B h >S I 0) O O iH C t« f, « t; «i o rH * ? 4) -H

4) fa u si

<H n-c 5

» -o S & «

* S a 'e o

3 6-5 j

C -P 0) t- O -H O • ,D O to Tt bC<n bO O

ai O z

O ^ t H

O Tl CD O

t, -H £ . Tj O -P O

aj O -P CD X

•H to °a

a) o

-p

(S rH

rH ai rH 3

•H T3 -P -H w to •h cd

• C

-P o

C -H

rt -P >, C

O a! -P -H ftrH

'

0)

- to Si -h o

fa Q >

O

r. ,Q . 3 5j 43 O cd to ft o «3

H Ol CO lO CO

00

rHCQ

a! EH

g

•H-PH

&H

>> p H •H

0) H

V] ai

CD 3

•H tr Q

to iH

32

CO >, Q S

C i-i O aj -H 3

-p cy

a!C C

bfl O H »H

ID -P to £ m « Q C g

bOfa

hOaH

P

to

ai EH

CUto

cu •HQ

0) I spa*.

«i s s

!

e to

o

>>-p

-P CD •H o

ai3 O

o

•H* ai

(1) CD •Hh +J

13

ai

P O

to CO o

E

o

8<r< ^ 0)

r.

tO cd

cu cd 9 !2 s 3

^ 0) o

S 3

•H o -p > d> IsJ

1 "I §

43 CD 2 -H

C S

O O) CO NCO -P OO i"- CO CO CD CD CD +> CO S6

e t>

•5

I i—I 0) rH fc. ai -rj to

I 3 -P

t. o- C

0) 0) CD > fc. s o

bO bfl C CtJ

•H -H 0) t3 -p to

ai aj a;

t, U £> O

&

p hO Tj c o> -P -H to bO c CD c 4> c

CD XS 'H 'tJ CD

to aj aj aj

cu fct e u M d) W) cd ft CC

CD I- O «

to 13 C CD fci -3 O

pq

1 O ai CO <3 o

ipefruit tment iultur

e,

U.

ornia

a CO Cm

Cm

0) p • m " o Cm i. u 3 H

M C^ o

Cm rH

CO co

co

3 S Q < CD W p. ^ to •H •H

CZJ m cd to H -P -P

CO >v O fc. rH to O cd

• tj' s« CO CD ® CD M 1^ C3

XI

CO X! %

CmO rH 03 5

o c3 to. o •H

aj £ H 1

• C to 0> c .« r! "r* Cw CO rH "P H CD 10 o • to O aj O o o O -H 2i 3 0) ai §1 •5 P C0 "H CD to fa z ss o z to T3 O ^ 13

•S •

CD •H • CD -P U 1rA to © -H . 2 CO rH t- M C aj 3

B B -P o t- u • cd 3° +j t, « 3 L > -p i

3 O o 3 4) CO 1/3 CO CO CO rH

t. •H o£) * -H C P rH tn M X H Cm •r^ rH o

fa C < 2 M «< -P o aj ai O •H O 0) f5

CD C O u CO XS c_> fa fa EH O M F-H 9 D D D

Ch rH • uT -P

r

than

ona)

5

fruit, idarin •ines

O nj OT -P

-P 3 3 £ i

CO

to

tn S ^ r.fa 3

CC 5 .2 t 5 ! M

0)

cd

tr O C

O <! f* tJ 5 •P c -p o -p

citrus

(

rnia

and

ranges,

g

'ieties

o1

except

tf

CO m

to ^ o

aCDP,

CD

to •H9

8

•H

piO

Brigh Golde Bronz Russe CoH

+3

•rt -P

cdC

Brigh Russe

-P 2f

CO

l>> rH rH rH riHti

•Hr^ CM Ol CO

aj 3 R to 4) CO o i s

-P 'H -rj > H C 2 o

to Cm f S

CO rH -P U •H CD H CO 8 >» •

rS O O O O O O oc_> o- o o

3 <u cd -P

•S

to •H -P CO fa S5 SS z z z z o z z z

•P -H -P "* g CJ 0) • CD -P -H -P H H y cd rH S •9 O B

CJ t. u

3 CO CO CO to <d cd g b, sx:^ § a -P &

B 3 ,C0 SP CO CO CO CO CO cd CO CO CO rH H bO «) -P Cm C rH t- U -P Cm u

C <0 S CO o O -H O to 4> s o CO O fa fa X Q Q p 3 3 D D pi

§- U tf 5 So 1 O d •H

rH CD tf 4)

j-H Eh bfl ho . +> H CO bO

CD aj •H (0 5,1 C 4) « SCD o 1 ri-S CD C CD -d O CD I i

u cr c [0 O to cB cd cd CO T3 3 CD 4) 4) CO CO s e- M C 4) o B M M fi> 3 £ b bO cd H T3 O

CO a O ft

[18]
i » . G 03 .p- » co o O |> 33 -h ° «

rH 5

O ft CD CP ^ E O -P Cm - o ih <s <« in tH CO -p -O 0) rH

0) . > OS

•h co

-P 03

O CO bO C« c

* iH tH

73 SP C -H S 03 m

O r- .0

o> o _ o

> .S3 O O O CO Cm P

73 C O S O aj

<P O

CO U CO -P

cu bcc -p u Ofl C MO 11 I—I E -H -H O Cm O 3 m CD Cm CP o z s a

<j<C«aj<;cQnaoo

CO rH lO

aj CO -P O •Hp. "O 4) co t- co £3 s

p> p

CO -P

•H

CJ 73

rH £ . a! P> lO H O n £3 CJ

*> iH

CD1 10 CO o n

o 1 . 10 -p

tH CD 3 M tH P CS +3

CD -P o lO

aj O CO s

to 3 Cm C -P Cm h CO a)

C E

. O O

CO -H t,

CO -P Q_. C N H iH E • •H rH O 10 C -H 73 t- 3 t. cu o

CP CP CP 73

rH -p M O

rHHCP CP rH

tH • rH

r-H ai a! fcr tH <p •H -p E E -P •H CC § 03 1 1 1 1 . aj P M S C

E P CP • CP M CP p. CP M J= 1 •HE -H

1 1 rH S- CO «H CO -H CO tH CP • aj 1 • aj CP S- CP £_ P iH u ai V. aS s« aj MrH i. J= CP Sh £

CO H co H P aj c .c O JT, O -P 'H CO tH M aj M aj 03 £ & j: J= -tf aj b£ m aj M

CJ a! £ OO^O .C ^? 43 .c 10

i>

lO $ O $ 1> lO lO LO lO LO

in iH rH co CO cm cm r- oj

o cp co -p co

CO ft

bO O aj O O

CP CC O 03 33

<; CQ O a

CP CP CP CP o a 73 a aj a! aj aj M M Cu M O O

CP aj a e

1-1 1 J. 1 £ >>

a) -C V, -H o aj

•H O ~_ CP * ^ C M aj 10 es -/C-S'rH 4^ CU O t- aj , O »

C3 Cm O t. ^ I CD

rH « S CP Cm O CM

V -H

"* rH

ajM

aj 3 • -H CT -P -P -P

CO C o E s- bO

CP ai aj O C O P CP o 73 -H a kh,o

>5 3 >iH X3 -P

-P rH -P C

•H CP bO CP CO

10 1-3 C S- CP O CP CP 73 O T3 t- Cm aS

10 C -P Cm m

CP « g 73

73 S

* C Cm "S CP C C

2? 1 5h «* §

-o o t.

CP o

CP -H

CO 73 P g

C o

co cp

CP S. CP co cp o 3 Cm -H

CO 1 W) CP 1 CP 1 §

I 1 c bO co m co -p •H CO

0) •H 73 P p t, aj 73 aj rH

r" t. CP C <H 3 •H E bO CJ

CP •H -P E -H C to co

CP S- O C H c 3 rH •H H ^H O O -r-j-H C X3 O >

&C( in

CO al -P >s

rH CM rH CM rH CM CO u co <s 73 CP H

> > "-3 CO CO

bO O c p bO 73 C 0) TP

-P •H CO bC c

c CP C CP C CP s.

CP 73 •h 73 al O CP co cci aj aj s. CO 73

0) M E t. s- C CP

s. bO CP bO aj H 73 O

Ch CC

o

i; ai -H S t. -P q aj co lot.

5

41 3 -P cr c

W) bO C C 73 h -h e

73 -P CO

aj aj aj m m X3

rHCP EH

P.

CP CO

GO

tI fa

.. I CO 2

o

•H O P o

OJ rH O

ci^r;

rH CP rH O -5 •> •H bOCO 3 c§ CP M- §

Cm 1-3 fn ai

cp - •

<fl o >

k CP >>hH CC

I z —

o

1 rH H< >5 CP CJ I 3

"

10 If? 10

iH rH rH P -P O O O O O O

CD rH CO CD lO

t- Is1 tJ.

1

1 fa

1

-AA- -vv- z z z

< << a!

rH CO 10

OJ Is- CD

CPp. w

73 73 S a)

• ** . OhOh

CP rH CP rH

•HC

" £-H * bOCD bOCO

[§ CP C§ CP p S J. §

Cm 1-3 Cm >-5 aj a3 m • fct • o > cj >

(- cp M cp •h 03 -H CC

"3 S

^CP §J 3 rH 3 rH

(i, (I.

aTrH §

C tH

•H »+3 . bO CD aj CP C§ CP So-S

I S «H rH

-P 3 CO O Cm 1-3 CD CO

aj q aj

• c3> h £ = t- 3^ .cS

l-H <# . C

CP 03 co O

r3 rH fa • -p

E aj 3 cp a 33

§ 73

•h aj

-P -H c 5 •H aj O t- P. bO bO O

. C tH m -h *h •

• 3 N *H m

t. Cm CP O O

O rH CP CP rH

73 3 m P O O CO CO CJ

co 73

unP

EO CP O S. M

CP 3

CO s >, CO •

CP C

c tC(j rH P.-H O *H CP 10 O P> t- t. ai s u

73 rH -p ft r. O aj O

03 > c > O

3 5

pi p -p 000

LO of? S

CM CM CM O

10

O O

Is- LO

CO aj C o o o

•H rH

co •H >2 > X! o

t. p>

ft c

•H

CP o

J3 t- -p CP • ft CO

CO I P> c o c O rH CP •H E

•P CP CP

ai J3 m

cj P .h Cm C &

CPo

coCP CP

ajCo '3 s

r- CP s: V P>

£ o w

-p -p3 O

C aj P

5 5P SL

ai

rH CP rH I.

aj -h CO

I 3 -P

t. CTC

CP CP CP

r. C3 O ft bO bO 3

C C 73

•H tH CP 73 -P CO M M X3 O

ftoP bC 73 C CP -p -h in bo C HI c « 5 CP 73 tH 73 aj

co aj ai ai St

ca u e u U C

U bO CP be aj tH ft CC

cf

•H73C , CP St O CP

10 73

CP s.

C19]

i
1, M i -p a> 4) ;' •' •« o 3 £ •rt d) cj g

CO

N t. CD Q

•H

I/} 0) 0) ,o 5CD 3 Mo

jO

a?

B • w

Eh to cd E

cuE

•H

to to , cd H

CJ 4> CO •H B a> TH

•i

U CD P- • a r* B 10 rH u a +3

•iH jg. o •H

cd bb Cm .B

aj 'ri U O

i-r- 1

Mic o O

crJ d)u

CD rH

-P £3E $ X P- & OT 1 «S

CM CO IO IO CD % cd bO B

•H cd E O a 3 aj

cd'

aj z: S P E oH Cw T-t oEo 3

(0 t3

•H

a 4) -p *H E H -P c

ajOr—1

flj

cd 4JO o •H t, 10 & •H =M aj C3 to P

a3 •H >i

10 c rH Tj oH

10

aj 00

CO

O r; e3

<M

H 1 *§)

H

O o

Ch

a •H

n (0 lO H O

Hs

t3 CD 2

co .p

ed

W cdE

COE a

g

•ri rH § Q •H cd aj o •H 6 (0 . ?

aj aj -p -P c *H •H -P P T3 10 to s •H -p ^ W CO 0) •H •H aj O c >> X

-p iH t* TJ

H

aj aj E 3 1 O *H aj oj

i-H

m CJ rH r-i aj -P 0) rH

cs o O

O OT EE ra c M

>> 1 t<

C

-P In

0) -p 1 o -p

H

•H o

•H

rH 0) rH t- bO

•5

-P 5 10 o ange cd -P

10

CDo

aj -H tO | 3 -P 1

TS

cd fi

B 4)

CD -0 •5

4)O t,

aj

Hu

w c -p ")

O to aj aj s- to o g a) m cd 1 ai cd 4) Ch e ti B 4) o x;O o > « s [~ £-, ,p Sh bO bO aj •H n 03 cu .0s 3

rJ OT

4) rH O cn cd •H CO

+3O 1 CD 05

ene

cd

H CO b0 t u O)

Oh « rH tnO

tJ

B L. Cm

4>

•rt

OH be T)

4) Cm -P

•H cd

p

rHP- pu

O

4) P 5 4) n •H •H E 4) OT SO

rov t.

4) tT t>

4) 4> .P 03 & 3

<! PC o Q

_g _g

^4) _4)

aj aja

a

uuu

u

O

O (J o

000

OJ CO %

•H rH O r2

4) cd

to sp 3

4)

to •H*U

cd

CD

4) rH

-S

O

•PO Ch B O

4) P

ept -a E

cd

4)

X •H 4! CD Cm

4)

fi>B3E

4) -E

+JEO

P.3

to CD

CJ

to

01

d

Oo

CJ rH OJ T)

•H 4) &H OT $E

C20]
W) 5

-P XI

CO 3

•H 75

d cd 1 g: 1 fa

• cd ID O P R co E H 0) (J Cm O

~ CD CD

cd C -p

fa O *H o -h r) J CJ .fi H -P - Cm Cm

CO -H -H

Si CO Cm

cd to +i d) «

•H i-l CM

fa o Isfa CD -P

CD CJ CJ 2 S

11

fa -P O 3o

CD si

fa -P 3 -H §

* PdX CD

CD £CO

5,-8 C

-P CD

Cd fa

fa -H Cm

CD Cm O

E mCD >

M €

,03

75 CU

3 Cxj

CD be

-p c

Cm -H

CO >3o

fa

CO fa fa X p cd co d

V) -P

CD -P • d -P fa

CD O CO O CO N

R P. cd co e s: d o

Cd

jg

fa o

CD 43 ^e 2o

CO Cm

-P O

CD Cm "

CD Cm bfi-P R CO O -H CD CO -P -P * _ Cm CD R O SS O

CD 'H P fa C3

CO

p.X

Cd

CD

JR CD

CJ fa cd 3

CD CO

fa O

CO CD

cd co

CD CD ^ M

1

cd R

•H

fa E

CD -P lO

Cm

cd

fa -p o

CD Cm

. CD • Cm bO-P R CO O -H CD CO -P -P

cd Cm CD R

O £ O

CD

10 •SIcd X

Cd

O 3 o o

CD -P

fa cd •H CD Cm Xi

O

w I w CD ^ So

CO

Cm"

co

CD bO 3 -S §

-p -H

p. cd co O CD O * ^ p

V r\

r-H fa Cd - H CO

CD CD CD

b£ bfi R R d

bfl d

R CD •h co bo C 0) c

•h -d cd

cd cd m

E fa fa

CD hO cd D3

d

R , CD fa

CJ 0) co d

CD fa d o

75 75 75 c/5

It, • | CD = d I H O !C HI N < I) li SCm fa -h d R W 2 fa -H * "H £ © 75 „,

CO & aJ 5 co -h *

cdE^-PCD£>>„,

CD CD O * ^ CO.faCDCMgEd

•h £ a e o

s

_ cd 3 5 • a.

CD

CJ c

i 1-1 UJ ^ ffl D- O ^ +3 S

5 R CD

cd

CD * N CD E CE £ ^

d >> cu K -p • 23t.33 . R -h o ^ o t-°-H

E bOfc. cy < O -P -P

, cd O

EQO O

-PCN) w

M M ij e- *

g Q cj

CO -H -2 !

cd cd co

» Sh CD 3 co p co H cd

75

CJ O

CO r-l CD

CO fc. CO CD

cd A

o o

M -P

cd O o o

CD

R g

>s • h CD P t-i 3 • R • H O -P 10 E R -H rH X -P t- O CD cd -H J>! O Eh Ec tt< 75

t, t, t, t,

CD CD CD CD J3 J= Xi £

CJ CJ O CJ +J -(_> 3 3

35 CO

CD CD CD CD

I I I I -P -P -P -P

cd cd cd cd

Cc- tx. Cl

CD CD CD CD 11 "S "S M M M M

^! Js! Ml mJ - ; o o o

a< &< cu &,

1 i i i * s * s

o o o o

75 75 75 C/5

^! -X X

U U U M o o o o

t, fa M M

I t5 tc

fa fa fa fa o o o o ^^^^ b£) bC bT b£i R R R R

•H -H -H -H ^ -U -(-> CO CO 10 CO

cd cd co cd o o o o

cc cc cc &

CD CD CD CD CD CD d d

"SI'S cd cd fa fa fa fa fa fa fa C3 ooo o o o

<M co

1—

1

H CM CO 6 o o ^ O o o Z z z o z z

bOR d •H

CDI

CD fa

CJ CD

fa co d

R CD fa cd h d o

CDCDCDCD CDCDCDCD dddd d'ddd cdcococd cdcdcdcd

s, fa fa fa fa fa fa p, a o co ooocr

CM CO CM CO odo^ ooo: ZZZO ZZZCJ

X X it X

fa fa fa fa o o o

cu ex a, p<

1 I I I bO bO bO bC

cd cd cd cd +j -P +J 4J 75 75 75 75

CD CD CD CD dddd cd cd cd cd

fa fa fa . . o o a o H CM CO o o ZZZO

3o

75 .

i—I CD

l-l fa

Cd -H CO

I 3 -P

fa o- R

CD CD CD > fa E

bC bO R R d

•H cd d -p co

cd cd cd

fa fa Xi O

fa E

bC CD

[21]
bOrH C CD •H -P

>3 O

rH 33 &a. ~

ci CDh

ft-0 CO

CD

I I H h

I CD OS >

e *

f§ d

>srH P Cm

g

u sixS °3 d CD C rH CD > rH > d i> ?

co w> a.a

<lS • 03 10n

tin <H ft CD rH

r. <! 3 -a

-P CDO

h e

h ch a)

aJ,

t- nJ nj (D H H

•d lO Cm

JD

Cm 3

O

C

-P bO C

C CD •H O

-P m

etj CD rH ft

ft

as d

Sh CD -p -p X n . CD 10 fc, O nS ft CD §

* '5

Ia

! *d

CD

O CD C -P

10 CDEb O Ch

•H

' rt C » »> '« O CD o & aS CD rH -P

TS ft aS

a s

o o

o u

ft bO

x X X

X X X x X

X

CD rH

CD CD

r. rH d ft

ai •H 3 c. cr Ch a

H • CD X

ft(x;

. X

&3

23

3! 3

t/> CD

SJ -g

i>3 O ho o .H C

C Jj -H bO ai cd co o CD ^ CD -H CJ3 E h ro H

bO 5

bO • aS Co d -h

CD -P •P aS

as N

U -H

CD

CD °S ft o

-P

c5 . c • a o cq cd O -P

CD ai U ft o

,12 CO

ai o

CD rH -P m CD rH -H 10 .3 ft

CDO CD

CJ -P

<t! CO

CO «

CD CD

CD U C • s «5 Si ,0 O O

>J E 'H rH

rH CD rH fc, aS -H en

I 3 -P

t. c C

CD CD CD > U B

bO bO c c d •H -H CD d -P CO

aS aS aS U U JO o

C CD C CD

cd d -h d

in ci »i cd CD U B fct

• a C

c CD S o o)

t, in "d

(, « d

o

o

H ^H 03

CD CD 01 E 03 E •> rH O 03 O O) „

« <A h

CO rH t, P CO a, 5> I

C -P O S Q

Ch

71 CD

. g

t. rH

rH U

•H erf t. d

ft CO

'-O fc

-9 S " v.-

J

aS 33 CO -h o CO

C

CDE

CDbO

aS6DC

0) O CD O

rH CD H O O S rH r-l O M H

to CO CO CO

to co to to

ai aS aS aS rH rH rH rH o o o o

rH CD rH

aS

1 •H tO u CT C

CD CD CD > U g O

bO bO c c d

[22]
H H I 10

V r 3 ^

© -5 £

C P <m

CD I—I Hr s_ 3 g° O

t. ° Cm

CD*

p 3 W

3 p aS p t. u 3

-H bO aS P

c <c s co

0) 03 £2

.Q co o 03 Eh

3 rr JT EH

<*H i-H rH I T aj aS <D

c . 3 3 o

a! -h O. u

CD

CD

a; 3 ajj

si ~

.O CO O rH EH

*3 >» E *-> 5-° O O

p i- a <P t.

t. 7"

flj c 3

•c cb cd S o g-3

0) 43

t. O

a! P

73

0) CD <P M

o o

E

CO

iv *

J! °*

CJ 10 3 M 00 c

OS E CD rH •2 t; * £ o as p. s

bC^

3 -3 H CD E-e

3 o

,0 to

cd cd 1 - — it

bo3

s

4=

-H

to P

c *

tior —

3

aS •H bO —

:

-P - HP •H~ CD 3 ?> O

B

to § — CD U O +3

aS - t. CD a. -

O as O o

CD O t^ 3

w)2 5

* CD O

-

r-l p

P o 3

3 « O O "P CD

1—1 CD rH t. aS -H to

I 3 P

t. cr c

CD CD CD 5

" E

CD . bO to

aS O P -H 3 P

CD to O i-t S. tCD CD P- -P

bO L

3H « c £

3 -PO o

CD CD

£ o

rH

aS „

3. >>

bD bO C 3 73 H t>' HI 73 -P tO

aS aS aS - - —

(0

-ft. to CD s

aS

to W to -0. m £ co to

t.

CD to CD CD T- ^ CD CD to C3 — 1

e>

1 -

v. ~ - CD

: aSU --

aS

'- -U

« id aS aS

£. -ft •a

aS CO

CS> C

bO

C3 bC bO M B

V. u

to

10CD -P [1. Q

CD OJ

10CD p

- C

CD

r-l :? 3O

^_

r-< CM u

CO

CM f: 5

I

-p

CO

<! —

a1 <<HO H

w

aS —

C/3

—

1

—

:

P

CD CmO

*BB

Cm t- C k.

ip e>

1 ^:

CmO

T3C

B

CmOCmO

iH — W

H~,

1—i p-( rH rH s

Grt 73

CD P

aS P

O B —P

aSOas P H~- O

aSc

f)V

OS p

O

+s

-ft. aS -pO

-S

w 3E

w C3

BV ^ -J a

B 0^ •c

tu -O. < < -J < « <

V. <t

CO CO

cu -ft <! §

-a. -B B O l rt bo e bO

V. <u ^; k. 3e E-i CO ^3 se <S

CO CO

<£) to CO to 10 to HA. c m CD a CD to 3 3 c 3 -ft. 33 3 1 to O aS — as as 3 OS aS -ft. 3 CC W aS -ft. t. O Sh B aS

1

"3 bO

be V.

CJJ bO-ft. bO k- fc. bC Cm

CO to CD 1 O § CO CO O

es f 1

aS P <:

t 4<

£3—

. p

CD

(33 —

O

1 OS p

aS P

>—

-r pq

-- .Op

CD

CMO VI

r ° d- 1 O ^ O «

s:B

CM

<PO

aS

C/3 CO w

+3

V) 1

1 ts 1—

(

pH u as V "3 aS B aS to as -ft. aS P

cj CD 4J O

*BB

CD p

P

O P w

-o P

O W PO H P W H P P B P O p 3

to c 3 k. Vt to CD ft. <C E> <! <S cjj -ft < aS 73

-ft. so TJ 3 U aS B B -M bo c bO S- W u 3 3 V. O s O ci <3

bo G C

hOC CD •3

to M 3 C CD 3 CD C <3> t. c 3 H 3 O CD

to It ^ to —

a> c a -

t- bO CD M ce •H "O O

Cu a

c^

63

m5CO

<!

E-"

8

CDbO

aSP.

-h ^ "j; CD C

»

" s

- -- -

•S CD

C CD 5 -CD .C P

3 g

J3 as

CD

S c o

P

coP

to bO

-M O

•C rl C rH ^ aS

rH 3

aS aS

CDS 5

bC O

"O P CD «i

^ o-j=

"O

CD ^

3 P 3 8^g 0) o 5 to 3 as S

C

1-1 » 8 £


 p. ^

S 3 o ,

5 §

M

C

^ c

CD ^ CD

= _ H ^ 32 P P 3

to as .~ .

r; to 1-1 bO CD C CD

CD O P £ H 10 H

* 2

P.

CD P.

c-h as p.= 1

CD CD > P as p cp

a5E

10 C X &

CD O P

E t- TS 1 3. 1 — 3 -

to P CD aS -C

O bo X X X I k „ X X X CD w -o x n 10 h

g CM CM CM CD

? BHH 1. » r-l CD CD O « <D ~ J* cp

co CD U U P -rl -M C ^ to c c o

w r- ^ O 10

-ft CD O Q CO P

.^aiDO 3 tr-i CD • • 73 CD •HCOIO C E

b- X X

-T X X

-B X O

c bO

c 3 3 p

id p CD 3 to O ^: CD C

CD

a! CD p bO h to 3 li,

o

CM o O P

rH CD

CD IO

r-l r-l O rH

IO CD CO HUH O P r-l

r-l - tG r

CD O C CM U H rl rl P O P r-l tO <H

•• C - O r O CO i-l AO Ort O CD r-l OS r-l U r-l O Cl,

.. in

r-l CO

CD rH

CD p - m

CO9

CD CO

tO rH

CD§ O

' bOCM , C CO

aS >-l '

drHCmO

CM

rH CM

aS p CmO p

rH

aS aS P

OP 3

OP aS rH

CD CM

IO d O

CM —1 dCD IC CO rHIO

10 3'

rH

CO

ID

CO

to 9

H d CD CM

CD — P

to to

c3=O

CD to

CD rH

to a>

CD CO t- E to f> co 3:

CM V

I C £ CD 3

r^g

15

o • ID O . wtr ' CC CM ^2

to - I

CD CD r?, P P CD

to to t

E <D <K h

3

cdto £ir

•c 3

as aS .

E

i. 5

rH O O rH

I. H T3 £H C O CO <<

5 5 o

t S P

1 o g 10

rH t. OS rH 10

I 3 P

t. tr 3

CD CD CD > t. E

bO bO 3 3 T

H r 0) 73 P jo E CD C

-H p. O p CD P 3 P73 - p.

£" CD

[23:
I I CD bO Q

O .

CD CO

Eh •

d a

O

- H

St(0 IO o * CJ 'tf CO •H Q

03 +3 -P G E C

O ~ .

j: h to

-p 10

CD >> d » 6

h o o

tJ 10 -P e -h co 3 > c

+3

to

eti

0) -p

0)eo

eu

CD Bj .C O E-t

•a c

C -H o

•H -.O

CD Cm

-P to

0} CD -p e

ii

Ch o

(x!

E to

4> 4)

W rH O O O +5IO o o O 10 10

to CD CD m -p -u

t0) c c

-P -H -H

•H C C

0) (1) .5 5 5

. 73 73 O C C DO OIOOIOOOOO

bO id* * nnoo t- N N N N O M

CM

> .2

CO H

=H r-j O aj rH 73

oS -H o M

-P C

Hi OPrl 6

O ^ rH CO +> H cd 03 "

-C H

PrH Bid E TH 2 g c ?? 01

U) O t, « 4) Sh a 'H nj P. E

8 -P > o -3 x>

ft

o

» +3

4)E (1)

SP .S3 O 10

u rH CO

l. O rH O ft

C U +? H co rH C E • • •H S- Si

Si CD 4> O

4P >,ri*) 3 „

•H -P -H -p O -H O

S *H -P cd -P

rH cd E

C « H O

O • ,Q O -P

•H rH 3 > +3 V -ri H C +3 +3

~ O O 03 4>

c ^cd W

•P 73

c 1-1

,., cd -H M

bO-P o C

C in _'H

•H 'H ^

>5 to C S~

Sp CD cd O

to

• 73

to C o

<D a3 cd C -P

to 03 3 10 fn O 4) 4) H 03

8

E

cd O

U +3 O

£ as

V, OS to 5 o t- B m ° o

i—I 0)

r-j !- OS -H to

I 3 +3 u u< c

0) <D 0) 5 "

e

60 M ecu

ai 03

4) M tJ -H C 0) "d

•H to tuo C . C aj c a) s0) 73 -H t3 03 O 0)

to o3 ai o* t-' to T3

1) t S t. C «fc t«hDa>h0aJ-H7SO

&, cd

w+3 r-CO

T3 73

0) c

31

oj •> IO

^! CO

^ I H i

+3 S

c d -h e N ^ «s +3 43 <+* a

oi O

P.-H «Hh Q < " id

to ^ > a!

a> J> u ^ b tuo 5 w T3

C/j r-H t. 3 bfl o3 73 o C T3

0) 'rt .h C

•P t, -p tj •H bO 0) -P C < ^ CO 3

to _

P-03

H

"S «

3 IO O CO

3 -H <U CO b0£>

o3 S °P3

to oj

o

£0=

•§ C -C

j3 0) 0)

4) 1= 3 p O o

+3 «n C

10 In 3

3 4) CO

^ o

73 'H

I 4h

o o> +3 a -111

a m .U ?

'4> O r-H -

* to cc «

10 ^

S 41 +P O t< 2 S 3

3 S o

4) 4) rH «

to 'H >? t ^5

° S

bO t- C o3 •H £

73 O

3

rH t, O 4) C J3

•H +3O O 73 o 3

oi X « o to

oi O

3 o

(0 " 4)

41 A- -73

bO^

to

4) S

73 °

'03

'

00

bO ?

Ck (33 O H H O) P (-i < < <J 4) O

CM -IO

+3 d) O

4) P 111 CC li O "• "

0ir-irHW-P=M«CH^,CHS,C PECOCQdlO^O^OlOH

1-1 ,t r-H ° rH rH

73 oj y oj O V o 1 O " o

-p ^j) ^ ~rj ^

bO

OJ

a> 73

+^ —v CD « fcc 3 3C3 O o

^ to >*e> 4> o I -P

oj 4P

r*. CO

i. 5) Tj O t3 4) a -P V I- -H «ti£

o o

~ u

73

oj -a

J CC HHP <!<!)<

• CD O , +> Cm oi

) U ~j -p -a CO

rH «

0j tt, 73

-P CD O 7) *.P

-P C 3 -H

tj o 3

73

CO O

CO

41 -P [x, CC ft

10 -Ct to

4) a 4)

bO I t_)

. co ^,

rH b,

i <i-i W

> O o

bO V. CO CO

73

Oi

f-bO

CM

<H

ai O to V- +3 +3 o O -o o +> +3 s; *-> o

3 V- <£ u -ci.<3 e t co

v. iH| o

bO <

I rH 4) rH ^

CO -H (0

I 3 +3

t- c? B

4) 4> 4) > U E O

bO bO C C 73 M -H 4) 73 +P 10

CO CO CO

t. t. £3

pio

+3 bO 73

4) +3 •H to bO c CD c 4) C

CD s

•H 73 cti to oi 3 t.

41 E ^ t- bO CD bO co a< (33

73C

CDO 4) CO 73

CD U

73 O

1 C24]
wool

top

- . s s - h - f S * M I

*• g S

JS*3 s siJ

§ H .- 1 H 1

IMgsiisa

Dlamete'r

of

fiber

as

deter^

mined

by

(i)

comparison,

or

(l!)

measurement.

Dispers

Lon

of

fiber

diameter'.

Grades

of

wool

top

Grade

HO's

Grade

70's

Grade

04

's

Grade

62

's

Grade

HO's

Grade

58

's

Grade

56's

Grade

50'

s

Grade

48

's

Grade

46

's

Grade

44'

s

Grade

40'

s

Grade

Lie's

Grades

50

and

above

carry

also

a

subs

tanda

i-il

grade

in

which

the

fiber

diameter

dispersion

does

not

conform

tO

the

requirements

of

standard.

?

O

oo

3:[

m

ca<

«. m

UnJ

ted

Sta

fces

Depa

r

traen

t

of

fVgrieu]

ture,

S.R.A.

No.

L3B,

Issued

Sept

ber,

i

932.

Off

Loial

s

tanda

Pds

of

tVie

Unj

ted

Sta

tes

For

Grades

of

Wool

and

Wool

Top,

Amendment

No.

2,

November

L942.

Dia

ter

of

th<>

fiber

by

visual

comparison

wi

th

practj

cal

Conns

of

the

OffJ

c

La1

standards

of

the

United

States

for

Grades

of

Wool;,

or

by

measurement

method.

Grades

of

wool

Grade

HO's

or

Cine.

Grade

70's

or

fine.

Grade

Oi's

or

fine.

Grade

(>()'s

or

one

ha1f

blood.

Grade

5H's

or

one-half

blood.

Grade

56's

or

three

-ei

ghth s

blood.

Grade

50

's

or

onefour

tli

blood.

Grade

48's

or

one-fourth

blood.

Grade

46's

or

low

one-fourth

bloqd.

Grade

44's

or

common.

Grade

40

's

or

braid.

Grade

HO's

or

bra

id.

I r z S

i£

i rH

:

•

bO i«fitf»

ta

- s

United

States

Department

of

Agriculture,

Agricultural

Marketing

Service

Handbook

of

Official

Grain

Standards

of

the

United

States—

Wheat,

effective

October

1,

t'937.

50

percent

or

more

ol'

whoa

t.

Not

over10

percent

of

othergrains.

Not

over

50

percent

of

broken

kernels.

(Class

I,

Hard

Red

Spring)

Class

[I,

Durum;

class

in,

Red

Durum;

Class

IV,

Hard

Red

Winter;

Class

V,

Soft

Hod

Winter;

Class

VI,

White;

and

Class

VII,

Mixed.)

1 «

S3 £

.5 "

eg

t- iH

in e t.

C

S

= Cmtx, s

Grade

No.

1

Heavy

(in

Class

I

only)

.

Grade

No.

1.

Grade

No.

'Z.

Grade

No.

I).

Grade

No.

4.

Grade

No.

5.

Sample

Grade.

i

When

dockage

exceeds

1

percent

the

word

"Dockage"

and

the

percentage

thereof

shall

be

added

to

the

grade

designation.

•In

certain

special

grades:

"Tough."

"Light.

Smutty."

"Smutty." "Light

Garlicky."

"Garlicky." "Weevily." "Rrgoty."

Kind

of

treatment

shall

be

added

to

the

grade

designation.

g r

z. - wa —

Source Over

all

require

1

ments

1

Pi

.

Pll Present

top

grade Remaining grades arranged

ill

descend

inij.

order
CO00w

him

«s! EH

rQ

(1) CD 0) CD CD CD > > r» >

15 >•H

59

•H

23

H

59

H

59 59

•Ha

Cll Cll Cll Cll Cll Cll G X X X X X

•H cd 
 a> CD CD

•P -p

p -P -P P c c c c C c

(V cd a> 0) CD CD o o o o U O u s-, u rH u S- CD CD cd <D CD CD C c. a ft o 03 IO Q IO o o as 03 cn CO op

rHo o O o o o

-p. -p -P -pp •p

m o IO o in s 03

CD CD CD CD d ij ^ tJ

CCi Cti TO Cd

f-. f- ~ « o o o o

>>

rQ

cd fc. & £ H

C/) rH

0) cd * 5 o* Pc c c -d H .h CD g p w

ro cd cd h ^ rQ

4! . T3 -H

cd cd

fc.

g

bfi CD

C3K W)

-8

cd

[26]
IX. SOURCES OF MATERIAL FOR

THE GRADE TERMINOLOGY

PROBLEM

American Society for Testing Materials:

1. A. S. T. M. Designation D 388-38, Specification

for Classification of Coals by Rank.

2. A. S. T. M. Designation D 389-37, Specification

for Classification of Coals by Grade.

3. A. S. T. M. Designation D 431-38, Method for des- ignating the Size of Coal from Its Screen

Analysis.

4. A. S. T. M. Designation D 310-34, Method of Test

for Size of Anthracite.

5. A. S. T. M. Designation D 39-39, General Methods

of Testing Woven Textile Fabrics.

6. A. S. T. M. Designation D 613-41T, Fuels, Diesel.

7. A. S. T. M. Designation D 439-37T, Specifications

for Gasoline (Tentative).

8. A.S. T. M. Designation D 351-38, Methods of Test

for Grade and Classification of Natural Mica.

9. A. S.T. M. Designation D 445-42T, Method of Test

for Kinematic Viscosity (Tentative).

10. A.S. T. M. Designation D 567-41, Standard Method

of Calculating Viscosity Index.

11. A.S. T. M. Designation D 299-42, Standard Spec- ification and Methods of Test for Asbestos

Yarns. Philadelphia, Pa. American Society

for Testing Materials. American Standa-ds Association:

12. A. S. A. No. M20. 1-1938, Coal.

13. A. S.A. No. M20. 2-1937, Coal.

14. A. S.A. No. M20. 3-1938, Coal. New York, N. Y. , American Standards Association. Clark, W. A. Graham:

15. Clark's Weave Room Calculations. Charlotte,

N. C. , Clark Publishing Co., 1920. Clark, W. Mansfield:

16. The Determination of Hydrogen Ions, Third Edition. Baltimore, Md. The Williams & Wilkins Co., 1928. Joint Committee on Classification. New York, N. Y.

:

17. Methods of Testing Raw Silk, Part 3: Hosiery

Classification, page 35, February 16, 1938. Maple Flooring Manufacttirers' Association.

Chicago, 111.:

18. Grading Rules for Northern Hard Maple (Acer saccharum), Beech and Birch Flooring, adopted June 1, 1939. National Fertilizer Association, The. Washington, D. C.

:

19. A Survey of Plant-Food Consumption in the United States in the Year Ended June 30, 1939.

20. Recent Developments in the Fertilizer Industry, Extract from the Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Convention of the National Fer- tilizer Association (1930). National Hardwood Lumber Association.

Chicago, 111.:

21. Rules for the Measurement and Inspection of Hardwood Lumber, Cypress, Veneers and Thin

Lumber, issued January 1943.

National Oak Flooring Manufacturers' Association

Memphis, Tenn. : 22. Official Pecan Flooring Grading Rules, effective April 19, 1939. Raw Silk Intelligence Bureau, The Japanese

Government. New York, B. Y. : 23. Methods of Testing and Classification of Raw

Silk of the Japanese Government. Jul y 1, 1938. SAE Handbook, The 1943:

24. SAE Numbering System, Steels, part II, page

302. New York City, Society of Automotive

Engineers, Inc. Searle, Anne Brohel, with Pauline Beery Mack:

25. A Study of the Incidence of Shrinkage in Wom- en's and Children's Wearing Apparel Fabrics. American Dyestuff Reporter, Vol. 28, No. 16, August 7, 1939, p. 405. New York, N. Y.

,

Howe Publishing Co. Silverware Manufacturing Industry:

26. Quality Standards Applying to Plated Flatware, Hotel Flatware, approved August 7, 1934,

amendments approved January 23, 1935. Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc.

:

27. Standard for Fire Resistance Classification

of Safes and Insulated Cabinets, Subject 72, fifth edition, December 1941. Chicago, I1L Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc.

U. S. Department of Agriculture,

Washington, D. C. : Agricultural Yarketing Service —

28. United States Standards for Grades of Canned

Asparagus, Issued August 5, 1941, effective September 15, 1941.

29. United States Standards for Beans, issued

August 1941; as revised, effective September

1, 1941.

30. Official United States Standards for Grades

of Carcass Beef, Service and Regulatory An- nouncements No. 99, Amendment No. 1 issued October 1942.

31. United States Standards for Grades of Canned

Beets, issued September 9, 1941, effective

October 1, 1941.

32. Tentative United States Standards for Grades

of Canned Carrots, issued June 12, 1940, ef- fective July 1, 1940.

33. United States Standards for Grades of Canned

Corn—Creamed Style, Service and Regulatory

Announcements No. 139, issued February 1933, reprinted April 1941.

34. Handbook of Official Grain Standards of the United States. Revised 1941. Washington,

D. C, U. S. Government Printing Office, 1941.

35. Developments In Cotton Standardization and Related Services, Service and Regulatory An- nouncements No. 163, issued August 1942-

36. Quality and Prices of Cotton Linters Produced

in the United States, 1933-38. Victor R. Fuchs, Marketing Specialist, Washington, D. C,

1940.

37. U. S. Standards for Citrus Fruits, issued Sep- tember 22, 1941, effective September 29, 1941.

38. U. S. Standards for California and Arizona

Grapefruit, issued March 1. 1941, effective March 15, 1941-

[27]
S. Department of Agriculture —Continued

39. United States Standards for Grades of Tomato Juice (Canned or Bottled), August 29, 1938.

40. Official United States Standards for Grades

of Lamb Carcasses, Yearling Mutton, and Mutton Carcasses, Service and Regulatory An- nouncements No. 123, issued March 1931, ef- fective February 16, 1931, reprinted December

1939. Amendment No. 1 issued October 1940.

41. U. S. Standards for Bermuda Onions, issued March 16, 1937, reissued August 11, 1939, ef- fective March 29, 1937.

42- United States Standards for Grades of Canned

Peas, issued April 4, 1942, effective May 1, 1942.

43. United States Standards for Grades of Canned Yellow Clingstone Peaches, issued June 5, 1942, effective July 1, 1942-

44. United States Standards for Grades of Canned Freestone Peaches, issued June 5, 1942, ef- fective July 1, 1942.

45. U. S. Standards for Plums and Prunes (Fresh), issued May 28, 1937, effective June 3, 1937, reissued August 29, 1939.

46. United States Standards for Potatoes, Service

and Regulat6ry Announcements No. 151, Revised, effective June 1, 1942. 47. Official Standard Grades for Dark Air-Cured

Tobacco (C. S. Types 35, 36, and 37), January

1940.

48. Official Standard Grades for Flue-Cured Tobacco (U. S. Types 11, 12, 13, and 14), August

1936.

49. Official Standard Grades for Fire-Cured Tobacco (U. S. Types 21, 22, 23, and 24), December

1939. bureau of Agricultural Economics —

50. United States Standards for Apples, Service

and Regulatory Announcements No. 154, issued October 1937, effective September 1, 1937.

51. Development and Use of Standards for Grade,

Color, and Character of American Cotton Linters. Guy S. Meloy, Senior Marketing Specialist, Division of Cotton Marketing. Miscel- laneous Publication No. 242, May 1936.

52. Market Classes and Grades of Pork Carcasses

and Fresh Pork Cuts. W. C. Davis and B. F. McCarthy, Senior Marketing Specialists, and

J. A. Burgess, Principal Associate Marketing

Specialist, Division of Livestock, Meats, and Wool. Circular 288, October 1933.

53. Official Standard Grades for Burley Tobacco

(U. S. Type 31), (May 1938), promulgated 1936, amended 1938.

54. Official Standards of the United States for Grades of Wool and Wool Top and Rules and Regulations for Distribution of Practical

Forms of Wool and Wool Top Standards under

Wool Standards Act of May 17, 1928, Service

and Regulatory Announcements No. 135, issued September 1932, also Amendment No. 1 to S. R. A. 135, Amendment of Official Standards of the

United States for Gradesof Wool Top, December 1939, and Amendment No. 2 to S. R. A. 135, Amendment of Regulations of the Secretary of Agriculture relating, to the Official Standards of the United States for Grades of Wool, November 1942.

U. S. Department, of Agriculture—Continued

Bureau of Entomology and Agricultural Economics —

55. United States Grades, Color Standards, and Packing Requirements for Honey, Circular 24, issued December 1927, revised August 1933, and Supplemental Chart, Requirements for the More Important Grades of Honey (August 1933). Food Distribution Administration —

56. Tentative United States Standards for Grades

of Frozen Lima Beans, effective March 1, 1943, corrected March 15, 1943.

57. Official United States Standards for Grades

of Creamery Butter, effective February 1, 1943.

58. Tentative U. S. Standards for Classes and Grades for Dressed Chickens, effective Janu- ary 7, 1943, amended March 4, 1943. Forest Service —

59. How Lumber is Graded. H. S. Befrts, Senior En- gineer, and R. K. Helphenstine, Jr., Associate Forest Products Statistician, Branch of Research. Department Circular 64, issued

March 1920, revised, September 1933. Office of the Secretary —

60. United States Standards for Quality for Indi- vidual Shell E"gs, effective January 2, 1943.

U. S. Department of Commerce: National Bureau of Standards—

Commercial Standards

61. Book Cloths, Buckrams, and Impregnated Fabrics, CS57-40, effective June -20, 1940.

62. Old Growth Douglas Fir Standard Stock Doors, CS73-43, effective June 15, 1943.

63. Woven Textile Fabrics, Testing and Reporting,

CS59-41, effective March 28, 1941.

64. Feldspar, CS23-30, effective September 1, 1930.

65. Oak Flooring, CS56-41, effective February 1, 1941.

66. Fuel Oils, CS12-40, effective January 5, 1940.

67. Mattresses for Hospitals, CS54-35, effective

September 6, 1935.

68. Mattresses for Institutions, CS55-35, effective September 6, 1935.

69. Hickory Golf Shafts, CS18-29, effective Novem- ber 1, 1929.

70. Household Insecticide (Liquid Spray Type),

CS72-38, effective June 10, 1938.

71. Mirrors, Commercial Standard CS27-36, effective August ,20, 1936.

72. Screw Threads and Tap-Drill Sizes, CS24-43, effective February 10, 1943.

Handbooks

73. Screw Thread Standards for Federal Services,

1942, Handbook 28, Washington, D. C, Govern- ment Printing Office, 1942. Simplified Practice Recommendations

74- Hickory Handles, R77-39, effective October 15, 1939.

75. American Lumber Standards for Softwood Lumber, R16-39, approved October 1939.

U. S. Federal Security Agency, Washington, D. C.

:

U. S. Public Health Service —

76. Public Health Bulletin No. 220, 1939 Edition, Milk Ordinance and Code.

C2SQ
U. S. Treasury Department: Procurement Division —

Federal Specifications

77. Asphalt; (For Use In) Road and Paving Con- struction, SS-A-706a, November 26, 1940.

78- Glue; Animal (for) Woodworking, C-G-451, May

26, 1931.

79. Roofing; Asphalt-Prepared, Smooth-Surfaced,

SS-R-501, August 1, 1933.

80. Slate; Roofing, SS-S-451, July 26, 1932.

81. Sheeting; Rubber, Emergency Alternate Federal Specification E-ZZ-S-311a, June 5, 1943.

82. Tableware; Silver-plated, RR-T-51a, June 5, 1934.

83. Pars; Reinforcement, (for) Concrete, QQ-B-71a,

January 12, 1938; Amendment No. 1, December

3, 1940.

V. S. Treasury Department—Continued

84. Steel, Corrosion Resisting; Bars and Forgings,

QQ-S-763, April 20, 1939.

85. Varnish; Asphalt, TT-V-51, April 28, 1931; Amendment No. 2, October 21, 1941.

U. S. War Department—Navy Department:

U. S. Army-Navy Aeronautical Specifications

86. Fuel; Aircraft-Engine, Grade 100 AN-W-F-781,

September 26, 1940 —Rev. June 6, 1941.

87. Fuel; Aircraft-Engine, Grade 91 AN-W-F-776,

October 15, 1940—Rev. June 6, 1941.

88. Fuel; Aircraft-Engine, Grade 73 AN-W-F-761,

October 15, 1940 —Rev. June 6, 1941.

89. Fuel; Aircraft-Engine, Grade 65 AN-W-F-756,

October 15, 1940 —Rev. June 6, 1941.

Washington, October 1, 1943

C29]

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1944 - 577361