css-3

CSS-4 Mod I
CSS-4 Mod 2

DF-31
DF-31A

Taepo Dong 2**

Country

China

China
China

China
China

North

Number Warheads
of Booster Deployment

Stages Missile Propellant Mode

2 1 Liquid Silo and
transportable

2 1 Liquid Silo

2 1 Liquid Silo

3 1 Solid Road-mobile

3 1 Solid Mobile

2 1 Liquid Undeter-
mined

Note: All ranges are approximate,
* These estimates do not include range extension from the postboost vehicle; some postboost vehicles provide substantial range extension.
** Missile has not yet been flight tested.

Maximum
Range*
(miles)

3,400+

8,000+
8,000+

4,500+
7,000+

3,400+

Fewer than 25

About 20

(total for Mods 1
and 2)

Not yet deployed
Not yet deployed

Not yet deployed

Launch of the S$-18 Mod 4 Liquid-Propellant Russian ICBM

The six-warhead 55-19 ICBM could remain in Russia's ICBM force for many years.

19


Display of Chinese (55-5 MRBM Launchers and Support Equipment


Number Warheads Maximum Total Number
of pe Booster Submarine Range of Launch

Missile Country Stages Missile Propellant Class (miles) Tubes
SS-N-18 Russia 2+ PBV 3 Liquid DELTAII 3,500+ 96
SS-N-20 Russia 3+ PBV 10 Solid TYPHOON 5,500+ 80
SS-N-23 Russia 3+ PBV 4 Liquid DELTAIV 5,000+ 96
Sineva Russia Undeter- Upto 10 Liquid DELTAIV 5,000+ Not yet deployed

mined
Bulava-30 Russia 3+ PBV Undeter- Solid TYPHOON; 5,000+ 20; not yet deployed

mined DOLGORUKIY

CSS-NX-3 China 2 1 Solid xXIA 1,000+ 12; not yet deployed
IL-2 China 3 1 Solid Type 094 4,500+ Not yet deployed
Sagarika India Undeter- Undeter- Undeter- Undeter- 180+ Not yet deployed

mined mined mined mined

Note: All ranges are approximate,

CSS-NX-3 Launch Sequence

Chinese C5S-NX-3 SLBM



(_) SRBM

Short-range ballistic missile
1,000 km (621 mi)

MRBM
Hedium-range ballistic misile
1,000-3,000 km

(621-1,864 mi)

i IRBM

Intermediate-range ballistic missile
3,000-5,500 km

(1,864-3,418 mi)

Intercontinental ballistic missile
5,500 km (3,418

Submarine-taunched ballistic miss

launched
ress

Any ballistic miss
from a submarine, reg
of maximum range

perational ballistic missiles are deployed in silos, on
‘submarines, and on land-mobile launchers. Mobile
missiles are favored by many nations because they can be
hidden, which greatly increases their survivability.

In many short-range ballistic missiles, the entire missile
remains intact until the warhead detonates. In longer range
ballistic missiles, warheads are contained in separating reentry
vehicles. Some long-range ballistic missiles carry multiple
independently targetable reentry vehicles (MIRVs), with up
to 10 reentry vehicles (RVs) per missile. RVs reenter the
Earth’s atmosphere at very high velocities, on the order of 4-
5 miles per second at ICBM ranges.

Ballistic missiles can use solid- or liquid-propellant rocket
ystems. The trend in modern missile systems has

been toward the use of solid propellants because of their
reduced logistical requirements and simplicity of operation.
However, some Third World nations have greater access to
liquid-propellant technology and, therefore, continue to
develop new liquid-propellant missiles.

Multiple-stage missiles, with each stage having its own
independent propulsion system, are more efficient for longer
range missions. ICBMs typically have two or three stages,
with powerful liquid-propellant engines or solid-propellant
motors to propel the payload toward its target, besides a
postboost vehicle with a much smaller propulsion system. A
postboost vehicle can be used to improve the RV deployment
accuracy for a single-RV missile. For a missile with a MIRV
payload, the postboost vehicle is used to release RVs so that
they follow different trajectories, allowing them to hit targets
that may be separated by over 1,000 miles.

A ballistic missile with a high-quality inertial guidance system
is capable of delivering an RV within a few hundred feet of
the target after a flight of over 6,000 miles.
accuracy can be greatly improved by utilizing satellite-aided
navigation. Missiles also can use maneuvering reentry
vehicles (MaRVs) with terminal sensors to attain very high
accuracy,

As more modern guidance technology is proliferated,
countries will be able to improve the accuracy and lethality
of their missile forces. However, even a missile with a
guidance system only accurate enough to hit a large city is
capable of inflicting massive casualties when armed with a
weapon of mass destruction. Therefore, many Third World
ballistic missiles, though inaccurate, have the potential to pose
a serious threat to urban targets.

Many ballistic missiles carry penetration aids to improve the
chances of an RV penetrating a ballistic missile defense
system. Penetration aids are devices intended to deceive or
jam sensors used to detect and track missiles and RVs.
Penetration aids are of increasing importance to countries
developing and operating ballistic missiles.

ioe

Russian Iskander-E Road-Mobile Missile System

Mobile missiles can move frequently to avoid being targeted by hostile forces.

is < . “
Indian Agni I Mobile MRBM

Russian §$-25 Road-Mobile ICBM



Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missiles

Pe

Russian SS-N-18

SS-N-1B

SS-N-20

SS-N-23

a

SINEVA CSS-NX-3 JL2 BULAVA-30

Re still maintains a substantial force of nuclear-
powered ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs) with
intercontinental-range missiles. Russia is developing new and
improved SLBM weapon systems to replace its current
inventory of Cold War vintage systems. An upgrade to the
SS-N-23, named Sineva, is intended to replace the existing
SS-N-23 on DELTA IV Class SSBNs. The Bulava-30 SLBM
is a new solid-propellant SLBM that is primarily intended
for deployment on new DOLGORUKIY class SSBNs.
Russian SLBMs are capable of launch from surfaced and
submerged SSBNs from a variety of launch locations.

China currently has a single XIA-class SSBN that is intended
to carry 12 CSS-NX-3 missiles. In addition, the Chinese have
designed a new SSBN, Type 094, that will carry the new JL-
2 ballistic missile. This missile will, for the first time, allow
Chinese SSBNs to target portions of the United States from
operating areas located near the Chinese coast.

India is developing two new naval systems, the Sagarika
SLBM (which is expected to become operational after 2010)
and the Dhanush ship-launched ballistic missile (a naval
version of the Prithvi land-based ballistic missile). The
Dhanush is undergoing sea-based flight tests from an Indian
naval surface ship.


Maximum Initial
Launch Warhead Range
System Country Mode Type (miles)
YI-63 China Air Conventional Undetermined Undetermined
New cruise China Undeter- Conventional Undetermined Undetermined
missile mined or nuclear
APACHE-AP France Air Conventional/ 100+ 2002
submunitions
SCALP-EG France Air and ship Conventional) 300+
penetrator
Black Shaheen* United Arab Air Conventional 250+ 2006
Emirates penetrator
KEPD-350 Germany/ Air and ground Conventional/ 220+ 2004
Sweden/ penetrator/
Spain submunitions
Brahmos-A India/Russia = Air Conventional 150+ 2008
Popeye Turbo Israel Air Conventional/unitary 200+ 2002
Babur Pakistan Ground/Ship Conventional or nuclear 200 Undetermined
/Submarine/Air
AS-4 Russia Air Conventional or nuclear 185+ Operational
AS-15 Russia Air Nuclear 1,500+ Operational
SS-N-21 Russia Submarine Nuclear 1,500+ Operational
Kh-555 Russia Air Conventional/unitary Undetermined Undetermined
or submunitions
3M-14E Russia Ship and Conventional 185+ Undetermined
Submarine
MUPSOW South Africa Air and ground Conventional/unitary 125+ 2002
or submunitions
Torgos South Africa Air and ground Conventional/unitary 185+ 2006+
or submunitions
Wan Chien Taiwan Air Conventional/ 150+ 2006
submunitions
Storm Shadow United Kingdom Air Conventional/ 300+ 2003

penetrator
Note: All ranges are approximate and represent the range of the missile ony. The effective system range may be greatly increased by the range of the launch platform,
The Black Shaheen is an export version of the SCALP-EG.

A Tornado tests the French APACHE cruise missile, Chinese YJ-63 cruise missile is carried by the H6 bomber aircraft.

26


Russian Bulava SLBH Launch from a Typhoon Submarine

Russian S5-N-23 SLBM

Each Russian DELTA IV SSBN can carry 16 S5-N-23 missiles. Chinese CSS-NX-3 SLBM Launch


ussia retains almost 2,000 nuclear warheads on ICBMs
Re: most of these missiles are maintained on alert,
able of being launched within minutes of receiving a
launch order. Although the size of the Russian ICBM force
will continue to decrease because of arms control agreements,
aging missiles, and resource constraints, Russia probably will
retain the largest ICBM force outside the United States. Efforts
to maintain and modernize the force are underway. The
Russian SS-27 ICBM. a m e designed with
countermeasures to ballistic missile defense systems, is now
deployed in silos in five regiments (42 missiles). The road-
mobile version of the SS-27 completed its flight test program
in 2004. A new strategic missile that could be deployed in
both land-based and sea-based versions may also be under
dev elopment President Putin and other Russian officials claim
ic vehicle is being developed to
les to penetrate missile defense

The Russian §5-25 missile is launched from a canister carried on a seven-axle transporter-erector-

: launcher.
systems.

The Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (START I) treaty, which
entered into force in December 1994, limits the United States
and Russia to no more than 6,000 warheads each (including
those on ICBMs, SLBMs, and heavy bombers). The 2002
Moscow Treaty on Strategic Offensive Reductions limits
Russia and the United States to no more than 1,700-2,200
warheads each by the end of 2012.

China has a relatively small force of nuclear-armed, liquid-
propellant ICBMs capable of reaching the United States.
China has been developing advanced new mobile, solid-
propellant ICBMs, including the DF-31 which was flight-
tested fi irst time in August 1999. The DF-31 is a three-
stage missile carried inside a canister. The deployment of road-
mobile ICBMs will enhance the survivability of the Chinese
strategic missile force. The DF-31 will be capable of reaching
targets throughout Europe and Asia as well as parts of Canada
and the northwestern United States. A longer range mobile
ICBM, the DF-31A, also is under development. China could
develop MIRV payloads for some of its ICBMs,, and the
number of warheads on Chinese ICBMs capable of threatening
the United States is expected to grow to well over 100 in the
next 15 years.

North Korea is developing the Taepo Dong 2 ICBM, which
could reach at least Alaska and Hawaii from North Korea.
The missile could be flight-tested soon after a political
decision to do so. The Taepo Dong 2 may be exported to
other countries in the future.

Iran has an ambitious ballistic missile development program
and, with continued foreign assistance, Iran could have an
ICBM capable of reaching the United States before 2015.

Chinese (55-4 ICBM Launch, Russian $S-27 ICBM Launch



til

(S$-2 CSS-5 Shahab 3 Agni Il No Dong Taepo Ghauri Shaheen Il
Dong |

—

The Chinese (55-5 is a two-stage, solid-propellant MRBM capable of reaching targets in the Pacific Theater and most of Asia (the missile is in a canister on a towed-erector-launcher),


Russian Road-Mobile 5-27 ICBM on its Transporter-Erector-Launcher

Chinese Road-Mobile Missiles (left to right) CSS-5 MRBM (missile is inside canister), (SS-7 SRBM, and (5S-6 SRBM

Back cover photo: Iranian Shahab 3 MRBM


Hatf-1 Shaheen | (55-6 CSS-7

Seat countries are now producing and/or developing SRBM
ystems, while many other countries have purchased missiles or
le technologies from one or more of the mi
SRBM systems are in development in several countries. China has
deployed a very large force of modern solid-propellant SRBMs in the
vicinity of Taiwan.

The Russian SS-1e Mod 1, also called the SCUD B, has been exported
to more countries than any other type of guided ballistic missile and has
proven to be a versatile and adaptable weapon. For example, the Iraqi
SCUD missiles used during the 1991 Persian Gulf War had been
modified to double their range. North Korea has produced its own
version of the SCUD B, as well as the SCUD C, an extended-range
version of the SCUD B.

Although the SCUD was originally designed as a tactical battlefield
support weapon, many countries view it and other SRBM systems as
strategic weapons to be used against urban areas. Iraq used extended-
range SCUD missiles as
strategic weapons dur-
ing both the Iran-Iraq
war and the 1991 Per-
sian Gulf War. In the
future, other countries
could modify SCUD
missiles to signifi-
cantly improve their
accuracy and use them
against high-value mili-
tary targets and cities.

The Chinese (55-8 has been exported to Iran.

SCUD B on Road-Mobile Launcher

Chinese CSS-7 SRBM being Launched from Road-Mobile Launcher



Short-Range Ballistic Missiles
Mi x = =*

55-21 Iskander-E SS-Ic SS-Ie Prithvi Agni |

SRBM Launcher Order of Battie ....,
SELECTED COUNTRIES  missite system Number of Launchers”

Belarus Kazakhstan Syria
ScUDB Fewer than 50 SCUDB Fewer the 50 SCUDB Fewer than 50
$S-21 Fewer than 100 $S-21 Fewer than 50 ScUDC Fewer than 50
SS-21 Fewer than 50
China Libya
css-6 Fewer than 100 SCUDB Fewer than 100 Turkmenistan
Css-7 Fewer than 150 SCUDB Fewer the 50
North Korea
Egypt ScuUDB Fewer than 50 Ukraine
SCUDB Fewer than 50 ScUDC Fewer than 50 SCUDB Fewer than 100
SS-21 Fewer than 100
India Pakistan
Prithvi Fewer than 50 Ghaznavi Fewer than 50 Vietnam
Dhanush* Not yet deployed Hatf-1 Fewer than 50 SCUDB Fewer than 50
Agnil Not yet deployed Shaheen! Fewer than 50
Yemen
Iran Russia SCUDB Fewer than 50
css-8 Fewer than 50 $S-21 More than 200 $S-21 Fewer than 50
SCUDB Fewer than 50 SS-26 Fewer than 50
scuD Cc Fewer than 50

Fateh-110 Fewer than 50

*The missile inventory may be much larger than the number of faunchers, because launchers can be reused to fire additional missiles.
** Ship-launched ballistic missile.

iS


SS-18 Mod 4
SS-18 Mod 5
SS-19 Mod 3
$S-25
S$S-27

New ICBM*

Russian §5-25 Launch

Number Warheads
per Booster Deployment

Country Stages

Russia
Russia
Russia
Russia
Russia

Russia

2+ PBV
2+ PBY
2+ PBV
3+ PBV
3+ PBV

Undeter-
mined

Missile Propellant

10 Liquid
10 Liquid
6 Liquid
1 Solid
1 Solid

18

Silo and/
or mobile

Front View of a Russian $S-25 Transporter-Erector-Launcher

Maximum
Range*
(miles)

5,500+
6,000+
5,500+
7,000+
7,000+

5,500+

79 (total for
Mods 4 and 5)
126

273

42

Not yet deployed


Indian Agni | Road-Mobile SRBM

Dah

Pakistani Shaheen | on Road-Mobile Launcher Indian Prithvi SRBM Launch

Pakistani Shaheen | Road-Mobile SRBM Launch



AS-4 AS-IS SS-N-21 Torgos MUPSOW APACHE Popeye Storm KEPD-350 © SCALP-EG
Turbo Shadow

Russian AS-4 Cruise Missile on a Tu-22 Bomber


NASIC-1031-0985-06
MARCH 2006

National
Air and Space
Intelligence

Center

Wright-Patterson
Air Force Base, Ohio

4
«
*
i
x

ee hing}


Maximum
Number Deployment Range Number of
Missile Country of Stages Propellant Mode (miles) Launchers*
Css-2 China 1 Liquid Transportable 1,900 Fewer than 50
(limited mobility)
css-2** Saudi Arabia | Liquid Transportable 1,750 Fewer than 50
(Chinese- (limited
produced) mobility)
CSS-5 Mod I China 2 Solid Road-mobile 1,100+ Fewer than 50
CSS-5 Mod 2 China 2 Solid Road-mobile 1,100+ Fewer than 50
No Dong North Korea 1 Liquid Road-mobile 800 Fewer than 50
Taepo Dong 1** North Korea 2 Liquid Undetermined 1,250+ Not deployed
IRBM**** North Korea 1 Liquid Mobile 2,000+ Not yet deployed
Agni II India 2 Solid Mobile 1,250+ Not yet deployed
Agni 1I"** India 2 Solid Mobile 2,000+ Not yet deployed
Ghauri Pakistan 1 Liquid Road-mobile 800 Fewer than 50
Shaheen Il Pakistan 2 Solid Road-mobile 1,250+ Not yet deployed
Shahab 3 Iran 1 Liquid Road-mobile 800 Fewer than 20
Shahab 3 Variant Iran 1 Liquid Road-mobile 1,200+ Not yet deployed
New MRBM**** = Tran Undetermined Solid Undetermined 1,200+ Not yet deployed
IRBM/ICBM*** = Iran Undetermined Undetermined Undetermined Undetermined Not yet deployed

Note: All ranges are approximate.
* There may be several missles available foreach launcher.
** The exported (5S-2 has a conventional warhead.
+ Booster was used in an attempted satellite launch,
+9 Missile has not yet been flight-tested

Pakistani Ghauri Liquid-Propellant MRBM Pakistani Ghauri MRBM Launch

10


ew MRBM and/or IRBM systems are in development in

China, North Korea, Iran, India, and Pakistan. These are
strategic systems, and most will be armed with
nonconventional warheads. (Both India and Pakistan tested
nuclear weapons in 1998.) Russia no longer produces or
retains any MRBM or IRBM systems, because they are banned
by the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty, which
entered into force in 1988. China has been very active in its
development of MRBMs.

North Korea has an ambitious ballistic missile development
program and has exported missile technology to other
countries, including Iran and Pakistan. North Korea has also
admitted its poss n of nuclear weapons. The North Korean
Taepo Dong | was used in an attempt to orbit a satellite in
August 1998, Although a small third stage failed to place the
satellite in orbit, the two-stage booster apparently performed
successfully. The Taepo Dong | tested technologies necessary
for longer-range missile development. North Korea has a new
IRBM in development; this system could be exported to other
countries.

Iran has an extensive missile development program and has
received support from entities in Russia, China, and North
Korea. The Iranian Shahab 3 MRBM is based on the North
Korean No Dong missile. Iran continues to modify the Shahab
3 to extend its range and effectiveness. Iran claimed it tested
an improved version of the Shahab 3 in 2004. Subsequent
statements by Iranian officials suggest the range is up to 1,250
miles for the improved Shahab 3 and that Iran has the
capability to mass produce Shahab 3 missiles. Iran has also
indicated it has a solid-propellant MRBM in development.

The Iranian Shahab 3 isa single-stage, lquid-propelant misile based onthe North Korean Ho Dong MRBM.

India and Pakistan are continuing development of MRBM
systems capable of carrying weapons of mass destruction.
India has indicated it plans to deploy the new solid-propellant
Agni Il MRBM. A longer-range Agni III IRBM is also under
development and its first flight test could occur soon. Pakistan
conducted the first flight test of its new two-stage, solid-
propellant Shaheen IIT MRBM in 2004. The Shaheen II could
have a range of 1,250 miles or more, in the same class as the
Indian Agni II.

North Korean Taepo Dong | in Flight





SCUDB
(SS-1c Mod 1)
SS-Ic Mod 2
SS-21 Mod 2
SS-21 Mod 3
$S-26
Iskander-E

Css-6
CSs-7
Css-8

Prithvi I
Prithvi I!
Dhanush
Agnil

Hatf-1
Shaheen I
Ghaznavi
Fateh-110

Note: Al anges are approximate.

Pakistani Ghaznavi Road-Mobile SRBM

Russia

Russia
Russia
Russia
Russia
Russia

China
China
China

China

North Korea
North Korea

India
India
India
India

Pakistan
Pakistan

Pakistan
Iran
Syria

Deployment Maximum Range

Propellant Mode
Liquid Road-mobile
Liquid Road-mobile
Solid Road-mobile
Solid Road-mobile
Solid Road-mobile
Solid Road-mobile
Solid Road-mobile
Solid Road-mobile
First stage: solid Road-mobile
Second stage: liquid
Solid Road-mobile
Liquid Road-mobile
Liquid Road-mobile
Liquid Road-mobile
Liquid Road-mobile
Liquid Ship-based
Solid Road-mobile
Solid Road-mobile
Solid Road-mobile
Solid Road-mobile
Solid Road-mobile
Liquid Road-mobile

Pakistani Ghaznavi Road-Mobile SRBM Launch

(mile:

185

150+
43
75
185+
170+

120+

LEE


Russian SS-N-20 SLBM

=

Each Russian TYPHOON SSBN can carry 20 SS-N-20 missiles. Russian $5-N-20 SLBM Launch



Pn Bese
Rafale with APACHE Cruise Missile

—s

Brahmos-A Indian/Russian Cruise Missile KEPD-350 in Foreground; Storm Shadow in Background

Wan Chien Taiwan Cruise Missile on Taiwan Indigenous Defense Fighter

Pakistani Babur Cruise Missile Launch



Hany ballistic and cus missiles are armed wih nuclear warheads. Chemical and bilgi weapons can be packaged in submuritions tobe dispersed over a wide ares,

allistic and cruise missiles can be armed with conventional or nonconventional warheads. Conventional warheads

are filled with a chemical explosive, such as TNT, and rely on the detonation of the explosive and the resulting metal
casing fragmentation as kill mechanisms. Nonconventional warheads include weapons of mass destruction (nuclear, biological,
and chemical weapons), as well as nonlethal warheads, a relatively new class of warhead designed to disable equipment
rather than harm personnel. Conventional, biological, and chemical weapons can be packaged in unitary (single) warheads
and in submunitions (multiple small bomblets that are released at altitude to disperse over a wide area).

Conventional warheads can be optimized for specific types of targets. For example, submunitions can be used to create
craters in an aircraft runway or destroy armored vehicles. A penetrator warhead, which uses a relatively small amount of
explosive surrounded by a heavy metal casing, can pass through a hardened structure, such as a bunker, to destroy its
contents.

‘Almostall of the longer range ballistic missiles, and several types of LACMs, carry nuclear warheads. Most of these warheads
have an explosive force that is tens to hundreds of times more powerful than the atomic bombs used in World War I.

Chemical and biological weapons are attractive to many Third World countries because they are much easier to produce than
nuclear weapons. Many countries with chemical and biological warfare programs also are equipped
with ballistic and/or cruise missiles. Accuracy is not very important for

these weapons when used against urban areas or large
concentrations of military forces.
Chemical and biological weapons are
capable of producing massive
casualties, inducing panic and chaos
in civilian populations, and severely
degrading military operations.

Ballistic Missile Warhead with Submunitions

EEE EE EEE


Chinese (SS-5 Road-Mobile Launchers Iranian Shahab 3 Road-Mobile MRBM Launch

Chinese (55-5 Mod | MRBM Launch from a Mobile-Erector-Launcher Chinese (55-2 IRBM

2 ES
13



é

55-18 58-18 55-19 5S-25 SS-27 (55-3 (55-4 DF-31 Taepo
Mod 4 Mod 5 Mod 3 Dong 2

China is continuing development of the new DF-31 road-mobile ICBM (a three-stage, solid-propellant missile carried inside a canister). Chinese (55-4 ICBM



Threat History

allistic and cruise missiles present a significant threat to

US and Allied forces overseas, as well as to the United
States and its territories. Missiles are attractive to many nations
because they can be used effectively against an adversary
with a formidable air defense system where an attack with
manned aircraft would be impractical or too costly. In addition,
missiles can be used as a deterrent or an instrument of
coercion. Missiles also have the advantage of fewer
maintenance, training, and logistic requirements than manned
aircraft. Even limited use of these weapons could be
devastating, because missiles can be armed with chemical,
biological, or nuclear warheads.

The ballistic and cruise missile threat continues to increase
with the proliferation of missile technology. Over 20 countries
have ballistic missile systems, and it is likely that missiles
will be a threat in future conflicts involving US forces.

Vel in light

V1 about to Impact in London

V2 Damage (160 people were killed in this attack.)

Ballistic missiles have been used in several conflicts over the
last 20 years, including the Iran-Iraq war, the Afghan civil
war, the war in Yemen, the 1991 and 2003 Persian Gulf
conflicts, and the Russian military action in Chechnya.
Although LACMs have not yet been widely proliferated, as
many as 20 countries could possess cruise missiles in the next
decade.

The US Air Force, in cooperation with the other services, is
responsible for countering the ballistic and cruise missile
threat through deterrence and, if necessary, active suppression.
Threat suppression may include attacks on missile systems,
both before launch and in flight, as well as attacks on their
supporting infrastructure. This document includes information
on some of the major current and projected foreign ballistic
and cruise missile systems.

Guided cruise and ballistic missiles were first used when Germany attacked
targets in England and Northern Europe with V-| cruise missiles and V-2
ballistic missiles during World War Il. Although these missiles were
inaccurate, their use resulted in tens of thousands of Allied casualties.

V-2 Ballistic Missiles



nlike ballistic missiles, cruise missiles are usually
| Bicone by intended mission and launch mode
(instead of maximum range). The two broadest categories are
land-attack cruise missiles (LACMs) and anti-ship cruise
missiles (ASCMs). Each type can be launched from an
aircraft, ship, submarine, or ground-based launcher. LACMs
are addressed in this document.

A LACM is an unmanned, armed aerial vehicle designed to
attack a fixed or mobile ground-based target. It spends the
majority of its mission in level flight, as it flies a
preprogrammed path to a predetermined target. Propulsion is
usually provided by a small jet engine.

Because of highly accurate guidance systems that can place
the missile within a few feet of the intended target, the most
advanced LACMs can be used effectively against very small
targets, even when armed with conventional warheads. LACM
guidance usually occurs in three phases: launch, midcourse,
and terminal. During the launch phase, a le is guided
using only the inertial navigation system (INS). In the
midcourse phase, a missile is guided by the INS updated by
one or more of the following systems: a radar-based terrain
contour matching (TERCOM) system, a radar or optical scene
matching system, and/or a satellite navigation system such
as the US Global Positioning System (GPS) or the Russian
Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS). The
terminal guidance phase begins when a missile enters the
target area and uses either more accurate scene matching or a
terminal seeker (usually an optical or radar-based sensor).

Defending against LACMs will stress air defense systems.
Cruise missiles can fly at low altitudes to stay below enemy
radar and, in some cases, hide behind terrain features. Newer
missiles are incorporating stealth features to make them even
le sible to radars and infrared detectors. Modern cruise
missiles also can be programmed to approach and attack a
target in the most efficient manner. For example, multiple
missiles can attack a target simultaneously from different
directions, overwhelming air defenses at their weakest points.
Furthermore, the LACMs may fly circuitous routes to get to
the target, thereby avoiding radar and air defense installations.
Some developmental systems may incorporate chaff or decoys
as an added layer of protection, though concealment will
remain a cruise missile’s main defense.

The cruise missile threat to US forces will increase over the
next decade. At least nine foreign countries will be involved
in LACM production during the next decade, and several of
the LACM producers will make their missiles available for
export.

The success of US Tomahawk cruise missiles has heightened
interest in cruise missile acquisition in many countries. Many

cruise missiles available for purchase will have the potential
to perform precision-strike missions. Many of these missiles
will have similar features: a modular design, allowing them
to be manufactured with a choice of navigational suites and
conventional warhead options; the incorporation of stealth
technology; the ability to be launched from fighter-size
aircraft; and the capability to fly high-subsonic, low-altitude,
terrain-following flight profiles.

Russian 3M-14E Cruise Missile



ny countries view ballistic and cruise missile

M ystems as cost-effective weapons and symbols of
national power. In addition, they present an asymmetric
threat to US airpower.

Many ballistic and cruise missiles are armed with weapons
of mass destruction.

North Korea is continuing to develop an intercontinental
ballistic missile (ICBM) that could reach parts of the
United States with a nuclear payload. A new intermediate-
range ballistic missile (IRBM) also is under development.

Iran is continuing to modify its Shahab 3 medium-range
ballistic missile (MRBM) to extend its range and
effectiveness. With continued foreign assistance, Iran
could have an ICBM capable of reaching the United States
before 2015.

China’s ballistic missile force is expanding in size and
types of missiles. New theater missiles continue to be
deployed in the vicinity of Taiwan, while the ICBM force
will soon be adding the new road-mobile, solid propellant
DF-31 and DF-31A ICBMs. The new JL-2 submarine-
launched ballistic missile (SLBM) is also under
development. Future ICBMs could include some with
multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles, and
the number of ICBM warheads capable of reaching the
United States could expand to well over 100 in the next
15 years.

India and Pakistan continue to develop new short- and
long-range balli siles. Pakistan first tested its new
solid-propellant Shaheen 2 MRBM in 2004 and India is
expected to test its new solid-propellant Agni II IRBM
in the near future.

Russia still has several thousand nuclear warheads
deployed on ballistic missiles capable of reaching the
United States. Although the size of the Russian strategic
missile force is shrinking, development of new ICBM and
SLBM systems is proceeding, and Russia is expected to
retain the largest force of strategic ballistic missiles outside
the United States.

Land-attack cruise missiles (LACMs) are highly effective
weapon systems that can present a major threat to military
operations.

Atleast nine foreign countries will be involved in LACM
production during the next decade, and many missiles will
be available for export.

Front cover photo: Russian SS-19 ICBM

Threat History...

Warheads and Targets ..

Ballistic Missiles

2
4

Short-Range Ballistic Missiles

Medium-Range/Intermediate-Range Ballistic
Missiles ..

Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles ...

Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missiles ...

Land-Attack Cruise Mi

Summary ..

PHOTO CREDITS

TS

p. 27, bottom right)

Center for Defense Inform:

(p.20)
China Pictorial (p. 17 bottom left)
Daussit(p. 27, top right)

Defense Nuclear Agency (p. 2, top left)

Department of Defense (p. 3, bottom left)

FARS News Agency (p. 14-15)

(pl, bottom right)

Kentron Division

MBDA (p. 26, bottom left)

| Air & Space Intelligence Center (p. 5. top right; p. 13, bottom left; p.27, 2% down on

left; 3° down on left; center right)

National War College (p. 7, center)

North Korean Television (p. 9, bottom)

PLA Pictorial (p. 23, bottom left)

Reuters (p.3, bottom left and center; p: 10, alls p. 11, bottom p. 12, tops p. 28, top)
Russian Military Review (p. 19, right)

Rossiya TV (p. 22, top right)

bottom right:

‘TommaX, Inc/Military Parade Ltd. (front cover: p.
pl 2, op left and bottom Ie

center, and bottom right: p. 18, Pp
5, all : inside back cov

top)
‘Topham Picture Agency (p. 1, left center and left bottom)

‘and bottom rights p: 12, botto!
‘bottom right: p. 23, top seri

1p. 13 upper left
p. 23, bottom

Wforum (p.§, bottom ri
‘bottom rights p. 16,
: Inside bac)

italic


Summary

B allistic missiles are already in widespread use and will
continue to increase in number and variety. The
availability of weapons of mass destruction for use on
ballistic missiles vastly increases the significance of this
threat.

Despite an ongoing reduction in the size of the Russian
strategic missile force, Russia probably will retain the largest
force of strategic ballistic missiles outside the United States.
The development of new ballistic mi |

road-mobile SS-27 ICBM and the Sineva and Bulava-30
SLBMs) is a high priority for Russia. President Putin and
other Russian officials have claimed that a new c’ of
hypersonic vehicle is being developed to allow Russian
strategic missiles to penetrate missile defense systems.
Russia is also offering the advanced new Iskander-E SRBM
for export.

China is capable of producing technologically advanced
ballistic missiles and has sold ballistic missile technology
to other countries. China has an extensive theater missile
program and has deployed a large force of ballistic missiles
in the vicinity of Taiwan. China can already target the United
States with a relatively small force of liquid-propellant
ICBMs, and China’s ICBM force will grow considerably.
The DF-31 ICBM has been flight-tested and probably will
be deployed soon. The DF-31A ICBM, which will have a
longer range than the DF-31, and the JL-2 SLBM are in
development.

North Korea is continuing the development of the Taepo
Dong 2 ICBM and has a new IRBM in development. Any
North Korean ballistic missiles may be exported to other
countries in the future. With continued foreign assistance,
Iran also could have an ICBM capable of reaching the United
States by 2015.

Proliferation of LACMs will expand in the next decade. At
least nine countries will be involved in producing these
weapons. The majority of new LACMs will be very accurate,
conventionally armed, and available for export. The high
accuracy of many LACMs will allow them to inflict serious
damage on important targets, even when the missiles are
armed only with conventional warheads. US defense systems
could be severely stressed by low-flying stealthy cruise
missiles that can simultaneously attack a target from several
directions.

Ballistic and cruise missiles, with their relatively low
operating costs, their high probability of penetrating existing
defense systems, and their value as a symbol of national
power, will continue to be the offensive weapons of choice
for many nations. As such, they are threats that must be
carefully considered in future military planning and
operations.

28

New Chinese DF-31 ICBM in Flight



Pakistani Shaheen I! Launch



The Shahab 3 sa single-stage iqud-propllant MRBM. The original Shahab 3 has a range of about |
800 miles. In 2004, Iran tested @ new version ofthe Shahab 3 witha claimed range of about 1,250 |
mile. The missile also carried a new typeof reentry vehicle. | \