# Patent

## Title
Method and apparatus for performing multiply-add operations on packed data

## Abstract

A method and apparatus for including in a processor instructions for performing multiply-add operations on packed data. In one embodiment, a processor is coupled to a memory. The memory has stored therein a first packed data and a second packed data. The processor performs operations on data elements in said first packed data and said second packed data to generate a third packed data in response to receiving an instruction. At least two of the data elements in this third packed data storing the result of performing multiply-add operations on data elements in the first and second packed data.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This presemt patent application is a Continuation of application Ser. No. 08/522,067, filed Aug. 31, 1995, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,385,634. Application Ser. No. 08/960,413, titled “Apparatus for Performing Multiply-Add Operations on Packed Data,” filed Oct. 29, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,983,256, which is a Continuation of Ser. No. 08/551,196, filed Oct. 31, 1995, abandoned, which is a Continuation of Ser. No. 08/522,067, filed Aug. 31, 1995, pending. application Ser. No. 08/606,212, titled “Apparatus for Performing Multiply-Add Operations on Packed Data,” filed Feb. 23, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,035,316, which is a CIP of Ser. No. 08/522,067, filed Aug. 31, 1995, pending. application Ser. No. 08/554,625, titled “An Apparatus for Performing Multiply-Subtract Operations on Packed Data,” filed Nov. 6, 1995, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,721,892, which is a Continuation of Ser. No. 08/521,803, filed Aug. 31, 1995, abandoned.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of Invention
In particular, the invention relates to the field of computer systems. More specifically, the invention relates to the area of packed data operations.
2. Description of Related Art
In typical computer systems, processors are implemented to operate on values represented by a large number of bits (e.g., 64) using instructions that produce one result. For example, the execution of an add instruction will add together a first 64-bit value and a second 64-bit value and store the result as a third 64-bit value. However, multimedia applications (e.g., applications targeted at computer supported cooperation (CSC—the integration of teleconferencing with mixed media data manipulation), 2D/3D graphics, image processing, video compression/decompression, recognition algorithms and audio manipulation) require the manipulation of large amounts of data which may be represented in a small number of bits. For example, graphical data typically requires 8 or 16 bits and sound data typically requires 8 or 16 bits. Each of these multimedia application requires one or more algorithms, each requiring a number of operations. For example, an algorithm may require an add, compare and shift operation.
To improve efficiency of multimedia applications (as well as other applications that have the same characteristics), prior art processors provide packed data formats. A packed data format is one in which the bits typically used to represent a single value are broken into a number of fixed sized data elements, each of which represents a separate value. For example, a 64-bit register may be broken into two 32-bit elements, each of which represents a separate 32-bit value. In addition, these prior art processors provide instructions for separately manipulating each element in these packed data types in parallel. For example, a packed add instruction adds together corresponding data elements from a first packed data and a second packed data. Thus, if a multimedia algorithm requires a loop containing five operations that must be performed on a large number of data elements, it is desirable to pack the data and perform these operations in parallel using packed data instructions. In this manner, these processors can more efficiently process multimedia applications.
However, if the loop of operations contains an operation that cannot be performed by the processor on packed data (i.e., the processor lacks the appropriate instruction), the data will have to be unpacked to perform the operation. For example, if the multimedia algorithm requires an add operation and the previously described packed add instruction is not available, the programmer must unpack both the first packed data and the second packed data (i.e., separate the elements comprising both the first packed data and the second packed data), add the separated elements together individually, and then pack the results into a packed result for further packed processing. The processing time required to perform such packing and unpacking often negates the performance advantage for which packed data formats are provided. Therefore, it is desirable to incorporate in a computer system a set of packed data instructions that provide all the required operations for typical multimedia algorithms. However, due to the limited die area on today's general purpose microprocessors, the number of instructions which may be added is limited. Therefore, it is desirable to invent instructions that provide both versatility (i.e. instructions which may be used in a wide variety of multimedia algorithms) and the greatest performance advantage.
One prior art technique for providing operations for use in multimedia algorithms is to couple a separate digital signaling processor (DSP) to an existing general purpose processor (e.g., The Intel® 486 manufactured by Intel Corporation of Santa Clara, Calif.). The general purpose processor allocates jobs that can be performed using packed data (e.g., video processing) to the DSP.
One such prior art DSP includes a multiply accumulate instruction that adds to an accumulation value the results of multiplying together two values. (see Kawakami, Yuichi, et al., “A Single-Chip Digital Signal Processor for Voiceband Applications”, IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, 1980, pp. 40–41). An example of the multiply accumulate operation for this DSP is shown below in Table 1, where the instruction is performed on the data values A1 and B1 accessed as Source1 and Source2, respectively.







TABLE 1





Multiply-Accumulate Source1, Source2




















One limitation of this prior art instruction is its limited efficiency—i.e., it only operates on 2 values and an accumulation value. For example, to multiply and accumulate two sets of 2 values requires the following 2 instructions performed serially: 1) multiply accumulate the first value from the first set, the first value from the second set, and an accumulation value of zero to generate an intermediate accumulation value; 2) multiply accumulate the second value from the first set, the second value from the second set, and the intermediate accumulation value to generate the result.
Another prior art DSP includes a multiply accumulate instruction that operates on two sets of two values and an accumulation value (See “Digital Signal Processor with Parallel Multipliers”, U.S. Pat. No. 4,771,379—referred to herein as the “Ando et al.” reference). An example of the multiply accumulate instruction for this DSP is shown below in Table 2, where the instruction is performed on the data values A1, A2, B1 and B2 accessed as Source 1–4, repectively.







TABLE 2




















Using this prior art technique, two sets of 2 values are multiplied and then added to an accumulation value in one instruction.

This multiply accumulate instruction has limited versatility because it always adds to the accumulation value. As a result, it is difficult to use the instruction for operations other than multiply accumulate. For example, the multiplication of complex numbers is commonly used in multimedia applications. The multiplication of two complex number (e.g., r1 i1 and r2 i2) is performed according to the following equation:

Real Component=r1·r2−i1·i2 

Imaginary Component=r1·i2+r2·i1 

This prior art DSP cannot perform the function of multiplying together two complex numbers using one multiply accumulate instruction.

The limitations of this multiply accumulate instruction can be more clearly seen when the result of such a calculation is needed in a subsequent multiplication operation rather than an accumulation. For example, if the real component were calculated using this prior art DSP, the accumulation value would need to be initialized to zero in order to correctly compute the result. Then the accumulation value would again need to be initialized to zero in order to calculate the imaginary component. To perform another complex multiplication on the resulting complex number and a third complex number (e.g., r3, i3), the resulting complex number must be rescaled and stored into the acceptable memory format and the accumulation value must again be initialized to zero. Then, the complex multiplication can be performed as described above. In each of these operations the ALU, which is devoted to the accumulation value, is superfluous hardware and extra instructions are needed to re-initialize this accumulation value. These extra instructions would otherwise have been unnecessary.
A further limitation of this prior art technique is that the data must be accessed through expensive multi-ported memory. This is because the multipliers are connected directly with data memories. Therefore the amount of parallelism which can be exploited is limited to a small number by the cost of the interconnection, and the fact that this interconnection is not decoupled from the instruction.
The Ando, et al. reference also describes that an alternative to this expensive interconnection is to introduce a delay for each subsequent pair of data to be multiplied. This solution diminishes any performance advantages to those provided by the solution previously shown in Table 1.
Furthermore, the notion of multi-ported memory or of pipelined accesses to memory entails the use of multiple addresses. This explicit use of one address per datum, clearly demonstrates that the critical notion of packed data is not employed in this prior art.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A method and apparatus for including in a processor instructions for performing multiply-add operations on packed data is described. In one embodiment, a processor is coupled to a memory. The memory has stored therein a first packed data and a second packed data. The processor performs operations on data elements in the first packed data and the second packed data to generate a third packed data in response to receiving an instruction. At least two of the data elements in this third packed data storing the result of performing multiply-add operations on data elements in the first and second packed data.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention is illustrated by way of example, and not limitation, in the figures. Like references indicate similar elements.
FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary computer system according to one embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 2 illustrates a register file of the processor according to one embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating the general steps used by the processor to manipulate data according to one embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 4 illustrates packed data-types according to one embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 5a illustrates in-register packed data representations according to one embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 5b illustrates in-register packed data representations according to one embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 5c illustrates in-register packed data representations according to one embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 6a illustrates a control signal format for indicating the use of packed data according to one embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 6b illustrates a second control signal format for indicating the use of packed data according to one embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 7 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for performing multiply-add and multiply-subtract operations on packed data according to one embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 8 illustrates a circuit for performing multiply-add and/or multiply-subtract operations on packed data according to one embodiment of the invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of the invention. However, it is understood that the invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known circuits, structures and techniques have not been shown in detail in order not to obscure the invention.
DEFINITIONS
To provide a foundation for understanding the description of the embodiments of the invention, the following definitions are provided.

    
    
        Bit X through Bit Y:
        
            defines a subfield of binary number. For example, bit six through bit zero of the byte 001110102 (shown in base two) represent the subfield 1110102. The ‘2’ following a binary number indicates base 2. Therefore, 10002 equals 810, while F16 equals 1510.
        
        
        Rx: is a register. A register is any device capable of storing and providing data. Further functionality of a register is described below. A register is not necessarily, included on the same die or in the same package as the processor.
        SRC1, SRC2, and DEST:
        
            identify storage areas (e.g., memory addresses, registers, etc.)
        
        
        Source1-i and Result1-i:
        
            represent data.
        
        
    
    


OVERVIEW
This application describes a method and apparatus for including in a processor instructions for performing multiply-add and multiply-subtract operations on packed data. In one embodiment, two multiply-add operations are performed using a single multiply-add instruction as shown below in Table 3a and Table 3b—Table 3a shows a simplified representation of the disclosed multiply-add instruction, while Table 3b shows a bit level example of the disclosed multiply-add instruction.







TABLE 3a





Multiply-Add Source1, Source2






























TABLE 3b







11111111 11111111
11111111 00000000
01110001 11000111
01110001 11000111


        3
        2
        1
        0


Multiply
Multiply
Multiply
Multiply


00000000 00000000
00000000 00000001
10000000 00000000
00000100 00000000


 




















 


32-Bit Intermediate
32-Bit Intermediate
32-Bit Intermediate
32-Bit Intermediate


Result 4
Result 3
Result 2
Result 1








 












 


11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
11001000 11100011 10011100 00000000


                 1
                 0









Thus, the described embodiment of the multiple-add instruction multiplies together corresponding 16-bit data elements of Source1 and Source2 generating four 32-bit intermediate results. These 32-bit intermediate results are summed by pairs producing two 32-bit results that are packed into their respective elements of a packed result. As further described later, alternative embodiment may vary the number of bits in the data elements, intermediate results, and results. In addition, alternative embodiment may vary the number of data elements used, the number of intermediate results generated, and the number of data elements in the resulting packed data. The multiply-subtract operation is the same as the multiply-add operation, except the adds are replaced with subtracts. The operation of an example multiply-subtract instruction is shown below in Table 4.







TABLE 4





Multiply-Subtract Source1, Source2




















Of course, alternative embodiments may implement variations of these instructions. For example, alternative embodiments may include an instruction which performs at least one multiply-add operation or at least one multiply-subtract operation. As another example, alternative embodiments may include an instruction which performs at least one multiply-add operation in combination with at least one multiply-subtract operation. As another example, alternative embodiments may include an instruction which perform multiply-add operation(s) and/or multiply-subtract operation(s) in combination with some other operation.
COMPUTER SYSTEM
FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary computer system 100 according to one embodiment of the invention. Computer system 100 includes a bus 101, or other communications hardware and software, for communicating information, and a processor 109 coupled with bus 101 for processing information. Processor 109 represents a central processing unit of any type of architecture, including a CISC or RISC type architecture. Computer system 100 further includes a random access memory (RAM) or other dynamic storage device (referred to as main memory 104), coupled to bus 101 for storing information and instructions to be executed by processor 109. Main memory 104 also may be used for storing temporary variables or other intermediate information during execution of instructions by processor 109. Computer system 100 also includes a read only memory (ROM) 106, and/or other static storage device, coupled to bus 101 for storing static information and instructions for processor 109. Data storage device 107 is coupled to bus 101 for storing information and instructions.
FIG. 1 also illustrates that processor 109 includes an execution unit 130, a register file 150, a cache 160, a decoder 165, and an internal bus 170. Of course, processor 109 contains additional circuitry which is not necessary to understanding the invention.
Execution unit 130 is used for executing instructions received by processor 109. In addition to recognizing instructions typically implemented in general purpose processors, execution unit 130 recognizes instructions in packed instruction set 140 for performing operations on packed data formats. Packed instruction set 140 includes instructions for supporting multiply-add and/or multiply-subtract operations. In addition, packed instruction set 140 may also include instructions for supporting a pack operation, an unpack operation, a packed add operation, a packed subtract operation, a packed multiply operation, a packed shift operation, a packed compare operation, a population count operation, and a set of packed logical operations (including packed AND, packed ANDNOT, packed OR, and packed XOR) as described in “A Set of Instructions for Operating on Packed Data ,” filed on Aug. 31, 1995, application Ser. No. 521,360.
Execution unit 130 is coupled to register file 150 by internal bus 170. Register file 150 represents a storage area on processor 109 for storing information, including data. It is understood that one aspect of the invention is the described instruction set for operating on packed data. According to this aspect of the invention, the storage area used for storing the packed data is not critical. However, one embodiment of the register file 150 is later described with reference to FIG. 2. Execution unit 130 is coupled to cache 160 and decoder 165. Cache 160 is used to cache data and/or control signals from, for example, main memory 104. Decoder 165 is used for decoding instructions received by processor 109 into control signals and/or microcode entry points. In response to these control signals and/or microcode entry points, execution unit 130 performs the appropriate operations. For example, if an add instruction is received, decoder 165 causes execution unit 130 to perform the required addition; if a subtract instruction is received, decoder 165 causes execution unit 130 to perform the required subtraction; etc. Decoder 165 may be implemented using any number of different mechanisms (e.g., a look-up table, a hardware implementation, a PLA, etc.). Thus, while the execution of the various instructions by the decoder and execution unit is represented by a series of if/then statements, it is understood that the execution of an instruction does not require a serial processing of these if/then statements. Rather, any mechanism for logically performing this if/then processing is considered to be within the scope of the invention.
FIG. 1 additionally shows a data storage device 107, such as a magnetic disk or optical disk, and its corresponding disk drive, can be coupled to computer system 100. Computer system 100 can also be coupled via bus 101 to a display device 121 for displaying information to a computer user. Display device 121 can include a frame buffer, specialized graphics rendering devices, a cathode ray tube (CRT), and/or a flat panel display. An alphanumeric input device 122, including alphanumeric and other keys, is typically coupled to bus 101 for communicating information and command selections to processor 109. Another type of user input device is cursor control 123, such as a mouse, a trackball, a pen, a touch screen, or cursor direction keys for communicating direction information and command selections to processor 109, and for controlling cursor movement on display device 121. This input device typically has two degrees of freedom in two axes, a first axis (e.g., x) and a second axis (e.g., y), which allows the device to specify positions in a plane. However, this invention should not be limited to input devices with only two degrees of freedom.
Another device which may be coupled to bus 101 is a hard copy device 124 which may be used for printing instructions, data, or other information on a medium such as paper, film, or similar types of media. Additionally, computer system 100 can be coupled to a device for sound recording, and/or playback 125, such as an audio digitizer coupled to a microphone for recording information. Further, the device may include a speaker which is coupled to a digital to analog (D/A) converter for playing back the digitized sounds.
Also, computer system 100 can be a terminal in a computer network (e.g., a LAN). Computer system 100 would then be a computer subsystem of a computer network. Computer system 100 optionally includes video digitizing device 126. Video digitizing device 126 can be used to capture video images that can be transmitted to others on the computer network.
In one embodiment, the processor 109 additionally supports an instruction set which is compatible with the x86 instruction set used by existing processors (such as the Pentium® processor) manufactured by Intel Corporation of Santa Clara, Calif. Thus, in one embodiment, processor 109 supports all the operations supported in the IATM—Intel Architecture, as defined by Intel Corporation of Santa Clara, Calif. (see Microprocessors, Intel Data Books volume 1 and volume 2, 1992 and 1993, available from Intel of Santa Clara, Calif.). As a result, processor 109 can support existing x86 operations in addition to the operations of the invention. While the invention is described as being incorporated into an x86 based instruction set, alternative embodiments could incorporate the invention into other instruction sets. For example, the invention could be incorporated into a 64-bit processor using a new instruction set.
FIG. 2 illustrates the register file of the processor according to one embodiment of the invention. The register file 150 is used for storing information, including control/status information, integer data, floating point data, and packed data. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, the register file 150 includes integer registers 201, registers 209, status registers 208, and instruction pointer register 211. Status registers 208 indicate the status of processor 109. Instruction pointer register 211 stores the address of the next instruction to be executed. Integer registers 201, registers 209, status registers 208, and instruction pointer register 211 are all coupled to internal bus 170. Any additional registers would also be coupled to internal bus 170.
In one embodiment, the registers 209 are used for both packed data and floating point data. In one such embodiment, the processor 109, at any given time, must treat the registers 209 as being either stack referenced floating point registers or non-stack referenced packed data registers. In this embodiment, a mechanism is included to allow the processor 109 to switch between operating on registers 209 as stack referenced floating point registers and non-stack referenced packed data registers. In another such embodiment, the processor 109 may simultaneously operate on registers 209 as non-stack referenced floating point and packed data registers. As another example, in another embodiment, these same registers may be used for storing integer data.
Of course, alternative embodiments may be implemented to contain more or less sets of registers. For example, an alternative embodiment may include a separate set of floating point registers for storing floating point data. As another example, an alternative embodiment may including a first set of registers, each for storing control/status information, and a second set of registers, each capable of storing integer, floating point, and packed data. As a matter of clarity, the registers of an embodiment should not be limited in meaning to a particular type of circuit. Rather, a register of an embodiment need only be capable of storing and providing data, and performing the functions described herein.
The various sets of registers (e.g., the integer registers 201, the registers 209) may be implemented to include different numbers of registers and/or to different size registers. For example, in one embodiment, the integer registers 201 are implemented to store thirty-two bits, while the registers 209 are implemented to store eighty bits (all eighty bits are used for storing floating point data, while only sixty-four are used for packed data). In addition, registers 209 contains eight registers, R0 212a through R7 212h. R1 212a, R2 212b and R3 212c are examples of individual registers in registers 209. Thirty-two bits of a register in registers 209 can be moved into an integer register in integer registers 201. Similarly, a value in an integer register can be moved into thirty-two bits of a register in registers 209. In another embodiment, the integer registers 201 each contain 64 bits, and 64 bits of data may be moved between the integer register 201 and the registers 209.
FIG. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating the general steps are used by the processor to manipulate data according to one embodiment of the invention. That is, FIG. 3 illustrates the steps followed by processor 109 while performing an operation on packed data, performing an operation on unpacked data, or performing some other operation. For example, such operations include a load operation to load a register in register file 150 with data from cache 160, main memory 104, read only memory (ROM) 106, or data storage device 107.
At step 301, the decoder 165 receives a control signal from either the cache 160 or bus 101. Decoder 165 decodes the control signal to determine the operations to be performed.
At step 302, Decoder 165 accesses the register file 150, or a location in memory. Registers in the register file 150, or memory locations in the memory, are accessed depending on the register address specified in the control signal. For example, for an operation on packed data, the control signal can include SRC1, SRC2 and DEST register addresses. SRC1 is the address of the first source register. SRC2 is the address of the second source register. In some cases, the SRC2 address is optional as not all operations require two source addresses. If the SRC2 address is not required for an operation, then only the SRC1 address is used. DEST is the address of the destination register where the result data is stored. In one embodiment, SRC1 or SRC2 is also used as DEST. SRC1, SRC2 and DEST are described more fully in relation to FIG. 6a and FIG. 6b. The data stored in the corresponding registers is referred to as Source 1, Source2, and Result respectively. Each of these data is sixty-four bits in length.
In another embodiment of the invention, any one, or all, of SRC1, SRC2 and DEST, can define a memory location in the addressable memory space of processor 109. For example, SRC1 may identify a memory location in main memory 104, while SRC2 identifies a first register in integer registers 201 and DEST identifies a second register in registers 209. For simplicity of the description herein, the invention will be described in relation to accessing the register file 150. However, these accesses could be made to memory instead.
At step 303, execution unit 130 is enabled to perform the operation on the accessed data. At step 304, the result is stored back into register file 150 according to requirements of the control signal.
DATA AND STORAGE FORMATS
FIG. 4 illustrates packed data-types according to one embodiment of the invention. Three packed data formats are illustrated; packed byte 401, packed word 402, and packed doubleword 403. Packed byte, in one embodiment of the invention, is sixty-four bits long containing eight data elements. Each data element is one byte long. Generally, a data element is an individual piece of data that is stored in a single register (or memory location) with other data elements of the same length. In one embodiment of the invention, the number of data elements stored in a register is sixty-four bits divided by the length in bits of a data element.
Packed word 402 is sixty-four bits long and contains four word 402 data elements. Each word 402 data element contains sixteen bits of information.
Packed doubleword 403 is sixty-four bits long and contains two doubleword 403 data elements. Each doubleword 403 data element contains thirty-two bits of information.
FIGS. 5a through 5c illustrate the in-register packed data storage representation according to one embodiment of the invention. Unsigned packed byte in-register representation 510 illustrates the storage of an unsigned packed byte 401 in one of the registers R0 212a through R7 212h. Information for each byte data element is stored in bit seven through bit zero for byte zero, bit fifteen through bit eight for byte one, bit twenty-three through bit sixteen for byte two, bit thirty-one through bit twenty-four for byte three, bit thirty-nine through bit thirty-two for byte four, bit forty-seven through bit forty for byte five, bit fifty-five through bit forty-eight for byte six and bit sixty-three through bit fifty-six for byte seven. Thus, all available bits are used in the register. This storage arrangement increases the storage efficiency of the processor. As well, with eight data elements accessed, one operation can now be performed on eight data elements simultaneously. Signed packed byte in-register representation 511 illustrates the storage of a signed packed byte 401. Note that the eighth bit of every byte data element is the sign indicator.
Unsigned packed word in-register representation 512 illustrates how word three through word zero are stored in one register of registers 209. Bit fifteen through bit zero contain the data element information for word zero, bit thirty-one through bit sixteen contain the information for data element word one, bit forty-seven through bit thirty-two contain the information for data element word two and bit sixty-three through bit forty-eight contain the information for data element word three. Signed packed word in-register representation 513 is similar to the unsigned packed word in-register representation 512. Note that the sixteenth bit of each word data element is the sign indicator.
Unsigned packed doubleword in-register representation 514 shows how registers 209 store two doubleword data elements. Doubleword zero is stored in bit thirty-one through bit zero of the register. Doubleword one is stored in bit sixty-three through bit thirty-two of the register. Signed packed doubleword in-register representation 515 is similar to unsigned packed doubleword in-register representation 514. Note that the necessary sign bit is the thirty-second bit of the doubleword data element.
As mentioned previously, registers 209 may be used for both packed data and floating point data. In this embodiment of the invention, the individual programming processor 109 may be required to track whether an addressed register, R0 212a for example, is storing packed data or floating point data. In an alternative embodiment, processor 109 could track the type of data stored in individual registers of registers 209. This alternative embodiment could then generate errors if, for example, a packed addition operation were attempted on floating point data.
CONTROL SIGNAL FORMATS
The following describes one embodiment of the control signal formats used by processor 109 to manipulate packed data. In one embodiment of the invention, control signals are represented as thirty-two bits. Decoder 165 may receive the control signal from bus 101. In another embodiment, decoder 165 can also receive such control signals from cache 160.
FIG. 6a illustrates a control signal format for indicating the use of packed data according to one embodiment of the invention. Operation field OP 601, bit thirty-one through bit twenty-six, provides information about the operation to be performed by processor 109; for example, packed addition, packed subtraction, etc. SRC1 602, bit twenty-five through twenty, provides the source register address of a register in registers 209. This source register contains the first packed data, Source1, to be used in the execution of the control signal. Similarly, SRC2 603, bit nineteen through bit fourteen, contains the address of a register in registers 209. This second source register contains the packed data, Source2, to be used during execution of the operation. DEST 605, bit five through bit zero, contains the address of a register in registers 209. This destination register will store the result packed data, Result, of the packed data operation.
Control bits SZ 610, bit twelve and bit thirteen, indicates the length of the data elements in the first and second packed data source registers. If SZ 610 equals 012, then the packed data is formatted as packed byte 401. If SZ 610 equals 102, then the packed data is formatted as packed word 402. SZ 610 equaling 002 or 112 is reserved, however, in another embodiment, one of these values could be used to indicate packed doubleword 403.
Control bit T 611, bit eleven, indicates whether the operation is to be carried out with saturate mode. If T 611 equals one, then a saturating operation is performed. If T 611 equals zero, then a non-saturating operation is performed. Saturating operations will be described later.
Control bit S 612, bit ten, indicates the use of a signed operation. If S 612 equals one, then a signed operation is performed. If S 612 equals zero, then an unsigned operation is performed.
FIG. 6b illustrates a second control signal format for indicating the use of packed data according to one embodiment of the invention. This format corresponds with the general integer opcode format described in the “Pentium Processor Family User's Manual,” available from Intel Corporation, Literature Sales, P.O. Box 7641, Mt. prospect, Ill., 60056-7641. Note that OP 601, SZ 610, T 611, and S 612 are all combined into one large field. For some control signals, bits three through five are SRC1 602. In one embodiment, where there is a SRC1 602 address, then bits three through five also correspond to DEST 605. In an alternate embodiment, where there is a SRC2 603 address, then bits zero through two also correspond to DEST 605. For other control signals, like a packed shift immediate operation, bits three through five represent an extension to the opcode field. In one embodiment, this extension allows a programmer to include an immediate value with the control signal, such as a shift count value. In one embodiment, the immediate value follows the control signal. This is described in more detail in the “Pentium Processor Family User's Manual,” in appendix F, pages F-1 through F-3. Bits zero through two represent SRC2 603. This general format allows register to register, memory to register, register by memory, register by register, register by immediate, register to memory addressing. Also, in one embodiment, this general format can support integer register to register, and register to integer register addressing.
DESCRIPTION OF SATURATE/UNSATURATE
As mentioned previously, T 611 indicates whether operations optionally saturate. Where the result of an operation, with saturate enabled, overflows or underflows the range of the data, the result will be clamped. Clamping means setting the result to a maximum or minimum value should a result exceed the range's maximum or minimum value. In the case of underflow, saturation clamps the result to the lowest value in the range and in the case of overflow, to the highest value. The allowable range for each data format is shown in Table 5.











TABLE 5







Data Format
Minimum Value
Maximum Value









Unsigned Byte
0
 255



Signed Byte
−128   
 127



Unsigned Word
0
65535



Signed Word
−32768    
32767



Unsigned Doubleword
0
264 − 1



Signed Doubleword
 −263
263 − 1










As mentioned above, T 611 indicates whether saturating operations are being performed. Therefore, using the unsigned byte data format, if an operation's result=258 and saturation was enabled, then the result would be clamped to 255 before being stored into the operation's destination register. Similarly, if an operation's result=−32999 and processor 109 used signed word data format with saturation enabled, then the result would be clamped to −32768 before being stored into the operation's destination register.
MULTIPLY-ADD/SUBTRACT OPERATION(S)
In one embodiment of the invention, the SRC1 register contains packed data (Source1), the SRC2 register contains packed data (Source2), and the DEST register will contain the result (Result) of performing the multiply-add or multiply-subtract instruction on Source1 and Source2. In the first step of the multiply-add and multiply-subtract instruction, Source 1 will have each data element independently multiplied by the respective data element of Source2 to generate a set of respective intermediate results. These intermediate results are summed by pairs to generate the Result for the multiply-add instruction. In contrast, these intermediate results are subtracted by pairs to generate the Result for the multiply-subtract instruction.
In one embodiment of the invention, the multiply-add and multiply-subtract instructions operate on signed packed data and truncate the results to avoid any overflows. In addition, these instructions operate on packed word data and the Result is a packed double word. However, alternative embodiments could support these instructions for other packed data types.
FIG. 7 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for performing multiply-add and multiply-subtract operations on packed data according to one embodiment of the invention.
At step 701, decoder 165 decodes the control signal received by processor 109. Thus, decoder 165 decodes: the operation code for a multiply-add instruction or a multiply-subtract instruction.
At step 702, via internal bus 170, decoder 165 accesses registers 209 in register file 150 given the SRC1 602 and SRC2 603 addresses. Registers 209 provide execution unit 130 with the packed data stored in the SRC1 602 register (Source1), and the packed data stored in SRC2 603 register (Source2). That is, registers 209 communicate the packed data to execution unit 130 via internal bus 170.
At step 703, decoder 165 enables execution unit 130 to perform the instruction. If the instruction is a multiply-add instruction, flow passes to step 714. However, if the instruction is a multiply-subtract instruction, flow passes to step 715.
In step 714, the following is performed. Source1 bits fifteen through zero are multiplied by Source2 bits fifteen through zero generating a first 32-bit intermediate result (Intermediate Result 1). Source1 bits thirty-one through sixteen are multiplied by Source2 bits thirty-one through sixteen generating a second 32-bit intermediate result (Intermediate Result 2). Source1 bits forty-seven through thirty-two are multiplied by Source2 bits forty-seven through thirty-two generating a third 32-bit intermediate result (Intermediate Result 3). Source1 bits sixty-three through forty-eight are multiplied by Source2 bits sixty-three through forty-eight generating a fourth 32-bit intermediate result (Intermediate Result 4). Intermediate Result 1 is added to Intermediate Result 2 generating Result bits thirty-one through 0, and Intermediate Result 3 is added to Intermediate Result 4 generating Result bits sixty-three through thirty-two.
Step 715 is the same as step 714, with the exception that Intermediate Result 1 Intermediate Result 2 are subtracted to generate bits thirty-one through 0 of the Result, and Intermediate Result 3 and Intermediate Result 4 are subtracted to generate bits sixty-three through thirty-two of the Result.
Different embodiments may perform the multiplies and adds/subtracts serially, in parallel, or in some combination of serial and parallel operations.
At step 720, the Result is stored in the DEST register.
PACKED DATA MULTIPLY-ADD/SUBTRACT CIRCUITS
In one embodiment, the multiply-add and multiply-subtract instructions can execute on multiple data elements in the same number of clock cycles as a single multiply on unpacked data. To achieve execution in the same number of clock cycles, parallelism is used. That is, registers are simultaneously instructed to perform the multiply-add/subtract operations on the data elements. This is discussed in more detail below.
FIG. 8 illustrates a circuit for performing multiply-add and/or multiply-subtract operations on packed data according to one embodiment of the invention. Operation control 800 processes the control signal for the multiply-add and multiply-subtract instructions. Operation control 800 outputs signals on Enable 880 to control Packed multiply-adder/subtractor 801.
Packed multiply-adder/subtractor 801 has the following inputs: Source1 [63:0] 831, Source2[63:0] 833, and Enable 880. Packed multiply-adder/subtractor 801 includes four 16×16 multiplier circuits: 16×16 multiplier A 810, 16×16 multiplier B 811, 16×16 multiplier C 812 and 16×16 multiplier D 813. 16×16 multiplier A 810 has as inputs Source1[15:0] and Source2[15:0]. 16×16 multiplier B 811 has as inputs Source1 [31:16] and Source2[31:16]. 16×16 multiplier C 812 has as inputs Source1[47:32] and Source2[47:32]. 16×16 multiplier D 813 has as inputs Source1[63:48] and Source2[63:48]. The 32-bit intermediate results generated by 16×16 multiplier A 810 and 16×16 multiplier B 811 are received by adder/subtractor 1350, while the 32-bit intermediate results generated by 16×16 multiplier C 812 and 16×16 multiplier D 813 are received by adder/subtractor 851.
Based on whether the current instruction is a multiply/add or multiply/subtract instruction, adder/subtractor 850 and adder/subtractor 851 add or subtract their respective 32-bit inputs. The output of adder/subtractor 850 (i.e., Result bits 31 through zero of the Result) and the output of adder/subtractor 851 (i.e., bits 63 through 32 of the Result) are combined into the 64-bit Result and communicated to Result Register 871.
In one embodiment, each of adder/subtractor 851 and adder/subtractor 850 are composed of four 8-bit adders/subtractors with the appropriate propagation delays. However, alternative embodiments could implement adder/subtractor 851 and adder/subtractor 850 in any number of ways (e.g., two 32-bit adders/subtractors).
To perform the equivalent of these multiply-add or multiply-subtract instructions in prior art processors which operate on unpacked data, four separate 64-bit multiply operations and two 64-bit add or subtract operations, as well as the necessary load and store operations, would be needed. This wastes data lines and circuitry that are used for the bits that are higher than bit sixteen for Source1 and Source2, and higher than bit thirty two for the Result. As well, the entire 64-bit result generated by the prior art processor may not be of use to the programmer. Therefore, the programmer would have to truncate each result.
Performing the equivalent of this multiply-add instruction using the prior art DSP processor described with reference to Table 1 requires one instruction to zero the accumulation value and four multiply accumulate instructions. Performing the equivalent of this multiply-add instruction using the prior art DSP processor described with reference to Table 2 requires one instruction to zero the accumulation value and 2-accumulate instructions.
ADVANTAGES OF INCLUDING THE DESCRIBED MULTIPLY-ADD INSTRUCTION IN THE INSTRUCTION SET
As previously described, the prior art multiply accumulate instructions always add the results of their multiplications to an accumulation value. This accumulation value becomes a bottleneck for performing operations other than multiplying and accumulating (e.g., the accumulation value must be cleared each time a new set of operations is required which do not require the previous accumulation value). This accumulation value also becomes a bottleneck if operations, such as rounding, need to be performed before accumulation.
In contrast, the disclosed multiply-add and multiply-subtract instructions do not carry forward an accumulation value. As a result, these instructions are easier to use in a wider variety of algorithms. In addition, software pipelining can be used to achieve comparable throughput. To illustrate the versatility of the multiply-add instruction, several example multimedia algorithms are described below. Some of these multimedia algorithms use additional packed data instructions. The operation of these additional packed data instructions are shown in relation to the described algorithms. For a further description of these packed data instructions, see “A Set of Instructions for Operating on Packed Data,” filed on Aug. 31, 1995, application Ser. No. 521,360. Of course, other packed data instructions could be used. In addition, a number of steps requiring the use of general purpose processor instructions to manage data movement, looping, and conditional branching have been omitted in the following examples.
1) Multiplication of Complex Numbers
The disclosed multiply-add instruction can be used to multiply two complex numbers in a single instruction as shown in Table 6a. As previously described, the multiplication of two complex number (e.g., r1 i1 and r2 i2) is performed according to the following equation:

Real Component=r1·r2−i1·i2 

Imaginary Component=r1·i2+r2·i1 

If this instruction is implemented to be completed every clock cycle, the invention can multiply two complex numbers every clock cycle.








TABLE 6a





Multiply-Add Source1, Source2




















As another example, Table 6b shows the instructions used to multiply together three complex numbers.







TABLE 6b







Multiply-Add Source1, Source2








 


Packed Shift Right Source1, Source2








 


Pack Result2, Result2








 


Multiply-Add Result3, Source3















2) Multiply Accumulation Operations
The disclosed multiply-add instructions can also be used to multiply and accumulate values. For example, two sets of four data elements (A1-4 and B1-4) may be multiplied and accumulated as shown below in Table 7. In one embodiment, each of the instructions shown in Table 7 is implemented to complete each clock cycle.







TABLE 7







Multiply-Add Source1, Source2








 


Multiply-Add Source3, Source4








 


Unpacked Add Result1, Result2















If the number of data elements in each set exceeds 8 and is a multiple of 4, the multiplication and accumulation of these sets requires fewer instructions if performed as shown in table 8 below.







TABLE 8







Multiply-Add Source1, Source2








 


Multiply-Add Source3, Source4








 


Packed Add Result1, Result2








 


Unpack High Result3, Source5








 


Unpack Low Result3, Source5








 


Packed Add Result4, Result5















As another example, Table 9 shows the separate multiplication and accumulation of sets A and B and sets C and D, where each of these sets includes 2 data elements.







TABLE 9





Multiply-Add Source1, Source2




















As another example, Table 10 shows the separate multiplication and accumulation of sets A and B and sets C and D, where each of these sets includes 4 data elements.







TABLE 10







Multiply-Add Source1, Source2








 


Multiply-Add Source3, Source4








 


Packed Add Result1, Result2















3) Dot Product Algorithms
Dot product (also termed as inner product) is used in signal processing and matrix operations. For example, dot product is used when computing the product of matrices, digital filtering operations (such as FIR and IIR filtering), and computing correlation sequences. Since many speech compression algorithms (e.g., GSM, G.728, CELP, and VSELP) and Hi-Fi compression algorithms (e.g., MPEG and subband coding) make extensive use of digital filtering and correlation computations, increasing the performance of dot product increases the performance of these algorithms. The dot product of two length N sequences A and B is defined as:




  Result
  =
  
    
      ∑
      
        i
        =
        0
      
      
        N
        -
        1
      
    
    ⁢
    
      Ai
      ·
      Bi
    
  




Performing a dot product calculation makes extensive use of the multiply accumulate operation where corresponding elements of each of the sequences are multiplied together, and the results are accumulated to form the dot product result.
The dot product calculation can be performed using the multiply-add instruction. For example if the packed data type containing four sixteen-bit elements is used, the dot product calculation may be performed on two sequences each containing four values by:

    
    
        1) accessing the four sixteen-bit values from the A sequence to generate Source 1 using a move instruction;
        2) accessing four sixteen-bit values from the B sequence to generate Source2 using a move instruction; and
        3) performing multiplying and accumulating as previously described using a multiply-add, packed add, and shift instructions.
    
    


For vectors with more than just a few elements the method shown in Table 10 is used and the final results are added together at the end. Other supporting instructions include the packed OR and XOR instructions for initializing the accumulator register, the packed shift instruction for shifting off unwanted values at the final stage of computation. Loop control operations are accomplished using instructions already existing in the instruction set of processor 109.
4) Discrete Cosign Transform Algorithms
Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) is a well known function used in many signal processing algorithms. Video and image compression algorithms, in particular, make extensive use of this transform.
In image and video compression algorithms, DCT is used to transform a block of pixels from the spatial representation to the frequency representation. In the frequency representation, the picture information is divided into frequency components, some of which are more important than others. The compression algorithm selectively quantizes or discards the frequency components that do not adversely affect the reconstructed picture contents. In this manner, compression is achieved.
There are many implementations of the DCT, the most popular being some kind of fast transform method modeled based on the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) computation flow. In the fast transform, an order N transform is broken down to a combination of order N/2 transforms and the result recombined. This decomposition can be carried out until the smallest order 2 transform is reached. This elementary 2 transform kernel is often referred to as the butterfly operation. The butterfly operation is expressed as follows:

X=a*x+b*y 

Y=c*x−d*y 

where a, b, c and d are termed the coefficients, x and y are the input data, and X and Y are the transform output.

The multiply-add allows the DCT calculation to be performed using packed data in the following manner:

    
    
        1) accessing the two 16-bit values representing x and y to generate Source1 (see Table 11 below) using the move and unpack instructions;
        2) generating Source2 as shown in Table 11 below —Note that Source2 may be reused over a number of butterfly operations; and
        3) performing a multiply-add instruction using Source1 and Source2 to generate the Result (see Table 11 below).
    
    









TABLE 11




















In some situations, the coefficients of the butterfly operation are 1. For these cases, the butterfly operation degenerates into just adds and subtracts that may be performed using the packed add and packed subtract instructions.

An IEEE document specifies the accuracy with which inverse DCT should be performed for video conferencing. (See, IEEE Circuits and Systems Society, “IEEE Standard Specifications for the Implementations of 8×8 Inverse Discrete Cosine Transform,” IEEE Std. 1180–1990, IEEE Inc. 345 East 47th St., NY, N.Y. 10017, USA, Mar. 18, 1991). The required accuracy is met by the disclosed multiply-add instruction because it uses 16-bit inputs to generate 32-bit outputs.
In this manner, the described multiply-add instruction can be used to improve the performance of a number of different algorithms, including algorithms that require the multiplication of complex numbers, algorithms that require transforms, and algorithms that require multiply accumulate operations. As a result, this multiply-add instruction can be used in a general purpose processor to improve the performance of a greater number algorithms than the described prior art instructions.
ALTERNATIVE EMBODIMENTS
While the described embodiment uses 16-bit data elements to generate 32-bit data elements, alternative embodiments could use different sized inputs to generate different sized outputs. In addition, while in the described embodiment Source1 and Source 2 each contain 4 data elements and the multiply-add instruction performs two multiply-add operations, alternative embodiment could operate on packed data having more or less data elements. For example, one alternative embodiment operates on packed data having 8 data elements using 4 multiply-adds generating a resulting packed data having 4 data elements. While in the described embodiment each multiply-add operation operates on 4 data elements by performing 2 multiplies and 1 addition, alternative embodiments could be implemented to operate on more or less data elements using more or less multiplies and additions. As an example, one alternative embodiment operates on 8 data elements using 4 multiplies (one for each pair of data elements) and 3 additions (2 additions to add the results of the 4 multiplies and 1 addition to add the results of the 2 previous additions).
While the invention has been described in terms of several embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention is not limited to the embodiments described. The method and apparatus of the invention can be practiced with modification and alteration within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. The description is thus to be regarded as illustrative instead of limiting on the invention.

## Claims

1. An apparatus for use in a computer system comprising:
a memory having stored therein a first packed data comprising at least four data elements and a second packed data comprising at least four data elements; and
a processor coupled to said memory to receive said first packed data and said second packed data, said processor performing operations on data elements in said first packed data and said second packed data to generate a plurality of data elements in a third packed data in response to receiving an instruction, at least two of said plurality of data elements in said third packed data storing the result of multiply-add operations.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, said third packed data storing the result of multiply-add operations in a register specified by bits three through five of the instruction.

3. The apparatus of claim 2, said processor overwriting said first packed data in the register with said third packed data.

4. The apparatus of claim 1, said processor performing operations on four data elements in said first packed data and four data elements in said second packed data.

5. The apparatus of claim 1, said processor to generate the plurality of data elements in the third packed data in response to receiving the instruction, at least four of said plurality of data elements in said third packed data storing the result of multiply-add operations.

6. The apparatus of claim 5, said processor performing operations on eight data elements in said first packed data and eight data elements in said second packed data.

7. A computer-implemented method responsive to the execution of a single instruction, the computer-implemented method comprising:
A) multiplying together a first value and a second value to generate a first intermediate result;
B) multiplying together a third value and a fourth value to generate a second intermediate result;
C) multiplying together a fifth value and a sixth value to generate a third intermediate result;
D) multiplying together a seventh value and an eighth value to generate a fourth intermediate result;
E) adding together said first intermediate result and said second intermediate result to generate a first data element in a first packed data;
F) adding together said third intermediate result and said fourth intermediate result to generate a second data element in said first packed data;
G) storing said first packed data; and
H) completing execution of said single instruction without adding said first and second data elements.

8. The method of claim 7 further comprising:
accessing said first, third, fifth, and seventh values from a storage area; and
writing said first packed data over said first, third, fifth, and seventh values in said storage area.

9. The method of claim 7, wherein the intermediate results are not fully calculated products.

10. The method of claim 7, wherein the intermediate results are fully calculated products.

11. A processor-implemented method for manipulating a first packed data and a second packed data responsive to the execution of a single instruction, said first packed data including A1, A2, A3, and A4 as data elements, said second packed data including B1, B2, B3, and B4 as data elements, said method comprising:
performing the operation (A1×B1)+(A2×B2) to generate a first data element in a third packed data;
performing the operation (A3×B3)+(A4×B4) to generate a second data element in said third packed data;
storing said third packed data for use as an operand to another instruction following the single instruction.

12. The method of claim 11 further comprising:
accessing said first packed data from a register; and
writing said third packed data over said first packed data in said register.

13. The method of claim 11, said first packed data also including A5, A6, A7, and A8 as data elements, said second packed data also including B5, B6, B7, and B8 as data elements, said method further comprising:
performing the operation (A5×B5)+(A6×B6) to generate a third data element in said third packed data;
performing the operation (A7×B7)+(A8×B8) to generate a fourth data element in said third packed data.

14. A processor-implemented method for manipulating a first packed data and a second packed data responsive to the execution of a single instruction, said first packed data including A1, A2, A3, and A4 as data elements, said second packed data including B1, B2, B3, and B4 as data elements, said method comprising:
performing the operation (A1×B1)+(A2×B2) responsive to the execution of the single instruction to generate a first data element in a third packed data;
performing the operation (A3×B3)+(A4×B4) responsive to the execution of the single instruction to generate a second data element in said third packed data;
storing said third packed data in an architecturally visible register responsive to the execution of the single instruction.

15. The method of claim 14, said first packed data also including A5, A6, A7, and A8 as data elements, said second packed data also including B5, B6, B7, and B8 as data elements, said method further comprising:
performing the operation (A5×B5)+(A6×B6) to generate a third data element in said third packed data;
performing the operation (A7×B7)+(A8×B8) to generate a fourth data element in said third packed data.

16. The method of claim 15 further comprising:
accessing said first packed data from the architecturally visible register; and
storing said third packed data over said first packed data in the architecturally visible register.

17. The method of claim 14, wherein each of the first and second packed data comprises a unit of data that consists of a plurality of data elements of the same size.

18. The method of claim 14, wherein each of the first and second packed data comprises a unit of data that is not fully populated with a plurality of data elements of the same size.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein a size in bits of a register used to store the first packed data is greater than a size in bits of the first packed data.

20. The method of claim 14, wherein each of the first and second packed data comprises a unit of data that is fully populated with a plurality of data elements of the same size.

21. In a computer system having stored therein a first packed data and a second packed data each containing initial data elements, each of said initial data elements in said first packed data having a corresponding initial data element in said second packed data, a method for performing multiply add operations in response to a single instruction, said method comprising:
multiplying together said corresponding initial data elements in said first packed data and said second packed data to generate corresponding intermediate data elements, said intermediate data elements being divided into a number of sets;
generating a plurality of result data elements, a first of said plurality of result data elements including the sum of said intermediate data elements in a first of said number of sets, a second of said plurality of result data elements including the sum of said intermediate data elements in a second of said number of sets; and
completing execution of said single instruction without summing said plurality of result data elements.

22. The method of claim 21 further comprising:
storing said plurality of result data elements as a third packed data for use as an operand to another instruction.

23. The method of claim 21 further comprising:
accessing said first and second packed data from a register; and
writing said plurality of result data elements over said first packed data in said register.

24. The method of claim 21 comprising:
generating a third of said plurality of result data elements including the sum of said intermediate data elements in a third of said number of sets, and a fourth of said plurality of result data elements including the sum of said intermediate data elements in a fourth of said number of sets; and
completing execution of said singe instruction without summing said plurality of result data elements in response to said single instruction.

25. The method of claim 21, wherein the first of said plurality of result data elements represents the sum of said intermediate data elements in a first of said number of sets, and wherein the second of said plurality of result data elements represents the sum of said intermediate data elements in a second of said number of sets.

26. A processor-implemented method for manipulating a first packed data and a second packed data responsive to the execution of a single instruction, said first packed data including A1, A2, A3, and A4 as data elements, said second packed data including B1, B2, B3, and B4 as data elements, said method comprising:
multiplying together A1 and B1 to generate a first intermediate result;
multiplying together A2 and B2 to generate a second intermediate result;
multiplying together A3 and B3 to generate a third intermediate result; and
multiplying together A4 and B4 to generate a fourth intermediate result;
performing in parallel the following:
adding together said first intermediate result and said second intermediate result to generate a first data element in a third packed data; and
adding together said third intermediate result and said fourth intermediate result to generate a second data element in said third packed data; and

saving said third packed data for use as an operand to another instruction.

27. The method of claim 26 further comprising:
accessing said first and second packed data from a storage area; and
writing said third packed data in said storage area.

28. The method of claim 26 said first packed data also including A5, A6, A7, and A8 as data elements, said second packed data also including B5, B6, B7, and B8 as data elements, said method further comprising:
multiplying together A5 and B5 to generate a fifth intermediate result;
multiplying together A6 and B6 to generate a sixth intermediate result;
multiplying together A7 and B7 to generate a seventh intermediate result; and
multiplying together A8 and B8 to generate an eighth intermediate result;
performing in parallel the following:
adding together said fifth intermediate result and said sixth intermediate result to generate a third data element in said third packed data; and
adding together said seventh intermediate result and said eighth intermediate result to generate a fourth data element in said third packed data;
accessing said first packed data from a storage area; and
overwriting said first packed data with said third packed data in said storage area.

29. An apparatus comprising:
a first storage area to store packed data;
a second storage area to store packed data;
an execution mechanism, responsive to a first instruction specifying a first source indicating the first storage area and a second source indicating the second storage area, to sum a first product of multiplication of a first element stored in the first storage area by a second element stored in the second storage area, with a second product of multiplication of a third element stored in the first storage area by a fourth element stored in the second storage area, producing a first result, the execution mechanism, further responsive to the first instruction, to sum a third product of multiplication of a fifth element stored in the first storage area by a sixth element stored in the second storage area, with a fourth product of multiplication of a seventh element stored in the first storage area by an eighth element stored in the second storage area, producing a second result, and the execution mechanism to store both first and second results into a destination storage area specified by the first instruction.

30. The apparatus of claim 29 wherein the destination storage area specified by the first instruction is the same as the first source.

31. The apparatus of claim 30 wherein the destination storage area and the first source are specified by bits three through five of the first instruction.

32. The apparatus of claim 31 wherein the second source is specified by bits zero through two of the first instruction.

33. The apparatus of claim 29 wherein the second source specified by the first instruction indicates that the second storage area is a memory location in an addressable memory space.

34. The apparatus of claim 29, said execution mechanism to access the first and second results stored in the destination storage area as a third source specified by a second instruction.

35. The apparatus of claim 29 further comprising
a decoder to decode a first set of instructions of one or more instruction formats having a first field and a second field, the first set of instructions including said first instruction with the first field specifying the first source and the second field specifying the second source.

36. The apparatus of claim 35 wherein said first instruction of the one or more instruction formats includes a 24-bit instruction format.

37. The apparatus of claim 35 wherein said first instruction of the one or more instruction formats includes a 32-bit instruction format.

38. The apparatus of claim 35, said execution mechanism, further responsive to the first instruction, to sum a fifth product of multiplication of a ninth element stored in the first storage area by a tenth element stored in the second storage area, with a sixth product of multiplication of an eleventh element stored in the first storage area by a twelfth element stored in the second storage area, producing a third result, and to sum a seventh product of multiplication of a thirteenth element stored in the first storage area by a fourteenth element stored in the second storage area, with an eighth product of multiplication of a fifteenth element stored in the first storage area by a sixteenth element stored in the second storage area, producing a fourth result, and finally to store the first, second, third and fourth results into the destination storage area specified by the first instruction.

39. The apparatus of claim 35 wherein the one or more instruction formats correspond with the integer opcode format of the PENTIUM processor family.

40. The apparatus of claim 39 wherein the decoder comprises a table of the first set of instructions with which to look up said first instruction.

41. The apparatus of claim 39 wherein the decoder comprises integrated hardware.

42. The apparatus of claim 39 wherein the decoder comprises a combination of integrated hardware and a table of the first set of instructions with which the integrated hardware can look up said first instruction.

43. The apparatus of claim 29, wherein each of the packed data comprises a unit of data that consists of a plurality of data elements of the same size.

44. The apparatus of claim 29, wherein each of the packed data comprises a unit of data that is not fully populated with a plurality of data elements of the same size.

45. The apparatus of claim 29, wherein each of the packed data comprises a unit of data that is fully populated with a plurality of data elements of the same size.

46. An apparatus comprising:
a first storage area to store packed data, the first storage area corresponding to a first source;
a second storage area to store packed data, the second storage area corresponding to a second source;
a decoder to decode a first set of one or more instruction formats having a first field to specify the first source and a second field to specify the second source; an execution unit, responsive to the decoder decoding a first instruction of the first set of one or more instruction formats, to sum a first product of multiplication of a first element stored in the first storage area by a second element stored in the second storage area, with a second product of multiplication of a third element stored in the first storage area a fourth clement stored in the second storage area, producing a first result,
the execution unit, further responsive to the decoding of the first instruction, to sum a third product of multiplication of a fifth clement stored in the first storage area by a sixth element stored in the second storage area, with a fourth product of multiplication of a seventh element stored in the first storage area by an eighth element stored in the second storage area, producing a second result; and
a third storage area to store packed data, the third storage area corresponding to a destination specified by the first instruction to store the first and second results.

47. The apparatus of claim 46 wherein said first instruction of the first set of one or more instruction formats has a 24-bit instruction format.

48. The apparatus of claim 46 wherein said first instruction of the first set of one or more instruction formats has a 32-bit instruction format.

49. The apparatus of claim 48, the execution unit, further responsive to the decoder decoding the first instruction, to sum a fifth product of multiplication of a ninth element stored in the first storage area by a tenth element stored in the second storage area, with a sixth product of multiplication of an eleventh element stored in the first storage area by a twelfth element stored in the second storage area, producing a third result;
the execution unit, further responsive to the decoder decoding the first instruction, to sum a seventh product of multiplication of a thirteenth element stored in the first storage area by a fourteenth element stored in the second storage area, with an eighth product of multiplication of a fifteenth element stored in the first storage area by a sixteenth element stored in the second storage area, producing a fourth result; and
the third storage area corresponding to the destination specified by the first instruction to store the first, second, third and fourth results.

50. The apparatus of claim 46 wherein the destination is specified by the first field.

51. The apparatus of claim 50 wherein the first field corresponds to bits 3–5 of the first instruction.

52. The apparatus of claim 46 wherein the destination is specified by the second field.

53. The apparatus of claim 52 wherein the second field corresponds to bits 0–2 of the first instruction.

54. The apparatus of claim 46 wherein the first set of one or more instruction formats corresponds with the set of integer opcode formats of the PENTIUM processor family.

55. The apparatus of claim 54 wherein the decoder comprises a look-up table.

56. The apparatus of claim 54 wherein the decoder comprises integrated hardware.

57. The apparatus of claim 54 wherein the decoder comprises a combination of a look-up table and integrated hardware.

58. The apparatus of claim 54 wherein the execution unit comprises a mechanism to initiate a series of operations including multiplications and sums.

59. The apparatus of claim 54 wherein the execution unit comprises integrated hardware.

60. The apparatus of claim 54 wherein the execution unit comprises a combination of integrated hardware and a mechanism to initiate a series of operations executable by the integrated hardware.

61. The apparatus of claim 46, wherein the first through the eighth elements are signed 16-bit word elements.

62. The apparatus of claim 46, wherein the first, second and third storage areas are to store 64-bit packed data.

63. The apparatus of claim 62, wherein the first result corresponds to bits 0–31 of the destination and the second result corresponds to bits 32–63 of the destination.

64. The apparatus of claim 63, wherein the first and second elements corresponds to bits 0–15, the third and fourth elements corresponds to bits 16–31, the fifth and sixth elements corresponds to bits 32–47, and the seventh and eighth elements corresponds to bits 48–63 of the first and second sources respectively.

65. The apparatus of claim 62, wherein the first, second and third storage areas are to also store 80-bit floating-point data.

66. A processor comprising:
a decoder to decode an instruction having a first format, said first format operable to identify a first set of packed data including four elements A1, A2, A3 and A4, and to identify a second set of packed data including four elements B1, B2, B3 and B4, said decoder to initiate a first set of operations on the first and second sets of packed data responsive to decoding the instruction; and
an execution unit to perform a first operation of the first set of operations initiated by the decoder to produce a first result corresponding to the sum of products, (A1×B1)+(A2×B2), and to perform a second operation of the first set of operations initiated by the decoder to produce a second result corresponding to the sum of products, (A3×B3)+(A4×B4).

67. The apparatus of claim 66, the first set of packed data also including four more elements A5, A6, A7 and A8, and the second set of packed data also including four more elements B5, B6, B7 and B8; and the execution unit to perform a third operation of the first set of operations initiated by the decoder to produce a third result corresponding to the sum of products, (A5×B5)+(A6×B6), and to perform a fourth operation of the first set of operations initiated by the decoder to produce a fourth result corresponding to the sum of products, (A7×B7)+(A8×B8).

68. The apparatus of claim 67, the execution unit to perform a fifth operation of the first set of operations initiated by the decoder to store the first, second, third and fourth results in an architecturally visible register.

69. The apparatus of claim 68 wherein the execution unit accesses the first set of packed data from the architecturally visible register and overwrites the first set of packed data in the architecturally visible register with the first, second, third and fourth results.

70. The apparatus of claim 69 wherein said instruction has a 32-bit format.

71. The apparatus of claim 66, the execution unit to perform a third operation of the first set of operations initiated by the decoder to store the first and second results in an architecturally visible register.

72. The apparatus of claim 71 wherein the execution unit accesses the first set of packed data from the architecturally visible register and overwrites the first set of packed data in the architecturally visible register with the first and second results.

73. The apparatus of claim 72 wherein the instruction has a 24-bit format.

74. The apparatus of claim 69 or of claim 72 wherein the second set of packed data is identified by the first format of the instruction as a memory location in an addressable memory space of the processor.

75. An apparatus comprising:
a decoder to decode an instruction having a first format, said first format operable to identify a first M×N-bit source storing a first plurality of M packed N-bit data elements, and to identify a second M×N-bit source storing a second plurality of M packed N-bit data elements, each element of the second plurality corresponding to an element of the first plurality, said decoder to initiate one or more operations on the first and second pluralities of packed N-bit data elements responsive to decoding the instruction, wherein M is an even number; and
an execution unit to perform the one or more operations initiated by the decoder to produce a third plurality of M/2 packed 2N-bit results corresponding to M/2 sums of grouped products of corresponding elements multiplied from the first and second pluralities, said first format also operable to identify a M×N-bit destination for the execution unit to store the third plurality in of M/2 packed 2N-bit results.

76. The apparatus of claim 75, wherein M is equal to four.

77. The apparatus of claim 76, wherein the packed N-bit data elements of the first and second pluralities are signed 16-bit word elements.

78. The apparatus of claim 77, wherein the M/2 sums of grouped products are truncated 32-bit doubleword elements.

79. The apparatus of claim 75, wherein M is equal to eight.

80. The apparatus of claim 79 wherein the execution unit accesses the first plurality of M packed N-bit data elements from an architecturally visible register and overwrites the first plurality of M packed N-bit data elements in the architecturally visible register with the third plurality of M/2 packed 2N-bit results.

81. The apparatus of claim 80 wherein the instruction has a 32-bit first format.

82. The apparatus of claim 80 wherein the second plurality of M packed N-bit data elements is identified by the first format of the instruction as a memory location in addressable memory space.

83. The apparatus of claim 75, wherein a plurality of the one or more operations performed by the execution unit are performed in parallel.

84. The apparatus of claim 75, wherein a plurality of the one or more operations performed by the execution unit are performed in series.

85. The apparatus of claim 75, wherein the third plurality of M/2 packed 2N-bit results correspond to M/2 sums of paired products of corresponding elements multiplied from the first and second pluralities.

86. An apparatus comprising:
means for decoding an instruction to identify a first set of M packed N-bit data elements including A1, A2, A3 and A4, a second set of M packed N-bit data elements including B1, B2, B3 and B4, and an M×N-bit destination;
means for initiating a first set of operations on elements of the first and second sets of M packed N-bit data elements;
means for executing a first operation of the first set of operations to produce a first result substantially equal to (A1×B1)+(A2×B2);
means for executing a second operation of the first set of operations to produce a second result substantially equal to (A3×B3)+(A4×B4); and
means for storing the first and second results as packed 2N-bit data elements at the identified M×N-bit destination.

87. The apparatus of claim 86, wherein M is equal to four.

88. The apparatus of claim 86, wherein M is equal to eight.

89. The apparatus of claim 88, said first set of M packed N-bit data elements further including A5, A6, A7 and A8, and said second set of M packed N-bit data elements further including B5, B6, B7 and B8, the apparatus further comprising:
means for executing a third operation of the first set of operations to produce a third result substantially equal to (A5×B5)+(A6×B6);
means for executing a fourth operation of the first set of operations to produce a fourth result substantially equal to (A7×B7)+(A8×B8); and
means for storing the first, second, third and fourth results as packed 2N-bit data elements at the identified M×N-bit destination.

90. The apparatus of claim 89 wherein the means for executing the first, second, third and fourth operations access the first set of M packed N-bit data from an architecturally visible register and overwrites the first set of M packed N-bit data in the architecturally visible register with the first, second, third and fourth results.

91. The apparatus of claim 86, wherein the first and second results are truncated 32-bit doubleword elements.

92. The apparatus of claim 91, wherein the packed N-bit data elements of the first and second sets are signed 16-bit word elements.

93. The apparatus of claim 86 wherein the means for executing the first and second operations access the first set of M packed N-bit data from an architecturally visible register and overwrites the first set of M packed N-bit data in the architecturally visible register with the first and second results.

94. An article of manufacture comprising:
a machine-accessible medium including data that, when accessed by a machine, cause the machine to:
initiate, responsive to a single instruction, a first set of operations on elements of a first M×N-bit packed data source including N-bit elements A1, A2, A3 and A4, and a second M×N-bit packed data source including N-bit elements B1, B2, B3 and B4;
execute a first operation of the first set of operations in producing a first result substantially equal to (A1×B1)+(A2×B2);
execute a second operation of the first set of operations in producing a second result substantially equal to (A3×B3)+(A4×B4); and
store the first and second results as packed 2N-bit data elements of an M×N-bit packed data destination.

95. The article of manufacture of claim 94, wherein M is equal to four.

96. The article of manufacture of claim 94, wherein M is equal to eight.

97. The article of manufacture of claim 96, the machine-accessible medium further including data that, when accessed by the machine, cause the machine to:
initiate the first set of operations on elements of said first M×N-bit packed data source further including N-bit elements A5, A6, A7 and A8, and said second M×N-bit packed data source further including N-bit elements B5, B6, B7 and B8;
execute a third operation of the first set of operations in producing a third result substantially equal to (A5×B5)+(A6×B6);
execute a fourth operation of the first set of operations in producing a fourth result substantially equal to (A7×B7)+(A8×B8); and
store the first, second, third and fourth results as packed 2N-bit data elements of an M×N-bit packed data destination.

98. The article of manufacture of claim 97, the machine accessible medium further including data that, when accessed by the machine, cause the machine to:
access the first set of M packed N-bit data from a register; and
overwrite the first set of M packed N-bit data in the register with the first, second, third and fourth results.

99. The article of manufacture of claim 94, wherein the first and second results are truncated 32-bit doubleword elements.

100. The article of manufacture of claim 99, the machine-accessible medium further including data that, when accessed by the machine, cause the machine to:
access the first set of M packed N-bit data from a register, and
overwrite the first set of M packed N-bit data in the register with the first and second results.

101. A computing system comprising:
a memory to store a first M×N-bit data consisting of a first plurality of M packed N-bit data elements, and a second M×N-bit data consisting of a second plurality of M packed N-bit data elements, wherein M is an even number; and
a processor operatively coupled with the memory to produce a third plurality of M/2 packed 2N-bit results in response to an instruction having a first format, said first format operable to identify a first source corresponding to the first M×N-bit data and a second source corresponding to the second M×N-bit data, the third plurality of M/2 packed 2N-bit results including M/2 sums of paired products of corresponding data elements multiplied from the first and second pluralities of M packed N-bit data elements.

102. The computing system of claim 101 further comprising:
a digital audio device operatively coupled with the memory to provide one or more N-bit data element of the first M×N-bit data; and
an optical disk drive operatively coupled with the processor to receive an optical disk for storing audio data.

103. The computing system of claim 101 further comprising:
a digital motion video device operatively coupled with the memory to provide one or more N-bit data element of the first M×N-bit data; and
an optical disk drive operatively coupled with the processor to receive an optical disk for storing digital motion video data.

104. The computing system of claim 101 further comprising:
a digital graphics device operatively coupled with the memory to provide one or more N-bit data element of the first M×N-bit data; and
an optical disk drive operatively coupled with the processor to receive an optical disk for storing digital still image data.

105. The computing system of claim 101, wherein the third plurality of M/12 packed 2N-bit results represent M2 sums of paired products of corresponding data elements multiplied from the first and second pluralities of M packed N-bit data elements.

106. A computing system adapted to process digital motion video signals, the system comprising:
a memory to store a first M×N-bit data consisting of a first plurality of M packed N-bit data elements, and a second M×N-bit data consisting of a second plurality of M packed N-bit data elements, where M is an even number;
a processor operatively coupled with the memory to produce a third plurality of M/2 packed 2N-bit results in response to an instruction having a first format, said first format operable to identify a first source corresponding to the first M×N-bit data and a second source corresponding to the second M×N-bit data, the third plurality of M/2 packed 2N-bit results including M/2 sums of grouped products of corresponding data elements multiplied from the first and second pluralities of M packed N-bit data elements; and
a digital motion video device operatively coupled with the memory to provide one or more N-bit data element of the first M×N-bit data.

107. The computing system of claim 106, wherein the third plurality of M/2 packed 2N-bit results represent M/2 sums of paired products of corresponding data elements multiplied from the first and second pluralities of M packed N-bit data elements.

108. A computing system adapted to process digital still images, the system comprising:
a memory to store a first M×N-bit data consisting of a first plurality of M packed N-bit data elements, and a second M×N-bit data consisting of a second plurality of M packed N-bit data elements, where M is an even number:
a processor operatively coupled with the memory to produce a third plurality of M/2 packed 2N-bit results in response to an instruction having a first format, said first format operable to identify a first source corresponding to the first M×N-bit data and a second source corresponding to the second M×N-bit data, the third plurality of M/2 packed 2N-bit results including M/2 sums of paired products of corresponding data elements multiplied from the first and second pluralities of M packed N-bit data elements; and
a digital graphics device operatively coupled with the memory to provide one or more N-bit data element of the first M×N-bit data.

109. A computing system adapted to process audio signals, the system comprising:
a memory to store a first M×N-bit data consisting of a first even numbered plurality of M packed N-bit data elements, and a second M×N-bit data consisting of a second even numbered plurality of M packed N-bit data elements;
a processor operatively coupled with the memory to produce a third plurality of M/2 packed 2N-bit results in response to an instruction having a first format, said first format operable to identify a first source corresponding to the first M×N-bit data and a second source corresponding to the second M×N-bit data, the third plurality of M/2 packed 2N-bit results representing M/2 sums of paired products of corresponding data elements multiplied from the first and second pluralities of M packed N-bit data elements; and
a digital audio device operatively coupled with the memory to provide one or more N-bit data element of the first M×N-bit data.

110. The computing system of claim 108, wherein the third plurality of M/2 packed 2N-bit results represent M/2 sums of paired products of corresponding data elements multiplied from the first and second pluralities of M packed N-bit data elements.

111. The apparatus of claim 109 wherein the first source is identified by the first format of the instruction as a register to store a copy of the first M×N-bit data.

112. The apparatus of claim 111 wherein the second source is identified by the first format of the instruction as a register to store a copy of the second M×N-bit data.

113. The computing system of claim 112 wherein the instruction has a 24-bit first format.

114. The computing system of claim 112 wherein the instruction has a 32-bit first format.

115. The apparatus of claim 111 wherein the second source is identified by the first format of the instruction as a location in an addressable memory space of the processor storing the second M×N-bit data.

116. An apparatus comprising:
a memory to store a first packed data including at least four data elements and a second packed data including at least four data elements; and
a processor coupled with the memory to receive the first packed data and the second packed data, the processor to perform operations on data elements in the first packed data and the second packed data to generate a plurality of data elements in a third packed data in response to receiving an instruction, at least two of the plurality of data elements in the third packed data resulting from multiply- add operations.

117. The apparatus of claim 116, wherein the processor is to overwrite the first packed data with the third packed data.

118. The apparatus of claim 116, wherein at least four data elements of the third packed data result from multiply-add operations.