liSliiillll:.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COlJ

National Bureau of Standard.

NBS Special Publication 737

Towards a Tribology Information System

John Rumble, Jr. and Lewis Sibley, Editors
m he National Bureau of Standards 1 was established by an act of Congress on March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall

goal is to strengthen and advance the nation's science and technology and facilitate their effective application for

public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts research to assure international competitiveness and leadership of U.S.

industry, science arid technology. NBS work involves development and transfer of measurements, standards and related

science and technology, in support of continually improving U.S. productivity, product quality and reliability, innovation

and underlying science and engineering. The Bureau's technical work is performed by the National Measurement

Laboratory, the National Engineering Laboratory, the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology, and the Institute for Materials Science and Engineering.

The National Measurement Laboratory

Provides the national system of physical and chemical measurement;

coordinates the system with measurement systems of other nations and

furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical and

chemical measurement throughout the Nation's scientific community,

industry, and commerce; provides advisory and research services to other

Government agencies; conducts physical and chemical research; develops,

produces, and distributes Standard Reference Materials; provides

calibration services; and manages the National Standard Reference Data

System. The Laboratory consists of the following centers:

• Basic Standards2 • Radiation Research

• Chemical Physics

• Analytical Chemistry

The National Engineering Laboratory

Provides technology and technical services to the public and private sectors

to address national needs and to solve national problems; conducts research

in engineering and applied science in support of these efforts; builds and

maintains competence in the necessary disciplines required to carry out this research and technical service; develops engineering data and measurement

capabilities; provides engineering measurement traceability services;

develops test methods and proposes engineering standards and code

changes; develops and proposes new engineering practices; and develops

and improves mechanisms to transfer results of its research to the ultimate

user. The Laboratory consists of the following centers:

Applied Mathematics

Electronics and Electrical

Engineering2 Manufacturing Engineering

Building Technology

Fire Research

Chemical Engineering3

The Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology

Conducts research and provides scientific and technical services to aid

Federal agencies in the selection, acquisition, application, and use of

computer technology to improve effectiveness and economy in Government

operations in accordance with Public Law 89-306 (40 U.S.C. 759),

relevant Executive Orders, and other directives; carries out this mission by

managing the Federal Information Processing Standards Program,

developing Federal ADP standards guidelines, and managing Federal

participation in ADP voluntary standardization activities; provides scientific and technological advisory services and assistance to Federal agencies; and

provides the technical foundation for computer-related policies of the

Federal Government. The Institute consists of the following divisions:

Information Systems Engineering

Systems and Software

Technology

Computer Security

Systems and Network

Architecture

Advanced Computer Systems

The Institute for Materials Science and Engineering

Conducts research and provides measurements, data, standards, reference

materials, quantitative understanding and other technical information

fundamental to the processing, structure, properties and performance of

materials; addresses the scientific basis for new advanced materials

technologies; plans research around cross-cutting scientific themes such as nondestructive evaluation and phase diagram development; oversees Bureau-wide technical programs in nuclear reactor radiation research and

nondestructive evaluation; and broadly disseminates generic technical

information resulting from its programs. The Institute consists of the

following Divisions:

• Ceramics

• Fracture and Deformation3

• Polymers

• Metallurgy

• Reactor Radiation

'Headquarters and Laboratories at Gaithersburg, MD, unless otherwise noted; mailing address

Gaithcrsburg, MD 20899. 'Some divisions within the center are located at Boulder, CO 80303.

'Located at Boulder, CO, with some elements at Gaithersburg, MD
Research Information Center

National Bureau of Standards

Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899

AJ/3S£.

OctOb

to*, is-?

NBS Special Publication 737

Towards a Tribology Information System

The Results of a Planning Workshop Held at the

National Bureau of Standards, July-August, 1985

Editors:

John Rumble, Jr., National Bureau of Standards

Lewis Sibley, Tribology Consultants, Inc.

Sponsored by:

The U.S. Department of Energy

The American Society of Mechanical Engineers

The National Bureau of Standards

December 1987

U.S. Department of Commerce

C. William Verity, Secretary

National Bureau of Standards

Ernest Ambler, Director
Library of Congress U.S. Government Printing Office

Catalog Card Number 87-€19902 Washington: 1987

National Bureau of Standards

Special Publication 737

Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.),

Spec. Publ. 737

127 pages (December 1987)

CODEN: XNBSAV

For sale by the Superintendent

of Documents,

U.S. Government Printing Office,

Washington, DC 20402

Some commercial products and services were cited by participants in the Workshop. In no event does such

identification imply recommendation or endorsement by the National* Bureau of Standards of a particular

product or service; nor does it imply that a product is necessarily the best available for the purpose it serves.
FOREWORD

This report summarizes the findings of a planning workshop at the National

Bureau of Standards during July and August 1985. Participants included both

tribologists and computer database specialists with the aim of building a

Tribology Information System. The idea for the workshop arose from discussions

involving the U.S. Department of Energy, the Energy Conservation and Utilization Technology Division, the Research Committee on Tribology of the American

Society of Mechanical Engineers, and the Metallurgy Division, the Ceramics

Division, and the Standard Reference Data Program of the National Bureau of

Standards

.

This planning group for the workshop included:

ASME Research Committee on Tribology

Lewis Sibley, Tribology Consultants, Inc.

Marshall Peterson, Wear Sciences Corporation

National Bureau of Standards

A. William Ruff, Metallurgy Division

John Rumble, Standard Reference Data

Department of Energy

Terry Levinson, Conservation and Utilization Technology Division

Don Shafer, Los Alamos National Laboratory

We would like to thank Steven Danyluk of NBS and the University of Illinois

at Chicago for his careful reading of this manuscript, and Jeanne Bride of NBS

for her fine job in its preparation.

John Rumble

Lew Sibley

iii

SUMMARY

A workshop was held in July 1985 to address the needs for a computerized

tribology information and data system, as well as possible implementation

schemes. The meeting was sponsored by the American Society of Mechanical

Engineers, Research Committee on Tribology, the Department of Energy, Energy

Conservation and Utilization Technology Division, and the National Bureau of

Standards. The views of a broad sector of industry, academia, and government

were obtained over a four-week period through participation by about 60

individuals. Specific categories that were treated were design, numeric

data, bibliography, research in progress, newsletter, and product directory.

The principal discussion content and the recommendations in each subject

category are summarized here. There was general agreement that a system of

this type would be broadly useful to the engineering community for the purpose of design and materials selection, and for the research community as an

important aid in information access and flow.

The workshop recommendations detailed four phases of development, starting

with a demonstration prototype system and concluding with a full-scale operating data and information base. Specific plans in each phase and for each

subject area were developed and are presented here. While continual input

will be sought from the technical community to refine those plans, it is

hoped that immediate efforts can begin in at least some of the areas, and

that system use will quickly develop to a significant level, both nationally

and internationally.

V

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreword iii

Summary v

Table of Contents vii

Part A - A Tribology Data System

1 . Background and Recommendations 1 2. Phase 1 - A Demonstration System 5

3. Phase 2 - A Prototype System 7

4. Phase 3 - An Operational System 11

5. Phase 4 - The Ideal System 15

Part B - The Tribology Data Workshop

6. Workshop Goals and Description 19

7. Design Codes Database 21

8. Numeric Database for Solid Tribological Materials 29

9. Numeric Database on Lubricants 33

10. Bibliographic Database 39

11. Products and Services Database M5

12. Research in Progress Database 53

13. Electronic Newsletter 57

Part C - The Technical Plan

1M. Overview 59

15. System Architecture 61

16. System Development Tasks 81

References 107

Appendix A - Workshop Participants 109

Appendix B - Workshop Agenda 113

Appendix C - Description of Design Codes 119

Epilogue 129

vii
1
PART A - A TRIBOLOGY DATA SYSTEM

CHAPTER 1

BACKGROUND AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Tribology, the science and technology of interacting surfaces in relative

motion, has evolved from the classical fields of lubrication, friction, and

wear. Those are among the oldest technologies involved in mechanical devices, dating back to 3500 B.C. Tribo-elements are components of virtually

every mechanical system. The performance of these bearings, clutches, seals,

and other elements vitally affects the ability to control motion and critically influences the reliability, life, and energy efficiency of all systems.

Today, mechanical systems are called upon to be better in every respect:

they must last longer, be more energy-efficient, and cost less to produce.

To meet these demands, engineers have turned to a number of recently developed tools, namely, advanced materials, computers, and new design and manufacturing techniques. While substantial changes have taken place in the last

decade, there are many more to come.

In July 1985, a workshop was held to address the impact computerized

information systems could have in tribology. Six different types of information that both tribologists and mechanical product designers use in their

work were identified and discussed. These were:

bibliographic

"factual" data (numbers, graphs, etc.)

software for design of tribological elements

research in progress

product directories

informal information exchange (electronic mail, newsletters, etc.)

In each of these areas, it was determined that a computerized service which

made this information more easily and comprehensively available would be of

value to persons involved in tribological work. So convincing was this

result that many organizations have already pledged support to bring the

highest priority items into existence.

The workshop was built upon the recommendations of an earlier meeting [1]

held in January 1985. At that meeting, a broad overview of tribology was

presented. One recommendation was that information services for tribology be

improved and set up to utilize the power of computers. Because the report

from the January meeting covers the field thoroughly, this report will not

repeat the background material but rather will limit its focus to the questions and issues related to information services only.

The Research Committee on Tribology of the American Society of Mechanical

Engineers and the Energy Conservation and Utilization Technology Division of

the Department of Energy acted upon the recommendation noted above. The

National Bureau of Standards was asked to organize a wide representation of

tribologists, information scientists, and database experts. The organization

and makeup of the workshop are described more completely in Appendix A.

1
The following summarizes the recommendations of the workshop and the reports

from six working groups. The appendices include a detailed work plan for the

first two phases of the recommendation.

Recommendations

Two primary information services are recommended to meet the needs of the two

communities for tribological information. For the general mechanical design

community, a factual database of properties of lubricants and characteristics

of tribological components will be developed by experts. Only the "best"

values as designated by experts in the fields will be included.

For tribological designers and researchers, a comprehensive information

service focused on computer design models as well as access to the research

literature on tribology is needed. (See Table 1-1.)

The workshop also recommended the following four-phase plan:

Phase Major Goal

I Demonstration of design codes

II Prototype system of factual data and design codes

III Operational system of factual data and design codes

IV Complete comprehensive tribology information system

Each phase of Table 1-1 represents a major difference in level of funding,

goals, and commitment by the tribology community. Phase I is intended to be

strictly a demonstration project, resulting in a small package of design

codes and access capabilities that could be demonstrated at trade shows and

other meetings.

The second phase requires a greater commitment. The results of this phase

will be a prototype tribology data system that could be used as a working

tool by part of the tribology community. It will contain factual data in

several areas of tribology as well as several design codes available in a uniform way. It is possible that the total work effort could be separated at

this point as resources and interests demand. The user community would be

drawn from the area covered.

The third phase of the system would see the completion of a comprehensive

operational system that would have appeal to the broad community, though full

implementation would only be aimed at a few areas. At the end of this phase,

a self-supporting system would be achieved.

The fourth and final stage would result in a full information system that

would in essence provide complete access to the information that tribologists

need to support their work. It would also include some expert system capability to allow for better design and selection of tribological components.

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CHAPTER 2

PHASE 1 - A DEMONSTRATION SYSTEM

As with any complex information system, a prototype model is worth its weight

in gold. Consequently, it was decided that a demonstration version of a tribology design data system would be developed and used for the following:

to demonstrate at technical meetings and workshops

to aid in fundraising

to sharpen the ideas for later versions

to involve important players immediately

To this end, a great deal of effort went into defining a set of capabilities

that would allow for achieving the above goals yet could be accomplished in a reasonable time. Further, wherever possible, the demonstration would build

upon existing capabilities.

The resulting demonstration project summarized in Table 2-1 is intended to

show a system that makes available several design codes, provides access to

representative bibliographic and research- in- progress databases, and has an

electronic mail function. The demonstration will be implemented on an IBM PC

computer that has access through modems via a commercial communications

network to outside computers. The design codes would be available for demonstration purposes only.

A maximum of five tribology design codes would be put up along with a small

amount of numerical data on materials and lubricants properties. There would

be no attempt to make the codes uniform, but the user would choose among the

codes and would be responsible for knowing how to execute each code.

The selection of the codes would be the responsibility of the project manager, who also will have to make all arrangements for their use. The menu

development and computer work will be done at Los Alamos National Laboratory.

Access to bibliographic databases would center on the DOE Energy database,

Base Tribo, and Metadex, available on the Chemical Abstract Service network.

This would be provided as an automatic dial-up and log-on capability through

the DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI) and included as

an option on the menu interface discussed above. A value-added network will

be used for communications.

In addition, the same communications linkages would be employed to provide

access to the DOE Research in Progress database maintained at OSTI and an

electronic mail capability on the OSTI VAX. system.

The resulting demonstration package should be interesting enough to whet the

appetites of the potential user community. The work itself will be done in

such a way as to be extendable to later stages, as discussed in the following

chapters.

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CHAPTER 3

PHASE 2 - A PROTOTYPE SYSTEM

The second phase of the database effort is aimed at building a prototype

system that can be used by a small number of tribologists. From this use,

experience can be obtained that will be important in guiding further developments of a larger information system.

Three parallel efforts are involved, concerned with factual or numerical

databases, design codes, and supporting information. While there

is some interdependence, the three efforts are sufficiently separate that

each may progress based on funding and manpower available. The plan is

summarized in Table 3"1 •

While a major emphasis at the workshop was on providing better access to

design codes, the need was to increase the availability of numeric data to

support mechanical designs. Since the workshop, several groups, including

government funding agencies, have highlighted the numeric database effort as

being of highest priority to support their missions. The result has been to

develop detailed plans to evaluate data and build databases in 10 important

ar eas

As indicated earlier, the plans for Phases II-IV are modular in nature and

thus the separate parts are more relatively independent of one another.

The first numeric database effort is proposed to support data evaluation

work. The emphasis will be to aid experts who are collecting and evaluating

data in several areas of tribology, but dissemination of these databases to

the user community will not be done in this phase. For each area, a database

designer will work with the evaluator to set up a data entry system making

use of the convenience and flexibility of personal computers. Using a PC

database management system such as dBase III, data entry screens will be

designed and simple report generation and data manipulation added. Though it

is desirable to have as much uniformity as possible between the terminology

and formats for the same variables across databases, commonly called a consistent data dictionary, the need to set up procedures for up to 10 groups

within a short time span may preclude this.

Ten data areas have been identified (see Epilogue Figure E~3) that are considered to be of high priority and related to one another. These were selected by the government steering committee from the broader list established

by a technical advisory committee of experts (Table 3-2).

The design code effort is intended to provide consistent easy access to a number of standard software packages presently in use for tribological design. A major attempt will be made to ensure that the input variables have

been made uniform with respect to their names, units, and formats. If

feasible, a standard input format will be set up so that files of various

input parameters could be used for more than one software package. The

output formats would similarly be made uniform and consistent so that results

for equivalent design situations are presented in a comparable way, though

generated by more than one code. The number of codes will increase up to

12 as quality, funding, and time permit.

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Table 3-2

Government Steering Committee

Steve Hsu

Said Jahanmir

Terry Levinson

Bobby McConnell

John Rumble

NBS

NSF

DOE

USAF

NBS

Technical Advisory Committee

Prof. E. Klaus, Penn State University, Chairman

Prof. F. Ling, RP1

Prof. H. Cheng, Northwestern University

Prof. D. Dowson, Univ. of Leeds

Prof. H. Czichos, BAM

Mr. M. Peterson, Wear Sciences

An important aspect of this work will be the start of an expert system interface to the design codes. The system is intended to provide a computerized

guide to the selection and application of the various design codes. The

effort will be on the order of a 1000 rule system, which should provide a

significant range of choices and expertise.

Two types of numeric databases will be developed: the first in support of the

design codes, the second to collect and manage evaluated tribology data. In

support of the design codes, the databases required to operate the codes will

be provided primarily by the code writers both for material property and

lubricant data.

Because the codes will have uniform input, every effort will be made to

create the ability for the database to be linked directly to the code execution. This will allow for the least redundancy and greatest efficiency. The

amount of data is not expected to be large, and most likely the user community will want to add to it. Therefore, a capability for adding and updating

these databases in a controlled way will be made available.

Consistency with the above-mentioned databases for support of the design

codes is even more desirable, since then the evaluation work can be more

easily interfaced with the codes themselves; however, the constraints again

make this problematic at this phase. A further complication is that the

tribology community itself has not yet established a definitive terminology.

As the workshop clearly brought out, the tribology community has a strong

need for information other than numeric data and design results. This is in

the form of bibliographic references, summaries of ongoing research, and

9
access to product and people information. The demonstration phase of this

program will have resulted in simple access to some of these, but a more

concerted effort is planned under this phase.

New bibliographic sources may be added to the system. For example, a recent

compilation of Canadian literature sources will be added. Also, the extensive and well-regarded bibliographic services of the BAM will be accessible

by a direct transfer. Arrangements for this work will be made by OSTI and

BAM.

To facilitate the use of the bibliographies, a general description of each

database will be developed and made accessible as a user aid. In addition,

work will begin on developing a comprehensive and consistent thesaurus so

that literature-searching can be done with more precision.

The research-in-progress database will be improved by the addition of descriptions of work now funded by the government, resulting from a present DOE

project. A similar survey for private sector research will be initiated.

Finally, two efforts will be mounted to make the information products and

people related to tribology work more easily available. A directory of tribology consultants has been proposed. Also, work will be done to determine

the feasibility of including information on directories of vendor information. The prognosis for future offerings in this area will be made.

As was mentioned above, the work outlined falls into separate categories that

can be funded and staffed independently of other work. Several government

agencies have already indicated their interest and willingness to support

particular efforts. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, through its

Research Committee on Tribology, has expressed its desire to concentrate on

the design code efforts. Industry would be involved through fund-raising

efforts headed by ASME. The Department of Energy, through its Conservation

Division, and OSTI are interested in the bibliographic and research-in-progress efforts. Finally, the National Science Foundation, the Department of

Defense, and DOE, working with NBS, are interested in supporting the numeric

database effort.

Each of the three efforts is designed to take about 12 to 18 months and, when

completed, would allow a significant number of users to access the various

components. The capabilities would be minimal and would in fact be only a prototype. The numeric databases would not yet be available and the design

codes would only have a simple menu interface. The bibliographic and related

databases would be more advanced since they would be built on other efforts

of DOE OSTI.

At the end of this phase, the tribology community would have a good idea of

the power and appeal of a more complete information system, and industry then

should be in a position to provide sufficient funding to carry development

further, as outlined in the next two chapters.

10
CHAPTER U

PHASE 3 ~ AN OPERATIONAL SYSTEM

The previous effort will result in the basis for an operational tribology

information system and will have a projected user group on the order of 10 to

50 people. The next phase of the overall project is intended to make the

system as friendly and complete as possible within a two-year period and with

an investment of several millions of dollars.

The primary task is to add new information sources and types and to provide a

more intelligent interface to the system. The system itself would have numerous capabilities (Table 4-1) as before, with the feedback being provided

by the user community.

The bibliographic module would be improved so that multiple databases could

be searched simultaneously. This will use tools developed by groups such as

OSTI for other applications and will be easily adaptable to tribology. Work

would be done to abstract and load into a separate database tribology literature from the pre-1950 era which is now incompletely covered.

The greatest change would be in the availability of new search tools, in

particular, a common thesaurus and search language. Because the terminology

in tribology is presently ill-defined, the development of the thesaurus will

represent a great improvement in accessing the literature.

The design codes would also show a significant gain, with the major development being an expert system of about 1000-1500 rules for component selection.

This system would be aimed at directing users to the most appropriate design

code(s) for a particular application. When this expert system is added to

the already existing consistent set of codes, the design module would become

a powerful tool to improve the quality of tribological design.

Improvements would also be made to the numerical databases to support the

design codes as well as to those for lubricant selection and component selection. The first addition will be the provision of an easily accessible

numerical database resulting from the evaluation work of the previous phase.

Database access may be in conjunction with groups such as the National Materials Property Data Network. It may take the form of diskettes for personal

computers and/or larger databases on a network system. The advantage to this

would be that, through the collective and cooperative efforts as coordinated

by the MPD Network, tribologists would have access to a far wider range of

data than would be possible for this project to provide on its own.

During the third phase, the evaluation effort described earlier would be

completed for the first 10 areas selected, and new coverage in new areas

would begin.

The research-in-progress database would be enhanced to cover tribology research abroad as well as in the U.S.

11
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The development of more comprehensive access to product directories in

computerized form will depend on the results of the studies done in the

earlier work. If the economics and feasibility look promising, then it is

envisioned that two types of product directories would be developed.

Catalogs and consultants that would cover the following:

- disposable materials

- lubricants

- coatings

- a typical component industrial roller bearing

The system would have the same electronic mail capability as before.

At the end of the third stage, the system would be in an operational state

and the user community could then be enlarged to include the tribology public

at large. This would mean that decisions would have to be made about who

would operate, maintain, and update the system, and provide training and

support for those users. It has been noted that about 25~30 percent of the

total costs of the system is needed for the last activity.

Several possibilities exist for accomplishing these matters, including the MPD

Network, ASME, or some other information vendor. There is a lot to be said

for choosing one that deals primarily with the technical community so that

they have experience with the particulars of that market place.

By this stage, one could also say that a real tribology information system

exists and that further developments then rest upon its acceptance and use by

the tribology community.

13

CHAPTER 5

PHASE M - THE IDEAL SYSTEM

Even though at the end of the third phase, the information system would be

fully operational and available to the public, the workshop thought it was

desirable to project into the future about what the ideal system would look

like. The main components can be defined as:

- an easy-to-use system that requires little training

- the full realm of tribological data, all well documented

and evaluated

- expert systems to guide in the design and selection of

tribological components

Table 5-1 summarizes the key features of such a system.

The system itself as seen by the user would have a natural language interface—that is, the user could pose questions in the form of sentences, a capability that is being developed by computer scientists for use in many

areas during the next few years. The system would also have a distributed

database capability that would allow the user to access desired databases in

a consistent and transparent way regardless of location. Again, this would

draw on technology that is being developed for many application areas.

With respect to bibliographic sources, the access to these databases would

also feature a natural language interface. Here the user is able to pose

search strategy in normal sentences. Full text of data sources would be made

available if they existed, and access would be provided to all the standards

and codes relevant to tribology.

A research-in-progress database would cover efforts both public and private

for the U.S. and internationally. It would be updated in a more routine

fashion than is now the case, and thus be more timely.

A major enhancement for the ideal system would be with respect to the design

codes and how the user would access them. The workshop projected the development of a series of expert systems such that several tribological concerns

could be addressed. These would include failure analysis, component selection, analysis of performance, and mathematical modeling.

The development of such expert systems is clearly a large undertaking. The

result in terms of better engineering for tribology would eventually pay for

the initial investment, but the source of that investment is not clear.

In the area of numerical data, the extension of evaluation activities to the

broadest interests of tribology would be done. This would be a program that

would have a long-term yield, but again the initial costs would be a problem.

However, it is clear that computers have made it tractable to consider generating data from well-controlled experiments and then developing models to

extend these data to wider ranges of applicability.

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In terms of the data content, the ideal system would include tribology performance data from standard laboratory tests and field tests, as well as from

research data. The methods for collection and evaluation of field data need

to be worked out, but there are models in other areas which can guide developments .

Two other components of the ideal information system deserve mention. The

news facility of such a system should include services such as bulletin

boards, conferencing, meeting calendars, as well as mail itself. These

capabilities clearly exist now but are not in any way combined and available

to the tribology community.

Finally, the concept of a complete computerized catalog and product directory

was described as being of great appeal to the community. Clearly, the ultimate possibility includes the use of video discs or other image storage

devices with the display of pictorial as well as textual information, similar

to present-day catalogs. The day when this will be possible is rapidly

approaching.

Though the ideal information system as described above is still far into the

future, even today almost every part of it has been implemented in one way

or another. Two driving forces are at work: first, it is easier and cheaper

to do these things each succeeding year; and second, the positive impact such

a system would have on American industry is becoming more obvious.

Surely it can be said that the workshop was looking into the future. But we

also felt that the future is closer than we anticipate.

17

PART B - THE TRIBOLOGY DATA WORKSHOP

CHAPTER 6

WORKSHOP GOALS AND DESCRIPTION

As pointed out in the first chapter, the purpose of the workshop was to

explore the feasibility of building and operating a computer-based information system to aid in the design and selection of tribology components and

activities related to other aspects of tribology. During the organizing

meetings for the workshop, it became apparent that such an information system

would consist of the six components already mentioned:

- design codes

- numeric databases

- bibliographic databases

- research-in-progress information

- newsletter

- electronic product directory

Accordingly, it was decided that the workshop would consist of a set of small

working groups that would develop detailed plans about the exact contents of

these components, the tasks necessary to complete the proposed work, and

schedules and priorities. These working groups were made up of tribology

experts as well as database and system designers.

At the end of the workshop, a committee made up of the chairman of each

working group, representative computer specialists, and representatives of

various agencies interested in funding the work developed a consensus as to

the actual recommendations for each of the proposed four stages of the information system.

As the workshop began, two primary driving forces for a tribology information

system became apparent:

(1) the need to design and analyze the performance of various

tribological components such as bearings, gears, seals, etc.

(2) the need to provide for the selection of appropriate components

by people designing and building mechanical products

This is not to say that there is a clear division between the two activities,

but rather that two audiences allow for the setting of priorities and for

approaching various groups that are possible sources of funding the overall

work.

Unlike other materials data workshops, this particular workshop lasted several weeks with a minimum of overlap between the working groups to permit

maximum interactions. The list of participants is given in Appendix A, and

the agenda is given in Appendix B.

Prior to the working group meetings, a one-day symposium was held to review

other materials data activities and to provide a forum for an overview from

19
the perspective of the tribology community. Over 50 representatives of U.S.

industry, technical societies, and government agencies attended. The agenda

for this symposium is also given in Appendix B.

In the next seven chapters, the summary reports of the individual working

groups are given. Notice that two separate groups on numeric databases met

one for solid tribological materials and the other on lubricants.

Following these chapters, three chapters contain more detailed plans for the

computer aspects of the tribology information system, including fairly detailed schedules and task outlines.

It must be recognized that as with any dynamic activity, the plans, schedules, priorities, and tasks given in this report are indicative rather than

definitive. To accomplish the recommendations as given requires numerous

resources, both of manpower and finances. The groups that provide the

resources, of course, will finally determine what is done and when.

But the overall framework is solid and well-thought-out, and stands as a fine

accomplishment of the workshop participants. The combination of tribologists

working closely with computer experts resulted in even the most elementary

assumptions by each group being challenged and closely examined.

The tribology information system started by these efforts will prove to be a valuable tool for American industry for many years.

20
CHAPTER 7

DESIGN CODES DATABASE

Group Members: Lewis Sibley, Chairman

William Anderson

Herbert Cheng

Bernard Hamrock

Christie Michelsen

Coda Pan

Donald Shafer

Tibor Tallian

Robert Tucker

Donald Wilcock

Introduction

The market pressures on design engineers to improve the energy efficiency and

productivity of machines have increased substantially in recent years. For

this reason, machine designers are actively seeking the latest available

information on advanced materials and design methods developments to improve

their products.

There is a reservoir of advanced computerized design analysis codes available

that is not being effectively used by designers. The reason for this is that

these specialized design codes often are not readily accessible nor in a form

that can be understood and used by design engineers. What is needed is an

easily accessible interface between the designer and well evaluated databases

that show how the latest materials developments affect the design and performance of machine components. The purpose of the design methods group was to

define the orderly step-by-step development of such a service for tribological components such as bearings, gears, seals, etc.

Overall Design Database Development

The eventual primary users of a design database are identified as design

engineers responsible for the design, performance, maintenance, failure

analysis, and life cycle costs of machinery used in the broad range of industry. A more comprehensive system is envisioned than that required for the

straightforward component replacement market. There will be aspects of the

service of use to experienced tribologists , but the main aim of the system

must be for the broader design engineering community at a reasonable price.

Design Code Selection for Demonstration System

The Computer Support Task Report (Chapter 15) gives proposed menus and logic

diagrams for the demonstration prototype system showing what the user will

see on the terminal when the service is called up and how the various parts

will be tied together into a coherent system. For the design methods section

in the demonstration stage, the menu consists of a front-end selection advisor based on the general guide developed by the Engineering Sciences Data

Unit (ESDU), as given in Figures 7-1 and 7-2, which is intended to help the

user decide what type of component is suitable for the application under

consideration. This guide is followed by a selected example of five typical

types of component design codes: hydrodynamic oil film bearings, rolling

bearings, gas-lubricated bearings, gears, and seals.

21
Note: Diometers ore given in inches on each curve. '

Except for Rolling Bearings, curves are drawn for bearings with width equal to diameter. A medium viscosity mineral oil is assumed for the hydrodynomic bearings.

10 10 10 10 Frequency of Rotation (rev/mm)

10 10

Rubbing Bearings

Oil Impregnated Porous Metol Bearings

Rolling Bearings Hydrodynomic Oil Film Beonngs

General guide to journal bearing type

(From Engineering Sciences Data Unit)

Figure 7-1

22
Rubbing Bearings

Oil Impregnated Porous Metal Bearings

Rolling Bearings Hydrodynomic Oil Film Bearings

General guide to thrust bearing type

(From Engineering Sciences Data Unit)

Figure 7-2

23
Component design codes that are already available and that have known operating characteristics have been selected for use in the demonstration prototype

system, as described below. No primary programming of design codes will be

needed through the prototype phase. Wherever possible, codes in the public

domain have been selected, although methods for the handling and security of

proprietary codes are available if needed. For each code selected, an individual tribologist has been designated who has intimate familiarity with the

code and its use for working closely with the system developers to incorporate the code into the system, and then later for working with users in

modifying the system to make it most effective and useful.

An important consideration to be addressed is the interface of this tribology

system with general and other mechanical design codes. Since there are

important interactions of tribological components with other machine elements, the definition of these interactions is a key part of the system that

will need to be coordinated with the rest of the mechanical design community.

The following specific component design codes are typical of those considered

for incorporation into the demonstration prototype system:

JBMTI, a hydrodynamic oil film journal bearing code from

Mechanical Technology, Inc. (cognizant tribologist:

Donald Wilcock, Tribolock, Inc.)

EHDSTAR, a ball bearing design code including partial EHD

oil film starvation from Tribology Consultants, Inc.

(cognizant tribologist: Lewis Sibley, TCI)

HIPRESSA, an externally pressurized air-lubricated journal

bearing code from Columbia University (cognizant tribologist:

Coda Pan of Columbia)

TELSGEA, a spur gear analysis code from Northwestern University

(cognizant tribologist: Herbert Cheng of Northwestern)

SEALS, a mechanical face seal analysis code from Gordon S. Buck,

P.E. (cognizant tribologist: Bernard Hamrock, Ohio State

University)

Design code catalog sheets for computer interfacing of each of these selected

demonstration system codes are given in Appendix C, together with brief

descriptions of JBMTI and EHDSTAR. Descriptions of the other three codes are

also given in this appendix. It is planned that each design code will be

standardized to conform to a single screen input and output, respectively,

such as those given in Figure 7~3 for EHDSTAR. Numeric databases will be

built into the system to enter the geometric characteristics of each component as a default in response to the input type designated, such as the

internal dimensions of the 7007 angular contact ball bearing given in Figure

7-3. In the same way, the properties of the bearing material and lubricating

oil will be supplied to the system user in response to input AISI and SAE

number designations, respectively, or their equivalents. Of course, both

special bearing geometries and special bearing material and lubricant properties can be entered to override the default values.

24
Sample Input & Output Screens for Design Code EHDSTAR

Copyright 1986 Trtbology Consultants, Inc.

SAMPLE INPLT DATA :

TCI BALL BEARING DESIGN PROGRAM

BEARING SIZE & TYPE

7007 = SERIES & BORE SIZE

INPUT GEOMETRY

15/. 3125 = NO. /DIAM OF BALLS (IN)

1.909 = PITCH DIAMETER (IN)

15 = CONTACT ANGLE (DEG)

5.6E-06 = COMPOSITE ROUGHNESS (IN)

.52 = INNER RING CONFORMITY

.53 = OUTER RING CONFORMITY

MATERIAL TYPE

52100 = BALL MATERIAL DESIGNATION

52100/52100 = IR/OR MATERIAL DESIGNATION

MATERIAL PROPERTIES

3.0E+07 = BALL YOUNGS MODULUS (LB/IN2)

3.0E+07 = IR YOUNGS MODULUS (LB/IN2)

3.0E+07 = OR YOUNGS MODULUS (LB/IN2)

.30 = BALL POISSONS RATIO

.30 = IR POISSONS RATIO

.30 = OR POISSONS RATIO

.281 = BALL DENSITY (LB/IN3)

LUBRICANT TEMPERATURE & TYPE

120 «= BFARING OPER TEMP (F)

30 = SAE OIL DESIGNATION

LUBRICANT CONDITIONS

67.7 = VISCOSITY (CS)

.8 7 = SPECIFIC GRAVITY

1.43E-04 = PRESS VISC INDEX (IN2/LB)

2.6E-04 = AIR/OIL/SURF TENS (LB/IN)

OPERATING CONDITIONS

9000 = SPEED (RPM)

2 = RADIAL LOAD (LB)

40 = THRUST LOAD (LB)

1 = BALL MATERIAL LIFE FACTOR

1 = IR MATERIAL LIFE FACTOR

1 = OR MATERIAL LIFE FACTOR

CONTROL FLAGS

B:7007.TAB = FILENAME TO SAVE

YES = ASSUME THRUST LOAD ONLY

YES = FIND FILM THICKNESS

YES = FIND LIFE

Fl = EXECUTE F2 = FILE LOAD F3 = QUIT F4 = FILE SAVE F5 = FILE OUT

SAMPLE OUTPUT DATA:

7007 ANGULAR CONTACT BALL BEARING (FILE B: 7007. TAB)

15 BALLS DIAM = .3125 IN PITCH DIAM = 1 IR CONFORMITY = .52 OR CONFORMITY = .53

BALL MATERIAL = 52100 YOUNGS MOD = 3.0E+07

IR MATERIAL = 52100 YOUNGS MOD = 3.0E+07

OR MATERIAL = 52100 YOUNGS MOD = 3.0E+07

BALL DENSITY = .281 LB/IN3 LIFE FACTOR FOR

LUBRICATINC OIL SAE NO. = 30 SPECIFIC GRAV

VISCOSITY (CS) @ 1 00 F = 1 .19E+02 @ 210 F PRESSURE VISCOSITY (IN2/LB) = 1.43e-04 SUR

THRUST LOAD = 40 LB RADIAL LOAD = 2 LB

.909 IN CONTACT ANGLE = 15 DEG

COMPOSITE ROUGHNESS = 5.6E-06 IN

LB/IN2 POISSONS RATIO = .30

LB/IN2 POISSONS RATIO = .30

LB/IN2 POISSONS RATIO = .30

BALL = 1 FOR IR = 1 FOR OR = 1 ITY = .868 TEMPERATURE = 120 F = 1.20E+01 @ 120 F = 6.77E+01

FACE TENSION (LB/IN) = 2 .6E-04

SHAFT SPEED = 9.000E+03 RPM

THRUST LOAD ONLY DATA FOR: OUTER RING

NORMAL CONTACT FORCE (LB) 10.2

CONTACT ANGLE (DEG) 15.1

ROLLING VELOCITY (FT/SEC) 36.7

MAXIMUM CONTACT PRESSURE (LB/IN2) 1.215E+05

SEMI MAJOR CONTACT AXIS (IN) 1.531E-02

AXIS RATIO OF CONTACT ELLIPSE 5.8

EHD SPECIFIC OIL FILM THICKNESS RATIO .55

OIL MENISCUS DISTANCE FROM CONTACT (IN) 7-20E-04

OIL STARVATION FILM REDUCTION RATIO .06

MATERIAL FATIGUE LIFE (HRS) = 3.60E+05 FOR BEARING 1.09E+06

INNER RING

8.5

18.3

36.6

1.222E+05

1 .7 36E-02

9.0

.48

5.75E-04

.06

4.91E+05

Figure 7~3

25
The available documentation for each design code will be incorporated into

HELP screens called up to assist the user in defining the input data and in

interpreting the output results, when needed. In this way the user can

become acquainted with the codes during initial use to any desired depth and

avoid lengthy tutorials after familiarization with the code. In addition,

depending on the range of parameter values obtained in any particular run,

the system will flag special interpretive texts on the screen to advise the

user of any unusual component performance characteristics to be expected

under the conditions analyzed in that run.

Prototype System Development

More comprehensive available design codes will be added to the system later

during the prototype development stage, such as the multiple bearing/shaft

code SHABERTH described in Appendix C, since they will require more extensive

adaptation to fit on the system than the initial demonstration codes. These

analyses will include all kinds of roller bearings as well as ball bearings.

The hydrodynamic bearing codes will also be expanded for various bearing

types and applications using more advanced solution schemes than in the codes

used in the demonstration system. In a similar way, more advanced gear

analysis codes would be available including, if possible, a special code

based on a comprehensive analysis of all kinds of gears already developed in

industry using a lubricant properties database covering the full range of

industrial lubricants.

Also for the initial prototype system, a more comprehensive entry module will

be developed. It is planned to incorporate into this module some of the

artificial intelligence codes now being developed in industry for component

selection and failure analysis, as they become available to this project.

Since tribological design methodology is as important as hard data in generating optimal engineering decisions, an artificial intelligence-based expert

system is projected to serve as a methodology guide for the database user.

The broad community of mechanical engineering users needs to apply tribological knowledge to specific, practical design or operating problems. This will

be done with a Design Codes Entry Module having the following capabilities:

The component selection process will be organized as follows:

1 ) The user is queried as to the functional purpose of the component to be

chosen and is asked for inputs on application conditions (constraints). It

is planned to create a ruleset which associates classes of tri bo-components

with these functional goals and constraints. The output will be a table of

suitable choices, with some comments as to the limitations and advantages of

each. The tribological literature (including trade literature) contains

numerous application tables for tribo-components , and the assembly of a suitable ruleset does not appear to offer insurmountable difficulties.

1

.

2.

3.

4.

component selection

tribology design support

tribological failure diagnosis

operating decision support

26
2) If available, the user is next offered access to on-line catalog databases

of tribo-components. Such catalogs are now being created by a number of

major vendors and can be linked up as they become available. From the catalog(s), the user can select one or more apparently suitable specific component types. If available on-line, the entry module reads in the

characteristic catalog parameters given for each, retaining this information

for future use.

3) The user is then offered access to engineering calculation programs or

design codes as explained below.

The full Design Codes Database will provide design support by means of a series of calculation programs for the dynamics, lubrication, life prediction, and heat balance of major tribo-components. The Entry Module will

offer access to these calculation routines through two channels: a) directly,

without interaction with the component selection routine, and b) within component selection and after catalog review. Tribology design support is conceived as a tool for the selection of materials, configurations,

manufacturing methods, and operating rules useful during design of a special

component adapted to meet a set of generically defined tribological requirements. The art of building artificial intelligence systems for machine

design is not as well advanced as that of diagnostic or list selection expert

systems. The task of providing a design support system is thus a major

development task in component technology. To be able to utilize such a

system, a strong and comprehensive materials, configuration, and methods

database must be available for access.

Failure diagnosis expert systems for tribo-components are feasible. Diagnostic systems for other branches of engineering are in operation. Proprietary

work on tribological diagnostic systems is under way. Thus, access to diagnosis via the entry module will become feasible in time. The concept of providing computerized support for operating decisions involving tribology was

generated at the workshop and is certainly attractive. Such a system is

intended to guide an engineer in charge of operating a machine or mechanical

system towards operating and maintenance practices soundly based on tribological principles.

27

CHAPTER 8

NUMERIC DATABASE FOR SOLID TRIBOLOGI CAL MATERIALS

Group Members: William Ruff, Chairman

Raymond Bayer

Walter Grattidge

Stephen Hsu

Raymond Metcalf

Marshall Peterson

John Rumble

Donald Shafer

Paul Swanson

Harald Tischer

Gordon Wood

Background

A numerical database would be an important part of a Tribology Information

System, and possible configurations were discussed at length during the

workshop. Two sessions were held specifically for that purpose: one on

numeric data for solid materials; the other on numeric data for lubricants.

This chapter will describe the discussions for numeric data for solid materials.

Members of the committee had differing viewpoints on the use of numeric

tribological data, but all agreed that the issue was a very important one and

that little was being done at present to satisfy the user needs. The data

were identified in two categories: tribological data (friction, wear, etc.)

and physical properties data (strength, toughness, etc.) on tribological

materials. The materials of interest differed among the users present for

these discussions. Some typical applications for numeric tribological data

on solid materials include:

general engaging tools and bearings exposed to abrasive

contaminants

- office equipment and recording systems

It was pointed out that designers always need to know what has been used

before and what the results were. They want to match the needs of the application with the properties of the tribo-materials. Properties such as surface characteristics, friction coefficient, and wear behavior were the

prominent ones. Important issues were the application environment, geometry,

lubricant coverage, roughness, temperature, load, and surface speed. Based

on experience, it was felt that the industrial designer was an important

customer, perhaps more so than the experienced tribologist.

29
User Community

There was general agreement that nonexperts in tribology were in need of

useful, evaluated tribological data. These included design engineers, product engineers, and support engineers involved in a broad range of activities

in industry. It was also thought that tribologists would want access to such

databases as they are assigned to help solve particular problems. In fact, a hierarchy of users was envisaged, and the details would have to be understood

through some sort of specific questioning of prospective customers. In that

way the database could be properly configurated. It was noted that the

recent Industrial Research Institute meeting on tribology stated among its

recommendations that a computerized database is needed where text, graphics,

equations, and numbers can be obtained.

Technical Plan

A logical, systematic framework is needed to properly compile and store the

tribological data in a computer-based system. A sample format sheet for data

was developed following the well-known work of Horst Czichos in Germany. That

approach was extended and modified based on the experience of those present.

The recommended format is shown in Figure 8-1. It contains descriptors for

the two materials involved in a tribo-contact and for the third component, be

it gas, liquid, or solid. The test information is then indicated in detail.

Finally, the results of wear measurements, friction determinations, and

surface damage indications are given for the various test runs. While the

sheet is intended for use in laboratory measurement programs, the approach

can also be used to evaluate existing data, and could include field or service-type information as well. A separate consideration is appropriate for

physical properties data for use in design codes and tribological models. It

was felt that such data were already available from a number of different

sources and could be assembled into this system for the users. The specific

information needed would depend on the codes and models to be supported;

these would be determined later.

Five specific areas were identified to gain an understanding of the effort

involved for numeric data on materials. They are listed below along with a description of the details involved.

(1) Wear of Materials Conferences (ASME): 1977,1979, 1981, 1983, 1985

Approximately 500 articles on wear and friction

Extract data from tables and figures

Estimate one hour per article including some evaluation

Total: 500 hours

(2) Selected articles from the Wear Control Handbook

Select five articles

Articles also serve as tutorial source material

Estimate 10 hours/article to extract data and evaluate

Total: 50 hours

30
Laboratory

Publication

Date Teat Series

MATERIAL

1

3rd BODY COMPONENT

SOLID GAS LIQUID

General Name

Trade Name

Function (A.L.I.C)

Chemical Composition

Phusical Condition CA Code/Reqistru *

Surface Treatment

Geornetrg

Roughness

Condition(process)

gyEpjy Rate Hardness

Densitg

RUN 1 RUN 2 RUN 3

Mechanism

Use/ Application Load (N)

Normal Pressure (MPa)

Velocitq (m/s)

Sliding Distance

Motion

Test Tupe

Contact Area

Contact Ratio Temperature

Vear Vo11 Vear Vol2

Veight Loss! Weight Loss2

Dimension Lossl Dimension Loss2

Vear Rate Vear Coefficient

Friction Curves

Life Surface Damage _

Vear Debris (Tupe

Size)

Cleaning Methods

Special Test Features

Possible Format for Tribological Data

Figure 8-1

31
(3) ASTM standard abrasive wear test data

G-65 method; research reports and interlab test reports

Estimate 250 standard tests and 500 nonstandard tests

Estimate 15 minutes per test to code data without evaluation

Total: 200 hours

(4) Canadian wear tests in water

Nuclear reactor program results on particular materials

Estimate 1000 tests available

Estimate 15 minutes to code data without evaluation

Total: 250 hours

(5) Additional sources for data were identified for future efforts. These

included international journals on tribology, standard bench test data

sources such as ASTM Research Reports, and private databases from

cooperating laboratories in government and the private sector.

It was emphasized that several important features were involved in addition

to the data themselves. These include (1) an agreed database format, (2) use

of consistent units in the base, (3) an agreed thesaurus of terms and

unit conversions, (4) agreed software for computer access and data processing,

and (5) determination of output forms such as tables and graphs.

Interaction With Other Efforts

The Design Task area will require support from the numeric data task in terms

of values for parameters used in the design codes. Specific needs will be

decided as the work proceeds. Sources for these data will be handbooks and

existing physical properties databases.

The Bibliographic Task area will be developing a Tutorial System consisting

of "expert" articles for users of the total information system. It is intended that some of those articles come from the Wear Control Handbook and

that the numeric data associated with them be placed into a numeric database

for general use. The authors themselves would be responsible for the evaluation of the data.

The Numeric Data Task on Lubricants would interact closely with this task in

all aspects so that the same format and type of content would be involved.

Remaining Issues

Some of the more significant questions to be decided are summarized below.

It will be essential to obtain early reaction from the tribological community

and from prototype users so that these issues can be addressed.

Identification of centers to provide and evaluate data

Degree of evaluation appropriate for the different types of data

Allocation of resources within the total package of needs

Sources of financial support for database compilation

Schemes other than the computer network for dissemination of data

32
CHAPTER 9

NUMERIC DATABASE ON LUBRICANTS

Group Members: E. E. Klaus

S. M. Hsu

S. Jahanmir

Frances Lockwood

J. Molgaard

D. Shafer

V. Weedeven

This committee considered the following areas with respect to lubricants and

lubricated systems: users, components, materials, lubricants, properties

data, performance data, additives, and system.

Some principal issues in considering these areas included data access (architecture), data organization (format), data analysis, and data evaluation. The

committee discussed the entire project of a computerized Tribology Information System as well as a thin slice or demonstration sample of the whole

project. Based on the computerized information now available, the committee

favored as a "thin slice" or prototype either lubricants for journal bearings

or lubricants for rolling element bearings.

The list of potential users is shown in Table 9-1. This list includes

organizations as well as types of individuals.

A Lubricated Components list is shown in Table 9-2. Lubricated Systems are

shown in Table 9~3. Lubricant Types are shown in Table 9-4. Lubricant

Additives are shown in Table 9-5. A list of Lubricant Properties is shown in

Table 9-6. A list of materials with which these lubricants must be compatible is shown in Table 9-7

A failure analysis database is similar to that for designing to meet special

requirements. In this case, structural analysis, materials properties, environment, operating conditions, parts and debris analysis, chemical analysis,

and mechanism determination are needed along with the tribological database.

A sample of a data sheet for the lubricant numeric database is shown as Table

9-8. The committee discussed formats for the database. It was suggested

that the approach used in Neale's handbook on tribology [2] be given serious

consideration.

The committee considered the numeric database to be of major importance to

the proposed system. The utility of the overall system probably hinges on the

ability to produce a numeric database that proves easy to use by the people

listed in Table 1. In order to meet this constraint, it appears that a large

amount of interpretative and correlative work will be required on the numeric

data. This comment applies equally to the thin slices suggested by the

committee as well as the total database. The opinion was expressed that

underfunding of the numeric database would lead to little effective use of

the system.

33
Table 9-1

POTENTIAL USERS OF A COMPUTERIZED TRIBOLOGY INFORMATION CENTER

ORGANIZATIONS

Government Research Labs

Defense Bases

Research Laboratories

Industrial

Research Labs

Development Department

Maintenance

Sales Engineering

Universities

Libraries

Consulting Consortia

INDIVIDUALS

Consultants

Bearing Designers

Component Designers

System Designers

Application Engineer

Maintenance Engineer

Failure Analyst

Purchasing Agents

Development Engineers

Lubricant Supplier

Sales Engineer

Table 9-2

LUBRICATED COMPONENTS

Hydrodynamic Bearings

Rolling Element Bearings

Cams and Gears

Clutches and Brakes

Shaft and Face Seals

Fluid Dampers

Shock Absorbers

Hydraulic Pumps

Couplings

Material Working

Cutting

Grinding

Polishing

Material Forming

Casting

Forging

Rolling

Drawing

34
Table 9-3

LUBRICATED SYSTEMS

Reciprocating Engines

Gasoline

Diesel

Marine Diesel

2 Cycle

Steam Turbines

Tractor Hydraulics

Aircraft Hydraulics

Automatic Transmissions

Hypoid Gear/Transaxles

Gear Reducers

Gas Turbines

Table 9-4

LUBRICANT TYPES

Mineral Oils

Animal Oils

Vegetable Oils

Synthetics

Polyalpha Olefins

Alkylated Aromatics

Organic Acid Esters

Phosphate Esters

Polyglycol ethers

Glycols

Polyphenyl Ethers

Silicates

Silicones

Perfluoro Polyethers

Halocarbons

Water Base

Water-Glycol

Greases

Gases

Solid Lubricants

Coatings

Surface Modification

Table 9-5

LUBRICANT ADDITIVES

Polymeric Viscosity Index Improvers

Oxidation Inhibitors

Corrosion Inhibitors

Rust Inhibitors

Detergents

Dispersants

Antiwear

Antifriction

Extreme Pressure

Pour Depressants

Solubilizing Agents

Dyes

35
Table 9-6

PHYSICAL

Rheology

Volatility

Density

Gas Solubility

Thermal Conductivity

Specific Heat

Bulk Modulus

Coefficient of Thermal

LUBRICANT PROPERTIES

sion

CHEMICAL

Thermal Stability

Hydrolysis

Oxidation Stability

Neutralization Number

Electrical Properties

Surface Tension

PERFORMANCE

Chemical Degradation

Corrosion

Solvency

Low Temperature Properties

Friction

Wear

Filterability

Foaming

Table 9-7

MATERIALS FOR LUBRICANT COMPATIBILITY

Metals Wood

Ceramics Hard Coats

Composites Surface Modifications

Polymers Others

Elastomers

36
Table 9-8

NUMERIC DATABASE

MATERIALS TEST CONDITIONS TRIBO DATA REFERENCE

PROCEDURES

Metals

Cer amies

Composites

Elastomers

Polymers

Coatings and

surfaces

Others

Solids 1 and 2

Properties

Lubricants

Additives

Component Type

System Type

Temperature

Load

Normal Pressure

Velocity

Motion Type

Test Type

Contact Ratio

Surface Damage

Atmosphere

Moisture

Test Procedure

Duration

Sample Treatment

Film Thickness

Simulation

Contaminants

Wear Volume 1 Wear Volume 2

Weight Loss 1 Weight Loss 2

Sliding Dist

Dimension Change 1 Dimension Change 2

Wear Rate

Friction Curves

Wear Debris

Torque

Corrosion

Oxidation

Low Temp Properties

Lifetime

Base Line Reference

Filterability

Application Experience

API

ASTM

Federal Test

DIN

UOP

CRC

Others

37

CHAPTER 10

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE

Group Members: F. Kennedy, Chairman

P. Blau

J. Fries

W. Grattidge

M. Peterson

G. Reisz

M. Schade

Introduction

It is important that the modern-day researcher and engineer stay abreast of

technology in his field, but this task is made very difficult by the flood of

scientific and technical information. Scientific and technical literature

doubles approximately every 10 years, a growth rate that has prevailed since

the end of WWII. In the field of tribology, the growth in the volume of

scientific and engineering information is so great that most tribologists and

design engineers can no longer read all the publications that may be relevant

to them. Yet keeping current and informed is essential to developing

state-of-the-art technology and advancing the science of tribology.

Writing in the premier issue of Journal of Tribology , Donald Hays recently

underscored the need to be aware of current technology. "There is an additional technology gap which should be mentioned . . . The science exists, the

technology is in place, but the potential user is unaware of the state of the

art of the technology. In this case we run the risk of supporting a technical program which recreates that which already exists. "[3] By not knowing

about, and taking advantage of, recent developments in the field of tribology, research efforts are being duplicated and state-of-the-art tribological solutions are not being adopted. This can be very costly, especially in

terms of energy losses, wasted materials, and machine downtime.

Much of the world's science and engineering literature, including that dealing

with tribology, is now covered by online bibliographic databases. Computerbased information retrieval from these online databases can significantly

speed and ease the process of collecting bibliographic information. By

making use of this tool an engineer can save time, enhance productivity, and

aid in the transfer of technology. There is evidence that, for a number of

reasons, tribologists and other engineers have not been taking advantage of

this availability and that they are not completely aware of advances in the

field of tribology.

39
Anticipated Users of the System

The potential users of the proposed Automated Tribology Information System

could be grouped into five classifications:

(1) tribology specialists

(2) materials generalists

(3) design engineers

(4) librarians and other information specialists

(5) students

These different groups may be interested in different bibliographic information, with, for example, the first group being most concerned with technical

journals and conference proceedings while the third group would require books

and articles of a more applied nature. It was felt that an entire information system must aim to serve needs of the broad industrial community composed of groups (2) and (3) if it is to carry out its primary technology

transfer role and to become self-supporting by developing reasonably priced

subscriptions. The task group believed that the bibliographic needs of those

industrial users could be served without compromising the requirements of the

other, more specialized groups of potential users. Therefore, the bibliographic task group attempted to design a system that would serve well the

entire spectrum of potential users of the ATIS, both in its prototype and

final versions.

It was believed that many of the users of other portions of the proposed

Tribology Information System would benefit from easy access to bibliographic

information while connected to the system. For example, users of the resear ch-in-progress module (who would probably be accessing a database very

similar in nature to the bibliographic databases) may wish to search for

publications resulting from the research-in-progress . Users of the numerical

data module may wish to find more information about the article from which

the data came or about the test standard used in gathering the data. Users

of the design module could benefit from finding articles or reports describing the computer codes being used or the theory behind them. For this reason, this task group believed that a bibliographic module should be an

integral part of all versions of the system, beginning with the initial

prototype

It was proposed that the initial prototype be made available to a selected

number of evaluators/users including people from all five of the groups

mentioned above. These users would be asked to evaluate the bibliographic

search system included in the prototype stage and to suggest improvements for

later implementation.

Available Bibliographic Sources in Tribology

The published literature in tribology, consisting primarily of books, articles in technical journals, reports, patents, and standards, has been expanding at a rapid rate in recent years. It is estimated that about 6000

technical papers and several hundred books and reports are being published

annually dealing with some aspect of tribology. Although a guide to these

sources of information was published in 1 97 ^ [4], the information has been

40
growing so rapidly that the guide is already out of date and, even if it

weren't, it would be nearly impossible for anyone to keep up with all new

published information in the field. To aid in the task of searching the

literature for information about a topic, indexing and abstracting services

were developed. These services usually include abstracts of each article and

use prescribed index vocabulary (keywords) to describe the article's content.

Within the past 15 years, many of the abstracting/indexing services have

become available online, and it is these online bibliographic databases that

were the focus of this task group's attention.

A recent study showed that just over 20 of the widely accessible bibliographic databases have good coverage of the field of tribology [6]. Those

databases, and a brief description of each, are listed in Table 10-1. All

could be classified as bibliographic databases since they contain references

to published articles, reports, or books, but not the full text of the articles.

Little technical literature is currently available in full-text (or source)

databases, but this may change if source databases increase their coverage of

engineering in response to requests from users.

Most of the databases listed in Table 10-1 and their associated print

counterparts cover technical journals or reports, but several are included

which deal with other forms of technical literature such as dissertations,

patents, or standards. Some are wide-ranging, and their coverage extends to

all areas of engineering. For example, NTIS, COMPENDEX, and EI MEETINGS are

broad databases which cover government reports, technical journals, and

conference papers, respectively. Although they are frequently a good place

to begin a search of the engineering literature, their coverage in any particular area of tribology may not be as thorough as that given by a more

specialized database.

The narrower bibliographic databases, such as BHRA FLUIDEX, APILIT, and

METADEX, all contain references to the worldwide technical literature, but

each concentrates on the literature of a certain field (fluids, petroleum,

and metals, respectively). In those three databases, journal articles are

abstracted and indexed selectively, according to the subject scope and emphasis of the database. Within their special areas of interest, the coverage of

the narrow-range databases is apt to be quite comprehensive, although coverage of a journal by a specialized database does not imply abstracting/indexing of each article in every issue of a journal.

Database TRIBO, the online equivalent of TRIBOLOGY INDEX, is the only

database devoted specifically to tribology literature. It is produced in

West Germany by BAM and includes extensive coverage of the tribology literature of Eastern Europe and Asia [7]. A recent survey showed that TRIBO

covered more of the non-US tribology journals than did any of the American

databases listed in Table 1 [6]. Where most of the other bibliographic

databases in Table 1 include abstracts and are indexed by a set of keywords,

base TRIBO has no abstracts and employs a different classification scheme

that includes tribological information about the articles. It is noted that

there is a companion database to TRIBO, base RHEO, which deals with the

41
subject of rheology, or deformation and flow of materials, including

lubricants. Its format and accessibility are similar to those of base TRIBO.

Access to bibliographic databases as listed is generally provided by a commercial search service or database vendor. Four of the vendor services that

are widely accessible within the U.S. —BRS (BRS, Inc.), DIALOG (Dialog Information Services, Inc.), SDC (SDC Information Services), and STN (Chemical

Abstracts Service) —provide access to one or more of the databases listed.

Database TRIBO is currently accessible only through a German online service,

INKA Karlsruhe, which can be accessed from the U.S. through an international

communications network. Sometime in 1 987 or 1 988 the TRIBO and RHEO

databases are scheduled to become available in the U.S. on the STN network.

The NASA database, which contains references to literature for aeronautics

and astronautics, respectively, is completely accessible through NASA/RECON.

The DOE Energy Data Base has a current one-year window available through

OSTI/ITIS. Access is allowed primarily to staff or contractors of those

agencies. Recently, however, two of the databases in the NASA family, IAA

and STAR (AEROSPACE DATABASE), became available through Dialog while the most

relevant of the DOE databases, DOE ENERGY, became available through both

Dialog and STN. The OCLC database, which contains references to books held

by the member libraries, is an enormous database, but it is only accessible

to member organizations.

Deficiencies of Available Bibliographic Sources

As is clear from the above discussion, the currently available online bibliographic databases could satisfy most of the needs outlined in the introduction above. Searches by members of this task group on tribological topics

have shown that just about all recent tribology literature of any significance is indexed on one or more of the databases listed in Table 10-1. Because of the different coverages of the various databases listed in the

Table, however, it is usually necessary to search several databases to get

references to all literature on a subject. This is relatively easily done at

the present time if all of the databases of interest are served by the same

vendor. If different vendor services need to be consulted, the search becomes more complicated and requires computer access to each of the online

search services.

Another difficulty encountered in doing multiple-database searching is that

the same article may be indexed with different keywords on different databases. In fact, the most comprehensive coverage of tribology is provided by

database TRIBO, which uses a classification scheme quite different from the

keyword indexing used by most other databases.

Another problem with the available bibliographic databases can be seen in

Table 10-1. None of the online databases covers literature published before

the mid-1960s, and most cover only post-1970 publications. There are many

significant tribology publications that are more than 15 years old, and a complete search of the literature ought to include those references.

42
Table 10-1

CURRENTLY AVAILABLE BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASES

DEALING WITH TRIBOLOGY

Database Name and Producer

Online Coverage

Journals, Reports, & Books

TRIBOLOGY INDEX (1972-date)

COMPENDEX (1970-date)

NTIS (1964-date)

METADEX (1966-date)

BHRA FLUIDEX (1974-date)

EI ENG'G MEETINGS (1982-date)

CA SEARCH (1967-date)

APILIT (1964-date)

NASA (1962-date)

SCISEARCH (1974-date)

ISMEC (1973-date)

DOE ENERGY (current year)

DOE ENERGY (1974-date)

SAE ABSTRACTS (1965~date)

INSPEC (1969-date)

DISSERTATION ABS. (1961 -date)

ONLINE COMPUTER LIBRARY CNTR.

Patents

APIPAT (1950-date)

CLAIMS/US PATENTS (1963-date)

PATSEARCH (1970-date)

World Patents Index( 1 963-date)

Standards

INDUSTRY & INT 'L STANDARDS

MILITARY & FED SPECS STDS

STANDARDS & SPECS

BAM, Berlin

Engineering Information, Inc.

National Technical Info. Serv.

ASM and The Metals Soc.

BHRA Fluid Eng'g Centre

Engineering Information, Inc.

Chemical Abstracts Service

American Petroleum Institute

NASA and AIAA

Inst, for Scientific Info.

Cambridge Scientific Abs.

Department of Energy

Dept. of Energy

SAE

Inst, of Electrical Eng'rs.

Univ. Microfilms, Inc.

CCLC

Amer . Petroleum Inst.

IFI/Plenum

Pergamon InfoLine

Derwent

IHS

IHS

Nat'l Standards Assoc.

Online Vendor

INKA Karlsruhe

BRS, Dialog, SDC

BRS, DIALOG, SDC

Dialog, SDC, STN

Dialog

Dialog, SDC

STN (BRS, Dialog, SDC)

SDC

NASA/RECON (Dialog)

Dialog

Dialog

DOE/ITIS

Dialog, STN

SDC

BRS, Dialog, SDC

BRS, Dialog

CCLC

SDC

Dialog

Pergamon

Dialog, SDC

BRS

BRS

Dialog

43
The bibliographic task group felt that all of the difficulties mentioned

above require attention. Another problem that the group felt must be addressed if the bibliographic module is to be attractive to design engineers

is ease of use. At the present time, much bibliographic searching is done by

librarians or other information specialists who have become familiar with the

specialized vocabulary used in database searching. It was felt that the

system must appeal to a broad spectrum of users, not just information specialists, and that those users should not have to learn special search terms

for each database. The users should be aided in their choice of databases to

search and then should be able to do the search using "natural language," if

possible.

Bibliographic Tasks and Work Statements

In order to remedy the deficiencies described above and to make bibliographic

search capability an integral part of the Tribology Information System, this

task group proposed that six major tasks be undertaken. These tasks would be

divided into subtasks scheduled for completion at various stages in the

development of the System. The tasks are described in Chapter 16 .

44
CHAPTER 1 1

PRODUCTS AND SERVICES DATABASE

Group Members: William J. Anderson, Chairman

Richard S. Fein, Chairman

Christie Michelsen

Lewis B. Sibley

Robert C. Tucker

Introduction

There is a need for a products directory in a tribology information system

because (1) no presently available directory is adequately broad and deep to

meet the needs of tribologists , and (2) the computer can provide information

on the sources of commercially available tribological products and of tribologically related services.

The users of directory information were identified as application, maintenance, design, etc. engineers and purchasing agents. Directory information

on products should be adequate to enable a user with a profile of product

requirements to select a list of products satisfying the requirements. It

should also provide the user with a contact address and phone number for

suppliers of the suitable products; this would enable the user to contact

suppliers for the price, availability, technical support, etc. information

needed to make an economically and technically sound product choice.

In many cases, users need help in design or decisions. Also, users sometimes

need or find it attractive to hire services to supplement in-house skills or

to provide additional help during periods of peak activity. Hence, there

exists a need for a single directory of services directed explicitly at

tribological needs.

Technical Plan

Table 11-1 shows the scope of the Products and Services Directory. However,

even though the capability exists to make available catalogs or their summaries as well as the other information discussed below, there is the question of whether or not a real demand exists and if enough information could

be included economically. Consequently, the first priority should be to

contact the user community and the supplier community to better understand

their participation. This could take the form of an initial relatively

inexpensive solicitation of catalog information in computer-readable form

(with the understanding that the vendor would be charged a fee for having a

catalog in the information system, once on-line). In addition, business and

economic issues should be settled before work begins.

Table 11-2 lists the general contents of the Products and Services Directory.

Tables 11-3 through 11-8 provide a noncomprehensive listing of at least the

major subcategories for each of the types of products in the general contents.

45
Table 11-5 classifies surface and substrate materials by kind and fabrication/manufacture technology. Table 11-6 classifies lubricants by the commonly used kind, industry or application, and specification that is

satisfied.

At present, neither catalogs nor reference books contain adequate tribological data on commercially available materials and lubricants. Consequently,

in addition to catalog data, the Directory activity should attempt to obtain

the additional data that the product suppliers commonly will release to

customers. This physical, chemical, and tribologically significant performance data on commercial products would be incorporated into the Numeric Data

Base module and substantially augment its value to System users. Procurement

of these types of data appears to hinge on convincing at least one leading

supplier in each major project grouping that his interests are served by providing the data. Competitors are likely to then supply their data for competitive reasons.

Lubricant and material recovery, reuse, and disposal are becoming increasingly important to tribologists and to manufacturers and users of tribological devices. The increase in importance primarily results from hazardous

waste regulations required by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

(RCRA). Implementation of the RCRA Amendments of 1984 over the next several

years will increase the number of affected businesses tenfold. At present

affected businesses are finding that the cost of handling lubricant and

material waste exceeds the original cost. Table 11-8 lists major categories

for waste handling.

The services information in the Directory would be made more useful than the

many existing directories (e.g., Yellow Pages, Thomas Register, Machine

Design Reference Issues, Pollution Engineering, etc.) by thorough breakdown

into tribologically important categories. Table 11-9 shows the listing

format for service vendors.

Legal Aspects of Technical Plan

Directory information needs to be obtained, installed, and recovered with due

regard to legal implications. From antitrust and restraint of trade considerations, it appears that all vendors must have the opportunity to provide

information to the Directory. It also appears that requirements for product

characteristics (product profile) produced by the ATIS Design module must

generally be satisfied by products from a number of competing vendors.

Opening Directory input to all vendors probably can be legally accomplished

by advertising in the Commerce Business Daily and leading technical and trade

publications in tribologically related fields.

Product profile satisfaction by a number of (often many) competing products

should not represent a problem. The type of product required as generated

from the user's assessment of requirements or as output from the Design

module generally will provide the user with the basis for selecting among

products. The Directory will provide the user with a list of vendors whose

products meet his/her performance requirements and enable a selection on the

46
basis of other requirements (price, availability, other technical considerations, etc.) than those needed for the tribological design.

Liability to vendors and users is another legal consideration. It appears

that potential problems may be eliminated by making the vendors responsible

for the accuracy of their input. This could be accomplished by requiring

that input data be supplied in machine-readable form.

Table 11-10 summarizes the vendor data input requirements that appear to the

Group to limit potential legal problems. Advice of counsel needs to be

obtained before proceeding very far in detailed Directory planning.

Table 11-11 is a first-cut attempt at a data input form that will satisfy

both the Directory and Numeric Data Base requirements for products. The form

needs considerable refinement to make sure that it is comprehensive, consistent with the Numeric Data Base input form, and is easy to use by vendors.

Table 11-12 summarizes the types of user inputs and outputs from the Products

and Services Directory.

Financial Plan

Monetary contributions from government and from major industrial manufacturers and major suppliers of products and services will support development of

the Thin-Slice Prototype. In-kind contributions of machine-readable, specific format catalog and additional numeric data will reduce the Directory

cost manyfold.

Full-scale implementation of the Products and Services Directory will be made

self-supporting by the requirement for machine-readable input data and by

imposition of data storage fees. It is anticipated that companies providing

data will treat this as advertising.

47
Table 11-1

PRODUCTS AND SERVICES DIRECTORY

Provide Engineers, Purchasing Agents, Etc.

Sources of Tribological-Related Products

and Services

* Enough Product Technical Detail to Enable

Selections Meeting Many Profile Requirements

Contact Address/Phone for

Price, Availability, Etc.

* Technical Support

Consultants Directory

Name

Field of Specialty

Contact Address/Phone

Table 11-2

PRODUCTS AND SERVICES DIRECTORY

CONTENT

* Components ( 1

)

* Predominantly Tribological Assemblies (1)

* Materials (2)

* Lubricants (2)

* Lubrication Systems (1)

* Lubricant Recovery/Reuse/Disposal

* Consultation/Engineering Services

* Maintenance Services

* Coating Services

* Lubricant and Material Recovery/Reuse/Disposal

Services

(1) Interacting with Design Data Base

(2) Interacting with Numeric Data Base

48
Table 11-3

COMPONENTS

Rolling Bearings

Sliding Bearings

Gears

Seals

Clutches

Brakes

Couplings

Fluid Dampers

Cams

Valves

PRINCIPALLY TRIBOLOGI CAL ASSEMBLIES

Gear Boxes

Speed Increasers/Reducers

Pumps

Hydraulic Motors

Compressors

Etc.

MATERIALS - SURFACE /SUBSTRATE

Table 11-4

Table 11-5

Substrate Metal

Metal Heat Treatment

Porous Metal

Graphite

Polymer

Cer amies

Composites

* Overlay Type Coating

Plating

Thermal Spray

PVD

CVD

Surface Treatment

Heat

Mechanical

Diffusion Coating

Hardfacing (Fusion)

Welded

Brazed

Spark Transfer

Car bur i zing * Polymer Bonded Material

Nitriding

49
Table 11-6

LUBRICANT CLASSIFICATIONS

* Kind

Oil

Grease

Coolant

Solid

Self-Lubricating Material

Additives

Aviation

Marine

Railroad

Fluids

Coolants

Metal Forming

* Specification

Military

Major OEM

SAE

ASLE

AGMA

API

* Industry/Application Classes

Automotive

Industrial

Gear

Transmission and Torque

Engine Oils

Metal Cutting

Table 11-7

LUBRICATION SYSTEMS

Wick Filter

Splash Pumps

Central Valves

Liquid Pressure Regulators

Mist Chip Detectors

Oil/Grease Cups Condition Monitoring

Heat Exchangers Leak Detection

50
Table 11-8

LUBRICANT AND MATERIAL RECOVERY, REUSE, DISPOSAL

Collection

Storage

Treatment

Physical

• • • Chemical

• • • Biological

Transportation

Disposal

Systems

Recovery

Reconditioning

Waste Treatment

Table 11-9

SERVICES RECORD FORMAT

* Name

* Type of Service(s)

* Location

* Phone

* Other Tribo-Related Information

Table 11-10

INPUT REQUIREMENTS FOR COMPREHENSIVE DIRECTORY

* Vendor Supplies Input Data in Machine-Readable

Form

* Open to All Vendors Willing to Meet Data Input

Requirements (Data Storage Fee)

51
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52
CHAPTER 12

RESEARCH-IN-PROGRESS DATABASE

Group Members: Marshall Peterson, Chairman

Mark Fornwall

Walt Grattidge

Said Jahanmir

Fran Lockwood

Dora Moneyhun

Don Shafer

Background

A Research-in-Progress database is being considered as part of a computerized

Tribology Information System. This database would contain abstracts of current (unpublished) tribology research being conducted by government, industry, universities, and research institutes and would be available on-line to

interested parties. Such a service would be of primary interest to researchers and especially those who fund research in tribology so they could avoid

duplication. Even more important, they could leverage their efforts by

funding work in progress. Both government and industry would find it beneficial, but industry participation would be limited because of proprietary

interests.

Database

Some RIP databases currently exist and are available on-line, such as the

Smithsonian Scientific Information Exchange (now defunct) and the Defense

Technical Information Center's Work Unit Information System. DOE also operates a RIP database containing research relevant to energy. It seems logical

to conclude that the DOE system should be used. This database is built on

several sources of information. First, all the contractors including the

national labs have a contractual requirement to submit yearly a form (538)

describing research in progress. In addition, other sources of information

are used to give good coverage of DOE research. Currently, there are 11,000

records on-line which are available through DOE/ITIS at OSTI or through

Dialog using their Federal RIP database. The Federal RIP (from NTIS) contains 66,200 records from a variety of agencies. The DOE RIP is searchable

by subject, author, organization, descriptors, and a variety of other fields.

It allows continual updating.

During the workshop, the panel studied and used the DOE RIP database. The

available formats and a typical record are shown in Table 12-1. Use of the

RIP database to conduct several searches indicated that it was completely

satisfactory except that the subject thesaurus did not adequately cover the

field of tribology. This was expected, however, since most databases were

considered inadequate in this regard. The primary problem seems to be that

certain words have special meanings for tribologists . Subsequent to the

workshop, the subject thesaurus was reviewed. Neither tribology nor any of

its related terms (bearings, friction, lubricants, synthetic lubricants, or

53
Table 12-1

AVAILABLE FORMATS

0 Full record

1 Accession number

2 Title, principal investigator data, contract no., project status, start date, funding and monitoring

organizations, descriptors

3 Brief record: source, title, corporate source, contract no., project status, funding and monitoring

organizations, BRCC code

4 Title, organization, project status

5 Title, principal investigator data, contract no., project status, start date, funding and monitoring

organizations, subject category, abstract, publications

6 Title, organization, project status

7 Organization, project status, BRCC code

TYPICAL RECORD

<ACCESSION NO.> 83R0000251

<TIC ACCESSION> 000251

SO- <SOURCE> WPAS-251

TN- <TAPE DATE> 84/03/06

/TI <TITLE> Electromagnetic Isotope Separation

PI- <PRINCIPAL INV.> Bell, W.A., Jr.; Tracy, J.G.; Caudill, H.H.; Ottinger, C.L.

<PI PHONE> C615-574-O432;F624-O432;C615-574-O430;F624-O430

CS- <ORGANIZATION> Oak Ridge National Laboratory

<ADDRESS>

P.O. Box X

<CITY> Oak Ridge

ST- <STATE> TN

ZP- <ZIPCODE> 37831

CC- <CORP. CODE> 483 2000

MC- <MONlTOR CODE> ER-20

PT- <ORG. TYPE> FF(FEDERALLY FUNDED R&D CENTER/LABORATORY)

LO-, CO- <COUNTRY> TN United States PO- <PROGRAM OFF.> ER-20

<ORG. CONTROL #> 0001 3<27)

CA-, CN- <CONTRACT #> AO)5-840R2 1 400

LC- <LAB. CODE> W05-82-ER-OR-0709

PS- <PROJ. STATUS> CONTINUING

MO- <MONITORING ORG> USDOE Office of Energy Research, Washington, DC.

Office of High Energy and Nuclear Physics

TM- <TECH. MONITOR> Kane, J.S. <TM PHONE> F233-5565

AM- <ADMIN. MONITOR> Lenhard, J.A.

BD- <START DATE> Oct81

BR- < BRCC CODE> KC-0 1 -02-0 1 -0

MP- < MANPOWER> 21.0

FO- <FUNDING ORGS > DOE-83

NC- ,PC- <SUBJ. CATEGORY> 0701O0;4O0703

/AB <ABSTRACT> The objective of this project is to separate and provide multigram

quantities of highly enriched separated stable and selected radioactive isotopes, including the actinides, to the research community. Important aspects

of the program are research, development, and demonstration of costeffective alternate methods of isotope enrichment as well as activities in ion

o~*nrrr t^rhnnlncv hram rtvnamic* ion retention and chemical recovery

54
wear) are listed as subject categories. If the DOE RIP is to be used, it is

suggested that tribology be listed as a primary category with appropriate

scoping.

Since the DOE RIP does not contain non-DOE entries of other government agencies, university, and industry research, policy decisions would be required

of DOE to expand the RIP file. Since the workshop, these questions have been

explored and no significant problems are foreseen.

A second question concerns access which is now through the OSTI gateway,

limited to government agencies and contractors. The eventual system operator

would have to be a DOE contractor to access OSTI through a gateway or obtain

duplicate tapes. If tapes are released, they would be available to anyone.

Fed RIP is available to the public through Dialog.

These problems, however, are considered minor in comparison with the advantages of a working system with available technology. Thus, expansion of the

DOE RIP is the recommended approach.

The expansion of the DOE RIP must include the addition of other government

tribology research and private sector research. Other government tribology

research is the subject of a government report which tests approximately 200

government projects. A similar survey would have to be conducted for

nongovernment research as part of the tribology information program. Updating

on a yearly basis would be required. This is not a simple task since researchers tend to give such tasks a very low priority even if there is a

contractual requirement. The panel considered various approaches. Although a

standard form could be used and mailed to previous contributors, it was felt

that a more personal approach would be required, using the technical societies. Correspondents would be named at each industry, institute, university,

or government lab which conducts research. These individuals would be responsible for submitting the appropriate information on a yearly basis.

55

CHAPTER 13

ELECTRONIC NEWSLETTER

Group Members: Ken Ludema, Chairman

Herb Cheng

Peter Blau

John Rumble

The Newsletter will serve three functions:

1 . It will be a marketing instrument for attracting potential sponsors for

the Tribology Information System, in industry and government, primarily

through the 70,000 members of ASME, plus designers and tribologists

wherever they can be found.

2. It will be a medium of exchange of old and new technical information

among tribologists and anyone with thoughts on tribology.

3. It will provide an information link between designers (in industry and

elsewhere) and the developers of the Tribology Information System on

specific needs of designers.

The Newsletter will be transmitted primarily by "electronic mail." Information directed to the Newsletter can be transmitted by all means of communication.

The Newsletter will be managed by an Editor. The Editor will interact with

all interested "subscribers" in order to develop broad interest and involvement in the purposes of the Tribology Information System.

Features of the Newsletter will include:

1 . Discussions on correlation between lab tests and the behavior of

practical machinery.

2. Discussions on research topics, e.g., scuffing criteria.

3. Discussions on the quality of tribological data in the literature

and handbooks.

4. Statements of the needs of designers for wear data.

5. Forum(s) on topics of interest to subscribers.

6. Discussions on glossaries and definitions of terms.

7. Discussions on developing models for wear.

8. Progress reports on the activities of the four divisions of ATIS.

57
9. Questions to the subscribers on the availability of design codes and

on the needs of designers.

10. List of new (tribological ) products of interest to designers.

11. Lists of meetings and symposia on tribology.

12. Information of government initiatives in tribology.

13. Mini-tutorials of several aspects of tribology.

14. Any other topics that will be of interest to subscribers.

58
PART C - TECHNICAL PLAN

CHAPTER 14

OVERVIEW

Technical Plan

The overall approach is to develop a demonstration system as soon as possible

to show potential users the possibilities of an automated workstation for

tribological component selection and research. Prototyping will be used to

demonstrate rapidly design capabilities and act as a communications mechanism

among designers and users. Figure 1 4-1 shows a graphic representation of the

prototyping process.

Rapid Prototyping Process Model

Figure 14-1

Prototype Approach

The rapid prototyping approach requires the ability to iterate, in real-time,

through options for the system with the end users. This necessitates stateof-the art hardware tools and software packages for representing the customers' requirements in a real-world, automated setting, not on paper. Personal

computers, database management systems, spreadsheets, communications, and

graphics programs exist off-the-shelf. These can be tied together so that

for less than $10,000 you can have the tools to build deliverable rapid

prototypes.

59
Overall Architecture

The total system must be modular in that we can build on the previous work

from the demonstration and prototyping phases. The design will incorporate

as much off-the-shelf hardware and software as possible and enforce compatibility between new releases of the system capabilities.

User-Friendly Design Aspects

User-friendly is neither a "holy grail" nor a marketing buzzword anymore. It

is available and expected at a reasonable cost. Consistent menus and access

to automated tools are easily accomplished via a standard menu shell for the

user. All applications, whether a communications protocol or a design code,

will be accessible in a consistent manner through a menu-driven system.

60
CHAPTER 15

SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

Figure 15-1 shows the following four options for hardware:

1 . Host Mini With Telecommunications and Centralized Data Base

2. Distributed PC Network With Distributed Data Bases

3. Workstations With Gateway Software Resident (a la Corrosion)

4. Workstations With Host as Gateway

Figure 1 5—2 provides a qualitative evaluation of the four options.

Workstations with a mini-gateway to centralized databases are the most costeffective and expandable over the system life cycle.

Hardware Configuration - Basic Resource Requirements

Basic hardware requirements for option four would be an IBM PC/XT or compatible as the host workstation for the end-user. The gateway should be something of the class of a DEC VAX 7xx that can support electronic mail and a

relational database management system such as INGRES. This workstation and

gateway combination are extremely software-rich and have no lack of peripherals for plotting, graphic aids, and printers.

Software Configuration and User Interface

The system will be completely menu-driven with specific applications designed

and built so that specific command language shortcuts for the experienced

user may be used. Figures 15-3 through 15-17 show proposed menus for the

system. In order to collect information on full user requirements for

software tools, Figure 15-18 is provided as a sample checklist for requirement identification.

61
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78
Automation Resource Requirements Checklist

Ho^t 1 IUDI Hflrriwarp 1 1 Cll UVVdl C

/»A Mini-Pnmni 1 V 1 H II VUI 1 IfJUld itpr Place oidoo

Biblio Code

Num. TO oRes.

News

1i > Virtual v ii iuai Mar*hinp i vi awl in ic

2. 60 Concurrent Processes

B. DASD Storage

Pv-/ Mannptir1 Tano RarUi in - iviayt icliu i a|JC uatr\U[J

l~i i—'. Phi luyin-inii i HarHwarP iictiuwcticr Fvnancinn l_a^jcii ioilm i P1 . nnmmi vUl 1 II 1 IUImipatinnc HUdllUI lo Fi . Hinh niyi i o|Jccu Qnoorl Printer i i ii uci dianHiu Plnttor nuuci

Purrhfl^pri HoQt ftnftwarp

rAA. FORTRAN I wn i nrti>i, Pw, PA^PAI rnovnL, 1Lior l<3P rnmnilprc ouillfJiido RL>. nooci AccomhK/ i lUiy 1l_di annnsno lyuayt; lntprfar*pc n lid latco P Multi-Srhpma DRM^

DL/ . Pranhipc. VJII d^JI IILrO

E. Electronic Mail

F. Communications

G. Word Processing

H. Menu Systems/Screen Generators

Rpnnrt \A/ritprc

.1 CnmmanH fihpll Srrint fipnprator

1Uoci lepr Intprfar'P ll lid idLc

r\A . IRM ILJIVI PP/YT iv/AI Pnmnatihlp UUI 1 IfJdll UIU Workstation VVU1 rxolalUJI 1

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e. Word Processing

f. Virtual Terminal Emulator

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1 A^PII Pomnatihlp

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RLJ . 1IO^ linPQ III ICO C 1200/9600 DDS

Personnel

A. Tribologists

B. System Users

C. Information Specialists

D. ADP Operations Staff

Figure 15-18

79

CHAPTER 16

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT TASKS

The following sections provide the task descriptions for the development

tasks as discussed previously.

I. WORK STATEMENTS FOR SYSTEM MANAGEMENT TASKS

I-A. Present Workshop Results

Objective: The completed plan will be presented at a special session of the

ASME/ASLE Joint Tribology Conference in Atlanta on October 10-11, 1985.

Feedback from the attendees will be solicited by use of a questionnaire.

Potential prototype users and contributors will be sought.

Task I-A-1 : Preparation of Materials

- Edit numeric data base module from the August 1-2 meeting

- Develop as questionnaire for tribologists/design engineers

- Prepare presentation materials

Impact: It is important to have a well-thought-out plan for numeric data

ready for presentation at the October meeting to ensure significant support

by tribologists . A similar presentation must be made at a design engineers

conference.

Deliverables: Edited return of the proposed technical plan

A questionnaire for tribologists/design engineers

Slides/viewgraphs for the presentation

Task I-A-2 : Questionnaire Concerning Approaches and Proposed Data Capture

Procedures

- Identify questions/issues

- Draw up the instrument

- Review and pre-test

Comments: The results of the questionnaire will validate the approach being

taken and help identify users, applications, and contributors.

Deliverables: Questionnaire

Task I-A3: Sign-up Prototype Users and Contributors

- Organization structure for sign-up process

- Materials

Impact: The objective is to recruit 40 tribologists and design engineers as

users of the prototype. Appendix A contains a list of possible customers.

Deliverables: 40 prototype users

Responsible: Tribology Steering Committee

81
I-B. Organize Tribologist Support

Objective: To identify the tasks and assign their responsibility for completion to participating tribologists

.

Task I-B-1 : Finalize Data Sheets

- Review and evaluate proposed data sheets for various types of wear and

related data. See Appendix B for sample sheets.

- Develop final data sheet forms

Impact: These data sheets will provide both the tools for data capture on

this project and the standards for data capture for the production system.

Deliverables: Standard data sheets

Responsible: Tribology Steering Committee

Task I-B-2 ; Identify Authority Lists

- Identify authorities (allowed values, units conversion, etc.) for

specific fields

- Establish lists of valid entries

Impact: Provide validation and data consistency feedback for data entry to

ensure data integrity.

Deliverables: Authority lists

Responsible: Information specialists and Tribology Steering Committee

Task I-B-3 : Expand Thesaurus from Bibliographic Module

- Identify numeric data specific terms

- Review and prepare thesaurus terms

- Integrate with bibliographic module thesaurus

Impact: This expansion of the thesaurus is necessary to ensure term standardization for consistent input and data retrieval.

Deliverables: Expanded thesaurus

Responsible: Information specialists and Tribology Steering Committee

Task I-B-4 : Confirm Data Sources

- Select source for numeric data

- Produce indices

- Prioritize order for data capture

Impact: Five potential data sources have been identified, and the list needs

expansion for completeness of data capture.

82
Deliverables: Prioritized list

Responsible: Tribologists

Task I-B-5 : Copyright Checks and Infringement Avoidance

- Identify copyright liability

Impact: Copyright may be a significant issue in the extraction of numeric

and design data from published materials.

Deliverables: Elimination of copyright infringement

Responsible: Tribology Steering Committee

II. WORK STATEMENTS FOR DESIGN TECHNIQUES TASKS

Figures 16-1 and 16-2 are sample questionnaire and form to be used in finding

qualified design codes for inclusion.

II-A. Develop Component Selector Adviser

Objective: The objective of this task is the development of the component

selector adviser. This is a small expert system which runs on an IBM PC and

will assist the design engineer with the selection of an appropriate component for an engineering design.

Task II-A-1 : Initiate Component Selector Adviser

- The information specialist will select and become familiar with the

expert system tool.

Impact: Lays the foundation for the expert system builder (information

specialist)

Deliverables: Expert system tool

Responsible: Information specialist

Task II-A-2 : Establish Rule Formats

- The information specialist will generate the rule format for the tribologist

Impact: Lays the foundation for the tribologist's rule generation.

Deliverables: Rule format

Responsible: Information specialist

83
Design Code Catalog Questionnaire

1 . Code Name or Identifier - Enter the name of the code as it is commonly known; i.e. SHABERTH

2. Location/Personal Contact - Enter the location of the source code, n8rne of person to contact and telephone number, i.e. COSMIC, Customer Service, (714) 555- 1212

3. Source Code and Documentation Medium - Enter the medium upon which the source code and documentation are available; i.e. source on magnetic tape, documentation on Wang Word Processor

diskette Source Code Documentation

4. Owners hip /Cost - Identify the owner of the code, any special licensing arrangements and cost of acquiring the code, i.e. Public Domain, no license, $600 for tape copy

5. Host Machine /Language - Identify the host computer (s) on which the code runs and the programming language in which it is written; i.e. IBM 560/95, IBM 370/168, UNI VAC 1 100 in FORTRAN 77

6. User Interface - Describe how the user interacts vith the code in its present form; i.e. punched

cards submitted in a batch mode or entering parameters on-line via a terminal

7. Output Options - List how the results of the code's operation are presented to the user, i.e. paper

printout, plotter display, terminal display, etc

8. Tribo-Component/Area/Method - Describe what part of tribology uses this code; i.e. gears, bearings, lubrication, wear, etc

9. Numeric Dat8 Base(s) Used - List any external data bases that this code can use to extract data for

its internal processing, i.e. Wear Handbook Database III 4or NONE

1 0. Would this make a good code for the prototype (Y/N) ? How good is it (0- 1 0) ?

Please write a brief description of this code:

Figure 16-1

84
Trlbological Component Characteristic Sources

General Name

Materials Geometry

Motion Load

Enuironment

Mech.

Data

Test Use

Trade Name

Chemical Composition

C A Code/Registry Number:

Surface Treatment

INPUT Curves

Coefficients

Index

Life

Function

OUTPUT

Curves

Stat. Analysis

Tables

Rankings

Figure 1 6-2

05
Task II-A-3 : Develop Rules for Expert System of Tribological Component Selection

- The tribologist will develop the rules for the expert system which will

aid in component selection.

Impact: The rules will form the foundation for the expert system.

Deliverables: Approximately 1,000 rules pertaining to tribological component

selection

Responsible: Tribologist

Task II-A-*J : Load Rules into the Prepackaged Expert System

- The information specialist will load the tribologist' s rules, using the

expert system tool.

Impact: Testing and iteration can now begin.

Deliverables: Initial self-contained expert system

Responsible: Information specialist

Task II-A-5 : Iterate through Tribological Component Rules

- The information specialist and tribologist will work together to refine

and/or augment the rule base for the component selection adviser expert

system.

Impact: A small fine-tuned expert system is produced.

Deliverables: Prototype expert system for component selection.

Responsible: Information specialist and tribologist

Task II-A-6 : Develop Guided Tour for Component Selection

- The tribologist will develop documentation for the component selection

adviser regarding its use.

Impact: User-friendly documentation, developed from the user's point of

view, will be provided.

Deliverables: Component selector adviser documentation

Responsible: Information specialist and tribologist

Task II-A-7 : Provide Design Guidelines for Selected Components

- Select design articles from design engineering

- Obtain copyright permission

- Organize for load access by menus

86
Impact: Design engineering magazine, over the past 20 years, includes many

design articles which should be made accessible.

Deliverables: On-line file of referenced design methods

Responsible: Tribologist and information specialist

II-B. Build Menu Shells

Objective: The main driver menus for the system and the menus for the design

techniques module will be coded and tested.

Task II-B-1 : Build Menu Shell

- The information specialist will build the menus for the front-end of the

system and the design techniques module.

Impact: Front-end drivers will be completed.

Deliverables: Executable menus

Responsible: Information specialist

II-C. Integrate Existing Design Codes

Objective: The existing design codes will be integrated within one subsystem

(module). Modifications to existing design codes will be required to provide

a consistent front-end for the design codes and to provide execution flexibility (the removal of hard-coded data).

Task II-C-1 : Plan Design Code's Selection

- A plan for the selection and integration of the design codes will be

prepared.

Impact: The foundation for the design code incorporation into the design

techniques module will be established.

Deliverables: Design code selection plan

Responsible: Information specialist and tribologist

Task II-C-2 : Collect Documentation and Source Code

- The source code for the specified design codes will have to be collected

along with all available documentation.

Impact: Enables the evaluation, modification, and integration of the design

codes.

Deliverables: Design code source code and documentation on either magnetic

tape or floppy disk

Responsible: Information specialist and tribologist

87
Task II-C-3 : Analyze Selected Code for Usability

- The source codes for the collected design codes will be analyzed to

determine the future modifications required for incorporation into the design

techniques subsystem.

Impact: After analysis, the design codes can be modified.

Deliverables: Analyzed design codes

Responsible: Information specialist

Task II-C-4 : Modify Codes as Required to Conform to Prototype Hardware

- The design codes will be modified to provide a consistent front-end and

to access numeric data from the appropriate numeric data base.

Impact: Consistent design codes will exist.

Deliverables: Modified design codes

Responsible: Information specialist and tribologist

Task II-C-5 : Develop Design Code Guided Tour

- The documentation on the use of the design codes will be prepared.

Impact: On-line documentation will be provided to assist with design code

usage.

Deliverables: On-line documentation on design code usage

Responsible: Information specialist and tribologist

III. WORK STATEMENTS FOR BIBLIOGRAPHIC TASKS

III-A. Develop Gateway System

Objective: To provide a single point of access with associated database

selection and switching capability based on user-specified vendor preferences .

Task III-A1

: Single Point Sign-on

- Create a set of screens for module options

- Implement telecommunications interface software for access to commercial

vendors

.

Impact: These are the basic access menus for access to all modules of the

system.

88
Deliverables: Software for either PC or mini environment (to be decided)

that performs above functions.

Responsible: Information scientists and operations

Task III-A-2 : Bibliographic Services Switch

- Choose data bases/bibliographic services of concern.

- Create sets of screens to show description of chosen databases/

bibliographies services.

- Users can input names and access information for the services they wish

to search on a routine basis.

Impact: This enables the user to scan some basic information for choosing

any of the services/data bases and then call that service.

Deliverables: Software package with files of needed bibliographic data.

Responsible: Information scientists and operations

Task III-A-3 : Database Selection Assistance

- Select two databases (EI Compendex and BAM Base Tribo)

- Compile information on the characteristics of the two databases

- Prepare associated Help screens for user assistance

Impact: This will provide the user with an easy look-up of the way the

different databases treat subject or index terms in their respective files.

It is also intended that the relative strengths and weaknesses of the databases would be indicated, especially in terms of general subject areas such

as lubrication, gear wear, etc.

Deliverables: Set of screens which present the collected information

Responsible: Tribologists and information scientists

Task III-A-4 : Choice of Outputs

- Check with database searchers on user options for formats for outputs

including online/offline prints, floppy disks.

- Analyze and document any new output options required; investigate the

copyright implications of any new output options.

Impact: This task will ensure that users have the opportunity to state

clearly their requirements for new options at an early stage so that the

feasibility of incorporating them into the system can be adequately evaluated.

Deliverables: A statement of the user output requirements

Responsible: Tribologists and information scientists

89
Task III-A-5 ; Parallel Searching (including merging of results with elimination of duplicates)

- Draw up specification of requirements for this task

- Develop user support module to provide user-transparent mapping of the

profile for simultaneous query execution on relevant databases.

- Develop program to compare search results, eliminate duplicates, and

merge the resulting set of hits.

Impact: The completion of this task is for the long range (more than one

year). The prototype phase would probably only draw up a description of the

requirements

Deliverables: A detailed statement of the need based on only two or three

bibliographic databases.

Responsible: Information scientists with consultation from tribologists

III-B. Create Glossary/Thesaurus

Objective: To compile a glossary of the terms used in tribology (with definitions where needed for clarification). This glossary/thesaurus would form

the basis for mapping between the common word usage of tribologists and the

indexing/classification schemes used by the commercial database vendors.

Task III-B-1 : Compile Terms

- Tribologists will compile a list of terms used in the field.

Impact: There is a European Economic Community Directorate (EECD) glossary

which can serve as the starting point for this work.

Deliverables: Hardcopy or softcopy glossary list.

Responsible: Tribologists

Task III-B-2 : Review and Select Terms

- A panel of experts will review the list from Task III-B-1 and select the

terms to be used in the prototype system.

Impact: Selection of terms with synonyms identified and associated definitions stated will be required to clarify the term usage within the field.

Deliverables: Hardcopy or softcopy list of terms, synonyms, and associated

meanings

Responsible: Tribologists

90
Task III-B-3: Create Thesaurus

- A thesaurus will be created showing synonymous and some narrower-term/

broader-term relationships between the list of terms. These terms must also

be related to the indexing vocabulary used by any commercial vendors included

in the prototype. This will conceptually be thought of as a term mapping.

For example, the terms would have to be related to the classification scheme

used by Base-Tribo.

Impact: This is not intended to be an exhaustive thesaurus of the tribological vocabulary. Its primary purpose is to provide a mapping between the

uncontrolled vocabulary of everyday usage in tribology and the controlled

vocabulary used in the commercial databases. The output of this task will

also be used as one the inputs for Task III-A-3.

Deliverables: Hardcopy or softcopy list in a thesaurus format. Term mappings will be expressed via the "USE" relationship.

Responsible: Tribologists (primary) and information scientists as consultants

Task III-B-4 : Create Machine-Readable Thesaurus

- A machine-readable thesaurus will be created that can be, at the minimum,

accessed from the menus for browsing or searching.

Impact: The thesaurus will allow users to search bibliographic databases

with more precision.

Deliverable: Thesaurus from Task III-B-3 incorporated in the search menus.

Responsible: Information scientists

III-C. Identification of Basic Information Sources in Tribology

Objective: To provide a user assistance guide to the field of tribology.

Task III-C-1 : Update the "Guide to Sources of Information in Tribology"

- Perform the necessary library searches and associated evaluations to

identify the changes and additions needed for the earlier report (Piternick,

197M).

Impact: The current publication is over 10 years old. After updating, it

will serve as a valuable reference source.

Deliverable: Hardcopy publication

Responsible: Probably National Research Council of Canada

91
Task III-C-2: Convert to Machine-Readable Help File

- Organize the presentation of this publication to make it accessible as a M-R help file, probably as a tree organization (i.e., hierarchical structure) .

Impact: When completed, this module would serve as a valuable user assistance tool as an online guide to the tribology literature.

Deliverables: Hardcopy structured presentation of sources from report that

will then be installed as a set of subject-oriented menus that will identify

the sources.

Responsible: Information scientists and tribologists

III-D. Develop Tutorial Files

Objective: To provide online tutorials in a small number of selected areas

of tribology which will indirectly serve as a guide to the subject, content,

and organization of the data in the Automated Tribology Information System.

Task III-D-1 : Identify Five Subject Areas

- Identify the subject areas and the person(s) who will develop each topic.

Impact: If chosen appropriately, these tutorials could link to subjects in

other modules of the system such as the Numeric Data and Design Codes.

Deliverables: A list of topics and authors

Responsible: NBS tribologists

Task III-D-2 : Develop Tutorial Format

- A generalized format will be developed, based on the subjects and the

anticipated access mode in the prototype.

Impact: A general format is important for ease of understanding by the users

and the later addition of more topics.

Deliverables: Statement of format giving the areas to be discussed and their

order

Responsible: Tribologists and the authors

Task III-D-3 : Prepare Tribology Tutorials

- Each author will prepare his tutorial materials in the agreed-upon

f ormat

Impact: The prepared tutorial would be ready for use.

92
Deliverables: Hardcopy tutorials

Responsible: The authors

Task III-D-4 : Convert/Install Tutorials in System

- Reformat the tutorials as needed to make them effective for presentation

in an online format.

- Set up the menus and input the tutorials into the files needed for presentation.

Impact: The tutorials would provide users with better engineering tools.

Deliverables: A set of menus and files (tutorials)

Responsible: Information scientists, operations, and tribologists

III-E. Pre-1 970/72 Literature Database

Objective: To ensure that users have minimum bibliographic access to the

significant literature in tribology generated prior to 1970/72 and not currently indexed or referenced in existing online database sources.

Task III-E-1 : Identify Items (approximately 5000)

- Perform approximate search and evaluation to identify the papers which

qualify for inclusion.

Impact: There is a current estimate that on the order of 5000 significant

technical papers or reports fall in the pre-1 970/72 time period. A large

number of these are already identified in reference lists.

Deliverables: Hardcopy list(s) of the items to be included. Minimum data

for each item are the title, authors, publication title, data of publication,

and volume/issue numbers for serials.

Responsible: Tribologists

Task III-E-2 : Prepare Request for Quotation (RFQ)

- RFQ will be prepared to perform Task III-E-3.

Impact: The RFQ must include the normal areas required for government bid

work if this is being funded by public funds.

Deliverables: RFQ

Responsible: Information scientists

93
Task III-E-3 ; Prepare Initial Machine-Readable Listing

- The listing(s) will be keyed into the appropriate machine-readable record

format

.

- The magnetic tape will be loaded and made accessible from one of the

menus in browse mode in the minimum configuration.

Impact: Further processing of these data is possible.

Deliverable: A magnetic tape of the pre-1 970/72 citations and online access

to these data.

Responsible: Winner of the RFQ, information scientists, and operations

Task III-E-H : Perform Classification/Indexing (Long-Range Phase Two)

- Hardcopy full text of the references identified in Task III-E-1 would be

collected.

- Classification/indexing of the articles is dependent on the online file

to be used for presentation of the results.

Impact: The type of indexing to be done in this task will be highly

dependent on the database producer to be used. This work would probably be

done by the database producer.

Deliverable: Online access to the pre-1 970/72 references via indexes, in

addition to article title, author names, and publication title.

Responsible: Database producer, online vendor, and information scientists

Task III-E-5 ; Optical Disk of Full Text of Pre-1 970/72 Literature

Impact: The successful completion of this task would ensure that copies of

the full text of the basic papers in tribology prior to 1970/72 would be

available to users in the field. Many of these papers are currently difficult to locate.

IV. WORK STATEMENTS FOR NUMERIC DATA BASE TASKS

Figures 1 6—3 and 16-4 are used to capture data about numeric data bases and

their components for inclusion in the numeric data sets.

IV-A. Numeric Data Base Development

Objective: To ensure the inclusion of all published data. There appears to

be no practical way to produce a critically evaluated data base.

94
Laboratory

Publication ID

Date Test Series

MATERIAL

1

3rd BODY COMPONENT

SOLID GAS LIQUID

General Name

Trade Name

Function (A.L.I.C)

Chemical Composition

Physical Condition CA Code/Registru, *

Surface Treatment Geometry

Roughness

Condition(process)

Supplu Rate Hardness

Densitu

RUN 1 RUK 2 ROW 5

Mechanism

Use /Application Load (N)

Normal Pressure (MPa)

Velocitu. (m/s)

Sliding Distance

'lotion Test Tupe

Contact Area

Contact Ratio Temperature

fear Vol! Vear Vol2 Veight Lossl Weight Loss2

Dimension Lossl Dimension Loss2

Vear Rate Vear Coefficient

Friction Curves

Life Surface Damage Vear Debris (Tupe

Size)

Cleaning Methods

Special Test Features

Figure 1 6-3

95
Laboratory

Publication ID

Date Test Series

MATERIAL MATERIAL CATEGORIZATION

1 2 KIND APPLICATION SPECIFICATION

Surface Name

uumpoi men

r dDricaiion neaT ireaTrnenT Substrate Name

Composition

Fabrication Heat Treatment

Sizes SperdS

Op .-. A i'peeos s i )U 11 iy

Rolling

Temperature Limits

Misalign. Constraints

i lourmng uonsiaer . Lubricating; 'Cooling

Torque Capacity

Leakage Rate

1 )i|r.^mit -.1 wMlilij

Pressure Drop

Availability

Environ Constraints

out i ace r imsn

Counter Material

L t,»n IL' d 1. IL'l HXIJ

Ccinforrfi./Erribf'd.

Mpf:hAnir:^1 Prfip

Lieut, f-rop. Thermal Prop.

Fimsh

Solvent Separators Water Separators

Solid Separators

Froducts Handled

Bio Treatment

Landfill Surface Impoundment

Incineration Permits

Refining

Vendor

Figure 16-4

96
Task IV-A-1 : Develop Numeric Data Collection Instrument

Impact: This exercise develops the form for transferring bibliographic data

to a numeric data base.

Deliverables: Comprehensive form for numeric data capture and identification

Responsible: Tribologists

Task IV-A-2 : Validate Form and Define Literature Domain

Impact: This identifies the problems in using the previously defined form on

the published tribological data.

Deliverables: Road map for numeric data base development

Responsible: Tribologists

Task IV-A-3 : Data Input and Output Format Definition

Impact: This must be developed using a data base management tool with flexible report writer and graphics output.

Deliverables: Consistent units for input, storage, and output; criteria for

a logical answer defined.

Responsible: Tribologist and information scientist

Task IV-A-4 : Criteria and Reviewer Selection for Bibliographic Data Analysis

- 20 associate editors

- $100K total payments

Impact: The selection of the reviewers for this activity is critical since

they will be the evaluators of the data for the numeric data base.

Deliverables: 4000 evaluated data points for the data base

Task IV-A-5 : Prototype Data Selection

Impact: The previously identified associate editors will review the published information and select the numeric data base contents.

Deliverables: 4000 citations

Responsible: Tribologists

Task IV-A-6 : Prototype Test and Evaluation

Impact: This is the first step in iterating through the numeric data base to

test its applicability to the tribological tasks.

97
Deliverables: Enhancement plan

Responsible: Tribologist and information scientist

IV-B. Define Data Base Front-End

Objective: While all data base fields will be accessible, a user-friendly

interface will need to be provided to facilitate efficient retrievals.

Impact: User reaction to the prototype must be judged on ease of use rather

than simply the breadth of data coverage. Canned retrieval must be part of

the system.

Deliverables: Menus with pre-packaged retrievals

Responsible: Information scientists and tribologists

IV-C. Tutorials

Objective: To ensure that users have assistance in understanding the availability and applicability of data for various tribology topics. There is a

close association with the tutorial topics in the bibliographic module.

- Develop a generalized outline for the data section

- Prepare tutorials

- Integrate the tutorials

Impact: The tutorials could assist users in understanding how to apply the

data in varying tribological circumstances.

Deliverables: Tutorials

Responsible: Tribologists and information scientists

IV-D. Data Organization

Objective: To ensure the inclusion of quality data sets.

Task IV-D-1 : Data Preparation and Index Compilation

Impact: Five areas of data have been identified for which data sets, tables,

and graphs need to be explicitly identified and an index prepared.

Deliverables: Identified data set

Responsible: Tribology Steering Committee and information scientists

Task IV-D-2 : Data Entry Program Preparation

- Prepare specifications

- Prepare routines

- Test and integrate

98
Impact: For consistent, accurate data entry, there needs to be available a

data entry program for the hardware architecture selected.

Deliverables: Fully integrated data capture program

Responsible: Information scientists

Task IV-D-3 : Data Entry/Digitization

- Determine data including plots and figures

- Assign data entry responsibility

- Enter the data

Deliverables: Correct data entered in the determined formats

Responsible: Data contributors

Task IV-D-4 : Data Base Definition

- Select appropriate data base tool for numeric data

- Integrate into the system

- Define the data base for loading

Impact: This task is not a trivial effort and must be thoroughly coordinated

with the other efforts under way.

Deliverables: Data base management system for numeric data

Responsible: Information scientists

Task IV-D-5 : Data Base Load and Tie to Design Codes

- Load the data base with collected data

- Develop standard data transfer format to design codes

- Provide user access and transfer menus

Impact: This allows the user to load data into the data base management

system and then extract them in a compatible format for design code usage.

Deliverables: Data base load mechanism and design code feeder.

Responsible: Information scientists

IV-E. Develop Numeric Data Module Assistance/Guided Tour

Objective: To ensure that users have an on-line assistance file including

access to literature, consultants, experts, and other system users to assist

in answering questions about the module use.

Impact: Adequate assistance screens must be included to assist designers in

choosing the needed data for solving their problems.

99
Deliverables: Assistance files

Responsible: Tribologists and information scientists

V. WORK STATEMENTS OF RESEARCH IN PROGRESS MODULE TASKS

Task V-A : Review DOE Research in Progress (RIP) Database

- Check current file via searches for tribological work and compare results

with the Peterson report on current DOE research projects.

- Prepare report of any missing projects.

Impact: Improve coverage of the DOE-RIP file

Deliverables: Hardcopy report

Responsible: NBS tribologists

Task V-B : Addition of Government-Funded Projects

- From the Task V-A work, provide to DOE-OSTI recommendations for any additional government projects to be added to the RECON RIP file.

- Projects are added by DOE-OSTI.

Impact: Up-to-date compilation of current DOE research projects in tribology. DOE-OSTI is currently producing a bimonthly current awareness bulletin. This work will ensure the back-file is complete.

Deliverables: Complete tribology coverage in DOE ITIS RIP file.

Responsible: DOE-OSTI

Task V-C : Industrial RIP Coverage

- The Tribological Steering Committee would identify R&D projects and

sponsoring companies or universities which should be included in the DOE RIP

file (subject to DOE approval, see Task V-E).

- The current DOE Form 538 for collecting DOE-funded project data will be

amended and modified as needed to make it appropriate for collecting data on

nongovernment-sponsored R&D work in the tribology area.

- The Tribo-Steering Committee will develop a mechanism that can be used in

an ongoing basis to collect data on nongovernment-sponsored R&D work in the

tribology area. They would also collect initial data using the modified Form

538 to cover current project work.

- If DOE-OSTI has agreed to include these data in the RIP file, the completed forms will be submitted for inclusion in the file.

Impact: Broaden the coverage of DOE RIP to include industrially funded

(nongovernment) projects of interest to tribology. Since the DOE RIP file is

supplied to Dialog (and any interested commercial online vendors) in Fed RIP

via NTIS, this is the simplest way to make these data available to tribologists.

100
Deliverables: An initial list of project work to be added to DOE RIP, followed by updates on a regular basis.

Responsible: Tribologists and DOE-OSTI

Task V-D : Tribology Thesaurus for DOE

- Submit the thesaurus developed in the bibliographic module to DOE-OSTI

for addition, in whole or part, to the thesaurus currently being used by DOE

for indexing of projects placed in the RIP file. It may be necessary to

modify the thesaurus developed in the bibliographic module to fit the indexing schema used by DOE.

- A mapping of common tribological terms to those used in the DOE-RIP file

would be developed if a definite need for this was demonstrated.

Impact: The primary goal is the improvement of the indexing of the tribological literature (research-in-progress) that is being included in the

DOE-RIP file.

Deliverables: Hardcopy or softcopy listing of thesaurus terms.

Responsible: Information scientists, DOE, and tribologists in consulting

role.

Task V-E : Approvals to Use DOE-ITIS

- Prepare a statement of the requirements that will exist if the DOE RIP

file is used as the mechanism to provide a RIP file for the area of tribological research. This statement should discuss any questions of access to

DOE files by personnel not associated with DOE projects and the tradeoffs of

access to the DOE RIP file versus the RIP supplied to any commercial vendors.

The different user classes (perhaps in terms of organizational affiliations)

should be defined and the access options for each given. There are two

approvals to be decided. First, will DOE-OSTI include nongovernmental research in their RIP file, and, second, will they allow access to the DOE

version of this file to personnel not working on DOE projects.

- Seek a DOE-OSTI policy decision.

Impact: Both approvals provide a simple means to fulfill the requirement of

providing a RIP file for the tribological R&D area. If the inclusion of nongovernmental projects is approved but access is not, then the basic data will

still be available via Dialog. At least two levels of access are possible.

Most general is access to all files on DOE ITIS. Next would be access to

only the RIP file.

Deliverables: Policy decisions

Responsible: Tribology Steering Committee and DOE-OSTI

101
Task V-F: User Assistance Manual

- Modify the existing ITIS RIP manual to highlight the tribologically related features. Depending on the decisions in Task V-E, it may be necessary

also to suggest changes to the user manuals of any commercial vendors using

the DOE RIP file.

Impact: To have available a user manual specifically tailored to the tribological module of the RIP file in order to maximize its usefulness to

tribologists. It may be useful to have different formats of this manual such

as printed, online, and videotape.

Deliverables: Initially a hardcopy manual

Responsible: Tribologists and information scientists

Task V-G : Standard RIP Search Profiles

- Define tribological areas of interest

- Prepare search profiles for these selected areas

- Test the search profiles on DOE RIP file

- Submit the search profiles to DOE-OSTI for use as current awareness or SDI

searches

Impact: These profiles could provide a very simple means for a majority of

tribologists to maintain an awareness of the work being done in their areas

of interest without having to bother with running their own searches.

Deliverables: Hardcopy search profiles submitted to DOE-OSTI

Responsible: Tribologists

VI. WORK STATEMENTS FOR NEWSLETTER MODULE TASKS

Task VI-A : Editor Develops Detail Plan for Implementation

- Coordinate efforts of assistant editors

- Coordinate new system entries

Bibliography - Kennedy

Design Techniques - Sibley

Numerical - Ruff, Klaus

Research in Progress - Peterson

Product Directory - Fein

Impact: Provides the road map for the newsletter function

Deliverables: Plan for newsletter implementation

Responsible: Tribologists

102
Task VI-B : Plan and Implement the Bulletin Board System

- Plan the entire bulletin board system

- Emphasize the newsletter

- Provide the links for electronic publishing and typesetting

Impact: This provides the automated framework for installing the newsletter

in an electronic mail system.

Deliverables: On-line system of mail, newsletters, and users' access

Responsible: Tribologists and information scientists

Task VI-C : Develop and Implement Continuing System Management

- Register users

- Provide access controls to selected newsletter sections

- Assign system manager

Impact: This task lays out the ongoing support mechanism for the bulletin

board module.

Deliverables: Management plan and system manager

Responsible: Tribologists

VII. WORK STATEMENTS FOR PRODUCT DIRECTORY TASKS

VII-A. Resolve Legality Concerns

Objective: The questions regarding liabilities associated with the product

data base have to be resolved to support the product data base feasibility

and content requirements.

Impact: Issues such as advertisement, vendor data selection, vendor participation (fees paid by the vendor), and prototype data selection are resolved

and approved by legal counsel.

Deliverables: Product data base approval

Responsible: Tribologists and lawyers

VII-B. Prepare/Submit Product Directory Advertisement

Objective: The advertisement for the solicitation of vendor product data

will be prepared by the tribologist in conjunction with a marketing specialist. The advertisement will be sent to the printers and then to the appropriate journals.

Comment: The prototype data for the products to be contained within the

products directory data base will be obtained through this mechanism.

103
Deliverables: Product data base advertisement

Responsible: Tribologists , marketing specialist, and printers

VII-C. Contact Businesses Regarding Product Data

Objective: Certain businesses will be contacted directly to encourage product data inclusion which will be necessary to supplement the other ASSIST

modules.

Comment: Direct contact will encourage prototype participation.

Deliverables: Contacts with relevant businesses

Responsible: Tribologists

VII-D. Define Data Base Front-End

Objective: The user-friendly front-end for the products directory will be

designed and built. This will include a menu and an interactive query language for keyword searching.

Impact: The product directory information can be accessed using multiple

keywords as a search criterion.

Deliverables: Menus and an interactive query language.

VII-E. Arrival of Vendor Data

Objective: The vendor data will be received at the prototype computer center

and then loaded onto the computer system. Unreadable tapes or disks will

have to be returned to the vendor for a replacement tape.

Impact: The vendor data will then be online for entry into the data base.

Deliverables: Online vendor data

Responsible: Information specialist

VII-F. Data Base Definition and Preparation of Support Procedures

Objective: The products directory data base will be defined by the information specialists, and necessary support procedures will be coded and tested.

Validation procedures will also have to be defined.

Impact: The products directory data base will then be available for data

base loading.

Deliverables: Defined data base and support procedures

Responsible: Information specialist

104
VII-G. Convert ASLE Data

Objective: The ASLE consultants data base will be converted to the services

record type of the Automated Tribology Information System. The services

record includes name, location, finishing, phone number, and a comments field

for tribologically related information.

Impact: Existing data will be converted to the ASSIST format.

Deliverables: ASLE converted data

Responsible: Information specialists

VII-H. Load Data Base

Objective: The data base will be loaded with the vendor-supplied data and

the ASLE consultants' data.

Impact: The data base will then be available for testing.

VII-I. Develop the Products Directory Assistance/Guided Tour

Objective: Tutorials to aid the user in the use of the product directory

will be prepared by the tribologists and integrated into the Automated Tribology Information System by the information specialist.

Impact: Retrieval of relevant information will be a by-product of the availability of online tutorials.

Deliverables: Online tutorials

Responsible: Information specialist and tribologist

105

REFERENCES

1. Tribology ; Wear-Life Prediction in Mechanical Components , F. F. Ling,

Editor, Warren, MI, Jan. 22-23, 1985 (Industrial Research Institute,

Washington, DC, 1985).

See also L. Sibley, M. Peterson, and T. Levinson, "An Assist for

Tribological Design," Mechanical Engineering , September 1986, pp. 68-7^

2. Tribology Handbook , M. J. Neale, Ed. (John Wiley and Sons, New York,

1973).

3. Hays, D. F., "Research in Mechanical Systems: Tribology," Journal of

Tribology , Vol. 106, No. 1, Jan. 1984, pp. 14-23.

4. Piternick, Anne B., Guide to Sources of Information on Tribology , National Science Library, Ottawa, 1974.

5. Directory of Online Databases , Vol. 6, No. 3, Spring 1985, Cuadra

Associates, Santa Monica, CA.

6. Fries, J. R. and Kennedy, F. E., "Bibliographic Databases in Tribology,"

Journal of Tribology , Vol. 105, July 1985, pp. 285-295.

7. Tischer, H., "Online Searching in the BAM TRIBOLOGY INDEX Database,"

presented at 10th Meeting of International Research Group on Wear of

Engineering Materials/RG-OECD, Eindoven, 1984.

8. M. B. Peterson, "Assessment of Government Tribology Programs," Final Wear

Sciences 1 Report on P0 86X-4796V. Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

107
I
APPENDIX A

WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS

Mr. William J. Anderson

Consulting Engineer

Bearings and Lubrication

5031 Devon Drive

North Olmsted, OH 44070

Dr. Raymond Bayer

IBM Systems Technology Division

Department E-23

P.O. Box 6

Endicott, NY 13760

Dr. Bharat Bhushan

IBM General Products Division

Mail Stop 75B/061-1

Tucson, AZ 85744

Dr. Peter Blau

B266 Materials Building

National Bureau of Standards

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

Professor Herbert S. Cheng

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Northwestern University

Evanston, IL 60201

Dr. Howard E. Clark

ASME Director, Research

1825 K Street, NW Suite 216

Washington, DC 20006-1202

Mr. David Clausen

NACE Research Associate

National Bureau of Standards

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

Dr. Richard S. Fein

Richard S. Fein Associates

35 Sheldon Drive

Poughkeepsie, NY 12603

Ms. Susan Foss

Engineering Mechanics Department

Deere & Company - Technical Center

3300 River Drive

Moline, IL 61265

Mr. J. R. Fries

Feldberg Business & Engrg. Library

Dartmouth College

Hanover, NH 03755

Dr. Walter Grattidge

Sci-Tech Knowledge Systems, Inc.

133 Saratoga Road

Scotia, NY 12302

Dr. Bernard J. Hamrock

NASA - Lewis Research Center

Mail Stop 23-2

21000 Brookpark Road

Cleveland, OH 44135

Dr. Donald F. Hays

Head, Fluid Mechanics Research Dept.

General Motors Research Laboratories

Twelve Mile and Mound Roads

Warren, MI 48090

Dr. Stephen M. Hsu

Inorganic Materials Division

A257 Materials Building

National Bureau of Standards

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

Dr. Manfred Kaminsky

Mgr., DOE/ECUT Tribology Project

Argonne National Laboratory

9700 Cass Avenue Bldg. 203

Argonne, IL 60439

Professor Francis E. Kennedy

Thayer School of Engineering

Dartmouth College

Hanover, NH 03755

Dr. Kesh Keshavan

Union Carbide Corporation

Coatings Service Department

1500 Polco Street

P.O. Box 24184

Indianapolis, IN 46224

109
Professor Elmer E. Klaus

Fenske Laboratory

Pennsylvania State University

University Park, PA 16802

Dr. Frances Lockwood

Pennzoil Corporation

c/o Marshall B. Peterson

Wear Sciences Corporation

925 Mallard Circle

Arnold, MD 21012

Professor Kenneth C. Luderaa

Mechanical Engineering Department

University of Michigan

2046 East Engineering Building

Ann Arbor, MI 481 04

Dr. Ray Metcalfe

Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd.

Chalk River

Ontario KOJ 1J0

Canada

Ms. Christie Michelsen

P 222

P.O. Box 1663

Los Alamos National Laboratory

Los Alamos, NM 87545

Professor John Molgaard

Engineering and Applied Sciences Dept

Memorial University

St. Johns, Newfoundland A1C 5S7

Canada

Ms. Dora Moneyhun

DOE Office of Scientific and

Technical Information

P.O. Box 62

Oak Ridge, TN 37831

Ms. Joanne Murray

Metallurgy Division

c/o Dr. John Rumble

National Bureau of Standards

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

Mr. Marshall B. Peterson

Wear Sciences Corporation

925 Mallard Circle

Arnold, MD 21012

Professor S. Ramalingam

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering

University of Minnesota

1 1 1 Church Street, SE

Minneapolis, MN 55455

Professor Karl N. Reid

School of Mechanical and

Aerospace Engineering

Oklahoma State University

Stillwater, OK 74078

Mr. Gerald Reisz

P 222

P.O. Box 1663

Los Alamos National Laboratory

Los Alamos, NM 87545

Dr. A. William Ruff

B266 Materials Building

National Bureau of Standards

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

Dr. John R. Rumble, Jr.

Office of Standard Reference Data

A323 Physics Building

National Bureau of Standards

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

Professor Ali A. Seireg

Mechanical Engineering Department

University of Wisconsin

Madison, WI 53706

Mr. Donald Shafer

P 222

P.O. Box 1663

Los Alamos National Laboratory

Los Alamos, NM 87545

Mr. Lewis B. Sibley

Tribology Consultants, Inc.

504 Foxwood Lane

Paoli, PA 19301

Dr. E. V. Smith

Canada Institute for Scientific

and Technical Information

National Research Council

Montreal Road Bldg. M55

Ottawa K1A 0S2

Canada

110
Dr. Paul Swanson

Technical Center

Deere and Company

3300 River Drive

Moline, IL 61265

Mr. Tibor E. Tallian

Tallian Consulting

36 Dunminning Road

Newtown Square, PA 19073

Herr Harald Tischer

Tribology and Rheology

Documentation Center

BAM

D-1000 Berlin *»5 Federal Republic of Germany

Dr. Donald F. Wilcock

Tribolock, Inc.

c/o MTI

968 Albany-Shaker Road

Latham, NY 12110

Professor Ward 0. Winer

Mechanical Engineering Department

Georgia Institute of Technology

Atlanta, GA 30332

APPENDIX B

WORKSHOP AGENDA

Planning Workshop Program

on

Computerized Tribology Information System Development

by

Research Committee on Tribology

American Society of Mechanical Engineers

for

U.S. Department of Energy ECUT Tribology Project

at

National Bureau of Standards

Gaithersburg, Maryland USA

15 July - 9 August 1985

Monday 15 July - Plenary Session

Lecture Room D, Administration Building

8:30 am Registration

9:00 am Welcome by Dr. Lyle Schwartz, Director,

NBS Center for Materials Science

9:10 am Engineering Overview by Prof. Ali Seireg, University of

Wisconsin, ASME Senior Vice President for Engineering and

Chairman, Council on Engineering

9:30 am ASME/NSF Projects on Computerized Mechanical Design

Methodologies by Prof. Karl Reid, Oklahoma State University,

ASME Vice President, Board on Communications

10:00 am Coffee break

10:20 am Tribology Keynote Address by Dr. Manfred Kaminsky, Argonne

National Laboratory, Manager of D0E/ECUT Tribology Project

10:50 am Workshop Goals and Organization of Working Tasks by

Lewis Sibley, Tribology Consultants, Inc., ASME Tribology

Workshop Chairman

11:10 am Review of Computerized Information System Development by

Dr. John Rumble, NBS Office of Standard Reference Data

Noon Lunch

113
1 :00 pm Computerized Information Systems in Industry by

Dr. Walter Grattidge, Knowledge Systems, Inc.

1:30 pm Status of Bibliographic Data Bases in Tribology by

Prof. Francis Kennedy, Dartmouth College

2:00 pm The German Tribology Data Base TRIBO by Harald Tischer,

Rheology and Tribology Documentation Service, BAM

2:30 pm Adapting Existing Design Model Codes for Wide Usage by a selected staff member from the NBS Office of Standard

Reference Data

3:00 pm Coffee break

3:20 pm Methodology of Material Phase Diagram Data Bases by

Joanne Murray, NBS Metallurgy Division

3:50 pm Review of Corrosion Data Base Development by

David Clausen, NBS/NACE Research Associate

4:20 pm Fatigue Data Bases in Industry by Susan Foss, Engineering

Mechanics Department, Deere and Company

4:50 pm Wrap-up and Charge to Working Task Groups by Lewis Sibley,

Tribology Consultants, Inc., ASME Tribology Workshop Chairman

Tuesday 16 July through Friday 19 July - Bibliographic Task

Administration Building (except Thursday morning

in Materials Building)

Tuesday 16 July through Friday 19 July - Design Techniques Task

Administration Building

Monday 22 July through Wednesday 24 July and Monday 29 July through

Wednesday 31 July - Numeric Data Base Task

Administration Building (except on Tuesday and

Wednesday 23 and 24 July in Materials Building)

Thursday 25 July and Friday 26 July - Research in Progress Task

Materials Building on Thursday, and Administration Building

on Friday

Friday 26 July, and Thursday and Friday 8 and 9 August, if needed

Newsletters Task , Administration Building

Monday 29 July through Wednesday 31 July, and Monday 5 August through

Wednesday 7 August - Product Directory Task

in Administration Building

114
Thursday 1 August and Friday 2 August - Coordination Wrap-up

in Administration Building

Meeting of all Task Chairmen to coordinate planning efforts

and organize final report inputs for each task area.

Work Statement

The Research Committee on Tribology of the American Society of Mechanical

Engineers will conduct a planning study to define a computerized tribology

information system. This planning study will consist of the following tasks:

1. Task groups of selected experienced tribologists will be organized in

the following subject areas: bibliographic information, design

techniques, numeric data, product directory, research in progress, and

newsletters.

2. A study will be carried out in conjunction with information specialists

at the National Bureau of Standards to prepare a working plan for the

development of a computerized tribology information system.

3. The working plan will address each subject area. It will define what

information should be included, its format, how it should be stored

and accessed, when it should be updated, the cost for establishing and

operating each database, and its objectives based upon user needs.

M. A final report will be prepared which summarizes the results of the

study and recommends a course of action for the preparation and operation

of such a system.

Background

Technical information on the tribological characteristics of materials and

mechanical system designs (having to do with friction, lubrication and wear

of sliding/rolling contacting surfaces such as those in bearings, gears,

seals, and other components) is being generated at a prolific rate. It has

been stated that half the scientific research done in the U.S. since its

founding in the eighteenth century has been done in the last eight years.

Since tribology can be applied to any machine or device having moving parts

with a variety of surfaces and environments, tribological data are found in a wide range of industries and publications, and they involve diverse technologies and academic disciplines.

Recent advances in the techniques for development of computerized knowledge

bases and expert systems may offer some hope for the cost-effective

organization and utilization of both currently available and future generated

tribology information. The recent meetings of the Industrial Research

Institute (IRI) Conference on Tribology and the Canadian Associate Committee

on Tribology (ACOT) both recommended as the highest priority the development

of a computerized tribology information system. However, there are many

115
questions concerning such a proposed system, viz: its objectives, format,

type of available information, cost/benefit ratios of including special kinds

of information, the long-term method of operation and maintenance, and

feasibility.

What is needed at this point is a planning study which clearly defines the

desired system requirements and the ultimate cost of developing and operating

an effective system. For this purpose, therefore, the ASME Research

Committee on Tribology, with partial support from DOE, will conduct an

assessment of existing information system technology and develop a plan for

the orderly step-by-step cost-effective implementation of an intelligent,

user-oriented, consolidated, computerized tribology information service over

the next three to five years for the broad engineering community. This

planning study will include not only ASME but also will be coordinated with

other technical societies and organizations such as ACOT, AFBMA, AGMA, API,

ASLE, ASM, ASTM, AVS, BAM, CISTI, CRC, IRI, NLGI, SAE, and SME.

Approach

The development of a meaningful plan for a tribology information system will

require intense interaction between

- experienced tribologists representing each of the several disciplines

involved, and

- information specialists having in-depth familiarity with existing databases and information systems and computerized techniques that might be

useful for cost-effective tribological technology transfer.

Membership in the ASME Research Committee on Tribology (RCT) is intentionally

aimed at a balanced composition representing the various disciplines in

tribology from industry, government, and academia. Each RCT member maintains

state-of-the-art surveillance of the tribological technology within these

disciplines, including a recent survey of current bibliographic databases in

tribology to be published in a forthcoming issue of ASME's Journal of Tribology. ASME has an abiding interest in the development of computerized

database systems for the mechanical engineering community which is responsible for the technology of machine design, operation, and maintenance, where

tribology information is needed most critically.

The National Bureau of Standards (NBS) is assigned the national responsibility for measurements technology and data systems of all kinds including

tribology. In recent years, NBS has worked in close coordination with the

extensive proprietary material databases used in industry, such as those at

General Electric Company and at Deere and Company. NBS specialists have

planned and implemented computerized databases for the fatigue, corrosion,

crystallographic , and thermodynamic properties of materials, including

specialized data verification and evaluation codes. Some of these are being

implemented in coordination with the cognizant technical societies, viz.:

ASME for fatigue, NACE for corrosion, and ASM for the phase stability and

other properties of metals and alloys.

116
The ASM data system involves both mainframe computer systems and data disks

for personal computers (PC's). ASM staff and outside contractors provide

maintenance and updating services. The ASME mechanical fatigue database

called DA TAX was designed by NBS for PC systems. And the National

Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) uses a NACE/NBS corrosion data

system for PC's that has been operating for over a year now with hard-copy

call-up capabilities.

The approach for planning a cost-effective tribology information system,

therefore, is to hold an intensive four-week workshop at NBS with

representative members of RCT and other experts in the various tribological

disciplines interacting with the information scientists at NBS. This

workshop is organized around the following six tasks designed to provide the

complex transmittal of tribological data and design information to the

engineering community most efficiently and timely, using the latest available

computerized information science methods

- bibliographic information

- design techniques

- numeric data

- product directory

- research in progress

- newsletters

Task groups of selected experienced tribologists organized by designated Task

Chairmen will interact with a group of information scientists organized by

the NBS Office of Standard Reference Data during an intensive four-week

workshop at NBS to work out and document a detailed plan for the development

of specific systems and actions in each of these task areas. Costs will be

estimated for the implementation, operation, and updating of each recommended

system. The objective is to decide what is available and to recommend the

most cost-effective approach.

After completion of the four-week NBS workshop, each of the task group

chairmen will prepare their input to a comprehensive report containing a

detailed plan for implementation of the tribology information system for

their task, including a concise statement of the objective from the terminal

user's viewpoint. This report will detail the recommended implementation

method and cost as well as the means for updating and validating the system

as new information becomes available.

The workshop report will be the first comprehensive long-range plan developed

for tribology data and information systems. It will have features of direct

interest to DOE and will also offer other organizations and individuals

valuable information for their tribology-r elated work.

Coordination with Other Organizations

The ASME /NBS workshop will begin with a keynote address by Dr. Manfred

Kaminsky of Argonne National Laboratory, the Manager of the DOE/ECUT

Tribology Project. The above task groups include tribologists and others who

117
will coordinate this ASME/NBS planning effort with other technical societies

and organizations. The following is a list of persons designated for

coordination with each organization:

ACOT Prof. John Molgaard, Memorial Univ. of Newfoundland

AFBMA Mr. Anderson, Consulting Engineer

AGMA Prof. Cheng of Northwestern

API Prof. Klaus of Penn State

ASLE Dr. Stephen Hsu of NBS

ASM Dr. Peter Blau of NBS

ASTM Dr. Ruff of NBS

AVS Dr. Kaminsky of DOE Argonne

BAM Mr. Tischer of Tribology Index

CISTI Dr. Metcalfe of Atomic Energy of Canada

CRC Mr. Sibley of Tribology Consultants

IRI Dr. Donald F. Hays of General Motors

NLGI Dr. Fein of Richard S. Fein Associates

SAE Mr. Peterson of Wear Sciences

SME Prof. S. Ramalingam of the University of Minnesota

118
APPENDIX C

DESCRIPTION OF DESIGN CODES

THE JBMTI MICROPROGRAM

Journal bearings are present in nearly all rotating machinery, and they play

a vital role in system performance. The engineer needs bearing data in the

course of designing and evaluating his equipment, and bearing coefficients

are needed to evaluate a system's overall rotordynamic characteristics.

Also, personnel in charge of plant facilities must have access to bearing

data in order not to exceed operational limits like minimum film thickness,

temperatures, vibration, etc. The JBMTI Program attends to these needs by

generating an output tailored specifically to equipment design and performance calculations of operating machinery.

In the simplicity of both its format and execution, the JBMTI Program is a powerful and flexible engineering tool requiring the minimum of preparation

and operating at practically no cost. The code contains the following features:

o Input consists of practical dimensional parameters such as diameter, rpm,

load, etc., with the output printed in convenient dimensional forms.

o The program has two modes of operation: one, when shaft position is

given, it calculates the corresponding bearing performance; or, when load

and load direction are given, the program will execute an internal

iteration to arrive at shaft position and the corresponding bearing performance.

o The program treats a bearing having up to six pads; any degree of preload

(elliptical, 3~lobe, etc.); in any arbitrary load angle.

o The program employs a consistent thermal approach by iterating for the

bulk or average film temperature based on the corresponding power loss and

side leakage.

o The program has the temperature-viscosity properties of several standard

SAE oils built in and permits the introduction of other fluids of

arbitrary viscosity-temperature dependence.

o Aside from the usual performance items such as horsepower, flow, minimum

film thickness, etc., the program calculates the bearing's eight spring

and damping coefficients required to evaluate rotor dynamic performance.

o Both input and output are displayed on the PC screen and execution time is

of the order of fractions of a minute.

JBMTI can be used on an IBM PC or compatible system with at least a 192K-byte

memory.

119
EHDSTAR

DOCUMENTATION SOURCE: Tribology Consultants, Inc., 504 Foxwood Lane, Paoli,

PA 19301

LOCATION/CONTACT: Lewis B. Sibley, Tribology Consultants, Inc.

ACCESS TO SOURCE CODE: Yes, on a proprietary basis

OWNERSHIP /COST: TCI/NC for demo

TRIBO COMPONENT/AREA/METHOD: Oil or grease lubricated ball bearing/partial

elastohydrodynamic/analytical

OUTPUT OPTIONS: Screen, printed hard copy, diskette file

INPUT FORMATS: Interactive screen

USER INTERFACE: Video screen

NUMERIC DATABASES NEEDED: Standard bearing dimensions, bearing material, and

oil properties default; user may override with any special bearing

geometry, bearing material, or lubricant properties: Young's modulus,

Poisson's ratio, viscosity at 100 and 210 F, specific gravity, pressure

viscosity index, air/oil surface tension

GOODNESS FACTOR: 9

PROTOTYPE USE: Yes

ABSTRACT: This program computes the quasidynamic balance of forces and

velocities of the balls in either a deep groove or angular contact ball

bearing with full consideration of the ball centrifugal force and

ball/race contact tractions. Then the dimensions of the ball/race

contacts are computed and the thickness of the elastohydrodynamic

lubricant film as well as the distance of the air/oil meniscus from the

front of the contact using partial EHD starvation theory. Lastly, the

bearing material L1 0 fatigue life is computed, accounting for both the

material life factor and a life factor based on the ratio of the EHD

lubricant film thickness to the composite roughness of the ball/race

contact surfaces (specific thickness ratio).

HOST MACHINE/LANGUAGE: CP/M or MS DOS

120
Brief Description of Computer Code EHDSTAR

The difference between EHDSTAR and the conventional way of calculating the

elastohydrodynamic (EHD) lubricant film thickness in a ball bearing is that

EHDSTAR computes both the generation of the EHD lubricant film in the contacts and the flow of the oil in and around the tracks in the bearing. In

this way, the effects of the partial starvation of the contacts, which is

very important in many applications, can be fully accounted for. This is

especially true for grease lubricated ball bearings operating at high speeds

where the only oil available to the contacts must be supplied from the oil

bleeding out of the greasepacks at the edges of the tracks formed by proper

channeling of the grease. These partial EHD starvation effects also play a

critical role in any other type of minimally lubricated ball bearing, such as

the evaporative lubricant plated bearings used in instruments and space

satellite applications.

In Table I, for example, the results of running a 35 mm bore angular contact

ball bearing at high speed with only a plated on supply of SAE 30 lubricant

having moderately high viscosity at the operating temperature of 120 F show

that the meniscus of oil forms in front of each ball very close to the contact edge (at a distance of only about half a thousandth of an inch). A very

thin film of lubricant is left on the bearing tracks behind each ball/race

contact. If no additional lubricant replenishes this film in the track

before the next ball rolls over it, there will not be enough film thickness

in the track in front of this next contact to completely fill the contact

region, thus causing reduced film thickness and possible lubrication distress. Note that the EHD lubricant film thickness in this example is reduced

to only six percent (oil starvation film reduction ratio = .06) of that which

would have been generated if there had been an infinite supply of oil to the

contacts. Nevertheless, the film thickness is still about one-half of the

composite roughness of the ball/race contact surfaces (EHD specific oil film

thickness ratio = .48), which results in significantly reduced fatigue life

and the possibility of lubrication distress unless an oil is used with appropriate boundary lubrication additives. Satisfactory bearing material fatigue

life is achieved in this case only by running the bearing under low applied

loads.

This computer output illustrates the visibility that such analyses can provide for the complex interacting processes acting in bearing systems. Other

computer codes are also available to assure the level of reliability needed

in modern machinery bearing systems.

Lewis B. Sibley

Tribology Consultants, Inc.

121
HIPRESSA

DOCUMENTATION SOURCE

LOCATION/CONTACT:

ACCESS TO SOURCE CODE:

OWNERSHIP /COST:

TRIBO-COMPONENT/AREA/METHOD:

OUTPUT OPTIONS

INPUT FORMATS:

Available from author.

Theoretical details are

published paper.

Coda H.T. Pan/same

2200 N. Central Rd. , 1 0K

Fort Lee, NJ 07024

(201) 944-3214

Yes, third party distribution by permission.

Coda H.T. Pan

/NC for Prototype Phase

Gas lubricated journal

bearing/Hydrodynamic Brg/

Analytical

Printer, diskette

Interactive input or

perforated file.

USER INTERFACE

NUMERIC DATA BASE(S) NEEDED:

GOODNESS FACTOR (0-10)

PROTOTYPE USE (Y/N) :

ABSTRACT:

Standard air properties are

default, user may override

with properties of any other

gas: ratio of sp-hts.,

universal gas constant,

viscosity.

9, well tested.

Yes.

HIPRESSA treats the externally pressurized air-lubricated journal

bearing with a single row of feed-holes (inherently compensated

restrictors) . It sizes feed-holes to avoid exit choking and treats

the feed-holes as discrete entities with allowance for local Reynolds

number effects.

HOST MACHINE/LANGUAGE: IBM PC/Microsoft Basica

122
SEALS

DOCUMENTATION SOURCE: Gordon Buck, Jr., 5801 Parkhaven Drive, Baton Rouge,

LA 70816. Tel: (504) 293"6581

LOCATION/CONTACT: Gordon Buck, Jr.

ACCESS TO SOURCE CODE: Floppy Disk

OWNERSHIP /COST: Gordon Buck, Jr.

TRIBO-COMPONENT/AREA/METHOD: Seals (Mechanical face)

OUTPUT OPTIONS: Screen or printed hard copy. Balance ratio, diameter

required for specified balance, heat generation, coolant rate required,

PV factor, dynamic stability, thermal shock parameter, and temperature

distributions.

INPUT FORMATS: Menu driven.

NUMERIC DATA BASES NEEDED: Properties of materials and fluids.

GOODNESS FACTOR: 6

PROTOTYPE USE: Yes.

ABSTRACT: Three dimensionless parameters - stability factor, liquid design

factor and strength design factor are based on mechanical seal theory.

Outputs include balance ratio, diameter required for specified balance,

heat generation, coolant rate required, PV factor, dynamic stability,

thermal shock parameter, and temperature distributions.

HOST MA CHINE /LANGUAGE: HP 85, 86, 981 6. Basic.

123
MECHANICAL SEALS PAC

A Program for Mechanical Seal Calculations

1 Introduction

In spite of recent advancements in mechanical sealing technology, seal failures are a common cause of equipment repair. Many seals are actually misapplied because the calculations necessary to analyze seals can be quite

tedious. In some cases, the analytical procedure is not generally known.

Mechanical Seals Pac can be used to analyze seals and services so that a

better application occurs.

Mechanical Seals Pac (SEALS) is a versatile program for machinery engineers

to use on the Hewlett-Packard computers. To use SEALS on the HP-9816, at

least 256K of RAM and a printer are required. Graphs are "dumped" to the

printer, so pen type plotters are not required or used. Similarly, special

ROM's are not necessary. Only one disk drive is used. In other words, this

is a program designed for the "basic" HP-9816 system.

Although the system requirements are small, SEALS is a powerful program. A

summary of these capabilities is listed below

1 . The geometric balance ratio can be calculated as a function of the

face diameters or diameters can be calculated for a specified balance

ratio.

2. Heat generation and "PV" parameter can be calculated.

3. Leakage can be calculated as a function of seal face separation.

4. Flow rates for API flushing plans 11, 13, and 31 can be determined as

a function of pressure.

5. The maximum pressure which can be sealed with a distorted face can be

determined for a given seal.

6. Temperature distribution can be calculated for a simple rectangular

solid geometry.

7. The combined performance of a rotating and stationary element can be

analyzed assuming a simple rectangular solid. If the "shape factors"

are known, this analysis gives a good estimate of the true performance.

In addition, other factors such as thermal shock parameter, temperature rise

in the flush, convective heat transfer coefficient, and frictional horsepower

can be determined. All of these calculations are easily accomplished with

SEALS.

124
2 The Scope of Mechanical Seals Pac

The calculations performed in SEALS can be grouped into two categories. In

the first category are the conventional and simple calculations such as

balance ratio, PV factor, and heat load. While these equations are well

known, SEALS makes using them easy and consistent while also providing a nice

printed output. The second category consists of the more complex

calculations such as temperature distribution and convective heat transfer

coefficient. Other calculations, such as stability and flush rates, might be

placed in either category, depending on the experience of the user.

In using SEALS, you will notice that neither input nor calculated values are

passed between calculations. For example, you might determine the convective

film coefficient and still be prompted to enter a value for it in the next

calculation. This has been done intentionally so that you can investigate

the effects of variations in these parameters.

125
SHABERTH-COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR CALCULATION OF THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF A SHAFT

BEARING SYSTEM

(SKF INDUSTRIES, INC.)

This computer program, called SHABERTH, was developed to predict the steady

state and transient thermal performance of a multi-bearing shaft system

operating with either wet or dry friction. SHABERTH is a design analysis

tool with which the thermal performance characteristics of a shaft bearing

system can be determined. SHABERTH calculated the loads, torques, temperatures, and fatigue lives for ball and/or roller bearings on a single shaft.

The comprehensive nature of this program allows for the study of many causes

of bearing instability. The program also allows for an analysis of the

system reaction to the termination of lubricant supply to the bearings and

other lubricated mechanical elements. SHABERTH should prove to be a valuable

tool in the design and analysis of shaft bearing systems.

The SHABERTH program is structured with four nested calculation schemes. The

thermal scheme performs steady state and transient temperature calculations

which predict system temperatures for a given operating state. The bearing

dimensional equilibrium scheme uses the bearing temperatures, predicted by

the temperature mapping subprograms, and the rolling element raceway load

distribution, predicted by the bearing subprogram, to calculate bearing

diametral clearance for a given operating state. The shaft-bearing system

load equilibrium scheme calculates bearing inner ring positions relative to

the respective outer rings such that the external loading applied to the

shaft is brought into equilibrium by the rolling element loads which develop

at each bearing inner ring for a given operating state. The bearing rolling

element and cage load equilibrium scheme calculates the rolling element and

cage equilibrium positions and rotational speeds based on the relative

inner-outer ring positions, inertia effects, and friction conditions. The

ball bearing subprograms in the current SHABERTH program have several model

enhancements over similar programs.

These enhancements include an elastohydrodynamic (EHD) film thickness model

that accounts for thermal heating in the contact area and lubricant film

starvation; a new model for traction combined with an asperity load sharing

model; a model for the hydrodynamic rolling and shear forces in the inlet

zone of lubricated contacts, which accounts for the degree of lubricant film

starvation; a modeling of the normal and friction forces between a ball and a cage pocket, which accounts for the transition between the hydrodynamic and

elastohydrodynamic regimes of lubrication; and a model of the effect on

fatigue life of the ratio of the EHD plateau film thickness to the composite

surface roughness.

126
SHABERTH is intended to be as general as possible. The models in SHABERTH

allow for the complete mathematical simulation of real physical systems.

Systems are limited to a maximum of five bearings supporting the shaft, a

maximum of 30 rolling elements per bearing, and a maximum of 100 temperature

nodes. The SHABERTH program structure is modular and has been designed to

permit refinement and replacement of various component models as the need and

opportunities develop.

This program is written in FORTRAN IV and has been implemented on a UNIVAC

1100 series computer with a central memory requirement of approximately 86K

of 36 bit words. SHABERTH was developed in 1976.

SHABERTH is available by lease for a period of ten (10) years to domestic

lessees. The leased program product includes the source code and one copy of

the supporting documentation. Additional copies of the documentation may be

purchased separately at any time.

LANGUAGE: FORTRAN IV

MACHINE REQUIREMENTS: UNIVAC 1100 SERIES

PROGRAM SIZE: Approximately 12,680 Source Statements

DISTRIBUTION MEDIA: 9-Track 800 BPI Univac FURPUR Format Magnetic Tape

PROGRAM NUMBER: LEVM2761

127

EPILOGUE

Since this meeting, the U.S. Department of Energy ECUT Division, the U.S. Air

Force Non-Metallic Materials Division of the Materials Laboratory, the National Science Foundation, and National Bureau of Standards have agreed to

jointly sponsor ACTIS. An intergovernmental agency, intersociety cooperative

program on the establishment of ACTIS has begun.

The overall system planning and technical content is being addressed by three

committees that represent tribology experts from government, universities,

and industrial laboratories. The committee relationships are shown in Figure

E-1 . The system is being managed by a Government Steering Committee,

chaired by Dr. S. M. Hsu of the National Bureau of Standards. This committee

is composed of individuals who are currently managing government-sponsored

tribology programs and whose organizations have contributed the seed funds

for the initial stages of this program. This Government Steering Committee

is advised by a Technical Advisory Committee chaired by Professor E. E. Klaus

and an Industrial Liaison Committee chaired by Dr. C. Rowe. The Technical

Advisory Committee is composed of internationally recognized tribologists who

will evaluate the technical content of the program, review the data and

advise on data validity, coordinate technical activities with the Technical

Societies and Industrial Liaison Committee, and recommend technical areas for

support. The Industrial Liaison Committee will coordinate the solicitation

of industrial support in terms of manpower and data, and participate in

recommending project direction. The system activities will be coordinated by

a technical liaison.

The system is being implemented in three phases as shown in Figure E-2. In

Phase I, principally under government sponsorship, a prototype system is

being developed. This system is PC-based, such as an IBM PC or other compatible workstation. The prototype system will contain the Numeric, Design,

and Newsletter databases. In Phases II and III, the Bibliographic, Resear ch-in-Progr ess , and Product and Services Directory databases will be

added to the prototype system, which will form a building block for a more

comprehensive system. Funding for these latter two phases will be generated

from the sale and distribution of the prototype system PC-disks and solicitation of moneys from industrial sources. When these moneys reach a certain

preset level, a Joint Committee on Tribology Information Systems, Inc. will

be established and these moneys will be distributed by this committee. This

committee will be self-supported and, as government funding decreases, this

committee will be the sole manager of the program.

The Prototype System

The prototype system will form the building block on which the comprehensive

system will be built and will contain the Numeric, Design, and Newsletter

databases as shown in Figure E~3. The Numeric Database will contain 10

subject areas that were recommended by the Technical Advisory Committee.

These data include properties data, and tribo, component, and system data.

The Technical Advisory Committee has also recommended 20 internationally

recognized experts—two for each area—who have agreed to contribute their

time and effort to this program. These experts will survey their respective

fields, evaluate the pertinent tribological data, and provide 'best value'

129
data for inclusion into the database. These 'best values' will be in standardized units and of a form usable in the design database.

The Design Database will contain design calculations and design codes. An

ASME/Joint Societies Design Task Force is in the process of evaluating these

codes and has recommended that six design calculations and four design codes

be included in the Design Database. The design calculations have been contributed by code designers while the design codes have been solicited under a request-for-proposal. The codes in this database must be standardized, and

the codes are being modified so that common interactive screens are used. In

addition, the default parameters such as geometric characteristics and numerical data input are being incorporated. The developers of these codes are

working closely with the system architecture engineers to accomplish this

task.

A Computerized Tribology Information System

PROGRAMMATIC ORGANIZATION

Government Steering

Committee

S.

T.

S.

B.

M. Hsu, Chairman

Levinson

Jahanmir

McConnell

Technical Advisory

Committee

Industrial Liaison

Committee

E. Klaus, Chairman

D. Dowson

H. Czichos

H. Cheng

F. Ling

M. Peterson

C.

D.

A.

D.

V.

Rowe, Chairman

Hays

Hughes

Flom

Vedeven

Technical Liaison

S. Danyluk

System Architecture

LANL

Numer i c Database

ASME/Joint Society

Design Database Task Force

Internationally

recognized experts

contribute data

6 Codes

Figure E-1 The Flow Chart Showing the Programmatic Organization of

A Computerized Tribology Information System

130
Phase I (government-sponsored)

* Prototype System (PC-based)

Numeric Design Newsletter

Phase II (government-sponsored;

industry support; sale of

PC discs)

Establish Joint Committee on

Tribology Information Systems, Inc.

* Prototype System

Numeric Design Newsletter

RJP, Bibliog., Pdt L

* Comprehensive System

Phase III (Joint Committee on Tribology

Information Systems, Inc.)

self-supported

* Comprehensive System

Figure E-2 Schematic of the Implementation of Phases I, II, and III

131
Phase I

PROTOTYPE SYSTEM

Numeric Database

(Recommendations of Technical Advisory Committee)

Design Database

(Recommendations of ASME

Design Task Force Committee)

Design Calculations Design Codes

Metals and

Ceramics

Lubricants

and Additives

Lubricated Friction

and Wear

Abrasive Wear

Erosive Wear

Metal Cutting and

Machining

Properties

Data

Tribo Data

Rolling Element

Bearing

Gears

Contact stress analysis

Wear prediction

Bearing failure diagnosis

Bearing/ shaft load

Hydromatic journal

bearings

Ball bearings

Spur gears

Face seals

Hydrodynamic thrust

bearings

Roller bearings

Bearing-'type

selection guide

Component Data

Reciprocating

Engines

Transmissions

System Data

Figure E*3 Contents of the Prototype System Being Developed in Phase I

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1 988 - - 2 0 1 -<*90- -6 02 00

132
NBS-114A (rev. 2-ec) U.S. DEPT. OF COMM.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET (See instructions)

1. PUBLICATION OR

REPORT NO.

NBS/SP-737

2. Performing Organ. Report No 3. Publication Date

December 1987

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Towards A Tribology Information System

The Results of a Planning Workshop Held at NBS July-August 1985

5. AUTHOR(S)

J. Rumble and L. Sibley

6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION (If joint or other than NBS, see instructions)

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

GAITHERSBURG, MD 20899

7. Contract/Grant No.

8. Type of Report & Period Covered

Final

9. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS (Street. City, State. ZIP)

10. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 87-619902

| | Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FIPS Software Summary, is attached.

11. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here) , . , .. A workshop was held in July 1985 to address the needs for a computerized tribology^

information and data system, as well as possible implementation schemes. The meeting

was sponsored by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Research Committee on

Tribology, the Department of Energy, Energy Conservation and Utilization Technology

Division, and the National Bureau of Standards. The views of a broad sector of industry, academia, and government were obtained over a four-week period through participation by about 60 individuals. Specific categories that were treated were design,

numeric data, bibliography, research in progress, newsletter, and product directory.

The principal discussion content and the recommendations in each subject category are

summarized here. There was general agreement that a system of this type would be

broadly useful to the engineering community for the purpose of design and materials

selection, and for the research community as an important aid in information access and

flow. The workshop recommendations detailed four phases of development, starting with

a demonstration prototype system and concluding with a full-scale operating data and

information base. Specific plans in each phase and for each subject area were developed and are presented here. While continual input will be sought from the technical

community to refine those plans, it is hoped that immediate efforts can begin in at

least some of the areas, and that system use will quickly develop to a significant

level, both nationally and internationally.

12. KEY WORDS (Six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only proper names; and separate key words by semicolons)

computer data systems; computerized data; databases; friction; information systems;

materials; materials data; tribology; wear

13. AVAILABILITY

Unlimited

| | For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

pCX| Order From Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

20402.

fJ Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, VA. 22161

14. NO. OF

PRINTED PAGES

127

15. Price

USCOMM-DC 6043-P80

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