The State of Container Security Standards

Shaw C. Feng 

Simon P. Frechette 

NISTIR 7153

 
NISTIR 7153

The State of Container Security 

Standards

Shaw C. Feng 

Simon P. Frechette 

Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory

October 2007 

U.S. Department of Commerce 

Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretary 

National Institute of Standards and Technology 

 James M. Turner, Acting Director 

 
Table of Contents 

1. Introduction..................................................................................................................... 2 

2. Container Security Standards Requirements .................................................................. 2 

3. The Current State of Standards for Container Security .................................................. 3 

3.1 Standard Development Organizations...................................................................... 5 

3.2 Containers................................................................................................................. 7 

3.2.1 Physical Security................................................................................................ 7 

3.2.2 Container Identification Technology ................................................................. 9 

3.3 Transportation......................................................................................................... 13 

3.3.1 Vehicle Identification....................................................................................... 13 

3.3.2 Transportation identification............................................................................ 14 

3.4 Port Access.............................................................................................................. 16 

3.5 Communication in Supply Chain............................................................................ 17 

3.5.1 Medium and Long-Range Communication ..................................................... 17 

3.5.2 Supply Chain Security ..................................................................................... 18 

4. Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 20 

Acknowledgements........................................................................................................... 21 

References......................................................................................................................... 21 

1
1. Introduction 

About seven million containers arrive at U.S. ports every year. Almost 95% of U.S.-

bound cargo moves by containers [3]. Currently, U.S. Customs officials use advanced 

technologies to identify and prescreen high-risk containers. The Department of Homeland 

Security has issued security guidelines for U.S. agencies, carriers, and importers in the 

Customs Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (C-TPAT). C-TPAT encourages importers 

and carriers to certify their cargo sources and assume responsibilities for cargo security 

[1]. 

The RAE report [3] stresses the importance of integrating sensor networks with supply 

chain databases and existing import/export processes to allow global traders to manage 

and monitor their maritime cargo in transit. Effective sensor technology and integrated 

information systems will be critical components of a comprehensive container inspection 

system. Data communication standards play a key role in direct data flow from sensors, 

electronic seals, and identification (ID) tags to location tracking and other systems used 

to provide overall shipping security. 

Deployment of advanced container security technology is impeded by the lack of syntax 

and semantics standards for data exchange. This has led to proprietary solutions that work 

at isolated locations, but cannot be tied together for seamless data flow and data 

verification. Aside from the costs incurred by manually handling the same data numerous 

times and the errors that inevitably result, the lack of standards inhibits the deployment of 

truly intelligent systems that can leverage today’s computer technology. Such technology 

promises the ability to track a container’s history, pinpoint security breaches, recognize 

emerging patterns and anomalies, and automatically alert the downstream and upstream 

transit points. 

This report focuses on the standards needed to integrate security device outputs and cargo 

processing information into supply chain information systems. It provides a survey of the 

state of the art in standards that address container security. 

2. Container Security Standards Requirements 

Both the Container Security Initiative (CSI) [1] and C-TPAT have raised new security 

requirements on cargo container standards. Physical integrity, communication between 

sensors, identification methodologies including Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), 

supply chain systems, and container shipping information repository systems are within 

the scope. The following information standard needs can be derived from CSI and CTPAT. 

• Specification of physical/structural security 

• Seal tampering detection and reporting 

• Tracking, tracing, and condition reporting 

• Unique identifying importer, carrier, and cargo source 

2
• Communication between electronic seals, RFID, and supply chain security 

databases 

• Shipping route, including stops and departure/arrival dates 

• Originator, transporters, recipient, cargo inspectors, and other container 

handlers and their security certifications 

• Sequence of custodianship transfers, including transferring date, place, 

inspection, and other relevant information 

3. The Current State of Standards for Container Security 

All the currently available standards address the security of containers in transit. A 

container contains products that are ordered by clients and manufactured by a supplier. 

The container is transported by truck, trains, or ship. At each national boundary, the 

container has to be checked by customs. While in transit, the container is usually tracked 

by using satellite or land-based communication. Electronic door seals, radio frequency 

identification tags, supply chain tags, vehicle identification tags, and container ship 

identification devices are used to provide real-time container identification, location, and 

intrusion detection. As shown in Figure 1, containers to be shipped overseas are loaded 

and then transported to a customs check point at a sea port. 

Standard Development Organizations (SDOs) are described in Section 3.1. Currently 

available port access security standards are described in Section 3.4. The cargo owner 

and shipper can track the container using land-based and satellite-based methods. 

Satellites provide real-time location and communication capabilities. Communication and 

air-interface standards are described in Section 3.5. At a sea port, the container is loaded 

to a container ship. The container goes through customs and port security check on land 

at the port of origin. At the destination, the container is loaded off from the ship to a 

delivery vehicle. The container could be loaded to different modes of transportation on 

land, such as truck, trailer, or train. It might also be temporarily off loaded for storage 

during intermodal transportation. Supply chain security standards including eBusiness 

standards and management system standards are described in Section 3.5.2. 

Technical areas in container and vehicle security standards are shown in Figure 2. Those 

standards address both physical security and identification. Physical security includes 

electronic and mechanical door seals and structural integrity. Container identification (ID) 

has in two categories: individual container ID and supply chain ID. Details are described 

in Section 3.2. Also, details of vehicle-related security standards (tagging, registration, 

and intermodal transportation) are described in Section 3.3. 

3
Figure 1 Container in a supply chain 

Figure 2 Container and vehicle security 

4
3.1 Standard Development Organizations 

Most available standards were developed under the auspices of the International 

Organization for Standardization (ISO) [4]. The standards can be categorized by their 

functions as follows: container security, transportation security, port security, and supply 

chain communication security. The goal of standards development is to have a complete 

set of standards that are critical to the security of the supply chain, from origin to final 

destination. Many available ISO standards are listed in the ascending order of the 

standard number starting on [7] in References; a complete list of such standards is beyond 

the scope of this report. It is the authors’ intent to keep updating this report as new 

standards become available. 

There are generally six stages in the development of an ISO standard. The first stage is 

standard proposal. A new work item proposal (NP) is submitted for vote by members of 

the relevant Technical Committee (TC) or Subcommittee (SC) to determine the inclusion 

of the newly proposed work time. The second stage is standard preparation. A working 

group of technical experts, led by a project leader, prepare a Working Draft (WD) until 

the working group is satisfied that it has developed the best possible solution to solve the 

problem being addressed. The draft is thus forwarded to the parent committee for 

consensus building. The third stage is committee stage. The working draft is registered by 

the ISO Central Secretariat as a Committee Draft (CD) and distributed for comment. 

Successive CD revisions may be necessary until consensus is reached. Sometime, voting 

by qualified voting members takes place to reject the CD if consensus cannot be reached. 

Once consensus has been attained, the document is finalized for submission as a Draft 

International Standard (DIS). The fourth stage is enquiry. The DIS is circulated for all 

ISO members for voting and comment within a specified period. It may be approved for 

submission as a Final Draft International Standard (FDIS) or disapproved and returned to 

the committee for rework. The fifth stage is approval. The FDIS is circulated to all ISO 

member bodies for the final approval. The sixth stage is publication. Once the FDIS has 

been accepted by ISO, the final text is published as an International Standard (IS). Those 

draft standards that consensus is not attained can be published as a Technical Report (TR), 

Technical Specification (TS), or Publicly Available Specification (PAS), decided by the 

working group, SC, or TC to publish the useful information. They follow a less rigorous 

review and approval process than that of an IS. 

An IS can be amended later. Amendment (Amd) is attached to the IS title. In addition to 

ISO, The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) [5] forms the Joint Technical 

Committee (JTC) with ISO to developed standards of common interests. 

ISO committees that develop container security-related standards are as follows. 

ISO/TC8 (Ships and Marine Technology) develops standards for shipbuilding, ship 

operations, sea-going ships, vessels for inland navigation, offshore structures, ship-toshore interfaces, and other marine structures required by the shipbuilding industry. 

Shipbuilding standards address design, construction, structural elements, outfitting parts, 

equipment, methods and technology, and marine environmental matters. 

5
ISO/TC 104 (Freight containers) develops standards of terminology, classification, 

dimensions, specifications, handling, test methods, and marking for freight containers 

that have an external volume of at least one cubic meter. 

ISO/TC 122 (Packaging) develops standards in the field of packaging with regard to 

terminology and definitions, packaging dimensions, performance requirements, and tests. 

ISO/TC 104/TC 122 Joint Working Group develops standards for supply chain 

applications of RFID for packages, means of packaging, and unit loads. These standards 

address technical areas of performance requirements and tests.

ISO/TC 154 (Processes, data elements and documents in commerce, industry and 

administration) develops standards for business transactions, administration processes, 

and global supply chain supporting data. 

ISO/TC 204 (Intelligent transport systems) develops standards for information, 

communication, and control systems for urban and rural surface transportation, including 

traveler information, traffic management, public transport, commercial transport, 

emergency services, and commercial services. The standards address issues in both 

intermodal and multimodal transportation.

ISO/IEC JTC1/SC17 (Cards and personal identification) develops standards in the 

following technical areas: physical characteristics and test methods for ID cards, machine 

readable ID cards, integrated circuit card with or without contacts, registration 

management, optical memory cards and devices, motor vehicle driver licenses, and 

applications of biometrics to cards and personal identification. 

JTC1/SC 31 (Automatic identification and data capture techniques) develops standards in 

the technical areas of data carrier, data structure, conformance tests, RFID for item 

management, and real time locating systems. 

JTC1/SC 37 (Biometrics) develops standards in the technical areas of harmonized 

biometric vocabulary, biometric system interface, biometric data interchange formats, 

biometric functional architecture and profiles, and biometric software testing and 

reporting. 

In addition to ISO and IEC, the World Customs Organization (WCO) is an independent 

intergovernmental organization that is to coordinate Customs administrations among 

countries. With 169 Member Governments, it is the only intergovernmental worldwide 

organization competent in Customs matters. WCO has the following primary functions: 

• harmonization and uniform application of agreed Customs systems and procedures 

governing the movement of commodities, people, and conveyances across Customs 

frontiers, 

• Reinforcement of Members’ compliance with their legislation and co-operation to 

combat Customs and other transnational offences, and 

6
• Promotion of communication and co-operation among Members and with other 

international organizations, and by fostering integrity, human resource development, 

transparency, improvements in the management and working methods of Customs 

administrations and the sharing of best practices. 

WCO has developed a Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade in 

2005 [6]. 

The International Maritime Organization (IMO), formerly known as the InterGovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO), was established in 1948 

through the United Nations to coordinate international maritime safety and related 

practices. However, the IMO did not enter into full force until 1958. The organization 

promotes cooperation among governments and the shipping industry to improve maritime 

safety and to prevent marine pollution. IMO is governed by an Assembly of members and 

has other functions of marine safety and environmental protection. 

The International Container Bureau is an organization with the goal to unite corporations 

or government units that handle, process, transport, and inspect freight containers. It has 

several publications and is responsible for the Bureau International des Conteneurs (BIC) 

codes, which constitute the standard ISO 6346 [10] coding system for every container 

owner and container operating company. The Bureau is located in Paris, France. 

The World Shipping Council is a trade association representing more than forty liner 

shipping companies serving America's international trade. Located in Washington, D.C., 

members include container lines and carriers. In addition to ocean transportation, 

members provide a wide range of intermodal and logistics services to American 

importers and exporters. Issues addressed by the Council include maritime security, 

regulatory policy, safety, harbor dredging, and upgrading the shipping infrastructure. 

The developed container security-related standards are described in the following 

sections. 

3.2 Containers 

Container standards are categorized into physical security and container identification 

technology. A vocabulary for freight containers is specified in ISO 830 [7]. 

3.2.1 Physical Security 

Physical security includes door security, structural integrity, and seals. Standards for door 

security are in ISO 1496 Part 1. Standards for container structural integrity and tests are 

specified in ISO 15070 and Amendment 1. Recently, standards for container seals have 

been developed. They include ISO 17712 for bolt locks and the ISO 18185 series for 

electronic seals [2]. 

7
Cargo Container Physical Security SDO Status

ISO 1496 Series 1 freight containers - Specification and 

testing - Part 1: General cargo containers for general 

purposes [8] 

ISO/TC104 IS 

ISO 1496 Part 1/Amd 5:2006 Door end security [9] ISO/TC104 IS 

ISO 15070 Series 1 freight containers - Rationale for 

structural test criteria [32]

ISO/TC104 TR 

ISO 15070/Amd 1 Guidance on structural integrity [33] ISO/TC104 TR 

Door 

ISO 15070/Amd 2 Design Consideration [34] ISO/TC104 CD 

Mechanical ISO 17712 Freight containers - Mechanical 

Seals [57]

ISO/TC104 PAS 

ISO 18185 Freight containers - Electronic 

seals - Part 1: Communication protocol [71]

ISO/TC104 FDIS 

ISO 18185 Freight containers - Electronic 

seals - Part 2: Application requirements 

[72]

ISO/TC104 FDIS 

ISO 18185 Freight containers - Electronic 

seals - Part 3: Environment characteristics 

[73]

ISO/TC104 IS 

ISO 18185 Freight containers - Electronic 

seals - Part 4: Data protection [74]

ISO/TC104 FDIS 

ISO 18185 Freight containers - Electronic 

seals - Part 5: Sensor interface [75]

ISO/TC104 FDIS 

ISO 18185 Freight containers - Electronic 

seals - Part 6 Message sets for transfer 

between seal reader and host computer [76]

ISO/TC104 CD 

Seal 

Electronic 

ISO 18185 Freight containers - Electronic 

seals - Part 7 Physical layer [77]

ISO/TC104 DIS 

8
3.2.2 Container Identification Technology 

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology is available for container 

identification. There are standards for air interfaces, implementation guidelines, system 

management, data content, data protocol, and performance tests for RFID used on 

containers. 

RFID SDO Status

ISO/IEC Information Technology – Radio 

frequency identification for item 

management - Part 1: Reference architecture 

and definition of parameters to be 

standardize [58] 

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC31 IS 

ISO/IEC 18000 Information Technology - 

Radio frequency identification for item 

management - Part 2: Parameters for air 

interface communication below 135 kHz [59]

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC31 IS 

ISO/IEC 18000 Information Technology - 

Radio frequency identification for item 

management - Part 3: Parameters for air 

interface communication below 13,56 MHz 

[60] 

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC31 IS 

ISO/IEC 18000 Information Technology - 

Radio frequency identification for item 

management - Part 4: Parameters for air 

interface communication below 2,45 GHz 

[61]

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC31 IS 

ISO/IEC 18000 Information Technology - 

Radio frequency identification for item 

management - Part 6: Parameters for air 

interface communication at 860 MHz to 960 

MHz [62]

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC31 IS 

ISO/IEC 18000 Part 6/Amd 1 Extension with 

Type C and update of Types A and B [63]

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC31 IS 

ISO/IEC FDIS 18000 Information 

technology - Radio frequency identification 

for item management - Part 7: Parameters for 

active air interface communications at 433 

MHz [64]

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC31 FDIS 

Air interface 

ISO 24753 Automatic Identification and Data 

Capture Techniques - Radio Frequency 

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC31 NP 

9
RFID SDO Status

Identification (RFID) for Item Management - 

Air Interface for Battery Assist and Sensor 

Function [116]

ISO/IEC 24729 Information technology - 

Radio frequency identification for item 

management - Implementation guidelines - 

Part 1: RFID-enabled labels [109]

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC31 

TR, 

CD 

ISO/IEC 24729 Information technology - 

Radio frequency identification for item 

management - Implementation guidelines - 

Part 2: Recyclability of RF tags [110]

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC31 

TR, 

CD Implementation 

guideline 

ISO/IEC 24729 Information technology - 

Radio frequency identification for item 

management - Implementation guidelines - 

Part 3: RFID interrogator/antenna installation 

[111]

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC31 

TR, 

NP 

System 

management 

ISO/IEC 24791 Information technology - 

Automatic Identification and Data Capture 

Techniques - Radio-Frequency Identification 

(RFID) for Item Management - System 

Management Protocol [117]

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC31 NP 

ISO/IEC 15418 Information technology - 

EAN/UCC application identifiers and fact 

data identifiers and maintenance [35]

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC31 IS 

ISO/IEC 15424 Information technology - 

Automatic identification and data capture 

techniques - Data carrier identifiers [36]

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC31 IS 

ISO/IEC 15434 Information technology - 

Automatic identification and data capture 

techniques - Syntax for high-capacity ADC 

media [37]

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC31 IS 

ISO/IEC 15459 Information technology - 

Unique identifiers - Part 1: Unique identifiers 

for transport units [38]

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC31 IS 

ISO/IEC 15459 Information technology - 

Unique identifiers - Part 2: Registration 

procedures [39]

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC31 IS 

Data content 

ISO/IEC 15459 Information technology - 

Unique identifiers - Part 3: Common rules for 

unique identifiers [40]

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC31 IS 

10
RFID SDO Status

ISO/IEC 15459 Information technology - 

Unique identifiers - Part 4: Unique identifiers 

for supply chain management [41]

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC31 IS 

ISO/IEC 15459 Information technology - 

Unique identification of transport units - Part 

5: Unique identification of returnable 

transport items (RTIs) [42]

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC31 FCD 

ISO/IEC 15459 Information technology - 

Unique identification of transport units - Part 

6: Unique identification for product 

groupings in material lifecycle management 

[43]

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC31 FCD 

ISO/IEC 15961 Information technology - 

Radio frequency identification (RFID) for 

item management - Data protocol: 

application [44]

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC31 IS 

ISO/IEC 15962 Information technology - 

Radio frequency identification (RFID) for 

item management - data protocol – encoding 

rules and logical memory functions [45]

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC31 Data protocol IS 

ISO/IEC 15963 Information technology - 

Radio frequency identification for item 

management – unique identification for RF 

tags [46]

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC31 IS 

ISO/IEC 18046 Information technology - 

Automatic identification and data capture 

techniques - Radio frequency identification 

device performance test methods [65]

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC31 IS 

ISO/IEC 18047 Information technology - 

Radio frequency identification device 

conformance test methods - Part 2: Test 

methods for air interface communications 

below 135 kHz [66]

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC31 TR 

ISO/IEC TR 18047 Information technology - 

Radio frequency identification device 

conformance test methods - Part 3: Test 

methods for air interface communications at 

13,56 MHz [67]

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC31 TR 

Performance 

tests 

ISO/IEC 18047 Information technology – ISO/IEC TR 

11
RFID SDO Status

Radio frequency identification device 

conformance test methods - Part 4: Test 

methods for air interface communications at 

2,45 GHz [68]

JTC1/SC31 

ISO/IEC TR 18047 Information technology - 

Radio frequency identification device 

conformance test methods - Part 6: Test 

methods for air interface communications at 

860 MHz to 960 MHz [69]

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC31 TR 

ISO/IEC TR 18047 Information technology - 

Radio frequency identification device 

conformance test methods - Part 7: Test 

methods for active air interface 

communications at 433 MHz [70]

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC31 TR 

An RFID tag can be attached to a container to identify it as a unit, and multiple RFID 

tags can be attached to individual packages to identify the goods in the container for 

monitoring, tracing, and tracking. 

Container Identification in a Supply Chain SDO Status

ISO 6346 Freight container - Coding, 

Identification and Marking [10]

ISO/TC104 IS 

Container ID 

ISO 10374 Freight container – RF 

Automatic Identification [21]

ISO 

JTC104/TC122 

CD 

ISO 17363 Supply chain application of 

RFID - Freight Containers [51] ISO TC122 DIS 

ISO 17364 Supply chain applications of 

RFID - Returnable transport items [52] ISO TC122 DIS 

ISO 17365 Supply chain applications of 

RFID – Transport units [53] ISO TC122 DIS 

ISO 17366 Supply chain applications of 

RFID – Product Packaging [54] ISO TC122 DIS 

ISO/DIS 17367 Supply chain applications 

of RFID – Product tagging [55] ISO TC122 DIS 

Supply chain ID 

ISO/FDIS 17687 Transport Information 

Systems - General Fleet Management and 

Commercial Freight Operations - Data 

dictionary and message sets for electronic 

identification and monitoring of hazardous 

ISO/TC 204 FDIS 

12
Container Identification in a Supply Chain SDO Status

materials/dangerous goods [56]

Sensors can be placed in a container to detect abnormal vibrations and temperature 

changes. An electronic seal is a type of sensor that detects and reports tampering. 

3.3 Transportation 

In transportation, standards for automatic vehicle identification and personnel 

identification are available. 

3.3.1 Vehicle Identification 

Radio Frequency (RF) identification-related standards are applicable for land-based 

container carriers, such as trucks and trains. Applications include tractor tagging, chassis 

tagging, vehicle registration, and intermodal goods transport. 

Vehicle Identification SDO Status

ISO 14814 Road transport and traffic telematics - 

Automatic vehicle and equipment identification - 

Reference architecture and terminology [29]

ISO/TC204 IS 

ISO 14815 Road transport and traffic telematics - 

Automatic vehicle and equipment identification - 

System specifications [30]

ISO/TC204 IS Vehicle 

tagging 

ISO 14816 Road transport and traffic telematics - 

Automatic vehicle and equipment identification - 

Numbering and data structure [31]

ISO/TC204 TS 

ISO 24531 Intelligent transport systems - System 

architecture, taxonomy and terminology - Using 

XML in ITS standards, data registries and data 

dictionaries [95]

ISO/TC204 FDIS 

ISO/CD 24533 Transport information and control 

systems - Data dictionary and message set to 

facilitate the movement of freight and its 

intermodal transfer - Road transport information 

exchanges [96]

ISO/TC204 CD 

Registration 

ISO 24534 Automatic vehicle and equipment 

identification - Electronic Registration 

Identification (ERI) for vehicles - Part 1: 

Architecture [97]

ISO/TC204 TS, 

CD 

13
Vehicle Identification SDO Status

ISO/CD TS 24534 Automatic vehicle and 

equipment identification - Electronic Registration 

Identification (ERI) for vehicles - Part 2: 

Operational requirements [98]

ISO/TC204 TS, 

CD 

ISO/CD TS 24534 Automatic vehicle and 

equipment identification - Electronic Registration 

Identification (ERI) for vehicles - Part 3: Vehicle 

data [98]

ISO/TC204 TS, 

CD 

ISO/CD TS 24534 Automatic vehicle and 

equipment identification - Electronic Registration 

Identification (ERI) for vehicles - Part 4: Secure 

communications using asymmetrical techniques 

[100] 

ISO/TC204 TS, 

CD 

ISO 24535 Intelligent transport systems - 

Automatic Vehicle Identification - Basic 

electronic registration identification [101]

ISO/TC204 TS, 

DIS 

ISO 17261, Intelligent transport systems - 

Automatic vehicle and equipment identification - 

Intermodal goods transport architecture and 

terminology [47]

ISO/TC204 TS 

ISO/TS 17262 Intelligent transport systems - 

Automatic vehicle and equipment identification -

Intermodal goods transport - Numbering and data 

structures [48]

ISO/TC204 TS 

ISO/TS 17263 Intelligent transport systems - 

Automatic vehicle and equipment identification -

Intermodal goods transport - System parameters 

[49]

ISO/TC204 TS 

Intermodal 

good 

transport 

ISO/CD TS 17264 Road transport and traffic 

telematics - Automatic vehicle and equipment 

identification – Interfaces [50]

ISO/TC204 TS, 

CD 

3.3.2 Transportation identification 

Transportation ID standards specify electronic ID cards, biometric data, and personal 

profile data exchange. 

14
Transportation Identification SDO Status

ISO/IEC 24727 Identification cards - Integrated 

circuit card programming interfaces - Part 1: 

Architecture [104]

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC17 

IS 

ISO/IEC FCD 24727 Identification cards - 

Integrated circuit card programming interfaces - 

Part 2: Generic card interface [105]

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC17 

FCD 

ISO/IEC CD 24727 Identification cards - 

Integrated circuit card programming interfaces - 

Part 3: Application interface [106]

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC17 

CD 

ISO/IEC NP 24727 Identification Cards - 

Programming Interfaces for Integrated Circuit 

Cards - Part 4: API administration [107]

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC17 

NP 

ISO/IEC NP 24727 Identification Cards - 

Programming Interfaces for Integrated Circuit 

Cards - Part 5: Testing [108]

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC17 

NP 

ISO/IEC NP 24749 Identification cards - Secure 

and interoperable IC card transaction device 

[108]

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC17 

NP 

ISO/IEC 14443 Identification cards - Contactless 

integrated circuit(s) cards - Proximity cards - Part 

1: Physical characteristics [22]

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC17 

IS 

ISO/IEC 14443 Identification cards - Contactless 

integrated circuit(s) cards - Proximity cards - Part 

2: Radio frequency power and signal interface 

[23] 

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC17 

IS 

ISO/IEC 14443 Identification cards - Contactless 

integrated circuit(s) cards - Proximity cards - Part 

3: Initialization and anticollision [25]

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC17 

IS 

ISO/IEC 14443 Identification cards - Contactless 

integrated circuit(s) cards - Proximity cards - Part 

4: Transmission protocol [28]

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC17 

IS 

ISO/IEC 14443/Amd 1:2005 Bit rates of fc/64, 

fc/32 and fc/16 [24]

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC17 

IS 

ID card 

ISO/IEC 14443/Amd 3:2006 Handling of 

reserved fields and values [27]

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC17 

IS 

Biometric data 

ISO/IEC 19794 Information technology - 

Biometric data interchange formats - Part 1: 

Framework [77]

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC37 IS 

15
Transportation Identification SDO Status

ISO/IEC 19794 Information technology - 

Biometric data interchange formats - Part 2: 

Finger minutiae data [79]

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC37 IS 

ISO/IEC 19794 Information technology - 

Biometric data interchange formats - Part 3: 

Finger pattern spectral data [80]

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC37 IS 

ISO/IEC 19794 Information technology - 

Biometric data interchange formats - Part 4: 

Finger image [81]

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC37 IS 

ISO/IEC 19794 Information technology - 

Biometric data interchange formats - Part 5: Face 

image data [82]

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC37 IS 

ISO/IEC 19794/FPDAmd 1 Conditions for taking 

photographs for face image data [83]

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC37 IS 

ISO/IEC 19794 Information technology -- 

Biometric data interchange formats - Part 6: Iris 

image data [84]

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC37 IS 

ISO/IEC 19794 Information technology - 

Biometric data interchange formats - Part 7: 

Signature/sign time series data [85]

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC37 IS 

ISO/IEC 19794 Information technology - 

Biometric data interchange formats - Part 8: 

Finger pattern skeletal data [86]

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC37 IS 

ISO/IEC 24713 Information technology - 

Biometric profiles for interoperability and data 

interchange - Part 1: Biometric system reference 

architecture [102]

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC37 FCD 

Profile data 

exchange ISO/IEC 24713 Biometric Profiles for 

Interoperability and Data Interchange - Part 3: 

Biometric Based Verification and Identification 

of Seafarers [103]

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC37 NP 

3.4 Port Access 

All the RFID, ID card, biometric data, and profile data exchange standards apply to port 

access security. Additionally, there is one more standard for port facility security 

assessment and planning. 

16
Port Access SDO Status

Port 

facility 

ISO 20858 Ships and marine technology - Maritime port 

facility security assessments and security plan 

development [87]

ISO/ 

TC8 PAS 

3.5 Communication in Supply Chain 

Communication in a supply chain involves medium and long range monitoring, tracking, 

electronic business transactions, and supply chain security. 

3.5.1 Medium and Long-Range Communication 

Currently, one locating system standard is available. A set of standards for air interface 

communication between devices is also available. 

Medium and Long-Range Communication SDO Status

ISO/IEC 24730 Information technology - Realtime Locating Systems (RTLS) - Part 1: 

Application program interface (API) 

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC31 IS 

ISO/IEC 24730 Information technology - Realtime Locating Systems (RTLS) - Part 2: 2.4 GHz 

air Interface protocol 

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC31 FDIS Locating 

systems 

ISO/IEC 24730 Information technology - Realtime Locating Systems (RTLS) - Part 4: Global 

Locating Systems (GLS) 

ISO/IEC 

JTC1/SC31 NP 

ISO/CD 21210 Communication air-interface 

long and medium range (CALM) networking 

protocols, Part 1: CALM Networking for 

Internet Connectivity [88]

ISO/TC204 IS 

ISO/CD 21210 CALM (Communication Airinterface Long and Medium range) Networking 

Protocols - Part 2: CALM Networking for Direct 

Mode Connectivity [89]

ISO/TC204 CD 

ISO/ 21212 Intelligent transport systems - 

Communications, air-interface, long and medium 

range (CALM) - 2G Cellular systems [90]

ISO/TC204 DIS 

Air interface 

for 

communication 

ISO/DIS 21213 Intelligent transport systems - 

Communications, air-interface, long and medium 

range (CALM) - 3G Cellular systems [91]

ISO/TC204 DIS 

17
Medium and Long-Range Communication SDO Status

ISO 21216 CALM-MM: Medium and long 

range, high speed, air interface parameters and 

protocols for broadcast, point-point, vehiclevehicle, and vehicle-point communications in the 

ITS Sector using millimeter wave microwave 

communications, including specifications for 

Master/Slave and Peer to Peer Communication 

[92]

ISO/TC204 WD 

ISO/CD 21217 Communications, Air Interface, 

Long and Medium Range (CALM) – 

Architecture [93]

ISO/TC204 CD 

ISO/CD 21218 CALM Common Station 

Manager (Lower Level SAPs) [94] ISO/TC204 CD 

3.5.2 Supply Chain Security 

Standards for business transaction in supply chains and supply security are available. 

Several organizations are developing open XML-based business transaction standards, 

such as, for example, OASIS (http://www.oasis-open.org), OAGIS 

(http://www.openapplications.org), and GS1 (http://www.gs1.org). 

Supply Chain Security SDO Status

ISO 9735 Electronic data interchange for 

administration, commerce, and transport - 

Application level syntax rules (Syntax 

version number: 4, Syntax release number: 

1) - Part 1: Syntax rules common to all parts 

[11]

ISO/TC154 IS 

ISO 9735 Electronic data interchange for 

administration, commerce and transport 

(EDIFACT) - Application level syntax rules 

(Syntax version number: 4, Syntax release 

number: 1) - Part 2: Syntax rules specific to 

batch EDI [12]

ISO/TC154 IS 

ISO 9735 Electronic data interchange for 

administration, commerce and transport 

(EDIFACT) - Application level syntax rules 

(Syntax version number: 4, Syntax release 

number: 1) - Part 3: Syntax rules specific to 

interactive EDI [13]

ISO/TC154 IS 

Business 

transactions 

ISO 9735 Electronic data interchange for ISO/TC154 IS 

18
Supply Chain Security SDO Status

administration, commerce and transport 

(EDIFACT) - Application level syntax rules 

(Syntax version number: 4, Syntax release 

number: 1) - Part 4: Syntax and service 

report message for batch EDI (message type 

- CONTRL) [14]

ISO 9735 Electronic data interchange for 

administration, commerce and transport - 

Application level syntax rules (Syntax 

version number: 4, Syntax release number: 

1) - Part 5: Security rules for batch EDI 

(authenticity, integrity and non-repudiation 

of origin) [15]

ISO/TC154 IS 

ISO 9735 Electronic data interchange for 

administration, commerce and transport - 

Application level syntax rules (Syntax 

version number: 4, Syntax release number: 

1) - Part 6: Secure authentication and 

acknowledgement message (message type - 

AUTACK) [16]

ISO/TC154 IS 

ISO 9735 Electronic data interchange for 

administration, commerce and transport 

(EDIFACT) - Application level syntax rules 

(Syntax version number: 4, Syntax release 

number: 1) - Part 7: Security rules for batch 

EDI (confidentiality) [17]

ISO/TC154 IS 

ISO 9735 Electronic data interchange for 

administration, commerce and transport 

(EDIFACT) - Application level syntax rules 

(Syntax version number: 4, Syntax release 

number: 1) - Part 8: Associated data in EDI 

[18]

ISO/TC154 IS 

ISO 9735 Electronic data interchange for 

administration, commerce and transport 

(EDIFACT) - Application level syntax rules 

(Syntax version number: 4, Syntax release 

number: 1) - Part 9: Security key and 

certificate management message (message 

type- KEYMAN) [19]

ISO/TC154 IS 

ISO 9735 Electronic data interchange for 

administration, commerce and transport 

(EDIFACT) - Application level syntax rules 

ISO/TC154 IS 

19
Supply Chain Security SDO Status

(Syntax version number: 4, Syntax release 

number: 1) - Part 10: Syntax service 

directories [20]

ISO 28000 Specification for Security 

Management Systems for the Supply Chain 

[118][119]

ISO/TC8 DIS 

ISO 28001 Ships and Marine Technology – 

Best Practice For Implementing Supply 

Chain Security – Assessments and Plans 

[120]

ISO/TC8/SC11 CD 

ISO 28003 Security Management Systems – 

Requirements for Bodies Providing Audit 

and Certification of Supply Chain Security 

Management Systems [122]

ISO/TC8 DIS 

ISO 28004 Security Management Systems 

for the Supply Chain – Guidelines for the 

Implementation of ISO/PAS 28000 [123]

[124]

ISO/TC8 

Security 

ISO/PAS 20858 Ships and Marine 

Technology – Maritime Prot Facility 

Security Assessments and Security Plan 

Development [87]

ISO/TC8/SC11 

4. Conclusion 

Container security is a critical element of homeland security efforts to prevent the 

smuggling of weapons of mass destruction. Devices and information systems are used by 

container carriers, custodians, and Customs officials to detect broken seals and trace 

containers during shipping. Uninterrupted data transferring among these devices and 

systems are needed. Information and communication standards play a pivotal role in 

defining data models and communication protocols. Currently available standards and 

standard development bodies have been reviewed in this report. There are available 

standards for security in container seals, identification, transportation, remote 

communication, and supply chain. Some standards are in draft form and being developed. 

Standards on some technical areas are still needed, such as sensor integration and the 

chain of custodianship. The integration of sensor and RFID technology must be in place 

to report tampering more effectively. Security information associated with container 

routing will ensure speedy pass-through inspection. Also, accessibility of security 

information to authorized personnel, such as carriers, port authorities, and Customs, must 

also be in place. Integration of security information is also needed. Lastly, and possibly 

more importantly, a workshop should be conducted to document requirements of new 

standards and to update some existing standards. The development of new standards and 

updating existing standards should be prioritized. After that, an information architecture 

20
for secure containers should be designed and agreed upon by all the parties who ensure 

the security. 

Acknowledgements 

The funding for this work was provided by the Department of Homeland Security. 

Authors gratefully acknowledge many suggestions and helpful comments from Steve 

Fick and Kang Lee of NIST. 

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21
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22
[26] ISO/IEC 14443/Amd 1:2005 Bit rates of fc/64, fc/32 and fc/16, International 

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[27] ISO/IEC 14443/Amd 3:2006 Handling of reserved fields and values, International 

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[28] ISO/IEC 14443 Identification cards - Contactless integrated circuit(s) cards - 

Proximity cards - Part 4: Transmission protocol, International Standardization 

Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. 

[29] ISO 14814 Road transport and traffic telematics - Automatic vehicle and 

equipment identification - Reference architecture and terminology, International 

Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. 

[30] ISO 14815 Road transport and traffic telematics - Automatic vehicle and 

equipment identification - System specifications, International Standardization 

Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2005. 

[31] ISO/TS 14816 Road transport and traffic telematics - Automatic vehicle and 

equipment identification - Numbering and data structure, International 

Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2005. 

[32] ISO/TR 15070 Series 1 freight containers - Rationale for structural test criteria, 

International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2005.

[33] ISO/TR 15070/Amd 1:2005 Guidance on structural integrity, International 

Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2005. 

[34] ISO/TR 15070/1996/CD Amd 2 Design Consideration, 2007. 

[35] ISO/IEC 15418 Information technology - EAN/UCC Application Identifiers and 

Fact Data Identifiers and Maintenance, International Standardization Organization, 

Geneva, Switzerland, 2005. 

[36] ISO/IEC 15424 Information technology - Automatic identification and data 

capture techniques - Data Carrier Identifiers, International Standardization 

Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2005. 

[37] ISO/IEC 15434 Information technology - Automatic identification and data 

capture techniques - Syntax for high-capacity ADC media, International 

Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. 

[38] ISO/IEC 15459 Information technology - Unique identifiers - Part 1: Unique 

identifiers for transport units, International Standardization Organization, Geneva, 

Switzerland, 2006. 

[39] ISO/IEC 15459 Information technology - Unique identifiers - Part 2: Registration 

procedures, International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 

2006. 

[40] ISO/IEC 15459 Information technology - Unique identifiers - Part 3: Common 

rules for unique identifiers, International Standardization Organization, Geneva, 

Switzerland, 2006. 

[41] ISO/IEC 15459 Information technology - Unique identifiers - Part 4: Unique 

identifiers for supply chain management, International Standardization 

Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. 

[42] ISO/IEC FCD 15459 Information technology - Unique identification of transport 

units - Part 5: Unique identification of returnable transport items (RTIs) (under 

development), International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 

2006. 

23
[43] ISO/IEC FCD 15459 Information technology - Unique identification of transport 

units - Part 6: Unique identification for product groupings in material lifecycle 

management (under development), International Standardization Organization, 

Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. 

[44] ISO/IEC 15961, Information technology - Radio frequency identification (RFID) 

for item management - Data protocol: application interface, International 

Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2004. 

[45] ISO/IEC 15962, Information technology - Radio frequency identification (RFID) 

for item management - Data protocol: data encoding rules and logical memory 

functions, International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2004. 

[46] ISO/IEC 15963, Information technology - Radio frequency identification for item 

management - Unique identification for RF tags, International Standardization 

Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2004. 

[47] ISO/TS 17261, Intelligent transport systems - Automatic vehicle and equipment 

identification - Intermodal goods transport architecture and terminology, 

International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, May 2005. 

[48] ISO/TS 17262, Intelligent transport systems - Automatic vehicle and equipment 

identification - Intermodal goods transport - Numbering and data structures, 

International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, June 2003. 

[49] ISO/TS 17263, Intelligent transport systems - Automatic vehicle and equipment 

identification - Intermodal goods transport - System parameters, International 

Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, June 2003. 

[50] ISO/CD TS 17264, Road transport and traffic telematics - Automatic vehicle and 

equipment identification – Interfaces, International Standardization Organization, 

Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. 

[51] ISO/DIS 17363 Supply chain application of RFID - Freight containers, 

International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. 

[52] ISO/DIS 17364 Supply chain applications of RFID - Returnable transport items 

(RTIs), International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. 

[53] ISO/DIS 17365 Supply chain applications of RFID - Transport units, International 

Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. 

[54] ISO/DIS 17366.2 Supply chain applications of RFID - Product packaging, 

International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. 

[55] ISO/DIS 17367.2 Supply chain applications of RFID - Product tagging , 2006. 

[56] ISO/FDIS 17687 Transport Information Systems - General Fleet Management and 

Commercial Freight Operations - Data Dictionary and Message Sets for 

Electronic Identification and Monitoring of Hazardous Materials/Dangerous 

Goods Transportation, International Standardization Organization, Geneva, 

Switzerland, 2006. 

[57] ISO/PAS 17712 Freight containers - Mechanical seals, International 

Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. 

[58] ISO/IEC 18000-1 Information Technology - Radio frequency identification for 

item management - Part 1: Reference architecture and definition of parameters to 

be standardize, International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 

2004. 

24
[59] ISO/IEC 18000 Information Technology - Radio frequency identification for item 

management - Part 2: Parameters for air interface communication below 135 kHz, 

International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2004. 

[60] ISO/IEC 18000 Information Technology - Radio frequency identification for item 

management - Part 3: Parameters for air interface communication below 13,56 

MHz, International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2004. 

[61] ISO/IEC 18000 Information Technology - Radio frequency identification for item 

management - Part 4: Parameters for air interface communication below 2,45 

GHz, International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2004. 

[62] ISO/IEC 18000 Information Technology - Radio frequency identification for item 

management - Part 6: Parameters for air interface communication at 860 MHz to 

960 MHz, International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2004. 

[63] ISO/IEC 18000-6:2004/Amd 1 Extension with Type C and update of Types A and 

B, International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. 

[64] ISO/IEC FDIS 18000 Information technology - Radio frequency identification for 

item management - Part 7: Parameters for active air interface communications at 

433 MHz, International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. 

[65] ISO/IEC 18046 Information technology - Automatic identification and data 

capture techniques - Radio frequency identification device performance test 

methods, International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. 

[66] ISO/IEC TR 18047 Information technology - Radio frequency identification 

device conformance test methods - Part 2: Test methods for air interface 

communications below 135 kHz, International Standardization Organization, 

Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. 

[67] ISO/IEC TR 18047 Information technology - Radio frequency identification 

device conformance test methods - Part 3: Test methods for air interface 

communications at 13,56 MHz, International Standardization Organization, 

Geneva, Switzerland, 2004. ( 

[68] ISO/IEC TR 18047 Information technology - Radio frequency identification 

device conformance test methods - Part 4: Test methods for air interface 

communications at 2,45 GHz, International Standardization Organization, Geneva, 

Switzerland, 2004. 

[69] ISO/IEC TR 18047 Information technology - Radio frequency identification 

device conformance test methods - Part 6: Test methods for air interface 

communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz, International Standardization 

Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. 

[70] ISO/IEC TR 18047 Information technology - Radio frequency identification 

device conformance test methods - Part 7: Test methods for active air interface 

communications at 433 MHz, International Standardization Organization, Geneva, 

Switzerland, 2006. 

[71] ISO/FDIS 18185 Freight containers - Electronic seals - Part 1: Communication 

protocol, International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. 

[72] ISO/FDIS 18185 Freight containers - Electronic seals - Part 2: Application 

requirements, International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 

2007. 

25
[73] ISO 18185 Freight containers - Electronic seals - Part 3: Environment 

characteristics, International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 

2006. 

[74] ISO/FDIS 18185 Freight containers - Electronic seals - Part 4: Data protection, 

International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2007. 

[75] ISO/FDIS 18185 Freight containers - Electronic seals - Part 5: Sensor interface, 

International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2007. 

[76] ISO/CD 18185 Freight containers - Electronic seals - Part 6 Message sets for 

transfer between seal reader and host computer, International Standardization 

Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. 

[77] ISO/DIS 18185 Freight containers - Electronic seals - Part 7 Physical layer, 

International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. 

[78] ISO/IEC 19794 Information technology - Biometric data interchange formats - 

Part 1: Framework, International Standardization Organization, Geneva, 

Switzerland, 2006. 

[79] ISO/IEC 19794 Information technology - Biometric data interchange formats - 

Part 2: Finger minutiae data, International Standardization Organization, Geneva, 

Switzerland, 2005. 

[80] ISO/IEC 19794 Information technology - Biometric data interchange formats - 

Part 3: Finger pattern spectral data, International Standardization Organization, 

Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. 

[81] ISO/IEC 19794 Information technology - Biometric data interchange formats - 

Part 4: Finger image, International Standardization Organization, Geneva, 

Switzerland, 2005. 

[82] ISO/IEC 19794 Information technology - Biometric data interchange formats - 

Part 5: Face image data, International Standardization Organization, Geneva, 

Switzerland, 2005. 

[83] ISO/IEC 19794/FPDAmd 1 Conditions for taking photographs for face image 

data, International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. 

[84] ISO/IEC 19794 Information technology -- Biometric data interchange formats - 

Part 6: Iris image data, International Standardization Organization, Geneva, 

Switzerland, 2005. 

[85] ISO/IEC 19794-7.2 Information technology - Biometric data interchange formats 

- Part 7: Signature/sign time series data, International Standardization 

Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2007. 

[86] ISO/IEC 19794-8 Information technology - Biometric data interchange formats - 

Part 8: Finger pattern skeletal data, International Standardization Organization, 

Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. 

[87] ISO/PAS 20858 Ships and marine technology - Maritime port facility security 

assessments and security plan development, International Standardization 

Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2004. 

[88] ISO/CD 21210 CALM (Communication Air-interface Long and Medium range) 

Networking Protocols - Part 1: CALM Networking for Internet Connectivity, 

International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. 

26
[89] ISO/CD 21210 CALM (Communication Air-interface Long and Medium range) 

Networking Protocols - Part 2: CALM Networking for Direct Mode Connectivity, 

International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. 

[90] ISO/DIS 21212 Intelligent transport systems - Communications, air-interface, 

long and medium range (CALM) - 2G Cellular systems, International 

Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. 

[91] ISO/DIS 21213 Intelligent transport systems - Communications, air-interface, 

long and medium range (CALM) - 3G Cellular systems, International 

Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. 

[92] ISO/WD 21216 CALM-MM: Medium and long range, high speed, air interface 

parameters and protocols for broadcast, point-point, vehicle-vehicle, and vehiclepoint communications in the ITS Sector using MILLIMETRE WAVE 

MOCROWAVE COMMUNICATIONS, including specifications for 

Master/Slave and Peer to Peer Communications, International Standardization 

Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2005 

[93] ISO/CD 21217 Communications, Air Interface, Long and Medium Range (CALM) 

- Architecture, International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 

2005. 

[94] ISO/CD 21218 CALM Common Station Manager (Lower Level SAPs), 

International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. (ISO 

TC204) 

[95] ISO/FDIS 24531 Intelligent transport systems - System architecture, taxonomy 

and terminology - Using XML in ITS standards, data registries and data 

dictionaries, International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 

2006. 

[96] ISO/CD 24533 Transport information and control systems - Data dictionary and 

message set to facilitate the movement of freight and its intermodal transfer - 

Road transport information exchanges, International Standardization Organization, 

Geneva, Switzerland, 2005. 

[97] ISO/CD TS 24534 Automatic vehicle and equipment identification - Electronic 

Registration Identification (ERI) for vehicles - Part 1: Architecture, International 

Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2007. 

[98] ISO/CD TS 24534 Automatic vehicle and equipment identification - Electronic 

Registration Identification (ERI) for vehicles - Part 2: Operational requirements, 

International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2007. 

[99] ISO/CD TS 24534 Automatic vehicle and equipment identification - Electronic 

Registration Identification (ERI) for vehicles - Part 3: Vehicle data, International 

Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2007. 

[100] ISO/CD TS 24534 Automatic vehicle and equipment identification - Electronic 

Registration Identification (ERI) for vehicles - Part 4: Secure communications 

using asymmetrical techniques, International Standardization Organization, 

Geneva, Switzerland, 2007. 

[101] ISO/DIS 24535 Intelligent transport systems - Automatic Vehicle Identification - 

Basic electronic registration identification (Basic ERI), International 

Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. 

27
[102] ISO/IEC FCD 24713-1.2 Information technology - Biometric profiles for 

interoperability and data interchange - Part 1: Biometric system reference 

architecture, International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 

2006. 

[103] ISO/IEC NP 24713 Biometric Profiles for Interoperability and Data Interchange - 

Part 3: Biometric Based Verification and Identification of Seafarers, International 

Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2004. 

[104] ISO/IEC 24727 Identification cards - Integrated circuit card programming 

interfaces - Part 1: Architecture, International Standardization Organization, 

Geneva, Switzerland, 2007. 

[105] ISO/IEC FCD 24727 Identification cards - Integrated circuit card programming 

interfaces - Part 2: Generic card interface, International Standardization 

Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2005. 

[106] ISO/IEC CD 24727 Identification cards - Integrated circuit card programming 

interfaces - Part 3: Application interface, International Standardization 

Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2005. 

[107] ISO/IEC NP 24727 Identification Cards - Programming Interfaces for Integrated 

Circuit Cards - Part 4: API administration, International Standardization 

Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2005. 

[108] ISO/IEC NP 24727 Identification Cards - Programming Interfaces for Integrated 

Circuit Cards - Part 5: Testing, International Standardization Organization, 

Geneva, Switzerland, 2005. 

[109] ISO/IEC CD TR 24729 Information technology - Radio frequency identification 

for item management - Implementation guidelines - Part 1: RFID-enabled labels, 

International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. 

[110] ISO/IEC CD TR 24729 Information technology - Radio frequency identification 

for item management - Implementation guidelines - Part 2: Recyclability of RF 

tags, International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. 

[111] ISO/IEC NP TR 24729 Information technology - Radio frequency identification 

for item management - Implementation guidelines - Part 3: RFID 

interrogator/antenna installation, International Standardization Organization, 

Geneva, Switzerland, 2005. 

[112] ISO/IEC 24730 Information technology - Real-time Locating Systems (RTLS) - 

Part 1: Application program interface (API), International Standardization 

Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. 

[113] ISO/IEC FDIS 24730 Information technology - Real-time Locating Systems 

(RTLS) - Part 2: 2.4 GHz air Interface protocol, International Standardization 

Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. 

[114] ISO/IEC NP 24730 Information technology - Real-time Locating Systems (RTLS) 

- Part 4: Global Locating Systems (GLS), International Standardization 

Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2005. 

[115] ISO/IEC NP 24749 Identification cards - Secure and interoperable IC card 

transaction device, International Standardization Organization, Geneva, 

Switzerland, 2004. 

[116] ISO/IEC NP 24753 Automatic Identification and Data Capture Techniques - 

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) for Item Management - Air Interface for 

28
29

Battery Assist and Sensor Function, International Standardization Organization, 

Geneva, Switzerland, 2005. 

[117] ISO/IEC NP 24791 Information technology - Automatic Identification and Data 

Capture Techniques - Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) for Item 

Management - System Management Protocol, International Standardization 

Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2005. 

[118] ISO/DIS 28000 Specification for security management systems for the supply 

chain International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. 

[119] ISO/PAS 28000 Specification for security management systems for the supply 

chain, International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2005. 

[120] ISO/CD 28001 Security management systems for the supply chain - Best 

practices for implementing supply chain security, assessments and plans - 

Requirements and guidance, International Standardization Organization, Geneva, 

Switzerland, 2007. 

[121] ISO/PAS 28001 Security management systems for the supply chain - Best 

practices for implementing supply chain security - Assessments and plans, 

International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. 

[122] ISO/DIS 28003 Security management systems for the supply chain - 

Requirements for bodies providing audit and certification of supply chain security 

management systems, International Standardization Organization, Geneva, 

Switzerland, 2006. 

[123] ISO/DIS 28004 Security management systems for the supply chain - Guidelines 

for the implementation of ISO/PAS 28000, International Standardization 

Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. 

[124] ISO/PAS 28004 Security management systems for the supply chain - Guidelines 

for the implementation of ISO/PAS 28000, International Standardization 

Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006.