Hydraulic Research

in the United States

1961

United States Department of Commerce

National Bureau of Standards

Miscellaneous Publication 238
THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Functions and Activities

The functions of the National Bureau of Standards are set forth in the Act of Congress, March 3, 1901, as amended by Congress in Public Law 619, 1950. These include the development and maintenance of the national

standards of measurement and the provision of means and methods for making measurements consistent with

these standards; the determination of physical constants and properties of materials; the development of methods

and instruments for testing materials, devices, and structures; advisory services to government agencies on

scientific and technical problems; invention and development of devices to serve special needs of the Government;

and the development of standard practices, codes, and specifications. The work includes basic and applied

research, development, engineering, instrumentation, testing, evaluation, calibration services, and various consultation and information services. Research projects are also performed for other government agencies when the

work relates to and supplements the basic program of the Bureau or when the Bureau's unique competence is required. The scope of activities is suggested by the listing of divisions and sections on the inside of the back cover.

Publications

The results of the Bureau's research are published either in the Bureau's own series of publications or in the

journals of professional and scientific societies. The Bureau itself publishes three periodicals available from the

Government Printing Office: The Journal of Research, published in four separate sections, presents complete

scientific and technical papers; the Technical News Bulletin presents summary and preliminary reports on work

in progress; and Basic Radio Propagation Predictions provides data for determining the best frequencies to use

for radio communications throughout the world. There are also five series of nonperiodical publications: Monographs, Applied Mathematics Series, Handbooks, Miscellaneous Publications, and Technical Notes.

A complete listing of the Bureau's publications can be found in National Bureau of Standards Circular 460,

Publications of the National Bureau of Standards, 1901 to June 1947 ($1.25), and the Supplement to National

Bureau of Standards Circular 460, July 1947 to June 1957 ($1.50), and Miscellaneous Publication 240, July 1957

to June 1960 (Includes Titles of Papers Published in Outside Journals 1950 to 1959) ($2.25); available from the

Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C.
Hydraulic Research

in the United States

1961

(Including Contributions from Canadian Laboratories)

Edited by Helen K. Middleton

National Bureau of Standards Miscellaneous Publication 238

Issued August 15, 1961

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C. - Price $1.25

FOREWORD

The information contained in this publication was compiled from reports by

the various hydraulic and hydrologic laboratories in the United States and

Canada. The cooperation of these agencies is greatly appreciated. The National

Bureau of Standards cannot assume responsibility for the completeness of this

publication. We must depend upon reporting laboratories for the completeness of

the coverage of their own programs, as well as upon new laboratories engaged in

hydraulics to bring their activities to our attention.

Projects are numbered chronologically, and the number once assigned is

repeated for identification purposes until a project is completed. Numbers

commencing with 3667 refer to projects which are reported for the first time.

All projects are in active state, unless otherwise noted under (f)

.

The National Bureau of Standards does not maintain a file of reports or detailed information regarding the research projects reported by other

organizations. Such information may be obtained from the correspondent listed

under (c) or immediately following the title of the organization reporting the

work. It is of course understood that any laboratory submitting reports on its

work will be willing to supply information to properly qualified inquirers.

A similar bulletin, "Hydraulic Research, " compiled and published by the

International Association for Hydraulic Research, contains information on hydraulic research being conducted in foreign countries. This bu ll etin is

edited by Professor H. J. Schoemaker, Director of the Hydraulic Laboratory at the

Technical University of Delft, Netherlands, and Secretary of the International

Association for Hydraulic Research. Copies may be obtained from the Secretary

at $6.00 each (postage included).

A. V. Astin, Director

iii
CONTENTS

Page

Foreword iii

List of contributing laboratories v

Project reports 1

Subject index 209

Key to Projects

a) Number and title of project (e) Description

b) Project conducted for (f) Present status

c) Correspondent (g) Results

d) Nature of project (h) Publications
LIST OF CONTRIBUTING LABORATORIES

ACCURATE PRODUCTS COMPANY

1*00 Hillside Ave., Hillside, N. J.

Dr. Peter G. Buehning, Vice Pres.

102 COLORADO, UNIVERSITY OF

Hydraulic Lab., Dept. of Civil Engrg.

>

Boulder, Colo.

Prof. R. C. Rautenstraus, Dept. Chairman

ARKANSAS, UNIVERSITY OF

Agricultural Experiment Sta., Fayetteville, Ark.

Prof. Kyle Engler, Head

Agricultural Engineering Dept.

ARKANSAS, UNIVERSITY OF

Civil Engineering Dept., Fayetteville, Ark.

Prof. L. R. Heiple, Head

BEACH EROSION BOARD (see U. S. Government)

BONNEVILLE HYDRAULIC LABORATORY (see U. S. Govt.,

U. S. Army Engineer District, Portland)

BROOKLYN, POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF

333 Jay Street, Brooklyn 1, New York

Prof. Matthew W. Stewart, Civil Engineering

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Engineering Division, Pasadena k, Calif.

Prof. Milton S. Plesset, Applied Mechanics

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Pasadena k, Calif.

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water

Resources, Pasadena k, California

Dr. Vito A. Vanoni, Professor of Hydraulics

CONNECTICUT, UNIVERSITY OF

Mechanical Engrg. Dept., Box U-37, Storrs, Conn.

Prof. Ronald S. Brand

1 CONNECTICUT, UNIVERSITY OF

Civil Engineering Dept., Box U-37, Storrs, Conn.

Prof. Victor Scottron, Civil Engineering

CORNELL UNIVERSITY

School of Civil Engineering

Applied Hydraulic Laboratory, Ithaca, N. Y. Prof. Marvin Bogema, in Charge

1 DAVID TAYLOR MODEL BASIN (see U. S. Government)

DELAWARE, UNIVERSITY OF

Dept. of Civil Engrg., Fluids Lab., Newark, Del.

1 Dr. Kurt Frey, Directing Head

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF 102

College of Agriculture, Davis, California

Mr. Robert M. Hagan, Chairman, Dept. of Irrigation

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF k

College of Agriculture, Los Angeles 2k, Calif.

Prof. A. F. Pillsbury, Chairman

Department of Irrigation and Soil Science

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF 5 College of Engineering, Berkeley k, Calif.

Prof. J. W. Johnson, Hydraulic Engineering

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF 12

Dept. of Engineering, Los Angeles 2k, Calif.

Prof. J. Morley English, Vice Chairman - Research

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF 11

Dept. of Naval Architecture, Berkeley k, Calif.

Prof. H. A. Schade, Chairman

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN 13

"esearch Foundation for Cross-Connection Control

Los Angeles 7, California

Dr. K. C. Reynolds, Supervisor

:arnegie institute of technology 13

Dept. of Civil Engineering, Pittsburgh 13, Penna.

Dr. T. E. Stelson, Head

25

27

27

27

28

28

:0LORADO STATE UNIVERSITY

"iydraulics Laboratory

"ivil Engineering Section, Fort Collins, Colo.

Dr. A. R. Chamberlin, Chief

Ik

DOUGLAS AIRCRAFT COMPANY

El Segundo Div., 827 Lapham St., El Segundo, Calif.

Mr. L. J. Devlin, Chief Engineer

FLORIDA, UNIVERSITY OF _ 29

The Engineering and Industrial Experiment Sta.

Coastal Engineering Laboratory, Gainesville, Fla.

Dr. Per Bruun

GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 29

Hydraulics Laboratory, School of Civil Engrg.

Atlanta, Georgia

Prof. C. E. Kindsvater

HOUSTON, UNIVERSITY OF 31

Chemical and Petroleum Engrg. Dept.,

Houston, Texas

Prof. C. V. Kirkpatrick, Director

HYDRONAUTICS, INCORPORATED 31

200 Monroe Street, Rockville, Md. Mr. Phillip Eisenberg, Pres.

IDAHO, UNIVERSITY OF 31

Engineering Experiment Sta., Moscow, Idaho

Dean Allen S. Janssen, Director

ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY DIVISION 32

Box 232, Urbana, Illinois

Mr. William C. Ackermann, Chief

ILLINOIS STATE WATERWAYS DIVISION 36

Dept. of Public Works and Buildings

201 West Monroe St., Springfield, 111. Mr. Thomas B. Casey, Chief Waterway Engr.

ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OF 36

Dept. of Agricultural Engrg., Urbana 111.

Dr. Frank B. Lanham, Head

ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OF 37

Department of Civil Engineering

Urbana, Illinois

Dr. V. T. Chow, Prof. Hydraulic Engineering

v
ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OF 39

Dept. of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics

2lh Talbot Laboratory, Urbana, Illinois

Prof. T. J. Dolan, Head

IOWA INSTITUTE OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH hO

State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa

Dr. Hunter Rouse, Director

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY kk

Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Ames, Iowa

Prof. Hobart Beresford, Head

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY U5

Department of Agronomy, Ames, Iowa

Prof. William H. .Pierre, Head of Dept.

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

Iowa City, Iowa ( see Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research)

JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, THE

Applied Physics Laboratory, Silver Spring, Md.

Mr. R. E. Gibson, Director

JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, THE k6

School of Engineering, Baltimore 18, Maryland

Dr. John C. Geyer, Chairman

Dept. of Sanitary Engineering and Water Resources

KANSAS, UNIVERSITY OF

Dept. of Engineering Mechanics, Lawrence, Kansas

Dr. Kenneth C. Deemer, Chairman

LEHIGH UNIVERSITY kd

Dept. of Civil Engineering

Fritz Engineering Lab., Bethlehem, Penna.

Prof. W. J. Eney, Director and Head of Dept.

LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY AND A AND M COLLEGE 1+9 Agricultural Engineering Research,

Baton Rouge 3> La.

Mr. Harold T. Barr, Head

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY U9

Dept. of Civil and Sanitary Engineering

Cambridge 39> Massachusetts

Dr. Arthur T. Ippen, Head, Hydrodynamics Lab.

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 53

Dept. of Mechanical Engrg., Cambridge 39 > Mass.

Prof. Ascher H. Shapiro, in Charge

Fluid Mechanics Division

MASSACHUSETTS, UNIVERSITY OF 57

School of Engineering, Amherst, Mass.

Dean George A. Marston, Director

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY 57

Dept. of Civil Engineering, East Lansing, Mich.

Dr. Emmett M. Laursen, Associate Professor

MICHIGAN, UNIVERSITY OF 58

Department of Civil Engineering

320 West Engineering Building

Ann Arbor, Michigan

Prof. E. F. Brater

MINNESOTA, UNIVERSITY OF

Minneapolis, Minn, (see St. Anthony Falls

Hydraulic Laboratory)

MINNESOTA, UNIVERSITY OF 59

Dept. of Agricultural Engineering

St. Paul 1, Minnesota

Prof. A. J. Schwantes, Head

MISSOURI SCHOOL OF MINES AND METALLURGY 59

Dept. of Civil Engineering, Rolla, Missouri

Dr. C. L. Wilson, Dean

MONTANA STATE COLLEGE 60

Agricultural Experiment Sta., Bozeman, Mont.

Mr. 0. W. Monson, Head

Agricultural Engineering Department

NEBRASKA, UNIVERSITY OF 6l

Hydrodynamics Lab., Dept. of Engineering

Mechanics

Lincoln 8, Nebraska

Dr . T . Sarpkaya

NEWPORT NEWS SHIPBUILDING AND DRY DOCK CO. 62

Hydraulic Laboratory, Newport News, Virginia

Mr. C. H. Hancock, Director

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY 63

Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Bronx 53> N. Y. Prof. John Happel, Chairman

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY 6k

College of Engineering, Dept. of Meteorology

and Oceanography

University Heights, New York 53, New York

NORTH CAROLINA STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE 65

AND ENGINEERING

University of North Carolina, Dept. of Engrg.

Research, Raleigh, North Carolina

Prof. N. W. Connor, Director, Engrg. Research

NORTH DAKOTA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE 65

Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Fargo, No. Dak.

Mr. W. J. Promersberger, Chairman

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 65

The Technological Institute, Evanston, Illinois

Dean Harold B. Gotaas

NOTRE DAME, UNIVERSITY OF 68

School of Engineering, Notre Dame, Indiana

Dr. H. C. Saxe, Acting Dean

OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY 68

Dept. of Civil Engineering, Columbus 10, Ohio

Dr. Hamilton Gray, Head

OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY 69

Agricultural Engineering Dept., Stillwater, Okla.

Prof. E. W. Schroeder, Head

OREGON STATE COLLEGE 69

Hydraulics Lab., Dept. of Civil Engineering

Corvallis, Oregon

Dr. Charles E. Behlke

PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY 70

Ordnance Research Lab., University Park, Penna.

Dr. John C. Johnson, Director

PURDUE UNIVERSITY 70

Agricultural Experiment Sta., Lafayette, Ind.

Mr. N. J. Wolk, Director

vi
72

72

73

74

.74

75

75

PURDUE UNIVERSITY

School of Chemical Engineering, Lafayette, Ind.

Dr. Edward M. Coinings, Head

PURDUE UNIVERSITY

Civil Engineering Dept., Lafayette, Indiana

Prof. K. B. Woods, Head

PURDUE UNIVERSITY

School of Electrical Engineering, Lafayette, Ind. Dr. T. F. Jones, Head

PURDUE UNIVERSITY

Jet Propulsion Center, Lafayette, Indiana

Dr. Maurice J. Zucrow, Director

PURDUE UNIVERSITY

School of Mechanical Engrg., Lafayette, Ind.

Dr. P. F. Chenea, Head

PURDUE UNIVERSITY

School of Mech. Engrg., Automatic Control Lab.,

W. Lafayette, Indiana

Dr. Rufus Oldenburger, Head

REED RESEARCH, INCORPORATED

1048 Potomac St., N. W., Washington 7, D. C. Mr. Stanley F. Reed, Pres.

ROCKY MOUNTAIN HYDRAULIC LABORATORY

Allenspark, Colo., Prof. C. J. Posey, Director

(Winter address: State Univ. of Iowa,

Iowa City, Iowa)

ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY 75

Miss. River at Third Ave., S. E., Minneapolis, Minn.

Dr. Lorenz Straub, Director

SCRLPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY 80

University of California, La Jolla, Calif.

The Director

SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE 80

Dept. of Applied Mechanics, San Antonio 6, Texas

Dr. H. Norman Abramson, Director

STANFORD UNIVERSITY 80

Dept. of Civil Engineering, Stanford, Calif.

Prof. Ray K. Linsley, Executive Head Hydraulic Lab.

STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 8l

Davidson Laboratory

711 Hudson St., Hoboken, New Jersey

Dr. J. P. Breslin, Director

ROBERT TAGGART INCORPORATED 88

400 Arlington Boulevard, Falls Church, Va.

Mr. Robert Taggart

TENNESSEE, UNIVERSITY OF 88

Dept. of Civil Engineering, Khoxville l6, Term.

Dr. Harry H. Ambrose, Prof, of Hydraulics

TEXAS A AND M COLLEGE 89

Dept . of Oceanography and Meteorology

College Station, Texas

Dr. Dale F. Leipper, Head

TEXAS, UNIVERSITY OF 90

Dept. of Civil Engineering, Austin 12, Texas

Dr. Walter L. Moore, Directing Head

UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY

Engineering Experiment Station, Logan, Utah

Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director

92

WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY 96

The R. L. Albrook Hydraulic Lab., Pullman, Wash.

Dr. E. Roy Tinney, Head

WASHINGTON, UNIVERSITY OF

Fisheries Research Institute, Seattle 5, Wash.

Dr. William F. Royce, Director

WASHINGTON, UNIVERSITY OF

Dept. of Civil Engineering, Seattle 5, Wash.

Prof. R. B. van Horn, Head

74 WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION (see U. S. Govt.)

WISCONSIN, UNIVERSITY OF

Hydraulic Lab., Dept. of Civil Engineering

Madison, Wisconsin

Dr. Arno T. Lenz

WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION

Woods Hole, Mass.

Dr. Paul M. Fye, Director

WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE

Alden Hydraulic Laboratory, Worcester 9, Mass. Prof. L. J. Hooper, Director

U. S. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE

Soil and Water Conservation Research Division

Beltsville, Maryland

Dr. C. H. Wadleigh, Chief

FOREST SERVICE

ALASKA FOREST RESEARCH CENTER

Box 740, Juneau, Alaska

Mr. R. F. Taylor

CENTRAL STATES FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION

111 Old Federal Bldg., Columbus 15, Ohio

Mr. R. D. Lane, Director

INTERMOUNTAIN FOREST AND RANGE EXP. STATION

Forest Service Building, Ogden, Utah

Mr. Reed W. Bailey, Director

LAKE STATES FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION

Univ. of Minn., St. Paul 1, Minn.

Dr. Murlyn B. Dickerman, Director

NORTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION

102 Motors Ave., Upper Darby, Penna.

Dr. Ralph W. Marquis, Director

PACIFIC NORTHWEST FOREST AND RANGE EXP. STA.

P. 0. Box 4059, Portland 8, Oregon

Mr. R. W. Cowlin, Director

PACIFIC SOUTHWEST FOREST AND RANGE EXP. STA.

P. 0. Box 245, Berkeley 1, California

Mr. R. Keith Arnold, Director

98

99

101

101

105

117

117

119

120

123

124

125

vii
ROCKY MOUNTAIN FOREST AND RANGE EXP. STA. 127

221 Forestry Bldg., Fort Collins , Colorado

Mr. Raymond Price, Director

SOUTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION 132

P. 0. Box 2570, Asheville, North Carolina

Mr. Joseph F. Pechanec, Director

SOUTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION 133

2026 St. Charles Ave., New Orleans 13, La.

Mr. Philip A. Briegleb, Director

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS

BEACH EROSION BOARD 13^

5201 Little Falls Road, N. W., Wash. l6, D. C. The President

U. S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, PORTLAND

Bonneville Hydraulic Laboratory

628 Pittock Block, Portland 5, Oregon

The District Engineer

U. S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, ST. PAUL lUO

1217 U. S. Postoffice and Customhouse

St. Paul 1, Minnesota

The District Engineer

U. S. ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STA. ikO

P. 0. Box 631, Vicksburg, Miss.

The Director

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS 158

Hydraulics Branch, Washington 25, D. C. Mr. Carl F. Izzard, Chief

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS 159

National Hydraulics Laboratory

Washington 25, D. C.

WEATHER BUREAU l60

Hydrologic Services, Div., Washington 25, D. C. Mr. William E. Hiatt, Chief

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 162

Water Resources, Div., Washington 25, D. C. Dr. Luna B. Leopold, Chief Hydraulic Engineer

BUREAU OF RECLAMATION 175

Division of Engineering Laboratories

Denver Federal Center, Denver 2, Colorado

Mr. Grant Bloodgood

Asst. Commissioner and Chief Engineer

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY

DAVID TAYLOR MODEL BASIN 180

Washington 7, D. C. The Commanding Officer and Director

U. S. NAVAL BOILER AND TURBINE LABORATORY 188

Naval Base, Philadelphia 12, Penna.

The Commanding Officer and Director

U. S. NAVAL ORDNANCE TEST STATION 189

3202 E. Foothill Blvd.

Pasadena 8, California

The Commander

OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH 190

Fluid Dynamics Branch

Washington 25, D. C. Mr. Ralph D. Cooper, Head

TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY 190

Hydraulic Data Branch, Khoxville, Term.

Mr. Albert S. Fry, Chief

137 CANADIAN LABORATORIES

H. G. ACRES AND COMPANY, LTD. 197

Niagara Falls, Canada

Mr. I. W. McCaig, Hydraulic Engineer

ALBERTA, UNIVERSITY OF 197

Department of Civil Engineering

Edmonton, Canada

Prof. T. Blench, Head

BRITISH COLUMBIA, UNIVERSITY OF 198

Hydraulics Lab., Vancouver 8, Canada

Prof. H. C. Gunning, Dean, Faculty of

Applied Science

ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE 203

2500 Guyard Ave., Montreal 26, Canada

Prof. Raymond Boucher, Head

Division of Hydraulic Engineering

THE HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER COMMISSION OF ONTARIO 199

620 University Ave., Toronto 2, Canada *

Mr. J. B. Bryce, Hydraulic Engineer

LaSALLE HYDRAULIC LABORATORY 201

0250 St. Patrick St., LaSalle, P.Q., Canada

Mr. E. Pariset, Director

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL 20*+ Div. of Mechanical Engineering

Montreal Road, Ottawa 2, Canada

Dr. D. C. MacPhail, Director

ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE 205

Dept. of Engineering Science, Guelph, Canada

Prof. C. E. G. Downing, Head

QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY 206

Hydraulics Lab., Kingston, Ontario, Canada

Prof. R. J. Kennedy, Directing Head

TORONTO, UNIVERSITY OF 207

Dept. of Mech. Engineering, Toronto 5, Canada

Prof. G. Ross Lord, Head

viii
HYDRAULIC RESEARCH IN THE UNITED STATES

UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS, Agricultural Experiment

Station.

(2255) GROUND WATER, RESOURCES AND RECHARGE, IN

THE RICE GROWING AREA OF ARKANSAS.

(b) Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station

cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey

and U. S. Corps of Engineers.

(c) Prof. Kyle Engler, Head of Agricultural

Engineering Dept., University of Arkansas,

Fayetteville, Arkansas.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(e) The straight 26-inch sand-packed recharge

well has been tested for one year and re- sults have not proved completely satisfactory. Main difficulties encountered

arise in duplicating test condition under

field situatl ons . The sand packed well

seemed to filter out plugging material but

redevelopment proved more difficult than in

the gravel packed well. Separan AP-30 was tried but proved unsatisfactory for con- ditions as encountered in this test. A

slow gravel filter has been constructed

and will be tested as a means of clarifying

recharge water during the winter and spring

of I96O-61.

(g) The project is not developed to a point for

satisfactory reporting.

evidence that long range filtering action

continues in cycles of loading and unloading of the filter bed before complete

failure results,

(h) "Effectiveness of Coarse -Grained Media for

Filtration" by Loren R. Heiple, Jour. Amer.

Water Works Assn., Vol. 51, No. 6, June 1959-

Reprints may be obtained by addressing L. R. Heiple, Head, Civil Engrg. Dept., Univ.

of Ark., Fayetteville. Other articles are

in the process of preparation but publication data has not yet been determined.

POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF BROOKLYN.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Prof. Matthew Stewart, Assoc. Prof,

of Civil Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of

Brooklyn, 333 Jay St., Brooklyn 1, New York.

(3376) FLOW THROUGH CULVERTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for masters thesis.

(e) Experimental study to determine the nature

of flow through culverts.

(g) Apparatus under construction.

( 3667 ) DESIGN AND CALIBRATION OF A 90-DEGREE

TRIANGULAR WEIR.

UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS, Civil Engineering Dept.

(27^1) ROCKEFELLER FILTRATION PROJECT.

(b) Laboratory project

(c) Prof. L. R. Heiple, Head, Civil Engineering

Dept., Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Ark.

(d) Experimental and field investigation;

applied research and development

(e) This project involves a study of the re- moval of turbidity and bacteria from surface water supplies using coarse grained

media {l/h to 1 inch). Laboratory model

investigations and pilot field studies have

been completed with the variables investigated including; (l) Depth of bed; (2) size

of media; (3) shape and nature of media;

(k) effect of head of water on filter bed;

and (5) rate of filtration. A full-size

field installation is now under construction

and further statistical investigation is

under way concerning the variable action of

filtration.

(f) Suspended and scheduled to be reactivated.

(g) Field studies have disclosed that turbidity from normal surface waters may be substantially reduced by filtration, without

prior treatment, through a coarse grained

material such as pea gravel. Such a filter

has a capacity for effective long range

operation without development of appreciable head loss or the need for cleaning

and with minimum attention. Filtration

efficiency is most effective in low turbidity waters where particle size is predominately colloidal. There is substantial

(b)

(a)

(e)

(f)

(g)

Laboratory project.

Experimental; for bachelor's thesis.

Design, construction and calibration of

triangular weir.

Completed.

Thesis available for loan.

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Engineering

Division.

(15^8) SPECIAL PROBLEMS IN HYDRODYNAMICS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Prof. Milton S. Plesset, Calif. Inst, of

Tech., Pasadena, Calif.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic

research.

(e) Studies of cavitating and noncavitating

flow; dynamic behavior of cavitation bubbles;

theoretical and experimental studies of

c avitati on damage

(h) "The Theory of Rectified Diffusion of Mass

into Gas Bubbles," by D. Y. Hsieh and

M. S. Plesset, Calif. Inst, of Tech.,

Engrg. Div., Report No. 85-I5, Aug. i960.

"Theory of Gas Bubble Dynamics in Oscillating Pressure Fields," by M. S. Plesset

and D. Y. Hsieh, Calif. Inst, of Tech.,

Engrg. Div., Report No. 85-16, Aug. i960.

"On the Propagation of Sound in a Liquid

Containing Gas Bubbles, " by D. Y. Hsieh

and M. S. Plesset, Calif. Inst, of Tech.,

Engrg. Div., Report No. 85-17, September

I960.

1
(I8l6) FORCE CHARACTERISTICS OF SUBMERGED

HYDROFOILS UNDER CAVITATING CONDITIONS.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Prof. Milton S. Plesset, California Inst,

of Technology, Pasadena, California.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; hasic

research.

(e) Studies of hydrofoils.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Cavity Flow Past a Slender Pointed Hydrofoil, " by E. Cumberbatch and T. Y. Wu,

California Institute of Technology, Engineering Division Report No. 1+7-11 .> March

i960.

"Cavitating Flow Past a Large Aspect-Ratio

Hydrofoil," by E. Cumberbatch, California

Institute of Technology, Engineering

Division, Report No. Vf-12, May i960.

"Accelerating, Supercavitating Flow Past

a Thin Two -Dimensional Wedge, " by E. Cumberbatch, California Institute of Tech.,

Engineering Division, Report No. V7-I3,

June i960.

"Experimental Investigations of ThreeDimensional Effects on Cavitating Hydrofoils, " by R. W. Kermeen, California

Institute of Technology, Engineering Div.,

Report No. kl-lh, September i960.

(3377) THEORETICAL STUDIES IN HYDRODYNAMICS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the

Navy.

(c) Prof. T. Y. Wu, California Institute of

Technology, Pasadena, California.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Studies of hydrodynamic flows with free

surface phenomena; steady and unsteady

cavity flows; principle of fish propulsion.

(h) "Swimming of a Waving Plate," by T. Y. Wu,

California Institute of Technology, Engrg.

Division, Report No. 97-1, August i960.

"Some Features of Unsteady Cavity Flows,

by T. Y. Wu and D. P. Wang, California

Institute of Technology, Engineering

Division, Report No. 97-2, in press.

"A Modified Wake Hodograph for FreeStreamline Flows," by T. Y. Wu, California

Institute of Technology, Engineering

Division, report in preparation.

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Hydrodynamics

Laboratory.

(2502) MECHANICS OF CAVITATION DAMAGE.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. A. T. Ellis, Assoc. Prof, of Applied

Mechanics, California Institute of Tech.,

Pasadena, California.

(d) Project is both experimental and theoretical. It is primarily basic research, but

it is anticipated that it will also have

applications. The work has been the basis

of two Doctoral Theses.

(e) The purpose of the project is to determine

the detailed mechanism of mechanical damage by cavitation, and to attempt to correlate this with field results. The collapse of a cavitation bubble of arbitrary

shape close to, or in contact with a solid

boundary is being considered. Mechanical

damage from bubbles not in contact with

the boundary can result only from shock waves in the liquid. Preliminary work

showed that these shock waves existed, but

that they were too weak to be considered

as a damaging mechanism. Bubbles in con- tact with the boundary were next considered. Experiments showed that for all but

the hemispherical cavities perfect fluid

theory with constant cavity pressure

would yield good results concerning the

change of shape of the bubble during collapse and the pressure at collapse. The

high pressure is in this case generated

by water hammer. It is anticipated that

the infinite collapse velocities which are encountered in theoretical treatment of

hemispherical cavities can be eliminated

by taking into account the compression of

permanent gas, and the partial compression

of vapor at very high compression rates.

Very little is known about this last subject, and it is anticipated that an attempt will be made to obtain some data in

this field.

(g) The perfect fluid theory for collapse of

non-hemispherical cavity in contact with

a solid boundary has been worked out and

checked experimentally.

(h) "On the Mechanism of Cavitation Damage by

Non-Hemispherical Cavities Collapsing in

Contact with a Solid Boundary, " by Charl

F. Naude and Albert T. Ellis, Calif. Inst,

of Technology, Pasadena, California, Hydrodynamics Laboratory, July i960.

(27U6) HYDRODYNAMICS OF UNDERWATER BODIES.

(b) Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy.

(c) Professor A. J. Acosta and T. Kiceniuk,

Hydrodynamics Laboratory, California

Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif.

(d) Experimental and theoretical investigations.

(e) Investigations of the mechanics of

hydrodynamic phenomena involved in the

motion of underwater bodies, including (l)

studies of forces on such bodies in cavitating and non-cavitating conditions; (2)

investigations of the detailed mechanics

of the fluid motions giving rise to the

above forces

(g) Force measurements on supercavitating delta

wings are now being made to check the theoretical results of Prof. T. Y. Wu. Measurements of apparent mass coefficients in

cavity flows are also being made.

(3009) CAVITATION SIMILITUDE.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the

Navy.

(c) Professor A. J. Acosta, California

Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif.

(d) Experimental program of basic unclassified

work.

(e) To determine the effect of the various

thermal properties on cavitation in a

2
venturi tube . It is known that cavitation

similitude parameters based upon the vapor

pressure of the liquid at the bulk temperature are misleading since the pressure in

the cavity may be less or may exceed this

value depending on air content, speed, size,

thermal conductivity, etc. To investigate

this question, a simple test loop with a venturi-section made with glass windows

has been constructed and run with water

and Freon 113- In the future, other fluids

will be used. Measurements of cavity pressure, air content, temperature, are being

made

(g) Results in water and Freon ranging in temperature from 70° to 200° show that the

cavity pressure can depart appreciably

from the value at the bulk temperature

The results are still incomplete.

(h) "Observations on the Form of Cavitation in

Different Fluids," by L. R. Sarosdy,

A. J. Acosta. A.S.M.E. Annual Meeting

Paper No. 6O-WA-83.

(3378) CAVITATION IN CASCADES

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Prof. A. J. Acosta, California Institute of

Technology, Pasadena, California.

(d) Theoretical basic unclassified research.

(e) Study of flow through a cascade of caritating circular arc hydrofoils. Linearized

theory is used to get lift and drag coefficients, cavitation numbers and burning for

the case of infinitely long cavities

(3379) EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF CAVITY

COLLAPSE PRESSURES

(b) Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy.'

(c) Dr. Albert T. Ellis, Hydrodynamics Lab,,

California Institute of Technology,

Pasadena, California.

(d) Experimental program of basic research.

(e) The purpose of the project is to experimentally investigate the pressure developed

at the site of collapse of a transient

cavity. Single, hemispherical spark cavities are created in water at the pressure

end of a composite dural-flint glass-lead

pressure bar. At the collapse of such a

cavity, a transient stress pulse is propagated along the bar which is detected by

an x-cut circular disc of quartz of the

same diameter as the bar and which is re- corded photographically from an oscillograph. These photographic records yield

information regarding the total lifetime

of the cavity and the maximum amplitude

and time variation of the force developed

during its collapse. An ultra-high speed

photographic technique permits an estimate

of the peak pressure developed at the site

of collapse of the cavity to be made

(g) Cavities having maximum diameters up to

-§ inch have been studied during the course

of these experiments and collapse pressures of at least 10,000 atmospheres have

been observed.

(h) "An Experimental Investigation of the Collapse of Transient Cavities in Liquids,"

by Ieuan R. Jones, Report No. E-88,

Hydrodynamics Laboratory, California Inst,

of Technology, Pasadena, California, July

I960.

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, W. M. Keck

Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources.

(2258) THE RESUSPENSI0N OF FL0CCULENT SOLIDS IN

SEDIMENTATION BASINS.

(b) U. S. Public Health Service.

(c) Dr. J. E. McKee, California Institute of

Technology, Pasadena, California.

(h) "The Resuspension of Flocculent Solids in

Sedimentation Basins," by Alfred C. Ingersoll, Ronald T. McLaughlin, Final

Report May 1960s

(27I+8) RELATION BETWEEN TRANSPORT OF SEDIMENT

AND THE HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF

STREAMS.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

(c) Prof. V. A. Vanoni, Prof. N. H. Brooks, or

Dr. John F. Kennedy, California Institute

of Technology, Pasadena, California.

(d) Experimental and analytical basic research,

including doctoral dissertation.

(e) Laboratory experiments were performed in

two tilting flumes, with sand beds of

0.23 mm or 0.55 mm mean diameter. The

program has been devoted primarily to the

study of roughness and sediment transport

in flows with antidunes and associated

stationary surface waves, usually asso'^1 ciated with Froude numbers near one or slightly larger.

ff) Completed December i960.

(g) It was found that there are several types

of antidune behavior in a sand-bed stream

depending on Froude number, sand size,

depth, width and external disturbances.

For example, surface waves may be two or three-dimensional and may break under

some conditions, but not others.

The wave length of the surface and hed

waves is very closely given by the re- lation X = 2jtV^/g where V is mean

stream velocity and g is acceleration of

gravity. This equation has been derived

theoretically, and verified by both laboratory and field data.

(h) "Stationary Waves and Antidunes in Alluvial

Channels," John F. Kennedy, Ph.D. Thesis,

California Institute of Technology, I960;

also to be issued as a project report

(Pub. KHWR-6), approximately January I96I.

"Study of Relations Between Transport of

Sediment and Hydraulic Characteristics of

Streams," John F. Kennedy, Publication

KHWR-7, California Institute of Tech.,

Pasadena, Calif.

"On the Fall Velocity of Spheres and Sand

Grains," John F. Kennedy and Robert C. Y. Koh, unpublished manuscript, i960. (A

study of frequency distribution of fall

velocity)

3
(3668) FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS WITH VARYING

ROUGHNESS.

(b) U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Prof. N. H. Brooks, Mr. R. Hugh Taylor, Jr. (USGS), Calif. Inst, of Tech., Pasadena,

California.

(d) Thesis project, partly experimental.

(e) In natural streams, the roughness pattern

(dunes, ripples, flat, etc.) is often not

uniform across the ted at a given cross

section. To study this problem flume

experiments are being conducted with "beds which are rough gravel on one side of the

centerline, and smooth wood on the other

side. The purpose is to analyze the ve- locity distribution, transverse momentum

exchange,' and overall fluid resistance of

such a composite "bed.

(3669) FLUIDIZATION OF SAND BEDS BY UPWARD FLOW.

(b) U. S. Public Health Service (Research

Grant )

(c) Prof. N. H. Brooks, Calif. Inst, of Tech.,

Pasadena, California.

(d) Experimental thesis project.

(e) When a bed of sand is lifted and expanded

by an upward flow (the "quick" condition),

it is really not an expanded porous medium,

as previously described and analyzed by

other investigations, but actually it

becomes a thick suspension. The particles move freely, sometimes generating large

overturning eddies in the fluid. These

phenomena are being investigated in a one-foot square vertical lucite channel,

6-feet high. Studies of greater expansions in larger columns will lead continuously to the phenomenon known as hundred

settling in dilute suspensions.

(3670) TURBULENCE AND PARTICLE ENTRAINMENT IN

SETTLING TANKS.

(b) U. S. Public Health Service.

(c) Prof. Vito A. Vanoni or John F. Kennedy,

Ph.D., California Institute of Technology,

Pasadena, California

(d) Experimental research.

(e) The work is carried out in flumes designed

for such studies. Instrumentation for

measuring very low velocities is being

adapted and developed for use in making

detailed investigations of velocity fields

in the proposed experiments.

( 3671 ) EVALUATION OF FORMULAS FOR THE TRANSPORT

RATE OF SEDIMENT BY ALLUVIAL STREAMS.

(b) Laboratory Project.

(c) Prof. Vito A. Vanoni, Prof, of Hydraulics,

California Institute of Technology,

Pasadena, California.

(d) Analytical research using published data.

(e) The sediment discharge calculated by

several well-known formulas is compared

with actual measured sediment discharges

in four natural streams. The results are presented as graphs of sediment discharge

against water discharge.

(g) Preliminary results have been reported in

(h).

(h) "Lecture Notes on Sediment Transportation

and Channel Stability," Vito A. Vanoni,

Norman H. Brooks, and John F. Kennedy,

Publication KHWR-1, Sept. i960.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Division of Agricultural

Sciences, Department of Irrigation and Soil Science.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Professor A. F. Pillsbury, Department of Irrigation and Soil Science, University of

California, Los Angeles 2k } California.

(26) DRAINAGE INVESTIGATION IN COACHELLA VALLEY.

(b) Cooperative between the Coachella Valley

County Water District, Coachella, Calif.,

U. S. Salinity Laboratory, Riverside,

Calif., U. S. Bureau of Reclamation,

Boulder City, Nevada, and this laboratory.

(d) Field investigations; applied research

and design.

(e) Work now concentrated on studies of

drainage adequacy and of drainage yield.

Change in salinity status of soil is index

of drainage adequacy. Information being

obtained on fluctuations of water table

following irrigation, and on effect

thereon of mechanically affecting soil

stratification. Where drainage yield is

being metered will seek to establish

relationship to factors such as surface

soil, crop, irrigation slope, etc.

(f ) Inactive in i960.

(27) HYDROLOGY OF WATER SUPPLIES IN CALIFORNIA.

(b) Laboratory project cooperative with Pacific

Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Sta.,

USFS, and with College of Engrg., Univ. of

Calif., Los Angeles 2k; coordinated with

work of Dept. of Irrigation, Univ. of

Calif., Davis, Calif.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Work now concerned with (l) subsurface

movement of moisture; (2) surface treatments affecting infiltration of precipitation; and (3) detention of precipitation

by surface litter and effect upon infiltration.

(g) Information being accumulated in laboratory on effect of ground litter in lengthening periods of infiltration opportunityfollowing periods of intense rainfall.

(1058) SOIL PHYSICAL CONDITIONS IN RELATION TO

IRRIGATION.

(b) Laboratory project, coordinated with work

of Dept. of Soils and Plant Nutrition,

Univ. of Calif. Riverside.

(d) Continuing laboratory and field studies.

(e) Present work involves (l) evaluation of use of neutron moisture probe in following

the downward movement of the wetting front

and use of rate of that movement to evaluate changes in soil texture and structure

k
(1303:

(d)

(e]

(f)

(250U)

(d)

(e!

with depth; (2) effects of surface tension

and fluid viscosity on hydraulic conductivity of soil; and (3) effects of salt

crystals, per se, on water movement into

soil.

Neutron probe found to hegin to detect

wetting fronts when about 7 inches below

such fronts in a variety of soil types.

HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF IRRIGATION

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS.

Laboratory project , cooperative with

College of Engrg., Univ. of Calif., Los

Angeles 2k, California.

Basic and applied research.

Graduate student now working with model

low pressure pipe system to study hydraulic transients occurring with automatic

operation.

Work being summarized.

DYNAMICS OF SOIL WATER FLOW TOWARDS AND

INTO SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE FACILITIES.

Laboratory project, cooperative with

College of Engrg., Univ. of Calif., Los

Angeles 2k, California.

Experimental; applied research.

Work now concentrated on solutions for

layered soils and for wide spacing of

tile.

"Wetting Expansion of Draintile and Its

Effects on Water Entry," A. F. Pillsbury,

R. E. Pelishek and Nathan Buras . Trans.

ASAE, Vol. 3, No. 1, 88-89, I960.

"Water Table Control in Arid and Semi-Arid

Regions," A. F. Pillsbury, kth Congress,

International Commission on Irrigation and

Drainage 11. 65 -11. 8k.

"Lateral Movement of Water Along a Glass

Fiber Sheet Utilized as a Filter for Draintile," Nathan Buras and A. F. Pillsbury,

(prepared for publication).

section and local heat transfer coefficient

have been measured for a series of air flow

rates in which the solids to air ratio is

varied from 0 to 7 pounds of solids per

pound of air. The solids are introduced

into the flow system through a mixing

nozzle fed by a slide valve controlled

weighing tank, and two different sizes of

solids, 30 microns and 200 microns, have

been used. Analytical studies have been

made for predicting the friction factor and

heat transfer coefficient.

(g) Experimental results show that the Nusselt

number remains constant for solids to air

ratios less than 0.5 and 1.5 and then in- creases. Qualitative agreement with the

analytical prediction is obtained.

(h) "Heat Transfer to a Turbulently Flowing

Fluid-Solids Mixture in a Pipe," by C. L. Tien, ASME Paper No. 60-HT-23, to appear in

Journal of Heat Transfer.

"Heat Transfer to Flowing Gas-Solids

Mixtures in a Vertical Circular Duct," by

C. A. Depew, Ph.D. Thesis, i960, Univ. of

California Library, Berkeley, California.

(529) LITTORAL SEDIMENT FLOW UPON A BEACH.

(b) Beach Erosion Board, Department of Army,

Washington, D. C. (c) Field laboratory and theoretical research.

(d) The object of this project is to determine

pattern of sediment transport on beaches near San Francisco. The work of the

fiscal year 1959-1960 has been the development of techniques for using a Frantz

electrodynamic mineral separator to divide

beach sands into size groups of essentially

the same mineral composition. The object

is to then measure the percentage of

minerals in different size groups of

samples collected along the beaches to see if these differences will yield information as to the source and manner of transport of beach sands in the San Francisco

area.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, College of Engineering,

Hydraulic Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning the following projects, except

when otherwise indicated, should be addressed to

Prof. J. W. Johnson, Dept. of Engineering, Hydraulic Laboratory, Hesse Hall, Univ. of California,

Berkeley k, California.

{k0) FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS OF

GAS-SOLIDS MIXTURES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. C. L. Tien, Asst. Prof, of Mech.

Engineering, Univ. of California, Berkeley,

California.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and

applied research.

(e) The flow and heat transfer characteristics

of a gas-solids mixture (glass beads and

air) have been Investigated in a 0.710 inch

I.D. stainless steel tube with uniform wall

heat flux. Pressure drops across test

(155k) SEA WATER CONVERSION RESEARCH.

(b) State of California.

(c) Prof. Everett D. Howe, Director, Sea Water

Conversion Laboratory, University of Calif.,

1301 South U6th Street, Richmond, Calif.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, field investigation, and pilot plant; basic research,

applied research, design, and operation.

(e) The purpose of this investigation is to

discover whether there is available any

method for the large-scale, low-cost

demineralization of sea water. The project

includes a number of investigations, of

which the following have been active during

1959-60 : (l) multiple effect rotating

evaporator; (2) evaporation by immiscible

fluid heat transfer; (3) vacuum flash

distillation (low temperature difference

method); {k) solar distillation; (5) vapor

compression tests; (6) electrodialysis

tests; (7) freeze-separation; (8) ion ex- change; (9) nuclear reactor studies;

(10) tests on magnetic scale control unit;

5
(ll) "biological studies; (12) underground

nuclear explosions as a possible source of

heat energy for the distillation of sea

water; (13) capillary control of vapor

transfer gaps; (l4) reverse osmosis pilot

plant; (15) thermodynamic and economic

analysis; (l6) experimental heat transfer

studies; (17) properties of sea water;

(l8) fundamental studies of corrosion

processes; (19) applications of- theory of

the hydrois. Investigations are "being

carried on "both at Berkeley and at Los

Angeles.

(g) Detailed results may he ohtained from the

progress reports and publications listed

under (h) below. This project has been (1823)

active since 1951-52 and previous summaries have listed all reports prior to

September 1959. (t>) (h) The following reports and publications (c)

have been issued during the period since

July 1959 and summarize the work to date: (d)

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES : * (e) "A Thermodynamic Analysis of a Low-temperature-difference Flash-Distillation Method

of Producing Fresh Water from Sea Water,

by Eldon L. Khuth, Report No. 60-11, 27 pp.,

February i960.

"Sea Water Demineralization Reverse Osmosis (g)

Pilot Plant," by J. W. McCutchan, Report

No. 60-19, 60 pp., March i960.

"Sea Water Research Quarterly Progress

Report October 1959-December 1959,

Report No. 60-26, 70 pp., May i960.

"Sea Water Research Progress Summary,

Report No. 60-70, 103 pp- , June i960.

"Heat Transfer in a Single Vertical Tube

Falling Film Evaporator with Dropwise

Condensation," by Bruce Broker and J. W. McCutchan, Report No. 6O-58, 56 pp., July (2062)

i960.

"Thermodynamic and Economic Considerations

in the Preparation of Fresh Water from the (b)

Sea," by Myron Tribus et al, Report No. (c)

59-34, September i960.

(a)

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT BERKELEY:** (e)

"Progress in Saline Water Conversion,

by Everett D. Howe, Journal American Water

Works Association, Vol. 51, No. 10, pp.

1191-1201, October 1959.

"Solar Distillation at the University of

California," by Everett D. Howe, Solar

Energy, Vol. Ill, No. 3, PP- 31-32,

October 1959-

"Performance Characteristics of Sea Water (f)

Distillation Equipment," by John T. Chambers, IER Series 75, Issue 19, 31 pp., (g)

November 1959.

"Series Staging of Vapor Compression Distillation, " by John T. Chambers and Poul

S. Larsen, IER Series 75, Issue 20, 39 pp.,

May i960.

"Current and Potential Methods for Demineralizing Water, " by Everett D. Howe,

IER Series 75, Issue 21, 13 pp., May i960. (2063)

"An Engineering Evaluation of Some currently Proposed Methods for Biological Conversion of Saline Waters," by William J. (b)

Oswald et al, 42 pp., February i960. (c)

"Ionite Membranes and Their Characteristics

tics," by V. A. KLachko, Translation from

the Russian by A. Kusubov, IER Series 75>

Issue 22, 34 pp., August i960.

"Berkeley Progress Report for the Year

Ending June 30, i960," IER Series 75,

Issue 23, 29 pp., August i960.

^Requests for copies should be directed to: Institute of Industrial Cooperation, Department of Engineering, University of

California, Los Angeles, California.

**Requests for copies should be directed to

Sea Water Conversion Laboratory, University

of California, 1301 South 46th Street,

Richmond, California.

THE MECHANICS OF BOTTOM SEDIMENT MOVEMENT

WITH OSCILLATORY WAVES.

Beach Erosion Board.

Hydraulic Laboratory, Hesse Hall, Univ.

of California, Berkeley, California.

Experimental; basic research.

To obtain experimental information on the

criterion for initial and general move- ment of bottom sediment by wave action.

Prototype conditions of the relative

motion of water and bed were simulated by

use of an oscillating plate in still water.

A theoretical solution has been found for

the turbulent boundary layer flow along an oscillating surface and was empirically

checked for the smooth bottom. A solution

has been found for the rough wall, but must

be checked for various different types of

roughness. The theoretical solution does

not permit the determination of the bottom

shear and may be unsatisfactory for this

reason.

STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS FOR SHEAR IN

SAND- CLAY-WATER MIXTURES.

Laboratory and field project.

Hydraulic Laboratory, Hesse Hall, Univ.

of California, Berkeley, California.

Experimental; basic research.

Stress-strain measurements are procured by

means of plungers of given diameters, which

are pressed into the sediment mixtures at a constant strain rate during which the

stress is recorded by a system of strain

gauges attached to a proving ring that is

deformed as the plunger enters the sediment

The stress-strain relations are computed in

terms of M. G. Bekker's coefficients.

Experimental work to be concluded Dec. 3±,

i960.

The results show that for given water

content strength of sediments becomes

greater, (l) as base exchange capacity

of clay increases, (2) as grain size de- creases (i.e.) as total surface area of

constituent particles increases, (3) as clay-sand ratio increases.

METHODS OF DETECTING AND TRACING THE MOVEMENT OF GROUND WATER.

U. S. Bureau of Reclamation.

Hydraulic Laboratory, Hesse Hall, Univ.

of California, Berkeley, California.

6
(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) This study has as its objectives study of

velocity variations observed in tracing

the flow of liquids through porous media,

development of methods and tracers for

field determination of water movement underground, and application of these methods to

location and measurement of seepage from

canals

(g) A field study of the use of tritium for

tracing and evaluating seepage losses from

a canal has been conducted. A report is

in preparation.

(h) "Dispersion of a Water Tracer in Radial

Laminar Flow Through Homogeneous Porous

Media," by L. K. Lau, W. J. Kaufman, and

D. K. Todd, Inst, of Engrg. Research Rept.

93-5, 78 pp., 1959-

(2261) WAVE REFRACTION RESEARCH.

(b) Beach Erosion Board, Department of Army,

Washington, D. C. (c) Experimental; basic research.

( e ) Laboratory studies are being made of the

refraction and some (diffraction and re- flection) phenomena of water waves. Special attention is being given to the "Ma.ch stem" phenomenon.

( g ) In shallow water the velocity of a water

gravity wave depends upon the depth of

water as well as upon the length of the

wave. When it travels in shoaling water

it bends. This refraction changes the wave height and direction. Powerful

graphical and analytical tools are available for use by the engineers; however,

there is an almost complete lack of evidence as to their accuracy. The purpose

of this contract has been to perform laboratory experiments to check the validity

of the techniques used in practice. The

first series of tests were performed in a ripple tank; these showed that the techniques were fairly reliable from a practical standpoint. A series of tests were made in a model basin 150 ft . by 6k ft . by

2 1/2 ft. deep. The results of these tests

have been published. Tests have been con- ducted on the formation of secondary wave

crests as periodic waves pass into shoal

water, and the results have been found to

compare favorably with theory. Studies

have been made of the non-reflecting characteristics of waves incident to a steep

slope, large plane angle shore, and the

results presented in a report. Studies

are being made of the refraction and short

crested wind generated waves in the laboratory.

(h) "Experimental Study on the Solitary Wave

Reflection Along a Straight Sloped Wall at Oblique Angle of Incidence" by T. C. Chen,

Univ. of Calif., IER, Tech. Rept. 89-5,

29 pp., August i960.

(2265) FORCES ON ACCELERATED CYLINDERS.

(b) Engineering Foundation and laboratory

project

(c) Prof. A. D. K. Laird, 109 Mechanics Bldg.,

University of California, Berkeley h,

California.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Measurement of drag coefficients and flow

configurations about cylinders during ac- celerated motion in fluids as related to wave forces as cylinders.

(g) "Water Forces on Accelerated Cylinders,"

A. D. K. Laird, C. A. Johnson, and R. W. Walker, Journal Waterways and Harbors Div.,

Proc. Amer. Soc. of Civil Engr., Vol. 85,

No. WW1, Mar. 1959.

"Water Eddy Forces on Oscillating Cylinders,

A. D. K. Laird, C. A. Johnson, and R. W. Walker, Journal Waterways and Harbcrs Div.,

(in press)

( 2505 ) EFFECT OF SEDIMENT DISTRIBUTION IN STREAM

CHANNELS.

(b) University project.

(c) Hydraulic Laboratory, Hesse Hall, Univ.

of California, Berkeley, California.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Alluvial flows in channels with artificially secured banks are studied systematically for their tendency to meander as ex- pressed by the development of alternate

bars. It is the aim of this study to develop criteria for stability.

(f) Experimental work concluded.

(g) The important parameters seem to be the

Froude's number, the depth-width ratio

and the size and uniformity of the bed

sediment. The uneven distribution of

friction between banks and bed is of prime

importance.

(h) Ph.D. Thesis in preparation.

(2753) HYDRAULIC BREAKWATER.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the

Navy.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Determination by model tests of the mechanisms by which hydraulic breakwaters

dampen water gravity waves

(g) Three dimensional tests in a model basin

show that the effect of wave refraction

due to the currents generated by the hydraulic breakwater is of primary importance. For certain conditions the area in

the lee of the breakwater can be made to be

almost free of waves, while for other con- ditions the waves behind the breakwater

will be higher than if there were no hydraulic breakwater in operation. A series

of model sizes have been used and a definite scale effect observed. Tests have

been completed in connection with the

measurement of the currents generated by

the jets and then the effect of the cur- rents on the waves, the purpose being to

find out in which portion of the mechanism

the scale effect occurs. It was found that

the scale effect occurred in the orifice.

The results have been published. Tests are under way at present on the effect of hydraulic breakwaters on wind generated waves

as it is believed that the short period

components of such a wave system will be

7
damped, allowing the long period wave

components to get past the breakwater,

(h) "Wave Dissipation by Compressed Mr

(Pneumatic Breakwater)" by S. I. Radionov,

translated by Hildegaard Arnesen, Univ. of

Calif., IER, Tech. Rept . 10k-9 , kf pp.,

April i960.

"Verification of the Froude Modeling Law

for Hydraulic Breakwater" by John A. Williams, Univ. of Calif., IER, Tech. Rept.

lOU-11, 1+3 pp., August i960.

(2755) DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS TO TRACE SEDIMENTS

USING RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS.

(b) U. S. Corps of Engineers.

(c) Prof. H. A. Einstein, Univ. of Calif.,

Berkeley h, California.

(d) Experimental; theoretical, and field.

(e) Radioactive materials are sought which

can be permanently attached to sediment

grains from the sand to the clay sizes

The instrumentation is to be developed by

which these tagged sediments can be observed in prototype water courses, particularly in the San Francisco Bay.

(g) Scandium-46 and gold-198 have been found

to be the best suited materials. The

instrumentation for field detection of

radioactivity has been developed. Four

field tests in San Francisco Bay have been

completed and analyzed. These tests have

shown that clayey sediments are transported

in salt water in general suspension only

and are deposited in stable form from water

flowing at less than two feet per second

average velocities.

(h) "First Annual Progress Report on the Silt

Transport Studies Utilizing Radioisotopes,"

R. B. Krone, 117 PP-, Dec. 1957- Obtain

from author at U.C.E.F.S. 1301 South 46th

Street, Richmond, California.

"Second Annual Program Report on the Silt

Transport Studies Utilizing Radioisotopes,"

122 pp. Final Reports in preparation.

(3019) ANALOG MODELS FOR HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Hydraulic Laboratory, Hesse Hall, Univ.

of Calif., Berkeley, California.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; design and

development

(e) Electric analog elements to represent all

major hydraulic features of a flood control

project are being designed and constructed

with the purpose of devising a tool en- abling hydraulic engineers to optimize the

design and operation of flood control systems . (f) Completed.

(3020) BOUNDARY LAYER FRICTION IN THE DOLPHIN.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Hydraulic Laboratory, Hesse Hall, Univ.

of California, Berkeley, California.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Purpose is to elicit whether there is an anomaly in skin friction of dolphins.

(f) Completed.

(g) Observations of four large groups of dolphins suggest that they are able to swim

at a sustained speed of Ik to 18 knots.

The black fish are able to maintain about

22 knots and one killer whale seemed able

to swim somewhat faster. This implies that

the apparent coefficient of surface friction remains approximately constant for

dolphins from 6 to 22 feet long, as is the

case for rigid bodies; but on the basis

of probable muscle power, it is only 1/8

the value for rigid bodies.

(h) "Sustained Swimming Speed of Dolphins"

will appear in Science during Nov. or Dec,

I960.

(3022) FLOATING BREAKWATER

(b) U. S. Navy Civil Engineering Laboratory.

(d) Analytical and experimental-applied re- search.

(e) Analytical and experimental studies of new

concepts of floating breakwaters

(g) Several new concepts have been investigated. One of these systems consisted of

a series of long plastic tubes ( slightly

buoyant) connected side by side and filled

with water. The effectiveness of the system was remarkable for wave lengths of

the order of one-half the tube length, or

less. Additional work has been done with

large plastic bags filled with water with

the same results. Small scale laboratory

studies have been completed, including the

measurement of forces in the mooring lines.

Medium scale tests are being made in San

Francisco Bay.

(h) "Transmission of Waves Past a Rigid Vertical

Thin Barrier" by R. L. Wiegel, Jour. Waterways and Harbors Division, ASCE, Vol. 86,

No. WW1, pp. 1-12, March i960.

"Floating Breakwater Survey to 15 August

1959" by R. L. Wiegel, Univ. of Calif.,

IER, Tech. Rept. 11+0-2, 53 PP- , August

1959-

"Floating Breakwater Survey, 15 August

1959 to 30 June i960" by R. L. Wiegel,

H. W. Shen, and 0. C. Wright, Univ. of

Calif., IER, Tech. Rept. lk0-3, 1+6 pp.,

June I960.

(3023) PRESSURE GENERATED WATER WAVES.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) This is a study of the coupled waves generated by a pressure area moving over

the water surface, both two dimensional

and three dimensional; in addition, ana- lytical studies are being made of long waves

(f) Completed.

(g) The conoidal wave theory has been reduced

to the form that rapid calculations can

be made with it, using curves and tables.

Laboratory tests in three dimensions have

been made to determine the limit of the

effect of surface tension. Tests well

within the gravity wave regime have been

completed.

(h) "Presentation of Conoidal Wave Theory for

8
Practical Application, " by R. L. Wiegel,

Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 7> Part

2, pp. 273-286, i960.

"Hurricane Storm Surge Considered as a Resonance Phenomenon," by G. Abraham, Proc.

Seventh Conf. on Coastal Engrg., Council

on Wave Research, The Engrg. Foundation,

196l.

"Some Aspects of Surface Water Wave Scale

Effects" by G. Abraham, accepted for publication, Jour. Hydraulics Division, ASCE.

(3380) SANTA ROSA CREEK STRUCTURES.

(b) U. S. Soil Conservation Service.

(c) Hydraulic Laboratory, Hesse Hall, Univ. of

California, Berkeley, California.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Model tests of structures designed to regulate the flood flows and sediment loads

in Santa Rosa Creek-. (f) Concluded.

(g) The combination of a flow regulating orifice with a diversion dam and a sediment

carrying tube provides a satisfactory so- lution.

(h) "Model Study of Santa Rosa Creek Hydraulic Structures," by G. Kalkanis, IER se- ries No. IkQ, Issue 1.

(3382) FLUME STUDY ON THE TRANSPORT OF ESTUARIAL

SEDIMENT.

(b) Corps of Engineers.

(c) Prof. H. A. Einstein, Univ. of California,

Berkeley, California.

(d) Experimental.

(e) The motion in saline water of estuarial

sediments is studied under controlled laboratory conditions. Both flumes and settling vessels are used. The viscosity settling and composition of sediment -water mixtures are also studied to understand the re- lationships between the flow and the deposit.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(3383) EFFECT OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS ON THE FLOW

OF WATER OVER ROCK SILLS.

(b) Thesis study.

(c) Prof. H. A. Einstein, Univ. of California,

Berkeley, California.

( d ) Experimental

(e) Smooth and rough rock sills are compared

in a 1-foot wide flume. The discharge

coefficient is determined for free and

submerged flows

(f) Completed.

(g) Discharge coefficient is determined for a sill with 6" crest width, 6" high and 1: it- slopes upstream and downstream. This discharge coefficient is somewhat lower than

that for a smooth dam of the same geometry.

The downstream velocity distribution with

0.1 foot rock is very different from that

on a smooth structure. The scour pattern

downstream is much more favorable than for

the smooth structure

(h) M. S. Thesis by Walter M. Linder, Univ. of

California, Civil Engineering i960. Project report in preparation.

(338*0 SAND MOVEMENT BY WIND.

(b) Beach Erosion Board.

(d) Experimental.

(e) To develop a trap and auxiliary equipment

for field measurements of the rate of sand

movement by wind action. Tests on various

types of traps were made in a wind tunnel

to determine the trap efficiency as a function of the wind characteristics. Some

field experiments also have been conducted.

(h) "Sand Movement by Wind Action on the Characteristics of Sand Traps," by K. Horikawa

and H. W. Shen, Beach Erosion Board Tech.

Memo. No. 119, Aug. i960.

(3385) ELECTRIC FLOOD MODEL.

(b) U. S. Corps of Engineers, Kansas City District . (c) Hydraulic Laboratory, Hesse Hall, Univ. of

California, Berkeley, California.

(d) Experimental; design and development.

(e) Using analog model techniques a simulator

for the Kansas River and its tributaries is

being developed. Purpose is to provide a rapid and convenient means of estimating

the effects of reservoir operation and rainfall distribution on flood stages. All pertinent hydraulic variables will be under

operator's control, and a flood routing procedure completed each l/60 second.

(3386) SUBSURFACE SALINITY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Hydraulic Laboratory, Hesse Hall, Univ. of

California, Berkeley, California.

(d) Analytical and experimental; basic research.

(e) This investigation is concerned with the

dynamics of the fresh-salt water interface

in flow through porous media. Effects of

non-steady flows and dispersion will be

considered.

(g) Experimental measurements of dispersion at a fluctuating interface have been completed.

Other boundary conditions are being studied.

(h) "Singularity Distributions for the Analysis

of Multiple Fluid Flow Through Porous Media,"

by G. de Josselin de Jong, Jour. Geophysical

'Research, November i960.

"The Transition Zone Between Fresh and Salt

Waters in Coastal Aquifers," by J. Bear and

D. K. Todd, Water Resources Center Contribution No. 29, Univ. of California, Berkeley,

156 pp., i960.

(3672) WALNUT CREEK STABILIZATION.

(b) North Walnut Creek Emergency Flood Control

District

(c) Hydraulic Laboratory, Hesse Hall, Univ. of

California, Berkeley, California.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Model tests of structures to distribute

evenly the flow through a compound bend

with strong curvatures.

(g) A combination of low sills and lined sec- tions will increase or decrease the

roughness locally so that an even distribution of the flow will result.

9
(3673) JET PUMP FOR SEDIMENT.

(b) Pacific Coast Engineering Co. (c) Hydraulic Laboratory, Hesse Hall, Univ. of

California, Berkeley, California.

(d) Experimental.

(e) The use of a jet pump as a "booster pump at the end of the ladder of a suction dredge

is studied.

(367J+) SHEAR INTERFACE.

("b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Hydraulic Laboratory, Hesse Hall, Univ. of

California, Berkeley, California.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) The frictional boundary layer along an interface is to be studied systematically

with respect to shear, turbulence, stability of the interface and mixing of the

fluids.

(f) Literature survey started.

(3675) CLAY TRANSPORT.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Hydraulic Laboratory, Hesse Hall, and Engrg.

Field Station, University of California,

Berkeley, California.

(d) Experimental.

(e) A continuation and generalization of (3382)

to various types of clays. The effect of

flocculation and concentration of clay on

flows, and the deposition and scour of these

sediments are studied systematically.

(3676) ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE OF GROUND WATER.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Hydraulic Laboratory, Hesse Hall, Univ. of

California, Berkeley, California.

(d) Analytical and experimental; basic research

(e) This investigation is concerned with the

unsteady flow of water from recharge areas into homogeneous and nonhomogeneous aquifers.

(g) A solution of the general infiltration e- quation is being attempted by a digital

computer. Results will be compared with

experimental measurements.

(3677) ANNULAR NOZZLE GROUND EFFECT MACHINE.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Prof. R. L. Wiegel, Department of Civil

Engineering, University of California,

Berkeley, California.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Airborne vehicles supported by annular jets

have a lift considerably in excess of that

due to the jet momentum when operating in a region close to the ground. The dynamic

lift, bending moment, wave resistance, base

pressures, and intake pressures are being

measured for such a vehicle operating over both calm water and water with surface gravity waves present.

(h ) "Progress Report on Model Studies of an Annular Nozzle Type GEM" by R. L. Wiegel,

D. 0. Horning, W. M. Linder and G. Reichert,

Univ. of Calif., IER, Field Rept . No. 55,

23 pp., 15 June i960.

"Second Status Report on Model Studies of

an Annular Nozzle Type GEM," by R. L. Wiegel,

D. 0. Horning, J. Cumming, and M. Price,

Univ. of Calif., IER, Field Rept. No. 56,

52 pp., 15 Nov. i960.

(3678) OCEAN SEWER OUTFALLS.

(b) U. S. Public Health Service.

(c) Prof. J. W. Johnson, Prof, of Hydraulic

Engineering, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley,

California.

(d) Basic research.

(e) This study is concerned with the various

phenomena involved in the diffusion of

sewage at the discharge end of an ocean

sewer outfall.

(g) Phases investigated to date have involved

mixing resulting from jet action and sur- face wind waves

(h) "Jet Diffusion in Liquid of Greater Density"

by G. Abraham, Jour. Hyd. Div., ASCE, June

I960, pp. 1-13.

"The Effect of Wind and Wave Action on the

Mixing and Dispersion of Wastes" by J. W. Johnson, Proc. First Int. Conf. on Waste

Disposal in the Marine Environment, i960.

"Wind Waves and Swell" by R. L. Wiegel,

Proc. Seventh Conf. on Coastal Engin.,

Council on Wave Research, Berkeley, Calif.,

1961.

(3679) EFFECT OF THE STORM AND THE WATERSHED

GEOMETRIES ON THE OUTFLOW HYDROGRAPH.

(b) Water Resources Center, University of

California, Berkeley, California.

(c) Prof. J. Amorocho, Acting Asst. Prof, of

Civil Engineering, 110 Engineering Bldg.;

G. T. Orlob, Assoc. Prof, of Civil Engrg.,

kl2 F Hesse Hall, University of California,

Berkeley, California.

(d) Theoretical and experimental investigation

of the outflow history from a catchment as a response function of the inflow and the

catchment geometry.

(e) The objectives of the investigation include:

(l) A critical evaluation of the "unit

hydrograph" method with regard to its basic

assumptions and to the results of its application. The criteria for this evaluation are: (a) Studies of the solutions

of the fundamental equations of spacially

varied unsteady flow with emphasis on their sensitivity to changes in the parameters that define the inflow pattern and

the catchment characteristics, (b) Comparison between the outflow values that

result from the application of the unit

hydrograph method and actual measurements

of outflow in fully controlled laboratoryscale catchments. (2) Development of a procedure to derive inflow-outflow relationships for catchments that may be characterized by simple geometric parameters

when the inflow pattern is defined by isohyetals and by known frontal advance rates.

(g) Experiments completed to date in model

catchments with and without artificial res- ervoir simulation indicate that the assumption of uniqueness of the basin response to

10
inflow as represented by the "unit hydrograph" is not valid. The outflow rates

do not vary linearly with the inflow rates

during the unsteady state and the shape of

the storm has a very important bearing on

the shape of the hydrograph even when the

average value of inflow is the same over the catchment. Evaluations of inflow

gradient effects and droplet impact on the

flow are being conducted.

(c) Mr. 0. J. Sibul, Room 22k, Bldg. T-3, Univ.

of California, Berkeley, California.

(d) Basic research; applied research; design.

(e) The work undertaken under this program was

the design and construction of a power and

control system for the existing wave generator, such that a recorded ocean wave in a desired scale could be reproduced in the

towing tank. The system utilizes a magnetic tape input to servomechanism which makes

the wave-generator follow a prescribed time

distance curve.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Department of Naval

Architecture

(302*0 STABILITY OF VESSELS IN A SEAWAY.

(b) Society of Naval Architects and Marine

Engineers

(c) Prof. John R. Paulllng, Jr., Room 22h, Bldg.

T-3, University of California, Berkeley,

California.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research.

(e) A study of the effect of the seaway on the

transverse stability and capsizing of ships.

(f) Completed.

(g) It is shown that the transverse stability

of a ship in head or following seas may

differ appreciably from that of the same ship in calm water. Model experiments

yield results which agree quite well with

theoretical predictions. Charts have been

devised which enable the designer to predict the loss of stability in waves.

(h) "Transverse Stability of Tuna Clippers" by

J. R. Paulling. Fishing Boats of the World,

II, Fishing News Ltd., London, i960, pp h89-

"The Transverse Stability of a Ship in a Longitudinal Seaway" by J. R. Paulling,

( in preparation )

(3026) SHIP RESISTANCE IN UNIFORM WAVES AS A

FUNCTION OF BLOCK COEFFICIENT AND WAVE

STEEPNESS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the

Navy.

(c) Mr. 0. J. Sibul, Room 22h, Bldg. T-3, Univ.

of California, Berkeley, California.

(d) Experimental.

(e) A series of experiments were performed to

study the effect of width (beam) and the

block coefficient of the ship on the added

resistance in uniform waves. The following

block coefficients were used for Series

60 5-foot models: 0.60; 0.70; 0.80 and a model of DE 1006 with a block coefficient

of O.U9. For block 0.60 model two additional models were built, one with 0.75

and the other with 1.25 times the beam of

the parent form. All of the models were towed in waves 5 feet long at seven different wave steepnesses between 0.01^6 and

0.0681k

(3029) REPRODUCTION OF RECORDED OCEAN WAVES IN A

SHIP MODEL TOWING TANK.

(b) Natl. Sci. Foundation and Univ. of Calif.

(368IO PROPAGATION OF WAVES OVER AN OBSTACLE IN

WATER OF FINITE DEPTH.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the

Navy.

(c) Professor J. V. Wehausen, Room 22^, Bldg.

T-3, University of California, Berkeley,

California.

(d) Theoretical basic research, thesis for a doctoral degree.

(e) The surface waves are investigated in a channel of infinite horizontal extent with

a uniform fluid depth except in a finite

region, where the contour of the bottom is

specified by some function, y = b(x). Finally, a specific problem is worked out for

a case of a bottom which is completely flat

interrupted only by a vertical barrier of

vanishing thickness. Curves are given for

the reflection coefficient as a function of

wave number, with the ratio of barrier

height to water depth as a parameter.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Propagation of Waves Over an Obstacle in

Water of Finite Depth" by T. Francis

Ogilvie, University of California, IER

Series 82, Issue lh, May i960.

(3685) SHIP SLAMMING LOADS AND HULL RESPONSES.

(b) National Academy of Sciences - National

Research Council, Committee on Ship

Structural Design.

(c) Professor H. A. Schade, Room 22h, Bldg.

T-3, University of California, Berkeley,

California.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and

applied research.

(e) The project involves structural as well as hydrodynamic problems. Only the latter are described here. (l) It will be attempted

to determine the virtual mass distribution

along the length of a vibrating beam in

water (forced vibration as well as impact

loading). (2) A model of an element of

ship bottom structure will be dropped on a

free water surface. Strains, accelerations

and pressures will be measured.

(3686) N0N-LINEAR COUPLED SHIP MOTIONS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the

Navy.

(c) Professor John R. Paulling, Jr., Room 22h,

Bldg. T-3, University of California,

Berkeley, California.

(d) Theoretical with some experimental verification.

11
(e) It has "been shown that at certain frequencies of heave or pitch motion of a ship, a rolling motion of large amplitude may arise.

This is explained in terms of instabilities

of solutions of the equations of motion

which include certain non-linear coupling

terms

(g) The relationships "between natural frequencies in pitch and roll or heave and roll

which lead to unstable rolling motion have

"been obtained theoretically and verified

experimentally. Analog computational techniques have been used in investigating the

effect of damping.

(3687) PRESSURE DISTRIBUTIONS , ADDED-MASS, AND

DAMPING COEFFICIENTS FOR CYLINDERS OSCILLATING IN A FREE SURFACE.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the

Navy.

(c) Professor J. V. Wehausen, Room 22k, Bldg.

T-3, University of California, Berkeley,

California.

(d) Theoretical and experimental basic research,

thesis for a doctoral degree.

(e) A linearized theory is developed for the

pressure distributions, added-mass and

damping coefficients for horizontal cylinders oscillating vertically with small

amplitude while semi -immersed in the free

surface of a fluid of uniform depth. Calculated values are compared with values meas- ured in experiments.

(f) Completed.

(g) The measured values and values based on the

sample calculations show similar distinctive

behavior.

(h) "Pressure Distributions, Added-Mass, and

Damping Coefficients for Cylinders Oscillating in a Free Surface" by William R. Porter, University of California, IER

Series 82, Issue 16, July i960.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Institute of Industrial

Cooperation, Department of Engineering.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Prof. J. Morley English, ViceChairman, Research, Department of Engineering, Univ.

of California, Los Angeles 2k, California.

(3680) OPTIMIZATION OF WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT.

(b) Water Resources Center, University of

California.

(d) Theoretical; basic.

(e) Mathematical techniques are being developed for optimization of water resource

development, including rational cost allocation using dynamic programming.

(g) An overall model has been developed. Opti- mum design of aqueducts and corresponding

cost allocation for planning and design

purposes has been analyzed.

(h) "Optimization of the Utilization of a Water Resource," W. A. Hall, Department of

Engineering Report 58-I5, 1958, University

of California.

"Optimum Irrigation Practice Under Conditions of Short Supply", W. A. Hall and N. Buras, submitted for publication, Agricultural Engineering, i960.

"The Dynamic Programming Approach to Water

Resources Development," W. A. Hall and N. Buras, submitted for publication, Journal

of Geophysical Research, i960.

"Aqueduct Capacity Determination Under an Optimum Benefit Policy," W. A. Hall, submitted for publication, Journal A.S.C.E.,

I960.

"A Method for Allocating Costs of a Water

Supply Canal, " W. A. Hall, submitted for

publication, Journal A.S.C.E., i960.

(3681) HYDRAULICS OF SURFACE IRRIGATION.

(b) Agricultural Experiment Station, Univ. of

California, Davis, California.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and design.

(e) An investigation in the hydraulic characteristics of surface irrigation with particular reference to design of surface

irrigation systems.

(g) The unsuitability of Manning's equation for

shallow very rough flows has been demonstrated. The general time-distance relationships for border flows have been derived for an advancing stream (unsteady).

Application of these results to system

design has been made.

(h) "Estimating Irrigation Border Flow," W. A. Hall, Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 37 } No. k, 1956.

"Design of Irrigation Border Checks," W. A. Hall, Agricultural Engineering, Vol. kl,

No. 7, I960.

(3682) A STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF DECISION THEORY

IN CIVIL AND HYDROLOGIC ENGINEERING PRACTICE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical; basic.

(e) The influence of uncertainty must be con- sidered when designs are prepared for a water resources development. An optimum

design for a particular reservoir structure

must consider not only the expected, or average, value of benefits but also some measure of the aversion to (or, conversely,

the propensity for) the risk inherent in an uncertain future of inflows. The effect

of serial correlation in the data, and the

subsequent design requirements it imposes,

are considered. The study is being done,

in the main, by simulation techniques.

(g) A new design method is envisioned.

(h) "Report of the Harvard Water Resources

Program," (Harvard University press,

Cambridge, 1961) in press, to which the

author has contributed two chapters.

(3683) FOUNDATIONS AND EARTH STRUCTURES IN EARTHQUAKES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) A rather detailed summary is included of

the response of earth dams to earthquakes,

12
based on a study of the earthquake literature. Approximately fourteen earth dams are treated and the structural features and

damage details are given. Also treated are building foundations , bridge foundations

tunnels and landslides.

(f) Completed.

(g) Summarizing statements are included for

each type of foundation and earth structure

treated, indicating what is known from field

experience about their behavior in earthquakes, with emphasis on failures. The

earth dams and a number of the tunnels are hydraulic structures.

(h) "Foundations and Earth Structures in Earthquakes," C. Martin Duke, Proceedings Second

World Conference on Earthquake Engineering,

Tokyo, Japan, i960.

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, Research Foundation for Cross-Connection Control.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. K. C. Reynolds, Supervisor,

Research Foundation for Cross-Connection Control,

University of Southern California, Los Angeles 7,

California.

(1+9) RESEARCH FOUNDATION FOR CROSS-CONNECTION

CONTROL.

(b) Laboratory project

(d) Experimental research and field investigations; basic reaearch.

(e) To determine by proper research the relative

value and protection afforded by various

backflow prevention devices.

(g) Establishment of standardized laboratory

and field test procedures and minimum specification requirements for backflow prevention equipment and continuous evaluation

and improvement of such procedures and specifications .

(3688) MANUAL OF CROSS-CONNECTION CONTROL RECOMMENDED PRACTICE.

(b) Foundation Director was member of committee

of Southern California Water Utilities

Association which approved the entire manual

after a draft had been prepared by a subcommittee of four.

(d) Field investigations and applied research.

(e) Manual was in preparation for six years and

includes some reports of the Foundation.

This is a handbook for the purveyor of a public water supply.

(f) Manual completed.

(g) The 125-page, 12-section manual provides a compendium on cross-connection control

practices. A few of the section headings

are: definitions, typical facilities,

cross-connection control practices, specifications of devices.

(h) "Manual of Cross-Connection Control Recommended Practice" was edited and published

by Research Foundation for Cross-Connection

Control, University of Southern California.

Price $3-90 per copy.

CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Department of

Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning the following projects except

when otherwise indicated should be addressed to

Dr. T. E. Stelson, Dept. of Civil Engineering,

Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh 13,

Pennsylvania.

(183U) AIR-WATER FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Analytical and experimental.

(e) Study of air-binding in pipelines. Particular attention is given to the mechanism

and relationships causing separation of air

into pockets, re-entrainment of air at a turbulent interface and energy losses as- sociated with the phenomenon.

(g) Experimental studies of 2-and 6- inch diameter pipes have been completed for a variety of flow conditions.

(206k) VIRTUAL MASS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Analytical and experimental.

(e) Determination of the inertia drag on bodies

moving in fluids in rotational motion and

under varying conditions of translati onal

motion.

(2275) FLOW OF LIQUID-SOLID MIXTURES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Analytical and experimental.

(e) Study of the movement of granular material

carried in a fluid through closed conduits.

Measurements of velocities, energy losses,

concentrations and segregated conditions

are made

(2759) FLOW INTO VERTICAL SHAFTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and analytical.

(e) Evaluation of flow into vertical shafts

for different conditions of geometry,

gradeline, head and surface condition.

(f) Inactive.

(3203) PRESSURE SURGES IN CLOSED CONDUITS.

(b) Laboratory project - National Science Foundation Fellowship.

(d) Analytical and experimental.

(e) Determination of pipe geometry on the re- flection and transmission of pressure

surges in closed conduits.

(3205) FLOW OF LIQUID-SOLID MIXTURES IN INCLINED

PIPES

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Analytical and experimental.

(e) Study of the special problems that develop

when liquid-solid mixtures are carried in

inclined pipes.

(3390) MECHANICS OF NON-NEWTONIAN FLOWS.

13
(c

(d

(e

(3391

(b

(c

(d

(e

(3392

(c

(d

(e

(3393

(>

(c

(d

(e

(f

(3689

0>

(c

(d

(e

Laboratory project.

Dr. G. Bugliarello, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh

13, Pennsylvania.

Analytical and experimental.

Study of energy relationships, velocities

and flow structure in non-newtonian flows

VORTEX FORMATION.

Laboratory project.

Dr. G. Bugliarello, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh

13, Pennsylvania.

Analytical and experimental.

Study of onset, development, stability and

decay of vortex motion in free surface

flows

SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN NATURAL STREAMS.

Laboratory project.

Dr. G. Bugliarello, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh

13, Pennsylvania.

Experimental and analytical.

Studies of stream geometry, sediment load

characteristics and velocities for typical

natural stream conditions.

EVAPORATION FROM MOVING SURFACES.

Laboratory project-. Dr. G. Bugliarello, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh

13, Pennsylvania.

Analytical.

Study of the influence of kinematic conditions at the liquid-solid interface on the

evaporation process.

Inactive

PHASE SEPARATION EFFECTS IN THE FLOW OF

BLOOD.

National Institutes of Health.

Dr. G. Bugliarello, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh

13, Pennsylvania.

Experimental and analytical.

Study of the magnitude of the phase separation effect in the flow of blood for

vessels of different sizes and configurations,

both under steady and pulsating flow conditions .

(e) Study of the celerity and intensity of

pressure waves in solid-liquid mixtures of

different characteristics flowing in pipes.

(3692) SEPARATION FLOW OF SOLID-LIQUID MIXTURES.

00

(d)

(e)

Allegheny County Sanitary Authority.

Experimental and analytical.

In the separation or divergence of flowing

liquid-solid mixtures unbalanced concen- trations frequently occur in the different

channels. Methods are being developed to

predict and control the unbalance.

(3690) FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF FOAMS.

(b) National Institutes of Health.

(d) Experimental and analytical.

(e) Study of the flow characteristics of foams

in closed conductors and open channels of

varying geometry.

(3691) WAVE PROPAGATION IN SOLID-LIQUID MIXTURES.

00

(c)

(d)

Laboratory project.

Dr. G. Bugliarello, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh

13, Pennsylvania.

Experimental and analytical.

COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY, Hydraulics Laboratory,

Civil Engineering Section.

(55) SNOW COURSE MEASUREMENTS AND FORECAST

ANALYSIS.

(b) Soil Conservation Service, Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Jack N. Washichek, Snow Survey Supervisor, Colo. State Univ; Civil Engrg. Sect.,

Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Field investigations ; applied research.

(e) Systematic measurements of depth and water

content of snow at high elevations in

Colorado and New Mexico mountain areas for

the purpose of forecasting the runoff of

the principal rivers of the state in the

interest of irrigation, power, domestic

supplies, and other uses. The use of electrical resistance soil moisture units is

being tested to determine a factor of soil

moisture deficiency for water supply forecast purposes. Most of the major basins now have 2 or more soil moisture stations

installed. A period of record must follow

before any degree of correlation can be

accomplished.

(g) Forecasts are now being issued at forty

gaging stations in Colorado and New Mexico.

As forecast procedures improve, more and more vital streams will be forecasted.

(h) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station

General Series Papers - Monthly Snow Survey Reports for the Rio Grande, Colorado

and Platte-Arkansas Drainage Basin.

Three small basin reports and one two-state

bulletin, covering the Rio Grande, Colorado,

and Platte -Arkansas drainages are issued

monthly, February through May. Supplemental

reports are issued January 1, May 15, and

June 1.

(821) GROUND-WATER FLUCTUATIONS AND THEIR RELATION

TO PUMPING.

(b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. M. M. Skinner, Assistant Civil Engineer, Civil Engineering Section, Colo.

State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The work consists of semiannual measure- ments of the depth to the water table in

about 300 observation wells in the Arkansas

and South Platte Valleys in Colorado.. The

observation wells, a few with continuous

Ih
(g)

(1837)

recorders, are strategically located in

pumping areas. Data on power consumption

are also gathered for comparison with

water-table elevations. The work is co- ordinated with the Ground Water Branch,

U.S.G.S.

Water tables continue to generally decline

in areas which depend entirely upon ground

water for irrigation and have a small natural recharge in comparison to withdrawals.

Water tables in the main stem aquifers and e areas under canals have recovered quite

well following the dry period of the early

1950's.

"Water Table Fluctuations in Eastern Colo."

by W. E. Code, Colorado State University

Agr. Expt. Sta. Bulletin 500-S, 3^ pp.

August 1958.

"The Manifold Stilling Basin," by G. R. Fiala and M. L. Albertson, Colorado State

University, Civil Engineering Dept. Report

No. CER58MLA35.

SEALING OF IRRIGATION CANALS BY BENTONITE

SEDIMENTING.

Colorado State University Experiment

Station, USDA - Agricultural Research Service and Irrigation Districts and Companies.

Mr. R. D. Dlrmeyer, Jr., Project Leader,

Engineering Research, Colorado State Univ.,

Fort Collins, Colorado.

Applied research and development at field

sites, supported by laboratory research

where needed.

Development work with Wyoming high- swell

bentonite as a sedimenting agent in sealing irrigation canals is essentially com- plete. The research and development work

is now being concentrated on the use of

the low-swell varieties of bentonite as a sedimenting agent for sealing irrigation

canals and reservoirs.

Completed.

The main advantages of the low-swell

bentonite over the high-swell varities are listed as follows: (l) The low-swell va- rieties are relatively common in many parts

of the Western United States and in other

areas of the world, whereas the high-swell

bentonites are mainly found in Wyoming, and

(2) the chemical character of the low-swell

bentonites make them compatible with salty

soils and hard waters whereas the highswell bentonites can undergo objectional

physical changes when subjected to such

conditions

(107^) HYDRAULICS OF STILLING BASINS.

(c)

U)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(b)

(c)

(a)

(e)

(f)

(g)

U. S. Bureau of Public Roads.

Mr. G. L. Smith, Assistant Civil Engineer,

Civil Engineering Section, Colorado State

University, Fort Collins, Colorado.

Experimental; applied and fundamental.

Experimental investigation was made of scour and scour control in an alluvial

bed involving outflow from a cantilevered

pipe. Scour control was accomplished by

means of a pre-shaped basin in the alluvial

bed armorplated with graded aggregate.

(h)

( 2066

(b

(c

(d

(e

(f

(h

(2277

(b

(c

(d

(e

Quantitative tests were limited to rec- tangular channels with rigid vertical sides

but of varying width. A qualitative investigation was scour and scour control in an alluvial channel of trapezoidal cross- section but of one width only. Outflow

from the pipe was steady, uniform flow.

Laboratory tests have been completed. A report covering work to date is being com- pleted.

Generalized design criteria for an armorplated, pre-shaped stilling basin have

been developed. The design criteria are limited to certain flow and sediment

characteristics in a rectangular channel

with rigid, vertical sides and of a given

width. In alluvial channels, armorplating of channel banks is essential to channel stability. In addition, decreasing

the slope of the channel banks increases

the effectiveness in scour control brought

about by the armor plated, pre-shaped basin

and banks

"Scour and Scour Control Below Cantilevered

Culvert Outlets," by G. L. Smith, Colorado

State University, Civil Engineering Dept.

Report is now in preparation.

"Sediment Sealing of Irrigation Canals,"

by R. D. Dirmeyer, and R. T. Shen, (Report

of three-year period of 1957 through 1959) 3 Colorado. Report No. CER0ORDD33, July

i960.

STUDY OF OPEN CHANNEL CONSTRICTIONS IN A SLOPING FLUME.

U. S. Bureau of Public Roads.

Dr. H. K. Liu, Associate Civil Engineer,

Civil Engineering Section, Colorado State

University, Fort Collins, Colorado.

Experimental; applied.

Scour at bridge abutments of various shapes

and dimensions have been investigated in

the laboratory. Natural sediment having mean sizes of approximately 0.^5 mm were used in the tests. Sediment supply of

mainly bed load varied from zero to less

than 1000 ppm.

Laboratory tests have been completed. Data

are being analyzed and compiled.

Criteria for estimating the maximum depth

of scour at abutments have been established.

The maximum depth of scour, for given sediment size, is found to depend upon the

flow depth, velocity, and abutment length

and geometry.

Report in preparation.

STUDY OF EVAPORATION FROM SOIL SURFACES

IN TERMS OF SOIL AND MICR0METE0R0L0GICAL

FACTORS.

Contributing project to Western Regional

Project W-32 "Basic Hydrological Factors

Relating to Water Conservation".

Dr. Richard A. Schleusener, Assistant

Research Engineer, Civil Engineering Section,

Colorado State University, Fort Collins,

Colorado

Experimental; basic research.

The project is a study of evaporation from

15
soil surfaces. During the past year experiments have "been conducted to determine the

effect of cyclic variation of ambient conditions of temperature, humidity and radiation

on an inverse relation that sometimes exists

between the rate of evaporation from a free

water surface and the rate of evaporation

from a soil in contact with a water table

A study is beginning to determine the effect of gradation, thickness, and soil type

on the effectiveness of a gravel mulch for

reduction of evaporation.

(g) Under cyclic ambient conditions, the inverse

relation between the rate of evaporation

from a soil in contact with a water table

and that from a free water surface can oc- cur if the ambient conditions are such that

the evaporation rate from a free water sur- face reaches a minimum value that depends

on soil type, depth to water table, and may

depend on the length of time these ambient

conditions exist. The phenomenon does not

appear to depend on order of time in which

the ambient conditions occur. Preliminary

studies on the characteristics of gravel

mulches indicate that as much as 50 to 90

percent of the moisture lost by evaporation

from a soil surface initially saturated

can be conserved during the first 3 "to 5 days of drying by application of a layer of

gravel to the surface

(h) "Modification of Bridge Control to Simulate

Diurnal Variation of Temperatures, Humidity,

and Radiation. " Agric. Eng. kl( 7 )

h^O-k^l,

July i960, CER60RAS25.

(2279) LABORATORY AND FIELD STUDY OF THE VORTEX

TUBE SAND TRAP.

Cooperative project: Colorado Agricultural

Experiment Station and Agricultural Research

Service. See U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service,

page 110.

(2513) WATER AND SEDIMENT MEASURING EQUIPMENT FOR

EPHEMERAL STREAMS.

(b) Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment

Station, Agricultural Research Service and

Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. A. R. Robinson and Dr. A. R. Chamberlin,

Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The present phases of the project are to

further develop measuring flumes of trapezoidal shapes for measurement of flows

with steep gradients and for a large range

of flows.

(g) Tests of a large 1:2 model have been com- pleted. These tests were made by corre- lating the results with field measurements

and conditions. Upstream approach conditions and flume geometry were made to cor- respond to the field situation. A number

of structures have been constructed and

are being observed in the field.

(h) "Trapezoidal Measuring Flumes for Determining Discharges in Steep Ephemeral

Streams," by A. R. Robinson, Colorado State

University Research Foundation, Civil

Engineering Section, Fort Collins, Colo.,

Report No. CER59ARR1.

"Model Study of a Trapezoidal Flume for

Measurement of Stream Discharge," by A. R. Robinson, Colo. State Univ. Research Foundation, Civil Engineering Section, Fort

Collins, Colorado, Report No. CER59ARR57.

(2514) STUDY OF RESISTANCE TO FLOW AND SEDIMENT

TRANSPORT IN ALLUVIAL CHANNELS.

(b) U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Mr. D. B. Simons, Project Chief, U. S. Geological Survey, Colorado State Univ.,

Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research

(staff, doctoral and Masters).

(e) A detailed study of resistance to flow and

sediment transport in alluvial channels is

underway. Bed materials with median diameters of 0.19 mm, 0.28 mm, 0.^4-5 mm and

0.93 mh are being studied.

In addition, the following related investigations are active: (l) A study of the

effect of fine sediments (clay size) on flow in alluvial channels, (2) A study of

the effect of temperature on flow in

alluvial channels, and (3) A study of the

effect of gradation size of bed material

on flow in alluvial channels.

(g) Forms of bed roughness in alluvial channels

have been classified. The relation of re- sistance to flow to forms of bed roughness

has been discussed. The effect of change

in form of bed roughness on depth-discharge

relations for alluvial streams has been

described. It has been verified that

whether or not ripples form is a function

of the size of bed material and that dunes

will form irrespective of size of bed material, provided sufficient shear can be

exerted on the bed material by the watersediment complex to cause general motion

without having the Froude number equal or exceed unity. The effect of fine sediment

(large concentrations of clay) on the apparent viscosity of the water- sediment

complex, the fall velocity of the sediment

and the effective size of the bed material

have been studied. In general, the addition of fine sediment reduces the fall ve- locity and effective size of the bed ma- terial and can cause significant changes

in form of bed roughness, resistance to

flow, and bed material transport. A preliminary study of effect of temperature

change- shows that a decrease in temperature will decrease the fall velocity and

the effective size of the bed material

sufficiently to change form of bed rough- ness under certain poised conditions. In a sense, the effect of reducing temperature is similar to the effects of adding

fine sediment to the water only they are

not as significant.

(h) "A Study of Flow in Alluvial Channels,

Water Supply Paper No. ll+98a - Flume

Studies Using Medium Sand (0.^5 mm) - in

branch of texts, "by D. B. Simons and E. V. Richardson.

"A Study of Flow in Alluvial Channels,

16
Water Supply Paper No. 1^98b - A Preliminary Investigation of the Effect of Fine

Sediment," by D. B. Simons, E. V. Richardson, and W. L. Haushild. Submitted

for publication.

"A Study of Flow in Alluvial Channels,

Water Supply Paper No. IU98C - Depth Discharge Relations," By D. B. Simons and

E. V. Richardson, submitted for publication.

"Forms of Bed Roughness in Alluvial

Channels," by D. B. Simons and E. V. Richardson. Submitted to ASCE for possible publication.

"A Study of Flow in Alluvial Channels,

Water Supply Paper No. 1^98d - The Effects

of Fine Sediment on Fluid Particles, Fall

Velocity and Flow Phenomenon," by W. L. Haushild, D. B. Simons and E. V. Richardson.

Submitted for publication.

"Total Sediment Transport in Alluvial

Channels," by R. J. Garde, Ph. D. Thesis,

Colorado State University, 1959-

"Total Sediment Transport in Alluvial

Channels - Effect of Fine Sediment on the

Mechanics of Flow in Alluvial Channels,"

by W. L. Haushild, M. S. Thesis, Colorado

State University, 1959-

"Sediment Transport in Alluvial Channels - Examination of Bagnold's 1956 Hypothesis,"

by E. V. Richardson, M. S. Thesis,

Colorado State University, i960.

"Resistance to Flow in Alluvial Channels,

by D. B. Simons and E. V. Richardson,

ASCE Publication, HY5, May i960.

(2760) METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.

(b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station

and U. S. Weather Bureau.

(c) Mr. Maxwell Parshall, Civil Engineering

Section, Colorado State University, Fort

Collins, Colorado.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The work is being done to obtain a precise long-time record of climatological

elements. The elements observed are: maximum, minimum, and current air temperature, wet and dry-bulb temperatures for

dew point temperature and relative humidity, soil temperatures at 3, 6, 12, 2k

36, and 72 inches, wind direction and

velocity at 65 feet and 15 inches above

surface, barometric pressure, evaporation

from a free water surface, water temperature at surface (maximum, minimum and

current), precipitation, cloud cover, dew and frost

(g) New extreme values of temperature have

been recorded recently. The long time mean temperature is increasing. Precipitation varies widely with no long time

trend apparent

(h) Summary of 70 years' record of Meteorological data in process of publication.

(2761) A STUDY OF THE ECONOMIC EFFECT OF CONTROLLING WATER USE IN AN AREA WHERE SURFACE AND GROUND-WATER RIGHTS APPLY TO A

SINGLE SUPPLY.

(b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station

and United States Department of Agriculture

Regional Project W-42. (Revised)

(c) Mr. M. W. Bittinger, Assistant Civil

Engineer, Civil Engineering Section,

Colorado State University, Fort Collins,

Colorado

(d) Field investigation applied research.

(e) The engineering phase of this study has as its purpose the determination of the interrelationships of ground water and surface

water in an area where both are used for

irrigation. An area in the South Platte

Valley has been chosen for this study.

The economic phase will be concerned with

the implications of various types of

legislative controls which may be applied

to the situation.

(g) Inflow, outflow data for a reach along the

main stem of the South Platte River have

been obtained. Partial analysis of this

data has been completed indicating where

the principal sources of water entering

the river occur and under what circumstances and amounts they occur. The

amount of pumping of ground water in the

valley near the river has been determined

and its effect upon the flow estimated.

Analytical methods have been developed to

compare with field measurements.

(h) "Colorado Ground Water Problems - Water

and the Law," by E. J. Farmer, Colorado

Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin

505 -S, January i960.

"Colorado Ground Water Problems - The Economic Picture," by I. F. Davis, Jr.,

Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station

Bulletin 506-S, June i960.

(2769) EVALUATION OF FLOWMETERS FOR THE MARTIN

COMPANY, DENVER DIVISION.

(b) The Martin Company, Denver, Colorado.

(c) Mr. Susumu S. Karaki, Assistant Civil

Engineer, Civil Engineering Section,

Colorado State University, Fort Collins,

Colorado

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The purpose of the project was to carry

out tests on the dynamic, kinematic and

general performance characteristics of

various types of flow meters used in con- junction with the Titan Missile program.

The flowmeters considered were the Gulton,

Gentile, Tube, and Maxson Ultrasonic, impact strain gage, turbine and rotameters.

The fluids under consideration were water,

liquid oxygen, liquid nitrogen, JP-4, fuel,

RP-1 fuel and MIL-O-5606 hydraulic fluid.

(f) Completed.

(g) Accuracy and reliability of certain types

of flowmeters were found to be dependent

upon fluid, flow and geometric characteristics. Changes in certain properties were

found to have their effects on the meter

calibrations

(h) "Influence of Elbow Location and Dynamic

Viscosity on Turbine Flowmeter Calibrations,"

by Fred Videon and A. R. Chamberlain,

Colorado State University Report No.

17
CER58ARC19

"Evaluation of the Performance Characteristics of Turbine-Type Flowmeters , " "by S. S. Karaki, F. Videon and F. Trelease,

Colorado State University Report No.

CER60SSKl4.

"Evaluation of the Effects of Viscosity on Performance of Turbine-Type Flowmeters,"

by S. S. Karaki, F. Videon and F. - Trelease,

Colorado State University Report No. CER60SSKL9

"The Effects of Bearing Wear and Induced

Fluid Rotation on Several Flowmeters," by

F. Videon and S. S. Karaki, Colorado State

University Report No. CER60SSK20.

"Evaluation of the Performance of Turbine

Type Flowmeters - A Summary Report," by

S. S. Karaki and F. Videon, Colorado State

University Report No. CER60SSK21.

(2770) A STUDY OF SHEAR STRESS FLUCTUATIONS AT A

LIQUID-SOLID INTERFACE BY MEASUREMENT OF

THE ELECTROKINETIC POTENTIAL FLUCTUATIONS.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. J. E. Cermak, Professor of Engineering

Mechanics and Civil Engineering, Head,

Aerodynamics Laboratory, Colorado State

University, Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

( e ) Electrokinetic-potential-fluctuation

spectra are being measured for a range of

electrode spacings and flow regimes in a glass pipe.

These data together with auto-correlation

data for the electrokinetic potentials

will be used to determine the character

of shear stress fluctuations at the pipe

wall.

(g) Preliminary electrokinetic-potentialfluctuation spectra show similar energyfrequency distributions as do turbulent

velocity fluctuations measured in a turbulent flow near a solid wall.

(h) "Electrokinetic-Potential Fluctuations

Produced by Turbulence at a Solid-Liquid

Interface," by Gilbert Binder, Ph. D. Dissertation, Colorado State University,

September i960, 121 pp.

(2902) DEVELOPMENT IMPROVEMENT OF WATER MEASURING

DEVICES

Cooperative project; Colorado Agricultural

Experiment Station and Agricultural Research Service. See U. S. Department of

Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service,

page 111.

(303^) DISTRIBUTION AND CONCENTRATION OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES IN STREAMS BY FLUVIAL

SEDIMENTS.

(b) U. S. Geological Survey for the Reactor

Development Branch of the Atomic Energy

Commission.

(c) Mr. D. W. Hubbell, Hydraulic Engineer,

U. S. Geological Survey, c/o Civil

Engineering Department, Colorado State

University, Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Experimental and theoretical research

based on both field and laboratory experiments; applied and basic research.

( e ) Natural streams provide a convenient and

effective medium for the disposal of lowlevel radioactive wastes. When radionuclides are introduced in streams they

become fixed on sediment particles. As a result, waste disposal depends, in part, on the transport and dispersion of the

sediment. Project activity Includes field

and laboratory studies on the application

and development of transport and dispersion

theory for bed and suspended load. In

addition, some phases of the dispersion

of liquid contaminants are being studied.

(g) Preliminary studies of polyethylene particles released from a point source indicate

that for dispersion at the water surface

of an 8-foot wide alluvial channel having

small dunes, transverse distribution of

particles follows a normal distribution,

and the coefficient of transverse diffusion, K, in the Fickian theory increases

with time and approaches a constant value

asymptotically.

(3035) CONSEQUENCES OF RESTRAINT ON MOTIONS OF A

MODEL SHIP.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of

the Navy.

(c) Mr. E. F. Schulz, Associate Civil Engineer,

Civil Engineering Section, Colorado State

University, Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The purpose of this project is to obtain

experimental data on the influence of

restraint on the model motions resulting

from wave trains acting on a model ship.

Initially the model motions will be

restrained and the forces and moments on

the model caused by the waves will be

measured.

(f) Completed.

(g) A six component balance was used to measure

the forces and moments on the restrained

model while being towed at various speeds on different headings. Report is now being

prepared

(3036) THE LONGITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION OF FORCES

AND MOMENTS ON A RESTRAINED MODEL IN WAVES.

(b) S-3 Panel of Hull Structure Committee,

Society of Naval Architects and Marine

Engineers

(c) Mr. E. F. Schulz, Civil Engineering Sec,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The primary objective of this project is

to impose pitching and heaving displacements (separately) varying sinusoidally in

time upon a model ship and to measure the

forces and moments as a function of time..

The models are segmented and attached to

an oscillating strongback by means of a stiff spring. The force on each end of

the segment is sensed by means of an SRU

strain gage. The simultaneous records of

the forces on the seven segments may be

18
used to construct a longitudinal shear

curve. The longitudinal bending moment

is found by graphical integration.

(f) Completed.

(g) The pitching and heaving experiments on a five-foot model of a T2-SE-A1 tanker have

been completed. The model was oscillated

at seven frequencies at rest and at three

speeds of advance. The results have been

analyzed and were compared with the ana- lytical findings of Haskind.

(h) "Longitudinal Distribution of Vertical

Mass, Vertical Moment of Inertia, Damping

Force and Damping Moment on a Pitching

and Heaving Ship," by M. R. Bottaccinni

and E. F. Schulz, Colorado State University

Report No. CER60EFS32.

(3037) STUDY OF ATMOSPHERIC SURFACE LAYER PHENOMENA IN A WIND TUNNEL.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. J. E. Cermak, Professor Engineering

Mechanics and Civil Engineering and Head

Aerodynamics Laboratory, Colorado State

University, Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search.

(e) Measurements of mean velocities and mean

temperatures together with turbulence intensities and correlations have been made

over a smooth, plane, heated or unheated

surface. The objective of the program is

to relate the turbulent boundary layer

structure to the thermal stratification

obtained by heating.

(g) Heating of the turbulent boundary layer

at low Reynolds number has been found to

produce the following effects: (l) In- crease the coefficient of drag, (2) in- crease the eddy viscosity, (3) increase

the correlation between vertical and horizontal velocity fluctuations.

(h) "Mean Velocity Profiles for Flow over a Plane, Smooth, Heated Boundary," by E. N. Earle, M. S. Thesis, Colorado State

University, June i960.

(301+1) MAGNITUDE AND FREQUENCY OF FLOODS FROM

SMALL WATERSHEDS IN ARID AND SEMI-ARID

AREAS.

(b) U. S. Bureau of Public Roads.

(c) Dr. Richard A. Schleusener, Civil Engineering Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Applied research.

(e) A study was made of factors affecting

peak rates of runoff in the semi -arid

region of eastern Colorado and adjacent

areas for watersheds less than 1000 square

miles

(f) Completed.

(g) It was determined from gaged watersheds

that peak rates of runoff can be estimated

from parameters of watershed area, channel

slope, and a soil infiltration index in

the region east of the Rocky Mountain foothills . Watershed area, elevation, and geographical location parameters can be used

for estimates of peak rates of runoff in

the Rocky Mountain foothills. Design

charts and procedures are presented for

determining peak rates of runoff from un- gaged watersheds using the appropriate

parameters

(h) "Study of Peak Rates of Runoff in Eastern

Colorado and Adjacent Areas," by Richard

A. Schleusener, George L. Smith and Lewis

0. Grant. Colorado State University

Report No. CER6ORAS3I.

"Procedures for Estimating Peak Rates of

Runoff in Eastern Colorado and Adjacent

Areas," by Richard A. Schleusener, George

L. Smith, and Lewis 0. Grant. Colorado

State University Report No. CER6ORAS3O.

(339*0 RESEARCH ON ARTIFICIAL AND NATURAL RECHARGE OF GROUND WATER IN COLORADO.

(b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. M. W. Bittinger, Assistant Civil

Engineer, Civil Engineering Section,

Colorado State University, Fort Collins,

Colorado

(d) Experimental and applied research.

(e) The research under this project is being

carried out in three major parts. Part I consists of an over-all analysis of the

artificial recharge needs and possibilities

in seven major ground-water basins in

Colorado. This analysis will be based

principally upon available information of

water supply, water quality, geology,

water use and other physical factors.

Part II consists of the selection and

establishment of field experiments on representative areas within the various

ground-water basins. Part III consists

of theoretical and laboratory studies to

extend the information obtained under

Part II. (g) Field studies have been established at three sites in the South Platte Basin of

Colorado. Studies have been completed at one of these sites, Prospect Valley. Analytical developments have been made to

compare with field measurements.

(h) "The Development and Dissipation of a Ground Water Mound Beneath a Spreading

Basin," by M. W. Bittinger and F. J. Trelease, presented at the i960 winter

meeting of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Memphis, Tennessee,

December 5-7, i960, Colorado State

University Report No. CER60MWB50.

(3395) FUNDAMENTAL STUDY OF A SUBMERGED THREEDIMENSIONAL JET IMPINGING UPON A NORMAL

PLANE.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Mr. George L. Smith, Assistant Civil

Engineer, and J. E. Cermak Head of Aerodynamics Laboratory, Colorado State

University, Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Analytical and experimental; basic re- search and graduate thesis.

(e) An analytical and experimental study is

being made of the axi symmetrical flow

19
resulting from an air jet impinging normally on a smooth flat boundary. Measurements

of velocity profiles and turbulent intensities are being made in the region of the

radial fully developed boundary layer. A shear meter is being designed to measure directly the wall shear stress in order to

check the results obtained by means of the

momentum integral equation. Experimental

data will be used to describe the phenomena

of the boundary layer flow,

(g) Preliminary pressure measurements in the

stagnation zone follow closely the pressure

distribution as given by irrotational flow

analysis. In the radial fully developed

boundary layer flow, data for five runs have been obtained in which the height of

the jet orifice was kept constant but the

jet diameter and discharge was varied.

These data indicate that the mean velocity

in the outer region follows a similarity

law and that in the inner region the shape

of velocity profiles varies slightly with

a characteristic Reynolds number.

(3397) BHUMIPHOL DAM TUNNEL JUNCTION.

(b) Engineering Consultants, Inc., Denver,

Colorado

(c) Mr. Susumu S. Karaki, Assistant Civil Engr.,

Civil Engineering Section, Colo. State

University, Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The purpose of this model study was to

devise a protective structure within an unlined outlet works tunnel to protect the

walls from erosion due to large velocities.

(f) Completed.

(g) A hydraulic jump stilling basin was developed in the model as a device to reduce

the velocities at the tunnel bend. The

basin was located immediately downstream

from the outlet valves within the circular tunnel. Concrete lining was provided

within the basin section to protect against

erosion. At maximum discharge the jump

completely filled the tunnel and positive

pressures were created in the zone upstream

from the stilling basin sill.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Study of the Outlet Works

for Bhumiphol Dam," by Susumu Karaki. Prepared for Engineering Consultants, Inc.,

Denver, Colorado. Colorado State University Report No. CER60SSK5

(3398) WIND TUNNEL MODELING OF ATMOSPHERIC DIFFUSION.

(b) National Institutes of Health.

(c) Dr. J. E. Cermak, Professor Engineering

Mechanics and Civil Engineering, and Head

Aerodynamics Laboratory, Colo. State Univ.,

Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) A point source of gas (ammonia) located

within a turbulent boundary layer formed

by the flow of air over a flat plate is

used to create a concentration field downstream of the source. Provisions are also

made to heat the boundary from below to

produce a boundary layer with unstable

density stratification. Sampling of the

concentration field is accomplished by

drawing measured volumes of gas through

water. The solution is then analyzed

colorimetrically to determine the methyl

amine concentration. The concentration

fields are being studied in an attempt to

determine the effects of non-isotropic

boundary layer turbulence on diffusion.

An attempt will be made to correlate windtunnel -diffusion phenomena to diffusion

phenomena in the atmospheric surface layer.

(g) Considerable concentration field data have

been obtained for the neutral boundary

layer case. Systematic variations of the

point -source elevation relative to the

local boundary layer thickness is yielding

information regarding the relative diffusion

rates as a function of position within the

boundary layer.

(h) "Wind Tunnel Modeling of Atmospheric Diffusion," by J. E. Cermak. Paper presented

at the Third Air Pollution Research Seminar

New Orleans, La. March i960. Colorado

State University Report No. CER6OJEC5.

Ph.D. Dissertation in preparation.

(3399) CLIMATOLOGY OF THE UPPER COLORADO RIVER

BASIN.

(b) State of Colorado - Colorado Water Conservation Board.

(c) Dr. Richard A. Schleusener, Assistant Research Engineer, Civil Engineering Section,

Colorado State University, Fort Collins,

Colorado

(d) Applied research.

(e) The research conducted at Colorado State

University involves a study of the variability of certain meteorological parameters

in the Upper Colorado River Basin, and

their relation to stream flow.

The Study at Colorado State University is

in cooperation with two other phases being

conducted by the University of Colorado,

Bureau of Economic Research, and the High

Altitude Observatory, respectively. In the other phases of the study, the variability of stream flow in the Upper Colo.

River Basin, and the relation of these

variations to various upper atmosphere

parameters is being investigated,

(g) Original weather records from 30 stations

in the Upper Colorado River Basin for 1283

station-years of record have been transferred to IBM cards. The data are being

reduced to storm totals, from which frequency distributions will be derived.

(3k00) HYDRAULICS OF SUB-CRITICAL FLOWS IN SMALL,

ROUGH CHANNELS.

(b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station;

U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service.

(c) Mr. Norman A. Evans, Head, Department of

Agricultural Engineering, Colorado State

University, Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Experimental and field investigations;

basic and applied, portions will be used

for master's and doctoral theses.

20
(e) This study is an experimental investigation

utilizing a tilting flume in which a small

channel 60-feet long is formed by natural

soil which is fixed in position against

movement by chemical spray. A variety of

roughness forms can be created on the bed. A range of channel slope and flow depth

are used. Channel shape is a variable.

(g) An equation was developed relating Chezy's

resistance coefficient to the standard deviation of the bed roughness in the longitudinal direction and the Reynold's number.

Although there is a clear relationship,

the standard deviation is inadequate to

fully characterize the bed roughness, and

some additional geometrical characterization is still needed. Turbulence has

been shown to develop in the shallow flows

at very low Reynold ' s numbers and on the

other hand, complete turbulence was not

developed in the channel at Reynold's num- ber in excess of 7>000.

(3^01) DRAINAGE DESIGN CRITERIA FOR IRRIGATED

LANDS.

(b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Norman A. Evans, Head Agricultural

Engineering Department, Colorado State

University, Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Applied.

(e) A sand tank has been used to study the

hydraulics of flow near the drain tile

as well as the design criteria for gravel

filters for tile drains. Hydraulic characteristics of flow through a gravelfilled mole drain will be studied later

as an extension of these studies.

(3U02) DEVELOPMENT OF AN ULTRASONIC STREAM BED

ANALYZER.

(b) Agricultural Research Service.

(c) Mr. S. S. Karaki, Assistant Civil Engineer

and Earl Gray, Instructor, Electrical

Engineering, Colo. State Univ., Fort

Collins, Colorado.

(d) Applied.

(e) The research was undertaken to develop an electronic instrument to simultaneously measure the water surface and stream

bed profiles in alluvial streams. This

instrument is to be used for research into

the mechanics of water and sediment flows

in alluvial streams at the Agricultural

Research Service Laboratory in Oxford,

Mississippi

(f) Completed.

(g) The Dual Channel Stream Monitor, as this

instrument has been named, has been suc- cessfully developed and tested in the

laboratory. Water surface and bed profiles can be mapped accurately under flume

conditions

(h) "Dual Channel Stream Monitor, Final Report

to Agricultural Research Service Beltsville,

Maryland," by Earl E. Gray and S. S. Karaki . Colorado State University Report

No. CER6OSSKU6.

"Operational Manual for the Dual Channel

Stream Monitor," by Earl F. Gray, and S.

S . Karaki

(3^03) A STUDY OF TWO-PHASE, SINGLE COMPONENT FLOW

IN A VENTURI.

(b) National Bureau of Standards, Boulder,

Colorado

(c) Mr. R. V. Smith, Associate Prof, of Mech.

Engineering, Colo. P

J:.-vte Univ., Fort Collins,

Colorado

(d) Experimental and applied.

(e) Controlled mass flows and vapor-to-liquid

ratios of steam and water are run in an instrumented Venturi tube. Pressure and

temperatures are recorded at stations a- long the tube. These data are used in

correlations and in preliminary analytical

studies

(f) Suspended.

(g) Some correlations have been successful.

Preliminary analytical calculations indicate the flow regime is changing through

• the venturi tube

(h) "A Preliminary Study of Steam and Water

Flow in Venturi Tubes," by R. B. Smith,

P. C. Wergin, J. H. Ferguson and R. B. Jacobs . Submitted to ASME Transactions

for publication. Colorado State University

Report No. CER60RVS^7.

(3693) THEORY OF CONSOLIDATED COMBINING PRIMARY

AND SECONDARY CONSOLIDATION.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Mr. I. S. Dunn, Associate Professor,

Colorado State University, Fort Collins,

Colorado

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search.

(e) The study consists of a mathematical analysis of the effect of viscoplastic resisance on the rate of pore pressure decrease

and of an experimental program to verify

the mathematical results and to investigate the effect of varied load increments

on the time-consolidation relationship.

The mathematical analysis will be carried

out by adding visco-plastic resistance

terms to the basic differential equation

of consolidation developed by Terzaghi

and solving the resulting equation either

by standard methods or by analysis of a theoretical model. The solution of this

system along with the laboratory consolidation curves will be used to produce the

relationships between plastic resistance and

related variables such as speed of deformation and percent of deformation.

(369I+) EVALUATION OF HAIL SUPRESSION.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. Richard A Schleusener, Assistant

Research Engineer, Colorado State Univ.,

Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Observations were made of the occurrence and intensity of hail in and near a com- mercial cloud-seeding operation conducted in

northeastern Colorado during the summer of 1959 for the purpose of attempting to

21
reduce hail damage. The distribution of

precipitation in the same region was also

studied.

(f) Completed.

(g) Simple instrumentation was developed to

estimate the intensity of hail fall in

terms of impact energy (foot-pounds per

square foot). Comparison of impact energies from "both seeded and non-seeded cases does not give a clear-cut distinction to

evaluate the seeding operation, hut does

appear to indicate a favorable effect

(reduction of hail intensity) in some cases

Analysis of precipitation anomalies,

based on a target -control analysis, shows

that nine out of ten storms gave positive

anomalies for the "target" stations.

(h) "An Energy Method for Relative Estimates

of Hail Intensity," R. A. Schleusener,

and P. C. Jennings. Bull. Amer. Meteor.

Soc. ^1(7): 372-376, I960. Colorado

State University Report No. CER59RAS25

"A Review of Research on Hail," by R. A. Schleusener. Colorado Farm and Home

Research 10(2) :l-3, May-June i960, Colo.

State University Report No. CER60RAS26.

"Hailstorm Damage to Crops in Northeastern Colorado, and an Analysis of Precipitation Anomalies Associated with a Cloud-Seeding Program in 1959," by R. A. Schleusener. Submitted for publication

to the Journal of American Society of

Sugar Beet Technologists. Colorado State

University Report No. CER60RAS1.

(3695) CHARACTERISTICS AND FORMATION OF HAIL.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. Richard A. Schleusener, Assistant

Research Engineer, Civil Engineering

Department, Colorado State University,

Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Field and laboratory investigation; basic

research.

(e) The characteristics and formation of hail

will be studied through the following

steps: (l) Development of suitable instrumentation to determine the characteristics of the hail reaching the ground;

(2) establishing a suitable network of

observing stations at the ground to determine these characteristics; (3) examination of the clouds from which the hail

falls, using visual, photographic, and

radar observations; and (k) determining

the effects of cloud modification by

artificial means. The synoptic environment in which hailstorms occur will be

examined.

(g) Instrumentation is being developed for

the first phase of the study. A limited

ground network of observing stations was established in the summer of i960. The

work will be continued and expanded in

1961.

(h) "The 1959 Hail Suppression Program in

Colorado and Evidence of its Effectiveness," by Richard A. Schleusener. Submitted for publication in NUBILA.

Colorado State University Report No. CER60RASltl.

"The Occurrence and Variability of IceForming Nuclei During the Hail Season in

Northeastern Colorado as Measured at

11,300 ft msl at an Upwind Mountain

Station, " by R. A. Schleusener and L. 0. Grant. Submitted for publication in

NUBILA. Colorado State University Report

No. CER60L0G1+2.

(3696) EFFECTS OF CLOUD SEEDING ON SNOWFALL.

(b) Research Grant from Climax Molybdenum

Company and observational assistance by

the High Altitude Observatory of the

University of Colorado.

(c) Mr. Lewis 0. Grant, Assistant Research

Engineer, Colorado State University, Fort

Collins, Colorado.

(d) Basic and applied.

(e) This research involves a study of cloud

and precipitation characteristics over the Colorado Rockies under different

weather situations during winter with and

without the supply of artificial nuclei.

(g) Field equipment and procedures for use at high elevations in the Colorado Rockies

have been developed. Observations of the

daily accumulation of snowfall and snow water content have been made over a large area for seeded and unseeded days. Additional observations have included daily

observations of ice nuclei concentrations;

the freezing point depression of snow water samples; and photographic observations of snow water samples.

(3697) MEASUREMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC OZONE WITH THE

D0BS0N SPECTROPHOTOMETER.

(b) Air Force Cambridge Research Center.

(c) Dr. Richard A. Schleusener, Civil Engineering Department, Colorado State Universitv, Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Basic research.

(e) Measurements of the total amount and the

vertical distribution of ozone with

height are being made with the Dobson spectrophotometer . (g) Observations of total ozone and the ver- tical distribution with height have been

made on a regular basis for days when

sky conditions have been clear.

(3698) C00PERATIVF! RESEARCH ON PEAK RATES OF

RUNOFF.

(b) Department of Highways of the State of

Colorado.

(c) Dr. Richard A. Schleusener, Civil Engineering Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Applied research.

(e) The effect of soil types and slopes were investigated to determine their importance in estimating the frequency and

magnitude of peak rates of runoff from

small watersheds in the State of Colorado

east of the Continental Divide.

22
(f) Completed.

(g) Relationships between soil types and slope

characteristics to peak rates of runoff

were established and incorporated into design charts and procedures for determining

peak rates of runoff from ungaged watersheds.

(h) "Procedures for Estimating Peak Rates of

Runoff in Eastern Colorado and Adjacent

Areas," by Richard A. Schleusener, George

L. Smith, and Lewis 0. Grant. Colorado

State University Report No. CER6ORAS3O.

"Study of Peak Rates of Runoff in Eastern

Colorado and Adjacent Areas, " by Richard

A. Schleusener, George L. Smith, and Lewis

0. Grant. Colorado State University Report

No. CER60RAS31.

(3699) ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE MECHANICS OF SCOUR.

(b) U. S. Bureau of Public Roads.

(c) Mr. G. L. Smith, Assistant Civil Engineer,

Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Theoretical.

(e) An analytical study was made of the mechanics of scour by both a two-dimensional and

three-dimensional jet. Using the rectilinear and cylindrical coordinate system for

the two cases, an equation of continuity

of mass sediment transport is derived and

used in describing mathematically the phe- nomenon of scour for various boundary conditions. Expressions for distribution of

sediment transport along the bed are then

derived for each condition. Jet flow impinging on a normal boundary is then ana- lyzed by making the assumption that the

Bernoulli Equation is valid in the neighborhood of the stagnation point. Plane, potential flow is considered first, followed

by flow of a fluid with viscosity. For

flow with viscosity from submerged and non- submerged outlets, expressions for the

horizontal velocity and shear distribution

along the normal boundary are developed

using Bernoulli ' s theorem and the boundary

layer theory of Schlichting and

Truckenbrodt

(f) Completed.

(g) Generalized equations for the depth of

scour are presented for two conditions of

outlets based on a law of open channel

flow for sediment transport of the form

given by Shields, and on the developed

shear distribution along continuity equation. In particular, the variation of scour depth with respect to time and the

final depth of scour are described theoretically in terms of dimensionless parameters.

It is then shown that the development of

the scour hole with respect to time follows

the power law and the logarithmic law for

the submerged and non- submerged outlets

respectively before the final state is

reached. The influence of the angle of

the jet is analyzed also, in which ex- pressions for the variation of the depth

of scour with respect to time and the final

depth of scour are also developed.

(h) "Analytical Study of the Mechanics of Scour

For Three-Dimensional Jet," by Y. Iwagaki,

G. L. Smith, and M. L. Albertson, Colorado

State University, Civil Engineering Department, Report No. CER6OGLS9.

"Analytical Study of the Mechanics of Scour

For Two-Dimensional Jet," by L. Duckstein,

Y. Iwagaki, G. L. Smith, and M. L. Albert

son, Colorado State University, Civil Engrg.

Department, Report No. CER60GLS12.

(3700) UNSTEADY FLOW IN A STORM DRAIN.

(b) U. S. Bureau of Public Roads, Division of

Hydraulic Research.

(c) Dr. Vujica M. Yevdjevich, Research Hydraulic Engineer, Colorado State Univ., Fort

Collins, Colorado.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) The problem is to study the hydrodynamics

of unsteady flow in storm drains with the

objective of developing a procedure a- dapted to a digital computer, verifying the

procedure by hydraulic model tests and

f^eld measurements as may seem necessary.

The ultimate purpose is to provide a working design method applicable to any situation where storm drains are used for re- moval of stormwater. With the initial and

boundary conditions clearly defined for

storm drains, the first phase of the re- search project is concerned with the analytical aspects of the problem.

(g) The analysis of varieties of initial and

boundary conditions in storm drains has

resulted in adoption of a generalized storm

drain, with water inlet points contributing

to discharge changes, and junction points

contributing to discharge and water level

interrelationships of the system of storm

drains

(3701) DEPRESSED CURB OPENING INLET.

(b) Bureau of Public Roads, Washington, D. C. (c) Mr. S. S. Karaki, Assistant Civil Engineer,

Civil Engineering Section, Colorado State

University, Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Design criteria for spacing and sizing of

curb inlets on highways varies considerably

throughout the country. Under-design as well as over-design is undesirable and un- economical. Through a full scale model,

criteria for efficient hydraulic design will

be developed for the depressed curb opening

inlets

(3702) MECHANICS OF FLOW OF SEDIMENT IN PIPES.

(b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. N. Yotsukura and S. S. Karaki, Colorado

State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Studies in open channel flow on the transport characteristics with bentonite in

suspension have indicated that the total

transport increases as the bentonite con- centration in the flow increases. The

mechanics of this transport phenomenon is

being investigated in a closed recirculating

pipe system.

(3703) FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF LOW WEIR STRUCTURES

23
IK ALLUVIAL CHANNELS. 1, I960.

00

(c)

(d)

(e)

00

(370U)

National Science Foundation.

Mr. D. B. Simons, Civil Engineering Department, Colorado State University, Fort

Collins, Colorado.

Experimental investigation.

The flow characteristics associated with

low weir structures, with sloping upstream

and downstream faces, "built across alluvial

streams have "been investigated in a two

foot wide, variable -slope, reciruclating

laboratory flume.

Two sediments have "been used in an attempt

to approach the problem of sediment selection for a model to simulate a prototype

situation.

The effectiveness of three different sizes

of triangular block energy dissipators attached to the downstream slope of the structure has been studied qualitatively.

Laboratory work has been completed:.

The surface roughness of the model structure

affects the discharge coefficient. Water

surface level fluctuations, associated with

dune movement at an upstream gaging station

indicates the desirability of continuous

recording of the elevations of the water

surface. Upstream dune and ripple patterns

are unaffected by the presence of the structure. Velocity of approach must be considered in discharge coefficient determination

due to the changing upstream alluvial bed

level. Two simulated hydrographs showed

that bed configurations at any time is a function of the magnitude, slope and duration of the flood and whether considered

on the rising or falling stage.

Report being prepared.

DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF COLORADO BENTONITE IN

SEALING IRRIGATION CANALS AND RESERVOIRS.

(b) State of Colorado.

(c) Mr. R. D. Dirmeyer, Jr., Project Leader,

Colorado State University, Fort Collins,

Colorado

(d) Field investigations; applied research and

development

(e) Work consists of three stages: (l) Inventory of clay deposits in Colorado, with

emphasis on those potentially useable in

sealing canals and reservoirs; (2) laboratory evaluations of clays from (l) above;

(3) field trials in canals and reservoirs

with best clays found in (l) and (2) above,

and evaluation of sealing results, (initial

and with time )

(g) The results are discussed by stages as men- tioned in (e) above: (l) Inventory. About

70 favorably appearing deposits have been

sampled to date. (2) Laboratory evaluation.

Satisfactory laboratory test procedures

have been developed. Of the 70± samples

from (l) above, about ko seem worthy of

field trial testing. (3) Field trials.

Preliminary results from about k-0 field

trials have been obtained. Sealing re- sults range from excellent to poor. Development work is being continued.

(h) Quarterly Reports available beginning May

(3705) ANALYTICAL STUDY OF LOCAL SCOUR.

(b) U. S. Bureau of Public Roads.

(c) Dr. V. M. Yevdjevich, Research Hydraulic

Engineer, Colorado State University, Fort

Collins , Colorado

(d) Basic; applied.

(e) The study includes an analysis of existing

experimental model data on scour around

bridge piers and abutments and at culvert

outlets with respect to time. The theoretical analysis of the mechanics of scour will serve as a framework for relating

model and prototype results.

(3706) FLOW CONTROL AND MEASUREMENT.

(b) International Boundary and Water Commission,

United States Section.

(c) Mr. S. S. Karaki, Assistant Civil Engineer,

Civil Engineering Section, Colorado State

University, Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

( e ) Stream flow in the Rio Grande River and

certain of its tributaries between Fort

Quitman, Texas, and Gulf of Mexico has

been difficult to measure because of the

changing characteristics of the rivers.

Through this study a structure is sought

which will stabilize the stage-discharge

relationship, specifically at the Del Rio

gaging station site. The information obtained from this study should be useful

also in designing structures at other stations . (g) A braod-crested weir has been found to give

varying coefficients of discharge with unit

discharge and aggradation of the bed upstream from the structure. Slight alterations from the normal broad crest has been

found to be beneficial in establishing a stable stage discharge relationship.

(h) "Field Investigation Report - Locating and

Designing Structures to Improve Stream

Gaging Accuracy in the Rio Grande River

Basin, " by the Field Investigation Team - S. S. Karaki, A. R. Chamberlin, D. B. Simons, A. R. Robinson, and M. L. Albert son. Submitted to the International Boundary

and Water Commission, El Paso, Texas.

Colorado State University Report No. CER6OSSK3U. "Interim Report - Hydraulic

Model Studies Del Rio Site Stream Gaging

Control Structure (Two Dimensional Studies),

by S. S. Karaki for International Boundary

and Water Commission, United States Section.

Colorado State Univ. Report No. CER60SSK62.

(3707) LOW SPEED PRECISION WIND TEST FACILITY.

(b) White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico.

(c) Dr. J. E. Cermak, Professor Mechanics and

Civil Engineering, Colo. State Univ., Fort

Collins, Colorado.

(d) Developmental; design.

(e) A low-speed wind tunnel is being designed

for use in calibrating and standardizing

wind measuring instruments. The test sec- tion will be i+xi+xU ft in size and will have

2k
an air speed range from l/2 to 70 mph.

The variation in air speed for a given

setting will not vary by more then ± 1 percent in space or time excepting within

the boundary layers formed on the walls

Turbulence levels will not exceed 0.2 percent at any air speed,

(h) "A Study of Design and Operation of a Low

Speed Precision Wind Instrument Test Facility, " by E. J. Plate and J. E. Cermak.

Interim Report. Colorado State University

Report No. CER6OEJP58

(3708) INVESTIGATIONS TO DEVELOP WIND TUNNEL

TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING ATMOSPHERIC

GASEOUS DIFFUSION IN MODEL VEGETATIVE

REGIONS.

patterns of annual runoff at some stations

in the Colorado River Basin and in adjacent

river basins; (3) regional patterns in the

sequence of annual runoff, based on the

analysis of serial correlation coefficients;

(h) analysis of fluctuations by using the

range (difference of previous maximum and

minimum of accumulated departures from

average annual runoff); and (5) physical

and other explanations of patterns in

fluctuations of annual runoff and effective

annual precipitation. (Effective annual

precipitation is defined as annual precipitation minus annual evapotranspiration for

individual water years).

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

(c) Dr. J. E. Cermak, Professor Mechanics and

Civil Engineering, Colorado State Univ.,

Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Experimental; basic.

(e) Diffusion of a gas (ammonia) into and out

of a model vegetated plane area contributing part of a wind tunnel test section

floor is to be studied. Using a test sec- tion 80 ft long and 6x6 ft in cross-section

the turbulent boundary layer in which diffusion occurs will be several time.s thicker

than the vegetation height

Using the basic equations of fluid mechanics, an attempt will be made to establish

criterion for application of the model

data to prototype conditions. The criterion developed will be checked using field

data being obtained at Cornell University

by the Agricultural Research Service.

(3709) MICR0METE0R0L0GICAL WIND TUNNEL.

(b) U. S. Army Electronic Proving Ground, Fort

Huachuca, Arizona.

(c) Dr. J. E. Cermak, Professor of Mechanics

and Civil Engineering, Colo. State Univ.,

Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Developmental; design.

(e) A wind tunnel is being designed and con- structed which will permit control of air

speed (1-150), air temperature (32-200°F)

and relative humidity (5-95 percent). The

6x6 ft square by 80 ft long test section

will have provisions for heating and/or

cooling about 30 ft of the floor. The

facility is being designed to permit detailed study of turbulence and turbulent

diffusion under various thermal conditions.

SOME ASPECTS OF FLUCTUATIONS IN ANNUAL

RUNOFF IN AND NEAR THE UPPER COLORADO RIVER

BASIN.

Colorado Water Conservation Board.

Dr. V. M. Yevdjevich, Research Hydraulic

Engineer, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins

Colorado

(d) Basic; applied research.

(e) This study will cover: (l) Effect of

overyear storage in the basin on fluctuations of annual runoff; (2) fluctuation

UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO, Department of Civil Engineering, Hydraulics Laboratory.

(3^05) AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE ME- CHANICS OF AIR ENTRAINMENT.

(3710)

(b)

(c)

(b)

(c)

(a)

(e)

National Science Foundation.

Prof. J. Ernest Flack, Department of Civil

Engrg., Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, Colo.

Basic research, master's thesis.

Experimental investigation of air en- trainment in a liquid by agitation of the

liquid in a plastic cylindrical container.

A condition necessary for air entrainment

is that the transverse kinetic energy due

to turbulence near the surface be sufficient to overcome the stabilizing effect of surface tension. After the air

is entrained in the form of bubbles, cer- tain liquid properties such as viscosity,

surface tension, and density influence the

air concentration and distribution. A

relationship between the air content and

the fluid properties and turbulence intensity has been developed by dimensional

analysis. The functional relationship of

the air content with a dimensionless geometry parameter and forms of the Reynolds

number, Froude number, and Weber number

are presently being evaluated for air en- trainment in water and ethyl alcohol.

"Investigation of the Effects of Viscosity

and Surface Tension on the Air Concentration of Turbulent Fluid," by John H. Hath,

M. S. Thesis, University of Colorado, June

I960.

(3711) FLOW INDUCED BY A SPHERE ROTATING IN AN

INFINITE ENVIRONMENT.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor F. Kreith, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colo..

Boulder, Colorado.

(d) Basic research for thesis; experimental

and theoretical.

(e) The flow induced by a rotating sphere is

being studied experimentally and theoretically.

(g) Hotwire measurements in the three dimensional boundary layer subjected to cen- trifugal and coriolis forces have been

taken and compared with velocity profiles

(h)

25
predicted theoretically. Transition and

separation have been investigated and

movie pictures with smoke injection to

visualize the flow are available,

(h) "Laminar Flow about a Rotating Sphere in

an Infinite Environment," by J. Sullivan,

Thesis, i960, University of Colorddo.

(3712) DECAY OF A TURBULENT SWIRL IN A PIPE.

(b) National Science Foundation.-

(c) Professor F. Kreith, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado,

Boulder, Colorado.

(d) Basic research for thesis; experimental.

(e) The flow characteristics of a turbulent

swirl in a pipe are being studied.

(g) Pressure drop and velocity profiles in

turbulent swirls have been measured. The

decay characteristics are now being studied

in a transparent test section.

(3713) ANALYSIS OF THE CRITICAL FLOW METER FOR

MEASURING MASS FLOW RATES OF COMPRESSIBLE

FLUIDS.

(b) The Martin Company, Denver, Colorado.

(c) Mr. B. T. Arnberg, Mechanical Engineering

Department, University of Colorado,

Boulder, Colorado.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The advantages and limitations of the

critical flow meter for measuring and

controlling compressible flow rates were

reviewed. Operating parameters for measuring and correlating flow data were es- tablished. Design parameters and meter

performance data were studied. A comparison was obtained between water, subsonic

air, and critical air flow discharge coefficients.

(f) First phase of experimental work completed.

Continuation of the research is contingent

on sponsorship.

(g) The inlet stagnation pressure and temperature are preferred to static properties,

and the throat Reynolds number is preferred to the inlet Reynolds number for the

correlation of critical flow data. The

elimination of the pressure differential

measurement required in variable head

meters simplifies the instrumentation

required for measuring and controlling

compressible flow rates, and also greatly

increases the flow range attainable. The

large pressure drop required to maintain

sonic velocity at the throat is the other

main limitation. Dissipative and vena

contracta effects control the discharge

coefficient versus Reynolds number characteristic for nozzles of varying designs.

The divergent section downstream of the

nozzle throat, and the throat boundary

layer thickness seem to control the effect of back pressure on the critical discharge coefficient, and the unchoking characteristics of the nozzle. The method was

shown to be reproducible to better than

0.1 percent. Critical discharge coefficients were within 0.3 percent of subsonic

and water discharge coefficients at a

Reynolds number of 5 10 . (h) "Analysis of Critical Flow Meter for meas- uring Mass Flow Rates of Compressible

Fluids," by B. T. Arnberg, Univ. of Colo.,

Engr. Exp. Sta. report, zerox, 70 p., i960.

(37lU) FLOW CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE OF

BROKEN-BACK TRANSITIONS (Outlets).

(b) Bureau of Reclamation.

(c) Prof. J. Ernest Flack, Department of Civil

Eng., Univ. of Colorado William A. Lidster,

Bureau of Reclamation, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colorado.

(d) Applied research; design, master's thesis.

(e) Laboratory studies were made on broken-back

transitions to evaluate the characteristics

and performance of this type of structure.

It was found that the flow characteristics

and coefficient of energy loss were influenced by the angle of divergence of the

boundary with the centerline of the structure, by the upstream submergence of the

inflow conduit, and by the slope of the

inflow conduit

( f ) Completed.

(g) Values of the coefficient of energy loss were determined for variations in the flow

characteristics and geometry listed above.

The results of this study provide designers

with more realistic values for energy loss

through broken-back transitions.

(h) "Flow Characteristics and Performance of

Broken-Back Transitions," by William A. Lidster, M. S. thesis, University of Colo.,

June i960.

(3715) TRACTIVE FORCE DISTRIBUTION AROUND THE

PERIMETER OF AN OPEN CHANNEL.

(b) Bureau of Reclamation.

( c ) Prof. J. Ernest Flack, Department of Civil

Engineering, University of Colorado, Philip

F. Enger, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver

Federal Center, Denver, Colorado.

(d) Applied research, master's thesis.

(e) This study was made to investigate the

possibility of using point velocities

occurring in an open channel to determine

the tractive force distribution on the

perimeter of the channel. Velocity distributions were obtained in a straight trapezoidal channel constructed with a well

graded, sand-gravel boundary. Assuming

Von Karman's constant of O.h, the boundary

shear distribution was calculated from

the velocity distribution. The average

of this boundary shear was determined

and compared with the average obtained

from the du Boys formula.

(f) This study Is part of a continuing study

of tractive force distribution in open

channels being conducted by the Bureau

of Reclamation.

(g) General agreement of the averages obtained

by use of point velocity measurements and

by use of the du Boys formula was found,

indicating that tractive force distributions can be obtained with reasonable ac- curacy by use of point velocities . Considerable fluctuation of boundary shear

26
values was indicated,

(h) "Tractive Force Distribution Around the

Perimeter of an Open Channel by Point Velocity Measurements" by Phillip F. Enger,

M.S. thesis, University of Colorado, June

I960.

( 3716 ) A TWO-YEAR RESEARCH PROGRAM ON PAST AND

PROBABLE FUTURE VARIATIONS IN STREAM FLOW

IN THE UPPER COLORADO RIVER.

(b) State of Colorado, Office of the Governor.

(c) Dr. Morris Garnsey, Bureau of Economic Research and High Altitude Observatory, Department of Economics, University of Colo.,

Boulder, Colorado.

(d) Project is theoretical and is classified

as basic and applied research.

(e) The project is an investigation of the

optimum form of information regarding the

seasonal and year-to-year availability of

water in a specific watershed, the upper

Colorado basin. The program involves three

aspects: (l) A thorough statistical analysis, utilizing the latest statistical techniques, of the historical records of 'stream

flow and precipitation. A result would be

an accurate as possible expression of the

probability of occurrence of various levels

of precipitation and runoff, together with

statistical methods of forecasting, if

possible, future runoff amounts. A study

of the usefulness of this form of statistical information in optimal basin operation

procedures is also planned. (2) A broader

study embracing correlations between stream

flow and meteorological elements in an effort to learn more about hydrometeorological

phenomena, and to determine to what extent

better hydrometeorological knowledge can

be relied upon to predict stream flow.

(3) A basic research effort into specific

aspects of the general circulation of the

upper atmosphere, including the finding of

possible relations between hemispheric

atmospheric circulation patterns and specific meteorological and climatological

phenomena in the basin,

(g) Fmphasis to this date has been on 1 and 2

above. Statistical tests have been utilized to investigate the serial dependence

of yearly stream flow and precipitation

time-series. The results indicate that

precipitation amounts by season or water

year are indistinguisable from randon

numbers, but that stream flow amounts for

the larger tributaries exhibit a small

but significant amount of serial interdependence. Investigations have indicated that the production of synthetic

hydrologies incorporating such serial dependence enable better estimates of important statistical parameters to be made.

Also the application of such statistical

techniques to the problem of integrating

the Glen Canyon Dam into the Colorado

River complex has been attempted with

promising results. Other results bearing

on hydrometeorological relationships and

long-period climatic changes in the Basin

have been produced. For results on other

phases of the project see entry under

Colorado State University,

(h) "A Probability Model for Integration of

Glen Canyon Dam into the Colorado River

System," by M. R. Brittan, Bureau of Economic Research, University of Colorado,

Boulder, Colorado, priced at $3.00.

"A Synthetic Hydrology for the Colorado

River," L. Fishman and P. Julian, Proceedings of the i960 Western Resources Conference, Boulder, Colorado, August i960.

Publication probably in March I96I, priced

at $h.00.

UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT, Hydraulic Research Lab.

Civil Engineering Department

(1078) HYDR0L0GIC FACTORS INFLUENCING RAINFALLRUNOFF RELATIONSHIPS ON SMALL WATERSHEDS

IN EASTERN CONNECTICUT.

(b) Laboratory project, State Highway Dept.

(c) Prof. K. C. Tippy, Box U-37, University of

Connecticut, Storrs, Conn.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Rainfall and runoff measurements are being

taken on small watersheds varying in size

from k to hOO acres.

(2073) A STUDY OF SIDE FLOW INTO GUTTERS AND

CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. V. Scottron, Box U-37, University of

Connecticut, Storrs, Conn.

(d) Experimental and analytical.

(e) Studies are being conducted on the influence of friction on the hydraulics of

rectangular channels with sloping bottoms

and uniform entering side flow.

(f ) Some analysis still to be completed on first phase, but expect to complete a paper on this part during the coming year.

UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT, School of Engineering.

(3717) PRESSURE WAVES RADIATED BY A COLLAPoING

CAVITY.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of

the Navy.

(c) Professor R. S. Brand, Box U-37, Univ. of

Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) The velocity and pressure fields sur- rounding a collapsing spherical cavity

are being computed numerically, with particular attention being given to the spherical shock wave which originates at the

point of collapse and moves outward.

CORNELL UNIVERSITY, School of Civil Engineering.

(2285) QUADRANT EDGE ORIFICE STUDIES,

(b) Laboratory project.

27
(d)

(e)

»

00

(c)

(d)

(e)

(3^07

(*> (c

(d

(e

(f

(h

(3^09

(*

(c

(d

(e

(f

(h

(3718

(h

(c

(d

(e

(3719

Prof. Marvin Bogema, School of Civil Engrg.,

Applied Hydraulic Lab., Cornell University,

Ithaca , New York.

Experiment al

Study of the quadrant edge orifice for discharge measurements at low Reynolds numbers.

Reproducibility. Effect of size and diameter ratio. Influence of pipe roughness

,

tap location and velocity profile. Both

oil and water used.

"Effect of Velocity Profiles on the Coefficient of Discharge of the Quadrant Edge

Orifice Meter/' M. V. Ramamoorthy, M.S.

Thesis , Cornell University, Feb. i960.

( 3406 ) CALIBRATION OF LARGE MEIERS.

Laboratory project.

Prof. Marvin Bogema, School of Civil Engrg.,

Applied Hydraulic Lab., Cornell Univ.,

Ithaca, New York.

Experimental

Facilities are available in the Cornell

Applied Hydraulic Laboratory for calibration

of large primary flow elements using water

as the calibrating medium. Calibrations

made during the past year include Ik and 2k

inch turbine meters, and several h to 12

inch valves.

Calibration reports have been submitted to

sponsors

OPEN CHANNEL FLOW IN RIGHT ANGLE BEND.

Laboratory.

Prof. S. Davis, School of Civil Engineering,

Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.

Experimental; M. S. Thesis.

Study of flow conditions in right angle

bends in open channels

Inactive

"Flow Round Sharp Bends," M.H.I. Salem,

M.S. Thesis, Cornell University, June i960.

EROSION ABOUT PILES DUE TO WAVE ACTION.

Laboratory.

Prof. M. Bogema, School of Civil Engrg.

Applied Hydraulics Lab., Cornell Univ.,

Ithaca, New York.

Experimental

Study of erosion of sand about piles in

deep water due to wave action.

Inactive

"The Behavior Around an Obstacle of a Flat

Horizontal Beach Under the Action of Progressive Gravity Waves," R. A. Stein, M.S.

Thesis, Cornell University, Sept. i960.

CRITICAL DEPTH FLUMES.

Laboratory.

Prof. S. Davis, School of Civil Engineering,

Cornell Univ., Ithaca, New York.

Experimental and theoretical applied research.

Correlation of published data on various

types of critical depth flumes.

SHARP EDGE ORIFICE STUDIES.

(h)

(c)

(d)

(e)

Laboratory

Prof. M. Bogema, School of Engineering,

Applied Hydraulic Lab., Cornell University,

Ithaca, New York.

Experimental; M.S. Thesis.

Study of sharp-edge orifice in 2-inch pipe

with Beta ratios 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, and

0.7 in the range of Reynolds number from

400 to 8000.

UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE, Fluids laboratory, Dept. of

Civil Engineering.

(3720) PROBLEMS OF FREE SURFACE FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Kurt P. H. Frey, Professor, Engineering Mechanics, Department of Civil Engrg.,

University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware.

(d) Experimental, development, senior students

project

(e) Study on a recently constructed free sur- face facility. Up to 4000 gpm water is

circulated through a test cross section of

largely variable sizes. The redistribution

of flow for cross sectional areas up to 65

by 16 inches of the test section is of

interest at the higher velocity range depending on various means of intake distribution for given geometry; a 12 inch diameter pipe is connected with tank by means

of two short 90 0 elbow diffusers (discharge

cross section 65 x 17 inches); redistribution cone, transition to test section by

nozzle; effects of guide vanes and screens under study; model for the elbow-diffuser

arrangement

(h) Facility discussed on Symposium of Flow

Visualization, November 30, i960. Winter

Annual Meeting ASME, New York City, Fluid

Mechanic Subcommittee of the Hydraulic

Division of ASME for topic Wall Trace

Techniques by Kurt Frey. No detailed description published.

DOUGLAS AIRCRAFT COMPANY.

(3721) CALCULATION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL POTENTIAL

FLOWS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the

Navy.

(c) Mr. John L. Hess, Douglass Aircraft Co. El Segundo Division, El Segundo, California.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) A machine program is being written to calculate the potential flow about arbitrary

three-dimensional bodies without lift.

The method used consists of replacing the

surface of the body by a source distribution and solving for the distribution

required to give zero normal velocity on the body. No small-disturbance approximations are made. Provision is being made

to utilize any symmetry the body may possess.

The immediate application is the

28
calculation of pressure distributions on

ships hulls, but the program can handle

a variety of flow problems,

(f) Completion expected in June 1961.

UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA, The Engineering and Industrial Experiment Station, Coastal Engineering

Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning projects Nos. 2298, 3051., 3^12,

and 3U13 should be addressed to Dr. Per Bruun,

Head, Coastal Engineering Laboratory, University

of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.

(2298) MODEL STUDY OF DESTRUCTION OF WAVE ENERGY

BY VERTICAL WALLS.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) Destruction of wave energy by vertical

walls studied in Laboratory's wave tank.

(f) Completed.

(3051) BASIC STUDY ON THE RELATION BETWEEN WIND

AND WATER BEHAVIOR IN COASTAL WATERS.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(d) Field and laboratory study; basic research.

(e) A combined field and laboratory research

program analyzing the transfer of energy

from wind to water and the effect of sloping

offshore profiles as compared with bodies

of water with constant depth; study of the

combined setup by waves and wind for different standard profiles. Observations

will be made on two platforms in the Gulf

of Mexico and laboratory experiments will

be carried out in the wave tank of the

Coastal Engineering Laboratory.

(3^10) COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY OF BOCA RATON

INLET.

(b) City of Boca Raton, Florida.

(c) City of Boca Raton, Florida.

(d) Field investigation and hydraulic-model

study

(e) Investigation of the possibilities of improving navigation conditions at Boca

Raton Inlet which, because of high current

velocities, are dangerous to navigation;

and evaluation of the situation in regard

to the inlet's condition to the erosion of

the seashore on both sides of the inlet.

(f) Completed.

(3*kL2) FLOOD TIDE STUDIES,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field invsstigation; applied research.

(e) Topography of coastal areas in Florida

in relation to potential flooding and

statistical analysis of extreme high tides.

(3^13) INLET STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Study of the stability of coastal inlets.

(g) Analysis is based on the so-called "stability shear stress" which is defined as the average shear stress in a cross-section

under stable conditions. The value of this

parameter is considered a function of various physical characteristics of the inlet.

Suggestions are given for the design of

inlets

(h) "Natural By-Passing of Sand at Coastal

Inlets," by P. Bruun and F. Gerritsen.

Journal of the Waterways and Harbors Division, Proc. of the American Society of

Civil Engineers, paper 2301, WW k, Dec. 1959.

"Stability of Coastal Inlets," by P. Bruun

and F. Gerritsen. North Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam-C, i960.

(3722) HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDY OF SARASOTA BAY.

(b) City of Sarasota and Arvida Realty Corp.

(c) City of Sarasota, Sarosota, Florida.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

( e ) To study effect of fills in Sarasota Bay

on the stability of New Pass and Big

Sarasota Pass.

(3723) EMERALD BEACH PROJECT, PASCO COUNTY.

(b) Trustees of Emerald Beach Project.

(c) Mr. C. G. Edwards, P. 0. Box 308, Port

Richey, Florida.

(d) Field invsstigation; applied research.

(e) Coastal engineering recommendations for

planning of fill project.

(372U) ANALYSIS OF BEACH PROFILES AT JUPITER

ISLAND.

(b) Mr. Alton A. Register.

(c) Mr. Alton A. Register.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Recommendations for the establishment of

a sea wall line.

GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Hydraulics Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Prof. C. E. Kindsvater, Hydraulics

Laboratory, School of Civil Engineering, Georgia

Institute of Technology, Atlanta Georgia, except

as otherwise indicated.

(291) FLOW OF WATER OVER HIGHWAY EMBANKMENTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; partly sponsored by U. S. Geological Survey.

( e ) Experimental data were obtained on the

discharge characteristics of an embankment-shaped weir. Emphasis has been

placed on free discharge over smooth-surfaced embankments. Data have been obtained

on the influence of embankment height and

tailwater submergence. Detailed velocity

surveys have been made to define the boundary layer between the upstream edge of the

29
upstream shoulder and the crown. Tests were made on a l:9-scale model in a 3-foot wide

flume.

(f) Completed.

(g) It has been established that the discharge

characteristics of an embankment can be

related to the theoretical equation of discharge for a broad-crested weir by means of

the discharge -displacement boundary-layer

thickness. Data and procedures for com- puting the thickness of the boundary-layer

at the control section have been determined

as a means of generalizing the discharge e- quation for various shapes, sizes and rough- ness of embankments.

(h) Master's theses, "Dishcarge Characteristics

of an Embankment -Shaped Weir," Gunnar

Sigurdsson (1956), Sherwood P. Prawel (1959)

"Influence of the Boundary Layer on Embankment-Shaped Weirs," J. Davidian (1959);

available on loan from Price Gilbert Library, Georgia Institute of Technology.

Summary report completed for publication

in 1961.

(158I+) FLOW OF WATER OVER WEIRS AND SPILLWAYS.

(b) Water Resources Division, Surface Water

Branch, U. S. Geological Survey.

(d) Library search, re-analysis and correlation

of published data, plus original research

as required.

(e) A comprehensive study of the discharge

characteristics of practical forms of weirs

and spill ways, including the preparation

of bibliography and the collection and

analysis of experimental data from all

known sources. Objectives include the

publication, in generalized form, of available experimental data.

(2529) UNIFORM FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS.

(b) Water Resources Division, Surface Water

Branch, U. S. Geological Survey.

(d) Re-analysis and correlation of existing

data; original experimental research and

analysis; theoretical study of turbulence

energy transfer and diffusion mechanisms.

(e) A fundamental investigation of the mechanics

of uniform flow in open channels, with particular emphasis on the influence of channel shape on velocity distributions and

wall shear-stress distributions. Experimental work is being conducted on simple

and compound cross sections in a variable

slope 90-foot long flume.

(1331) THE DIFFUSION OF FOREIGN PARTICLES IN A

FLUID.

(b) Laboratory project; sponsored by the National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. M. R. Carstens, School of Civil Engrg.,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta,

Georgia.

(d) Experimental; basic research for doctoral

dissertation.

(e) The diffusion of macroscopic foreign particles is being studied in a diffusion

column in order to determine the difference in diffusion of the foreign particles

and the fluid. The diffusion mechanism

is created by a pattern of pulsing jets.

The amplitude and frequency of the pulse

of the jets is controlled. The foreign

particles are ion-exchange resin beads to

which are attached radioactive cesium

molecules. Particle concentration within

the column is determined by gamma-ray

radiation count

(g) The diffusion measurements with the foreign

particles is complete. Dissertation in preparation.

(3052) DEZ RIVER DAM SPILLWAYS.

(b) Resources and Development Corporation.

(c) Dr. P. G. Mayer, School of Civil Engineering,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta

13, Georgia.

(d) Experimental; design.

( e ) Two circular shaft spillways are being

investigated. The effects of short radius

and long radius bends are studied. The

hydraulic performance of an inclined shaft

spillway is compared with a vertical shaft.

The study represents a continuation of

previous work.

(3^1*0 INFLUENCE OF FREE-SURFACE DISTURBANCES ON

PIEZOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Paul G. Mayer, School of Civil Engrg.,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta,

Georgia.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; research for

master's thesis; partly supported by U. S. Geological Survey.

(e) Observations on laboratory flume (see Project 2529) revealed a discrepancy between

depth measurements and piezometric-head

measurements for flow conditions involving

disturbed free surface. The phenomenon appears to be analogous to pressure or density

variations in unsteady, compressible -fluid

flows

(g) Laboratory work completed. Thesis in preparation.

(3725) SECONDARY MOTION IN ENCLOSED CONDUITS AND

OPEN CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Paul G. Mayer, School of Civil Engrg.,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta,

Georgia.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; research for

Ph. D. thesis.

(e) A fundamental study of secondary motion in

turbulent flows. Secondary motions are often superimposed upon flows in enclosed

conduits and open channels . The mode of

origin, development and decay is being

studied to delineate the influence on the

general motion pattern in straight, non- circular conduits and channels . The present phase of the study is concerned with

secondary motion in turbulent, open-channel flow

30

9
HOUSTON UNIVERSITY, Chemical Engineering Dept.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Prof. A. E. Dukler, Chemical Engrg.

Dept., Univ. of Houston, Houston, Texas.

( 3726 ) ENTRAINMENT AND PRESSURE DROP IN TWO-PHASE

GAS-LIQUID FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project, National Science Foundation Grant.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search for doctoral thesis.

(e) A study of factors dictating the dispersion of liquid in a gas phase when both

flow together in a conduit. The en- trainment magnitude, its spacial distributions, size distribution and dependence

on flow rates, fluid properties and conduit

geometry are being explored, along with

momentum and frictional effects.

(h) "Entrainment and Pressure Drop in Horizontal Two-Phase Flow of Air and Water, " by

M. Wicks III. M.S. Thesis, University of

Houston, 1958.

"Entrainment and Pressure Drop in Horizontal Two-Phase Gas-Liquid Flow," by P. Magiros, M.S. Thesis, University of Houston,

1958.

"Entrainment and Pressure Drop in Concurrent Gas-Liquid Flow: I. Air-Water in

Horizontal Flow," M. Wicks and A. E. Duckler, AIChE J, 6, f+63, i960.

13727) ANALYSIS OF EXISTING DATA ON PRESSURE DROP

IN TWO-PHASE FLOW.

(b) Sponsored jointly by American Petroleum

Institute and American Gas Association.

(d) Theoretical, with both applied and basic

approaches being explored.

(e) All available original source data re- porting pressure drop (over 15,000 experimental points) are being collected, coded

and used to prepare a bank of data on IBM

cards. This bank will then be used to

make definitive reliability studies of ex- isting correlations of two-phase flow,

pressure drop and flow character. New

analysis and correlation will be undertaken

both by data analysis using the bank and by

testing of new theoretical models.

(g) Coding schemes and programs have been com- pleted. Over 5,000 data points banked.

( 3728 ) MOMENTUM AND HEAT TRANSFER IN THIN LIQUID

FILMS UNDER TWO-PHASE FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical; for master's thesis.

(e) Analysis of film geometry and heat transfer based on full pipe universal velocity

distributions has proved in error for thin

films under shear. This study is concerned

with developing suitable new relationships

for velocity distribution, film thickness,

temperature distribution, and heat transfer

coefficients in thin films for any flow

direction or fluid properties.

(h) "Flow Mechanics and Heat Transfer in Falling

Film Systems," A. E. Dukler, Chemical Engineering Progress Symposium Series. No.

30, 56, 1, I960.

(3729) EFFECT OF INTERFACIAL CHARACTER ON GAS

PHASE TURBULENCE IN TWO-PHASE FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search for doctoral thesis.

(e) Studies are to be made to evaluate turbulence character of the gas phase in a twophase system. Studies of gas moving over wavy liquid surface, a simulated rough

liquid surface, which is not moving and a simulated liquid wavy surface will be

undertaken.

HYDRONAUTICS, INCORPORATED.

(3730) DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF GROUND EFFECT VEHICLES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Mr. Marshall P. Tulin, HYDRONAUTICS, Incorporated, 200 Monroe Street, Rockville, Md.

(d) Theoretical; basic and applied research.

(e) Research on the dynamic characteristics of

ground effect vehicles with particular

emphasis on development of theory for predicting motions over rough surfaces and ocean waves. Static and dynamic stability

in all degrees of freedom are to be treated.

UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO, Engineering Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos . l859.> 3056, 3057,

and 3^l6 should be addressed to Associate Director,

Prof. C. C. Warnick, College of Engineering, and

Projects Nos. 1862, 2786, 3*H7, and 3U18 should be

addressed to Prof. G. L. Corey, Dept. of Agri

Engrg., Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.

(1859) INVESTIGATION OF METHODS OF CONTROLLING

AND EVALUATING CANAL SEEPAGE.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperative with U. S. Bureau of Reclamation.

(d) Field investigation; basic and operationsl.

(e) Different types of canal linings are being

studied and various ways of evaluating performance are being considered, especially

ideas for measuring canal seepage from

both lined and unlined canals.

(g) New techniques for plastic film linings

have been tried as well as natural silting

effects; a chemical sealant has been tested

during 1959-60. Also several new techniques

are being developed for measuring seepage.

(h) Annual progress report is available for

limited distribution.

(1862) DETERMINATION OF ANNUAL RUNOFF FROM WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Laboratory project, being carried on under

Agricultural Experiment Station,

(d) Experimental; applied research.

31
(e) A study of the hydrological factors affecting the Moscow Mountain Watershed as it applies to the total water use in the

area.

(g) Measurement data on a small watershed is

continuing to be collected.

(2786) FARM IRRIGATION EFFICIENCIES.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperative with Bureau

of Reclamation under the Agricultural Ex- periment Station.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied re- search.

(e) To evaluate irrigation efficiencies on actual farms to aid in planning of a water

use on irrigation projects. To consider

efficiency from aspect of farm operations

and not just consumptive use of crops.

(g) Project is in third year of a k year program of collecting basic field data. Preliminary effeciencies are available on a few groups of farms

(h) Annual report available on loan.

(3056) TELEMETERING HYDROLOGIC DATA FROM MOUNTAIN

LOCATIONS.

(b) Laboratory project; in cooperation with

federal agencies and power companies.

(d) Laboratory and field investigation; basic

and applied operational research.

(e) A complete system for reporting six or more hydrologic data is being studied and

basic parameters of snow are being con- sidered for conversion into time delay

circuits for transmission by radio.

(g) Circuit designs have been completed. Prototype of three measuring units is essen- tially completed and radio equipment has

been developed for use at a field location

near Moscow.

(3057) CONSERVATION OF WATER FOR RANGE STOCK.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperative with

Bureau of Land Management and ranchers.

(d) Field investigation; applied operational

research.

(e) Experimental stock watering ponds in desert areas will be lined and evaporation

control measures supplied to see if ex- tension of water supplies can be developed economically.

(g) Two installations have been completed and

instrumentation is being installed. Soils

and sites studies are in progress for additional sites and evaporation control ex- periments are being planned for the 1961

season.

( 3^16 ) STUDY OF METHODS FOR AUTOMATIC MEASUREMENT OF SNOW WATER CONTENT.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) A study is being made of basic methods

of measuring snow water content for use

in telemetering data from remote mountain

locations

(g) Project is being activated in November

,

initial survey of techniques is in progress

and five field methods are being installed.

(h) A comprehensive report of feasible methods

is nearing completion available only

through USDA.

(3U17) INFILTRATION AS AFFECTED BY FURROW PARAMETERS AND SOIL VARIABILITY.

(b) Laboratory project; under investigation in

Agricultural Experiment Station.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) To determine the effect of various furrow

geometric parameters and soil conditions on infiltration patterns by analogy methods.

(g) Electrical and model analogs have been con- structed and methods of use have been developed.

(3U18) AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF SURFACE IRRIGATION

WATER.

'

(b) Laboratory project , under investigation in

Agricultural Experiment Station.

(d) Experimental field investigation; applied

research.

(e) To develop devices which will automatically

control surface irrigation water and to

field test these devices to determine their

limitations

(g) Laboratory prototypes of gates that will

operate automatically have been constructed.

A sensing element to activate gates is being

designed and tested.

ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY DIVISION.

(552) SEDIMENTATION OF ILLINOIS RESERVOIRS.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperative with Agricultural Research Service, Soil Conservation Service, and University of Illinois

Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. R. L. Corinth, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) For design of water-supply reservoirs,

measurements of sediment accumulation in

lakes in Illinois. Sediment samples are analyzed and complete surveys of watershed soil type, slopes, land use, and con- servation practices are made.

(g) Results show correlation between rate of

sedimentation and land use on watershed;

results show six factors in explaining

sediment deposition: age of lake, capacity-inflow ratio, watershed gross erosion,

a watershed shape factor, the density of

non-incised channels, and a watershed slope

factor.

(h) State Water Survey publications: Reports

of Investigation Nos . k, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12,

15, l6, and 18; sedimentation surveys of

Spring Lake, Ridge Lake, Lake Chautauqua,

Carbondale Reservoir, Lake Bracken, West

Frankfort Reservoir, Lake Calhoun, Lake

Springfield, and Lake Carthage, respectively.

32
"Water and Land Resources of Crab Orchard

Lake Basin," Bulletin k2.

"Correlation of Reservoir Sedimentation

and Watershed Factors, Springfield Plain,

Illinois," Report of Investigation 37.

(555) EVAPORATION IN ILLINOIS.

(t>) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. W. J. Roberts, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111.

(d) Field invsstigation; applied research.

(e) Measurements are made of evaporation at four stations in northern, central, and

southern Illinois. Evaporimeters con- structed and installed adjacent to pans

for year-round records.

(h) Measurements published in Climatological

Data, Illinois Section.

(559) ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE OF GROUND WATER.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Robert H. Harmeson, Peoria Laboratory,

Illinois State Water Survey, Box 717 .> Peoria, Illinois.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Model studies of different pit types and

variations in relationship between groundwater gradients and aritficial recharge.

(g) Pilot plant pit operation by Water Survey

relinquished; laboratory analysis in progress . (h) "Artificial Ground-Water Recharge at Peoria,

Illinois," Max Suter and Robert H. Harmeson,

Bulletin k8, i960, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111. (Report of

pilot pit operations 1951 - 1959)-

(560) GROUND WATER INVESTIGATION IN PEORIA,

ILLINOIS, DISTRICT.

(b) Laboratory project

(c) Mr. Robert H. Harmeson, Peoria Laboratory,

Illinois State Water Survey, Box 717 .> Peoria, 111.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Continuing evaluation of ground water re- sources of the district. Ground water

levels and temperatures are monitored in

wells in key locations. Effects of artificial recharge are evaluated. Analyses

for changes in composition of ground water

used to trace movement of ground water and

to observe for possible introduction of

contaminants by articicial recharge.

(g) Ground-water conditions have improved

substantially and consistently since the use of four recharge pits was initiated in

two of the Peoria well fields. Artificial

recharge in the North Field is practiced

on a year-round demand basis. In the

Central Field, articicial recharge is re- stricted to the seasons when surface water

is cool.

(561) GROUND-WATER INVESTIGATION IN EAST ST. LOUIS AREA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. R. J. Schicht, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To evaluate the potential yield of the

sand and gravel deposits beneath the

American Bottoms (East St. Louis area).

Ground water levels are measured in 200

observation wells, 9 of which are equipped

with recording gages. Ground water pumpage,

Mississippi River stages, rainfall, and

quality of ground water data are continuously collected. Maps are being prepared

showing the distribution and areal extent

of the hydraulic properties, the thickness

of the aquifer, and water-table contours.

Computations are being made to determine

the amount of recharge from precipitation

and from induced infiltration of river

water, and the amount of subsurface flow

from valley walls into the American

Bottoms. A geohydrologic model will be

devised to simulate the complex aquifer

system.

(1092) HYDR0L0GIC CYCLE EVALUATION.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Mr. H. F. Smith, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Data from rain gage networks (gathered

under another project ) together with information from 3 stream gaging stations and

5 ground water-level recorders were collected for use in analyzing storm rainfall-runoff relationships on small watersheds and effect of runoff on water table.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Hydrologic Budgets for Three Small Watersheds in Illinois," R. J. Schicht and W.

C. Walton, State Water Survey Report of

Investigation K0, in press.

(1335) GROUND WATER INVESTIGATION IN THE CHICAGO

AREA.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with

Illinois State Geological Survey.

(c) Mr. H. F. Smith, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Study of variations of natural resources. Investigation of artesian well field with

wells 1200 to 2200 feet deep, locally

heavily pumped. Study of ground water

level recession, interferences, transmissibilities, effect of additional demands.

(g) Results show the ground water resources

in Chicago region are developed from four

water-yielding units: glacial drift

aquifers, shallow dolomite aquifers,

Cambrian-Ordovician Aquifer, and Mt

Simon Aquifer. The Cambrian-Ordovician

has been the most highly developed source of large ground-water supplies. Pumpage

in deep wells increased from 78.3 mgd in

1958 to 88.0 mgd in 1959- Future groundwater supplies should be taken from the

shallow aquifers wherever possible.

(h) "Water Level Decline and Pumpage During

1959 in Deep Wells in the Chicage Region,

33
Illinois;" W. C. Walton, R. T. Sasman, and

R. R. Russell, State Water Survey Circular

79, i960.

(1865) HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF DROP-INLET SPILLWAY

STRUCTURES FOR SMALL RESERVOIRS.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with

Agricultural Research. Service, Soil Conservation Service, and Illinois Agricultural

Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. H. W. Humphreys, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111.

(d) Experimental; generalized applied research

for development and design.

(e) To determine the most desirable proportions

and shapes of drop-inlet spillway structures

that have unique flow characteristics and

to develop anti-vortex devices. To provide

the necessary information on flow relations

and discharge coefficients so that these

structures may be economically designed.

Initial phases of study concerned with hydruulics of square risers with free discharge. Effect of lip or crest shape and

anti -vortex devices being studied. Second

phase to include the complete spillway. Experimental apparatus constructed and tests

are being conducted on the complete spillway. Information is being obtained on discharges, vortex effect on discharge, pressures, a flat plate anti-vortex device, and

flow conditions.

(g) Hydraulics of various types of flow possible

in square risers are well defined as well as some of the effects of non-square crest

shape. Model tests were performed on a drop-inlet spillway to determine whether

or not a metal grating deck placed above

the inlet can control vortices. The re- sults of the test show that gratings do

not prevent or control strong vortices.

(2315) INTERFERENCE BETWEEN RECHARGE PITS.

(b

(c

(a

(e

(f

(h

(2532

(b

(c

(a

(e

(f)

Laboratory project.

Mr. Robert H. Harmeson, Peoria Laboratory,

Illinois State Water Survey, Box 717,

Peoria, 111.

Field investigation; basic research.

Two recharge pits operated simultaneously

for three years.

Discontinued.

To date no mound of interference has developed between the two recharge pits during

simultaneous operation.

Briefly reported in State Water Survey

Bulletin 48 (see 559)-

EVAPORATION RETARDATION.

Laboratory project.

Mr. W. J. Roberts, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111.

Field investigation; applied research,

dssign.

Monomolecular chemical films to retard

evaporation from water supply lakes and

ponds in Illinois . Laboratory studies con- tinuing on smaller containers.

Temporarily suspended.

(h) "Reducing Lake Evaporation in the Midwest,"

W. J. Roberts, Jour. Geophys . Res., Vol.

6h, No. 10, pp. 1605-10.

"State Water Survey Technical Letter No. 2,"

1959-

"Evaporation Suppression from Water Surfaces," W. J. Roberts, Trans. AGU, 38(5):

-jkO-hk, 1957-

(2533) MOISTURE INFLOW STUDY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. R. G. Semonin, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Computation of atmospheric moisture inflow

of Illinois and subsequent correlation with

precipitation. Moisture and wind data obtained from RAOB data.

(f) Analysis completed and report under preparation.

(h) "Artificial Precipitation Potential During

Dry Periods in Illinois," Physics of Precipitation, Geophysical Monograph No. 5,

AGU, i960, pp. k2k-k31.

(2534) DENSE RAIN GAGE NETWORK PROJECTS.

(c)

(a)

(e)

Laboratory project.

Mr. G. E. Stout, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111.

Field investigation; applied research.

Data from four rain gage networks, con- sisting of 50 gages in kOO square miles,

10 gages in 100 square miles, 51 gages in

550 square miles, and 11 gages in 10 square

miles. Studies include: l) rainfall variability, 2) frequency of point and areal mean rainfall, 3) area-depth relations,

k) variation of point rainfall with distance,

5 ) areal representativeness of point rainfall, and 6) reliability of areal mean

rainfall estimates.

"Natural Variability of Storm, Seasonal,

and Annual Precipitation," G. E. Stout,

Jour. Irrigation and Drainage Division,

Proc. ASCE, IR1, March i960 (also State

Water Survey Reprint Series 1960-E).

"Distribution of Excessive Rainfall Amounts over an Urban Area," F. A. Huff and S. A. Changon, Jr., Jour. Geophys. Res., Vol.

65, November i960.

(2535) FILTERING THROUGH COARSE MATERIALS.

(h)

(b)

(c)

(a)

(e)

(f)

(g)

Laboratory project

Mr. Robert H. Harmeson, Peoria Laboratory,

Illinois State Water Survey, Box 717,

Peoria, 111.

Experimental; basic research.

Small laboratory filters containing coarse

filter media to be operated at rates com- parable to those achieved in field operations to determine efficiencies of filtration bacteriologically and physically.

Being re-activated.

Results of former field tests of various

sizes of materials are reported in State

Water Survey Bulletin kd.

(2788) METEOROLOGY OF FLOOD-PRODUCING STORMS.

3h
(3058)

(T>) (c)

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. F. A. Huff, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Investigation of meteorological conditions

associated with flood-producing storms in

Illinois to obtain basic data for reliable

definition of time and space distribution

of such storms and for calculation of probable maximum rainfall.

(g) Continuing project; analysis progressing

on storm area-depth relations, orientation

of storms, seasonal and geographic distribution, synoptic weather types, topographic

influences

HYDR0METE0R0L0GICAL ANALYSIS OF SEVERE

RAINSTORMS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. F. A. Huff, Illinois State Water Survey,

Box 232, Urbana, 111.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Field surveys and detailed analyses of

severe rainstorms in Illinois. Analyses

based upon radar, synoptic weather, and

field survey data and include area-depthduration relations, antecedent rainfall

evaluation, isohyetal maps for peak periods

of storm.

(g) Analyses completed on 16 storms since 1951-

(h) Reports of Investigation Nos. Ik, 2k, 27,

and 35 of State Water Survey. Another

report, No. h2 is in preparation.

(3059) THERMAL LOADINGS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF

SURFACE WATERS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Robert H. Harmeson, Peoria Laboratory,

Illinois State Water Survey, Box 717,

Peoria, Illinois.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) A study of heat loads applied to fresh

water bodies in Illinois to determine

relationships between temperature and/or

heat loadings, water usage, stream assets,

and stream recovery capabilities.

(314-19) PRECIPITATION DROUGHT CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. F. A. Huff, Illinois State Water Survey,

Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Investigation of precipitation drought

frequency in Illinois, distribution in

space and time of dry periods, relative

severity of these periods, meteorological

conditions favorable for drought in Illinois,

correlation of precipitation drought with

other meteorological factors such as thunderstorm frequency and atmospheric

moisture distribution, and association of

precipitation drought with low stream flow.

(h) "Drought Characteristics in a Continental

Humid Climatic Region, " F. A. Huff and

S. A. Changnon, Jr., State Water Survey

Reprint Series I96O-F, extract of publication No. 51, I.A.S.H. Commission of

Surface Waters, pp. 22-33-

(31420) FREQUENCY AND DURATION OF LOW FLOWS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. John B. Stall, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Analysis of the severity, frequency, and

duration of low flows in Illinois streams.

Study of the suitability of various

theoretical distributions in explaining

the occurrence of these low flow events.

A partial series developed for low flow

events; this series suitable for low

flows from 1 month to 60 months in duration.

(g) Gumbel's Extreme Value Law found satisfactory for explaining the occurrence of

independent low-flow periods from 1 month

to 60 months duration for recurrence intervals from 2 years to I45 years at 20 stream

gaging stations in Illinois, varying in

drainage area from 550 square miles to

1310 square miles. Runoff-precipitation

correlation has been utilized to extend

some short period low-flow series to a recurrence interval of 50 years.

(3^21) PILOT DRAINAGE BASIN STUDIES IN NAPERVILLE

AREA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. W. C. Walton, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) All factors of the hydrologic cycle (especially precipitation, temperature, stream

flow, soil moisture, changes in surface

and subsurface storage, and evaporation)

to be measured and examined to obtain

quantitative knowledge of the movement and

storage of ground water under natural

conditions in the 22-square mile basin.

The annual rate of recharge to, and

evapotranspiration from, the ground-water

reservoir to be determined. Stream discharge hydrograph to be separated into its

two components, surface runoff and groundwater runoff. Gravity yields of glacial

deposits and underlying dolomite aquifer

to be estimated.

(31422) STUDY OF FLOW IN SMALL WATER-DISTRIBUTION

SYSTEMS

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with

Civil Engineering Department, University

of Illinois.

(c) Dr. T. E. Larson, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111.

(d) Theoretical calculations and field investigation.

( e ) To determine the rate of induced movement

necessary to provide protection against

corrosion of pipe in water distribution

systems by forced movement of inhibited

waters

(f) Completed.

(h) "Circulation of Water in the Hammond

Distribution System," Thurston E. Larson,

John C. Guillou, and Laurel M. Henley,

State Water Survey Reprint Series I96O-G

(from Jour. AWWA, Vol.52, No. 8, Aug. i960.)

35
(3^23) QUANTITATIVE PRECIPITATION DIFFERENCES

BETWEEN EXTREME SOUTHWESTERN LAKE MICHIGAN

AND NEARBY LAND AREAS.

("b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. S. A. Changnon, Jr., Illinois State

Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) Monthly, seasonal, and annual average precipitation data, based on 10 years of records obtained at water intake station located on Lake Michigan four miles east of

the Chicago shore line, were compared with

precipitation data from nearby land stations

to get an estimate of how lake precipitation

varied in relation to nearby land precipitation. Secondly, physical factors that

appeared to cause differences were studied.

(f) Completed.

(g) On the average, annual precipitation at the

lake-located station was 21$ less than land

amounts, and the greatest seasonal difference occurred in the spring and fall. Effect of lake appeared to decrease precipitation over the lake especially in summer,

while lake and urban effects tend to in- crease precipitation over Chicago especially

in winter.

(h) "Precipitation Contrasts Between Chicago

Urban Area and Offshore Station in South- ern Lake Michigan," S. A. Changnon, Jr.,

accepted for publication in Bulletin of

Am. Meteor. Soc . , i960.

(3731) HYDROLOGY OF DOLOMITE AQUIFERS.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with

Illinois State Geological Survey.

(c) Mr. W. C. Walton, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana Illinois.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Evaluation of water yielding potential

from pumping test and specific capacity

data is in progress. Statistical analysis

of well production data is being made to

determine geological controls on aquifer

productivity.

(3732) TRANSPIRATION RETARDATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. W. J. Roberts, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Laboratory and field investigation.

(e) Monomolecular film- forming fatty alcohols

are introduced to corn roots causing the

plants to transpire less water than control

plants during the growing process.

(g) Analysis in progress.

(h) Progress report in preparation.

(3733) EVALUATING WELLS AND AQUIFERS WITH ANALYTICAL METHODS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. W. C. Walton, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Case histories of ground-water development

are being studied to determine if it is

possible to evaluate wells and aquifers

with analytical expressions by devising

approximate methods of analysis based on idealized models of aquifer situations.

Geohydrologic boundaries are assumed to be

straight -line demarcations and are given

mathematical expression by means of the

image-well theory. The hydraulic properties

of the aquifer and overlying confining beds

are considered mathematically by using

ground-water formulas. Records of past

pumpage and water levels and a digital com- puter are used to establish the validity of

this mechanism to describe the response of

aquifers to pumping.

(g) Case histories of ground-water development

have been used to evaluate the practical

sustained yields of three aquifers in cen- tral Illinois.

(h) "Analyzing Ground-Water Problems with

Mathematical Models and a Digital Computer,

W. C. Walton, International Association of

Scientific Hydrology, i960.

(373M INDUSTRIAL WATER USE IN ILLINOIS.

(b) Laboratory pro ject

(c) Mr. W. J. Roberts, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Determine withdrawal of water by industries

in Illinois, with delineation according to

kinds of industry, location by area, and

sources of supply.

(f) Completed.

(g) Exclusive of hydroelectric plants, 11.8

billion gallons per day was pumped by

Illinois industries in 1959- This is an increase of U2.6 percent since 1950.

(h) "Industrial Water Use in Illinois," W. J. Roberts, Proceedings of the American Power

Conference, Vol. XXII, pp. 8ll+-820, i960

(also State Water Survey Reprint Series

1960-D).

ILLINOIS STATE WATERWAYS DIVISION, Springfield.

(1863) EROSION CONTROL, ILLINOIS SHORE OF LAKE

MICHIGAN.

(b) State of Illinois.

(c) Mr. Thomas B. Casey, Chief Waterway Engr.,

Div. of Waterways, Dept. of Public Works

and Buildings, 201 West Monroe Street,

Springfield, Illinois.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To obtain and correlate basic data on the

several forces and factors involved in

erosion processes along the Illinois Shore

of Lake Michigan to the end that future

efforts toward the prevention of erosion

might be founded upon a more definite and

factual basis with a consequent greater

degree of assurance that the works will

serve the intended purposes.

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, Soil and Water Conservation

Engineering Lab., Department of Agricultural Engrg.

36
Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Prof. B. A. Jones, 100 Agricultural

Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, 111.

(2316) RUNOFF FROM SMALL AGRICULTURAL AREAS IN

ILLINOIS.

(b) Laboratory project' cooperative with ARS,

U. S. Department of Agriculture.

(d) Experimental and field investigation; basic

research.

(e) To determine frequencies of peak rates and

total amounts of runoff from agricultural

watersheds of 25 to 1,500 acres; to determine maximum rates of runoff from agricultural watersheds in different soil asso- ciation areas in Illinois; to compare run- off from agricultural watersheds under ac- cepted soil conservation practices with

watersheds cultivated without soil conser- vation practices. Watersheds of U5.5, 63,

82, and 390 acres near Monti cello, Illinois

are covered with a rain gage network, and

runoff is measured at weirs and spillway

structures by water level recorders. Maximum stage recorders are installed at field

structures on 8 watersheds in Champaign,

Piatt, Vermillion, and Ford Counties on watersheds ranging in size from J+5 to l,k00

acres. Model studies and field calibrations

are made on the field structures

(h) "Peak Runoff and Rainfall Analyses for Two

Agricultural Watersheds, " by D. L.' Pigg,

M. S. Thesis, University of Illinois, Oct.

1959 (available on loan).

(2317) A STUDY OF DRAINAGE OF SOME ILLINOIS SOILS.

(b) Laboratory project cooperative with ARS,

U. S. Department of Agriculture.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To determine on different soil types the

effect of tile spacing and depth on (l)

water table as measured by drawdown wells,

(2) on crop yields; to verify present tile

depth and spacing formulas for soil types

investigated; and to compare physical labo-

(2789)

!»

(d)

(e)

(h)

R. D. Black, Ph.D. Thesis, University of

Illinois, Oct. i960 (available on loan).

"A Comparison of Some Filter Materials Used

for Tile Drains," D. R. Sisson, M. S. Thesis,

Univ. of Illinois, August i960 (available

on loan )

"A Comparison of Filter Materials for Tile

Drains," D. R. Sisson and B. A. Jones Jr.,

paper 60-719 presented at the Winter Meeting

of the Amer. Soc. of Agricultural Engineers,

Dec. i960 (available from the Executive sec- retary, ASAE, St. Joseph, Mich.).

"Effect of Crack Width at Tile Joints on Soil Movement into Draintile Lines,"

Benjamin A. Jones Jr., Trans. ASAE, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 33-35, hi, 5h, i960.

(3k2k) A STUDY OF RAINFALL ENERGY AND SOIL EROSION.

(b) Laboratory project cooperative with ARS,

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

( e ) Natural rainstorms are photographed with a raindrop camera so that the number of raindrops, their size and size distribution,

and the kinetic energy of a rainstorm may

be calculated. Physical measurements will

be made of the soil to determine the effect

of the kinetic energy of the rainstorm on soil loss. The nature and properties of

rainstorms that occur in this area of 111.

will axso be studied.

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, Civil Engineering Department .

Inquiries concerning all projects should be addressed to Dr. V. T. Chow, Prof, of Hydraulic

Engineering, or for Projects Nos. 1589, 2087, 2088,

2318, 2790, 3060, 306l, and 3425, to Prof. J. C. Guillou, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University

of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.

(564) HYDROLOGY OF URBAN AREAS.

ratory measurements with field measure- (b)

ments

The rate of water table drawdown is meas- (d)

ured in wells perpendicular to tile lines.

Field permeability and laboratory perinea- ( e

bility measurements are made as well as physical analysis of the soil type. Crop

yields are determined laterally from the

tile lines.

LABORATORY MODEL STUDIES OF CONSERVATION

AND DRAINAGE STRUCTURES.

Laboratory project.

Experimental investigation in the laboratory;

applied and basic research. (1589)

To investigate the performance of soil and

water conservation structures by means of (b)

hydraulic model studies, to study water

flow patterns into surface drains and to (d)

determine the cause of failures and reme- (e)

dial measures of certain conservation

structures under flood conditions.

"The Mechanics of Square Elbow Losses,"

Laboratory project, cooperative with 111.

State Water Survey.

Experimental, theoretical, and field investigation; applied research and design.

Rainfall-runoff study of an urban watershed,

having an effective drainage area of h.k^

square miles and a population density of

Ik persons per acre. Runoff is measured

by a U. S. G. S. stream gage and precipitation by a network of fourteen rain gages

strategically located in and out of the

watershed. New types of evaporimeter are being developed and check results are being

made

OPEN CHANNEL METER.

Laboratory project in cooperation with

Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Dept.

Experimental and analytical.

This study is concerned with a cricical

depth meter which may be economically installed in a sewer after the sewer has been

placed in service. Tests using a l6-inch

37
diameter pipe, with adjustable slope, has

been tested using several types of obstructions .

(1591) DETERMINATION OF WATERWAY AREAS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with 111.

Div. of Highways and Bureau of Public Roads.

(d) Analytical and field investigation; applied

research and design.

(e) To determine the discharge of water which

will reach openings of highway drainage

structures, such as bridges and culverts

and to provide a simple but scientific procedure for use of engineers in establishing

the economical and adequate size of opening.

Seven preliminary reports and two field

reports have been prepared.

Final report in preparation.

EFFECTIVENESS OF SUBWAY GRATINGS FOR HIGHWAY DRAINAGE.

Departmental special study.

Laboratory investigation; applied research.

Full scale model tests of two subway rating

designs have been tested in standard 111.

Division of Highways, Type II inlet frame.

Suspended temporarily.

DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS OF RECTANGULAR

TYPE INLET BOXES.

Departmental study.

Laboratory investigation; basic research.

Scale model investigation of rectangular

inlet box with long Lucite discharge pipe

to verify or disprove the weir-orifice discharge theory.

Suspended temporarily.

FAUBER BRIDGE MODEL STUDY.

Departmental graduate study.

Laboratory investigation; applied research.

A design has been developed whereby a three

tube culvert and an energy dissipator may

replace an inadequate highway bridge. Model

studies have been conducted to verify the

proposed design.

Final report in preparation.

FREQUENCY STUDY OF HYDROLOGIC DATA.

Departmental study.

Basic and applied research.

Application of statistical methods and probability laws to the analysis of hydrologic

data.

A new concept of rainfall intensity frequency is developed and being applied to

rainfall data at Urbana and Chicago, 111.

See previous issues of this publication.

SIDE CHANNEL SPILLWAY STUDY.

Departmental graduate study.

Laboratory investigation; applied research.

Model investigation of flow conditions on the apron below the spillway crest and a- bove the spillway channel. The purpose of

the investigation is to determine the geometries of the apron and the necessity of

a critical depth control at the entrance

to the spillway channel.

(3060) OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FILTER

DRAINS.

(b) Association of American Railroads.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Investigation of characteristics of flow

through granular filters and perforated

drain pipe. Laboratory investigations have

included tests of coated and uncoated drain

pipe, and permeability and filter loss

studies using concrete sand as the filter

material. Current laboratory investigation

is toward determination of operation characteristics with compaction of filter as prime variable.

(g) Indications are that little sorting of

filter material occurs at pipe perforation

and that compaction of filter material is

of maximum importance in controlling rate

of filter migration.

(h) "First Progress Report on Performance of

Filter Materials," J. C. Guillou, Bulletin

556, American Railway Engineering Assoc.,

February i960.

(3061) FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF REND LAKE SPILLWAY.

(b) Laboratory project and class problems.

(d) Model investigation of uncontrolled apron

type spillway.

(e) A 1:50 scale model of approach section,

spillway and energy dissipator. Tests of

the original design have been completed.

The spillway walls have been redesigned

for more uniform distribution of flow at the hydraulic jump. The re-design has been

tested and verified.

(f) Completed.

(g) "Hydraulic Model Study of Rend Lake Spillway with Design Revisions," Interlaboratory

Report, Mimeo, i960.

(3065) STUDY OF A TORNADO MODEL FOR DESIGN PURPOSES.

(b) Graduate project, doctoral thesis for Mr.

G. E. Martin.

(d) Analytical and field investigations; basic

research for doctoral thesis.

(e) To correlate the laws of thermodynamics,

atmospheric physics, dynamic meteorology,

and fluid mechanics with the available data

from actual tornadoes and to construct a model tornado from these data for design

purposes that are compatible with the theory. The facilities of both the Civil Engineering Department and the Illinois State

Water Survey, including a weather radar, are used in this study.

(f) Completed.

(g) The results indicate: For design purposes,

a severe, long path tornado represents the

most serious hazard. A conservative design

for tornado safety should be capable of

withstanding a simultaneous pressure reduction of 3 in. Hg., a tangential wind velocity

38
of l60 mph, a radial velocity of 120 mph,

and a translational velocity of 60 mph.

These values give a maximum combined surface wind velocity of 250 mph. This maxi- mum velocity is invariably from a southwesterly direction in Illinois,

(h) "Quantitative Investigation of the Destructive Energy in Tornadoes," by G. E. Martin,

Doctoral Thesis, Graduate College, Univ.

of Illinois, i960.

(3066) THE MECHANICS OF SQUARE ELBOW LOSSES.

(b) Graduate project, doctoral thesis for Mr.

R. D. Black.

(d) Experimental; basic research for doctoral

thesis

(e) This is a study of the factors that contribute to the loss in energy experienced by

the flow of water as it passes through an

abrupt angle and size reduction such as that of a plugged "tee". The study is

conducted by means of hydraulic models.

( f ) Completed.

(g) The results indicate that the effects upon

the head loss coefficients of varying the

pipe-size ratio, the deflection T.ngle, end

the plug position, at values of Reynold's

number above 6 x 10 , are all interdependent.

The effects of increasing the roughness in

the outlet pipe was to reduce the head loss

coefficients for all of the fittings tested,

and the effect of increasing the average

velocity or Reynolds number as to stabilize

the effects of the other variables.

(h) "The Mechanics of Square Elbow Losses" by

R. D. Black, Doctoral Thesis, Graduate

College, University of Illinois, i960.

(3^25) L0CKP0RT SLUICEGATE STUDY.

(b) Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater

Chicago

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) A 1:20 scale model has been constructed

and tested. The subject sluice gates will

be used for supplemental control of storm

water releases from the Chicago Drainage

Canal. Three turbine pits in the existing

powerhouse at Lockport have been modified

to receive triple sluice gates. The model

results will be used for calibration of the

prototype structure

(g) Report in preparation.

(3735) DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A RESISTANCE

NETWORK ANALOG.

(b) Departmental study of Mr. D. C. N. Robb.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To evaluate the theory and use of a resistance network analog and to construct the

analog for solving several typical problems, such as the solution for pore pressures in a zoned, rolled-fill dam.

(3736) NON-LINEAR APPROACH TO THE INSTANTANEOUS

UNIT HYDROGRAPH THEORY.

(b) Graduate project, doctoral thesis for Mr.

K. P. Singh.

(d) Theoretical; basic research for doctoral

thesis

(e) To investigate the linearity of the theory

of instantaneous unit hydrograph. A mathematical model for the instantaneous unit

hydrograph is to be developed and solved by

electronic computers. Application of the

mathematical model will be made to observed

hydrographs

(3737) HYDRODYNAMICS OF FREE-SURFACE EFFECT.

(b) Departmental study.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) To evaluate the free-surface effect of flow

in open channels.

(g) A preliminary study is being made to check

the variation in roughness coefficient in

circular conduits when the flow is partially full. In this study Prandtl's as- sumption of constant shearing stress is

changed to an assumption of variable shearing stress depending on hydraulic radius.

The computed variation in roughness coefficient agrees in general with the average

observations

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Project No. 2083 should be

addressed to W. M. Lansford, 219 Talbot Laboratory,

University of Illinois, Urbana, 111., and for

Projects Nos. 2320, 2536, 2537, and 3U27 should

be addressed to Prof. J. M. Robertson, 125 Talbot

Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, 111.

(2083) VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN AN OPEN CHANNEL

HAVING A TRIANGULAR CROSS-SECTION.

(b) Research.

(d) Basic research.

(e) Data were obtained from a channel artificially roughened.

(f) Investigation reactivated, additional data

being taken.

(2320) TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER IN A DIFFUSER.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and analytical; basic research.

(e) Effect of adverse pressure gradient on the

development of a turbulent boundary layer

is being studied in a 10 degree conical

diffuser. Air is the fluid medium being

used.

( f ) Inactive

(2536) STUDY OF HOMOLOGOUS TURBULENCE.

(b) Laboratory project; formerly National

Science Foundation.

(d) Basic research.

(e) The nature of turbulence, its production

and dissipation, are to be studied in the

simplest possible shear flow. This is to

be produced in plane Couette flow in which

the shear is constant and the turbulence

homogeneous but not isotropic. Mean flow

39
studies essentially complete.

(2537) WATER EXIT HYDROBAELISTICS

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the

Navy.

(d) Basic research; experimental.

(e) Information on water exit behavior of

ellipsoidal "bodies of fineness ratios h

and 8 is being obtained photographically.

Water is principal test liquid but glycerine

and 100 percent brine solutions have also

been used.

(f) Tests completed, final report in process.

(g) Effects are found to be small, velocity

first increases and then decreases as body exits. Significant amounts of water

are carried out with the body.

(h) "A Study of the Kinematics of Buoyant-Body

Water Exit, Part II," by M. E. Clark and

J. M. Robertson, TAM Dept. Report: l8l,

November i960.

(3527) STRUCTURE OF TURBULENCE NEAR ROUGH SURFACES.

(b) Bureau of Ships Fundamental Hydromechanics

Research Program.

(d) Basic research; experimental.

(e) Information on mean-flow and turbulence

structure (including pressure fluctuations)

near a natural roughness to be studied in

8-inch steel pipe line. Basic question is

how roughness produces turbulence.

IOWA INSTITUTE OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH, State University of Iowa.

(66) HYDR0L0GIC STUDIES, RALSTON CREEK WATERSHED.

(b) Cooperative with Department of Agriculture,

U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Prof. J. W. Howe, Department of Mechanics

and Hydraulics, State University of Iowa,

Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Field investigation; applied research,

and M. S. Theses.

(e) Study being made of relation between rainfall and runoff over a small area. Discharge from a 3-square-mile area measured

by U. S. Geological Survey; rainfall records at five automatic recording stations

collected by Soil Conservation Service.

Continuous records since 192U of precipitation, runoff, groundwater levels, and

vegetal cover.

(g) Yearly records available for examination

at Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research.

(h) Reports prepared annually since l<-)2h available in files at the Iowa Institute

of Hydraulic Research. Summary of 33-

year record in press.

(67) COOPERATIVE SURFACE-WATER INVESTIGATIONS

IN IOWA.

(b) Cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Mr. V. R. Bennion, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Field investigation; collection of basic

stream- flow data.

(e) Stream-flow and sediment measuring stations

maintained throughout the State of Iowa

cooperatively on a continuous basis. Records collected by standard methods of U.S.

Geological Survey.

(g) Records of stream flow and sediment discharge computed yearly.

(h) Records contained in Water-Supply Papers

available through offices of the Geological

Survey.

(68) HYDR0L0GIC STUDIES, RAPID CREEK WATERSHED.

(b) Cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Mr. V. R. Bennion, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

( e ) Study being made of relation between rainfall and runoff over a small area. Discharge from a 25 -square -mile area measured

and flood runoff on main subbasins determined by U. S. Geological Survey; rainfall

records at four automatic recording stations collected uy U. S. Weather Bureau.

Continuous records since 19^1 of precipitation, runoff, and ground-water levels.

(g) Rainfall records published in Weathe^

Bureau Climatological Bulletins and s ur- face runoff and ground-water levels published in Geological Survey Water-Supply

Papers

(73) MEASUREMENT OF TURBULENCE IN FLOWING

WATER.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Philip G. Hubbard, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic .and

applied research.

(e) Instruments, primarily electrical in operation, are being developed to measure

the characteristics of turbulent flow

under a wide range of laboratory and field

conditions. Both sensing and computing

elements are involved.

(g) Techniques for cleaning hot-wire probes

in place while being used to measure turbulence in water have been investigated,

with 'encouraging results. Transistorized

circuits have been designed for the hotwire anemometer in air, and similar circuits will be used in water.

(79) CAVITATION.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search and graduate theses.

(e) Basic information is sought on cavitation

for systematically varied boundary conditions. Studies of high-velocity submerged

ho
jets are being continued, with supplementary measurements of pressure fluctuations

in air; instrumentation has been developed

for measurement of the correlation between

the velocity and pressure fluctuations to

make possible prediction of the incipient

cavitation index for given meanflow conditions. Previous measurements of the pressure distribution on a number of head

forms at zero angle have been extended to

various angles of yaw. Cavitating flow

about a rotating cylinder in a normal stream

has been investigated. Attention will next

be given to the cavitation of disks and

plates

(8l) MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research

and David Taylor Model Basin, Department

of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Louis Landweber, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) A method for the determination of velocity

and pressure distribution about bodies of

revolution and symmetrical two-dimensional

forms in arbitrary states of motion, based

on solutions of integral equations of the

first kind, has been programmed for the

IBM 65O computer.

(g) Results of calculations of velocity and

pressure distributions on a series of 30

bodies of revolution, in axial, transverse,

and rotational motion, are being analyzed.

(h) "Potential Flow about Bodies of Revolution

and Symmetric Two-Dimensional Forms, " L. Landweber. Final report on Contract Nonr21+51(00) to the David Taylor Model Basin,

Dec. 1959-

(85M BOUNDARY- LAYER DEVELOPMENT ON SMOOTH AND

ROUGH SURFACES.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Louis Landweber, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) Purpose of work is to determine the relations between boundary-layer characteristics for smooth and rough boundaries of

arbitrary shape. The three-dimensional

boundary layer on an ellipsoid with three

unequal axes is being measured.

(h) "Three -Dimensional Turbulent Boundary Layer," F. S. A. Pavamani, M. S. thesis, State

University of Iowa, August i960. (Available on loan.

"Reanalysis of Boundary-Layer Data on a Flat Plate," L. Landweber, Technical Report to ONR, Nov. i960.

(1875) CHARACTERISTICS OF STABLE EDDIES.

(b) Laboratory project, partially supported by

Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental and analytical; basic research.

(e) Distributions of velocity, pressure, and

turbulence are being investigated throughout the vicinity of separation zones produced by abrupt changes in flow section,

to the end of establishing the primary

eddy characteristics as functions of the

boundary geometry.

(g) Studies now being planned on flow in the

wake of a circular disk and in either twodimensional or axisymmetric conduit expansions . (h) "Distribution of Energy in Regions of

Separation, " Hunter Rouse, La Houille

Blanche, Nos. 3 and k, i960.

(2091) RESEARCH ON SHIP THEORY.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy and Society of Naval

Architects and Marine Engineers.

(c) Dr. Louis Landweber, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) To determine the laws governing the forces,

moments, and motions of ships in smooth and

disturbed se°s, in order to furnish design

data to the naval architect. Work is under

way on the following problems : ( 1 ) Wave

damping of a series of rolling (Ursell)

cylinders. (2) Drag of oscillating plates

of various aspect ratios, (3) Resolution

of viscous and wave drag by means of meas- urements in the wake of a ship, (k) Effect

of a free surface and boundary-layer characteristics on separation, (5) Added mass of a prolate spheroid vibrating horizontally

in various modes in a free surface, (6)

Treatment of vibration of spheroids and

shiplike forms on the basis of a unified

theory of hydroelasticity, and (7) Translation of Ship Motions (Kachka Korablia)

by Blagoveschensky.

(h) "Drag Coefficients of Flat Plates Oscillating Normally to their Planes," M. Ridjanovic, M. S. thesis, State University

of Iowa, Aug. i960. (Available on loan.)

"Effect of Roughness on Ship-Model Rolling,

M. Martin, C. McLeod, and L. Landweber,

Schiffstechnik, April i960.

"Added Mass of Ogival Cylinders Oscillating

Horizontally in a Free Surface, " L. Landweber

and Chou-chen Wu, Schiffstechnik, June i960.

"Added Mass of a Rigid Prolate Spheroid

Oscillating Horizontally in a Free Surface,"

L. Landweber and M. Macagno, Journal of Ship

Research, March i960.

(232IJ-) ANALYSIS OF FLOW PATTERNS FOR SHARP- CRESTED

WEIRS.

(b) Laboratory project, partially supported by

National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Analytical; basic research for doctor's

degree.

(e) Determination of streamline configuration

through use of digital computer for various

relative heights of weir.

(f) Programing for computer essentially completed.

kl
(2328) INVESTIGATION OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS.

(b) Cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey,

Department of the Interior.

(c) Dr. Herman J. Koloseus, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Purpose is to determine the effect of areal

distribution of roughness elements on re- sistance in both subcritical and supercritical flow. Tests are being conducted on cubical elements cemented to the floors of

a 30- foot and an 85 -foot flume in varying

concentrations

(f) Data for supercritical flow with areal

concentrations of l/8, 1/32, 1/128, and

1/512 for cubes 3/l6 in. on a side have

been collected. Results for a 1/128 density of mixed cubes, 3/l6 and 3/8 in.,

have also been obtained. Subcritical flow

and additional concentrations are to be

investigated.

(25^1) DEVELOPMENT OF INSTRUMENTS FOR USE IN

ANALYZING APERIODIC SIGNALS.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Philip G. Hubbard, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The purpose is to improve the analysis of

turbulent velocity and pressure fluctuations.

(g) A mean-product analyzer has been designed

and tested for use on widely fluctuating

signals. Principal features are adaptability to third- and higher-order correlations.

(2791) MIXING IN STRATIFIED FLOW.

(b) Cooperative with the Office of Ordnance

Research, Department of the Army.

(c) Dr. Enzo 0. Macagno, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental; basic research and graduate

thesis

(e) Determination of the characteristics of

mixing, due to inherent instability, at

the interface of stratified flow.

(f) Completed.

(g) Nondimensional shear stress at the interface and transfer of mass across it show

a correlation with Froude and Reynolds

numbers of the interfacial layer. Four

successive regimes of flow are apparent.

Paper for A. S. C. E. in preparation.

As the subject for a M. S. thesis, the

instability of the interface between two

fluid layers in transient motion has also

been ~! nvestigated.

(h) "The Instability of Stratified Flow,"

George H. Mittendorf, M. S. thesis, State

University of Iowa, Feb. I96I. (Available

on loan.

)

(2792) THE DECAY OF TURBULENCE IN A ZERO- MOMENTUM

WAKE.

(b) Cooperative with the Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Philip G. Hubbard, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Primarily experimental; basic research.

(e) Powered models of a strut-mounted propeller and a merchant vessel are driven

in a towing basin, and the wake is investigated with a Pitot rake and a hot-wire

anemometer.

(g) Turbulence in the wake of a powered model

has been measured, and has been found to

decay more rapidly than was anticipated.

( 2795 ) PREDICTION OF RUNOFF FREQUENCY FROM PRECIPITATION AND INFILTRATION FREQUENCIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. J. W. Howe, Department of Mechanics

and Hydraulics, State University of Iowa,

Iowa, City, Iowa.

(d) Statistical.

(e) Exploration of possibility of estimating

frequencies of rare floods based on com- bination of observed frequencies of precipitation and infiltration.

(f) First phase completed; continuing.

(g) Good correlation for a small, a medium,

and a large watershed found in first phase.

(h) "Prediction of Runoff Frequency from Precipitation and Infiltration Frequencies,"

M. A. Chowdhurry, M. S. thesis, State

University of Iowa, Aug. 1958. (Available

on loan.

)

(3068) DETERMINATION OF DYNAMIC FORCES ON FLASHBOARDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. J. W. Howe, Department of Mechanics

and Hydraulics, State University of Iowa,

Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental; for M. S. thesis.

( e ) Measurement by dynamometer of moment exer- ted by water flowing over flashboard.

( g ) A parameter involving turning moment on flashboard related to head- and tail-water

levels for typical 0-G spillway crest.

(3070) ASPIRATIVE EFFICIENCY OF VARIOUS CHIMNEY

SHAPES

(b) Graduate project.

(c) Prof. C. J. Posey, Engineering Building,

Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental; applied, for M. S. thesis.

(e) Investigation of possibility of using

winds to move air through pipe systems

for evaporative stabilization of pavement

subsoils makes it nesessary to test efficiency of "chimney" shapes.

(f) Completed.

(g) Measurements obtained for several geometries

(h) "Effect of Wind Velocity on Draft and Discharge in Various Round Chimney Shapes,"

J. D. Teasdale, M. S. thesis (Dept. of

Civil Engineering), State University of

Iowa, June i960.

"Aspirative Efficiency of Chimney Shapes,"

Mahesh C. Chaturvedi, M. S. thesis, State

University of Iowa, August i960. (Available on loan.

)

(3071) MEASURING EQUIPMENT FOR SURFACE ROUGHNESS.

U2
(b) Graduate project.

(c) Prof. C. J. Posey, Engineering Building,

Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Developmental; applied research.

(e) Design and construction of equipment to

evaluate roughness parameters for range of

surface roughness of interest to hydraulic

engineers.

(f) Temporarily suspended.

(307*0 WAKE OF ZERO MOMENTUM FLUX.

(h) Cooperative with ONR, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Eduard Naud;=> = cher, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental; "basic research.

(e) Distribution of velocity, mean and turbulent, and of pressure is being measured in

the field of flow past a bluff, axisymmetric

body with a centrally located jet for the

particular condition of zero momentum flux.

(3075) ANNULAR JETS IN GROUND PROXIMITY.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research

and graduate theses.

(e) The distributions of mean velocity and mean

pressure in the flow and on the boundaries

near an annular jet have now been studied

for four cases: (l) A stationary annular

jet impinging against a rigid ground plate;

(2) an annular jet impinging against a rigid

ground plate in the presence of an ambient

transverse flow (air -tunnel study); (3) a stationary annular jet directed against

a nearby water surface; and (h) an annular

jet traveling over water.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Experimental Investigation of an Annular

Jet Traveling over Water, " Joachim K. Malsy,

M. S. thesis, State University of Iowa,

August i960. (Available on loan.)

"E--perimental Studies of an Annular Jet,"

Lawrence R. Mack and Joachim K. Malsy,

Report to Office of Naval Research under

Contract Nonr 1509(03), September i960.

(31+28) MECHANICS OF BANK SEEPAGE IN NATURAL STREAMS

DURING FLOOD FLOWS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. J. W. Howe, Dept. of Mechanics and

Hydraulics, State University of Iowa,

Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Field investigation; basic research for

Ph.D. thesis.

( e ) Observations taken on transverse profile

of ground-water levels during rise and

recession of hydrographs. Sections on

Missouri, Des Moines, Boone, Iowa, and

English Rivers, Clear Creek, and Rapid

Creek. Permeability tests made by pumping

wells

(g) Early results indicate substantial flow

into banks during period of rise, thus

showing a negative groundwater contribution to the flow in this period.

(3^29) JET WITH TRANSVERSE PRESSURE GRADIENT.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) In order to better understand the effect

of jet mixing on an annular jet, the diffusion of a two-dimensional jet directed

against a flat plate in the presence of

a transverse pressure gradient is being

studied.

(3^30) AXISYMMETRIC GRAVITY WAVES.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) The difference between the mean potential

and mean kinetic energies for periodic,

finite-amplitude, axisymmetric gravity waves

has been computed as a function of relative

depth over the entire depth range. This

difference, which is zero for infinitesimal

waves, has been found to be positive for

deep water but, rather surprisingly, negative for shallow water. The kinetic and

potential energies have also been computed

as functions of time throughout a halfperiod for both large and small relative

depths

(f) Completed.

(h) "Studies of Axisymmetric Gravity Waves of

Finite Amplitude," Lawrence R. Mack, Report to Office of Naval Research under

Contract Nonr 1509(03), August i960.

(3^31) SEDIMENT SORTING.

(b) Partially supported by National Science

Foundation.

(d) Dr. Lucien M. Brush, Jr., Iowa Institute

of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) To determine the effect of various particlesize distributions with the same means but

different standard deviations on (l) totalload and suspended-load transportation,

(2) bed configuration, and (3) size distribution of the total load.

(3^32) ACCELERATED MOTION OF A SPHERE FALLING IN

AN OSCILLATING FLUID.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Lucien M. Brush, Jr., Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental and analytical; basic research

and Ph. D. dissertation.

(e) To determine accelerated motion of a sphere

falling in an oscillating fluid.

(3^33) VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN OPEN- CHANNEL FLOW.

(b) Graduate project.

(c) Prof. C. J. Posey, Engineering Building,

Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Theoretical; basic, for M. S. thesis.

^3
(e) Analysis of velocity distribution for turbulent flow in open channels, mainly based

on new data from the variable-slope flume

at Allenspark, Colorado.

(f) Completed.

(g) Boundary shear distribution in triangular

channel computed by different methods;

integrated values compared with measured

total

(h) "Boundary Shear in a Triangular Open

Channel," Jose Jesus Mairena, M. S. thesis,

State University of Iowa, August i960.

( Available on loan . )

( 3^314- ) VORTEX OVER HORIZONTAL ORIFICE.

(b) Graduate project.

(c) Prof. C. J. Posey, Engineering Building,

Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental; basic research for M. S. thesis

(e) Tests include variable head and angular

momentum of inflow.

(f) Completed.

(g) For stable flow, discharge was found to

vary with circulation divided by discharge

per unit depth. When friction is minimized,

flow may become unstable.

(h) "Vortex over a Horizontal Orifice," Kotha

Koteswara Rao, M. S. thesis, State Univ.

of Iowa, August i960. (Available on loan).

(3738) SEDIMENT DIFFUSION.

00

(c)

(a)

(e)

Laboratory project partially supported by

a grant from Gulf Research and Development

Co. Dr. Lucien M. Brush, Jr., Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

Experimental; Ph. D. dissertation.

To determine the sediment diffusion characteristics for small concentrations of

particles in a submerged jet of water.

(3739) EDUCATIONAL FILMS ON THE MECHANICS OF FLUIDS.

(b) National Science Foundation

(c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(e) Six 20-minute sound films in color are planned to cover following material : ( 1

)

An introduction to the subject, stressing

its great breadth of coverage, the neces- sarily close tie between theory and experiment, the role of the scale model in engrg.

analysis and design, and methods of flow

measurement in laboratory and lield. (2)

The source and significance of the fundamental principles of continuity, momentum,

and energy, and their application to typical problems in many professional fields.

(3) Gravitational phenomena, including jets,

nappes, channel transitions, waves, surges,

and effects of density stratification, (k)

Effects of viscosity, examples of laminar

flow, characteristics of fluid turbulence,

and problems of surface resistance. (5)

Profile drag and lift, and their application to propulsion and fluid machinery.

(6) Compressibility effects - water

hammer, submarine signaling, gravity-wave

and sound-wave analogies, and supersonic

drag.

(f ) First film of series now being prepared.

(37^0) HYDRODYNAMICS OF FLUIDS UNDER CONDITIONS

OF RAPID ACCELERATION.

(h)

(c)

(a)

Rock Island Arsenal, U. S. Army.

Dr. Philip G. Hubbard, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search.

Analytical techniques which are applicable

to systems involving rapid acceleration of

fluids through constrictions or of solids

through fluids. Results will be expressed

as lumped-constant parameters similar to

those used for steady-flow phenomena.

A sharp-edged disk has been accelerated

rapidly through still water, and its total

drag has been measured. Equipment has

been constructed to measure the discharge

coefficients of various orifices and the

forces which they withstand when fluid is

rapidly accelerated through them.

(3781) MODEL TESTS OF ROCK SAUSAGES.

(g)

0))

(c)

(a)

(e)

(f)

Graduate project.

Prof. C. J. Posey, Engineering Building,

Iowa City, Iowa.

Experimental; applied, for M. S. thesis.

Tests of model rock sausage embankment

protection at different scales to determine maximum safe heads

In progress.

IOWA STATE UNIVESSITY, Department of Agricultural

Engineering.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. H. P. Johnson, Department of

Agricultural Engineering, Iowa State University,

Ames, Iowa.

(2330) DEPTH, SPACING AND HYDRAULICS OF TILED

DRAINS.

00

(a)

(e)

(g)

(2331)

Laboratory project.

Theoretical and field investigation; basic

and applied research; master's and doctor's

thesis

Analytical and physical approach is being

studied to determine depth and spacing of

tiled drains by analyzing soil characteristics and geometry of systems. Work is co- operative with Dr. Kirkham, Soil Physics

Department of Agronomy. Studies of the

relationship of hydrologic and applied

hydraulic problems of field tile systems

being made

No new results to report

SURFACE RUNOFF FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical; applied research; doctoral

thesis

Mi
(e)

(2333

0>

(d

(e

(g

(233^

(D

(a

(e

(g

(3078

0>

(d

(e

(f

(g

00

The study involving the development of

procedures for defining synthetic hydrographs for watersheds up to 25 square miles

in area completed. Further studies involving the use of point rainfall record

and synthetic hydrographs defined as mathematical function for the development of

storm hydrographs for small watersheds

being made.

First phase completed.

"Derivation of Hydrograph for Small Watershed From Measurable Physical Characteristics, " D. M. Gray, Ph. D. Thesis, Iowa

State University, June i960.

IMPROVEMENT OF SURFACE DRAINS WITH TILE

BLIND INLETS.

Laboratory project.

Field investigation; design.

Field study is being continued to determine the effect of different tile backfill material on the flow of water into

the tile drains.

Results of observation made in last 5 years

being summarized.

RUNOFF FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS.

Laboratory project, cooperative with ARS,

USDA.

Field investigation; applied research design.

Measurements of rainfall and surface runoff

being made on seven agricultural watersheds.

Bulletin summarizing ten years of record

being written.

LOW FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF STREAMS IN

NORTH CENTRAL AND WESTERN IOWA.

Laboratory project.

Analytical study, master's thesis.

An analysis of the frequencies of given

discharges from selected streams has been

completed. Theoretical functions were fitted to frequency and depletion curves. Project completed.

Gamma function was fitted to data describing flow in fourteen Iowa streams.

"Low Flow Characteristics of Streams in

North Central and Western Iowa," P. Tiaganides, M. S. Thesis, Iowa State Univ.,

March i960.

soil and plants using deuterium as a tracer.

THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, Applied physics

Laboratory.

(2335) APPLICATION OF SWITCHING TECHIIQUES TO HY- DRAULIC CONTROL SYSTEMS.

00

(a)

(e)

(g)

00

( 3207

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Agronomy.

(3079) MOVEMENT OF WATER IN SOIL.

00

(c)

(d)

(e)

Laboratory project.

Prof. Don Kirkham, Soil Physics Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University,

Ames, Iowa.

Theoretical and applied research.

Work is being done on the movement of

ground water in soil, particularly in the

saturated phase. Work is being continued

on the use of the mass spectrometer for

studying the movement of water through

Bureau of Weapons, Department of the Navy.

Theoretical and experimental; applied development and design.

Study the dynamic qualities of an acceleration switching hydraulic servomechanis m

while operating in a closed loop under the

presence of various loads and environmental

conditions on the transfer valve, actuator

and feedback transducer.

The operation of a broad bandpass servo- mechanism driving a low resonant frequency

linkage has resulted in radical design

compromises to prevent instability. Extension of acceleration switching techniques

without any mechanical modifications has

permitted closed loop operation with bandpasses equal to or exceeding the linkage

characteristics

"Design of a Hydraulic Servo with Improved

Bandpass Characteristics when Driving a Resonant Mechanical Load, " APL/JHU CM-962

by W. Seamone.

ACCELERATION SWITCHING HYDRAULIC SERVOMECHANISMS UNDER EXTREME ENVIRONMENTAL

CONDITIONS.

Bureau of Weapons, Department of the Navy.

Experimental, applied development and design.

Extend to regions of extreme high temperature a servomechanism capable of high performance and horsepower (up to 10 H. P.).

The servo valve, actuator and feedback

transducer must operate under environmental

extremes while the electronic circuitry is

maintained in a protected area. Tests have been conducted on hydraulic servo components under steady state temperature

conditions of 700°F ambient and 500° F oil

temperature . Thermal shock temperature

tests have been conducted on servo packages

to U00°F to study transient temperatures.

(3U35) HYDRAULIC SUPPLY LINE CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Bureau of Weapons, Department of the Navy.

(d) Theoretical, experimental.

(e) High performance hydraulic servome onanisms

can excite the pressure and return lines

into pressure oscillation. Establishment

of the physical relationship which could

cause pressure oscillation, as well as performance deterioration in the servo valve performance, is being investigated.

(f) Continuing low priority research study.

(g) The switching activity of an acceleration

switching hydraulic servomechanism was noted to create pressure oscillation under

specified conditions in length of supply

lines. Analysis and experiments have shown

00

(d)

(e)

(g)

^5
that pressure oscillations occur when the

acoustic frequency of the hydraulic fluid

column is in specific relationship to that

of the switching frequency. Where line

length changes cannot he used, methods of

detuning the supply lines "by volume chamber

or acoustic filter are developed.

(3^36) ADAPTIVE ELECTRO HYDRAULIC SERVOMECHANISMS

(h) Bureau of Weapons, Department of the Navy.

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) Techniques have "been developed ' for designing linear servomechanisms with a limit

cycle instability about a relay type non- linearity. The closed loop characteristics

of this servomechanism become invariant to

any pure gain changes occurring in the

linear elements. This servomechanism,

categorized as a self-oscillating control

servomechanism, appeared to be an evolutionary improvement over the acceleration

switching hydraulic servomechanism.

(g) A self-oscillating rate servomechanism has

been operated with the loop closed around

the valve spool position. Predictable

self-oscillation frequency was achieved

and dynamic performance bandpass was independent of hydraulic supply pressure between 500 and 2000 psi. A self-oscillating

positional servomechanism operating with

feedback from the actuator position only,

achieved similar results with pressure

variation between 500 and 3000 psi. The

bandpass of both servomechanisms exceeded

60 cycles per second with the latter operating a complex mechanical load system.

(856;

been issued dated October 26, 1959 and

October i960 which have been submitted to

the contributing sponsors of the project.

HYDROLOGY OF STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEMS IN

URBAN AREAS.

THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, The Dept. of Sanitary

Engineering and Water Resources, School of Engrg.

(31*37) RESIDENTIAL WATER USE RESEARCH PROJECT.

(b) AWWA, Baltimore County, Baltimore City,

Maryland State Dept. of Health, and Federal

Housing Administration.

(c ) Mr. Jerome B. Wolff, Research Associate,

Dept. of Sanitary Engineering and Water

Resources, The Johns Hopkins University,

Baltimore 18, Maryland,

(d) Experimental and field investigation;

applied research and design.

(e) This project is directed toward obtaining

data on maximum hourly demands of residential areas having varying populations . It also is directed toward obtaining information on the effect of lawn sprinkling and

other large rate water consuming devices on maximum demands in residential communities. The purpose of the project is to

obtain a rational design criteria for

water distribution systems.

(g) Stratification of residential areas in

terms of age, ground area and social status

appears to have an important effect on residential water use. Preliminary data

indicates correlation between per capita

demands and size of residential lots.

(h) None to date. Two progress reports have

(b) Baltimore City, Baltimore County, and the

U. S. Bureau of Public Roads.

(c) Dr. John C. Geyer, Chairman, Dept. of

Sanitary Engineering and Water Resources,

The Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, Md.

(d) Field investigation, basic resaarch, and

design.

(e) Study of rainfall and runoff relationships

as affected by various drainage area parameters. At present, runoff from 9 urban

areas ranging in size from 10 to kOO acres

are gaged 7 by stage measurements and 2 by

Parshall Flumes. Three recording systens

which simultaneously record rainfall and

runoff from 10 inlet areas provide good

opportunity for detailed study. About 9

years of rainfall records now exist for a network of 12 recording gages covering an area of about 50 square miles.

(g) A study of the Baltimore rainfall data for

the period 189^-1955 shows: (l) The critical storm in the Baltimore area is the summer type cloud burst. About two-thirds

of the storms - greater than 2 year

frequency occur in the months of July and

August . Winter storms are not important

for design purposes. (2) The maximum

average rainfall rate ( for durations up to

60 minutes) generally occurs at the beginning of the storm. (3) Rainfall intensities (during 15, 30, and 60 minute durations) for frequencies greater than 2 yrs

are not uniform. Difference between maxi- mum intensity and average intensity over

the duration range from 30$ (for the 15

minute duration) to 75$ (for the 60 minute

duration). Intensities greater than those

indicated by rainfall frequency curves occur during more than half the period of

the 15, 30 and 60 minute durations studied.

Consequently the design storm assumed in

the Rational Method is unrealistic, (k)

Gagings made by this project and by the

Corps of Engineers indicate that where a check on the Rational Method is possible,

the Rational Method produces inconsistent

results. Further analyses are continuing.

(h) "Progress Report on the Storm Drainage

Research Project, June 1959>" Warren

Viessman, Dept. of Sanitary Engineering

and Water Resources, The Johns Hopkins

University, Baltimore 18, Md. A limited

number of copies are available on request.

( 3^38 ) RESIDENTIAL SEWERAGE RESEARCH PROJECT.

(b) Federal Housing Administration.

(c) Dr. John C. Geyer, Chairman, Dept. of

Sanitary Engrg. and Water Resources, The

Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore 18, Md.

(d) Field investigation; operation and design.

(e) Examination of adequacy and utility of

residential sewerage system design criteria.

Determination of the effects of parameters

k6
of design, construction, loading and natural phenomena on operation of sewerage systems. Research includes analysis and study

of representative sewerage systems throughout the country.

f) Planning stage.

g) Collection of data not yet begun.

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS, Department of Engineering

Mechanics

Inquiries concerning projects Nos. 3080, 308l, 3082,

and 37^2 to 37^4, incl., should be addressed to

Dr. David W. Appel, Dept. of Engrg. Mechanics, and

projects Nos. ^kkO and 37^5 should be addressed to

Dean J. S. McNown, School of Engineering and Architecture, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas.

(3080) TRANSMISSION AND DISSIPATION OF SURGES IN

ELASTIC TUBES.

(b) Sohio Pipe Line Co. and Dept. of Engrg. Mech.

(d) Basic research; theoretical and experimental

investigation. Also M. S. thesis.

(e) This is a basic study of speed of propagation

and rate of dissipation of surges in liquidfilled elastic tubes. Field observation,

on long oil pipe lines, and a M. S. thesis

on celerity of surges in very elastic tubes

have been completed. Further laboratory

study of rate of dissipation of surges is

planned

(g) The celerity of an isolated surge in a very

elastic tube has been found to be essentially

independent of the velocity and direction

of flow. However, a systematic variation in

celerity with static pressure was found,

which at low heads was due to changes in

shape of the section and at higher heads

was due to increase in diameter and re- duction in wall thickness of the tubing.

(h) "A Study of the Transmission of Surges in

Elastic Conduits," by James D. McClure, M.

S. Thesis, University of Kansas, Lawrence,

Kansas, June i960.

(3081) DIFFUSION OF A JET FORMED AT AN ABRUPT ENLARGEMENT IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL FLOW.

(b) Kimberly-Clark Corp., Neenah, Wisconsin.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Development of vortices along the surface

of separation at an abrupt expansion is

being studied. Moving pictures taken at

3000 frames per second are being analyzed

to determine characteristics of the oc- currence of vortices.

(g) Cavitation has been observed to begin first

in the center of vortices at ambient pressures as much as 80 percent of the dynamic

pressure above the vapor pressure of the

fluid. The average frequency of generation

of vortices has been found to be a function

of the expansion ratio.

(h) "Cavitation Along Surfaces of Separation,

by David W. Appel, ASME paper 60-WA-265 presented at the Annual Meeting, November i960.

Also, a 16 mm sound film was prepared to ac- company the above paper. The film is available for loan on request.

(3082) MEASUREMENT OF LOW VELOCITIES IN WATER.

(b) Laboratory project.

( d ) Development

(e) An instrument is being developed for

measuring low velocities in small hydraulic

models which will utilize the known re- lationship between frequency of shedding

of vortices in the wake of a circular

cylinder and the velocity of flow.

(f) Suspended until staff is available to con- tinue study.

(3^4-0) DRAG IN UNSTEADY FLOW PAST BLUFF BODIES.

(b) The Sandia Corporation.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) The vorticity in the boundary layer upstream from the point of separation is re- lated to the strength of the vortices in

the wake. The force on a flat plate or a cylinder is then related to the growth,

and shedding of the vortices

(f) Terminated.

(g) Several aspects of the prediction of drag

have been evaluated theoretically.

(h) "Vortex Formation and Resistance in Unsteady Motion," J. S. McNown and T.Sarpkaya,

Internal report to the Sandia Corp. (5112)

June i960.

(37^2) DIVERSION OF FLOW WITH SUCTION APPLIED TO

SLOTS BENEATH A SHALLOW STREAM HAVING A

FREE SURFACE.

(b) Kimberly-Clark Corporation and the Dept.

of Engineering Mechanics.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research; also M. S. thesis.

(e) Extent of agreement between results of a momentum analysis and experimental measurements is to be determined for single,

vertical, inclined and skewed slots. The

experiments will be extended to multiple

slots and to patterns of circular holes.

(3743) STUDY OF THE MECHANICS OF DIVIDED FLOW.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) The first part is a study of instability of

divided flows both confined as at branches

in pipes and semi-unconfined as at inlets

and outlets. The mechanism of instability,

and the dynamic characteristics of the re- sulting surges are to be investigated. An

analytical solution for the mean flow into an inclined slot in a plain boundary of a semi-infinite flow is to be obtained and

the results verified and extended experimentally. A general criterion for limits

of stable division of any flow is sought.

(37MO A STUDY OF WAVE EROSION ON UNPROTECTED

DIKES.

(b) Kansas Forestry, Fish and Game Commission,

(d) Experimental and field investigation;
basic research.

Information to serve as a guide toward a practical solution of wave erosion in waterfowl refuges is sought. The following as- pects are being studied: (l) Wave height

length and speed are being observed in a pool of uniform shallow depth of about 2 feet, with a fetch of 2.5 miles. (2)

Model tests at l/k scale are being made of

wave action on dikes composed of clay.

After the operation of the model has been

verified, tests will be run on embankments

of various shapes with and without simulated plants and other protective devices.

(37^5) BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AN OVERLAND FLOW.

( 3084 ) STUDY ON IMPROVING DESIGN OF A HOPPER

DREDGE PUMP.

00

(a)

(e)

Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army,

U.S.A.

Theoretical; basic research.

An analytical study of data from experiments

on controlled surface runoff due to steady

rainfall on an impervious plane surface.

The objective is to provide an improved

method for overland flow in the drainage

of airfields and expressways.

LEHIGH UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning the following projects and

requests for reprints and technical reports should

be addressed to Professor J. B. Herbich, Chairman,

Hydraulics Division, Fritz Engineering Laboratory,

Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.

(1602) PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION IN CONDUIT BENDS.

00

(a)

(e)

(f)

Laboratory project.

Experimental; undergraduate special problem.

S

4 udy of a rectangular bend with a central

dividing wall, by means of electrical-analogy has been completed.

Inactive

(1603) BUTTERFLY VALVE STUDY.

(b) CDC Controls Services, Inc., Hatboro, Pa.

(d) Experimental; applied research,

(f) Completed.

(2339) BUCKET-TYPE ENERGY DISSIPATOR CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Gannett, Fleming, Corddry and Carpenter,

Inc., 600 North Second Street, Harrisburg,

Pennsylvania.

(d) Experimental; for general design.

(f) Suspended.

(251*3) STUDY OF CONDUIT EXIT PORTALS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; M. S. thesis.

(f) General pressure-distribution study com- pleted.

(g) Tests of square and circular conduit with

free-jet, horizontal apron, and three

different wall flares, have been completed.

00

(a)

(e)

(f

(3085

0=

(a

(e

(f

3086

(h

(a

(e

District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Marine Division, Philadelphia,

Corps of Engineers.

Applied and basic research.

The immediate purpose of the study is to

improve design of a hopper dredge centrifugal pump for pumping silt-clay-water

mixtures. The long-term objective is to

determine the effect of Bingham Body-type

of fluid on pumping characteristics. The

project has been divided into four phases

(l) Model tests of the existing dredge

pump; (2) recommendations for design

changes of the dredge pump; (3) model investigation of the modified design of the

dredge pump; and (1+) analysis of the investigation and final recommendations.

Phase 1 involved installation in the hydraulic laboratory of a 1:8 scale model of

the dredge pump now used on the U.S. Corps

of Engineers dredge ESSAY0NS. Water as well as silt-clay-water mixtures (Bingham

Body-type of fluid) were pumped and com- plete characteristics of the pump obtained

for capacity of 0 to 1200 gallons per

minute, speed of 1150 to 1900 revolutions

per minute, and liquid concentrations of

1000 to I38O grams per liter. Phases 2 and 3 involve modifications in the shape of vane and changes in the exit vane angle of

the impeller. Experimental tests indicate

considerable improvement in pump efficiency

Phase (l) completed.

Considerable improvement in pump efficiency

has been achieved.

STUDY OF SCALE EFFECT BETWEEN MODEL AND

PROTOTYPE SPILLWAYS.

Laboratory project.

Graduate students project.

A 1:100 scale two-dimensional model built

of Chief Joseph Dam. Prototype crest

pressures compared with the data obtained

on the model

Completed.

Very good correlation obtained between the

model and prototype

INVESTIGATION OF DESIGN CRITERIA OF SPUR

DIKES.

Modjeski and Masters, Consulting Engineers,

Harrisburg, Pa., Lehigh University Institut

of Research.

Analytical and experimental.

The project has been divided into four

phases: (A) Literature Survey; (B) ana- lytical study; (C) experimental study in

a fixed-bed model to determine the desired

lengths and shapes of spur dikes to provide uniform velocity distribution in the

waterway between bridge abutments, and

(D) experimental study in a movable-bed

model to verify findings in part (C). A spur dike has been defined as a projection

extending upstream from the bridge abutment

1+8
(f) Phases (A) and (C) completed, phases (B)

and (D) active.

(g) Preliminary investigation indicates that a properly designed spur dike can produce a fairly uniform velocity distribution between the abutments.

(h) "The Effect of Spur Dikes on Flood Flows

Through Bridge Constrictions," John B. Herbich. Paper presented to the ASCE at Boston, Mass. on Oct. ih, i960, 37 PP- (A

limited number of pre-prints available.

(3Wl) STUDY OF SCALE EFEECT BETWEEN MODEL AND

PROTOTYPE 270° BENDS FOR FLOW OF SILTCLAY-WATER MIXTURES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) M. S. thesis.

(e) Four-, six-, and eight-inch diameter 90°

elbows assembled to form 270° bends. Head

loss measurements obtained for various flows

and concentrations of silt -clay-water mixtures. Prediction equations have been investigated.

(g) Evidence of scale effect present.

(h) "Scale Effect on 270° Pipe Bends for Bingham

Body Fluid," J. B. Herbich and P. L. Brach.

Memo. No. M-10, F. L. Report No. 277-M-10,

June i960, kO pp., (copies available).

(3kk2) SUGGESTED DESIGN CHANGES FOR A CENTRIFUGAL

PUMP IMPELLER HANDLING DREDGED MUD.

(b) Research report requirement of M.S. degree.

(d) Theoretical.

(e) Design changes in centrifugal pump impeller

for handling mud are suggested on basis of

past research and theoretical considerations

(f) Completed.

(h) "Suggested Design Changes for a Centrifugal

Pump Impeller Handling Dredged Mud," W. L. Weiss, Graduate Student Report, Nov. 1959;

20 pages, (copies available).

(37^6) ANALYSIS OF FLOW PATTERN IN VOLUTE OF A

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP.

(b) Research report requirement of M. S. degree.

(d) Experimental.

(e) High-speed movies of flow taken through a transparent plexiglas volute casing were

analyzed. Velocity distribution as well as distribution of the exit angle between the

impeller vanes as fluid leaves the impeller

were determined.

(f) Suspended.

(h) "Analysis of High-Speed Movies of a Model

Pump, " J. B. Herbich and W. M. Waddington,

Fritz Lab. Report No. 277-M-ll, June i960,

36 pages, (copies available).

(37^7) FRICTION LOSSES IN PIPES FOR BINGHAM-BODY

FLUIDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(e) The project has been divided into three

phases: (a) Literature survey; (b) ana- lytical study; (c) experimental study.

LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY AND A AND M COLLEGE,

H9

Agricultural Engineering Department.

(2800) HEAD LOSS DUE TO QUICK COUPLERS IN ALUMINUM

IRRIGATION PIPE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. William F. Lytle, Agr. Engr. Dept.,

La. State Univ., Baton Rouge, La. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To determine the head loss caused by quick

couplers manufactured by various companies

in 3-, k-, 5-, and 6-inch sizes of aluminum

irrigation pipe. Each coupler is tested in

alined position and at maximum angle of

misalinement

(g) Fifty-five couplers of the bolt-on type

have been tested. In the near future

"factory installed" couplers will be tested

and new manufacturers who were not in business in 1956 will be contacted.

(h) "Analysis of Head Loss in Irrigation Pipe

Couplers, " by W. F. Lytle and J. E. Wimberly,

Paper 60-727 available from ASAE, St. Joseph,

Michigan.

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Dept. of

Civil and Sanitary Engineering, Hydrodynamics Lab.

Requests for reprints and Technical Reports should

be addressed to Dr. Arthur T. Ippen, Professor of

Hydraulics, Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Mass. Inst,

of Technology, Cambridge 39 .> Mass.

(307) MECHANICS OF STRATIFIED FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. D. R. F. Harleman, Mass. Inst, of

Technology, Cambridge 39 , Mass.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; graduate

research.

(e) A general study of the characteristics of

flows in which vertical density gradients

are present. Density differences may be

due to temperature, chemical composition

or solids in suspension. Two topics are currently under investigation: (l) Characteristics of the saline wedge in an

estuary, and (2) induced circulation in

stratified fluids.

(g) An equation for the shape of the arrested

saline wedge in an estuary is obtained

from the one -dimensional equations of

motion and continuity for a two-layer non- uniform, stratified flow. Knowledge of

the total intrusion length permits calculation of the mean interfacial shear. The

experimental results of others show good

agreement with the theory. The effect of

the river densimetric Froude number is shown

to have only a small effect on the dimensionless shape of the saline wedge. Circulation and mixing is induced in a stratified reservoir (30'x3'xU') by means of ver- tical jets of fluid from a manifold. Reservoir fluid is recirculated through the

manifold by means of a pump. An evaluation

of the mixing efficiency is made by comparing

the change in potential energy of the res- ervoir to the kinetic energy input at the

jets. Additional investigations are
underway.

(h) "Characteristics of the Saline Wedge in an Estuary/' S. B. Thesis, Course I, MIT, F. Malouf and P. Mehlhorn, June i960.

"Forced Convection in Vertically Stratified

Fluids," S. M. Thesis, R. A. Farmer,- J. P. Franklin, and D. E. Wheeler, January 1961.

(1609) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE SORTING OF BEACH

SEDIMENTS BY WAVE ACTION.

(b) Beach Erosion Board, U. S. Army Corps of

Engineers

(c) Prof. P. S. Eagleson, Hydrodynamics Lab.,

Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39 j Mass.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Quantitative study of the mechanics of

beach sediment movement by shallow water

waves

(g) The applicability of previously derived

relations for prediction of the equilibrium

profile of sand beaches and the sorting of

their constituent sediments has been investigated in the laboratory.

Current experiments are investigating the

mechanics of generation of longshore cur- rents on a straight, plane impermeable beach.

(h) "Equilibrium Characteristics of Sand Beaches

in the Offshore Zone," S. M. Thesis, MIT,

Hydrodynamics Laboratory, January 1961.

(25^6) CHARACTERISTICS OF FLOW WITH DILUTE FIBER

SUSPENSIONS.

(b) Technical Association of Pulp and Paper

Industries

(c) Prof. A. T. Ippen and Prof. J. W. Daily,

Hydrodynamics Lab., Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39 > Massachusetts.

(d) Experimental and analytical; basic research,

(d) Basic investigation of hydrodynamics of

dilute suspensions,

(g) Previous investigations of the hydrodynamics

of flowing paper fiber suspensions emphasized the dual role of fiber interlocking

and turbulence in the transfer of momentum

and shear with such suspensions . The present studies are investigating the role of

the suspended medium in modifying the turbulence structure in the absence of particle

entanglement and interlocking. Near neutrally buoyant rigid particles are being used.

Energy dissipation, velocity profiles and

turbulence characteristics are being

studied experimentally and analytically.

(25U8) TURBULENT DIFFUSION IN STRATIFIED FLUIDS.

(b) U. S. Public Health Service.

(c) Prof. A. T. Ippen, Prof. D. R. F. Harleman,

Hydrodynamics Lab., Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39 > Massachusetts.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search (doctoral thesis).

(e) An investigation of various turbulent diffusion processes for application to salinity

intrusion and waste disposal in partially

or well mixed tidal estuaries,

(g) The experimental equipment is a 32 foot

channel in which turbulence is generated

mechanically by means of a stack of expanded aluminum sheets oscillating vertically with amplitudes up to one -half inch

and frequencies up to four cycles per second.

Concentrations are measured and recorded

at various stations by means of probes

sensitive to the changes in conductivity.

The turbulence level is specified in

terms of the measured rate of energy dissipation within the liquid. The effects

of gravity convection due to density differences between the diffusant and receiving

fluids are separated from turbulent diffusion effects by a series of control tests

with zero density difference.

Experiments are being made to determine

the longitudinal distribution of salinity

in a uniform estuary with fresh water inflow at one end and a constant ocean salinity maintained at the other end.

Salinity distributions are determined for

various fresh water inflow rates and turbulence levels in the flume.

The one-dimensional salinity distribution

is found to be correlated with a stratification parameter expressing the ratio

of energy dissipation to the gain in potential energy of the flow in the estuary.

Present studies are concerned with the twodimensional salinity distributions and the

relationship of the vertical salinity

gradients to the vertical velocity distributions. The reversal of the bottom ve- locities which is characteristic of

estuaries is also shown to be related to

the stratification parameter described

above

(h) "The Turbulent Diffusion and Convection of

Saline Water in an Idealized Estuary,

D. R. F. Harleman and A. T. Ippen, Publication No. 51 (international Association

of Scientific Hydrology), Proceedings of

the Helsinki Congress of the International

Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, August

i960.

"Liquid Diffusion and Convection in Homogeneous Turbulence," S. M. Thesis, MIT,

D. W. Mc Dougall, Course I, August i960.

(2801) INTERACTION OF WAVES WITH FLOATING BODIES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the

Navy.

(c) Prof. A. T. Ippen, Hydrodynamics Lab.,

Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search for doctoral thesis.

(e) Analytical and experimental investigation

of interaction of surface waves with basic

shapes. Purpose of the study is to develop a feasible prototype floating or moored

breakwater structure

(g) Two problems have been completed. The

theoretical portion of each of these

pi-'Yblems is based on small amplitude

classical wave mechanics. The numerical

solutions were obtained on an IBM 70h

digital computer, (l) Theoretical and ex- perimental investigation of the interaction

of a fixed, semi -immersed circular cylinder

with a train of surface waves. The theory

50
was developed for the case of deep-water;

however, the experiments covered both deep

and shallow-water waves. The theory predicts reflection and transmission coefficients and force components on the cylinder which are in good agreement, ex- cept that an energy loss of approximately

10$ occurred in the reflection-transmission process. (2) Theoretical and experimental investigation of a semi -immersed

circular cylinder which is oscillating

vertically about the mean water surface.

The theory was developed for a fluid of

arbitrary depth and predicts the amplitude

of the generated waves and also the force on the cylinder. The theory shows that

if the ratio of water depth to cylinder

radius is greater than 10 there is no effect of water depth. Present studies are concerned with ( 1 ) moored cylinders in a tandem arrangement which is designed to

reduce mooring forces and (2) effects of

channel geometry on wave transmission.

It is desired to investigate the effect

on reflection and transmission coefficients

of a linear change of depth with distance,

(h) "Interaction of a Fixed, Semi -Immersed

Circular Cylinder with a Train of Surface

Waves," R. G. Dean and F. Ursell, Technical Report No. 37, MIT Hydrodynamics

Laboratory, September 1959-

"Surface Waves Generated by an Oscillating

Circular Cylinder in Shallow Water," Y. S. Yu and F. Ursell, Technical Report No.

h0, MET Hydrodynamics Laboratory, January

I960.

"Forced Small-Amplitude Water Waves : A

Comparison of Theory and Experiment,

Journal of Fluid Mechanics," Vol. 7, Part

1, PP- 33-52, April 1959-

[2802) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF WAKE MECHANICS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, David Taylor

Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Prof. J. W. Daily, Prof. P. S. Eagleson,

Hydrodynamics Lab. Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39 j Massachusetts.

(d) Experimental; basic research (doctoral

theses )

(e) A study of the effect of trailing edge

geometry on the charccteristics of the

wake of a thin flat plate with particular

emphasis on transverse plate vibrations.

Tests are carried out in a 7-1/2 x 9 inch

water tunnel test section capable of speeds

to 1+0 ft/sec.

(g) Measurements of the turbulent structure of

the early wake behind a stationary thin

flat plate have b^en made in water for a given trailing edge geometry. Other trailing edges are being investigated.

The transfer of energy between plate and

fluid is being investigated under the condition of externally forced vibrations of the

plate

(h) "The Hydroelastic Behavior of Flat Plates

as Influenced by Trailing Edge Geometry,

A. T. Ippen, G. H. Toebes, and P. S. Eagleson, Technical Report No. 36, MIT Hydrodynamics Laboratory, April i960.

"The Early Wake of a Fixed, Flat Plate,"

C. J. Huval, S. M. Thesis, MIT, Course I,

196l.

(3089) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF EROSION IN CURVED

CHANNELS.

00

(c)

(a)

(e)

(gj

Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept.

of Agriculture S.W.C. Watershed Technology

Research Branch.

Professor A. T. Ippen, P. A. Drinker, Geologist, WTRB, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge

39> Massachusetts.

Experimental; basic research (doctoral

thesis )

Investigation of boundary shear stress

distribution and magnitude in curved, open

channels to determine location and extent

of protection required in natural streams.

Of interest is the variation of boundary

shear with selected conditions of flow

and channel geometry.

The magnitude and distribution of boundary

shear stress have been studied in a 60° curve for varied conditions of flow. The

test channel is trapezoidal with a hydraulically smooth surface, and sides sloping

2 horizontal to 1 vertical. The width:

depth ratios have been varied from 8 to 12,

with a variation in radius width ratio of

1.75 to 2.17. For the conditions tested,

the Froude numbers are in the range O.38

to 0.55- Tests were first conducted in the

single curve with straight, uniform approach

flows. Following this, the velocity distribution in the approach channel was artificially distorted to simulate the varied

effects of upstream channel alignment.

Flows were thus studied in U- and S- bend

stream patterns. Tests are now being con- ducted to determine the effect of bed rough- ness on the shear distribution. Following

this series, the channel will be modified

to give radius -width ratios of about k; further tests will be made to determine the

influence of the parameter r/w on the shear

distribution. The boundary shear stress is

determined by maans of round surface Pitot

tubes; a modified Pitot tube has been calibrated for the measurement of shear stress on a test surface of uniform roughness.

"Velocity and Boundary Shear Distributions

in an Open Channel Bend," G. K. Noutsopoulos,

S. M. Thesis, MIT, May i960.

"The Distribution of Boundary Shear Stresses

in Curved Trapezoidal Channels," A. T. Ippen,

P. A. Drinker, W. R. Jobin, and G. K. Noutsopoulos, MIT Hydrodynamics Laboratory

Technical Report No. January 1961.

(3090) MODEL OF PUMPING PLANT FOR CHARLES RIVER

BASIN (BOSTON) DRAINAGE CONTROL.

(b) Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Metropolitan

District Commission.

(c) Prof. D.R.F. Harleman, Hydradynamics Lab.,

Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39 j Mass.

( d ) Experimental

(e) Model studies to determine forebay and

pump suction intake geometry for high

capacity, low head axial flow pumps.

(h)

51
(f) Completed.

(g) A model study of a pumping station site

one-half mile downstream of the Charles

River Dam was made to investigate the effect of existing hridge piers on the flow

geometry in the pump intake "basin. A deflector wall 600 ft. upstream of the intakes was employed to change the direction

of the main stream to avoid having the

intakes fall in the wake of a large bridge

pier.

(h) "Model Study of a Flood Control Pumping

Station for the Charles River Basin at the

Warren Avenue Bridge," D.R.F. Harleman,

C.J. Hubal, and T. K. Chu, MIT Hydrodynamics

Lac-~ratory Technical Report No. 39 .> December

(31^3) COMPUTER STUDY OF POWER PLANT TRANSIENTS.

(t>) Mis; River Division, Corps of Engineers.

(c) Prof. I '. Ippen, Prof. P. S. Eagleson, Hydrodynamics Lab. Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39 > Mass.

(d) Theoretical, field measurements; applied re- search.

( e ) Development of a comprehensive digital com- puter program for the solution and investigation of the complete transient problem

in hydropower installations.

(g) The problem of load rejection has been programmed for the IBM 709 computer. The problem of load acceptance and surge tank stability is being formulated. Plans have

been completed for a comprehensive field

test of two Corps of Engineers power plants

involving measurement of all pertinent mechanical, electrical and hydraulic variables

under contitions of acceptance, rejection,

and oscillation of load.

(h) "Hydropower Plant Transients, Part I - Design of a Comprehensive Field Test Program, " A. T. Ippen, F. E. Perkins, and P.

S. Eagleson, MIT Hydrodynamics Lahoratory

Technical Note No. 7, January 1961.

(3W0 EFFECTS OF BASIN GEOMETRY AND VISCOUS LAMP- ING ON THE AMPLITUDE OF RESONANT OSCILLATIONS IN HARBORS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Professor A. T. Ippen, Hydrodynamics Lab.,

Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge, Mass.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search (doctoral theses).

(e) Investigation of the response of a harbor

to waves incident on the harbor opening.

(g) Initial experimental phase dealt with a circular harbor (2 ft. in dia. ) having a 5°

opening and communicating with the main

wave basin by means of an entrance channel.

The characteristics of the response of this

harbor in the vicinity of the lowest symmetrical resonant mode of oscillation were

studied; (l) With resonance defined as the

maximum of the ratio of the amplitude at the center of the harbor to the incident wave amplitude, the theoretical value of

the period of oscillation at resonance based on closed basin theory was T = O.566

sec. and the observed period was in exact

agreement . ( 2 ) The harbor appeared to act

essentially as a closed basin at resonance

as shown by measurements of the phase angle

between """he incident and reflected wave in

the approach channel. (3) In the vicinity

of resonance the water surface configuration

within the harbor was in good agreement with

the theoretically predicted configuration of

a Bessel Function of the first kind.

In order to fulfill one of the basic objectives of this program, that of the re- sonance problem for large entrance gaps,

a small rectangular harbor situated in the

main basin is under study. Due to the simple

geometry this configuration lends itself more readily than the circular harbor to an analytic solution for the prediction of sur- face configuration and resonant period.

Initial experimental and theoretical agreement is good for this basic coupled basin

system for a large gap opening. It is

hoped that methods of approach used will be

amenable to extensions to internally coupled

harbor systems and harbors of irregular

planform.

(3^5) CHARACTERISTICS OF CROSS WAVES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Prof. A. T. Ippen, Prof . L. Howard (Math.)

Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; (doctoral

thesis )

(e) An investigation of the stability of twodimensional standing waves which lead to

the development of three-dimensional cross

( or edge ) waves

(g) The phenomenon of cross waves occurs when

a wave generator is operated at high frequencies. Standing cross waves having

crests perpendicular to the wave generator

may then be observed.

A theory of cross waves in a closed tank

has been developed. The amplitudes of

the various modes of the free surface as functions of the width to length ratio

add the amount by which the critical wave amplitude is exceeded by the driving

amplitude can be caluulated. Experimental

measurements have essentially verified

the theory.

(h) "Characteristics of Cross Waves," J. D. Lin,

Sc.D. Thesis, MIT Hydrodynamics Laboratory,

August i960.

(3kh6) EFFECT OF PARTICLES ON TURBULENCE AND

RESISTANCE IN FREE SURFACE FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. A. T. Ippen, Hydrodynamics Lab.

Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39> Mass.

(d) Theoretical and experimental (doctoral

thesis )

(e) An investigation of the effect of neutrally

bouyant particle suspensions on the resistance coefficient and shape of the velocity

profile. Measurements of the intensity and

spectrum of the velocity fluctuations in

the direction of mean flow are made to

study changes in the turbulence structure.

The purpose of the first phase is to

52
00

eliminate the buoyant weight of the particles as a suspension parameter and to

develop a phenomenological model to desscrihe the observed effects.

The change in shape of the velocity profiles was found to be similar to that obtained in studies with silt and sand sus- pensions. The turbulence intensity was

^ound to increase with increasing concen- tration. The results for one particular

particle size are correlated against con- centration.

It was concluded that the buoyant weight

of the suspended particles has no primary

effect on the flow characteristics.

"The Dynamics of Open Channel Flow with

Suspensions of Neutrally Buoyant Particles,"

C. Elata, Sc.D. Thesis, MIT, Course I, January 196l.

(37^8) DISPERSION IN POROUS MEDIA.

(b) U. S. Public Health Service.

(c) Prof. D.R.F. Harleman, Hydrodynamics Lab.,

Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39 .> Mass.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search (doctoral thesis).

(e) Investigation of the mechanism of dispersion in porous media. Experimental program will study saline water intrusion in

coastal aquifers.

(g) Present phase is concerned with one-dimensional dispersion phenomena in an attempt

to correlate the dispersion coefficient

with media properties, permeability, mean

velocity and rate of energy dissipation.

Plastic spheres are being used in the ex- perimental equipment. Additional equipment is being designed to investigate the

dispersion of an interface between salt

and fresh water under a tidal rise and

fall of the ocean level.

(37^9) RESISTANCE OF ENCLOSED ROTATING DISKS.

(b) Office of Ordnance Research, U.S. Dept. of

the Army.

(c) Prof. J. W. Daily, Hydrodynamics Lab., Mass.

Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39 > Mass.

(d) Experimental and analytical; basic re- search.

(e) Effect of superposed through-flows on boundary layers, secondary motion and sur- face resistance of enclosed rotating disks.

(g) An exploratory study to survey the main

features of the flow phenomena using flow

visualization techniques as well as quantitative measurements is to be followed

by detailed studies in the significant range

of variables.

(3750) WAVE FORCES ON SUBMERGED, MOORED OBJECTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. D.R.F. Harleman, Hydradynamics Lab.,

Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39 , Mass.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search.

(e) Investigation of the dynamic behavior and

mooring forces on a submerged, buoyant

body whose motion is induced by a train of

oscillatory surface waves. The objective

is to develop a method of predicting amplitudes of motion and mooring forces.

(g) Two shapes, an ellipsoid of revolution and

a sphere, have been tested at various

depths of submergence. Objects are moored

by a simple cable system so that the motion

is that of. an inverted pendulum. The con- trolling parameter is the ratio of the

natural frequency of the moored object to

the frequency of the surface wave motion.

Conditions leading to resonance must be

avoided if mooring forces are to be small.

(h) "Effect of Shape and Depth on Wave Forced

Oscillations of Submerged, Moored Objects,"

E. G. Verrett, S. M. Thesis, MIT, August

i960.

(3751) ANALYSIS OF TIDAL MOTION IN ESTUARIES.

00

(c)

(a)

(e)

(g)

00

Laboratory project.

Prof. A. T. Ippen, Prof. D.R.F. Harleman,

Hydrodynamics Lab., Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39 .> Mass.

Theoretical; basic research.

Formulation of mathematical models for

the analysis of the dynamic behavior of

tidal estuaries. For a particular estuary

in which the tidal amplitudes are known

it is desired to predict tidal velocities,

phase lags and rates of energy dissipation.

These quantities are necessary for the

analysis of salinity intrusion phenomena.

Two estuaries have been studied; the Bay

of Fundy and the Delaware. In each case computed tidal velocities are in close

agreement with observed values. Method

does not depend on segmentation of the

estuary hence analytical tidal velocity

expressions can be determined which are applicable over the entire length. The

analysis of energy dissipation rates is

currently under way.

"Determination of the Tidal Characteristics

in the Delaware Estuary by a Mathematical

Model, " S. M. Thesis, MIT, M. F. Meador,

June i960.

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Department

of Mechanical Engineering.

(3092) JET-PIPE VALVE.

(b) Various sponsors including U.S. Air Force,

Chandler-Evans Corp.

(c) Prof. S. Y. Lee, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39 .> Mass.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(e) Experimental and theoretical study of pres- sure and flow transfer characteristics of

a high velocity jet of compressible or incompressible fluid impinging on one or more receivers. The configuration is useful in the fluid power control field when

fluid power is transferred between parts

having relative movement. The power amplifying properties of this configuration are also very useful and important,

(g) The pressure-flow transfer characteristics

5 3
of jet-pipes of several different designs

have "been studied. Of particular interest

is the relationship of these characteristics

and the various geometrical dimensions.

The forces and dynamic stability are also

studied.

(h) "Optimum Design Parameters of a Pneumatic

Jet-Pipe Valve," by K. N. Reid, Jr., presented at the First International Congress

of the International Federation of Automatic Control, Moscow, U.S.S.R. i960.

Published by Butterworths Scientific Publications, London, i960, Vol. 1, Pp. 387-392,

of preprints of papers presented at the

International Federation of Automatic Control Congress, Moscow, 27 June - 7 July,

i960.

"Power Transfer Characteristics for Compressible Flow from a Nozzle to a Detached

Receiver," by C. K. Wang, Dynamic Analysis

and Control Laboratory memorandum M-8090-5,

Mass. Inst, of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.,

i960.

"Some Aspects of the Pneumatic Jet-Pipe as a Valve and Coupling Device," by E. J. Schuler, i960 SM Thesis, M. E. Dept., Mass.

Inst, of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.

"A Study of Pressure-Flow Characteristics

of a Pneumatic Jet-Pipe Valve," by P. G. Nicoletti, 1959 S. B. Thesis, M.E. Dept.,

Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge, Mass.

(3UU7) REACTION- JET SERVOMOTOR.

(b) U. S. Air Force.

(c) Prof. S. Y. Lee, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39 > Mass.

(d) Analytical and experimental.

(e) Study the feasibility of using dynamic

type fluid motor in servo applications

where hot gas is used as a medium.

(g) (l) Steady-state torque-speed characteristics, (2) dynamic response, (3) performance of position- control servo systems

using the reaction- jet motor, and (h) hot

gas applications.

(h) "Development of a Gas Operated ReactionJet Servomotor," by Robert S. Scher, presented at the Symposium on Recent Mechanical Engineering Developments in Automatic

Control, The Institution of Mechanical

Engineers in London, England, January 5-7,

i960.

"Steady State Performance of Reaction Jet

Servomotor for Several Different Designs,"

by Cheng K. Weng, i960 M. S. Thesis, M. E. Dept., Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge,

Mass

"An Investigation of Some of the Characteristics of a Pneumatic Servomotor," by

Louis H. Bangert, 1958 S. B. Thesis, M. E. Dept., Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge,

Mass

"The Effect of Friction on Compressible

Flow in Small Diameter Tubes as a Function

of Tube Geometry," by Edward A. Bulanowski,

Jr., and Andrew J. Deraney, i960 S. B. Thesis, M. E. Dept., Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge, Mass.

"Dynamic Analysis of a Jet Reaction Servomotor," by Charles E. Roden, 1959 S. B.

Thesis, M. E. Dept., Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

C ambri dge , Mas s

"Investigation of Thrust as a Function of

the Fluid Temperature in a Sonic Nozzle,"

by Lawrence G. Clawson, 1959 S. B. Thesis,

M. E. MassDept., Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge,

(3hkQ) FLOW THROUGH CONTROL VALVE ORIFICES.

(b) U. S. Air Force, Chandler-Evans Corp.,

Hamilton Standard (Div. of United Aircraft).

(c) Prof. J. L. Shearer, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39 , Mass.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Experimental investigation of the characteristics of flow through fixed area and variable area orifices with emphasis on resistance to fluid flow and the factors that

lead to being able to predict the resistance characteristics over a wide range of

Reynolds Numbers

(g) Actual size and large scale models have

been studied for hydraulic and pneumatic

flows with special emphasis on low Reynold

Number flows. Small amounts of rounding

of the entrance corners have a very great

effect on discharge coefficients at low

and intermediate Reynolds Numbers with

hydraulic flow. Pneumatic flows have demonstrated bistable flow conditions accom- panied by hysteresis. A basic investigation

is underway of the causes of bistable flows

which occur in flapper -nozzle valves. Unsteady flow in poppet valves is also being

investigated experimentally.

(h) "Resistance Characteristics of ControlValve Orifices," J. L. Shearer, Proceedings

of the Symposium on Recent Mechanical Engineering Developments in Automatic Control,

London, Jan. i960. Published by British

I. Mech. E., 1 Birdcage Walk, London,

England

"A Pneumatic Flapper Valve Study," R. E. Norwood, Proceedings of the First Congress

of the International Federation for Automatic Control, Moscow, June i960, published

by Butterworths, London, England.

"The Force on the Flapper of a Pneumatic

Flapper Valve," R. E. Norwood, NEREM Record

i960, published by Boston Section of IRE,

313 Washington St., Newton, Mass.

(31+52) INTERACTIONS AMONG BURNING FUEL DROPLETS

AND THEIR EFFECTS ON COMBUSTION STABILITY

AND ROUGHNESS.

(b) Office of Scientific Research, U. S. Air

Force

(c) Prof. T. Y. Toong, Mass. Inst, of Technology, Cambridge 39, Massachusetts.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic

research for master's and doctoral

theses

(e) Theoretical and experimental investigations

of interactions among burning fuel droplets

in a steady and oscillating flow field.

The main objective is to further an understanding of the general problem of com- bustion instability.

(g) Theoretical and experimental studies of the

5h
(h)

interactions between two burning fuel cylinders were carried out. Predicted res- ults of burning rate agree well with the

measured ones

"Interactions Among Burning Fuel Droplet s, (I) A Single Fuel Plate", by T. Y. Toong,

AFOSR TN 60-516, I960.

"Interactions Among Burning Fuel Droplets,

(II) Two Parallel Fuel Plates" by T. Y. Toong, AFOSR TN 60-517, I960.

(31+55) SECONDARY FLOWS IN RECTANGULAR DUCTS.

(b) Office of Ordnance Research, Dept. of the

Army.

(c) Prof. A. H. Shapiro, M.I.T., Cambridge,

Mass

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search, Sc.D. thesis.

(e) The secondary flows associated with fullydeveloped turbulent flow in long, straight,

rectangular ducts have been measured and

interpreted. The generation of secondary

vorticity and its magnitude are the main

items of interest.

(f) Completed.

(g) See below.

(h) "Fully Developed Turbulent Flow in Straight

Rectangular Ducts - Secondary Flow,

its Cause and Effect on the Primary Flow,

by L. C. Hoagland, Technical Report No. 2 M.I.T., Sept., i960.

(3U56) FLAME PROPAGATION AND STABILIZATION IN

BOUNDARY LAYERS.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Prof. T. Y. Toong, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search for doctoral and master's theses.

(e) Basic study of mechanisms of flame

propagation and stabilization in a laminar

boundary layer adjacent to a heated plate.

(g) Theoretical and experimental investigation

of the structure and propagation of laminar

flames near a heat sink were carried out.

Experiments were conducted in a two-dimensional tunnel under sub-atmospheric pressures. Predicted burning-velocity variations agree well with the measured ones

(h) "Structure and Propagation of Laminar

Flames Near a Heat Sink," by T. N. Chen

and T. Y. Toong, Combustion and Flame, Vol.

k, No. 3, i960.

(3^57) JET MIXING WITH CHEMICAL REACTION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. T. Y. Toong, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search for doctoral and master's theses.

(e) Theoretical and experimental investigations of the effects of chemical reaction

on transport of mass, momentum and energy.

(g) Development of combustion in the mixing

zone of two concentric gas streams of different composition, temperature and velocity were studied experimentally. Highspeed streak photographs show the propa-

(3^63)

(c

(a

(e

(3752

(h

(c

(a

(e

(f

gation of kernels ignited at a short distance downstream of the initial contact

point between the two streams.

BEHAVIOR OF WAKES IN ADVERSE PRESSURE

GRADIENTS

Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

Mr. Uwe Schuab, Gas Turbine Lab., Mass.

Inst, of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.

Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search (for masters thesis).

A number of cases of wake growth due to

pressure gradients have been measured and

the data are being used to establish

a theoretical method of calculation.

VORTEX EFFECTS IN PIPE FLOW.

General Electric Co. and Westinghouse

Electric Corp.

Prof. P. G. Hill, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge, Mass.

Experimental; basic research, master's

thesis

The decay of a strong vortex motion in pipe

flow can affect the axial flow markedly by

changes in the pressure field. The effect

was studied experimentally.

Completed.

Changes in the axial velocity distribution

are shown to be a consequence of the vortex. Decay. The shape of the vortex ve- locity distribution is however almost independent of the axial motion.

EFFECT OF C0RI0LIS FORCES ON THE TURBULENT

BOUNDARY LAYER.

National Science Foundation.

Prof. P. G. Hill, Gas Turbine Lab., Mass.

Inst, of Tech., Cambridge, Mass.

Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search.

The purpose of this work is to examine the

consequences of a Coriolis generated instability on the flow in a turbulent boundary

layer particularly with respect to momentum

and mass transfer.

BLADE FORCES DUE TO WAKE IMPINGEMENT.

General Electric Co. and Westinghouse Electric Corp.

Mr. Malcolm Lefcort, Gas Turbine Lab.,

Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge, Mass.

Experimental; basic research for Doctor's

thesis

In a turbomachine the blades are excited

by wakes shed from preceding blade rows. A water table representation of the phe- nomenon is being constructed and experimental measurements of the transient pressure forces will be made.

(3755) TRANSITION FROM BUBBLE TO SLUG FLOW.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Prof. R. Moissis, Department of Mechanical

Engineering, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge,

Mass

(3753

(b

(c

(a

(e

(375*+

(h

(c

(a

(e

55
(a)

(e)

Experimental and theoretical; "basic re- search for S.M. thesis.

To determine the criteria which govern the

transition from the bubble regime to a developing slug flow when a gas-liquid

mixture flows upwards in a vertical tube.

The e stahlishment of these criteria is es- sential to the accurate calculation of pres- sure drop in riser section of nuclear re- actors, steam generator, etc.

Two stages have "been distinguished in the

process of transitions. First, the small

bubbles come together and form a group

whose outline is the same as that of a Taylor bubble. Second, the interfaces between the small bubbles collapse and a single bubble is formed.

(3756) ENTRANCE EFFECT IN A TWO PHASE SLUG FLOW.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Prof. R. Moissis, Department of Mechanical

Engineering, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge,

Mass

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research

for Sc.D. thesis.

(e) Study of the kinetics of a G. I. Taylor

bubble as it rises in a vertical tube behind a series of other bubbles in a gasliquid slug flow. The purpose is to determine the mean density in a developing slug

flow.

(f) Completed.

(g) A theoretical expression for the velocity

distribution in the walls behind a Taylor

bubble has been derived. The rise velocity

of a boiling bubble is expressed as a function of separation distance from the bubble

ahead of it. The density distribution in

a developing two-phase slug flow is a function of flow rates, of distance fro».i the

tube inlet, and of initial bubble size.

(h) "Entrance Effects in a Developing Slug

Flow," R. Moissis and P. Griffith, MIT DSR

Report No. l8, June i960.

(3757) THREE DIMENSIONAL BOUNDARY LAYERS ON ROTATING BLADES.

(b) General Electric Co. and Westinghouse Electric Corp.

(c) Mr. Erik Olsson, Gas Turbine Lab., Mass.

Inst, of Tech., Cambridge, Mass.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search for doctors thesis.

(e) The purposes of this work are to examine

the usefulness of momentum integral methods

in predicting crossflow near blade surfaces

and to examine the whole flow field in the

blade passages

FORCED CONVECTION FILM BOILING INSIDE OF

VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL TUBES.

National Science Foundation.

Mr. W. M. Rohsenow, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge, Mass.

(d) Experimental and analytical.

(e) Test section consists of electrically heated

stainless steel tube for obtaining test

data and an electrically heated coated

(3758)

(b)

(c)

(3759

(b

(c

(d

(e

(3760

(b

(c

(d

(e

(3761

(b

(c

(d

(e

(f

(g

(h

(3762

(b

(c

(d

(e

(3763)

(b)

(c)

(a)

glass tube (Corning) for flow visualization.

Test data to be taken on Freon in film

boiling.

First test results expected in November i960.

THE THREE DIMENSIONAL BOUNDARY LAYER IN THE

VICINITY OF A WEDGE.

Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

Mr. Richard G. Schwind, Gas Turbine Lab.,

Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge, Mass.

Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search for doctoral thesis.

A study of the boundary layer flow near a wedge corner when the stream is laminar,

with particular emphasis on separating flow.

PROPULSION THROUGH CHANGES OF BODY SHAPE.

Laboratory project.

Prof. A. H. Shapiro, M.I.T., Cambridge, Mass.

Theoretical and experimental; basic research,

Sc.D. thesis.

Through what kinds of periodic changes in

body shape can propulsive thrust be obtained?

Is the thrust large enough to be interesting?

SECONDARY FLOWS IN ROTATING FLUIDS.

Laboratory project.

Prof. A. H. Shapiro, M.I.T., Cambridge,

Mass

Experimental.

Secondary flows were observed in a cylindrical tank with a turning rotor in the base,

with different viscosities, speeds and

depths

Temporarily discontinued.

An amazing variety of secondary flow patterns, with isolated regions, were observed.

"Some New Observations of Rotating Liquids,

by C. F. Young, S.M. Thesis, Dept. of Mech.

Engineering, M.I.T., i960.

COMPUTER REPRESENTATIONS OF HYDRAULIC

TURBINE CHARACTERISTICS.

Woodward Governor Company.

Mr. David R. Vaughan, Teaching Assistant,

Room 3-hkf, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge,

Mass

Experimental; applied research.

A large amount of Holyoke Turbine Test

Data is being used as a basis for computing

parameters for a functional representation

of turbine characteristics. This functional

representation will appreciably reduce the

cost of simulating a turbine over its entire

operating range. By predicting the parameters from machine specific speed with

detailed machine tests, preliminary system

studies will be possible.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TURBINE AND COMPRESSOR

TIP CLEARANCES.

General Electric Co., and Westinghouse

Electric Corp.

Mr. Eiji Yokoyama, Gas Turbine Lab., Mass.

Inst, of Tech., Cambridge, Mass.

Experimental; basic research for master's

56
thesis.

(e) A cascade wind tunnel is "being used to

establish the relative effects of tip

clearances in turbines and compressors "by

studying the flow in the region of a slot

of variable width.

(376U) VISUAL STUDY OF TWO-PHASE, ONE-COMPONENT

FLOW WITH HEAT ADDITION

(b) National Science Foundation, NSF Grant

G11355-

(c) Mr. S. William Gouse, Jr. Assistant Prof,

of Mechanical Engineering, Mass. Inst, of

Tech., Cambridge, Mass.

(d) Experimental and theoretical investigation;

basic research.

(e) Investigate two-phase flow in a vertical

tube with heat addition in a transparent

electric resistance film heated test sec- tion. Make measurements of pressure drop,

temperature distribution, void fraction

distribution and heat transfer rates. Make

visual observations by means of high speed

photography.

(3765:

(b)

(a)

(e)

(f)

(s)

(h)

MAINTENANCE OF A LAMINAR BOUNDARY LAYER ON

A POROUS FLAT PLATE AT ZERO INCIDENCE BY

AREA SUCTION.

Laboratory project.

Experimental, basic research, master's

thesis

A porous flat stainless steel plate was installed in a closed conduit past which

a flow at 10 ft/sec streamed. Suction

was applied to the plate and attempts

made to visually detect the existence of

a laminar boundary layer by means of dye

and small thread streamers

Suspended.

Laminar boundary layer was not observed

with dye or threads. Displacement thickness when suction applied only about 8 to

12 mils. If laminar boundary layer did in

fact exist, it was concluded that it would

have to be detected indirectly by measure- ment of drag reduction on the plate as dye methods failed.

"Maintenance of a Laminar Boundary Layer

on a Flat Plate By Area Suction," M. S. thesis by Howard B. Pritz, Dept. of Mech.

Eng., Univ. of Mass., Amherst, Mass.

UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS, School of Engineering.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. Charles E. Carver, Jr., Assoc.

Prof, of Fluid Mechanics, Dept. of Civil Engineering,

University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass.

(256l) HYDROLOGY STUDIES IN WESTERN MASSACHUSETTS.

(b) Cooperative with the U.S. Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Weather Bureau and U.

S. Geological Survey. Student assistance

has been financed by faculty research

grants

(d) Experimental - field and laboratory; for

design of watershed yield, flood peak re- duction, and general information.

(e) Mass curve studies for reservoir and watershed yield have been completed for se- lected drainage areas in western Mass. An

extension of these data combined with an expansion of some field work with regard

to runoff characteristics of small drainage areas is planned.

(31*67) THE EFFECT OF HEADER GEOMETRY UPON FLUID

FLOW CHARACTERISTICS IN NUCLEAR REACTORS

AND HEAT EXCHANGERS.

(b) Laboratory project; student assistance

financed by Teacher's Research Grant.

(d) Experimental; applied research, M.S. thesis.

( e ) To determine the relationships between

such variables as core and tube diameter,

tube lattice and spacing, header height,

etc., upon the individual flow per tube

for a pressure vessel in which fluid is

introduced through a single radial line

placed at the base of the header.

(g) Total flow through header correlated with

number of tubes mathematically; flow

deviation among tubes increases as num- ber of tubes decreases.

(3766) AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE STABILITY

OF STANDING ( TRAPPED-RING ) VORTICES IN

TWO-DIMENSIONAL INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW.

(b)

(a)

(e)

Laboratory project - financed by Teacher's

Re s e ar ch Grant

Experimental; basic research.

Project just being initiated; it is planned

to study standing vortices in a Hele-Shaw

apparatus

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil

Engineering.

( 2125

(b)

(c)

(a)

(e)

(g)

SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN RUNOFF WATER FROM

SMALL AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS

Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station.

Prof. R.Z. Wheaton, Agricultural Engineering

Dept., Michigan State University, East

Lansing, Michigan.

Field investigation; for design.

Samples of runoff water are collected at periodic intervals and more frequent intervals during flood flow to determine the

concentration of sediment being transported. Runoff gaging stations serviced

by USGS. Dense network of 22 recording

raingages for 25 square mile area in two

watersheds

Sediment content of runoff is low.

(2126) SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE.

(b) Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Prof. E. H. Kidder, Agricultural Engineering Dept., Michigan State University, East

Lansing, Michigan.

(d) Experimental; field investigation, applied

research.

(e) To study the effect of bedding, bedding

57
and moling^ 'bedding and tile, and tile

drainage on crop yields in a submarginal

fanning area. Crop yields in a graingrain hay-hay rotation are measured in

increments away from the drainage feature,

(g) Two rod tile lateral spacing has given the

highest crop yields. A 60-foot tile spacing ranks second.

(2127) AN INVESTIGATION OF THE STABILITY AND

DURABILITY OF SUBSURFACE DRAINS PLACED IN

MUCK.

(b) Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Prof. E. H. Kidder, Agricultural Engineering Dept., Michigan State University, East

Lansing, Michigan.

(d) Experimental; field investigation; applied

research.

( e ) Four lateral underdrains were placed in

muck ( ph6 . 5 ) Concrete and clay tile in

one-and two-foot lengths, perforated steel

pipe in eight-foot lengths and perforated

fiber pipe in six-foot lengths were installed -in 1952. Elevations of the ground surface and the underdrains are taken annually.

Quality of the material is checked at fouryear intervals.

(g) The soil surface subsided 0.8 to 0.9 feet

the first year, with little subsidence

since. The underdrains settled 0-3 feet

the first year, negligible since. Concrete

drain tile from three manufacturers deteriorated by acid action. Considerable

rusting was noted on galvanized steel.

Hay blinding material was in excellent

condition.

(3102) WATER REQUIREMENTS OF PLANTS.

(b) Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Prof. R. Z. Wheaton, Agricultural Engineering Dept., Michigan State University, East

Lansing, Michigan.

(d) Experimental, field investigation; applied

research.

(e) Four areas are protected against natural

rainfall during the cropping season. Precision irrigation is practiced to maintain

four levels of available water in the soil.

Meteorological, evapotranspiration and

evaporation data are also collected.

(g) The highest level of available water (range

between 70 and 100$ in the surface foot

)

gives the highest yield of potatoes. Consumptive use peak rate of 0.18 inches per

day.

(310*0 SPRINKLER IRRIGATION FOR FROST PROTECTION

OF PLANTS.

(b) Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Prof. E. H. Kidder, Agricultural Engineering Station, Michigan State Univ., East

Lansing, Michigan.

(d) Experimental, laboratory and field investigation; applied research.

(e) To determine the application rates and

repeat frequency of water application to

give effective protection to plants against

frost damage.

(g) Applications rates of 0.1 inch per hour,

repeat frequency of 12 to 20 seconds has

protected truck crops against minimum

temperature of 19° F.

( 3105 ) SHEAR AND PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ON DUNESHAPED BOUNDARIES.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. E. M. Laursen, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing,

Michigan.

(d) Experimental, basic research.

(e) Since the bed of an alluvial stream common- ly consists of dunes and ripples, the distribution of shear and pressure over these

roughness elements is of interest in regard

to both sediment transportation and resistance to flow. A ^it-foot Lucite conduit

with schematic triangular dunes and air as the fluid is being used in the experimental

investigation

(3767) SYNTHESIS OF SEDIMENT-TRANSPORTING CHARACTERISTICS OF STREAMS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. E. M. Laursen, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing,

Michigan.

(d) Analytical; applied research, for M.S. thesis

(e) The assumption is made in this investigation

that the variability of sediment load for a given discharge of a natural stream can be

explained by a temporary change in the bed

material of the stream due to the addition

of fine material during surface runoff.

Field data of the U.S.G.S. at several locations is being used to test this hypothesis.

(3768) SPILLWAY PROFILES FOR DESIGNATED UNDERPRESSURE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. E. M. Laursen, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing,

Michigan.

(d) Experimental; applied research, for M.S.

thesis

(e) The characteristics of two model spillways

will be compared. The profile of one is

based on the fully-ventilated, sharp-crested

weir at 3/^ design head. The profile of the

other is based on a partially-ventilated,

sharp-crested weir at full design head. The

feasibility of the latter design will be

assessed by comparison of discharge coefficients and pressure distribution at various heads with the standard design.

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Department of Civil Engineering.

(3^69) SMALL BOAT HARBOR STUDY.

(b) Dept. of Port Control, Cleveland, Ohio.

(c) Prof. E. F. Brater, 320 West Engineering

Bldg., Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

58
(e) Determination of a procedure for reducing

wave action in the mo ring area. Experimental work completed.

Two methods were developed for reducing

wave heights in the harbor area. Copies of report can he ohtained from

Dept. of Civil Engrg.

WAVE REFRACTION IN A TRAPEZOIDAL CHANNEL.

Lahoratory project.

Prof. E. F. Brater, Professor of Hydraulic

Engineering, Dept. of Civil Engrg., College

of Engrg., Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.

Theoretical and experimental. Basic re- search for doctoral thesis.

Investigation of the refraction of waves which enter a trapezoidal channel from

deeper water.

ROLL WAVES.

Lahoratory project.

Prof. E. F. Brater, Professor of Hydraulic

Engineering, Dept. of Civil Engrg., College

of Engrg., Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.

Theoretical and experimental. Basic re- search for doctoral thesis.

Investigation of the characteristics of a wave generated by a disturbance at the

entrance to a channel.

WATER HAMMER.

Laboratory project.

Prof. V. L. Streeter, Prof, of Hydraulics,

Dept. of Civil Engrg., College of Engrg.,

Univ. of Mich., 'Ann Arbor, Mich.

Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search for doctoral thesis.

Investigation of friction effects on water

hammer attenuation, by introducing friction

losses in the differential equations, solving

them by different methods using a high

speed computer. Experimental study of water

hammer under conditions of high friction.

00

(2576)

(h)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(3V70)

00

(c)

(a)

(e)

rates of cycling and with various suction

conditions have been completed and a re- port is being prepared.

"Evaporation Losses from Standard NonRecording Rain Gages," A.S.A.E. Trans.,

Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 82-83, I960.

CONSTRUCTION, DEVELOPMENT, AND PUMPING OF

SHALLOW WELLS FOR IRRIGATION.

Field project.

Prof. Evan B. Allred, Dept. of Agricultural

Engineering, Univ. of Minn., St. Paul 1,

Minn.

Field investigation; applied research and

development

The objectives of the project are: (l)

To study and develop inexpensive methods

for construction of shallow irrigation

wells, (2) determine hydraulic permeability

and characteristics of various aquifers,

and ( 3 ) to survey and determine extent and

availability of shallow ground water sources

for irrigation in Minnesota.

HYDRAULIC PERFORMANCE OF IRRIGATION BOOMSPRINKLERS.

Field and laboratory project.

Prof. Evan R. Allred, Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Univ. of Minn., St. Paul 1, Minn.

Primarily field investigation; applied research.

The objective of the project is to determine the effect of wind velocity, nozzle

arrangement, rotation speed and operating

pressure on the distribution from irrigation boom-sprinklers.

MISSOURI SCHOOL OF MINES AND METALLURGY, Dept. of

Civil Engineering.

(319) WEIR STUDIES.

UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, Agricultural Experiment

Station.

(1929) DRAIN TILE JUNCTION LOSSES.

Cooperative with St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory. See page 76.

(2350) DRAINAGE OF AGRICULTURAL LAND BY PUMPING.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. Curtis L. Larson, Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Univ. of Minnesota,

St. Paul 1, Minnesota.

(d) Theoretical and field investigations;

applied research.

(e) The project has three phases: (l) The

development of basic relations for planning pump drainage systems, (2) the study

of rates of drainage, and (3) the study

of factors affecting the efficiency.

(g) Tests of a propeller pump with various

(b) Laboratory Project.

(c) Prof. E. W. Carlton, Civil Engrg. Dept.,

Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy,

Rolla, Mo. (d) Experimental; basic research for masters

thesis

(e) Tests on rectangular weirs were made to

determine effect of velocity of approach

on the relation between crest depth and

critical depth of an imaginary open

channel having same dimensions as the weir

opening.

(g) Study produced a simple, accurate, and quick

solution for plotting of M function. Relationship between the M function and the

critical depth is logarithmic. This greatly

simplifies determination of critical flow

where the critical depth is known or vice

versa. A relationship exists between M

function of channels of same shape but different dimensions. The velocity of approach

does not affect the relationship between

physical depth and crest depth.

(h) "Calibration of Weirs by Means of Critical

59
Flow and Specific Energy, " R. A. Rapp, M.

S. Thesis, Missouri School of Mines, 1950.

( Available on loan )

(2578) CORRELATION OF WEIR CREST DEPTH AND WEIR

FLOW CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. Clifford D. Muir, Associate Professor

of Civil Engineering, Missouri School of

Mines and Metallurgy, Rolla, Mo.

( d ) Experimental

(e) Tests on several cipoletti weirs were made

in order to determine the effect of weir

thickness, H/P ratio, and Froude's Number

on the ratio of crest depths to the critical

depth of an imaginary open channel having

the same dimensions as the weir flow section.

(g) This study indicated a definite relationship between the crest depth to critical

depth ratio and the Froude Number of the

imaginary channel. However, the ratio

tended to become constant at either high or low Froude Numbers . The H/P ratio bad no noticeable effect on this relationship.

A continuation of this study indicates

probable superiority of crest depth flow

relationships, when weirs having a narrow

width with respect to head are being used.

(h) "Correlation of Weir Crest Depth Froude

Number, H/P Ratio, and Weir Thickness,"

Paul Harrawood, Master's Thesis, Missouri

School of Mines, 1956. (Available on loan).

(3V71) REGULATION OF RIVER BANK DEVELOPMENT THROUGH

FLOOD PLAIN ZONING.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. E. W. Carlton, Prof, of Civil Engrg.,

C. E. Department, Missouri School of Mines

and Metallurgy, Rolla, Mo. (d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The basic concepts for establishing an effective flood plain zoning program were investigated from three aspects: (l)

Establishment of frequency and magnitude of

design flood; (2) translation of design

flood to zoning limits on the ground through

hydraulic computations; and (3) establishment of a sensible adjustment of land use to flood hazard.

( f ) Suspended.

(g) In addition a recommended zoning program

has been established for a flood plain in

Missouri with applications for the entire

state and for most regions of the United

States. A complete summary of the status

of flood plain zoning in the United States

has been tabulated.

(h) "Regulation of River Bank Development

Through Flood Plain Zoning, " William J. O'Neill, Master's Thesis, Missouri School

of Mines, 1959- (Available on loan).

(3772) CULVERT INLETS WITH SKIMMING HOODS.

(3773

(b

(c

(d

(e

(b)

(c)

(d)

Laboratory project.

Prof. C. D. Muir, Associate Professor of

Civil Engineering, Missouri School of

Mines, Rolla, Missouri.

Experimental; basic research for master's

( 3TT1*-

(b

(c

(d

(e

(h

(3775

(b

(c

(d

(e

thesis

Model tests are being conducted on culvert

inlets with several types of skimming hoods

in order to study their efficiency and

possible application to sanitary lagoons.

PIPE FRICTION WHEN PUMPING FLUID-SOLID

MIXTURES

Laboratory project.

Prof. C. D. Muir, Associate Professor of

Civil Engineering, Missouri School of Mines

and Metallurgy, Rolla, Missouri.

Experimental; basic research for master's

thesis

Tests were run pumping various mixtures of

water and sand through a 3/^" pipe in order

to study friction factors when solid transport was part of the flow.

Preliminary results indicate a relationship

exists between friction factor and solids

percentage. However, this relationship

becomes difficult to obtain for solid percentages above k-0 percent

CULVERT INLET STUDIES.

Laboratory project.

Prof. C. D. Muir, Associate Professor of

Civil Engineering, Missouri School of

Mines and Metallurgy, Rolla, Mo. Experimental; basic research for master's

thesis

Model tests for a culvert were conducted

to study culvert efficiency at partial

flow and the formation of critical depth

at the inlet. These tests were limited to

a circular inlet.

Results of study indicated a need for culvert entrance configuration study.

"A Study of the Inlet Characteristics and

Entrance Losses of a Pipe Culvert with A

Flush Mounted Sharp-Edged Inlet," Luke L. Callaway, Jr., Master's Thesis, Missouri

School of Mines, i960. (Available on loan).

VERTICAL WATER JET IMPACTING UPON A STILLING

BASIN.

Laboratory project.

Prof. V. A. C. Gevecker, Civil Engineering

Department, Missouri School of Mines and

Metallurgy, Rolla, Missouri.

Experimental; bssic research for master's

thesis

Tests being conducted on the terminal effect of a 3/8" water jet on a cylindrical

stilling basin to determine side and bottom

pressures, velocities, and energy dissipated.

MONTANA STATE COLLEGE, Agricultural Experiment

Station.

(3108) STREAMFLOW FORECASTING IN MONTANA BASED

ON SNOW SURVEYS.

(b) Agricultural Engineering Department, Mont.

Experiment Station; Soil Conservation Service .

61
(c

(a

(e

(f

(3109

(b

(c

(a

(e

(f

(3472

0>

(c

(a

(e

Montana AgriMontana State

Mr. Lynn F. Johnson, Montana State College,

Bozeman, Montana.

Experimental; statistical analysis of snow survey and runoff data.

Adaptation of the electronic digital com- puter to the development of forecast formulas.

Active project approaching completion.

Will probably be continued on a service

basis

Technical bulletin in preparation.

IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF IRRIGATION

APPLICATION BY BORDER IRRIGATION.

Agricultural Engineering Department, Agricultural Experiment Station; U. S. Bureau

of Reclamation cooperating.

Professor Charles C. Bowman,

cultural Experiment Station,

College, Bozeman, Montana.

Experimental and basic research.

Laboratory studies of basic principles

which govern the flow of water at a shallow depth over rough ground under various densities of crop growth. Supplemented

by field experiments and tests.

Project has been in progress several years.

Laboratory equipment added recently.

Annual reports of progress have been made

to the Director and to the Bureau of

Reclamation.

INTERCEPTION AND ITS EFFECT ON PRECIPITATION DISPOSAL.

Agricultural Engineering Department, Mont.

Agricultural Experiment Station.

Mr. Lynn F. Johnson, Montana State College,

Bozeman, Montana.

Basic research in field of hydrology.

Development of instrumentation to measure transpiration and evaporation under coniferous canopies on mountain watersheds.

UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA, Hydrodynamics Laboratory,

Dept. of Engineering Mechanics.

(3776) VORTEX FORMATION AND DRAG IN UNSTEADY

FLOW PAST BLUFF BODIES.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Prof. T. Sarpkaya, Dept. of Engineering

Mechanics, Bancroft Hall 219, University

of Nebraska, Lincoln 8, Nebraska.

(d) Experimental and theoretical study of

drag and inertia in unsteady flow. Basic

research for master's and Ph.D. thesis.

(e) Primary objects of the rssearch are: To

determine the growth and motion of vortices

behind two dimensional bluff bodies subjected to unsteady flow; to determine the

basic characteristics of the corresponding

resistance; and to correlate a particular

vortex configuration with the instantaneous

resistance.

(g) The forces predicted on the basis of the

moving and growing singularities are com- parable in magnitude to forces which are

(3777)

00

(c)

(a)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(3778)

00

(c)

(a)

(e)

(g)

observed.

TORQUE AND CAVITATION CHARACTERISTICS OF

BUTTERFLY VALVES.

Laboratory project.

Prof. T. Sarpkaya, Bancroft Hall 219, Univ.

of Nebraska.

Theoretical and experimental; applied re- search.

Free streamline theory is used to determine

the contraction coefficients and the hydrodynamic torque. Theoretical results obtained for two-dimensional case are com- pared with the ones obtained experimentally.

Results are extended to axially symmetrical

butterfly valves. Inception of cavitation

determined theoretically. Results obtained

from experiments and those calculated from

theory are excellent

Completed.

For a free discharge valve the maximum

value of the torque coefficient is about

0.03, and occurs at about 20° from the full

open position.

"Oblique Impact of a Bounded Stream on a Plane Lamina", T. Sarpkaya, Journal of the

Franklin Institute, Vol. 267, No. 3, pp:

229-2^2, March 1959- May be obtained from

The Franklin Institute.

"Torque and Cavitation Characteristics of

Butterfly Valves," T. Sarpkaya, Journal of

Applied Mechanics, Paper No. 60-WA-105,

pp: 1-8. ASME Winter Annual Meeting, N. Y.

Dec. 1, i960. May be obtained from ASME.

REFLECTION, TRANSMISSION, AND ATTENUATION

OF PULSE WAVES IN BIFURCATING ELASTIC

CONDUITS.

Cardiovascular Research Center, Medical

School, University of Nebraska. Laboratory

Project

Mr. Randolph M. Clark, Bancroft Hall 219,

University of Nebraska, Lincoln 8, Nebr

Theoretical and experimental; applied re- search -for master's thesis.

The purpose of the project: To determine

the effect of the conduit resistance on the magnitude of the maximum pressure

created by elastic wave propagation; the

rate of damping of the elastic wave pressure

the transmission and reflection coefficients

and to correlate the results obtained from

this research with the propagation of pulse

waves in arterial system.

Wave velocity is not equal to a simple

superposition of celerity and mean velocity

of flow.

"Pulse Waves in Elastic Conduits," M. S. Thesis by R. Clark, August i960. May be

obtained from the Department of Engineering

Mechanics, University of Nebraska.

(3779) VIRTUAL MASS.

(b) Laboratory project

(c) Prof. T. Sarpkaya, Bancroft Hall 219,

University of Nebraska, Lincoln 8, Nebr.

(d) Experimental and basic research.

(e) Study of the added mass of lens-shaped

61
"bodies, two parallel square plates, and

two parallel, infinitely long rectangular

plates of various thicknesses.

(f) Completed.

(g) The added masses were determined from a mass-frequency relationship obtained "by

immersing the objects in water and accelerating them in oscillatory motion. The

experimental results are in good agreement

with the analytical studies of corresponding

potential flows

(h) "Added Mass of Lenses and Parallel Plates,"

T. Sarpkaya, ASCE EM3, No. 2511, pp: 1*H152, June i960.

( 3780 ) MECHANISM OF TURBULENCE GENERATION IN

PULSATING VISCOUS FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. T. Sarpkaya, Bancroft Hall 219, Univ.

of Nebraska.

(d) Experimental and theoretical basic research,

for master's thesis.

(e) To understand the mechanism of generation

of turbulence in pulsating viscous flow

superposed on the steady and initially

laminar flow.

(g) When the amplitude ratio of the pulsating

pressure gradient to steady one is not

large, the maximum dissipation occurs at

the wall. However, with the increase of

the amplitude ratio the position of the

maximum dissipation moves into the flowing

fluid and its distance varies with time.

(3781) FLOW OF NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS IN A MAGNETIC

FIELD.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. T. Sarpkaya, Bancroft Hall 219,

University of Nebraska, Lincoln 8, Nebr.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) The analytical solution to the equation

of motion is given for the steady laminar

flow of a uniformly conducting incompressible non-Newtonian fluid, (Bingham plastic

and Ostwald and de Waele type fluid) between two parallel planes.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Flow of Non-Newtonian Fluids in a Magnetic Field," T. Sarpkaya, presented at the

^3rd national meeting of AIChE, Tulsa,

Oklahoma, Sept. 25, i960, pending publication. Preprints may be obtained from

AIChE. Priced at 50 cents.

(3782) INDUCED MASS OF CONFINED FLUIDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. T. Sarpkaya, Bancroft Hall 219,

University of Nebraska, Lincoln 8, Nebr.

(d) Theoretical basic research for master's

thesis

(e) When a confined fluid is suddenly accelerated through an opening initial acceleration is determined by the induced mass

of the fluid. This mass could be determined from the streamline pattern of a corresponding steady flow. If this mass

is ignored initial acceleration turns out

to be unrealistically large.

NEWPORT NEWS SHIPBUILDING AND DRY DOCK COMPANY.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. C. H. Hancock, Hydraulic Lab.,

Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company,

Newport News, Virginia.

(123) HYDRAULIC TURBINE TESTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design data.

(e) Scale model turbines, using either Francis

or propeller type runners, are tested for

power and efficiency at various speeds.

(12k) METER CALIBRATION TESTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

( d ) Experimental

(e) To establish calibration curve for determining correction for various rates of flow.

Meters are tested at various rates of flow

by weighing tank method. Time is recorded

electronically by decade counters.

(896) VANE MOMENT TESTS ON ADJUSTABLE BLADE

RUNNERS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design data.

(e) Tests are to determine vane moments at

various gate openings, blade positions and

speeds. The turbine load is applied by an electric dynamometer and speed is measured

with a decade counter. The blades are held in position by an amplidyne control

system on a spider rod through the shaft.

The blade moments are obtained from a proving ring by means of electric strain

gages

(901) SHIP MODEL RESISTANCE TESTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design data.

(e) Scale ship models are towed to determine

effective horsepower, bare hull, required

by the ship. Because of their small size,

several models may be towed in a short

period of time thus allowing much preliminary work to be done on the choice of lines.

Final lines are checked by David Taylor

Model Basin. To eliminate a large portion

of this preliminary testing, a schedule of

systematic models was arranged in which

the beam- draft ratio, the displacement

length ratio, and the prismatic coefficient

are varied over a wide range. Towing this

set of models is continuing and when com- pleted will provide design data for a standard offset series covering a wide range

(1132) HYDRAULIC PUMP TESTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design data.

(e) Scale model pumps, centrifugal and propeller

types, are tested at constant speeds for

head developed, power consumption, and efficiency at various rates of discharge.

Cavitation tests are sometimes conducted

62
by lowering the suction head to a point

where the developed head and efficiency

break down. Blade moments are measured by

installing electric resistance strain gages

on the turbine blade roof. Shear strains

are transmitted from the turbine via a slip

ring.

(1133) CAVITATION TESTS OF HYDRAULIC TURBINE

MODELS.

(b) Laboratory project

(d) Experimental; for design data.

(e) Scale model turbines are tested on cavitation stand to determine sigma at which

cavitation starts. By the use of a plexiglas throat ring and a strobulux light

synchronized with the shaft rotation, visual

observations are made to determine the location on the blade where cavitation starts.

Tests were run to determine runaway speeds

at low sigma values

(2582) AIR TESTS ON HYDRAULIC TURBINE MODEL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental ; for design data.

(e) Plexiglas hydraulic turbine model is

tested with air. Smoke and tufts are used

in the flow visualization studies. Velocity

and pressure distribution studies are made

using a sensitive differential manometer.

The gate moments obtained from the pressure

distribution will be checked with a strain

gage dynamometer.

(f) Suspended.

(3111) PUMP-TURBINE TESTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design data.

(e) Pump-turbine models are tested either as a pump or turbine on this test stand. Cavitation as well as performance tests on pump,

turbine or pump-turbine models can be made

on this facility. Provision has been made

to perform vane moment tests on adjustableblade turbine runners at the same time as performance tests.

(3783) AIR CONTENT CAVITATION OF TURBINES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Study of cavitation of hydraulic turbines

as affected by the air quantity contained

in the tunnel.

(3784) PITOT TUBE CALIBRATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

( d ) Experimental

(e) Calibration of a small 3-hole cylindrical

search tube to determine accuracy as affected by blockage, pipe wall, angularity,

discharge and fabrication.

(g) Results within ±l/2 percent can be attained

for velocity. The angle can be determined

to within 0.1 degree.

(3785) VELOCITY PROFILE IN TURBINE MODEL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research and development . (e) Determination of velocity distribution

through a two-dimensional turbine effected

by entrance angle, hub configuration, and

distributor height.

(3786) FLOW STRAIGHTENERS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied re- search.

(e) Testing of different shapes for the

straightening of flow in short pipes.

(3787) ADDED MASS OF TURBINES,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied re- search.

(e) Determination of the effects of added mass of a propeller on the efficiency and blade

moment step-up formulas from model to

prototype

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, Department of Chemical Engrg.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Professor J. Happel, Department of

Chemical Engineering, New York University, Univ.

Heights, New York 53> New York.

(2583) EFFECT OF PARTICLE CONCENTRATION ON PRESSURE DROP AND SEDIMENTATION VELOCITY IN

DILUTE BEDS OF PARTICLES.

(b) Grants from Texas Company and American

Chemical Society; laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical; basic research for doctoral

thesis

(e) The slow translational motion of dilute

beds of particles settling through viscous

fluids subjected to the influence of cylindrical boundaries is being studied.

This will ultimately enable a theoretical

prediction of the effect of particle con- centration on pressure drop and sedimentation velocity in beds of particles.

(g) The fluid velocity for a large number of

field points within a cylindrical container

has been computed for a spherical particle

settling at six evenly spaced locations

along the cylinder radius. The velocity

field for all locations has also been obtained from the computed points by interpolation. These findings are applied to

multi-particle systems.

( 3^71+ ) HEAT TRANSFER AND CHEMICAL REACTION RELATIVE TO BEDS OF SPHERICAL PARTICLES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical; basic research for doctoral

thesis.

(e) An analytical solution is developed by

assuming a model where fluid is flowing

between two concentric spheres which are maintained at different temperatures. The

63
partial differential equations applicable

are solved "by assuming power series solutions in temperature and in spherical co- ordinate 9 . The results will be compared

to existing data on heat and mass transfer in packed and fluidized beds.

(3788) BOUNDARY LAYER MASS TRANSFER WITH HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS.

(b) Grants from American Chemical Society and

National Science Foundation; Laboratory

project

(d) Theoretical; basic research for doctoral

thesis

(e) This work includes a study of the rate of

gas-solid catalytic reactions in multiparticle systems. Using boundary layer

theory in conjunction with a model con- sisting of a solid sphere inside a freesurface -spherical cell, the relationship

between rates of diffusion and rates of

surface -catalyzed reactions is developed.

(g) Theoretical results for chemically dilute

systems correlate existing mass transfer

data reasonably well. It was found that

molar convective transport to or from the

surface affects the mass transfer rate and

may give appreciably different results than

those obtained from film theory or the

dilute solution equation. A simple criterion

is set up to determine when the dilute solution correlations can be used.

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, Department of Meteorology and

Oceanography

(2356) SHIP MOTIONS PROJECT.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Prof. Willard J. Pierson Jr., Assoc. Prof,

of Meteorology, New York Univ., University

Heights, New York 53, New York.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and

applied research.

(e) Studies of the theory of a stationary

Gaussian process as applied to the motions

of ships in waves; experimental and theoretical determination of co-spectra and

quadrature spectra.

(g) Theoretical studies of cross spectra and

bi-quadratic spectra, and theoretical

papers on wave theory and ship motion

theory.

(h) "The Apparent Loss of Coherency in Vector

Gaussian Processes Due to Computational

Procedures with Application to Ship Motions

and Random Seas," by W. J. Pierson, Jr.,

and John F. Dalzell. (in preparation.

)

(2357) WAVE PROJECT.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Prof. Willard J. Pierson, Jr., Associate

Professor of Meteorology, New York University, University Heights, New York 53j

New York.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; and basic

and applied research.

(e) Attempts to solve various probabilistic

problems in connection with stationary

Gaussian noise.

(g) Work is continuing on the joint density of

amplitude and half period and on improved

zero and ordinate crossing techniques.

(3120) OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH ATMOSPHERE INTERACTION AND WAVE PROJECT.

(b) Geophysics Branch, Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Prof. Gerhard Neumann, Prof, of Oceanography

and Professor Willard J. Pierson, Jr.,

Associate Professor of Meteorology, New

York University, New York 53 3 New York.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and

applied research.

(e) Study of wave generation and propagation

in deep water; non-linear properties of

capillary and gravity waves. Observations

of temperature and humidity and wind over the sea surface. Albedo measurements.

Wind stress on water surfaces and the

oceanic circulation. A study of the large

scale oceanic circulation has just been

completed and a report is in preparation.

(g) It has been shown that wave spectra cannot

form a nested family of waves for fully

developed seas. Non-linear effects were

not too pronounced in project SWOP and a revised version of the report has been

published as described in the references

below.

(h) "On the Dynamical Structure of the Gulf

Stream as an Equivalent-Barotropic Flow,

by G. Neumann. Journal of Geophysical Research, volume 65, No. 1, January i960,

pp. 239-2^7-

"Evidence for an Equatorial Undercurrent in

the Atlantic Ocean," by G. Neumann. Deep

Sea Research, i960, Volume 6, pages 328-

33^-> Pergamon Press, Limited, London,

England.

"Some Meteorologically Important Relationships Between the Ocean and Atmosphere,"

by G. Neumann. Transactions of the New

York Academy of Science, Ser. II, Vol. 22, No. 8, 615-633, i960.

"Ocean Waves," by G. Neumann and W. J. Pierson, Jr. In McGraw-Hill Encylcopedia

of Science and Technology, i960 Edition.

"Some Non-linear Properties of LongCrested Periodic Waves with Lengths Near

2.hk Centimeters," by W. J. Pierson and

Paul Fife. To be published in the Journal of Geophysical Research, January

196l'. "Surface Waves," by W. J. Pierson, Jr. In United States National Report 1957 - i960, Twelfth General Assembly, International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics,

Leason H. Adams, Editor. Helsinki, Finland,

July 25 - Aug. 6, i960, p 26l.

"The Directional Spectrum of a Wind Generated Sea as Determined from Data Obtained

by the Stereo Wave Observation Project,"

by L. J. Cote, J. David, W. Marks, E. Mehr,

R. McGough, W. J. Pierson, Jr., F. C. Ronne, J. Ropek, G. Stephenson, R. C. Vetter,

and R. G. Walden, Meteor. Papers, Vol. 2

6k
No. 6, June i960.

NORTH CAROLINA STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND

ENGINEERING OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA,

Department of Engineering Research.

(I636) RAINFALL, INTENSITY, DURATION, FREQUENCY,

CURVES FOR NORTH CAROLINA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. Charles Smallwood, Dept. of Civil

Engineering, North Carolina State College,

Raleigh, North Carolina.

(d) The collection and analysis of data pertaining to intensity, duration and frequency of rainfall in North Carolina.

(e) Since work is continuing, no conclusive

results are available at this time.

NORTH DAKOTA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, Department of

Agricultural Engineering.

(3V75) SURFACE DRAINAGE.

(t>) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. W. J. Promersberger, Chairman, Agricultural Engineering Department, North

Dakota Agricultural College, Fargo, N. D. (d) Field investigation; applied research,

masters thesis.

(e) To study the effect of parallel ditch

spacing, land forming and smoothing on

crop yields in the Red River Valley. To

determine the feasibility of using farm

sized equipment to perform the work.

(g) On fields which have a uniform slope, a forty rod spacing of field ditches will

give adequate drainage. Closer spacing

may be necessary on very flat or non- uniform slopes. Proper disposal of spoil

and land smoothing between ditches will

improve effectiveness of drains

(h) "Land Forming for Improved Surface Drainage," E. W. French, W. J. Promersberger,

and H. Frank Hughes, North Dakota Farm

Research, Vol. 21, Nov. 8, Nov. -Dec. i960.

"Installation of an Open Ditch Drainage

System in Flat Heavy Clay Soils," H. Frank

Hughes. Unpublished M. S. Thesis, North

Dakota Agricultural College, February i960.

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY, The Technological Inst.

(2586) DISPERSION OF FLUID IN POROUS MEDIA.

(b) Laboratory project; Pure Oil Company.

(c) Professor Robert B. Banks, Department of

Civil Engineering, Northwestern University,

Evanston, Illinois.

(d) Theoretical, experimental; masters thesis

of Mr. Bernard Lefkowitz and Mr. Robert

Owston.

(e) Packed column apparatus permits sampling

of fluid flow to determine effects of

dispersion, diffusion and convection on

the change in solute concentration. Onedimensional studies have been resumed and

experiments on radial and spherical flow

are beginning. A wide range of Reynolds

number will be covered; effects of adsorption will be investigated. Attempts

will be made to correlate the Darcy friction

factor and the longitudinal dispersion

coefficient

(f) Continuing.

(g) A theoretical analysis of the problem

indicates that the phenomena is described

by an equation similar to the heat con- duction equation. It has been found that

the longitudinal dispersion coefficient is

proportional to the product of the fluid

velocity and the grain diametrr.

(3476) FLOOD WAVE ROUTING.

(b) Northwestern Technological Institute.

(c) Professor W. S. Hamilton, Dept. of Civil

Engineering, Northwestern University.

(d) Theoretical and analytical for doctoral

and masters theses.

(e) The purpose is to calculate the movement

of flood waves in prismatic and natural

channels. Finite difference equations

based on (a) method of characteristics and

(b) basic equations of momentum and con- tinuity are to be programmed separately for

solution or a digital computer.

(f) Continuing.

(g) A general method using finite differences

along characteristic curves and requiring

trial solution has been set up.

(3U77) THE EFFECT OF JET MIXING ON SEDIMENTATION

EFFICIENCY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. Robert B. Banks, Department of Civil

Engineering, Northwestern University,

Evanston, Illinois.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; doctoral

thesis of Mr. Robert Kersten.

(e) The study is concerned with the effect of

mixing, caused by a two-dimensional jet, on the percentage of particles removed in

a rectangular sedimentation basin. Liquid

flow, transporting solid particles, is

introduced through a slot at the entrance

of a long channel. Slot opening and elevation can be varied. The amount of solid

particle removal, as well as the distribution of particles on the bottom, is

measured.

(f) Continuing.

(g) Utilizing the generalized transport equation

and employing the eddy diffusivity and ve- locity distribution of the two-dimensional

turbulent jet, one is able to compute con- centration distributions and removal ratios

by relaxation solution methods. Results

obtained to date indicate very good agreement between theory and experiment.

( 3U78 ) EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION WITHIN

OILFILMS OF BEARINGS.

(c) Professor 0. C. Zienkiewicz, Dept. of

65
(a

(e

(f

(3^80

0>

(c

(d

(e

(3^81

0>

(c

(a

(e

Civil Engineering,

Evanston, Illinois

Theoretical.

Numerical solution

sipation equations

Northwestern University,

of energy and heat disand a study of the effects of viscosity variation across and

along the oilfilms on the build up at lifting pressures.

Completed.

The importance of the temperature variation

across lubricant film is of a sufficient

magnitude to invalidate the conventionaltheory in many instances.

THE FLOW OF NEWTONIAN AND OF NON-NEWTONIAN

FLUIDS IN THE ENTRANCE OF A TUBE.

Laboratory project.

Professor John C. Slattery, Department of

Chemical Engineering, Technological Inst.,

Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.

Theoretical basic research for thesis.

Boundary layer analysis is being applied

to calculate pressure and velocity distributions . Improved velocity distribution obtained

for laminar Newtonian flow.

BOUNDARY-LAYER FLOW PAST SUBMERGED BODIES.

Laboratory project.

Professor John C. Slattery, Department of

Chemical Engineering, Technological Inst.,

Northwestern University, Evanston Illinois.

Theoretical, basic research for thesis.

Boundary layer analysis is being applied

to flow past a circular cylinder and past

a sphere. The object of these calculations

will be to estimate the pressure distribution, form drag, and total drag in each

of these cases. Both Newtonian and non- Newtonian fluids are being considered.

(3^82) NON-NEWTONIAN FLOW THROUGH AN ANNULUS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Professor John C. Slattery, Dept. of

Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Univ.,

Evanston, Illinois.

(d) Theoretical; basic research for thesis.

(e) The flow of non-Newtonian fluids through

a thin annulus (the ratio of the inner

diameter to the outer diameter greater

than 0.6) is being studied; the results

will be extended to annuli with rotating

cores.

(3U83) GROUND EFFECT PHENOMENA.

00

(c)

(a)

(e)

Laboratory project.

Professor A. A. Kovitz, Dept. of Mechanical

Engineering, Northwestern University,

Evanston, Illinois.

Theoretical; basic research.

To study the thrust augmentation capabilities of jet devices near surfaces, including both rigid and deformable surfaces.

(c)

(a)

(e)

(g)

A. Kovitz, Dept. of Mech.

Northwestern Univ., Evanston,

00

Professor A. Engineering,

Illinois

Theoretical.

To study the flow of real gases in high

speed, high temperature phenomena including

non-equilibrium effects.

Study completed of mixing of dissociated

undissociated gas using simplified rate

law. Obtained closed form solution describing approach to equilibrium in boundary layer type mixing. Study initiated on the mixing of gases including the effects

of ionization.

"Memorandum on Flow with Recombination

Behind an Oblique Shock Wave," Memo No. III-l Contract AF ^0(600)-7^8.

"Non-Equilibrium Effects in Parallel

Stream Mixing," Memo No. III-2, Contract

AF 4o(6oo)-7U8.

"A Solution for laminar, Parallel Stream

Mixing with Dissociation and Recombination,

with R. F. Hoglund, Phys . of Fluids, vol.

3, U36, May-June i960.

THE HYDROMECHANICS OF A HIGH VELOCITY GAS

JET PENETRATING A LIQUID SURFACE.

Laboratory project; Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy.

Professor Robert B. Banks, Department of

Civil Engineering, Northwestern University,

Evanston, Illinois.

Theoretical, experimental; research investigations of Mr. D. V. Chandrasekhara and

Mr. Frank Collins.

A jet of air flowing downwards from a nozzle

located above a liquid surface, deforms the

otherwise level surface. The research objective is to obtain quantitative information

regarding the shape and stability of the

depressed region and cavity. Information

on pressure and velocity distributions will

be obtained.

TURBULENCE CHARACTERISTICS OF A SUBMERGED

LIQUID JET.

Laboratory project.

Prof. S. G. Bankoff and J. E. Sunderland,

The Technological Institute, Northwestern

University, Evanston, Illinois.

Basic experimental research, doctoral

thesis

Using the recently developed Hubbard-Ling

hot-film anemometer, the time-average

velocity profiles and the correlation coefficients will be measured for a submerged,

round, free liquid jet.

(3791) ZERO-GRAVITY, TWO-PHASE FLUID MECHANICS.

(3789)

m

(c)

(a)

(e)

(3790)

00

(c)

(a)

(e)

(3U8IO MIXING AND REACTION KINETICS IN FLOWS,

(b) Laboratory project.

00

(c)

(e)

Laboratory project.

Prof. S. G. Bankoff, Technological Inst.,

Northwestern Univ., Evanston, Illinois.

Basic experimental research; doctoral

thesis

The development of the two-phase boundary

layer in the flow of a liquid past a porous

plate through which a second immiscible

liquid is injected is studied. Electrical
00

(c)

(d)

(e)

resistance probes are used for determination of the position of the region boundaries. This stimulates zero-gravity boiling

heat transfer from a flat plate.

RESPONSE OF A BOILING CHANNEL TO INPUT

FLUCTUATIONS.

Laboratory project.

Prof. S. G. Bankoff, Technological Inst.,

Northwestern Univ., Evanston, Illinois.

Basic theoretical research; doctoral thesis.

A recently presented variable-density,

single-fluid model for two-phase flow in

pipes and channels under steady-state

conditions is adapted to the study of the

response of a channel to fluctuations of

input power or flow.

(3793) VOID FRACTION PROFILES IN TWO-PHASE MERCURY

GAS FLOW.

Argonne National Laboratory.

Prof. S. G. Bankoff, Technological Inst.,

Northwestern Univ., Evanston, Illinois.

Experimental basic research; doctoral

thesis

Measurement of isothermal steady-state

void fraction profiles in concurrent flow

of mercury and air by means of electrical

resistance probe.

CREEPING FLOW PAST A SPHERE OF A NONNEWTONIAN FLUID.

Laboratory project.

Professor John C. Slattery, Department of

Chemical Engineering, Technological Inst.,

Northwestern University, Evanston, 111.

Theoretical; basic research for thesis.

Recently proposed Variational principle is

used to obtain a solution.

THE EFFECT OF VIBRATIONS ON BOILING HEAT

TRANSFER.

Laboratory project.

Dr. J. E. Sunderland, Technological Inst.,

Northwestern University, Evanston, 111.

Experimental; basic research, M.S. thesis.

A study has been carried out to determine

the effect of mechanical vibrations on boiling heat transfer.

Completed.

Results show that the rate of heat transfer

at the burnout point is substantially increased by mechanical vibrations.

A publication is in preparation.

AN INVESGITATION INTO THE MECHANISM OF

FREEZE DRYING.

Quartermaster Corps, U. S. Army.

Dr. J. E. Sunderland, Technological Inst.,

Northwestern University, Evanston, 111.

Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search on M.S. and Ph.D. level.

This is a study of heat and mass transfer

problems encountered with freeze drying.

One problem is to determine the conditions

for the flow through the dried substance

to be due to a concentration gradient, or

else a total pressure gradient. In other

words, is the flow of vapor due to diffusion, or hydrodynamic type flow,

(g) Several progress reports are available

and may be obtained from the correspondent.

(3797) HEAT CONDUCTION AND CONVECTION PROBLEMS

ASSOCIATED WITH MELTING.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. J. E. Sunderland, Technological Inst.,

Northwestern University, Evanston, 111.

(d) Theoretical; basic research; Ph.D. thesis.

(e) A study is being carried out to determine

the velocity and temperature distribution

in the melted layer of a melting body.

(3798) BOUNDARY LAYER TURBULENCE.

(c)

(4)

(e)

( 3799

(b)

(c)

(a)

(e)

Mrs. George G. Lamb, The Technological

Inst . , Northwestern University, Evanston,

Illinois

To develop model for quantitative predictions of turbulence in boundary layers.

To develop model based on origin of turbulence in boundary layers that may be

extended to permit quantitative understanding of momentum transfer and velocity profiles in turbulent boundary layers.

VELOCITY PROFILES IN A SEDIMENT-LADEN

BOUNDARY LAYER.

Northwestern Technological Institute.

Professor W. S. Hamilton, Dept. of Civil

Engineering, Northwestern University,

Evanston, Illinois.

Theoretical and experimental; for doctoral*

thesis.

The purpose is to determine semi -theoretically the effect of a density gradient,

caused by sediment concentration profiles,

on the velocity distribution in the boundary layer along a plane surface, and to

check the results with measured data.

(38OO) THE EFFECT OF PRE- COMBUSTION ON DETONATION

WAVE STRUCTURE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Professor A. A. Kovitz, Dept. of Mechanical

Engineering, Northwestern University,

Evanston, Illinois.

(d) Theoretical.

(e) To study the effect of initial gas com- position on the temperature, pressure, and

composition distributions through a detonation wave

THE DETERMINATION OF FORM DRAG AND SKIN

FRICTION FACTORS IN THE FLOW OF GASES

THROUGH EXPANDED FIXED BEDS OF SPHERICAL

PARTICLES.

Doctoral dissertation (C. A. Wentz).

Professor George Thodos, Department of

Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Univ.,

Evanston, Illinois.

( d ) Experimental

( e ) Expanded fixed beds have been prepared by

(3801)

Cb)

(c)

67
attaching phenolic spheres (d = 1.25 inches)

with rigid fine wires in order to produce

a composite structure having different void

fractions. A test sphere is located in the

center of this structure. This sphere is

provided with means for obtaining the static

pressure distribution around the spherical

surface . With this experimental information, the form drag can be accounted for and

when subtracted from the total drag, the

shear drag is obtained.

UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME, Department of Civil

Engineering.

(16^3) BIBLIOGRAPHY OF HYDROMETRY.

(b) Research work with a grant from the Naiional Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. S. Kolupaila, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Notre Dame, Ind.

(d) Bibliographical research.

(e) Chapters: historical development; com- pendiums, handbooks, textbooks, manuals;

waterstage observations; water stage com- putations; runoff determination; hydrometric

instruments; rating of hydrometric instruments; equipment of hydrometric stations;

area-velocity method; velocity method in

conduits; tracer methods; the Gibson method;

volumetric measurements; orifices and nozzles; orifice plates and nozzles in pipes;

venturimeters; weirs and flumes; modern

physical methods of flow measurement;

mechanical water meters; slope-area method;

depth measurements; tidal waters; sediment

measurements; precipitation and evaporation; density measurement; source material.

(f) Completed.

(g) About 7500 papers in 30 languages are indexed and annotated.

(h) "Bibliography of Hydrometry, " S. Kolupaila.

Published by Univ. of Notre Dame and may

be ordered from the Notre Dame Press, Notre

Dame, Ind., priced at $10.00.

(312k) HISTORY OF HYDROMETRY IN THE UNITED STATES.

(c) Dr. S. Kolupaila, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Notre Dame, Ind.

(g) The first part is . published, the second,

Modern History of Hydrometry in the United

States, is being prepared for publication.

(h) "Early History of Hydrometry in the United

States," by S. Kolupaila, Proceedings of

ASCE, 86(1960), Journal of the Hydraulics

Division, No. HY 1, Jan., 51 PP-

(3802) COMPONENT RUNNER FOR THE CURRENT METER.

(b) Laboratory project, continuation of the

item (2827).

(c) Dr. S. Kolupaila, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Notre Dame, Ind.

(d) Applied research.

(e) A runner (impeller) of the screw type

current meter of a special design follows

the cosine law. This is important when

oblique currents are to be measured.

(g) Significance of the component runner for

measurements in closed conduits, especially

in locations at a short distance from inlets and at close proximity to the conduit

walls is emphasized.

(h) "Significance of a Component Runner for the

Current -Meter Method of Flow Measurement

in Closed Conduits," by S. Kolupaila,

Symposium on Flow Measurement in Closed

Conduits, Paper A-l, pp. 1-8, National

Engineering Laboratory, East Kilbride,

Glasgow, i960. To be published in the

Proceedings of the Symposium, Edinburgh,

H. M. Stationary Office, i960.

(3803) POTENTIAL ANALOG SIMULTTION OF DEFORMABLE

HYDRODYNAMIC BOUNDARIES.

00

(c)

(a)

(e)

(g)

(h)

National Science Foundation.

Dr. A. G. Strandhagen, Univ. of Notre Dame,

Notre Dame, Indiana.

Project is both experimental and theoretical,

and is of a basic research type. Two master's

degree candidates and one doctoral candidate

are active in this investigation.

Two-dimensional conducting sheet is used to

simulate the flow around submerged bodies

moving below a free surface. Flow past

cavitating hydrofoils, flat-plate hydrofoils, and shaped hydrofoils are under investigation.

Flow past vortex and a flat plate have been

completed. Results indicate that potential

analog simulation is accurate. Extensions

to solution of difficult mathematical cases appear promising.

"Potential Analog Studies of Hydrodynamic

Deformable Boundaries," by Brother C. Albert Welsh, a doctoral dissertation.

OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engrg.

(3030) TRANSIENT FLOW THROUGH POROUS INCOMPRESSIBLE

MEDIA WITH VARIOUS BOUNDARY CONDITIONS.

(b) Experimental part was supported by the

National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Prof. B. S. Browzin, Ohio State Univ.,

2036 Neil Avenue, Columbus 10, Ohio.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

( e ) The unsteady laminar flow was reproduced by

a highly viscous liquid flowing between

closely spaced translucid plates on a number

of models with geometric boundaries representing various types of earth dams on impervious foundations and earth massives

crossed by open channels, wher boundary

conditions are of transient character with

respect to the time.

(g) Experimental part concerning earth dams

and earth massives on impervious foundations

completed. The theoretical part of the re- search completed for the case of rapid drawdown in homogeneous dams. The theoretical

research of cases of gradual drawdown, of

non-homogeneous dams, of tailwater condition, and the drawdown in canals is progressing.

An approximate function relating, by

Q',
00

(3031)

00

(d)

(e)

(g)

dimensionless parameters, the shape and the

position of free surface of flow through an

earth dam, following rapid reservoir drawdown, to the geometry of the dam was obtained theoretically and confirmed by ex- periments . "Transient Flow Through Earth Dams on Impervious Foundations After Rapid Drawdown of the Reservoir, " Submitted for

publication in the Proceedings of the Fifth

International Congress on Soil Mechanics.

THE VARIATION OF HYDR0L0GIC FACTORS AND

THEIR INFLUENCE ON RIVER REGIMES IN THE

GREAT LAKES-ST. LAWRENCE DRAINAGE AREA.

Laboratory project.

Basic research.

Research is based on long range flow and

meteorologic record. Flow and precipitation data on U. S. and Canada stations were statistically investigated in order

to obtain river regime characteristics.

Other climatic, geologic and botanic data,

will be included, depending on availability.

Classified discharges and precipitation for

long range gauging and meteorologic stations

are calculated. Characteristic parameters

for river classification of the area are obtained.

poration. Effect of wind on stability of

monolayers is being studied in low-speed

laboratory wind tunnel.

(g) Evaporation reductions of 25 to kCP/o have

been obtained using a slurry method of

applying film to experimental pond. Curves

have been developed relating wind speed

and required film application rate.

(h) "Reduction of Reservoir Evaporation Losses

by the Application of Surface Film of Hexadecanol, " F. R. Crow, Oklahoma Agricultural

Experiment Station. Presented before the

ASAE i960 winter meeting, Memphis, Term.

(380U) THE HYDRAULICS OF CONSERVATION CHANNELS.

Cb)

(c)

(d)

(e)

OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY, Agricultural Engineering

Department

(2365) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES ON SMALL GRASS-COVERED

WATERSHEDS

(b) Agricultural Experiment Station cooperative

with Agricultural Research Service.

(c) Prof. F . R. Crow, Okla. State Univ., Dept.

of Agricultural Engrg., Stillwater, Okla.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Measurements are being made to provide

hydrologic data on total watershed runoff

and peak rates of runoff from three small

grass-covered watersheds (17 to 206 acres)

in north central Oklahoma. Highway culverts,

modified by the addition of weir sills, are being used as runoff measuring devices.

(g) Intensive model tests of culverts equipped

with weir sills completed. Eight year

data on precipitation and runoff completed.

(h) "Runoff from Small Watersheds in the Reddish

Prairie Grasslands of Oklahoma," W. 0. Ree

and F. R. Crow, Oklahoma Agricultural

Experiment Station Technical Bulletin.

(2828) THE EFFECTIVENESS OF M0N0M0LECULAR FILMS

FOR REDUCING EVAPORATION FROM RESERVOIRS.

(b) Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Prof. F. R. Crow, Oklahoma State Univ.,

Dept. of Agr. Engrg., Stillwater, Okla.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Studies are being made on plastic lined

experimental evaporation reservoirs to

develop methods of application and determination of effectiveness of hexadecanol

and octadecanol films for reducing eva-

(g)

00

Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture in cooperation with

the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station

Mr. W. 0. Ree, Agr. Research Service, Soil

and Water Conservation Research Div. Watershed Tech. Research Branch, Stillwater, Okla

Experimental; applied research.

Vegetation lined waterways of the kind used

to convey short duration flood flows from

small watersheds are constructed full size on the grounds of an outdoor hydraulic

laboratory. Flow tests are made on these

experimental channels to determine the

protective ability of various grasses and to

evaluate the flow friction factors under

different conditions of growth. Perennial

grasses for permanent protection and annual

grasses for the temporary protection of

newly constructed earth waterways are both

considered in these studies. Temporary

liners of various fibers including jute,

paper, and glass are also testsd.

Manning's n values have been determined for

various grass species. The physical characteristics of the vegetation and the flow

character both influence the flow retardance

factor so special design diagrams have been

prepared to aid in solving flow problems

under these conditions

"The Establishment of Vegetation-Lined

Waterways," W. 0. Ree, Agricultural Research Service. Presented before the

Nineteenth Short Course on Roadside Development, Columbus, Ohio i960.

OREGON STATE COLLEGE, Hydraulics Laboratory

(3805) OPEN CHANNEL JUNCTIONS FOR SUPERCRITICAL

FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. C. E. Behlke, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Oregon State College, Corvallis, Oregon.

(d) Experimental theoretical; basic research.

(e) Diagonal wave action produced by the

junction of two supercritical streams of

water in rectangular channels is being

studied analytically and experimentally.

(3806) TWO DIMENSIONAL MANIFOLDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. C. E. Behlke, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

69
Oregon State College , Corvallis, Oregon.

(d) Experimental and theoretical for master's

thesis

(e) Geometry of flow from a multi-slotted con- duit into the atmosphere will he measured

and the geometry will he computed "by the

free-streamline, hodograph method.

THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, Ordnance Research Laboratory, College of Engineering and Architecture. Work done under Dr. G. F. Wislicenus,

Director of the Garfield Thomas Water Tunnel.

(2832) MEASUREMENT OF FORCES ON A MODEL IN A

WATER TUNNEL.

(3^86) TURBULENCE MEASUREMENTS IN WATER.

(h) Laboratory project sponsored hy the Bureau

of Naval Weapons

(c) Dr. John Lumley, Ordnance Research Lab.,

University Park, Pennsylvania.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Using a constant temperature prohe, some turbulent flows at high Reynolds numbers

will be investigated with particular

attention to homogeneous grid-produced

turbulence and turbulent dispersion in a shear flow.

(g) Measurements have been taken in a small

water tunnel settling section determining

the effect of various screens and honeycombs on turbulence.

00

(c)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(2833;

(c.

(a)

(e.

(f)

00

(31^3:

c*o

(c:

(a)

(e!

(g)

Laboratory project.

Messrs. G. B. Gurney and T. E. Peirce, Ord.

Research Lab., Univ. Park, Pennsylvania.

Experimental; developmental.

The problem concerns the measurement or forces on models in a water tunnel over a velocity range up to 80 fps, pressure

ranges of 3 "to 60 psia.

Two four component (lift, axial force,

pitching and rolling moment) balances for use in water tunnels utilizing strain

gaged pre-tensioned flexure beams as the

force sensing devices have been in successful operation for two years. Development of

a dynamic balance is now underway. The

same principles will be employed with an improvement in that the model dead weight

no longer is absorbed by the force sensing

elements

EXCITATION OF CAVTTY RESONANCE BY WATER

FLOW.

Laboratory project sponsored by the Bureau

of Ships.

Mr. R. E. Bland, Dr. E. J. Skudrzyk, Ord.

Research Laboratory, University Park, Penna.

Primarily experimental, some theoretical;

basic research.

Experiments involving the excitation of

cavity resonance by water flow past an opening or cavity, i.e., trapped water on

one side of the opening and flowing water

on the other side.

Completed.

Summary Technical Memorandum available.

REDUCTION OF SKIN FRICTION DRAG.

Joint program of investigation with the

General Electric Company and with the

United States Rubber Co. sponsored by the

Bureau of Naval Weapons

Dr. John Lumley and Mr. Ordnance Research Lab.,

Pennsylvania.

Experimental; applied research.

Investigations into the application of

boundary layer control through suction and

compliant surfaces for underwater bodies.

Successful probe and associated electronic

gear developed.

( 3^87 ) FLOW DISTORTION FEEDING INTO A PROPELLER.

A. F. Lehman,

University Park,

00

(c)

(a)

(e)

(3^8)

0>)

(c)

(a)

(e)

(3807)

00

(c)

(a)

(e)

Laboratory project sponsored by the Bureau

of Naval Weapons.

Mr. J. J. Eisenhuth, Ordnance Research

Lab., Univ. Park, Pennsylvania.

Theoretical and experimental.

This is a study of the interaction effects

between control surfaces and a propeller when

the surfaces are located in front of the propeller and feed a distorted flow into it.

The primary goal is to determine how effectively the propeller cancels the forces

produced by the control surfaces.

FLOW OVER A BODY OF REVOLUTION WITH STABILIZING SURFACES.

Laboratory project sponsored by the Bureau

of Naval Weapons

Mr. E. J. Rodgers, Ordnance Research Lab.,

University Park, Pennsylvania.

Theoretical and experimental.

This study is directed toward the understanding of the flow conditions, around a body of revolution with stabilizing fins

under conditions of pitch and/or yaw. The

eventual goal is to be able to predict more precisely the hydrodynamic coefficients

of such a body by virtue of a better understanding of the flow conditions

INVESTIGATION OF THE CAVITATION CHARACTERISTICS OF A FEW SIMPLE LIQUIDS.

Natl. Aeronautics and Space Administration.

Mr. A. F. Lehman, Ordnance Research Lab.,

University Park, Pennsylvania.

Experimental, analytical, basic research.

To investigate experimentally the cavitation characteristics of a few simple (as

regards to vapor pressure and handling)

liquids under conditions occurring in space

and aircraft pumping machinery, and analyze

the results so that a reliable basis for

theory applicable to these conditions can be formulated.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, Agricultural Experiment Station.

70
(2596) THE USE OF A RAINFALL SIMULATOR FOR SOIL

AND WATER MANAGEMENT STUDIES.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, SWC, ESW,

USDA and Purdue University.

(c) Mr. L. Donald Meyer, ARS, Agricultural

Engineering Building, Purdue University,

Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The rainfall simulator is used on runoff

plots for comparison of treatments which

effect erosion and infiltration. Research

includes studies of tillage methods, crop

residue management, slope, soil type, crop

rotations, and intensity histograms.

(h) "Use of the Rainulator for Runoff Plot

Research," by L. Donald Meyer. Soil Sci.

Soc. Am. Proc. 2h, 319-322, i960.

"Soil and Water Conservation Research with

the Rainulator," by Donald Meyer and J. V. Mannering. Seventh Int. Soil Sci. Soc.

Congress Proc. August i960.

(2597) THE EFFECTS OF TILLAGE ON RUNOFF AND

EROSION.

(b) Laboratory project

(c) Mr. W. D. Lembke, Agricultural Engineering

Department, Purdue University, Lafayette,

Indiana.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Runoff is measured from 15 watersheds in

five different tillage systems. These

systems involve two surface soil treatments

and three subsoil treatments, including

subsoil fertilization and vertical mulching.

Hydrologic analyses of these small watersheds are used to evaluate the effects of

tillage on soil moisture, crop gwowth and

yield, and runoff.

( 2835 ) PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF WATER TABLE

IN SANDY SOIL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. W. D. Lembke, Agricultural Engineering

Department, Purdue Univ. Lafayette, Ind.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The water table in an adjacent sandy field

is controlled from a supply ditch in which

the water level is kept high. The depths

to the water table are continuously meas- ured during the growing season at various

distances from the ditch. Crop yield data

are collected and correlated with the depths

to the controlled water table.

(2837) TREATMENT OF SURFACE WATERS FOR DOMESTIC

USE ON THE FARM.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. E. J. Monke, Agricultural Engineering

Department, Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The treatment of pond water through slow

sand and diatomaceous earth filters is

being evaluated.

(h) "Diatomaceous Earth and Cartridge Type

Filters Evaluated for Application in a Pond Water Treatment System" by L. G. Laudenschlager, M. S. thesis, Purdue Univ.,

I960.

"Farm Pond Water - Safe to Drink" by

Laudenschlager et al. Agricultural Ex- tension Service, Purdue University, i960.

(3^90) INVESTIGATION OF FLOW CHARACTERISTICS IN DRAIN TILE AND THE RELATIONSHIP OF THESE

FLOW CHARACTERISTICS TO SEDIMENTATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. E. J. Monke, Agricultural Engineering

Department, Purdue Univ. Lafayette, Ind.

(d) Laboratory investigation; basic and applied

research.

(e) Flow of water through a transparent drain

is being observed on steep slopes. Three

regimes of flow below a hydraulic jump

which is made to occur on these slopes are being studied to determine their effect on the design of tile drains.

(h) "The Hydraulics of Pipe Outlets for Tile

Drains," by W. D. Lembke, Agricultural

Engineering, Vol. kl, June i960.

( 3808 ) DEVELOPMENT AND REFINEMENT OF METHODS FOR

ESTIMATING FIELD RUNOFF AND SOIL LOSS.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept.

of Agriculture, in cooperation with Purdue

Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Walter H. Wischmeier, ARS-SWC, Agr.

Engr. Dept., Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind.

(d) Experimental; development.

(e) The relationships of numerous rainstorm

characteristics, topographic features, soil

characteristics and surface conditions to

field runoff and soil erosion are being

evaluated from plot data obtained under

natural rainfall. Basic plot and small

watershed data on an individual storm basis

have been assembled in an ARS central

runoff and soil-loss data laboratory at Purdue University from 22 states. The data

represent results of cooperative research

studies over the past 32 years at 39 locations . (g) A rainfall-erosion index has been derived

which evaluates numerically the capacity

of specific combinations of rainstorm

characteristics to erode soil from farm

fields. About 200 station rainfall records

in the contiguous United States were analyzed

to obtain probability values of the erosion

index by geographic areas. Iso-erodent

maps were prepared from these data. A

soil-loss prediction procedure was developed which provides guide lines for con- servation farm planning. Derivation of

information needed for localized evaluations

of the factors in the soil-loss equation is

continuing.

(h) "Rainfall Energy and its Relationship to

Soil Loss," W. H. Wischmeier and D. D. Smith, Trans. Amer. Geo. Un. 39(2): 285-291

(1958).

"Evaluation of Factors in the Soil-Loss

Equation," W. H. Wischmeier, D. D. Smith,

and R. E. Uhland, Agr. Engin. 39(8): U58-

462 (1958).

"A Rainfall Erosion Index for a Universal

Soil-Loss Equation," W. H. Wischmeier, Soil

71
Sci. Soc. Proc. 23: 2U6-21+9 (1959)-

"Cropping-Management Factor Evaluations

for a Universal Soil-Loss Equation, " W. H. Wischmeier, Soil Sci. Soc. Proc. 2k: 322-

326 (i960).

"A Universal Soil-Loss Equation to Guide

Conservation Farm Planning/' W. H. Wischmeier and D. D. Smith. Trans. Vllth

Internat. Congress of Soil Science.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, Chemical Engineering Department.

(3809) HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER TO VISCOUS LIQUID

FILMS.

(b) Purdue Research Foundation.

(c) Mr. W. H. Tucker, Chemical and Metallurgical Building, Purdue Univessity, Lafayette,

Indiana.

(d) Experimental; design and applied research,

master's and doctoral theses.

(e) (l) Concurrent flow systems (gas and liquid

primarily). (2) Effect of surface tension

on transfer of shear from high velocity

gas to a liquid surface. (3) Liquid distribution in a packed bed in concurrent

flow of gas and liquid, (k) Spinning disk

liquid-gas contactor. (5) High velocity

liquid for liquid-gas contacting.

(g) Surface tension shown to be very important

in the transfer of shear from gas to

liquid.

(h) One article is being prepared for publication.

( 3810 ) HEAT AND MOMENTUM TRANSFER IN FLOW OVER

ROUGHENED SURFACE.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Mr. J. E. Myers, School of Chemical Engrg.,

Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) (l) Experimental and theoretical; basic

and applied for doctoral theses.

(e) (l) The theoretical part is an investigation of solutions of the energy and

momentum equations for flow over smooth

and roughened flat plates. (2) The ex- perimental part is a study of the relation

between form drag, skin friction, and heat

transfer on circular fins inside a pipe.

(g) A number of mathematical solutions have

been found to the theoretical problems

being investigated.

(h) Doctoral theses currently being prepared.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, School of Civil Engineering.

(2839) HYDRAULICS OF RIVER FLOW UNDER ARCH BRIDGES.

(b) State Highway Department of Indiana and

Bureau of Public Roads.

(c) Dr. J. W. Delleur, School of Civil Engrg.,

Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Experimental; for design, for master's

theses

(e) The purpose of the research is to study

systematically the hydraulic efficiency

I

of waterways under arch bridges, to provide a criterion for determining the proper

clear span of arch bridges so as to com- pensate for the loss of efficiency at high

flows, and to provide a method for com- puting the backwater upstream of arch

bridges

(g) Preliminary small scale model investigation

has been completed. Large scale testing

of two and three dimensional semi-circular

models in both smooth and rough boundaries

without eccentricity, skew or entrance

rounding is complete. The large scale

tests were conducted in a tilting flume

5 ft. wide and 6h ft. long.

(h) "Design and Construction of Hydraulic

Flume and Backwater Effects of Semi -Circular Constrictions in a Smooth Channel,"

H. J. Owen, M. S. Thesis, January i960.

"Hydraulics of River Flow Under Arch

Bridges, Progress Report No. 3, " P- F. Biery and J. W. Delleur, Joint Highway

Research Project, Purdue University, Sept.

21, i960.

"Hydraulics of River Flow Under Arch

Bridges," P. F. Biery and J. W. Delleur,

A technical report given to A.S.C.E.,

Annual Convention, Boston, October i960.

"Hydraulics of Single Span Arch Bridge

Constrictions," P. F. Biery, Master's

Thesis, Purdue University, January 1961.

(28U0) MECHANISM OF TURBULENCE IN FREE SURFACE

FLOW.

(b) Purdue Research Foundation.

(c) Dr. J. W. Delleur, School of Civil Engrg.,

Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; for Ph.D.

theses

(e) Analytical and experimental investigation

of the mechanism of turbulence in free

surface flow. The analytical part of the

project will investigate important flow

characteristics such as the spectrum of

turbulence, correlation of velocities in

the turbulent field, degree of isotropy,

and the various velocity functions in submerged jet and open channel flow. The

experimental portion of the program will

make tests coincident with theoretical

studies

(g) Precision test flume designed. The flume

has variable longitudinal slope and the

changeable cross section. The cross sec- tion may be rectangular or trapezoidal

with different side slopes. Hot wire

anemometer in progress.

(281+1) STUDY OF RUNOFF FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS FOR

HIGHWAY DRAINAGE DESIGN IN INDIANA.

(b) State Highway Department of Indiana.

(c) Dr. J. W. Delleur, School of Civil Engrg.,

Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Analysis and statistical investigation for

Ph.D. thesis.

(e) The purpose of the research is to study

the hydrology of watersheds less than

200 sq. miles throughout the State of

Indiana, to improve the existing methods

72
for estimating the runoff from small watersheds, and to improve the present methods

of design of highway drainage structures

servicing small watersheds,

(g) Runoff and rainfall data are being collected,

and runoff statistical and geomorphdlogical

analysis has been completed.

(31U6) HYDROMECHANICS OF FLUID COLLECTOR SYSTEM

IN POROUS MEDIA.

(b) Purdue Research Foundation.

(c) Dr. G. H. Toebes, School of Civil Engineering,

Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Theoretical, and experimental; for Ph.D.

thesis

(e) Analytical and experimental investigations

of the flow domain around horizontal collector walls. Theoretical investigation

includes development of the method of

rigorous solution in three dimensions and

solution of related two dimensional problems.

Theoretical results will be supplemented

by experimental data. Experiments will be

made on hydraulic and electrolytic tank

models

(g) Review of related literature is completed.

Method of rigouous theoretical solution

and two dimensional solution of free sur- face flow toward an infinite horizontal

sink strip are developed. Experiments on

a preliminary hydraulic model are completed.

New hydraulic model equipped with electric

free surface probe is built.

( 31^7 ) GEOHYDRAULICS

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Messrs. J. W. Delleur and A. L. Simon, Hydraulic Laboratory, School of Civil Engrg.,

Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Geohydraulic theory is being developed as

a science based on Fluid Mechanics and

Hydrogeology. Quantitative analyses are developed. A bibliography includes principal works of European scientists and

others

(f) Inactive.

(3^91) NUMERICAL METHODS IN ANALYSIS OF HYDROMECHANICS PROBLEM.

(b) Engineering Experiment Station, Purdue

University.

(c) Dr. G. H. Toebes, Hydraulic Laboratory,

School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ.,

Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Analytical and applied research for Ph.D.

thesis

(e) The purpose of the research is to make

available to the hydraulic engineers the

mathematical tools which are normally

beyond his competence. The techniques of

solving numerically flood routing problems

is in progress. The emphasis will be on methods making use of electric desk calculators, digital and analog computers.

(3^92) TRANSIENT FLOW OF GROUND WATER WITH FREE

SURFACE THROUGH INCLINED LAYERED SYSTEM.

(c

(a

(e

(3^93

(d

(e

(f

(h

(3811

(c

(d

(h

Purdue Research Foundation.

Dr. M. E. Harr, School of Civil Engrg.,

Department of Soil Mechanics, Purdue

University, Lafayette, Indiana.

Theoretical for Ph.D. thesis.

The study is aimed at the development of a rational treatment of the "rapid drawdown"

condition for the analysis of sloping core type earth and rockfill dams.

SEEPAGE INTO SHEETED EXCAVATION.

Dr. M. E. Harr, School of Civil Engineering,

Department of Soil Mechanics, Purdue Univ.,

Lafayette, Indiana.

Theoretical.

The closed form solution of the problem

for the factor of safety with respect to

heaving of the bsse of sheeted excavation

and the quantity of seepage.

Completed.

A nomographic chart for solution of the

equations reduces the results into a form

directly applicable fo^ design.

Report submitted for publication to A.S.C.E.

Soil Mechanics Division.

UNSTEADY FLOW OF GROUNDWATER INTO SURFACE

RESERVOIR.

Dr. M. E. Harr, School of Civil Engineering,

Department of Soil Mechanics, Purdue Univ.,

Lafayette, Indiana.

Discussion of published paper entitled as above by William Haushild and Gordon Kruse

Discussion to "Unsteady Flow of Groundwater

into Surface Reservoir, " by William Haushild

and Gordon Kruse, Journal Hydraulics Division,

A. S. C. E., Vol. 86, No. HY 7, P- 13, July

i960.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, School of Electrical Engineering.

(3U9I1) AN INVESTIGATION OF THE FEASIBILITY OF A MAGNETICALLY CONTROLLED POPPET VALVE HYDRAULIC SERVOMECHANISM.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. J. E. Gibson, School of Electrical

Engineering, Purdue University, West

Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Experimental and analytical; basic research

for master's thesis.

(e) This project includes the design, analysis

and experimental testing of a method of

controlling a hydraulic - mechanical energy

converter by means of a time varying pressure source and two electro -magnetic poppet

valves

( f ) Suspended

(g) Method has proved feasible to a limited

degree

(h) "An Investigation of an Electromagnetically

Controlled Poppet Valve for Use in Pulse

Length Modulated Hydraulic Automatic Control

Systems," David E. Boddy, Master's thesis,

Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana,

109 pages, August i960.

73
PURDUE UNIVERSITY, Jet Propulsion Center. (3812) TURBULENT FLOW ALONG A CORNER.

(237^) THE MECHANISM OF TWO PHASE FLOW OF ANNULAR

LIQUID FILMS IN A VERTICAL TUBE.

(t>) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Dr. M. J. Zucrow, Jet Propulsion Center,

Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research

for doctoral and masters theses.

(e) This problem is concerned with the analytical and experimental study of the mechanism

of the downward flow of a liquid film on the inside wall of a vertical circular tube

with co- current gas flow in the core of the

tube. Systematic experiments were conducted

for determining the effect of the rates of

air and liquid upon the mean thickness of

the liquid film and the pressure gradient

in the gas stream.

(g) The effect of the viscosity of the liquid

film upon film thickness was determined

experimentally employing water and a 5^$>

glycerol water solution. For a given air

velocity it was concluded that increasing

the viscosity of the liquid forming the

films increased the mean liquid film thickness for the same liquid flow rate. Correlating the data by plotting the thickness

parameter vs. liquid Reynolds number was found to be reasonably satisfactory for

large changes in the viscosity of the

liquid. It was also observed that increasing the viscosity of the liquid in

the film improved the film stability.

(h) "Viscosity Effects in Two Phase Annular

Flow," Hans H. Ammann, Thesis, M. E. School,

Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana,

August i960.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, School of Mechanical Engineering.

(3^95) CONTROL OF TURBULENCE BY MEANS OF SCREENS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. J. B. Jones, School of Mechanical

Engineering, Purdue University, Lafayette,

Indiana.

(d) Experimental; basic research for master's

thesis.

(e) This investigation concerns the control of

turbulence intensity by means of screens without flow channel contraction. Variables considered are screen mesh, screen

solidity, and the number of screens In

series

(f) Completed.

(g) Within the ranges of variables investigated

(screen mesh 3*3 *° ^0x1+0, solidity ratio

0.29 to 0.51, air velocity 22 fps to 66

fps ) it was found that the minimum value

of turbulence intensity obtained downstream

of a series of screens depends on only the screen solidity ratio, with higher solidity

ratios giving lower minimum turbulence

values, and. that the number of screens re- quired to obtain the minimum value de- creases with increasing solidity ratios.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. J. B. Jones, School of Mech. Engrg.,

Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Experimental; basic research for master's

and doctoral theses.

(e) The purpose of this research is to gain an understanding of the mechanism of secondary

flow in turbulent flow along a corner. Measurements will include directional turbulence intensities and turbulent shear

quantities needed to evaluate current hypotheses on the cause of secondary flows.

(g) For boundary layers developing along a corner with zero pressure gradient, the

isotach patterns (i.e., lines of constant

velocity as shown on planes normal to the mean flow direction) are independent of

free stream turbulence intensity in the

range of 0.8 to 2.5 percent. Directional

measurements of turbulence intensity show

that the ratio of turbulence intensity

parallel to an isotach to that normal to an isotach is always greater than unity

and in the corner region increases with

increasing isotach curvature.

(3813) TURBULENCE STRUCTURE IN DEVELOPING PIPE

FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. J. B. Jones, School of Mech. Engrg.,

Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Experimental and analytical; basic research

for doctoral theses.

(e) The structure of turbulent shear flow is

being studied by investigating developing

boundary layers in pipes. One phase of

the research is a study of the flow in the

inlet region of a smooth pipe . Another

is a study of the changing boundary layer

between fully developed turbulent flow in

a smooth pipe and fully developed flow in an artificially roughened section of the

pipe.

(38l1+) DISPLACEMENT EFFECTS OF TRANSVERSE CYLINDRICAL TOTAL PRESSURE PROBES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. J. B. Jones, School of Mech. Engrg.,

Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Experimental; applied research for master's

thesis

(e) The purpose of this research is to determine

the characteristics of small cylindrical

total pressure probes for measurements in

steep gradients very close to a wall.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, Automatic Control Laboratory,

School of Mechanical Engineering.

(3815) EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDIES OF

HYDRAULIC LINES AND COMPONENTS.

(b) Natl. Aeronautics and Space Administration.

(c) Dr. Rufus Oldenburger, Head, Automatic

7^
Control Lab., School of Mech. Engineering,

Purdue University, W. Lafayette, Ind.

(d) Applied research.

(e) This investigation is concerned with the

study of dynamic behavior of hydraulic

lines, accumulators, valves, etc. High

frequency flow inputs to small hydraulic

lines and analysis of pressure and flow

phenomenon along the line with various

boundary conditions is the initial work

being started. The effects of friction

and turbulence are being considered.

Theoretical studies are being undertaken

for the dynamic behavior of other hydraulic

components as well as the small lines. It is planned within the next year to start

experimental work on other hydraulic com- ponents in addition to lines.

REED RESEARCH FOUNDATION.

(3lU8) THE STREAMING OF BLOOD IN VEINS AND ARTERIES

OF LIVING ANIMALS.

(b) National Heart Institute, under Grants

H-2^02(c 3) and H-2263(c 3).

(c) Mr. Johann Martinek, Reed Research Foundation, lOkQ Potomac Street, N. W., Wash.,

D. C.

( d) Theoretical; basic research,

(e) Steady and non-steady flow of viscous liquid

in rigid and elastic tubes.

(g) The mathematical nature of the tube walls

has been partly established in Part I. In the present study (continuation of Part I),

the possible physical interpretations of

the tube walls based on the mathematical

forms obtained lead to vortex lines of

helical shapes forming a cylindrical sheet

concentric with the tube axis. These, and

additional singularities, providing for a simply connected domain (the tube being

assumed as multi connected region, like

anchor ring) have been found necessary to

render uniquely the fluid resistance in

the tube. Numerical computations are now being performed to establish amount of

slip and drag. Preliminary results indicate

with specific physical data used in particular relation to the nature of blood, that

slip on walls is of smaller order of magnitude than maximum fluid velocity at pipe

center, hence beyond detection by fluid

dynamical experimentation.

(h) "On the Streaming of Blood in Rigid Tubes,"

by Johann Martinek, to be submitted to the

Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics i960.

ROCKY MOUNTAIN HYDRAULIC LABORATORY.

(21^0) EVALUATION OF OPEN-CHANNEL FRICTION LOSSES.

(b) National Science Foundation, Water Resources

Division of the U. S. Geological Survey,

and the State University of Iowa cooperating.

(c) Prof. C. J. Posey, Allenspark, Colorado

( summer); State Univ. of Iowa, Engineering

Building, Iowa City, Iowa (winter).

(d) Experimental; basic.

(e) Variable-slope flume long enough to permit

accurate evaluation of open-channel

friction losses is being tested at slopes

into the steep range, determining normal

depth and velocity distribution for batten

and rolled natural-type roughnesses in

triangular and trapezoidal cross-sections.

(f) Active experimentation during summers,

(h) "Water Surface Profiles and Velocity

Distributions for Flow in a Long Uniform

Channel," R. W. Powell and C. J. Posey.

R.M.H.L. Report No. 25 (in press).

"Boundary Shear in a Triangular Open Channel, " J. J. Mairena. M. S. Thesis, State

University of Iowa, August, i960, (available on loan )

(3^96) TESTS OF RIPRAP SCOUR PROTECTION.

(b) Standard Oil Company of Texas.

(c) Prof. C. J. Posey, Allenspark, Colorado

(summer). State Univ. of Iowa, Engineering

Building, Iowa City, Iowa (winter).

(d) Experimental; design development.

(e) To find economical design of riprap to protect offshore drilling structure from under- scour

(f) Active experimentation during summers.

(g) Model-prototype similitude for unusual type

of erosion achieved by the use of Gilsonite.

ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY, UNIVERSITY

OF MINNESOTA.

Inquiries concerning project Nos. 2lMt-, 3152, 3153>

3156, 3158, 3160, 3161, 316U, 3^97, 3^99, 3501,

3502, 3503, 350J+, and 3816 to 382k should be addressed to Dr. Lorenz G. Straub, Director, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Mississippi

River at Third Avenue S. E., Minneapolis 1^, Minn.

Inquiries concerning project Nos. Ill, 1168, and

2386, which are conducted in cooperation with the

Agricultural Research Service, should be addressed

to Mr. Fred W. Blaisdell, Project Supervlosr, Watershed Technology Research Branch, Soil and Water Conservation Research Division, Agricultural Research

Service, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory,

Minneapolis ik, Minnesota.

Inquiries concerning Project No. 19h, which is

conducted in cooperation with the Corps of Engineers

and the U. S. Geological Survey, should be addressed

to Engineer in Charge, Byrnon Colby, Federal InterAgency Sedimentation Project, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Mississippi River at Third Ave.,

Minneapolis lh, Minnesota.

(ill) CLOSED CONDUIT SPILLWAY.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture in cooperation with

the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic

Laboratory.

(d) Experimental; generalized applied research

for development and design.

75
(e) A two-sided drop inlet having a width equal

to the pipe diameter and a variable length ( e

)

is currently "being tested. The anti-vortex

device consists of a horizontal plate supported by end piers above the crest of the

drop inlet. The characteristics, performance, losses, and pressures in the drop

inlet and on the anti -vortex plate are being determined for various combinations

of drop inlet length, and height and over- (f)

hang of the anti-vortex plate. Water is (g)

used as the model fluid to determine the

performance characteristics, and head-discharge relationships during flows of waterair mixtures. For full flow, air is used as the model fluid to determine the various

energy loss coefficients and the pressure

coefficients

(g) The theory of closed conduit spillways has

been developed, verified, and published.

Results of tests on many forms of the

closed conduit spillway entrance have been

published. Pipe culverts laid on steep

slopes may flow completely full even though

the outlet discharges freely. Generalized

methods for analysis and reporting of the (h)

results have been developed. The use of

air as the model fluid has been verified

by comparing test results with those obtained using water as the model fluid. The (2lkk)

drop inlet with the horizontal anti -vortex

device causes the spillway to act as a self-regulating siphon when the headpool

level approximates the anti-vortex plate

elevation. The height of the anti-vortex

plate above the drop inlet crest and the

overhang of the anti -vortex plate determine

the effectiveness of the plate as an antivortex device.

"Hood Inlet for Closed Conduit Spillways,"

by Fred W. Blaisdell, American Society of

Civil Engineers Proceedings Volume 86 No. HY 5, PP- 7-31, May i960.

A STUDY OF CANTILEVERED OUTLETS.

Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, in cooperation

with the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment

Station and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic

Laboratory

Experimental; generalized applied research

for design.

Pipe outlet conduits for small spillways

are frequently cantilevered beyond the toe

of the earth dam. Attempts will be made

to determine quantitatively the size of the

scour hole to be expected under various

field conditions.

(f) Suspended.

(1929) DRAIN TILE JUNCTION LOSSES.

(b) Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station

in cooperation with the Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic (d)

Laboratory.

(c) Prof. Philip W. Manson, University of Minn., (e)

St. Paul Campus, St. Paul, Minnesota.

(d) Experimental; generalized applied research

(1168;

<>:

(e]

0»)

(a)

(e)

(g)

(2386)

(b)

for design.

The junction losses in drain tile flowing

full are determined for laterals of different sizes entering mains of different

sizes at various angles. The laterals enter

the main at the center line. Additional

tests have been made with the crowns (or

inverts) of both main and lateral in the

same plane.

Completed.

Tests have been completed on sharp edge

junctions entering the main at angles

varying in 15 degree increments from 15

degrees to 165 degrees. Both the lateral

and the main are completely full. The tests cover all possible combinations of discharge

in the lateral and the main. Laterals

having areas l/l, l/2, l/h, 1/7, and l/l6

that of the main have been tested. The data

are being analyzed and a comprehensive re- port is in preparation. A color motion

picture film entitled "Energy Losses at Converging Pipe Junctions" has been completed

and is available. The l6 mm film is 800

feet long.

"Loss of Energy at Sharp-Edged Pipe Junctions" by Fred W. Blaisdell and Philip W. Manson. Submitted for publication.

EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDIES OF

HYDROFOILS

Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

Experimental and analytical; basic research.

Investigation of the quantity of air re- quired to create and sustain an inflated

cavity on a submerged hydrofoil of finite

span.

Experimental investigations utilizing TulinBurkart supercavitaiing sections submerged

below a horizontal free-surface have indicated that by introducing air to the foil

a small cavitation number can be obtained

at relatively low velocities. For small

air flows supplied to the cavity, the re- sulting cavitation number is roughly proportional to the air flow. A reentrant jet was observed for these conditions. As the

air flow was increased, the reentrant jet

disappeared and the cavity appeared to vibrate. From this point, an increase in air

flow resulted in very little reduction of

the cavitation number. The actual mechanism by which air leaves the cavity is being

investigated. Lift force measurements made

for these sections extrapolated to zero cavitation number agree satisfactorily with

theory.

GENERALIZED DESIGN OF TRANSITIONS FOR

SUPERCRITICAL VELOCITIES.

Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept.

of Agriculture, in cooperation with the

Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station

and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab.

Experimental; generalized applied research

for development and design.

Studies will be made to develop a transition and to determine the rules for its

design. The transition will be used to

76
change the flow cross section from circular to rectangular when the velocities are supercriti cal

Suspended.

KARADJ REREGULATING SPILLWAY MODEL STUDIES.

Harza Engineering Company, Chicago, 111.;

Governemnt of Iran.

Experimental; design and operation.

A 1:60 scale model of Karadj Reregulating

Dam and Spillway to study the operation of

the spillway. A 1:180 pilot model and a 1:78 scale section model were also used.

Tests completed.

Recommendation of a deeply submerged flip

"bucket to replace ski jump design proposed.

FLOW ABOUT BODIES AT SMALL CAVITATION

NUMBERS.

Office of Naval Research, Department of

the Navy.

Experimental and analytical; basic research.

Current interest is in unsteady supercavities and in a cavity noise. Both natural and ventilated cavities are understudy.

WANAPUM SPILLWAY STUDIES

Harza Engineering Company, Chicago; Public

Utility District of Grant County, Ephrata,

Washington

Experimental; design and operation.

A l:lM(- scale partial comprehensive model

for Wanapum Power Project on Columbia River

to arrive at optimum alignment of the earth

fill dam and optimum exterior geometry for

fish passing facilities.

FLOATING BREAKWATERS.

U. S. Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory,

Department of the Navy, Eleventh Naval

District

Experimental and analytical.

Primarily a study whose objective is to

develop new ideas for floating type devices

intended to attenuate ocean type incident waves

Completed.

Tests indicate that immersed bags of suitable form fill, and position can effectively attenuate waves.

"An Experimental Study of Flexible Floating

Breakwaters," by John F. Ripken, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Univ.

of Minnesota, Technical Paper No. 31-B,

kO pages, October i960.

MISSION DAM SPILLWAY MODEL STUDIES.

B. C. Engineering Company, Vancouver, B. C, Canada.

Experimental; design and operation.

A 1:80 scale comprehensive model of the

flip bucket spillway for the Mission Dam

on the Bridge River in British Columbia

to study the operation of the spillway.

Tests completed.

Recommendation of a non- symmetrical flip

bucket deflector giving a high degree of

dispersion.

(3l6l) HYDRAULICS OF SEWER DROPSHAFTS.

(b

(a

(e

(f

City of St. Paul, Minnesota.

Experimental; applied.

Investigate relative merits of sewer drop

structures for discharges up to 1000 cfs and

drops up to about 100 feet.

Test work completed.

Impact type energy dissipator developed to

stabilize flow and eliminate air from lower

interceptor line. Report in progress.

SCOUR AROUND BRIDGE PIERS.

Laboratory project.

Experimental and analytical; Ph.D. thesis.

Prediction and measurements of ultmmate

depths of scour around known shape and size

of pier.

WANAPUM FISH FACILITIES STUDIES.

Harza Engineering Company, Chicago, 111.;

Public Unility District of Grant County,

Ephrat a , Washington

Experimental; design and operation.

Two 1:36 scale models of right bank attraction water flow system and orifice and weir

fish entrances for design verification and

comparison of effectiveness of orifice versus weir entrances

Test work completed.

STUDIES OF HYDROFOIL CONFIGURATIONS IN

REGULAR WAVES.

David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the

Navy.

Experimental

Experimental investigation of the longitudinal stability (heave and pitch) of a tandem "V" foil hydrofoil configuration for

regular head and following seas to verify

existing non-linear theory.

Satisfactory agreement has been obtained

between experimental heave and pitch responses

of a tandem "V" foil configuration and solutions of non-linear differential equations

developed by Ogilvie for head and following

seas and craft velocities of 5 and 10 fps.

For small wave amplitudes, the linearized

equations adequately describe the heave and

pitch responses. The solutions to the non- linear equations indicate a steady-downward

heave component that tends to cause the

craft to crash, particularly in following

seas. This component has been observed

experimentally, although the actual magnitude has not been satisfactorily determined.

(3501) PEARL RIVER RESERVOIR SPILLWAY STUDIES.

(3164

(b

(a

(e

(3^97

(b

(a

(e

(f

(3^99

(b

(a

(e

(g)

00

(a)

(e)

Harza Engineering Company, Chicago; Horace

B. Lester, Engineer, Jackson, Mississippi;

Pearl River Valley Water Supply District.

Experimental; design and operation.

A 1:60 spillway section model to arrive at

optimum design of the 10 gate low head

77
spillway. A 1:72 comprehensive model to

study the overall hydraulics of the spillway.

(f) Project completed.

(g) Incorporation of a flat apron with staggered chute blocks and "baffle "blocks based

on the SAF type design was recommended.

Data was obtained on discharge rating for

the crest with the tainter gates open and

partly open.

(3502) MANGLA SPILLWAY STUDIES.

(b) Harza Engineering Company, Chicago; Binnie,

Deacon, and Gourley, London; Government of

Pakistan.

(d) Experimental; design and operation.

(e) A 1:300 scale spillway model of two stage

stilling basin energy dissipator, a com- prehensive study of all important hydraulic features. A 1:216 scale section model

consisting of two control structure gates,

a study of pressures on gate and gate calibration. Typical dimensions of earth fill

dam spillway include a drop in water level

of 330 feet and a design discharge of

1,100,000 cfs.

(3503) ARKANSAS RIVER DEVELOPMENT SEDIMENT STUDIES.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Little Rock.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) To investigate the feasibility of con- structing an armor layer on the bed of a stream to stabilize the bed and prevent

degradation.

(g) Results suggest that the armor material

will stabilize the bed under certain conditions .

(350*0 EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF UNSTEADY

LIFT AND DRAG FORCES ON DIHEDRAL HYDROFOILS

IN WAVES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of

the Navy.

(d) Experimental, basic research.

(e) General investigation of the forces on dihedral, surface-piercing hydrofoils in

regular waves. This includes a study of

the forces on a hydrofoil placed in the

wake of another, as would be the case in

a tandem configuration.

(38l6) NECUIMA RIVER DIVERSION STUDIES.

(b) Corporacion Venezolana De Fomento, Caracas,

Venezuela.

(d) Experimental; design and operation.

(e) Study of schemes for river diversion for

Necuima storage dam on Caroni River,

Venezuela, based on tests on a 1:200 scale,

rigid bed model of one projected site.

Section model tests of closure by friction

control were also made

(f) Completed.

(g) Data on the feasibility of closure by

friction control was obtained.

(b) Suriname Aluminum Company, Suriname; Harza

Engineering Company, Chicago.

(d) Experimental; design and operation.

(e) l:l6k scale spillway section model and a 1:100 scale comprehensive model of the

site for the Brokopondo hydroelectric Project on the Suriname River to check the hydraulics of the spillway and associated

features during diversion as well as full

pool operation.

(f) Completed.

(g) Recommended reduction in height of side

walls of the sloping spillway apron in

interest of economy. Provided rating curves for the ogee crest with tainter gates open

and partly open.

(3818) EVALUATION TESTS OF WAVE ABSORBERS.

(b) U. S. Rubber Company.

( d ) Experimental

(e) Experimental evaluation of wave height

attenuation and mooring force characteristics of floating wave absorbers of flow

resisting structure.

(f) Completed.

(g) Tests establish effective attenuation

characteristics of material and provide

data for prototype design.

(h) "Evaluation Studies of the U. S. Rubber

Company Wave Blanket and Wave Trap" byJohn F. Ripken, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic

Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Project

Report No. 62, ho pages, October i960.

(3819) DESIGN STUDIES FOR SOUTH SASKATCHEWAN RIVER

PROJECT.

(b) Canada Department of Agriculture, Prairie

Farm Rehabilitation Administration, Regina,

Saskatchewan.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Experimental studies of the preliminary

design of components of the diversion tunnel

system and spillway system of South

Saskatchewan River Project.

(g) Preliminary tests of the diversion system

showed good agreement between computed and

measured curves relating pool elevation and

discharge.

(3820) MODEL STUDIES OF CHUTE NO. 2 AT ST. ANTHONY

FALLS.

(b) Northern States Power Company, Minneapolis.

( d) Experimental; applied.

( e ) Experimental study of various methods for

reduction of bed scour below existing Chute

No. 2.

( g ) A stilling basin of the SAF type was developed and tested; erosion was materially

reduced. Other proposals are also being

tested, including a horizontal segment of

chute located at the water surface and

fitted with terminal blocks

(3821) STRUT INTERFERENCE EFFECTS ON HYDROFOIL

SYSTEMS.

(3817) BROKOPONDO SPILLWAY STUDIES. (b) Office of Naval Research, Bureau of Ships.

78
(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Investigation of the interference effects

of supporting struts on the lift and drag

forces of typical hydrofoil configurations.

(3822) FLOW OVER VIBRATING PLATES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Studies in a partly closed high velocity

channel equipped with a plate which can

be vibrated as a beam with several different resonant frequencies to determine

if vibrations have an effect on boundary

layer development.

(3823) SIMILAR AND QUASI-SIMILAR SOLUTIONS OF

THE BOUNDARY LAYER EQUATIONS FOR TWODIMENSIONAL INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOWS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and experimental, for Ph.D.

thesis

(e) Similar velocity profile solutions of the

boundary layer equation were studied in

the (x,y) and (x,X) planes. Special attention was given to two-component flow

problems. Experimental work necessary to

support theoretical results was also con- ducted.

(f) Completed.

(g) It was found that similar solutions of

the boundary layer equations in (x,y)

plane are also similar in the ( x, y) plane

Following problems were solved as examples

in (x, y) plane: (l) Laminar jet, (2) flat

plate boundary layer and ( 3 ) laminar flow

at the interface of two fluids of different

viscosity and density. Experimental data

were also obtained confirming the solution

to the last problem. The existence of

similar perturbation velocity profiles in

the (x, plane were also investigated and

. applied to the problem of the laminar wake

and to the problem of laminar flow at the

interface of two fluids

(h) "Similar and Quasi -Similar Solution of the

Boundary Layer Equations for Two-Dimensional

Incompressible Flows" by Chieh-Shyang Song, a thesis submitted to the faculty of the

University of. Minnesota in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D.

degree.

(382U) SURFACE CHARACTERISTIC OF AIR ENTRAINED FLOW

IN STEEP CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project

(d) Experimental and theoretical investigation

of the wrinkling of the free surface of

flow in steep channel and its influence on

air concentration and velocity distribution.

Thesis for Ph.D.

(e) Experimental investigation is being carried

out on the SAF high velocity channel for

slopes up to 53° • Velocities are measured

by means of a pitot tube and high speed

photography. Air concentration is measured

by the SAF concentration meter. The surface elevation is measured by a device which

measures the avarage time the surface is

above a given elevation.

INTER-AGENCY SEDIMENTATION PROJECT IN COOPERATION

WITH ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY.

(19^) A STUDY OF METHODS USED IN MEASUREMENT AND

ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENT LOAD IN STREAMS.

(b) Subcommittee on Sedimentation, Inter- Agency

Committee on Water Resources. Personnel

of the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers and

the U. S. Geological Survey are actively

engaged on the project.

(c) Engineer in Charge, Byrnon C. Colby,

Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Project,

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory,

Mississippi River at Third Avenue S. E.,

Minneapolis ik, Minnesota.

(d) Experimental; applied research and development . (e) Drawings and specifications to facilitate

the manufacture of suspended- sediment and

bed-material sampler, particle-size ana- lyzers and associated laboratory apparatus

are available. Approved designs of sus- pended-sediment samplers include a singlestage sampler, a it-pound hand sampler, a 22-pound hand-line sampler, a 62-pound

medium weight sampler, and electrically

operated samplers weighing 100 and 300

pounds. Bed-material samplers include a piston type hand-operated sampler, a 30-

pound hand-line sampler, and a 100-pound

sampler for cable suspension. Other instruments developed include a sediment sample

splitter, a bottom-withdrawal sedimentation

tube for size analyses, and a visual-accumulation sedimentation tube with recording

equipment for particle size analyses of

sands. The primary objective of the current

program is the development of an instrument

to automatically record suspended-sediment

concentrations in flowing streams.

(g) A final report is being prepared on the

single-stage suspended-sediment sampler

developed for ephemeral type streams.

Samplers of this type have been installed

at several experimental sites. Prototype

tests were continued on an intermittent

pumping and settling type sediment sampler,

and results are favorable. Field tests were continued on the nuclear sediment density

probe and scaler unit but dependable operation has not yet been attained. Laboratory

tests were continued on equipment using the

diffusion of light as a measure of solids

in suspended sediment samples. Preliminary

tests were made on an electronic sensing

instrument. Particles suspended in a mild

electrolyte interrupt a fixed impedance as they pass through a small orifice producing

voltage fluctuations proportional to particle

size. These pulsations are electronically

scaled and counted

(h) "Intermittent Pumping - Type Sampler,"

Report N, February i960.

"Instructions for Sampling with US D-U9

Suspended-Sediment Samplers," Report 0,

6 pages, March i960.

79
SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY, University of

California.

(3825) GENERATION AND PROPAGATION OF INTERNAL WAVES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Charles Cox, Scripps Institution of

Oceanography, La Jolla, California.

(d) Experimental and theoretical basic research.

(e) Observations of temperature fluctuations as functions of depth from surface to bottom

of the sea are made at an array of automatically recording stations. Analysis in

terms of internal waves of various modes

within a spectrum of frequencies at each

station permits estimation of pattern of

radiation of internal waves. Theoretical

studies suggest the importance of conversion

of tidal energy into internal motions by

interaction with a rough sea bottom. Experimental investigation of this process will

permit estimation of the flow of energy between wave modes and its ultimate fate.

(g) Theoretical results suggest that a moderate

fraction of tidal energy can be converted

into internal motions in one tidal cycle.

(h) "Coupling of surface and internal tides,"

C. S. Cox, Preprints, International Oceanographic Congress, pp. 399-^00, 1959-

(DTMB technical supervision).

(c) Dr. H. N. Abramson, Director, Department

of Applied Mechanics, Southwest Research

Institute, 85OO Culebra Road, San Antonio

6, Texas.

(d) Experimental, theoretical; applied research.

(e) Present work includes the design, construction, and testing of flexible hydrofoil

models to obtain data on unsteady hydrodynamic lift and moment for a variety of

operating conditions.

(h) "Hydroelasticity: A New Naval Science,"

S. R. Heller and H. N. Abramson, Jour. Am. Soc. Naval Engrs., 71, 205-209, May 1959-

"Effect of the Free Surface on the Flutter

of Submerged Hydrofoils," by W. H. Chu and

H. N. Abramson, Jour. Ship Research, 3j> 20-27, June 1959-

"An Alternative Formulation of the Problem

of Flutter in Real Fluids," by W. H. Chu

and H. N. Abramson, Jour. Aero/Space Sci.,

26, 683-68U, October 1959,

"A Discussion of the Flutter of Submerged

Hydrofoils," by H. N. Abramson and W. H. Chu, Jour. Ship Research, 3, 5-13* October

1959-

"Disturbance of Rudder-Excited Hull Vibration on U.S.S. Forrest Sherman - A Problem

in Hydroelasticity," by H. N. Abramson,

Trans. SNAME, 67, 362-365, 1959

SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE, Department of Applied

Mechanics

HYDRODYNAMICS OF SHIP SLAMMING.

Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy

(DTMB technical supervision).

Dr. H. N. Abramson, Director, Department

of Applied Mechanics, Southwest Research

Institute, 8500 Culebra Road, San Antonio,

Texas

Theoretical; applied research.

Study of pressure distribution on bodies of

arbitrary cross-section entering a plane

water surface.

Three SwRI technical reports.

STUDIES OF TURBULENT FLOW.

Laboratory project.

Mr. William Squire, Senior Research Engr.,

Department of Applied Mechanics, Southwest

Research Institute, 85OO Culebra Road,

San Antonio 6, Texas.

Theoretical; basic research.

Studies of several classical problems by

means of a new generalized theory of turbulent flow.

Completed.

"A Unified Theory of Turbulent Flow. I. Formulation of the Theory," by W. Squire,

App. Sci. Res., A 8, 158, 1959

"A Unified Theory of Turbulent Flow. II. Plane Couette Flow," by W. Squire, App.

Sci. Res., A9, 393-^10, i960.

(3828) STUDIES IN HYDROELASTICITY.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy

STANFORD UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineering.

(I9kk) STUDY OF METHODS OF ESTIMATING RESERVOIR

EVAPORATION.

00

(c)

(a)

(e)

(g)

00

U. S. Weather Bureau.

Prof. Joseph B. Franzini, Dept. of Civil

Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford

California.

Field investigation; applied research.

An attempt is being made to develop a

simple rugged radiation integrator for use

in estimating reservoir evaporation. Three

small-scale radiation integrators patterned

after Cumming's model have been tested and

the data have been analyzed.

Preliminary results Indicate that use of

energy budget approach to small insulated

evaporation pans shows promise for the

measurement of net radiation.

"Progress Report on Radiation Integrator

Research," by Joseph B. Franzini and Walter

F. Rowland, Dept. of Civil Engineering,

Stanford University, May i960.

(19^6) SYNTHESIS OF HYDR0GRAPHS FOR SMALL AREAS.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Prof. Ray K. Linsley, Dept. of Civil Engrg.

Stanford University, Stanford, California.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; basic

and applied research; Ph.D. thesis.

( e ) An attempt to develop a universal method

for estimating the runoff hydrographs from

small areas

(f) A simplified theory for non-equilibrium

conditions has been compared with experimental results taken under controlled

80
laboratory conditions. A statistical

analysis of data from several typical basins has been started. A mathematical

analysis of the non-equilibrium flow in a simple channel with lateral inflow has

been completed. The later work is being

extended to more complex conditions via

digital computing methods. Statistical

and computer methods are being explored to

develop a basis for reliable estimates of

runoff frequency,

(h) "Computation of a Synthetic Streamflow

Record on a Digital Computer, " by Ray K. Linsley and Norman H. Crawford, Publication

No. 51, International Assoc. of Scientific

Hydrology, pp. 526-538, i960.

(2151) MODEL STUDY OF PETERS DAM CHUTE SPILLWAY.

Laboratory project.

Prof. John K. Vennard, Dept. of Civil

Engineering, Stanford University.

Experimental; engineer thesis.

Comparison of spillway performance and

design predictions.

Experimental work completed; thesis being

written.

PIPE FRICTION IN UNSTEADY FLOW.

Laboratory project.

Prof. John K. Vennard, Dept. of Civil

Engineering, Stanford University.

Experimental and analytical; Ph.D. thesis.

Comparison of friction processes for steady

and unsteady states.

Experimental work completed and analyzed;

thesis being written.

FLOW THROUGH POROUS MEDIA.

National Science Foundation.

Prof. Byrne Perry, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.

Theoretical and experimental, basic re- search.

New analytical methods are being developed

for ussteady seepage flow with a free surface, e.g., the seepage through an earth

dam. The effect of non-rectilinear boundaries is also being considered.

Theoretical work in progress.

"Unsteady Flow Through an Underdrained

Earth Dam," by Roger J. M. DeWiest, J. Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 8, pt. 1, pp. 1-9,

i960.

HYDRODYNAMICS OF FLOW INTO CURB INLETS.

U. S. Bureau of Public Roads.

Prof. John K. Vennard and Prof. Byrne

Perry, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California.

Experimental and analytical; Ph.D. thesis.

A hydrodynamic theory has been developed

for predicting the flow from a smooth, undepressed gutter into a curb opening inlet

which intercepts 100% of the flow. Experimental confirmation is given.

Completed.

"Hydrodynamics of Flow into Curb-Opening

Inlets," by Richard J. Wasley, Tech. Report

No. 6, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Stanford

University, November i960.

(3507) STUDY OF INFILTRATION.

(b) Graduate research; doctoral thesis.

(c) Prof. Joseph B. Franzini, Dept. of Civil

Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford,

California.

(d) Theoretical investigation; laboratory and

field studies.

(e) An attempt will be made to develop analytically relations between soil parameters,

precipitation rates and duration, and infiltration capacities. The analytical work

will be supplemented by laboratory and

field studies.

(f) Project is underway.

(3508) EVAPORATION SUPPRESSION.

(c)'

(a)

(e)

(g)

U. S. Public Health Service.

Prof. Joseph B. Franzini, Dept. of Civil

Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford

California.

Laboratory and field investigations; engi- neer thesis

Project currently consists of: (l) Laboratory studies using Langmuir tray to find

the monomolecular film with optimum healing

properties. (2) Field studies using Class

A evaporation pans and smaller containers

to evaluate the evaporation reduction

capabilities and biological attrition re- sistances of the various monomolecular films

tested in (l). (3) Development of a practical method for the application of a monomolecular film to the surface of a reservoir. In later stages of the project

the effect of a monomolecular film on the

biota in a i+5 acre lake will be evaluated.

Full scale field tests using hexadecanol

on the ^5 acre lake during the summer of

i960 gave an evaporation reduction of 18

percent

STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Davidson Laboratory.

(215*0 INVESTIGATION OF SHIP MOTIONS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of

the Navy.

(c) Prof. Edward V. Lewis, Davidson Laboratory,

Stevens Institute of Technology, 711

Hudson Street, Hoboken, New Jersey.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search.

(e) The development of a method of calculation

for predicting ship motions caused by head

or following seas. Towing tank tests of

ship forms differing widely from the forms

currently used in practice, in search of

considerable improvement in seakeeping

qualities of ships.

(g) Towing tank tests of senJ. -submerged vessel

for high-speed operation in waves have been

completed. Towing tank tests of a slender

81
craft fitted with large "buTbs under the

keel at "bow and stern have "been made in

calm water and in irregular head and following seas. Analog computer studies have

been made of the calm water stability characteristics of a craft similar to a shallowrunning submarine with a fixed surfacepiercing strut at intermediate and extreme

speeds. Studies of other unusual hull

types are planned,

(h) "Preliminary Evaluation of a Semi-Submerged

Ship for High-Speed Operation in Rough

Seas," E. V. Lewis and C. Odenbrett, Journal of Ship Research, Vol. 3, No. k, March

I960.

"High Speed Supercritical Ships in Rough

Seas," E. V. Lewis and P. R. Van Mater,

Proceedings of Third Summer Seminar on Ship Behavior at Sea, Stevens Institute of

Technology, June i960.

"Semi -Submerged Ships for High Speed Operation in Rough Seas," E. V. Lewis and J. P. Breslin, Proceedings of Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics, Office of Naval Research - Netherlands Ship Model Basin,

Scheveningen, The Netherlands, Sept., i960.

(2155) SEAKEEPING QUALITIES OF SHIPS AT ALL HEADINGS TO WAVES.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy

(DTMB Technical Supervision).

(c) Prof. Edward V. Lewis, Davidson Laboratory,

Stevens Institute of Technology, 711

Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search.

(e) To investigate the coupled responses of

ship models at all headings to waves in

order to assist in the prediction of sea- keeping qualities and to evaluate means

of reducing or controlling ship motions

so as to increase sea speeds. A selfpropelled and rudder-controlled ship model

is being tested at various headings to

both regular and irregular long-crested

waves. Coupled motion responses are being

measured and parallel analytic studies are being made of equations of motion for ships

with six degrees of freedom. Stability and

control are also being studied.

(g) In oblique seas pitching and heaving motions

follow a predictable pattern with no perceptible effect from rolling or yawing.

In irregular seas having a broad spectrum

the head sea condition is the most serious

for pitching. Large leeway angles are encountered at certain headings to short waves and irregularities in rolling occur when the natural period is approximately

double the encounter period.

(h) "Ship Motions in Oblique Seas," E. V. Lewis

and E. Numata, Transactions of the Society

of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers,

Vol. 68, i960.

(2387) BENDING MOMENT OF SHIPS IN WAVES.

(b) Society of Naval Architects and Marine

Engineers

(c) Prof. Edward V. Lewis, Davidson Laboratory,

Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson

Street, Hoboken, N. J. (d) Experimental and analytical; applied re- search.

(e) Calculation of bending moments in waves,

taking into account dynamic effects of

ships motions and forward speed, for compari- son with experimentally determined bending

moments. Prediction of bending moments in

irregular waves and comparison with irregular tank wave results. Extension to measure- ments of model bending moments at a range

of headings to long-crested regular waves.

(f) Completed.

(g) Fairly good agreement has been obtained

between calculated and observed bending

moments in head seas, giving theoretical

confirmation of reduction of moments under

dynamic conditions of forward speed and

pitching and heaving motions. Tests at oblique headings to waves have shown that

horizontal bending moment can become large

in relation to vertical bending moment while

torsional moments are relatively small.

(h) "Longitudinal Bending and Torsional Moments

Acting on a Ship Model at Oblique Headings

to Waves," E. Numata, Journal of Ship Research, Vol. k, No. 1, June i960.

(2390) CONTROLLED FINS FOR REDUCING SHIP PITCHING.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy

(DTMB Technical Supervision).

(c) Mr. Wilbur Marks, Davidson Laboratory,

Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson

Street, Hoboken, N. J. (d) Experimental and analytical; applied re- search.

(e) To determine the most desirable action of

controllable fins at the bow or stern of a ship to reduce pitching in regular and

irregular head seas.

(g) Analytical studies indicate that a combination

of fixed fins at the bow and oscillating fins

at the stern seems most promising in reducing

ship pitching motions; model experiments have

verified these findings.

(h) "Research on the Reduction of Pitching Motion

of Ships by Means of Controllable Fins,"

P. G. Spens, Preliminary Report, Davidson

Laboratory , Report No. 708.

(2393) MOTIONS AND BENDING MOMENTS OF SHIPS IN WAVES.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy

(DTMB Technical Supervision).

(c) Mr. Wilbur Marks, Davidson Laboratory,

Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson

Street, Hoboken, N. J. (d) Experimental and analytical; applied re- search.

( e ) Measurements of motions and external bending

moments and shear of a jointed model of a high-speed naval vessel underway in irregular

head waves in a towing tank. Results will be

analyzed by cross -spectral techniques to deter

mine frequency response functions.

(g) Pilot studies indicate that when cross- spectral techniques are applied to the anal

ysis of moderate irregular wave data, the

82
resulting frequency response functions

show good agreement with response functions

obtained from regular wave tests,

(h) "Theory and Experiment in the Evaluation

of Bending Moments Acting on a Ship in

Waves," W. R. Jacobs and J. F. Dalzell,

Davidson Laboratory Report 797, May i960.

"The Apparent Loss of Coherency in Vector

Gaussian Processes Due to Computational

Procedures with Application to Ship

Motions," W. J. Pierson, Jr., and J. F. Dalzell. Submitted to Journal of Ship

Research

(2615) FORCES AND MOMENTS ON SUBMERGED BODIES

BELOW WAVES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of SHips,

Navy Department

(c) Dr. M. Martin, with Mr. Charles Henry,

Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of

Technology, 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken,

New Jersey.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and

applied research.

(e) To measure the forcss and moments acting

on submerged bodies moving obliquely to

the crests of regular waves, and to com- pare the results with available theory.

(f) Completed.

(g) Slender-body theory has been applied to

determine the forces and moments due to

the waves acting on a submerged body while

moving under regular waves at various

headings relative to the wave crests. The

forces have also been found on body-appendage combinations by the same theory. Experiments have been carried out using a long slender, axially- symmetric model with

and without a conning tower. The wave

length-body length ratio -ras varied from

0.5 to 2.5. Tests were made at headings

of 0° (head seas), 30°, 60° and 90° (beam

seas) and speeds of 0, 2, k, and 6 feet

per second. A comparison of theoretical

and experimental results was made. The

data show reasonably good agreement with

theory.

(2616) THE BLADE-FREQUENCY FORCE GENERATED BY A

PROPELLER ON A BODY OF REVOLUTION.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. J. P. Breslin, Director and Dr. S. Tsakonas, Head of Fluid Dynamic Division,

Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute

of Technology, 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken,

New Jersey.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) The purpose is to evaluate the importance

of the pulsating near field of the propeller in generating vibratory forces on ships and to determine the attenuation

of these forces with tip clearance and

number of blades. Expressions for the

vibratory pressure generated by a marine

propeller operating in a wake which has

been derived in project (3512) are being

used for the evaluation of the lateral,

longitudinal and vertical components of

force and moment

(2865) EFFECT OF SPEED AND FULLNESS ON HULL BENDING

MOMENTS IN WAVES.

(b) American Bureau of Shipping.

(c) Mr. Wilbur Marks, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens

Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson Street,

Hoboken, New Jersey.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To determine to what extent, if any, different

longitudinal strength standards should be

adopted for ships of different fullness and

service speeds. The hull midship bending

moments of three models with block coefficients ranging from 0.68 and 0.80 were measured in regular and irregular head and

following seas. Work is continuing in

oblique wa.ves. (g) Experimental results show that dynamic midship hull bending moments in regular model

length waves vary with fullness at low speeds

according to the trend predicted by standard

static calaulations

(2866) AN ANALYTIC STUDY OF THE PRESSURE FIELD

NEAR COUNTER-ROTATING PROPELLERS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Navy Department

(c) Dr. J. P. Breslin, Director and Dr. S. Tsakonas, Head of Fluid Dynamics Division,

Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of

Technology, 7H Hudson Street, Hoboken,

New Jersey.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) To compare the characteristics of counterrotating propellers with those of single

propeller with regard to the magnitude of the

oscillatory pressures produced at nearby

points in the field. The study is divided

into two parts. In the first, the pressure

signal is calaulated according to reference^

by superposition of the individual propeller

fields as though they were independent . In the second, an approximate treatment of the

effect of blade interaction is considered by

the method given in reference^.

(f) Completed. Preliminary report in preparation.

(g) The performance of the counter-rotating

propeller does not seem to justify its generally accepted superiority over the con- ventional propeller. The mechanical com- plications of the counter-rotating propeller

are not counterbalanced by any advantage in

thrust -producing effects. Calculations of

the blade interference effects on the oscillatory pressure field indicate that their

contribution is almost 15$ of the corresponding two-dimensional vibratory pressure signal.

Furthermore it is seen that the blade -blade

interferrence is a local phenomenon whose

effect decays rapidly beyond two or three

chords from the propeller plane

( 3169 ) WAKE FORMS BEHIND HIGH SPEED PLANING SURFACES

(b) Bureau of Aeronautics, Department of the

Navy.

(c) Mr. Robert L. Van Dyck, Davidson Laboratory,

Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson

83
Street , Hcfboken, New Jersey.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) A study was conducted in order to deter- (3173)

mine the surface contours of the wake

shapes developed hy planing forms assoc- iated with high-speed water-based aircraft. ("b) This work was undertaken because of the

lack of accurate information concerning (c)

the wakes of planing forms operated at high speeds, high angles of attack, and

heavy loadings. The effects of vee-bottom (d)

angle, chine flare, and step shape are (e)

evaluated in addition to the above-mentioned parameters.

(f) Completed.

(g) The wake results are presented in non- dimensionalized graphical form to enable

wake-shapes to be predicted for a wide

variety of running conditions and planing

forms. It was found that an essentially (f)

two-dimensional approach can be used to (g)

represent the expanding and filling-in of

any cross-section of a trough with time.

The mechanism of wake formation was found

to be determined by the basic initial

geometric and kinematic planing conditions.

(h) "Final Engineering Report on Wake-Shapes

of Planing Forms Associated with HighSpeed Waterbased Aircraft," by Robert L. Van Dyck, Davidson Laboratory Report R-768,

October i960.

(3171) ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE THRUST DEDUCTION

OF A SINGLE-SCREW THIN SHIP.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Navy Dept

(c) Dr. S. Tsakonas, Head of Fluid Dynamics

Division and W. Jacobs, Senior Research

Engineer, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens (h

Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson St.,

Hoboken, Jew Jersey.

(d) Theoretical; applied research. (317^

(e) An analytical study for the evaluation of

the potential part of thrust deduction for

thin ships similar to Haskind's type, with

varying coefficients of vertical and hori- (b

zontal fullness, is undertaken in order to

reveal the functional dependence on the (

c

geometry of the propeller-hull configuration

and propeller performance characteristics.

(f) Completed. Preliminary report is in pre- (d

parat ion. (e

(g) Expressions have been evolved for the

thrust deduction of a thin ship due to

propeller and free surface effects when

the center of the propeller is located l) at the maximum submergence at the stern, (

2) at any arbitrary position. It has been (g

found that while finning both sections and

waterplane of conventional ships lowers the

thrust deduction, the section coefficient

is more effective than the waterplane

coefficient. Furthermore axial displacement of the propeller is more effective in

mitigating the drag augmentation than is

vertical displacement. The free surface

effect is an important contributor in most

cases of practical interest. Furthermore

the analysis strengthens the belief that

the frictional part of the thrust deduction

is of equal weight with the potential.

HYDROELASTIC INSTABILITIES OF SUPERCAVITATING HYDROFOILS.

David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Navy Department.

Mr. Charles J. Henry, Davidson Laboratory,

Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson

Street, Hoboken, N. J. Theoretical; basic research.

Theoretical analysis of the conditions for

the occurrence of hydroelastic instabilities (i.e. divergence and flutter) of

supercavitating hydrofoils in two dimensions

as functions of cavitation number, point of

separation, elastic axis location, center

of gravity location and elastic spring con- stant . Completed.

A two-dimensional analysis of the static

and dynamic stability of rigid super-cavitating hydrofoil sections supported elastically showed that the instabilities commonly

called divergence and flutter in aeroelastic

literature are quite likely to occur in typical supercavitating hydrofoil installations

The analysis indicated that the speed at which divergence will occur is increased by

increasing the radius of gyration, moving

the elastic axis forward, decreasing the

cavitation number or moving the point of

separation forward. It is found that the

region of dynamic stability will increase

when the radius of gyration is increased,

the elastic axis is moved forward, the

center of gravity is moved forward and/or

the ratio of the stiffness in translation

to the stiffness in rotation is increased.

To be published as a Davidson Laboratory

Technical Note.

UNSTEADY LIFT AND MOMENT ON FULLY CAVITATING HYDROFOILS AT ZERO CAVITATION

NUMBER.

Office of Naval Research, Department of the

Navy.

Dr. M. Martin, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens

Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson St.,

Hoboken, N. J. Theoretical; basic research.

Analytical studies of the forces and

moments acting on a thin, supercavitating

hydrofoil performing arbitrary oscillations

is pursued on the basis of the acceleration

potential method.

Comple ted.

Expressions for the lift and moment coefficients of a thin, oupercavitating plate

performing arbitrary oscillations are developed in terms of the coefficients of

a power series describing the chord-wise

amplitude distribution. General expressions are applied to the case of a foil

moving through a stationary sinusoidal

vertical gust and to that of a rigid foil

performing heaving and rotational oscillations. Comparison is made with Sear's

results for a fully wetted foil in a sinusoidal gust and Parkin's in the case

dk
of pure heaving motion. General conclusions as to the effect of the various

parameters have been drawn,

(h) Final report in preparation.

(3176) THEORY OF LATERAL MOTIONS OF SHIPS IN

WAVES.

(t>) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Navy Department

(c) Dr. Pung Nien Hu, Davidson Laboratory,

Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson

Street, Hoboken, N. J. (d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Analytical study of the lateral motions

of surface ships with three degrees of

freedom in oblique waves. The virtual

mass, damping and dynamic coupling of a surface ship in oscillatory motion, as well as the hydrodynamic excitation forces

and moments due to oblique waves have been

evaluated. The free surface influence on the hydrodynamic forces have been included

in the above . Further work on determining

lateral ship motions is continuing.

(h) A Davidson Laboratory report on the com- pleted portion of the work described in

(e) is in preparation.

(3509) THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS OF THE VIBRATORY

THRUST PRODUCED BY A SHIP PROPELLER OPERATING IN THE WAKE OF A HULL.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Navy Department

(c) Dr. S. Tsakonas, Staff Scientist, and

Winnifred R. Jacobs, Senior Research Engr.,

Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of

Technology, 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken,

N. J. (d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Computational work is carried out to test

the validity of the theory developed by

Ritger and Breslin, "On the Quasi -steady

and Unsteady Thrust and Torque of a Propeller in a Ship Wake, " Comparison is

made with the experimental results.

(g) (l) Theoretical computations are compared

with the results obtained during ship

trials and from l/25-scale model tests of

the single-screw ship AE 21. It is shown

that the theoretical thrust is on the

average 8$ lower than the model test data.

Also the alternating, unsteady theoretical

thrust is about the average of the ship

trial results while the quasi -steady com- putation gives an alternating thrust three

times the magnitude which is close to the

model test results. (2) Theoretical com- putations have also been made of the vibratory thrust produced by an 8-inch propeller

(TMB No. 2^06) operating in the wake of a symmetrical airfoil strut placed at 35

° and 25° to the direction of flow. This is

for comparison with the results published

in DTMB report no. 1107 of tests conducted

in the 12" Variable Pressure Water Tunnel

at ETMB. In this case it has been found

that the unsteady theoretical results are lower than the experimental while the

quasi-steady theoretical results are higher

and not as close to the test values,

(h) A detailed description of the computational

procedure and also certain improvements of

the basic theory have been written up in

preliminary form. The final report will be

published as soon as (2) under (g) above is

complete

(3511) STUDIES OF THE SOUND PRESSURE FIELD GENERATED

BY A MARINE PROPELLER OPERATING IN A WAKE.

(b) United Aircraft Corporation, Research Department . (c) Dr. S. Tsakonas, Head of Fluid Dynamics

Division, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens

Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson Street,

Hoboken, N. J. (d) Theoretical, applied research.

(e) The sound pressure field of a rotating

propeller in rectilinear motion is obtained

by replacing the normal pressure distribution over the propeller by a distribution

of acoustic pressure doublets acting at

' the propeller disc. The strength of this

acoustic doublet distribution is obtained

from unsteady aerodynamic theory in con- junction with Burrill's correction factors.

(f) Near completion. Preliminary report in

preparation.

(g) General expressions for the sound pressure

contributed by the thrust and torque have

been derived in terms of the harmonic con- stituent of the unsteady inflow velocity

field. Corresponding expression of the

pressure signal for the hydrodynamic field, near acoustic field and far acoustic field

have been deduced from the general formulae.

Closed-form expressions for the near and

far-acoustic fields have been developed in

terms of complete elliptic integrals. Computations for the far acoustic field indicate that the pressure signal attributed to

the variable loading is more persistent in

the field than is so in the uniform inflow

case

(h) Preliminary report in preparation.

(3512) BLADE FREQUENCY PRESSURE NEAR AN OPERATING

MARINE PROPELLER IN A WAKE.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Navy Department

(c) Dr. J. P. Breslin, Director and Dr. S. Tsakonas, Head of Fluid Dynamics Division,

Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of

Technology, 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken,

New Jersey.

(d) Theoretical, applied research.

(e) The purpose is to provide more realistic

information than is at present available

on the exciting forces generated by the

transient flow produced by a marine propeller operating in the vicinity of a hull and its appendages. This information

is essential for a study of the vibration

of the hull as a whole as well as the

hydroelastic behavior of plating and control

surfaces. The linearized pressure is determined as the solution of a Dirichlet

problem within the frame of Karman and

Sear's non- stationary airfoil theory.

85
(g) General expressions for the vibratory

pressure signal generated by the propeller

have been derived in terms of LipschitzHankel functions

( 351*0 THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION

OF FLUTTER OF FULLY- WETTED HYDROFOILS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Office of Naval

Research, Navy Department.

(c) Mr. Charles J. Henry, Davidson Laboratory,

Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson

Street, Hoboken, N. J. (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search.

(e) Previous flutter investigations have shown

disagreement between experimental results

and theoretical predictions of the critical

flutter speed of hydrofoils ( see Henry,

Dugundji, Ashley, "Aeroelastic Instabilities of Lifting Surfaces in High Density

Media," Journal of Ship Research, Vol. 2, No. h, March 1959)- Experiments will be

carried out at several combinations of

the parameters involved and the results

will be compared with theoretical predictions. Several modifications of the

present theory will be investigated in

order to achieve good agreement between

theory and experiment

(3515) HYDRODYNAMICS OF HIGH SPEED SHIPS.

(c)

(a)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(10

(3516)

(c)

(a)

(e)

U. S. Maritime Administration.

Prof. Edward V. Lewis, Davidson Laboratory,

Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson

Street, Hoboken, N. J. Experimental developmental research.

Tests covering resistance in calm water

and motions in irregular long-crested

waves and series of models of surface

merchant ships suitable for a speed range

of 30 to 50 knots with displacements from

20,000 to 80,000 tons, beam-draft ratios

of 2.25 and 3-75, and displacement-length

ratios from 60 to 150.

Comple ted.

Trends of resistance, effective horsepower

and running trim vs . speed in calm water

are presented, with displacement -length

ratio as a parameter. Trends of effective

horsepower, bow acceleration, bow immersion, and incidence of slamming in

irregular head seas are presented as functions of speed and displacement-length

ratio

"Hydrodynamics of High Speed Ships : Part

I - Smooth Water Resistance; Part II - Rough Water Performance," P.R. Van Mater,

Jr. and R. B. Zubaly, Davidson Laboratory

Report 789, July i960.

INVESTIGATION OF HULL BENDING MOMENTS IN WAVES OF EXTREME STEEPNESS

Ship Structure Committee

Mr. Wilbur Marks, Davidson Laboratory,

Stevens Institute of Technology, 711

Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. Experimental, applied research.

Model tests are to be carried out on a

jointed model of a typical merchant ship

to determine midship bending moments in

very steep waves. Objective is to determine

upper physical limit of wave bending moments.

(g) Bending moment is found to be linear in waves of small and moderate steepness.

Nonlinearity in bending moment appears with

high waves and its nature varies with wave

length. Bending moment is greatest for waves 1.5 times the length of the ship.

(h) "investigation of the Upper Physical Limit

of Longitudinal' Seaway Bending Moments," by

J. F. Dalzell, Internal Report.

(3517) SHIPS OF MINIMUM WAVE RESISTANCE.

(c)

(a)

(e)

(g)

(3518)

(*)

(c)

(a)

(e)

(h)

Office of Naval Research, Department of the

Navy.

Dr. Milton Martin and Mr. James White,

Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of

Technology, 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

An investigation is underway to evaluate the

agreement between computed and measured wave resistance of ship models of minimum wave resistance at high Froude numbers as determined from Weinblum's tables, in which the

lines are modified to compensate for the

boundary layer displacement thickness. Comparison will be made with the thin ship theory calculations and calculations satisfying

the boundary conditions on the wetted hull

surface to be made on the NORC.

Computations based on Weinblum's Tables have

been made of minimum wave resistance forms

for a large Froude number range, of ships

of length-draft ratio 33 • 3 a-na prismatics

between O.56 and 0.7^- A model of minimum

wave resistance at a Froude number of 0.5,

whose principal proportions are those of a

destroyer, has been constructed and is at present being tested at several drafts

Estimates of the boundary layer displacement j thickness have been made. These estimates

are now being used to modify the lines of

the model for a second series of tests.

THE EFFECT OF

STABILITY.

HIGH SPEED ON LATERAL SHIP

David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Department of the Navy.

Dr. Pung Nien Hu, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens

Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson Street,

Hoboken, N. J. Theoretical; basic research.

Conduct theoretical study of the effect of

high speed on surface ship stability and

maneuverability, including determination of

lateral stability derivatives, stability

indices and variations, and steady-state

turning diameters.

A Davidson Laboratory report of the work

described in (e) is in preparation.

(3829) DEVELOPMENT OF SONIC WAVE PROBE FOR USE ON

SHIPS.

(b) Hydromechanics Laboratory, David Taylor

Model Basin.

(c) Mr. Wilbur Marks, Davidson Laboratory,

86
Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson

Street, Hoboken, N. J. (d) Experimental; development.

(e) Determine the feasibility of using a sonic

probe in conjunction with an accelerometer

to measure the waves encountered by a moving ship when the system is mounted at the bow. The influence of the wave field

projected by the ship must be determined.

The effect of tilting the sonic probe and

accelerometer on the recorded wave motion

must be studied.

(3830) RADIATION OF A MARINE PROPELLER PRESSURE

WAVE FROM ELASTIC PLATE AND CYLINDER.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Navy Department

(c) Dr. S. Tsakonas, Head of Fluid Dynamics

Division, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens

Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson Street,

Hoboken, N. J. (d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) The purpose is to evaluate the sound

pressure field radiated from the pulsating

boundary of an elastic plate and shell

when these are subjected to vibratory

pressures generated by a marine propeller.

This study will determine the extent of

the contribution of the elastic boundary

in amplifying the sound level generated

by a propeller.

(g) This project is in the formative stage.

(3831) CORRELATION OF THEORETICAL RESULTS WITH EX- PERIMENTS ON VIBRATORY THRUST AND PRESSURE.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Navy Department

(c) Miss Winnifred R. Jacobs, Senior Research

Engineer, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens

Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson Street,

Hoboken, N. J. (d) Applied research.

(e) Experimental vibratory thrust and pressure

results for various single-screw ship

forms obtained at National Physics Laboratory, Hamburgische Schiffbau-Versuchsanstalt

Gesellschaft, Netherlands Ship Model Basin

and David Taylor Model Basin are to be cor- related with theoretical results obtained

on the bssis of the work done in References

1 and 2. If the correlation is close,

charts will be constructed for use by naval

architects in determining the pressure

field and thrust fluctuations for proposed

single-screw ship configurations.

(g) The project is in its initial state.

(h) "A Theory for the Quasi-steady and Unsteady

Thrust and Torque of a Propeller in a Ship

Wake," P. Ritger and J. P. Breslin.

"Marine Propeller Pressure Field Due to

Loading and Thickness Effects, " J. P. Breslin and S. Tsakonas.

(3832) FORMULATION OF EQUATIONS FOR SUBMARINE

TRAJECTORIES WITH SIX DEGREES OF FREEDOM.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of

the Navy.

(c) Mr. James White, Davidson Laboratory,

Stevens Institute of Technology, 711

Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. (d) Theoretical; applied research.

( e ) Equations of a very general nature are being formulated to study the transient

and steady state turning motion of deeply

submerged submarines.

(g) Partial differential equations for the

motion of a deeply submerged submarine

with six degrees of freedom are being

written in accordance with the SNAME,

"Nomenclature for Treating the Motion of

a Submerged Body Through a Fluid. " The

hydrodynamic forces and moments will be

expressed in terms of third order Taylor

series expansions which contain all of the

cross-coupling terms. Particular emphasis

is being placed on the terms expressing

roll instability due to yaw and pitch.

The thrust exerted on the submarine is to

be expressed as a function of speed of

advance and propeller R. P. M. The effects

of the interaction of bow planes on stern

planes, the effect of propeller R.P.M. on stern plane effectiveness, and the effect

or changes in ballast are also included.

Representative estimates of all parameters

will be made.

(3833

(b

(d

(e

(383^

(b

(c

(d

(e

(f

EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDY OF

FLUTTER OF SUBMERGED HYDROFOILS.

David Taylor Model Basin, Office of Naval

Research, Navy Dept.

Mr. Charles J. Henry, Research Engineer,

Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of

Technology, Hoboken, N. J. Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

To determine experimentally the conditions

for flutter of submerged hydrofoils and to

provide correlation of theory and experiment.

A STUDY OF THE HYDROELASTIC INSTABILITIES

OF SUPERCAVITATING HYDROFOILS.

David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Navy Dept

Mr. Charles J. Henry, Research Engineer,

Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of

Technology, Hoboken, N. J. Theoretical; basic research.

To determine theoretically, the conditions

necessary for flutter and divergence instabilities of a rigid, two dimensional supercavitating hydrofoil supported elastically

in two degrees of freedom.

Completed.

A two dimensional theory is used to define

the unsteady hydrodynamic force and moment

acting on an oscillating hydrofoil, which

is assumed to be elastically restrained in

translation normal to the free stream

direction and in rotation about a prescribed

axis which is normal to the plane of flow.

The effects of variations in the elastic

and inertial properties, as well as the

effect of varying the position of the upper

surface flow separation point of the possibilities of either form of instability are determined. The theory predicts that static

instability (divergence) is possible for

87
typical supercavitating hydrofoils and

that dynamic instahility is also very

likely. This latter result is contrary

to the results for flutter of fully wetted

hydrofoils with identical configurations,

where it has been shown that flutter is

unlikely for fully wetted hydrofoil operation.

"A Study of the Hydroelastic Instahility of

Supercavitating Hydrofoils, " Paul Kaplan

and C. J. Henry, Journal of Ship Research,

to he published.

ROBERT TAGGART INCORPORATED.

(3835

(b

(c

(d

(e

(f

(3836

0*

(c

(a

(e

HYDROPHONE SELF-NOISE RESEARCH.

Office of Naval Research, Department of

the Navy.

Mr. Robert Taggart, Robert Taggart Incorporated, kOO Arlington Boulevard, Falls Church,

Virginia.

Experimental; development.

Flow tests were carried out with hydrophones in the test section of a specially

designed quiet flow facility whose ambient

noise characteristics are known. These

tests were preliminary to self-noise

measurements on a dummy flexible line hose

hydrophone

Discontinued.

During experimentation a hydrophone was examined which, when l ater tested at sea, was found to have exceptionally low selfnoise characteristics.

Progress reports to Office of Naval Research

dated 1 October 1958, 1 January 1959, and

1 April 1959-

ACOUSTIC EXCITATION OF FLAT PLATES IN A

TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER.

David Taylor Model Basin, Department of

the Navy.

Mr. Robert Taggart, Robert Taggart Incorporated, kOO Arlington Boulevard, Falls

Church, Virginia.

Experimental; applied research.

To study the excitation of rigid and

flexible flat plates due to the pressure

fluctuations in a turbulent boundary layer.

Various flat plates will be mounted flush

in the test-section of a gravity-fed water

tunnel which is specially designed for low

ambient noise, over a mean velocity range

of 0 to 20 feet per second. It is intended

to measure the response characteristics with

and without damping, of the flexible plate

in order to provide information for use in

the design of sonar domes and shell plate

panels

UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE, Hydraulic Laboratory,

Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. Harry H. Ambrose, Department

of Civil Engineering, University of Tennessee,

Knoxville 16, Tennessee.

(2159) DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS FOR TAINTOR GATES

ON SPILLWAYS.

0>)

(a)

(e)

(f)

(2619)

00

(a)

(e)

(f)

(s)

(3839)

00

(a)

(e)

(f)

(38U0)

00

(a)

(e)

(f)

00

(a)

(e)

(f)

Cooperative with the Tennessee Valley

Authority.

Experimental; basic research.

A generalized model of a taintor gate on a spillway crest was investigated for the

he ad- discharge relationship. The effect

of the trunnion location as well as that

of relative head and relative gate opening

was considered.

Experimental work completed. Correlation

of data temporarily suspended.

BOUNDARY ROUGHNESS EFFECTS

FLOW.

UPON TURBULENT

Laboratory project.

Experimental; basic research.

Continuation of extended study of specific

effects of certain characteristics of

roughness-element geometry on turbulent

flow over rough surfaces. Velocity distributions and piezometric gradients have been

measured in artificially roughened pipes.

Suspended pending expansion of facilities.

Measurements have been made and results

have been summarized for 35 patterns of

artificial roughness. Of particular

interest is the critical roughness-element

spacing for maximum resistance.

CHARACTERISTICS OF FLOW THROUGH A BOTTOM

GRID.

Laboratory project.

Experimental; for master's thesis.

The effects of velocity, depth, slope, and

grid conformation on discharge through a grid

in the bottom of an open channel will be investigated.

The facility is under construction.

BOUNDARY PRESSURES ON CONDUIT ENTRANCES OF

OPTIMUM DESIGN.

Laboratory project.

Experimental; for master's thesis.

The relative pressure distribution will be

determined for the boundaries of square and

rectangular conduit entrances which are designed to avoid cavitation.

Test facility almost complete.

(38Ul) EXPANDING FLOW ON A SLOPING APRON.

Laboratory project.

Experimental; basic research for master's

thesis

The characteristics of flow from an abrupt

expansion onto a sloping apron will be

investigated to determine the effect of

the slope on the pattern of subcritical

and supercritical expansion.

Test facility and equipment is being

developed.
TEXAS A AND M COLLEGE, Department of Oceanography

and Meteorology.

(2868) INVESTIGATION OF STORM SURGES ALONG THE

SOUTH SHORE OF NEW ENGLAND

(b) Beach Erosion Board, Corps of Engineers,

U. S. Army, Contract DA-^9-055-civ. eng.

-56-4.

(c) Profeesor Robert 0. Reid, Project Supervisor, Texas A and M College, College

Station, Texas.

(c) Numerical analysis; applied research.

(e) Numerical and graphical procedures are utilized in the evaluation of storm surge

behavior in schematic (mathematical) models

Narragansett Bay, Long Island Sound, and

Buzzards Bay, particular attention being

devoted to Narragansett Bay. The numerical work is being carried out using an IBM

704 computer. Numerical studies of astronomical tides in Narragansett Bay are also

being carried out.

(g) A numerical procedure for computation of

water level changes in coastal bays and

estuaries due to moving storm systems has

been developed and tested for several different occurrences of hurricane surges for

Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island. The numerical calculations are based upon the finite

difference counterparts of the equations of

motion and of continuity for a network of

channels . The method involves a marching

procedure of computation leading to the

estimated water level hydrographs (versus

time) at different key points in the channel system. Astronomical tides and variable wind effect are jointly included in

the computing system. The system of calculation gives good agreement for the astronomical tide regime and gives a fair prediction for the peak surges in the aforementioned bay for three different hurricane

conditions which have been simulated in

respect to wind field. One drawback of

the system is that it does not allow for

the two-dimensional aspects of the storm

surge on the continental shelf outside the

bay mouth.

(h) "Numerical Evaluation of Surges and Tides

in Narragansett Bay, " Appendix A - Detailed

Listings of Surge - Tide Problems, R. 0. Reid, Ref. 60-12, Texas A and M Res. Fdn.,

Aug. i960, 133 PP.

(2870

(*>

(c

(d

(e

(f

MODEL STUDY OF SURGE ACTION IN A PORT.

Office of Naval Research, U. S. Navy

Project NR O83-O36, Contract N7 onr 48702.

Dr. B. W. Wilson, Principal investigator,

Texas A and M College, College Station,

Texas

Experimental; basic and applied research.

To collate results and conclusions from a model study of long period wave action in

Table Bay Harbor, Cape Town, South Africa.

Initiated 1957 J completed i960.

The nature of the surge phenomenon has been

uncovered. Its reproduction in an engineering model and experiments to control it are described. It is shown that effects

on shipping can be brought under control

by suitably containing the existing harbor

within an outer basin of tight mole con- struction.

(h) "Model Study of Surge Action in a Port,"

B. W. Wilson, Tech. Report No. 24-(57),

Texas A and M Research Foundation, Dec. i960, 6l pp.

(2873) COMPUTATION OF DESIGN STORM-TIDE FOR THE

NEW YORK BAY AREA.

(b) Beach Erosion Board, Corps of Engineers,

U. S. Army and New York District, Corps

of Engineers, Contract DA-4-9-055-civ-eng58-9-

(c) Dr. B. W. Wilson, Project Supervisor, Texas

A and M College, College Station, Texas.

(d) Numerical analysis; applied research.

(e) This project concerns the correlation of

observed effects in New York Bay with the

characteristics of known storms and its

application to the prediction of storm-tides

for a design hudricane.

(f) Initiated Nov. 1957; completed Oct. i960.

(g) Least squares multiple regression correlation

of known storm-tide elevation at the mouth

of New York Bay with antecedent storm characteristics (wind stress and pressure gradient ) at a number of offshore stations has

been undertaken with data for four storms,

tabulated at 20 min. intervals. The derived

coefficients of correlation have been used

in the prediction formula to predict the

time-sequences of water level change at the

bay-mouth for each of the four storms as a check on the validity of the formula. The

formula has then been applied to the case of a design hurricane travelling on a given

path at six possible speeds. High speed

digital computer techniques have been used

for this study. In an extension of this work

predictions have been made for a more severe design-hurricane in three combinations of

size and speed and finally for a Probable

Maximum Hurricane. An application of the

method has been made in predicting the effects of hurricane Hazel of Oct., 1954.

The comparison of results with the known

storm-induced water levels is generally

good and establishes the reliability of the

method.

(h) "The Prediction of Hurricane Storm-Tides in

New York Bay," by B. W. Wilson, Tech. Memo

No. 120, Beach Erosion Board, Corps of Engrs.,

U. S. Army, Aug. i960, 122 pp.

"Hurricane Tide Prediction for New York

Bay," B. W. Wilson, Proc. Vllth Coast. Eng.

Conf., ( Scheveningen, Holland, Aug. i960):

Council Wave Research, Berkeley (publication

pending, 1961 )

"Discussions on the Prediction of Hurricane

Storm-Tides in New York Bay, " D. L. Harris

and B. W. Wilson; Bulletin Beach Erosion

Board, Corps of Engrs., U. S. Army (publication pending, 1961).

(3519) DEEP-SEA MOORING OF SHIPS IN WAVES AND

CURRENTS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, U. S. Dept. of

89
the Navy, Contract No. Nonr-2119 (02).

(c) Dr. B. W. Wilson, Project Supervisor, Texas

A and M College, College Station, Texas.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

( e ) To determine the mooring line tensions

arising from hydrodynamic forces of waves

and currents acting on a ship and mooring

cable(s) in deep water.

(g) Following a literature survey of work

previously done on this and allied studies,

the first problem posed for solution has

been concerned with the configuration of a negatively buoyant mooring cable used to

anchor a ship in a uniform horizontal

current prevailing over full water depth

in the absence of waves. The steady state

configuration of a deep-sea cable is then

being integrated from the solution of the

above case applied to variable vertical

distributions of horizontal steady current,

conforming to realsitic ocean patterns.

Facilities of a high speed digital computer

are being used for evaluating sets of cable

parameters applicable to a wide variety of

possible mooring line situations. Further

research will be involved with the transient

effects of waves and fluctuating wind.

(h) "A Study of the Movement of Moored Ships

Subjected to Wave Action," B. W. Wilson

(Discussion), Proc. -Inst. C. E. (London),

v. 15, April i960, pp. iA4-U48.

"Characteristics of Anchor Cables in uniform Ocean Currents," B. W. Wilson, Tech.

Report No. 20U-1, Texas A and M Research

Foundation, April, i960, 15^ pp.

"Mooring of Ships Exposed to Waves," B. W. Wilson, Tech. Report No. 204-2, Texas A

and M Research Foundation, Nov. i960, 65

pp.

"A Case of Critical Surging of a Moored

Ship," B. W. Wilson (closure to discussion),

Proc. ASCE v. 86 (WWU), Nov. i960, pp. 99-

103.

(3520) FORECASTING OF OCEAN WAVES GENERATED BY

MOVABLE VARIABLE WIND SYSTEMS IN DEEP AND

SHALLOW WATER.

(b) Engineering Foundation, New York; SoconyMobil Oil Co., Dallas; Humble Oil and

Refining Co., Houston; Office of Naval Research, U. S. Navy, Contract N7 onr W3702

(Project No. NR O83-O36).

(c) Dr. B. W. Wilson, Project Supervisor, Texas

A and M College, College Station, Texas.

(d) Theoretical and empirical; basic and applied research.

(e) To verify a moving fetch variable-wind

graphical forecasting procedure by direct

comparison of results with wave observations

at one or more offshore stations. Thence

to investigate the possibility of extending

the method to rapid forecasting of wave

conditions in near-shore environments where

water depth, friction and refraction are complicating factors in wave generation,

(g) Analysis is being made of the sea conditions induced by hurricane "Audrey" of

June, 1957- Complete synoptic maps for the

Gulf of Mexico area have been prepared,

showing the surface pressure patterns wind

distributions and circulations at intervals

of 3 hours from June 25 to June 28. From

these space-time wind-fields for five different lines of approach to the Louisiana

coastline have been obtained. The original

graphical wave forecast method for dealing

with moving wind systems over deep water

has been adapted to a high speed digital

procedure which can be processed on an IBM

70k or 709 computer. Application to the

hurricane "Audrey" windfields is proceeding

and the method is being further adapted to

shallow water. A re-analysis of basic observational wave data has been undertaken to

improve wave forecasting accuracy if possible

(h) "Note on Surface Wind Stress over Water at Low and High Wind Speeds," B. W. Wilson,

Jour. Geophys. Research, v. 65 (10) Oct.

I960, pp. 3377-3382.

"Deep Water Wave Generation by Moving

Fetches of Variable Wind," B. W. Wilson,

Tech. Report No. 206-1, Texas A and M Research Foundation, Nov. i960, 35 PPUNIVERSITY OF TEXAS, Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 2162, 2396, 2397 5 2629, 287I+, and 352I4- should be addressed to Dr. Walter L. Moore, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ.,

of Texas, Austin 12, Texas.

(2l6l) CHARACTERISTICS OF A HYDRAULIC JUMP AT AN

ABRUPT CHANGE IN BOTTOM ELEVATION.

(b) University of Texas Resaarch Institute and

Bureau of Engineering Research.

(c) Dr. Carl W. Morgan, Associate Professor of

Civil Engineering, Univ. of Texas, Austin,

Texas

(d) Experimental.

( e ) Experimental determinations are made of

the flow characteristics at two-dimensional

channel drops and rises. The velocity

distribution and surface profile will be

determined throughout the length of the

jump for various relative changes in bottom

elevation. The longitudinal location of

the jump in relation to the change in

bottom elevation will be varied over a broad range in distinction to previous re- lated investigations in which relative

location of the jump was held constant

(g) Results for the abrupt drop are complete

and have been published. For a given

entering Froude number lying between 2 and

8 three types of jump may form, the type

and its longitudinal location depending

only on the relative downstream depth

The velocities near the bottom below the

drop are always less than the mean velocity

in the downstream channel for the jump

type of maximum height . Experimental

measurements have been made on the related

investigation for an abrupt rise and re- port is being prepared.

(h) "The Hydraulic Jump at an Abrupt Drop," by

W. L. Moore and C. W. Morgan, Transactions

A. S. C. E. Vol. 12h, pp. 507-52U, 1959.
(2162) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES, WALLER CREEK WATERSHED.

(b) Cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey.

(d) Field investigation; applied research. (h)

(e) Measurements of rainfall and runoff for a

k sq. mile and a 2 sq. mile portion of the

Waller Creek watershed are being made to

provide basic information for estimating (2629)

runoff from small urban watersheds in the

Southwest area. Two stream flow stations

and a rain gage net are in operation. (b)

Studies of the correlation beteeen runoff,

rainfall, and the characteristics of the (d)

drainage basin are being made by various ( e

proposed methods to serve as a base for

comparison with the data as it is collected

from the stream,

(g) Careful estimates of the peak discharges

at the gaging station were made by various

proposed methods based on measurable characteristics of the basin. These results

will be of interest to compare with observed peak discharges in later years when

the record is long enough to be significant.

(2396) RESISTANCE OF PIERS IN FREE SURFACE FLOW,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and experimental (thesis).

(e) An investigation is being made of the drag

resistance of piers as a function of shape,

relative submergence, spacing, and Froude

numbers. The pier resistance is being (g)

correlated with the head loss for flow in

a channel

(g) A phase of the investigation has been com- pleted for Froude numbers less than 0-5

with cylindrical piers at various submergence and spacing. An investigation of

the resistance of H section piers at various

orientations and longitudinal spacings has (287*0

been completed. Another phase has been

completed which demonstrates that the ve- locity gradient along a cylindrical pier (b)

affects the drag coefficient. The local

drag coefficient decreases along the pier (d)

in the direction toward the end of the pier (e)

where the velocity is high. The reduction

in drag coefficient is related to a

rii mensignless measure of the velocity

gradient along the cylinder.

(2397) EFFECT OF UPSTREAM DEVELOPMENT ON THE

RUNOFF FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS IN THE

SOUTHWEST.

(b) Laboratory project

(d) Field investigation (thesis).

(e) For a selected watershed rainfall and runoff

relations before the period of upstream

development are being analyzed. The re- lations obtained for this period will be

applied to the rainfall records after the

upstream development and the predicted

runoff compared with the actual runoff.

(g) Sources of data have been located. The

available information tabulated, and a method of evaluating the runoff devised

that appears to be reasonable . Multiple

correlation diagrams have been developed

which may be used with storm rainfall

records to predict the annual runoff of the

selected watershed for the period before

upstream development

"The Effect of Watershed Development on Surface Runoff in Central Texas," James R. Ferrill, M. S. Thesis, June i960.

A MECHANICAL TURBULENCE INDICATOR FOR

LIQUIDS.

Bureau of Engineering Research, University

of Texas

Experimental instrument developemnt.

There is need for a relatively simple device to give a quantitative measure of the

degree of turbulence in a flowing fluid.

Electrical instruments commonly measure

the root mean square of the turbulent

fluctuations as an indication of the intensity. The instrument being developed

measures the maximum turbulent fluctuation

as an indication of the intensity. The

instrument is similar to a l/2 inch diameter Prandtl velocity tube except that it

has two stagnation openings; the conventional

one which gives the mean stagnation head and

an additional one which leads through a sensitive check valve and accumulator to a manometer tube. The check valve and ac- cumulator elements are located in the tube

less than 3/8 of an inch from the stagnation

opening to minimize inertia effects.

The instrument has been built and calibrated. Measurements have been made to e- valuate the operation of the instrument in

the turbulent field of a hydraulic jump. A

report is being prepared describing the

instrument, the calibration technique and

the results in the hydraulic jump.

AN INVESTIGATION OF THE SCOUR RESISTANCE

OF COHESIVE SEDIMENTS.

Bureau of Engineering Research, University

of Texas, Austin, Texas.

Analytical and experimental (laboratory).

Exploratory tests have been made with two

different schemes, one with radially outward flow between a circular disc and the

soil sample, and one with a submerged

vertical circular jet impinging on a horizontal soil surface. With the first scheme

it was not possible to obtain the necessary

precision of measurement at low scour rates,

but with the second scheme satisfactory

measurements were obtained. A correlation

based on dimensional analysis gave con- sistent results in evaluating the relative

scour resistance of several materials.

Apparatus is being fabricated for a new

test which is expected to permit direct

evaluation of the shear stress at the soil

surface. In this test a cylindrical soil

sample is submerged in a transparent con- centric cylinder which can be rotated at a controlled speed to generate a shear

stress on the soil surface. An attempt

will be made to relate the scour resistance

to other measurable soil properties, and

finally to interpret the results in relation

to field observations

91
(g) The apparatus to determine shear stress

at the soil surface has been constructed

and calibrated, and preliminary tests have

been conducted on a soil sample.

(3522) LONG TIME FLUCTUATIONS IN STREAM RUNOFF.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Carl W. Morgan, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Texas, Austin 12, Texas.

(d) Analytical and field study.

(e) Values of runoff from selected drainage

areas in the lower Mississippi River Basin

and in basins of the rivers emptying directly into the Gulf of Mexico were studied.

Variations in the runoff values for each

stream were considered and these trends,

compared with solar variations. The relative sunspot numbers were used as the measure of solar variations and were cor- related with the mean annual runoff.

Further correlations are being made with

different "lag" periods between solar

activity and surface runoff.

(g) The gradual shifting of the centers of

runoff excess and deficiency is consistent

rather than random and appears to represent

a gradual cyclic change in the runoff

pattern. It appears that the locations of

the centers of runoff deficiency is following roughly the same path that it did some

22 to 2k years previously. Correlation

coefficients of +0.2 to +0.5 are obtained

for selected rivers in Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and Arkansas when sunspot

numbers in the 11-year sunspot cycle are correlated with runoff. Texas streams do

not give significant correlation with Hie

11-year sunspot cycle but give better

correlation if runoff is compared with the

double sunspot cycle in which sunspot

numbers are assumed as negative in alternate

cycles

(352U) GROUND WATER FLOW AND SEEPAGE IN NONHOMOGENEOUS, N0N-IS0TR0PIC SEDIMENTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical, basic.

(e) A relaxation solution for the Laplace

equation has been developed which is applicable across a boundary between two

regions of different permeabilities. It is

believed that the method can be expanded

to apply to any specified non-homogeneous

and non-isotropic condition. It is intended that the solution be set up for

computation on an electronic computer and

that selected numerical solutions be

checked against those from an electrolytic

tank.

UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY, Engineering Experiment

Station.

(3183) DYNAMICS OF FLOW IN STEEP, ROUGH, OPEN

CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Dean F. Peterson, Dean of Engineering,

Utah State University, Logan, Utah.

(d) Experimental theoretical field investigation;

basic research for doctoral thesis.

(e) A basic study of parameters involved in

flow in steep, rough channels where the

roughness is relatively an appreciative

part of the depth, and where channels are sufficiently steep that super critical flow I can occur in connection with contractions

caused by the roughnesses. The work is

basic, however, it could have application

to steep mountain streams and to hydraulic

structures. Basic over-all parameters have

been investigated for simple cases. The

continuing project will study the effect

of a single roughness inducing super critical flow and acting as a control. The

interaction of roughnesses and the effect

of roughnesses of distributed sizes will

be studied in a sloping flume during this

year.

(g) Flow regimes have been classified into three

major regimes and seven sub-regimes. Parameters delineating the regimes for very

simple roughness cases have been suggested.

In the tumbling regime the rough channel

acts as a continuing critical depth control,

thus a reach of tumbling flow channel may be

considered as a "virtual" weir.

(h) "Flume Studies of Flow in Steep, Rough,

Open Channels," P. K. Mohenty and Dean F. Peterson presented at meeting of Hydraulics

Division, American Society of Civil Engineers, Fort Collins, Colorado, July 1, 1959-

Published Journal of the Hydraulics Division,

Proc. of the Amer. Soc. of Civil Engrs . , Nov,

i960, Vol 86, p. 55-

(3l8k) FLOW TO PARTIALLY PENETRATING WELL IN AN

UNCONFINED AQUIFER.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Dean F. Peterson, Dean of Engineering,

Utah State University, Logan, Utah.

(d) Experimental; basic research for doctoral

thesis

(e) The effect of drawdown relative to depth

of penetration, well diameter, and relative thickness of aquifer on flow into an ideal partially-penetrating, unconfined

well system was studied using a combination

electrical and membrane analogue, and an electrical resistance analogue computer.

Functional relationships between the geometrical and the flow parameters are proposed based on dimensional considerations

and experimental results.

(f) Completed.

(g) The effect of partial penetration for a well of the unconfined type is thoroughly

treated.

(h) "Discharge to Partially-Penetrating Wells

in Unconfined Aquifers," by Mostafa M. Soliman and Dean F. Peterson. Manuscript

still being revised for the Hydraulics

Division, Am. Soc. of Civil Engineers.

(3185) HYDRAULICS OF SURFACE IRRIGATION.

(b) Laboratory research.

<]>?.
(c)

(a)

(e)

(s)

00

(3186;

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(c)

(a)

(e)

(3187:

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(c-:

(a)

(e!

(f)

(g)

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Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Engineering

Experiment Station, Utah State University,

Logan, Utah.

Experimental; theoretical; basic research.

Hydrodynamic study for movement of water

over a porous surface when intake varies

with time . Free surface and the rate of

advance are defined.

A paper has "been completed for publication.

It contains the results of "basic mathematical developments defining the free

surface and the rate of advance^ A re- sulting differential equation must be

solved by approximation. Solutions of

this equation have been obtained to com- pare with field measurements of the rate

of advance. The results are within ten

percent of field observations. Additional

studies are now being planned to utilize

high speed computers to obtain sufficient

typical solutions to permit the development of characteristic of parametric

curves so that solutions can be obtained

more readily from the complex differential

equations

"Mathematical Relationships Expressing the

Hydraulics of Surface Irrigation" paper

presented at Agriculture Research Service

Meetings March 25, i960, publication

pending

EVALUATION OF GROUND WATER IN A NONHOMOGENEOUS, ANISOTROPIC MEDIA.

Laboratory project.

Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director Engineering

Experiment Station, Utah State University,

Logan, Utah.

Experimental, theoretical; basic research.

Two master's theses have been completed.

A variable resistance network has been

developed wherein problems of non-homogeneous anisotropic flow can be evaluated.

This network has been used to establish

the procedure, validity and accuracy of

solutions which can be expected from this

approach. Boundary conditions necessary

for unique solutions and the method of

application of boundary conditions have

been studied.

INVESTIGATION OF THE HYDRAULIC AND MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SPRINKLERS.

Laboratory project.

Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Engineering

Experiment Station, Utah State University,

Logan, Utah.

Experimental; field investigation.

The basic criterion in the study was to

reduce the turbulence in mechanical

sprinklers in order to improve the range

Completed.

Several rather simple modifications in the

commercial product could be modified to

materially increase the range

STEADY FLOW TOWARD AN UNCONFINED WELL.

Laboratory project.

Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Engineering

(a)

(e)

(f)

(g)

Experiment Station, Utah State University,

Logan, Utah.

Theoretical; doctoral thesis.

Unconfined flow toward a well is extremely

complex because of the existence of a free

surface. The object of this project is to

arrive at a more sound mathematical evaluation of the flow by using better boundary

conditions when solving the equations. The

unsteady flow case is also analyzed. New

boundary conditions are evaluated.

Completed.

Boundary conditions have been clarified and

equations have developed utilizing the improved boundary conditions. The results

have been compared with other methods of

computing the free surface shape for flow

toward a well. An equation for unsteady

flow has also been developed.

MEASUREMENT OF FLOW FROM HORIZONTAL PIPE

BY THE COORDINATE METHOD.

Laboratory project.

Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Engineering

Experiment Station, Utah State University,

Logan, Utah.

Experimental, theoretical; applied re- search.

The error involved in the conventional

method of measurement is shown to be large.

The coefficient has been defined and parameters developed so that more accurate

measurements can be obtained in a quick,

easy method of water measurement

"Discharge Coefficient in the Coordinate

Method of Measuring Pipe Flow, " D. L. Bassett, Master's Thesis, Civil Engineering

Department, Utah State University, 1952 - - a bulletin outlining field procedure to be

followed with the methods is now being

prepared.

(3526) QUICK COUPLING FOR FLEXIBLE PIPE.

(3525:

00

(c)

(a)

(g)

00

(h

(c

ia

(e

(f

(3527

(b

(c

(a

(e

Laboratory project.

Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Engineering

Experiment Station, Utah State University,

Logan, Utah.

Experimental; design and development.

A coupling which can be light and flexible

and also permit ease of coupling and

disconnecting flexible pipe in the field

is being developed.

Completed.

A coupler has been developed which dees

permit ready use in the field.

DEVELOPMENT OF LOW COST WATER LEVEL

RECORDER.

Laboratory project.

Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Engineering

Experiment Station, Utah State University,

Logan, Utah.

Experimental, development.

In general, the available instrumentation

for measuring fluctuation in water level

is costly. Most equipment is designed

for a wide range of application. However

many areas require only a limited

93
fluctuation in water level. This particularly true in irrigation practice. Objective of the project is to develop a low-cost recorder which will fit these

needs and thereby permit a more extensive

use

(g) A water level recorder has teen developed

which does meet the requirements and is now heing modified and adapted for' com- mercial production.

(3528) THE EFFECT OF SEDIMENT PROPERTIES ON THE

ATTENUATION OF AN ULTRASONIC PLANE WAVE.

("b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Gordon H. Flammer, Associate Professor,

Civil and Irrigation Engineering Department,

Utah State University, Logan, Utah.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) The attenuation of an ultrasonic plane wave passing through a homogeneous suspension

has been the subject of several theoretical

and experimental investigations from which

theoretical relations have been obtained.

Experimental results cover only part of the

range of ratios of sound wave length to

particle circumference. Theoretical re- lations for the range not covered by ex- perimental results ignore sediment properties other than sphericity. Recent experimental work indicates that other sediment

properties need to be considered as well.

These results were incidental in the study

of a measurement technique and hence, were

of a preliminary nature. There remains

considerable basic research on the effect

on the attenuation relation of various

sedi sphericity, sonic refractive index,

absorption, and transparency.

(g) A paper has been written on the "Use of

Ultrasonics in the Measurement of Suspended

Sediment Size Distribution and Concentration, " this paper touches only lightly

on the subject of Interest here.

(3529) DEVELOPMENT OF LOW COST IRRIGATION WATER

METER.

(b) Cooperative with Irrigation Dept., Univ.

of California, Davis, California.

(c) Mr. Jerry E. Christiansen, Professor of

Civil and Irrigation Engineering, Utah

State University, Logan, Utah.

Experimental; applied research-development.

Tests on the use of a domestic type water

meter as a by-pass meter for irrigation

service were conducted on three types of

primary head producing divisions for use with water meter.

Experimental work completed. Manuscript

in preparation.

Results indicate that a small domestic

type of water meter can be employed as a hy-pass meter for measuring large flows

in pipe lines with a fair degree of accuracy.

(3530) WATER REQUIREMENTS OF WILDLIFE AREAS.

(b) Utah State Fish and Game Department, Salt

Lake City, Utah.

(c) Mr. Jerald E. Christiansen, Professor Civil

(a)

(e]

and Irrigation Engineering, Utah State

University, Logan, Utah.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Large areas of marshy lands adjacent to

Great Salt Lake have been developed and

improved by the State Fish and Game Department, and the Federal Wildlife Service,

as Migratory Bird Refuges. Available stream

flow from several of the major streams

flowing into these areas where the water

is impounded behind dikes to create habitat

suitable for nesting, feeding and resting

of water fowl. Millions of ducks and

geese utilize this area each year during

their migratory flights.

(g) The basic purpose of the study is to determine the quantities of water necessary for

this area in order to maintain them in a

productive state

(h) "Water Requirements of Water Fowl Refuges

in Utah," J. E. Christiansen, J. B. Low,

and M. C. Tsai.

(3842) DEVELOPMENT OF LOW COST IRRIGATION STRUCTURES

(b) United States Steel.

(c) Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director Engineering

Experiment Station, Utah State University,

Logan, Utah.

(d) Experimental and field investigation for

operation.

(e) This project has been conducted to develop

a low-cost prefabricated irrigation

structure that can be easily installed by

unskilled workmen, and can be adapted to

many sizes and shapes of ditches.

It will be versatile in that it can be

used as a division box, turnout, check,

drop, gate, etc., Measuring devices are being developed to add to its many uses

Sizes, shapes, thickness of material to

be fabricated, and fastening devices are being determined. Effects of frost and

ditchbank stresses are also being studied,

(g) The results will benefit farmers, ranchers

and gardners throughout the nation in that

it answers a great need in irrigation

hydraulics

(3843) A SHAPE AND FRICTION FACTOR RELATIONSHIP

BETWEEN SMOOTH, RECTANGULAR, AND CIRCULAR

CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director Engineering

Experiment Station, Utah State University,

Logan, Utah.

(d) Theoretical; basic research for master's

thesis

(e) This study is to determine a shape factor

relationship so that the friction factors

( Moody curves ) for circular pipes can be

used with rectangular shaped channels. To

accomplish this, head loss data will be

taken, through a wide range of Reynold's

numbers, from a number of rectangular

channels varying from approximately a square to a channel approximately 3/8

inches x k inches.

Only one material will be used in con- structing the channels and the narrow

9k
(h

(c

(a

(e

(g)

dimension of the channel will he held

constant. Friction factor values for circular pipe have often "been used for shapes

other than circular; and for shapes that

are not too far from a circle, the error

isn't appreciable; however, for channels

that are far removed from a circle.

It is anticipated that this study will

result in more realistic friction factors

for rectangular channels

Publication pending master's thesis.

THE REMOVAL OF HIGH TURBIDITY WITH RAPID

SAND FILTERS.

Laboratory project.

Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Engineering

Experiment Station, Utah State University,

Logan, Utah.

Experimental; theoretical, basic research

for a master's thesis.

A study of the efficiency of rapid sand

filtration is conducted under conditions

of varying initial turbidity and application

rate. The turbidity ranges from 50 to kOO

parts per million and the flow rate from

2.5 to 5-5 gal/min/ft2 0 f filter area. The

same sand 0.505 mm mean diameter, is used

in all the tests; and its depth is held

constant at 30 inches. The filter is

constructed from a plastic tube, 3 1/2

inches in diameter to minimize wall effects,

and is equipped with an overflow so a constant head of kk inches can be maintained

above the sand.

By studying the realtionships between initial

turbidity, flow rate, the final turbidity,

it is hoped that a system can be obtained

whereby rapid sand filters can be utilized

in the removal of high turbidity without

prior sedimentation. This kind of filtration would be useful in a pressure-irrigation system where the finished product

need not be so highly polished as in a culinary system.

Publication pending master's thesis.

( 38i+5 ) WATERSHED MODEL STUDIES.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

(c) Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director Engineering

Experiment Station, Utah State University,

Logan, Utah.

(d) Experimental; for master's thesis.

(e) A study of the simulation of the run-off

hydrograph (the graphical representation

of the discharge versus time relationship

for a given point in the stream channel)

shape for a typical small southwestern

arid watershed.

For this study, a small watershed will be

modeled in size, shape, and topography

encompassing provisions for varying the

permeability of the model's surface. Water

to represent precipitation in various

patterns will be applied over the model

watershed.

By the nature of the proposed study, the

dominant factors influencing the characteristic shape of the run-off hydrography

are: (l) Watershed shape, (2) Rainfall

intensity, (3) Rainfall duration, (h) Time

element being a function of a composition

roughness factor.

The study is divided into two phases. In the first phase, the object is to simulate

the run-off hydrography using a physical

model with an impervious surface. Thus, it

is known that the simulated hydrography will

be distorted volumetrieally. The second

phase has the same objective as the first,

except refining the simulation by removing

the distortion of run-off volume. The

second phase has the added objective of an investigation of the relationship between

infiltration and run-off.

(g) A better understanding of the parameters

influencing the rainfall-run-off relationship of arid southwestern watershed will be

obtained. Ultimately, this will result in

better design of structures built to contain,

convey, or bridge the run-off water of this

area.

(381+6) CONSTRUCTION OF AN INTERSTATE HIGHWAY ACROSS

THE SALT FLATS NEAR WENDOVER, UTAH.

(b) Utah State Road Commission

(c) Jerry E. Christiansen, Professor, Civil and

Irrigation Engineering, Utah State Univ.,

Logan, Utah.

(d) Field investigation for design and development of Interstate highway.

(e) The design and construction of an interstate

highway across the salt flats near Wendover,

Utah, poses a number of problems that require

solutions. This is one of the few places

in the world where a highway must be built, over a salt bed. The maintenance of the

present highway and railway that traverses

these salt flats has been difficult. It is

hoped that a better understanding of the

problem, based on extensive field and laboratory investigations of materials on which

the highway will be built, will result in

a design that will be relatively free of

maintenance problems. The objective,

therefore, is to fully determine the characteristics of the salt bed and the underlying

soil materials to considerable depth. The

work completed to date has been concerned

primarily with the permeability of the subsoil materials to the flow of water. Surprisingly, it has been found there are very

permeable strata underlying the salt . These

are of considerable concern because of the

movement of partially saturated solutions

through these permeable zones which tends

to dissolve and remove salt, resulting in uneven settlement of the roadway.

(g) A sound and economic design depends opon

a complete knowledge of the materials

involved. Investigations should be of

definite practical value in determining

the basic requirements for the design and

construction of the multimilllon dollar

highway, which will be built within the

next few years. Economies in design should

result from the studies being undertaken.

(h) "Pumping Tests on Salt Flats" progress re- port by J. E. Christiansen, Derle Thorpe,

95
Terrell Tovey, B. B. Patil and Will Morin,

October , i960.

WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY, The R. L. Albrook

Hydraulic Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. E. Roy Tinney, Head, The R. L. Albrook Hydraulic Laboratory, Division of Industrial Research, Washington State University, Pullman,

Washington.

(I689) STUDY OF FLUID FLOW IN PIPE NETWORKS.

(b) Personnel responsible for the design and/or

operation of water and gas distribution

systems

(d) Analyses by analogue and digital computers.

(e) Flow distributions have been made with the

Mcllroy Analyzer for over forty cities,

several gas systems, an air system, a generator cooling system, and several other

unique systems. Losses throughout the

system are obtained. Engineers use the

analogue to design system pumps, tanks,

and piping additions or revisions. A

program has been prepared whereby some of

the problems not readily solvable by the

Mcllroy Analyzer can be analyzed on an IBM

digital computer.

(2165) THE INFLUENCE OF LOGGING OPERATIONS ON

RUN-OFF FROM PRECIPITATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Analytical with field investigation.

(e) Analysis of the run-off from watersheds on which extensive logging has been done was conducted to determine the correlation

between run-off and logging in regions

where the rainfall is heavy and regrowth

rapid.

(f) Completed.

(h) Paper submitted for publication.

(2631) ROCKY REACH HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT.

(b) Chelan County Public Utility District No.

1. (d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:75 model 109 feet by kO feet has been

constructed of 7500 feet of the Columbia

River to study construction phases and the

operation of the complete development of

the Rocky Reach site. Studies have been

completed on the cofferdam layouts and

tests are now underway on the operation

of the spillway and fishway entrances.

In addition, a l:kk. 9 scale model of two

bays of the spillway has been constructed

and installed in a large glass-sided flume

to determine specifically the design of

baffles on the apron and nappe deflectors

on the ogee. A 1:^5 model of four bays

of the truncated spillway has been built

and tested to determine causes of and

remedial measures for apron erosion by

the diverted flow. A 1:^5 model of seven

bays of the spillway has been built and

is being tester) to determine the limits

for non-uniform operation of the gates

which might be detrimental to the baffle

system.

(g) Erosion that occurred during diversion

stages has been traced to upstream gravel

collecting in eddies on the apron. The

eddies moved the rock over the concrete

surfaces and ground holes in the apron.

(h) Status reports to the client. Final re- ports in preparation.

(2632) PRIEST RAPIDS PENSTOCK GATE STUDIES.

(b) Pacific Coast Engineering Company.

( d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:18 model of fixed wheel intake gates

for the Priest Rapids Hydroelectric Project

has been constructed to determine the hydraulic downpull for several lip designs.

A generalized study has also been made to

investigate various designs of intake gates

with a view toward a more economical

design of gates and gantry cranes.

(f) Completed.

(h) Final report to client.

(2878) HYDRODYNAMICAL STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) A mathematical analysis of segmental flip

buckets has been developed using free

streamline theory. Analysis gives the

relation between the dimensions of the

bucket, the thickness of the nappe, the

face angle of the dam, and the exit angle

of the jet. Evaluation of the integrals

arising from the conformal transformation

has been made using an IBM 650 digital

computer. Experimental testing to confirm

theoretical analysis has been completed.

(h) Master's Thesis at Washington State Univ.,

"Laboratory Investigations of Trajectories

from Segmental Flip Buckets," by Howard

Copp. Paper submitted for publication.

(2879) HYDRAULICS OF LEVEL IRRIGATION.

(b) Laboratory project cooperative with the

Department of Agricultural Engineering,

Washington State University.

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) Analysis is being developed to define rate

of advance and recession of the water

front on a level irrigation border taking

into account the infiltration. A tilting

flume 75 feet long, 3 feet wide and 2 feet

deep has been erected. A mechanical

apparatus to simulate infiltration is

being installed.

(g) Theoretical and experimental results agree

well.

(h) Paper submitted for publication.

(3192) ADVANCE OF A SHALLOW LIQUID FRONT DOWN

A DRY CHANNEL.

(b) National Science Foundation Grant,

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search.

96
(e) Mathematical analysis of equations is being

conducted . Experiments will be conducted

in a tilting flume to supplement and verify

the theoretical approach. A glass-lined

tilting flume has been completed and tests

with oil are underway.

(g) Theoretical analysis is confirmed by re- sults from (2679) above.

(h) Paper on mechanics of advance of liquid

front to be presented at Phoenix convention

ASCE, April 1961.

(3531) WANAPUM MODEL.

(b) Harza Engineering Company.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:20 scale comprehensive model has been

constructed of the Wanapum Project on the

Columbia River. Cofferdam studies have

been completed. Further tests have been

concerned with velocity patterns and

magnitudes in the vicinities of the fish

ladders and spillway apron.

(h) Status reports to the client.

(3532) DIAMOND NATIONAL MODEL.

(b) Diamond National Corporation.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A distorted model, 1:150 horizontal scale

1:60 vertical scale , has been built of

the Pend Oreille River downstream of

Albeni Falls Dam. This model has been

used to study the formation and growth of

a sediment bar in the log booming area and

with corrective and preventive measures

to insure adequate depth for booming operation in slack water. Sediment samples have

been collected and analyzed to determine

the origin of bar deposits.

(f) Completed.

(h) Reports to the client.

(3533) N0X0N MODEL.

(b) Ebasco Services.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A flume model to a scale of 1:50 has been

constructed and tested to determine methods

of preventing excessive erosion of the

baffle teeth. An additional 1:50 scale

model has been built and is being tested

to determine the non-uniform gate openings

permissible without detrimental results

to the baffles.

(g) Reshaping of the baffle teeth and nappe

deflectors on the spillway indicate good

energy dissipation without serious erosion

of the structure or river bed and without

low pressures.

(h) Report to client.

(353*0 WELLS MODEL.

(b) Bechtel Corporation.

(d) Experimental; design.

( e ) A 1 : 45 flume model of the spillway for

the proposed Wells Dam was built and

tested. These tests of the preliminary

design were made to insure a satisfactory

design from the standpoints of bed erosion,

pressures on spillway and pier, and discharge rating of the spillway. Additional

tests have also been made on a unique

spillway design that is essentially a hollow shell stabilized with anchored

piers

(f) Completed.

(h) Report to client.

( 38UT ) CHUNGJU HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT.

(b) Bechtel Corporation, San Francisco, Calif.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Two models for the Chungju project have

been built and tested. A 1:50 flume model

of two full and two half bays of the

spillway was used to evaluate energy dissipators. A 1:100 comprehensive model was used to study flow pattern in powerhouse

tailrace and general spillway flows.

(h) Final report to client.

(38U8) CALIBRATION OF FLOW METERING FLUMES.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, Boise, Idaho.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Metering flumes are being placed on several

watersheds in southern Idaho . Models of

these flumes are to be tested to determine

the desirable shape, location of head

measuring taps, orientation, and elevation

of invert. The effect of flow rate, upstream and downstream topography, and

sediment will be considered. One model to

a scale of 1:30 has been built and the

tests are nearly completed.

(h) Status reports to client.

(38^9) NON-CIRCULAR CONDUITS.

(b) Laboratory project supported in part by

Nat. Acad. Sciences grant to Dr. Jamil

Malaika.

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) The effect of hydraulic radius on friction

loss in fully turbulent region will be

studied by using circular, elliptical,

rectangular, and rhombic cross-sectional

shapes for the conduit

(3850) OXBOW FUSE PLUG.

(b) Idaho Power Company, Boise, Idaho.

(d) Theoretical and experimental design.

( e ) Since one spillway at Oxbow Dam will carry

the flood of record, a small rock fill

structure called a fuse plug was used in

lieu of gates for the second spillway.

Tests on 1:^0 and 1:20 scale models were conducted to determine the mechanics of

washout. A half-scale model approximately

1^ feet high and 60 feet long was built at the dam site. This model was washed out

by diverting the Snake River. Erosion

rates were recorded in several ways to

indicate the nature of the washout process

and the effect of the type of embankment

material on washout rates.

(f) Completed.

(g) Good correlation between laboratory models

results and theory. Field model indicated

97
the regularity of the washout process and

the initial "breaching action.

( h) "The Mechanics of Washout of an Erodihle

Fuse Plug" hy E. Roy Tinney and H. Y. Hsu,

paper presented at ASCE Boston Convention

October i960, and later submitted for

publication.

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, Fisheries Research

Institute

(3535) EFFECTS OF LOGGING ON PRODUCTIVITY OF PINK

SALMON STREAMS IN ALASKA.

(b) Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, U. S. Fish

and Wildlife Service, Juneau, Alaska, is

contracting agency. Co-operating agency

is Alaska Forest Research Center, U. S. Forest Service, Juneau, Alaska.

(c) Mr. Robert L. Burgner, Assistant Director,

Fisheries Research Institute, University

of Washington, Seattle 5, Washington.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, and field investigation; basic and applied research,

including master's and doctoral thesis

research.

(e) Objectives of the research program are:

(1) To identify environmental factors

causing mortality of pink salmon embryos,

(2) to gain a more complete understanding

of interrelationships among spawning behavior, physical and biological attributes

of the stream and spawning bed, and mortality of embryos, (3) to determine how the

quality of the spawning-bed environment as

it pertains to growth, development, and

mortality of embryos is affected by logging,

and (k) to determine criteria for the improvement of natural spawning areas to

increase production of juvenile salmon.

Included among active routine studies are hydrological conditions, intragravel water

quality, spawning bed quality, and channel

debris evaluation. Included among active

basic studies are composition and source of suspended sediment and bed load, re- lationship between gravel composition and

permeability, exchange between surface and

intragravel water, and sources of intragravel water.

(g) Methods have been developed for routine

field measurement of dissolved oxygen

content of intragravel water, gravel composition, and mortality of salmon embryos

Gravel shift has been identified as an important natural cause of embryonic mortality. A theoretical model of factors

controlling interchange between stream and

intragravel water has been proposed and

tested qualitatively.

(h) "Logging and Salmon," Staff. Fisheries Research Institute Circular No. 105, 12 pp.

Sept. 1959.

"Interchange of Flowing Stream and Intragravel Water," Walter G. Vaux and William

L. Sheridan, Fisheries Research Inst.

Circular No. 115, h pp. mimeo, Feb. i960.

"Measurement of Gravel Composition of

Salmon Streambeds," W. J. McNeil and W. H. Ahnell, Fisheries Res. Inst. Cir. No. 120,

6 pp. mimeo, April i960.

"A Hydraulic Sampler for Collecting Salmon

Embryos in Spawning Beds," W. J. McNeil,

Fisheries Res. Inst. Cir. No. 128, 8 pp.

mimeo., Nov. i960.

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, Charles W. Harris Hydraulics Laboratory.

(3536) A MODEL STUDY OF DOWNSTREAM MIGRANT COLLECTION FACILITIES ON MAYFIELD DAM, COWLITZ

RIVER.

(b) City Light Company, Tacoma, Washington.

(c) Prof. E. P. Richey, 201 More Hall, Univ.

of Washington, Seattle 5, Washington.

(d) Experimental investigation; design verification and/or correction.

( e ) Primary separation by Louvre screens in

power channel; fish bypassed through

cascade of vanes in pier and conducted to

secondary separator basin and separated by

overflow weir.

(f) Completed.

(g) Louvre design verified. Operating

characteristics of vane separator determine

Design of secondary separating basin has

been determined and operating characteristics verified.

(h) Report to Department of Public Works, Major

Projects Division, Tacoma, Washington.

Contact this agency for copy of report.

(3537) FLOW VISUALIZATION ABOUT A SALMON.

(b) Salmon Fatigue Laboratory, University of

Washington, Seattle 5, Washington. In cooperation with the U. S. Department of

Navy, Naval Ordnance Test Station, China

Lake, California.

(c) Dr. Joseph Kent, University of Washington,

Seattle 5 , Washington, and Mr. Wallace

Allen, NOTS, China Lake, California.

(d) Basic research.

( e ) To photograph the pattern of turbulence

created by a fish swimming in still or moving water with use of plastic beads and

dye. To determine magnitude of drag for

the flexible fish in comparison to solid

bodies.

(385I) A STUDY OF THE RESISTANCE OF AN 18-INCH

PLAIN CONCRETE PIPE AND AN 18-INCH HONED

CONCRETE PIPE.

(b) United Concrete Pipe Corporation, Baldwin

Park, California.

(c) Professor H. S. Strausser, 201 More Hall,

University of Washington, Seattle 5> Wash.

(d) Experimental investigation; design.

(e) To determine the resistance of a plain

l8-inch concrete pipe and the same pipe

after honing. Hazen-Williams, Seabeg,

Manning and Nikuradse roughness determined.'

(f) Completed.

(g) Results for various resistance coefficients

were determined for large Reynolds Numbers.

(h) Report submitted to United Concrete Pipe

Corporation, Baldwin Park, California.

Contact this company for copy of report.

98
(3852]

(b)

(c)

A STUDY OF THE USE OF GUIDE VANES IN A 90°

UNSYMMETRICAL MITERED BEND.

Laboratory project.

Prof. H. S. Strausser, 201 More Hall, Univ.

of Washington, Seattle 5.> Washington.

Experimental and theoretical investigation;

M. S. Thesis.

To study the geometry of guide vanes necessary to produce uniform velocity distribution downstream from a 90° mitered bend

where entrance and exit areas are different,

open channel approach, conduit discharge.

(3853) FLOW THROUGH AN ARRAY OF CYLINDERS.

(a)

(e)

(b)

(c)

(a)

(e)

Laboratory project.

Prof. Ronald E. Nece, Department of Civil

Engineering, University of Washington,

Seattle 5> Washington.

Experimental; M. S. Thesis.

Hydrodynamic forcss are to be determined

on one of a row of circular cylinders

oriented obliquely with respect to a uniform approach flow. Cylinder spacing and

angular orientation of the single row are to be varied. This is an initial step in

a study of flow through oblique louver

systems

UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN, Hydraulics Laboratory.

(1^9) THE EFFECT OF SUBMERGENCE ON FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. J. R. Villemonte, Hydraulics Lab.,

Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wisconsin.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and

applied research for M.S. degree.

(e) The effects of submergence on discharge

of large circular thin-plate weirs and

orifices and broad-crested weirs are being

studied.

(g) General correlation equations have been

developed for all thin-plate weirs Parshall

Flumes, and one type of Ogee spillway.

(368) DEVELOPMENT OF A FLOOD FORECASTING PROCEDURE FOR THE WISCONSIN RIVER.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. A. T. Lenz, Chairman of Dept. of Civil

Engineering, University of Wisconsin.

(d) Experimental; M.S. thesis.

(e) Fundamental studies of rainfall-runoff re- lations were made to estimate runoff values

to be used in flood forecasting by the unit

hydrograph method.

(f) Suspended.

(g) Six M.S. and two Ph.D. theses have been

completed and are available on loan.

(956) ENERGY LOSS IN LIQUID FLOW IN PIPES AND

FITTINGS UNDER HIGH PRESSURE.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the

Ladish Company, Cudahy, Wisconsin, and the

Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation.

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(957

(b

(c

(a

(e

(f

(959

(b

(a

(e

(f

(1181

(b

(c

(a

Prof. J. R. Villemonte, Hydraulics Laboratory, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wis.

Theoretical and experimental; applied re- search and design for B.S., M.S. and Ph.D.

theses

Energy loss measurements in straight pipes

and fittings have been completed on sizes

l/k inch to 2 inches. Pressure range

0-2500 psi, temperature range 60 to 120°F.

Reynolds number range 50 to 150,000.

Suspended.

If viscosity, density, and temperature

relations are known, the standard pipe

friction theory applies at high pressures.

The fitting loss constants for laminar flow

are about 3 times those for turbulent flow

when N^=2000. The loss gradually reduces

to zero at Npj=150.

THE THERMODYNAMICS OF LIQUIDS

Laboratory project cooperative with the

Dynex Corporation, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Prof. J.R. Villemonte, Hydraulics Laboratory,

Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wis.

Theoretical and experimental; basic and

applied research for Ph.D. thesis.

New equipment has been assembled to in- crease the pressure range to 10,000 psi.

The viscosity-pressure-temperature relation

ships for several petroleum oils will be

studied using the Gunaji high-pressure

falling sphere viscometer.

Suspended.

A general correlation has been developed

for the viscosity-pressure-temperature

relationships for five industrial petroleum

oils. Pressure range 0-2000 psi, temperature range 60-120 °F.

HYDR0L0GIC INVESTIGATION OF LAKE MEND0TA

DRAINAGE BASIN.

Part of a larger project entitled "Origin

and Quantities of Algal Fertilizers Tributary to Lake Mendota." Cooperative study

sponsored by University of Wisconsin.

Dr. A. T. Lenz, Chairman of Department of

Civil Engineering, University of Wisconsin,

Madison 6, Wisconsin.

Field investigation; applied research for

Ph.D., M.S. theses.

Five stream gaging stations have been installed to measure tributary Inflow to Lake

Mendota and Yahara River outflow. Precipitation records are being obtained from fourteen recording rain gages. Current efforts

are concentrating on publication of summary

of results to date.

Suspended.

Three M.S. and six B.S. and two Ph.D. theses

completed, ( available on loan )

VORTEX FLOW FROM HORIZONTAL THIN-PLATE

ORIFICES

Wisconsin Alumni Res. Foundation and J.C.

Stevens, Consulting Engr., Portland, Oregon.

Prof. J.R. Villemonte, Hydraulics Laboratory,

University of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wis.

Theoretical and experimental; basic research

99
for M.S. and Ph.D. theses.

(e) The effects of vorticity on orifice discharge were studied over a wide range of

vorticity, head, and orifice size.

(g) A new parameter, the vortex number, was developed as the ratio of inertial and

centrifugal forces. A general correlation

procedure was also developed for estimating

discharge rates through orifices with varying degrees of vorticity.

(1707) PROBLEMS OF SCOUR AT BRIDGE AND CULVERT

OPENINGS.

(b) Consolidated' s Civic Foundation, Inc. (c) Dr. A. T. Lenz, Chairman, Dept. of Civil

Engineering, Univ. of Wis., Madison 6, Wis.

(d) Experimental; for M.S. and B.S. theses.

(e) Hydraulic model studies were made to determine methods of estimating probable scour pattern for a proposed structure having

certain physical site characteristics and

conditions of flow. Remedial methods were

studied at existing structures so scour will

be reduced or eliminated.

(f) Completed.

(g) Causes of scour at one location were corre- lated with topography and water levels.

Study of the design of training walls to

get better flow under the "bridge structures

was completed.

(h) Three M.S. theses are available on loan.

(1709) CALIBRATION OF V-NOTCH WEIRS AT ENDS OF

CULVERTS.

(b) Wisconsin Culvert Co. (c) Dr. A.T. Lenz, Chairman, Dept. of Civil

Engineering, Univ. of Wis., Madison 6, Wis.

(d) Experimental; for M.S. and B.S. theses.

(e) A 90° V-notch was installed in a rectangular

flume and was used as a control for flows

up to and ahove the top of the weir plate.

(f) Completed.

(g) Mathematical interpretation of the flows

as the summation of V-notch and rectangular

weir flows was made and coefficients determined to express the total flow as a function of the head above the bottom of the

V-notch.

(h) One B.S. thesis available on loan.

(3538) ANALOG MODELS OF GROUNDWATER FLOW.

(b) Marathon Paper Co., Wasusu, Wisconsin.

(c) Dr. A.T. Lenz, Chairman of Dept. of Civil

Engineering, Univ. of Wis., Madison 6, Wis.

(d) Experimental; M.S. thesis.

(e) This problem deals with the movement of two

miscible fluids of different densities in

an aquifer - one is water and the other is a waste product from the manufacture of

paper

The problem is analyzed hy utilizing an electric analog plotter and "by a two-dimensional hydraulic model,

(g) One M.S. thesis is available on loan.

(3539) THE EFFECT 0^ BOUNDARY ROUGHNESS AND CONFIGURATION ON TURBULENCE LEVEL AND VELOCITY

DISTRIBUTION.

(b) Wisconsin Alumni Res. Foundation

(c) Prof. J. R. Villemonte, Hydraulics Laboratory, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wis.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; "basic re- search for M.S. and Ph.D. theses.

( e ) New instrumentation has been developed to measure turbulence levels in pipes and

ducts. The effects of "boundary roughnesses

on the decay of extra turbulence caused by

a variety of "boundary configurations is

being studied.

(35^0) MODEL STUDIES OF PUMP INLET STRUCTURES.

(b) Wisconsin Alumni Res. Foundation in cooperation with the Government of West Bengal,

India.

(c) Prof. J. R. Villemonte, Hydraulic Laboratory,

University of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wis.

(d) Experimental; design for M. S. thesis.

(e) A l/l6-scale model of the inlet structure

for one of four axial flow pumps at the

Uttarhhag Pumping Station (Sonarpur, India)

has "been made. Studies of inlet flow patterns and pressure coefficients for a wide

variety of flow situations are being made

for the purpose of reducing the cavitation

threshold.

(35^1) HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CIRCULAR SEDIMENTATION BASINS.

(b) National Institute of Health, Washington,

D. C. (c) Prof. G. A. Rohlich and Prof. H. R. Villemonte, Hydraulics Laboratory, Univ. of

Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wisconsin.

(d) Experimental; basic research and design

for M.S. and Ph.D. theses.

(e) A versatile, transparent, 6-ft dia. cylindrical basin has been constructed which

will permit model studies at depth to

diameter ratios of O.67 to O.O83. Flow

patterns and dispersion characteristics will

be observed over a wide range of over- flow rates. New instrumentation for meas- uring small velocities and dispersion

functions are being developed.

(35^2) RESEARCH ON FLOW IN CULVERTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. J. G. Woodburn, Prof, of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wis.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; design; M. S. and Ph.D. theses.

(e) Hydraulic characteristics of a variety of

culvert models will be studied, with

particular attention to the location of

critical depth under various conditions of

inlet and discharge control.

(385IO REACTION JET INLET FOR OIL-WATER SEPARATORS.

(b) The American Petroleum Institute.

(c) Professor G. A. Rohlich and Professor James

R. Villemonte, Hydraulic and Sanitary Lab.,

College of Engineering, Univ. of Wisconsin,

Madison, Wis.

(d) Experimental; basic research and design

for master's and doctoral theses.

100
(e) A transparent basin 5 feet "vide, 10 feet

long, and 3 feet deep has been constructed.

Investigations will "be made using various

sizes and spacings of the stengel reaction

jets at the entrance to the "basin to determine the effects of jet inflow on the hydraulic characteristics.

"An instrumentation system for wave measure- ments recording and analysis" Harlow G. Farmer, and David D. Ketchum, Proceedings

of Seventh Conference on Coastal Engineering

in preparation.

WOODS HOLE 0CEAN0GRAPHIC INSTITUTION.

(3855) DIRECTIONAL SPECTRUM OF A WIND GENERATED

SEA.

(b) U. S. Navy Bureau of Ships, David Taylor

Model Basin; Office of Naval Research and

NSF.

(c) Mr. Raymond G. Stevens, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Mass.

(d) An experimental observational program of ocean waves in their natural state con- sidered as a program in basic research.

(e) Wave heights as a function of time will be

observed at six points on a linear array.

Various methods of data analysis will be

employed in order to determine the directional spectrum of the wind generated

waves. A comparison will be made of

locally generated wave spectra with waves generated in a large oceanic basin. The

ultimate purpose of this research is to

investigate the possibility of scaling

open ocean waves to those encountered in a semi-sheltered basin, with the view of

using natural basins and bays as ship

model testing basins.

(f) Observations of wind generated waves for

various wind velocities have been made

using a six point linear array. Observations have been conducted at Buzzards

Bay and Panama City, Florida. Preliminary

data processing is underway.

(h) See "Ocean Wave Slope Measurement"

(3856) OCEAN WAVE SLOPE MEASUREMENT.

(b) National Science Foundation and Office of

Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Mr. Harlow G. Farmer, Jr., Research Associate in Hydraulics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Mass.

(d) An experimental observation program of ocean waves in their natural state con- sidered as a program in basic research.

(e) Observations of wave slopes were made by

measurement of the height difference at

three closely spaced points. The observing

device consisted of three resistance wires

suspended vertically from a fixed frame.

The resistance at each wire is proportional

to the wave height; the difference between

the resistance of adjoining pairs is taken

to be the wave slope.

(f) The observational phase of this work is

completed and slope frequency distributions

have been analyzed.

(h) The instrumentation employed in this work

was described at the Seventh Conference on Coastal Engineering held at the Hague,

Netherlands in August i960 and will appear

in the proceedings of that conference as

WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, Alden Hydraulic

Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Prof. L. J. Hooper, Director, Alden

Hydraulic Laboratory, Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Worcester 9j Mass.

(I963) METER CALIBRATION.

(b) Foxboro Company, Foxboro, Mass.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Calibration of various sizes from 1" to 36"

diameter magnetic flow meters.

(35MO SWING CHECK VALVES.

(b) Atwood and Morrill Co. (d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Tests including determination of pressure

drop, leakage, disc orientation were con- ducted on a variety of valves varying in

nominal size from 2" to l6".

(g) Tests in progress.

(35^5) HYDRAULIC CYCLONE.

(b) Bird Machine Co. (d) Experimental; for design.

( e ) Evaluation of the percentage break up of

the flow between accepts and rejects in a cyclone type separator were determined.

Character of flow in three different flow

sections also analyzed.

(g) Tests in progress.

(3546) SUN OIL CO. - SINCLAIR REFINING CO.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l/lOO horizontal scale and l/50 vertical

scale model of a section of the Delaware

River was constructed to study the flow

pattern in the river area adjacent to

structures owned and operated by Sun Oil

Co. and Sinclair Refining Co. (f) Tests completed.

(35^7) TRONERAS PROJECT.

(b) Gannett, Fleming, Corddry and Carpenter,

Inc

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1/^3 scale model of a diversion tunnel

intake was constructed along with a section

of the Guadalupe River upstream of the

intake. The flow pattern for a range of

expected flows was studied. In addition

flow studies and pressure measurements in

the intake were made.

(f) Tests completed.

(3548) 0TISC0 DAM.

(b) O'Brien and Gere.

101
(d) Experimental for design.

(e) A 1/20 scale model of a section of the

river bed including the old, new and re- built spillways have been constructed. It

is proposed to study the flow pattern over

the new spillway plus emergency channels

with a view to locating guide walls, gate

structures, spilling pool boundaries and

a section of highway,

(g) Tests in progress.

(3857) METER CALIBRATION.

(b) General Controls Co., Foster Div.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Laboratory calibration of various meters

from 2" to 2h" diameter.

(3858) METER CALIBRATION.

00

(a)

(e)

(3859:

(to) (a)

(e)

(1

B-I-F Industries Inc. Experimental; for design.

Calibration of open flow nozzles and ven- turl meters up to 48".

NIAGARA POWER PROJECT.

Uhl, Hall and Rich.

Experimental; for design.

A l/25 scale model of one section of power

conduit plus gate structure has been installed in a 3 ft. glass sided flume. A

model gate and stop logs have been fabricated. Tests will be conducted of the

planned conduit filling operation during

which the dynamic forces on the stop logs

will be measured.

Test in progress.

(3860) SMITH MOUNTAIN HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT.

(b) Ebasco Services, Inc.

(d) Experirental; for design.

(e) A l/6o scale model of a section of the

Roanoke River was duplicated including the

arch dam, spillways, and chutes, powerhouse,

and penstocks. Studies included spillway

performance, energy dissipation in river

below spillway chutes, powerhouse penstock

and tailrace flow conditions and the

second stage diversion schemes.

(f) Tests in progress.

(3861) SMITH MOUNTAIN PROJECT.

(b) Sollitt Construction Co. (d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l/6o scale model of the river bed at the

construction site was constructed. The

model included various structures necessary

for stream diversion during the first phase

of construction. Details studied on the

model included upstream and downstream

cofferdams, retaining walls, bed excavation

and location of construction bridge piers.

(f) Tests in progress.

(3862) RENCA THERMAL PLANT.

(b) Ebasco International,

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e)

(f)

(3863)

(to) (a)

(e)

(f)

(g)

A 1/6 scale model of the supply flume and

suction piping to each of two condenser

coolant pumps was constructed of plexiglass

Flow conditions in the approaches, pump

bell section and reducing elbow are to be

studied.

Tests in progress.

STABILITY OF HOLLOW NOSE BULLETS.

(h)

Laboratory project.

Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search for M.S. thesis.

The stability and flight characteristics of

the hollow point bullet were studied and

compared with other more common shapes.

Experimental work performed on a flow table

was used to supplement theoretical analysis

Completed.

The hollow point used in studies was found

to have definite advantages as to stability

when compared with ogive noses

"The Stability Characteristics of a Hollow

Point Bullet," M.S. Thesis at Worcester

Polytechnic Institute.

(3864) CAVITATION ON AN ACCELERATING BODY.

(to) (a)

(e)

(f)

(h)

Laboratory project.

Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search for M.S. thesis.

Development of cavitation on the surface

of a rapidly accelerating disc was studied.

Data taken photographically using e- quipment set up for work under Bureau of

Ordnance development contract.

Completed.

"An Experimental Investigation of Cavitation

Growth Behind a Sharp Edged 45° Beveled

Disk caused by Motion Imparted by Impact,

M.S. Thesis at Worcester Polytechnic Inst.

ACCURATE PRODUCTS COMPANY.

(3865) DUCTED PROPELLERS.

(to)

(c)

(a)

(e)

(g)

Office of Naval Research, Department of

the Navy.

Dr. Peter G. Buehning, kOO Hillside Avenue,

Hillside, New Jersey.

Theoretical; basic research.

Investigation of the effect of propeller

diameter and rpm on efficiency of ducted

propellers with and without guide vanes taking into account friction on blading

and enclosure. Analysis of flow pattern

and development of design procedures.

The ducted propeller with guide vanes has

been analyzed; curves have been obtained

permitting matching of propeller diameter

and rpm for optimum overall efficiency

of the unit.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, College of Agriculture,

Department of Irrigation.

(21) THE MECHANICS OF WATER DROPLET AND SPRAY

102
FORMATION FROM SPRINKLER NOZZLES

California Agricultural Experiment Station.

Dr. J. R. Davis, Department of Irrigation,

University of California, Davis, Calif.

Experimental; theoretical and laboratory

investigation.

Investigations to evaluate the causes of

wave formation of the jet, to evaluate the

nature of the wave system, and to determine

the relation between turbulence in the

nozzle and the formation of discontinuous

water drops.

Results include the development of the

electric needle technique for describing

the frequency, amplitude and wave length

of the wave system.

HYDROLOGY OF IRRIGATION SUPPLIES IN

CALIFORNIA.

California Agricultural Experiment Station.

Prof. R. H. Burgy and W. D. McMillan, Department of Irrigation, University of Calif.

Davis, California.

Experimental and field investigation; applied research.

Evaluation of the hydrologic effects of

various watershed management practices is

under study on several upland drainages.

Diamond drilling equipment was used to

install piezometers and access tubes in

one mountain watershed for evaluation of

the groundwater component of water yield.

Lysimeters and meteorological equipment

installed in an adjacent area provide con- tinuous measurements of evapotranspiration

and potential evapotranspiration.

"Hydrologic Effects of Vegetation Conversion, " Report presented to the Control

Burning Com., Sportsman's Council of the

Redwood Emp. 15 pp., i960, W. D. McMillan.

"Interception Loss From Grass," W. D. McMillan and R. H. Burgy, Jour. Geophys

Res. , 65:2389-239^. i960.

MEASUREMENT OF IRRIGATION WATER AND

IMPROVEMENT IN FARM IRRIGATION STRUCTURES.

California Agricultural Experiment Station.

Doctors V. H. Scott and J. R. Davis, Dept.

of Irrigation, University of California,

Davis, California.

Experimental; design.

A study was conducted on the flow characteristics of circular weirs. A discharge

formula was developed based on the e- quation of continuity. The area involved

in this equation was expressed in terms

of head and weir radius. The velocity was considered to be a function of several

factors including head, weir radius,

boundary conditions, and fluid properties.

The most important of these was considered

to be end and bottom contractions, head

and weir radius . The equation developed

for the velocity included a coefficient of

discharge which was defined as a function

of end and bottom contractions, head and

radius

The results obtained show that the effect

of boundary conditions on the coefficient

discharge become zero when 'the values of

the end and bottom contractions are greater

than two or three times the weir diameter.

When the contractions are greater than this

amount, the coefficient of discharge becomes a function of head and radius only.

Results obtained in this study indicate

that a satisfactory relationship can be

developed for the effect of radius on the

discharge coefficient. However, experimental data for more than three sizes of

weirs would be required in order to describe this relationship satisfactorily,

(h) "Flow Characteristics of Circular Weirs,"

M. Moayeri, M. S. thesis in Irrigation

Science. January 1961.

(25) PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL FACTORS AFFECTING

SOIL INFILTRATION RATES.

(b) California Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Doctors L. D. Doneen, D. W. Henderson, J. W. Biggar and G. R. Dutt, University of

California, Davis, California.

(d) Theoretical and basic laboratory studies

and field applied research.

(e) Water management practices for various

soils have been continued in the laboratory and field. In addition, emphasis

has been placed on the chemical nature of

the water by establishing '60 ring infiltrometers with growing crops

(g) The concentration and the type of mineral

constituents in the waters influence the

permeability of soils, particularly when

changing from one quality to another,

which had a marked influence on infiltration

and hydraulic conductivity.

(h) "Boron Adsorption and Release by Soils,"

J. W. Biggar, and Milton Fireman, Soil

Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 2k( 2 ) :115-120. i960.

"Field Infiltration Studies With Gr-een Manures and Crop Residues," W. A. Williams,

and L. D. Doneen, Soil Sci. Proc. 2U:58-6l,

I960.

(1819) DRAINAGE IN RELATION TO IRRIGATION.

(b) California Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Doctors J. N. Luthin and V. H. Scott, Department of Irrigation, University of Calif.,

Davis, California.

(d) Experimental and field investigation; basic

and applied research.

(e) (l) Drainage of artesian water. An analog

solution to the problem of tile drainage

of artesian water was presented in an earlier report (1957)- In "the past year

an analytical solution has been obtained

for the same boundary condition. A note

has been submitted to Agricultural Engrg.

describing the solution and comparing it

to other analyses of the artesian problem.

(2) Physics of flow towards drains as studied in a drainage laboratory. A

drainage tank (50 feet long, 10 feet high,

and 3 feet wide) is under construction on the Davis Campus. It will be filled with

Oso Flaco sand and should be in operation

in the near future.

103
(3) Measurement of soil hydraulic conductivity. A method of measuring the soil hydraulic conductivity in the absence of a water table is needed. The procedure which

is under development involves the use of a ( lined well. A 2" pipe is driven into an auger hole. A cavity is left open at the

end of the pipe. The cavity is filled with

sand and water is added to the pipe. The

rate of flow of water out of the pipe is

used in conjunction with some soil moisture

measurements to calculate the soil hydraulic

conductivity. This method is currently

under development. A sector tank equipped

with tensiometers has been constructed to

make measurements of the flow and to check

the theory.

(1+) Solution of problems on the voltage

analyzer. Additional analyses have been

made of flow of water toward tile lines

in stratified or layered soils. In particular the movement of the water table

in such soils has been examined for non- steady state conditions. The application

of the soil-moisture characteristic curve to non-steady state conditions has been

examined and the limitations of this approach pointed out.

"Predicted and Experimental Water Table

Drawdown During Tile Drainage," W. Brutsaert, G. S. Taylor and J. K. Luthin,

Manuscript submitted to Hilgardia.

"Ponded Flow Through Layered Soils," G. S. Taylor, B. V. Worstell and J. N. Luthin,

VII International Cong. Soil Sci. (in press).

"Criteria for Tile Drain Spacings in

Artesian Areas," C. Argyriadis and J. N. Luthin, Trans. A.S.A.E. 3:87-89, i960.

"The Falling Water Table in Tile Drainage.

II. Proposed Criteria for Spacing Tile

Drains," J. N. Luthin, Trans. A.S.A.E.

2:kk-k5, i960.

"The Falling Water Table in Tile Drainage.

III. Factors Affecting the Bate of Fall,"

J. N. Luthin and B. V. Worstell. Trans.

A.S.A.E. 2:1+5-1+8, i960.

3866) HYDBAULICS OF SURFACE IBBIGATION SYSTEMS.

(b) California Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Dr. J. B. Davis, Department of Irrigation,

University of California, Davis, Calif.

(d) Experimental; laboratory and field investigation.

( e ) Bational approaches to defining the flow

of water in vegetative channels, dimensional:

analyses and model studies of rate of water

advance in borders. Evaluations of criteria;

for design of tail water return systems,

measurement of flow in small irrigation

streams, and evaluation of irrigation

efficiency concepts.

(g) A method of determining flow rates in irrigation furrows with simple, inexpensive

equipment was found to be fairly accurate

but additional refinements are necessary.

The flume studies of hydraulic roughness

using artificial plants has been completed,

and showed that the exponent of hydraulic

radius in Manning's equation differs

significantly from the commonly used value.

(h) "Concepts on Design of Border Irrigation

Systems," John B. Davis, Presented at ABSSCS Besearch Application Workshop on Hydraulics of Surface Irrigation, February

9 -10, i960.

"Estimating Bate of Advance for Irrigation

Furrows, " John B. Drvis, Presented at ABSSCS Besearch Application Workshop on Hydraulics of Surface Irrigation, February

9 - 10, i960.

"Design of Irrigation Border Checks,"

W. A. Hall, Agr. Engin., 1+1 : 1+39-1+1+2, i960.

"Performance Parameters of Irrigation

Systems," W. a. Hall, Trans. A. S. A. E. 3(l):75-76, 81, i960.

10l+
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation Research Division.

EASTERN SOIL AND WATER MANAGEMENT RESEARCH BRANCH.

(1966) IMPROVED SYSTEMS FOR CONTROL OF RUNOFF AND

EROSION.

(b) Cooperative with the following state Agricultural Experiment Stations and other

agencies for use throughout the thirty-one

Eastern States: Georgia, Illinois, Indiana,

Iowa, Maine, Minnesota, Mississippi,

Missouri, New Hampshire, New York, Wisconsin.

Some studies under this project are re- ported in more detail as cooperative re- search under the respective states.

(c) Mr. T. W. Edminster, Chief, Eastern Soil

and Water Management Research Branch, Plant

Industry Station, Beltsville, Maryland.

(d) Experimental and field investigations,

hoth hasic and applied for development and

design.

(e) The purpose of these studies is to obtain

fundamental information on the mechanics

of rainfall, runoff and erosion, to determine the effects of the hasic factors

climatic, topographic, soil and cover on runoff and soil loss, and to develop and

evaluate the runoff and erosion control

effectiveness of various soil and water

management and supporting conservation

practices. The relationships and evaluations are combined into equations or graphs for estimating soil loss from

individual fields in conservation farm

planning and in determining prohable sediment production in watersed protection

programs. The work is carried on in laboratory and fractional acre plot studies

with natural and simulated rainfall and

on primary unit watersheds. Both meteorological and hydrological measurements are made. The hasic data are assembled in a central statistical laboratory for placement on punch cards for machine and graphical correlation analysis.

(g) Work continued on evaluation of factors

in a universal soil loss prediction

equation. Rainfall erosion indices and

their monthly distribution curves have

been computed for l8l locations in the

U. S. from which an iso-erodent map is

being prepared. Crop-management factors

for use in the equation have been published

for 100 crop cover-management combinations.

Slope and soil erodibility factors are being re-evaluated. Research was started

on the hydraulics of water movement as sheet

flow and as channel flow in individual

crop rows and terrace channels under natural and simulated rainfall conditions.

The mechanics of soil detachment and transport by raindrop splash and in the phases

of water flow outlined above are included

in the studies.

(h) "Erosion Characteristics 6f Rainfall,"

G. R. Free, Agr. Engin., Vol. kl, No. 7,

pp. 14+7-1^9, 14-55, (July I960).

"Use of Field Plot Rainfall Simulator for

Runoff Plot Research," L. D. Meyer, Soil

Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc, Vol. 2k, No. k,

PP. 319-322, (July-Aug. I960).

"Current Concepts and Developments in Rain

fall Erosion Research in the United States

D. D. Smith and W. H. Wischmeier, Trans,

of the Fifth International Congress of Agr

Engin. 1958, Brussels, Belgium, VolA 1,

pp. 1+58-467, (i960).

"Cropping-Management Factor Evaluations

for a Universal Soil-Loss Equation," W. H. Wischmeier, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc,

Vol. 2k, No. k, pp. 322-326, (July-August

i960).

"Erosion from Corn After Meadow Depends on Quality of Meadow," W. H. Wischmeier,

Crops and Soils, Vol, 12, No. 6, pp. 225-

226, (March i960).

"Soil and Water Losses and Infiltration

Rates on Ida Silt Loam as Influenced by

Cropping Systems, Tillage Practices and

Rainfall Characteristics," W. C. Moldenhauer and W. H. Wischmeier, Soil Sci. Soc.

Amer. Proc, Vol. 2k, No. 5, pp. k09-k±3,

(Sept. -Oct. I960).

(3867) IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE FACILITIES.

(b) Cooperative with the following state

Agricultural Experiment Stations and other

agencies for use throughout the thirty-one

Eastern States: Alabama, Florida,

Louisiana, Minnesota, Missouri, New York,

Ohio, Virginia, and Vermont.

(c) Mr. T. W. Edminster, Chief, Eastern Soil

and Water Management Research Branch,

Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Md.

(d) Experimental and field investigations,

both basic and applied for development

and design.

(e) The purpose of these investigations is to

develop engineering techniques that will

provide maximum effective control and

management of water onto and off farm

land consistent with maximum conservation

of soil and water resources. Techniques

are developed for managing surface water

flow through land forming, surface drainage systems and soil conditioning through

crop and cultural practices that improve

internal soil drainage. Methods are studied for effectively collecting and

storing excess surface runoff for later

farm use. Tile, mole and other subsurface

drainage systems are developed and their

effectiveness determined. The hydraulics

of surface water management for irrigation

and drainage is studied. The work is

carried on in laboratory and field studies

Both meteorological and hydrological

measurements are made

(g) Work is continuing on land forming and the

development of improved surface drainage

systems, the effectiveness of field diversions, improved plastic mole drainage

techniques and the effectiveness of other

subsurface drainage systems. The hydrology and hydraulics of surface water management for drainage and of irrigation water

flow in crop row channels is receiving

increased attention.

105
(h) "Field Experiences in Measuring Hydraulic

Conductivity for Drainage Design—Soil

Core Method in Virginia," a symposium,

W. W. Donna, Phelps Walker, et al. Agr.

Engin., Vol. kO, No. 5, pp. 270-273, 280,

(May I960).

"Irrigation Systems for Grassland," T. W. Edminster, Grasslands, Amer-. Assoc. Adv.

Sci., Vol. 53, PP. 151-157, (195P).

"Land Forming—A New Water Management

Practice," Lee F. Hermsmeier and Curtis L. Larson, Minnesota Farm and. Home Sci., Vol.

17, No. 1, pp. 8-9, (Oct. 1959).

"Land Forming for Drainage," I. L. Saveson,

Agr. Engin., Vol. kO, No. k, pp. 208-209,

213, (April 1959).

"Land Forming—An Accepted Drainage

Practice," Phelps Walker and J. H. Lillard,

Agr. Engin., Vol. kl, No. 1, pp. 2*4-27,

(Jan. I960).

U. S. SALINITY LABORATORY.

(3868) A STUDY OF THE MECHANISMS AND MATHEMATICS

OF WATER MOVEMENT IN UNSATURATED SOIL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. W. R. Gardner, U. S. Salinity Laboratory, P. 0. Box 672, Riverside, Calif.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) Experimental techniques are being devised

to measure the water-transmitting properties of unsaturated soils as a function of

other soil properties. Methods are being

devised to obtain solutions of various un- saturated-flow problems.

(g) Several methods have been devised for

measuring the capillary conductivity of

soils, including a method for in situ

measurements in the field in the tensiometer range. Solutions have been obtained

for the movement of water to a plant root

and for the drainage of a vertical soil

column.

(h) "Diffusivity of Soil Water During Sorption

as Affected by Temperature," W. R. Gardner,

Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 23: hOG-kOT

,

1959.

"The Effect of an Electrolyte Concentration

and Exchangeable Sodium on the Diffusivity

of Water in Soil," W. R. Gardner, M. S. Mayhugh, J. 0. Goertzen, and C. A. Bower.

Soil Sci. 88: 270-27*4-, 1959-

"Measurement of Capillary Conductivity and

Diffusivity with a Tensiometer, " by W. R. Gardner. Trans. VII Cong. Internatl. Soil

Sci. Soc. (in press).

WATERSHED TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH BRANCH.

(150) HYDR0L0GIC RESEARCH ON AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS.

(b) Cooperative with State Agricultural Exp.

Stations, Soil Conservation Service,

U. S. Bureau of Reclamation, University of

Iowa, University of Mississippi, Central

and Southern Florida Flood Control District,

and the Wisconsin Valley Improvement Co.

(c) Mr. H. N. Holtan, Watershed Technology

106

Research Branch, Plant Industry Station,

Beltsville, Maryland.

(d) Experimental; field and laboratory; for

planning and design- of watershed protection

and flood prevention projects, upstream

structures, and farm water disposal systems,

(e) The purpose of the studies is to develop an understanding of the hydrologic processes

of procedures for predicting flood runoff

and water yield from agricultural watersheds. Research is carried out on watersheds ranging in size from 1 to 75,000 acres, including measurements of rainfall, runoff,

evapotranspiration, moisture storage and

the accretion, and movement of groundwater.

Hydrologic records are being obtained on 199 watersheds in 21 state, as follows:

Safford and Tombstone, Arizona; Ft. Lauderdale and Vero Beach, Florida; Watkinsville

,

Georgia; Monticello, Illinois; Iowa City,

Iowa; College Park and Hagerstown, Md.;

East Lansing, Michigan; Oxford, Mississippi;

McCredie, Missouri; Hastings, Nebraska;

High Point, N. Carolina; Newell, S. Dakota;

Albuquerque and Santa Rosa, N. Mex.:

Cohocton and Dutchess County, New York;

Coshocton, Ohio; Stillwater, Oklahoma;

Riesel (Waco), Texas; Blacksburg, Va.;

Moorefield, West Virginia; Colby, Fennimore

and La Crosse, Wis.: Montpelier, Vermont.

Other studies include analysis and interpretation of accumulated records and the

Cooperative Water Yield Procedures Study

at Lincoln, Nebraska by Soil Conservation

Service, Bureau of Reclamation and Agricultural Research Service to develop

methods for estimating the effect of watershed treatment upon yields of stream flow.

(g) Hydraulics investigations under this project include the principles of surface and

porous-media flow essential to an understanding of the hydrologic performance of

the watershed and its underlying aquifers.

(h) Monthly summaries of rainfall and runoff,

maximum volumes of flow for selected

periods of time, and detailed data for

selected runoff events are brought up-todate every few years . Interpretative

studies are reported in Departmental media

and in the journals of technical societies.

1723) THE HYDRAULICS OF CONSERVATION STRUCTURES.

See St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory

Projects Nos. Ill, 1168, 1929, 2386, and

2860. See also Illinois State Water Survey

Division Project No. 1865

(b) Cooperative with the Oklahoma and Minnesota

Agricultural Experiment Stations, with St.

Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, and

Illinois State Water Survey, Urbana, 111.

(c) Mr. L. L. Kelly, Watershed Technology Research Branch, Plant Industry Station,

Beltsville, Maryland.

(d) Experimental; applied research for development and design.

(e) Research dealing with the design, construction, and testing of structures for con- trolling and conserving soil and water are carried out under this project. Field
studies are made to determine the causes of

deterioration of drainage ditches, terrace

outlets, and hydraulic structures that have

failed in service. Laboratory experiments

in methods of preventing such deterioration

are supplemented hy field tests of those measures or devices that appear promising.

At the Stillwater, Oklahoma Outdoor Hydraulic Laboratory the hydraulics of trash

racks on drop spillways are under study,

and studies are being continued on devices

for measuring flow rates. At the St.

Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory studies were continued on the capacity and performance of the hood inlet to the closed

conduit spillway and on the hydraulic

design characteristics of anti-vortex devices for drop spillways. Cooperative

studies on drop inlets were continued with

the Illinois State Water Survey at Urbana,

Illinois.

Model tests at Minneapolis, Minn, showed

that smaller drop inlets can be used with

the non-projecting hood than with the projecting hood. Model tests were run on 62

variations of the two-sided-entry table-top

anti-vortex plate for drop inlets. Analyses

of these data are not yet completed. At

Stillwater, Oklahoma model tests of trash

racks continued using hemp rope treated

with a sulfuric acid solution to simulate

trash action usual to a reservoir. Model

tests indicated that if a top orifice plate

is used to reduce flow through the drop

inlet (a common practice where oversized

pipe is dictated by needs for structural

strength and the needs for clean-out

facility) a negative pressure may develop

inside the drop inlet. Under these con- ditions pipe flow rather than orifice flow

governs throughout. Tests showed that it

would be necessary to vent the drop inlet

to maintain orifice control.

"The SAF Stilling Basin. A Structure to

Dissipate the Destructive Energy in HighVelocity Flow from Spillways," Fred W. Blaisdell. U. S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Handbk.

156: 16 pp. (1959).

Letter to the Editor of Civil Engineering

Magazine regarding "Improved Culvert Performance Through Design and Research

Studies," by William J. Bauer, May 1959.

Fred W. Blaisdell.

"The Virginia V-Notch Weir," W. 0. Ree

and W. R. Gwinn, U. S. Dept. Agr. ARS 2+1-10: 7 PP. (1959).

"Head Loss in Quick-Coupled Aluminum Pipe

Used for Sprinkler Irrigation Systems,"

W. 0. Ree, U. S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Handbk.

ll+7: 20 pp. (1959).

"Discussion of Some Experiments with Emergency Siphon Spillways," by Warren B. McBirney. Fred W. Blaisdell and Harold W. Humphreys. Amer. Soc. Civil Engin. Proc

mk 86:103-108 (1959).

"A Closure on Eisenhower and Grass River

Lock Models," Martin E. Nelson and Harvey

J. Johnson. Amer. Soc. Civil Engin. Proc.

(HY7) 85: 3A5 (1959).

"Discussion of Pressure Changes at Open

Junctions in Conduits," by W. M. Sangster,

Horace W. Wood, Ernest T. Smerdon and

Herbert G. Bossy. Fred W. Blaisdell.

Amer. Soc. Civil Engin. Proc. (HYll) 85:

153 (1959).

"Testing Debris Guards for Pipe Spillways,"

W. R. Gwinn and W. 0. Ree. USDA Soil

Conserv. 25: 227-229 (i960).

"The Hood Inlet for Closed Conduit Spillways," Fred W. Blaisdell. Amer. Soc.

Civil Engin. Proc. (HY5) 86: 7-31 (i960).

"Report of Preliminary Tests of a Fine Mesh

Jute Channel Liner," W. 0. Ree. WTRB Research Report 331, July i960.

"Let 1 s Demonstrate Hydraulic Phenomena,

Elaine D. Foss and F. W. Blaisdell. Unnumbered ARS Pub. July i960.

(2175) SEDIMENT HYDRAULICS.

See also California Institute of Technology

(Project No. 27^8, page 2>) > Massachusetts

Institute of Technology (Project No. 3089,

page 5)> Colorado State University (Project

No. 3^02, page 16), and ARS Sedimentation

Laboratory (Project Nos. 3869, 387O, and

3871, page

(b) Cooperative with State Agricultural Experiment Stations in Mississippi, Oklahoma,

Wisconsin and New York, Soil Conservation

Service, University of Arizona, University

of Mississippi and Massachusetts Institute

of Technology.

(c) Mr. Carl R. Miller, Watershed Technology

Research Branch, Plant Industry Station,

Beltsville, Maryland.

(d) Experimental; field and laboratory development of concepts procedures, guides, and

criteria for use in planning, design, con- struction, and maintenance of programs and measures for soil and water conservation,

and the protection and development of

agricultural watersheds.

(e) Experiments, investigations, and analytical

studies to determine fundamentals and

principles of entrainment, transportation

and deposition of sediment, and the mor- phology of stream channel systems in

agricultural watersheds. The investigations include studies: channel geometry,

stream bank erosion, shear stresses exerted

by flowing water on channel periphery

materials of various textures and types,

resistance to flow as related to bed configuration, sediment transport and composition, and development of means and methods

for stream channel stabilization andccontrol.

Development of specialized instruments is an integral part of the investigations.

Investigations are carried on from headquarters at Oxford, Miss.,* Stillwater, Okla.;

East Aurora, New York; and Madison, Wis.

(g) Field data analysis and studies in Miss.

have established the existence of discontinuity in the stage discharge relationship

for certain sand-bedded streams. Discontinuity results from the interaction of sediment transport conditions, stream hydraulic

factors, and the channel resistance to flow

as related to bed configuration. This conforms with laboratory experiment findings

at the California Institute of Technology.

107
Studies in New York have resulted in development of relationships between channel

bend geometry and maximum points of shear

stress and scour for certain stream types.

Preliminary mathematical relationships

between requisite riprap size and flood

flow hydraulic parameters in stream bends

have been developed. Concurrent laboratory

studies at the Massachusetts Institute of

Technology are establishing shear stress

patterns in a bend under idealized conditions. In Oklahoma, studies indicate

erosion resistant abilities of various

type channel liners to protect newly

emergent vegetation in grassed waterways.

At Colorado State University a unique

ultra sonic device was developed for use

in laboratory and field to simultaneously measure stream bed and water surface profiles (ARS Contract),

(h) "Effects of Flood Flow on, Channel Boundaries," by D. A. Parsons, Journal of

Hydraulics Division, ASCE, Vol. 86, April

I960.

"Discontinuous Rating Curves for Pigeon

Roost and Cuffawa Creeks in Northern

Mississippi," ARS kl-36, USDA, April i960.

"Lecture Notes on Sedimentation Tranportation and Channel Stability," by Vito A. Vanoni, Norman H. Brooks, and John F. Kennedy, Publication No. KHWR-1, Sept.

I960, (Contract 2206-ARS-6l)

"Dual Channel Stream Monitor," Earl E. Gray and S. S. Karaki, Colo. State Univ.,

CER60SSKi<-6, August i960 (ARS Contract).

"Report of Preliminary Tests of a Fine

Mesh Jute Channel Liner," by W. 0. Ree,

ARS Research Report No. 331, July 29, i960.

"A Critique on Stable Channels in Cohesive

Materials and a Research Proposal," by

C. R. Miller, ARS Research Report No. 333,

August 18, i960.

"Average Scour and Fill in Sand-Bed Streams,

by Bruce R. Colby, ARS Research Report No.

336, October 25, i960.

Sedimentation Laboratory

( 3869 ) FLUVIAL MORPHOLOGY.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperative with Miss.

State University and University of Miss.

(c) Mr. Russell Woodburn, Director, Sedimentation Laboratory, Univ. of Mississippi,

Oxford, Miss.

(d) A field investigation project; applied

research.

(e) Field studies on selected natural watersheds in the Yazoo River Basin of Miss, are made to delineate the variables of

stream geometry and stream hydraulics in

terms of sediment discharge characteristics. These watersheds vary in area from

115 acres to 75,000 acres. Acquired data

are studied for adherence to existing

regime equations, tractive force concepts,

and bed load formulae and to develop new

or improved relationships. Development of

methods to determine total sediment discharge .are an integral part of the investigations. Measurement of channel scour and

fill and the forces affecting these bed

elevation changes are also being studied.

(g) Studies have established the existence of

a discontinuity in the stage-discharge

relation at several locations in the project area. Changes in channel efficiency,

occasioned by changes in bed configuration,

have allowed water discharges to vary more than 100$ for given water stages. Variations in Manning's roughness factor from

.035 to .015 during the course of a storm

have occurred and for a given water discharge on separate occasions the "n" value

has been known to double. Froude numbers

for flood over plane beds or antidunes in

the field are less than Froude numbers

computed from comparable flows in laboratory

flumes; this difference in Froude numbers

is believed to be partly a function of

depth.

(h) "Average Scour and Fill in Sand Bed Streams,"

by Bruce R. Colby, WTRB, SWCRD, ARS Research

Report No. 336, October 25, i960.

"Discontinuous Rating Curves for Pigeon

Roost and Cuffawa Creeks in Northern Miss.,"

by Bruce R. Colby, ARS kl-36, USDA, April

I960.

(38TO) AGGRADATION AND DEGRADATION AS RELATED TO

CHANNEL STRUCTURES.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with Miss.

State Univ. and the Univ. of Mississippi.

(c) Mr. Russell Woodburn, Director, Sedimentation Laboratory, University of Miss.,

Oxford, Mississippi.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) It is necessary for proper planning and

design of agricultural watershed conservation

work to have a knowledge of the extent of

aggradation or degradation that is likely

to occur with placement of structures in

alluvial channels. Studies of 17 structures

in three separate watersheds of north Miss,

are underway to develop procedures and

criteria useful in predicting channel adjustments with structural installations and

accompanying changes in sediment transport

and flow pattern,

(g) The degree of channel cutting and channel

erosion rates have been determined for one reservoir on East Goose Creek, Lafayette

County, Miss., for the 5 -year period, 1953-

1958, and for six structures on Little Rock

Creek, Carroll County, for the 3-year period,

1956-1959.

(3871) LABORATORY STUDIES OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with Miss.

State Univ. and the Univ. of Mississippi.

(c) Mr. Russell Woodburn, Director, Sedimentation Laboratory, Univ. of Mississippi,

Oxford, Miss.

d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

e) To more fully explain by laboratory flume

experiments the relationships between

stream hydraulics and sediment transport

which generally occur in natural channels.

Work includes the testing and development

of sediment transport equations and the

108
determination of the relation between "unmeasured" and total bed material discharge.

An additional objective is the determination of changes in bed configuration

with changing flow and the effect upon

flow resistance and the transport of sands.

WESTERN SOIL AND WATER MANAGEMENT RESEARCH BRANCH

(151) LINING OF IRRIGATION CANALS AND RESERVOIRS.

(c)

(d)

(e)

(g)

Laboratory project, Agricultural Research

Service, Utah State University, and Bureau

of Reclamation cooperating.

Dr. C. W. Lauritzen, Soil Scientist,

Agricultural Research Service, Utah State

University, 101 Engineering Building,

Logan, Utah.

Experimental; basic and applied research.

Linings for irrigation canals and reservoirs

are being tested to develop more effective

and lower cost methods of reducing seepage

losses in irrigation systems. The investigation includes: (l) Evaluation of physical

properties of lining materials; (2) model

testing of linings in an outdoor laboratory; and (3) field testing at selected

sites to determine relative durability

under varying subgrade and climatic con- ditions.

Development work on our asphalt-coated jute

liner continued. Some changes were made in

the asphalt coating, and a 12-ounce burlap

was substituted for the 15-ounce sacking.

This resulted in a liner that was more uniformly coated and the coating less subject

to cracking on flexing at sharp angles. To

provide a built-in protective coating,

slate granules were imbedded in the top of

the liner. Test installations of last

year were extended to include a section of

the improved material. It appears now

that the material is reasonably satisfactory,

and although development work is continuing,

it has been released for test marketing in

the Denver, Colorado, area. "Asphalt-Coated Jute Liner Developed for

Canals and Reservoirs," C. W. Lauritzen,

Farm and Home Science, 2k:l, 12-13, 28-29,

March i960.

"Linings for Irrigation Canals," C. W. Lauritzen, Irrigation, Engineering, and

Maintenance, ° : 13, 10-11, December 1959*

first part, 10:1, 12-13, January i960,

second part.

(2177) WATER REQUIREMENTS IN IRRIGATED AREAS.

(b) Field project in cooperation with State

and Federal agencies.

(c) Mr. Harry F. Blaney, Irrigation Engineer,

Agricultural Research Service, 1131 Bartlett

Building, 215 West 7th St., Los Angeles Ik,

Calif., or Dr. Howard R. Haise, Investigations Leader, Irrigation Practices and

Requirements, ARS, P. 0. Box 758, Fort

Collins, Colorado.

(d) Field experiments and office analysis.

(e) (l) To determine the consumptive use of

water by agricultural crops, native vegetation, and water requirements for irrigated

(h)

crops; (2) to compile and prepare for publication available data relating to irrigation requirements and consumptive use as determined by field experiments; and (3) to

estimate water requirements from climatological and other data.

(g) Monthly coefficients (k) have been developed

for irrigated crops and phreatophytes in

the Blaney-Criddle formula, u = kf = con- sumptive use, where "k" is a monthly

coefficient based on experimental measurements, and "f" is a factor determined

from mean monthly temperatures and percent

of daytime hours. Reports are being prepared on "Determining Consumptive Use and

Irrigation Requirements," and "Monthly

Consumptive Use by Irrigated Crops in

Western United States."

(h) "Determining Irrigation Requirements from

Consumptive Use Water Rates," Harry F. Blaney, Trans. Vth International Congress

of Agricultural Engineering, 1: 292-30^,

Brussels, i960.

"Relationship of Pan Evaporation to Evapotranspiration by Phreatophytes and Hydrophytes," Harry F. Blaney, Symposium on Phreatophytes, May 1958.

"Progress Report on Water-Consuming Areas

Along the Santa Ynez River Channel, Santa

Barbara County, California," Harry F. Blaney, Paul Nixon, et al, Soil and Water

Conservation Research Division, USDA,1960.

(2179) EVAPORATION AND CONSUMPTIVE USE OF WATER

INVESTIGATIONS IN THE SAN FRANCISCO BAY

AND ADJACENT AREA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Div.

of Water Resources, State of California;

and the Corps of Engineers, San Francisco

Bay District, U. S. Army.

Mr. Dean C. Muckel, Irrigation Engineer,

P. 0. Box 180, Berkeley, California.

Field investigation.

To determine rates of evaporation from

fresh water surfaces, the consumptive use

of fresh water by marshland vegetation

(tules and cattails), and the consumptive

use of water by salt grass at varying

depths to water table in the San Francisco

Bay and adjacent areas,

f) Completed.

h) "Estimated Evaporation and Evapotranspiration Losses under Various Proposed

Barrier Plans of the San Francisco Bay

System, California," Dean C. Muckel,

December 1959, final report (distribution

restricted)

(c)

(a)

(e)

(2180) EVAPORATION LOSSES FROM RESERVOIRS AND

LAKES.

(b) Field project of Western Soil and Water

Management and Research Branch, ARS-SWC,

USDA, in cooperation with State of Calif.,

Counties and other agencies.

(c) Mr. Harry F. Blaney, Irrigation Engineer,

Agricultural Research Service, 1131

Bartlett Bldg., 215 West 7th St., Los

Angeles lk-, Calif.

(e) Experimental; compilation and analysis

109
of data.

(e) To determine evaporation losses from reser- voirs and lakes and develop empirical formulas from climatological data for computing

monthly evaporation. Cooperative field

measurements are being made of pan evaporation on 15 stations ranging from 2h0 feet

below sea level at Salton Sea to 919^ foot

elevation at Kaiser Pass in the SierraNevada Mountains.

(g) Results of monthly pan evaporation, temperature, humidity, wind movement and precipitation measurements have been compiled and

published in California State Bulletin No.

and Bulletin No. 73, "Evaporation

from Water Surfaces in California," by

Harry F. Blaney and Dean C. Muckel. A

Progress Report on "Evaporation at High

Elevations in San Joaquin River Basin

California," at six stations has been prepared by Leonard L. Longacre and Harry F. Blaney for period 19^6-1959 • Regression

equations for computing monthly evaporation

at elevations ranging from ^00 to 9200 feet

have been developed from pan evaporation and

climatological data.

(h) "Evaporation from Free Surfaces at High

Altitudes," Harry F. Blaney, Bulletin No.

17, Association Internationale d'Hydrologic

Scientifique, Louvain, Belgium, March i960.

(2l8l) STORAGE OF WATER UNDERGROUND FOR IRRIGATION

IN CALIFORNIA.

b) Laboratory and field project.

c) Mr. Leonard Schiff, Hydraulic Engineer,

ARS, kdl6 East Shields Ave., Fresno 3, Calif.

(d) Experimental; laboratory and field investigations, applied research.

(e) To efficiently store and use underground

water in quantity and of a quality needed

in various locations. The objectives are:

(l) To determine the physical and chemical

characteristics of surface soil and substrata on selected sites and to relate

these characteristics to infiltration and

percolation rates and to lateral flow; (2)

to determine the feasibility of recharge

irrigation (deep percolation by sufficient

irrigation of crops) as a means of storing

water underground; (3) to determine the

effect of recharge on the quality of water

reaching the groundwater table under

selected site conditions and on the quality

of the ground water; and (k) to prepare a recharge guide which permits the evaluation

of a site for recharge, suggests methods

and systems of recharge to be used and

indicates the quality of ground water that

may be expected as a result of recharge.

(2279) LABORATORY AND FIELD STUDY OF THE VORTEX

TUBE SAND TRAP.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept.

of Agriculture and Colo. Agricultural

Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. A. R. Robinson, Agricultural Engineer,

Hydraulics Laboratory, Colo. State Univ.,

Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The study is being made to develop generalized criteria for the design of the

vortex tube sand trap. The sand trap will

be used in irrigation and power canals for

removal of bed load material.

f) Completed.

g) Tests indicate that with the proper design,

the vortex tube sand trap is very effective

in the removal of bed load material for

sizes greater than 0.3 mm. The efficiency

of trapping varies with the velocity of

flow across the tube and the size of

material. High efficiencies can be maintained even though the amount of flow re- moved by the tube is reduced from 15 to 5 percent. Tubes of different shapes seem

to operate equally well. However, the

cross-sectional area and length of tube seem to be critical points of design.

(h) "Vortex Tube Sand Trap," A. R. Robinson,

Proceedings ASCE, Journal of the Irrigation

and Drainage Division, November i960.

(2650) EFFECT OF WATER TABLE DEPTH ON IRRIGATION

REQUIREMENTS AND YIELD OF LAHONTAN ALFALFA.

(b) U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural

Research Service, Soil and Water Conservation Research Division.

(c) Mr. Rhys Tovey, Agricultural Engineer,

ARS, Box 9186 University Station, Reno,Nev.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To determine surface-irrigation requirements of Lahontan alfalfa grown on three

soil textures with constant water tables

at various depths, and on well-drained

soil in the absence of a water table; to

determine the effect of plant growth stage on the rate of water use by Lahontan alfalfa; to determine the relation between

the use of water by alfalfa under various

water table conditions, evaporation from

porous atmometer bulbs, and evaporation

from a Weather Bureau evaporation pan; and

to evaluate the effects of a fluctuating

water table on the yield and growth rate

of alfalfa.

(g) The seasonal values indicate that: (l) The

consumptive use and yield of alfalfa for

the non-irrigated treatments decreased as the depth to water table increased; (2) the

non-irrigated lysimeters show a lower con- sumptive use and yield than the irrigated

lysimeters in most instances; (3) the consumptive use and yield of the drained irrigated treatments are comparable to the

values measured for the eight-foot water

table, non-irrigated treatment; and (k) the

differences due to water table depth are

less for the irrigated than for the non- irrigated treatments

(h) "Equipment for Controlled Water Table Investigations," Rhys Tovey and W. C. Bianchi, submitted to the American Society

of Agricultural Engineers Journal for

publication

(2651) DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS IN THE NORTH SHORE

AREA OF CARSON LAKE, NEVADA.

(b) U. S. Department of Agriculture, ARS, Soil

110
(c)

(a)

(e)

(g)

(h)

(2652)

(f)

(2653)

(TO

(c)

(a)

(e)

and Water Conservation Research Division.

Mr. Victor I. Myers, Agricultural Engineer,

and Mr. Anthony S. Dylla, Agricultural

Engineer, ARS, Box 9186 University Station,

Reno, Nevada.

Field and applied research.

To determine the causes for drainage

problems in the study area, to develop

equipment and techniques suited to con- ditions in the study area which will permit determining qualitative and, if possihle quantitative relationships between

causes for drainage problems in the study

area and in other similar areas; to develop physically and economically feasible

methods of correcting or alleviating

problems in the study area and in other

similar areas. Canal seepage measurements are being ana- lyzed for relationship high water table

build-up. Investigative borings are being

compiled for determination of corrective

drainage measures. Hydraulic conductivity

and specific yield determinations are being

compiled for design of corrective drainage

measures. Plastic lined mole drains are being studied as a possible economical

drainage problem. Well, piezometer, and

irrigation efficiency data are being com- piled for analyzing the cause for drainage

problems

"Procedures for Evaluating Drainage Project

Feasibility," Victor I. Myers, Trans, of

Fourth Congress, International Commission

on Irrigation and Drainage, Madrid, Spain,

June i960.

UTILIZATION OF AVAILABLE WATER SUPPLIES IN

THE COLORADO RIVER BASIN OF NEVADA.

Suspended.

CONSUMPTIVE USE, WATER SUPPLY AND IRRIGATION STUDIES IN SANTA BARBARA COUNTY,

CALIFORNIA.

Laboratory project in cooperation with

Santa Barbara County Water Agency, U. S. Geological Survey, California State Dept.

of Water Resources and U. S. Bureau of

Reclamation.

Mr. Paul R. Nixon, Agricultural Engineer,

USDA Agricultural Research Service, P. 0.

Box "E", 7th and Chestnut Streets, Lompoc,

California.

Basic and applied research.

Soil moisture and soil suction measurements are made in agricultural crops in

coastal and intermediate environments.

From these and other data, evapotranspiration is computed. Evapotranspiration

values are compared with observations made

at five climate stations of USWB Class A

type. Objectives include providing information of value for local water inventories

and refinement of present methods of com- puting evapotranspiration from climatological data. Some work is done to determine water application efficiencies and

amounts of deep percolation and to collect

irrigation data for development of improved

management techniques for conservation of

water.

Soil moisture measurements (made with neu- tron scattering moisture meters to depths

of 10 to 28 feet) together with measure- ments of precipitation and other climatological factors are being made to determine

how much, if any, of the rainfall in certain

ground water recharge areas penetrates beyond the root zone. The 13 sites being

studied represent various cover, soil, and

topographic condition. From the data

collected evapotranspiration rates are determined. A study is made of movement of

water in various soil to help determine net

contribution to ground water recharge by

deeply penetrating rainwater,

(g) Rather marked increase in evapotranspiration rates observed as distance increases

from k to 28 miles from the ocean. Downward translocation of moisture has been

observed to continue during the dry season following winter precipitation. This

migration of moisture in unsaturated soil

was observed in all soils studied but was most pronounced in sandy soil.

"Translocation of Moisture with Time in

Unsaturated Soil Profiles," Journal Geoph.

Res. 65: 655-661, I960.

DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OF WATER

MEASURING DEVICES.

Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept.

of Agriculture and Colo. Agricultural

Experiment Station.

Mr. A. R. Robinson, Agricultural Engineer,

Hydraulics Laboratory, Colorado State

University, Fort Collins, Colorado.

Experimental; applied research.

The purpose of this project is to develop new water measuring devices and to improve

existing ones for the measurement of irrigation water. Present phases of the

project are concerned with development of

trapezoidal measuring flumes and evaluation

of vane type flow meters and modified Hall

flow tubes.

(g) Tests have been made of trapezoidal flumes

for a variety of sizes and capacities.

The capacities range from 0.02 - 60.0 cfs.

In general, the trapezoidal shaped flumes

have been found to be superior to rectangular ones from an operational standpoint.

Vane-type meters have been studied and

their relative accuracy determined over a range of operating conditions.

(h) "Trapezoidal Flumes for Open Channel Flow

Measurement," A. R. Robinson and A. R. Chamberlain, American Society of Agricultural Engineers Transactions, 3:2, i960.

(3209) CONSUMPTIVE USE OF WATER BY CROPS IN

ARIZONA.

(b) Cooperative with the Arizona Agricultural

Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Leonard J. Erie, Irrigation Engineer,

Southwest Water Conservation Laboratory,

Box 8l6-A, Rt. No. 2, Tempe, Ariz., and

Mr. Karl Harris, Civil Engineer, ARS,

(h)

(2902)

(c)

(a)

(e)

111
Arizona Savings Building (Room ^20),

Phoenix, Arizona.

(d) Experimental; field research.

(e) The objectives of this project are to:

(l) To determine consumptive use of new

crops; (2) keep consumptive use measurements up to date as varieties and production

changes take place and; (3) develop hetter

information on peak period uses and to

ohtain soil moisture tensions at certain

stages of plant development.

(3211) THE RATE OF ADVANCE OF IRRIGATION WATER IN

FURROWS AS A FUNCTION OF MEASURABLE

PHYSICAL FACTORS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Hollis Shull, Agricultural Engineer,

Southwestern Irrigation Field Station,

P. 0. Box 1339, Brawley, California.

(d) Field investigation, applied research.

(e) The knowledge of the nature of the flow of

irrigation water in furrows is necessary

in designing new irrigation systems and in

operating existing irrigation systems.

This project is a field study of the

hydraulics of flow of irrigation water in

furrows. It includes the nature of flow

of water in furrow channels, the infiltration of water in furrows, the rate of

inflow to furrows, the furrow shape and

bottom slope, and the relationships between these factors and the rate at which

water advances down furrows.

(g) The general relationships between inflow

to a furrow and the disposition of the inflow in the furrow can be expressed in the

form of a continuity equation. The specific relationships necessary to develop a workable rate of advance equation have

not been determined. It is not possible

to determine the nature of the infiltration

of irrigation water in furrows with sufficient accuracy for prediction purposes.

The nature of the flow of water in the

furrow channel has not been determined and

the effect of furrow shape, slope and

roughness has not been determined. Present

efforts are being directed to the problem

of infiltration in furrows.

(3212) THE HYDRAULICS OF CYLINDER INFILTROMETERS

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Charles T. Bourns, Agricultural Engineer, Agricultural Research Service,

Irrigation Building (Room 215), University

of California, Davis, California.

(d) Experimental; basic research and developmental.

(e) This is a three-dimension model study of

the hydraulics of cylinder type infiltrometers to determine the flow regime of

this device, the necessity for buffer

cylinders, the effect of diameter on its

function, the effect of methods and depths

of placement on results, the effect of

location of less permeable soil strata in

relation to depth of placement of infiltrometer, and the effect of various

operational techniques on reliability of

results

(3213) DEVELOPMENT OF A DEVICE FOR FIELD MEASUREMENT OF HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY OF SOIL

STRATA.

(b) This is a cooperative project with the

Soil Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. William W. Donnan, Agricultural Engineer, P. 0. Box 629, Pomona, Calif.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The objectives of this study are to develop

a relatively simple device for use in

measuring hydraulic conductivity rates of

soil strata beneath the water table.

(g) Laboratory studies of various devices have

been completed. A field well point called

"The Pomona Well Point," which can be dupli

cated in any shop has been developed and

tested in the laboratory. The appurtenant

field equipment is being developed prior

to testing the apparatus in the field.

(h) "Well Point Device for Measuring Hydraulic

Conductivity of Sand Strata," W. W. Donnan,

Journal Irrigation and Drainage Division,

ASCE, (in press)

(3215) DETERMINATION OF THE QUANTITY AND EFFECTS

OF PLAYA LAKE SEDIMENTS RETAINED IN

MULTIPLE PURPOSE WELLS USED FOR GROUND

WATER RECHARGE AND IRRIGATION IN THE HIGH

PLAINS OF TEXAS.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperating with the

High Plains Underground Water District

No. 1, the Texas Agricultural Experiment

Station, and the Soil Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. Wayne Clyma, Agricultural Engineer,

Agricultural Research Service, Southwestern

Great Plains Field Station, Bushland, T^xas

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The primary objectives of the study are:

(l) To determine the quantity of sand,

silt and clay entering recharge wells

during the recharge operation from Playa

Lakes; (2) to determine the quantity of

sand, silt, and clay pumped from multiplepurpose wells during the pumping cycle of

a recharge operation; and (3) to determine

the changes in specific yield of study

wells resulting from retained sediments.

g) Additional data collected during i960.

h) Report in preparation.

(3216) PERFORMANCE OF SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE

INSTALLATIONS IN THE LOWER RIO GRANDE

VALLEY OF TEXAS.

(b) Cooperative with the Texas Agricultural

Experiment Station, Soil Conservation

Service and the Lower Rio Grande Valley

Soil Conservation Districts.

(c) Mr. L. R. Ussery, ARS, P. 0. Box 157,

Weslaco, Texas.

(d) Experimental; field research.

(e) The purpose of the study is to measure the

influence of drains on depths to and

fluctuation of ground water tables. Actual

field data will be related to present

design criteria and empirical drain spacing

formulas

!

112
(3217) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES OF GROUND WATER IN THE

RED RIVER VALLEY OF NORTH DAKOTA.

(b) Project cooperative with North Dakota

Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Leo C. Benz, Agricultural Engineer,

USDA-ARS-SWC, P. 0. Box 806, Grand Forks,

North Dakota.

d) Field investigation; applied research.

e) The project covers a rectangular area of

approximately 200 square miles. This area

is gridded with observation wells and piezometer batteries to evaluate artesian

conditions, water table gradients and

fluctuations, and ground water quality.

The purpose of the project is to conserve

soil and water on approximately 1|00,000 acres of salt-affected soils in the Red

River Valley of North Dakota.

(g) The data indicate that rainfall is a major

contributor to high water tables. Piezometer batteries show upward gradients

but pressures are dissipated at depths of

10 to 30 feet. Salt sources are the deep

artesian aquifers.

(h) "Jetting Equipment and Techniques used in

a Drainage and Salinity Study," R. H. Michelson, L. C. Benz, C. W. Carlson and

F. M. Sandoval. Submitted for publication

in Agricultural Engineering.

"Groundwater Investigations in a Saline

Area of the Red River Valley, North Dak.,"

L. C. Benz, R. H. Mickelson, F'. M. Sandoval

and C. W. Carlson, submitted for publication

in Journal of Geophysical Research.

(3218) SOIL EROSION AND ROUGHNESS CHARACTERISTICS

UNDER FURROW IRRIGATION.

(b) Project cooperative with the Washington

Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. S. J. Mech, Agricultural Engineer,

Agricultural Research Service, Irrigation

Experiment Station, Prosser, Washington.

(d) Field research.

(e) The influence of soil management and water

intake on erosion under furrow irrigation

is being studied. Some of the variables

being considered are cropping practices,

moisture levels and slope. The variation

of the roughness coefficient (Manning n)

is being studied.

f) Completed.

h) "Soil Erosion and its Control Under Furrow

Irrigation in the Arid West," Stephen J. Mech, USDA Agric. Information Bui. No. l8k,

pp. 1-6, August 1959.

(3550) THE EFFECT OF SPRJJIKLER PATTERN VARIATION

ON IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Claude H. Pair, Irrigation Engineer,

Agricultural Research Service, P. 0. Box

835 j Boise, Idaho.

(d) Experimental; applied research and design.

(e) To determine the effect of sprinkler

pattern on field irrigation efficiency and

to develop a method for calculation of

field irrigation efficiency for a sprinkler

system from sprinkler pattern, wind velocity,

humidity, temperature, irrigation period,

and related factors. Work is continuing

to: (l) Obtain more precise information

for the design, layout, installation, and

operation of sprinkler irrigation systems

on various soil types, slopes, and crops

under various weather conditions; and (2)

determine the effect of sprinkling upon

various soils and crops,

(h) "Sprinkler System Mechanization," Claude

H. Pair, (in press).

"Sprinkler Irrigation," Claude H. Pair,

USDA Leaflet No. ^76, July i960.

(3552) HYDRAULICS OF SURFACE IRRIGATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. James A. Bondurant, Agricultural Engineer, Agricultural Research Service, P. 0.

Box 835 j Boise, Idaho.

(d) Experimental; field investigation, basic

research.

(e) To investigate the factors that influence

the advance and recession of water in an irrigation border strip.

(3553) MECHANIZATION OF SURFACE IRRIGATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. James A. Bondurant, Agricultural Engineer, Agricultural Research Service, P. 0.

Box 835, Boise, Idaho.

(d) Experimental; design and development.

(e) To develop completely mechanized control

systems for surface irrigation.

(355*0 DEVELOPMENT OF AN ECONOMICAL FILTER SYSTEM

FOR FILTERING THE SEDIMENTS FROM PLAYA LAKE

WATER DURING RECHARGE OPERATIONS WITH

MULTIPLE PURPOSE WELLS.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperating with the

High Plains Underground Water Conservation

District No. 1, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, and the Soil Conservation

Service

(c) Mr. Wayne Clyma, Agricultural Engineer,

Agricultural Research Service, Southwestern

Great Plains Field Station, Bushland, Tex.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Development of an economical method of re- moving sediments from playa lake water,

used for ground water recharge, by the use

of flocculating agents alone or flocculating

agents in conjunction with a sand filter.

(g) Tests conducted to present indicate that

from ^3 to 93 percent of the silt and clay

sediments in lake water available for

artificial ground water recharge may be

flocculated and settled with the use of a

flocculent alone

(h) "Flocculent Used to Remove Sediments From

Playa Lake Water Used for Ground Water Recharge," W. Clyma and M. E. Jensen, Texas

Agri. Exp. Sta. Prog. Rept. 2lkk, May i960.

"Clarification of Playa Lake Wa+ er by Aerial

Application of a Flocculating Agent," W. Clyma and W. L. Broadhurst.

(3555) FEASIBILITY OF LOW-COST SUB-SURFACE PLASTIC

DRAINS FOR IRRIGATED AREAS.

i

113
(b) This is a cooperative project with the

Caterpillar Tractor Co., Union Carbide

Plastics Corp., the Soil Conservation

Service and the Agricultural Experiment

Stations

(c) Mr. William W. Donnan, Agricultural Engineer, P. 0. Box 629, Pomona, California.

(d) Field investigation, applied research.

(e) The objectives of this project are: (l) To

determine the applicability of shallow

depth drainage to specific drainage

problems; (2) to evaluate installation

problems of plastic drains; and (3) to

determine the effectiveness of this

practice in a leaching program.

(3556) FARM CONVEYANCE AND WATER APPLICATIONS.

(b) Laboratory project, Agricultural Research

Service and Utah State Univ. cooperating.

(c) Dr. C. W. Lauritzen, Soil Scientist,

Agricultural Research Service, Utah State

Univ., 101 Engineering Bldg., Logan, Utah.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) New methods and equipment for conveying

and applying irrigation water are being

developed. The hydraulic properties of

lay-flat tubing are being studied and new

materials are being evaluated to determine

their use in conveyance structures.

(g) Most lay-flat tubing is designed for low

pressures. A butyl-coated nylon tubing

developed a few years ago withstood reason- ably high pressures but elongated when

heads above about 10 feet of water were

applied. This resulted in snaking and

kinking to the point where it was not satisfactory for higher heads. During the

past year the design of this tubing has

been improved and beginning next year a tubing is expected to be on the market

which will withstand 50 feet of hydrostatic

head in the 8- inch size without any

elongation. A tubing such as this should

find many uses.

(h) "Shape Factors for Hydraulic Design of LayFlat Irrigation Tubing," Allan S. Humpherys

and C. W. Lauritzen, Journal Amer. Soc.

Agric. Eng. (in press).

(3557) THE DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES FOR INVESTIGATING THE DRAINAGE

PROBLEMS ON AN ALLUVIAL FLOOD PLAIN.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Victor I. Myers, Agricultural Engineer,

Agricultural Research Service, Box 9186

University Station, Reno, Nevada.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Techniques, procedures, and equipment are being developed to aid in the investigation

of drainage problems on an alluvial flood

plain. Soil conservation surveys are utilized as a basis for the studies. In

addition, deep stratum surveys are being

made, hydraulic conductivity measurements

taken, canal seepage measured, farm irrigation efficiencies measured, plastic tile

evaluated, and other data collected.

(g) A drainage classification system has been

established to relate soil conservation

surveys to drainage problems and problem

areas . The system is designed for use in

most areas of the United States. A map of

the Newlands Reclamation Project of Nevada

has been constructed showing locations of

canals and drains in relation to drainage

categories . An improved seepage meter has

been fabricated and tested,

(h) "The Physical and Economic Consideration

for Drainage Project Feasibility," Victor I. Myers, Lucine N. Langan, and Russell D. Lloyd, approved for publication in Agric.

Engineering.

(3558) LABORATORY MODEL STUDIES OF THE SEDIMENT

SEALING PROCESS.

(b) U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural

Research Service, Soil and Water Conservation Research Division.

(c) Mr. Myron B. Rollins, Soil Scientist,

Agricultural Research Service, Box 9186,

University Station, Reno, Nevada.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To determine factors influencing sediment

penetration and retention involved with

sealing irrigation canals or reservoirs

with seepage transported bentonite, and to

develop procedures to obtain effective

seals. Experimentation is being done with

sands placed in lucite cylinders 3 inches

in diameter and 2 feet long. Bentonite is

applied by dispersing it in the water,

percolation carries the bentonite down into

the sand provile. Numerous aspects con- cerning the chemical, physical and mineralogical properties of the bentonites,

waters, and sands will be evaluated.

(g) Preliminary investigations suggest that

effective seals can be obtained within

certain unknown limitations.

(h) "The Apparent Swelling Behavior of Some

Moderately Dispersed Bentonites," Myron B. Rollins, Merrill J. Hallam, and Victor I. Myers. To be published in Soil Science

Society of America, Proceedings.

(3559) HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SURFACE RUNOFF FLOWS FROM SIMULATED RAINFALL ON LEVEL

AND GRADED FURROW AND BORDER STRIP

IRRIGATION SYSTEMS.

(b) Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station

and Agricultural Research Service.

(c) Mr. Norris P. Swanson, Agricultural Engineer, Agricultural Research Service,

Agricultural Engineering Building, Room

201, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 3> Nebraska

(d) Field investigation; findings will be used

for design purposes.

(e) Simulated rainfall is applied to plots

several hundred feet long on selected

sites with growing crops. In the case of row crops, the application of the simulated

rainfall is such that each furrow becomes an individual watershed subject to a different rainfall intensity. Timed initial

and antecedent moisture condition storms are applied. Instrumentation provides for

measurement of furrow runoff flows and

Ilk
depth of flow by stations. Furrow stream

velocities are measured by salt injection.

Cross sections of representative furrows

are recorded by stations prior to each

storm and after the last. Erosion measurements are obtained and soil particle size

distributions obtained.

(g) Furrow cross sections change significantly

with storm runoff and enlarge at downstream

stations. Furrow runoff stream velocities

tend to be constant along the length of a furrow with a given storm intensity.

(h) "Proceedings of the ARS-SCS Workshop on Hydraulics of Surface Irrigation, " ARS

Ul-43, September i960.

(3560) EVAPOTRANSPIRATION OF HUMBOLDT MEADOW

VEGETATION AS MEASURED WITH LYSIMETERS .'

(b) U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural

Research Service, Soil and Water Conservation Research Division.

(c) Mr. Rhys Tovey, Agricultural Engineer,

Agricultural Research Service, Box 9186

University Station, Reno, Nevada.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Objectives: (l) To measure the evapotranspiration of native meadow vegetation with

lysimeters under controlled water table

conditions. (2) To relate measured climatic

factors to evapotranspiration rates. Nine

plastic lysimeters have been installed on

the flood plains of the Humboldt River

near Winnemucca, Nevada. Stands of native

meadow vegetation are being established in

the lysimeters. A complete Class "A" weather station has been set up at the

experimental site. Other instrumentation

to measure radiation, soil temperatures,

water table fluctuation, etc . , will be

installed.

(3872) DYNAMIC SIMILARITY IN PIPE ELBOW FLOW METERS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Lloyd E. Myers, Director, Southwest

Water Conservation Laboratory, Route 2,

Box 8l6-A, Tempe, Arizona.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The objective of the study is the development of means for obtaining dynamic similarity in pipe elbow flow meters to permit

the use of standard rating curves. Magnitudes of errors caused by various flow

disturbing elements in pipe systems will

be determined and various methods for re- ducing or eliminating these disturbances

will be tested.

(3873) GROUND COVERS AND OTHER STRUCTURES FOR

COLLECTING AND STORING PRECIPITATION.

(b) Field and laboratory project, Agricultural

Research Service and Utah State University

cooperating.

(c) Dr. C. W. Lauritzen, Soil Scientist,

Agricultural Research Service, Utah State

University, 101 Engineering Building, Logan,

Utah.

(d) Experimental and applied research.

(e) There are areas in many regions where water

for livestock and even culinary uses is scarce or nonexistent, yet considerable

water in the form of precipitation falls

each year. As an example, the precipitation

on one acre of land in an 8- inch rainfall

area amounts to 217,2^8 gallons. This is

enough to supply water to more than 200

head of cattle for 100 days. This study

includes the development and testing of

materials for ground covers and storage

facilities to be used for the collection and

storage of water in low rainfall areas together with the design and operation of

these facilities.

(g) During the past several years work has been

done on the development and testing of

materials which would be suitable for low

cost ground covers and storage facilities.

Among these have been asphalt membranes,

including prefabricated asphalt structures,

plastic film and butyl sheeting. Of these,

butyl sheeting and an asphalt-coated jute

structure look most promising for ground

covers. Any of the common water storage

facilities can be used, such as lined

reservoirs and tanks, provided they are watertight and preferably closed to prevent

evaporation. A collapsible butyl-coated

nylon bag has been developed which looks

promising for low cost storage.

(h) "Ground Covers for Collecting Precipitation,"

C. W. Lauritzen, Farm and Home Science,

21:3, 66, 67, 87, September i960.

(3874) INFLUENCE OF COLORADO RIVER WATER UPON

IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE IN SAN JACINTO BASIN.

(b) This is a cooperative project with the Soil

Conservation Service and the Eastern

Municipal Water District, Riverside County,

California.

(c) Mr. V. S. Aronovici, Soil Scientist, Agricultural Research Service, P. 0. Box 629,

Pomona, California.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The purpose of this project is to observe

the accumulation of salts, if any, within

the profiles of soils irrigated with

Colorado River water.

(3875) A STUDY OF THE INTERNAL MOISTURE STRESS

WITHIN PLANTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. L. N. Namken, Soil Scientist, USDA,

ARS, SWC, P. 0. Box 157, Weslaco, Texas.

(d) Experimental; developmenb investigation.

(e) This study provides information on the

possible use of the relative turgidity and

plant stem resistance methods as simple

tools for use in soil-water-plant relationship studies and predicting when to irrigate.

(g) The two methods of measuring internal

moisture stress of cotton plants under investigation, plant stem resistance and

relative turgidity, show promise for practical application as tools for better understanding water relations in plants as well

as for predicting when to irrigate. Highly

significant correlations were obtained

among plant stem resistance relative

115
turgidity and soil moisture tension. However, the sensitivity or reliability of

the methods cannot he fully determined un- til more detailed studies are conducted on

the effect climatic variations at sampling

time have on the measurements,

(h) "Field Studies of Internal Moisture Relations of the Corn Plant/' L. N. Namken

and E. R. Lemon, Agronomy Journal, (in

press)

"Measurement of Plant Moisture Stress,"

L. N. Namken, Progress in Soil and Water

Conservation Research, a quarterly report,

SWCRD-ARS-USDA, (in press).

(3876) SOIL-WATER-PLANT RELATIONSHIPS OF COTTON

AS AFFECTED BY SOIL MOISTURE REGIME.

h) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. L. N. Namken, Soil Scientist, USDA,

ARS, SWC, P. 0. Box 157, Weslaco, Texas.

(d) Field investigation; applied.

(e) This study provides information on the

rate, amount, and pattern of soil moisture

depletion by cotton as affected "by the

stage of plant growth, the amount of available moisture in the profile and the soil

type. Various methods of soil moisture

measurement are being compared (Neutron

scattering, gravimetric and tensiometric

methods )

(g) There was a characteristic parabolic re- lationship between the rate of soil

moisture depletion by cotton and stage of

plant growth, reaching its peak during the

early blooming stage and continuing at

this peak rate during the next 5-6 weeks,

the period of boll development, considered

to be the critical period in the development of the cottom plant insofar as its

demand for moisture is concerned. Following this period there was a gradual decline

in the rate of moisture depletion as the

plant matured. High moisture conditions

delayed maturity and extended the period of

peak moisture depletion.

Good agreement was found between soil

moisture values obtained gavimetrically

and those obtained by means of the neutron

probe, at all soil depths under consideratam.

(h) "An Economical "Go Cart" for a Neutron

Probe and Scaler," M. Amemiya and L. N. Namken, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc, (in

press)

(3877) SOIL MOISTURE REQUIREMENTS FOR COTTON.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. P. Earl Ross, Agricultural Engineer,

USDA, ARS, SWC, P. 0. Box 157, Weslaco,

Texas.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) A study to determine the most effective

use of a variable and limited supply of

irrigation water for cotton production.

(g) It has been found that soil moisture may

be reduced to 10 percent field capacity

in the upper 2 feet with no significant

reduction in yield of cotton.

(3878) EFFECT OF WINTER OATS AND PERENNIAL

RHODESGRASS ON SUBSEQUENT REMOVAL AND

UTILIZATION OF SOIL MOISTURE BY COTTON.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. P. Earl Ross, Agricultural Engineer,

USDA, ARS, SWC, P. 0. Box 157, Weslaco,

Texas

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) A study of the effect of different soil

physical conditions on soil moisture use and requirement by cotton and the effects

of the grass crops on cotton production.

(3879) CHARACTERIZATION OF THE "HOT SPOT" PROBLEM

IN THE LOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEY OF TEXAS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. L. Roy Ussery, Agricultural Engineer,

USDA, ARS, SWC, P. 0. Box 157, Weslaco,

Texas

(d) Experimental and field investigation;

applied research.

(e) Purpose of this study is to define the causes of salt accumulation in soil profiles in the nonirrigated area of the

Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. Investigations include studies of ground sur- face and water-table topography, physical

and chemical characteristics of soil profiles, soil management practices and

climatic conditions, as related to oc- currence of soil salinity.

(g) An Extensive sand formation underlies the

nonirrigated area under study and adjacent

irrigated and rangelands areas. Extreme

fluctuations of a saline water table saturating the sands occur with local rainfall

of high intensity. Pumping tests show the

sand has hydraulic conductivity of vapproximately ^00 gallons per square foot per day.

Residual salt deposits in the 6 to 12 foot

depth of the soil profile are probably of

marine origin.

(h) "Drainage and Salinity Problems in the Nonirrigated Area of the Lower Rio Grande

Valley of Texas," L. Roy Ussery. Paper

presented at Winter Meeting, ASAE, Memphis,

Term., December 5-8, i960.

(3880) THE MICRODYNAMICS OF UNSATURATED MOISTURE

FLOW.

Laboratory project.

Mr. Craig L. Wiegand, Soil Scientist

(Physics), USDA, ARS, SWC, P. 0. Box 157,

Weslaco, Texas.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) The study is being conducted to obtain information on the microdynamics of unsaturated moisture flow. Specific objectives

are aimed at (a) determining whether the

activation energy for unsaturated flow is a function of soil moisture content, (b)

obtaining evidence on the generality of

the parabolic moisture distribution with

respect to the extracting interface, and

(c) interpreting unsaturated flow in terms

of molecular level mechanisms of flow. To

this end various systems for inducing un- saturated flow are being set up and the

116
temperature dependence of the flux and the

moisture distribution resulting from flow

axe being measured.

(3881) FACTORS AFFECTING THE EVAPORATION OF FREE

WATER.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Craig L. Wiegand, Soil Scientist

(Physics), USDA, ARS, SWC, P. 0. Box 157,

Weslaco, Texas.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The experiment is being conducted to obtain

quantitative information on the rate of

evaporation of free water over a wide range

of different combinations of water surface

temperature, air temperature, and ambient

relative humidity. The experiment is being

conducted in a controlled environment

laboratory.

(g) The rate of evaporation follows the vapor

pressure of water quite closely. It is

indicated that temperature of the evaporating surface should be incorporated into

empirical equations expressing evaporation

from lakes, reservoirs, and wet soil profiles .

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Alaska Forest Research Center.

(265^) EFFECT OF LOGGING ON PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SALMON STREAMS IN SOUTHEAST

ALASKA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. A. E. Helmers, Acting Forester in

Charge, Alaska Forest Research Center, P.

0. Box "jhO, Juneau, Alaska.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) This work attacks the vital problem of

maintaining the fish-producing potential

of Southeast Alaska streams, while logging

their watersheds. Work is concentrated

on h streams lying kO miles west of

Ketchikan. Three study-streams are being

logged under Forest Service supervision

and the fourth stream is used as an un- logged control.

Study is directed toward factors which may

exert a major influence on pink and chum

salmon development and survival in a logged stream. Factors selected are: (a)

Streamflow pattern; (b) stream water

temperature and pH; (c) character of

sediment movement in streams; (d) composition of streambed riffle areas; (e) move- ment of streambed materials in riffles;

(f) shift of stream channels; and (g) occurrence of stream debris,

(g) A field laboratory for determination of

suspended sediment levels (p. p.m.) has

been constructed and now operates during

the field season at Hollis, Alaska.

Samples during summer-fall i960 expanded

investigations of (a) general suspended

sediment character of k Kasaan streams,

(b) relation of suspended sediment in

logged and unlogged streams to stream discharge levels, (c) effects of logging disturbances on suspended sediment concen- trations and on the organic /inorganic

character of the sediment.

A study of stream channel shift and debris

movement associated with logging is being

converted from a hand-mapped project to an

annual helicopter photo coverage.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Central States Forest Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. R. D. Lane, 111 Old Federal

Building, Columbus 15, Ohio.

(3561) WATERSHED PREDICTION METHODS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and field investigation; basic

and applied research.

(e) An analysis of records to determine the

relation of precipitation to runoff in

hardwood forest types in the 30-^-5 inch

rainfall belt of the Central United States.

(f) Completed.

(g) Precipitation and runoff records for three

small watersheds near Rolla, Missouri were

analyzed. The three watersheds differ in

size, shape, land use, and cover type. The

smallest covers 0.6 square mile and is open

land. The middle one had approximately 2.1

square miles of oak forest and ^4- . 3 square

miles of grain crops and pasture. The

largest contains approximately 9>3 square

miles of oak forest and k.'J square miles

of grain crops and pasture. In the seven year period 19^-8 to 1955 the annual precipitation varied widely - from l8 to 65

inches - and averaged 38 inches.

In these Ozark watersheds effective ground

water storage areas occurred in the lower

reaches - the branch bottoms - where soils were deeper and hydraulic gradients were

rather low. The smaller watersheds had

smaller water yields, probably because more water seeped to lower ground levels

For predicting annual water yields from

annual precipitation a water year com- mencing June 1 and ending May 31 gave the

best correlation. Since ample soil

moisture was not always available, total

amount of evapotranspiration increased as growing season precipitation increased.

Further analyses of the hydrographs showed

that only 22 storms were recorded in an average year. This contrasts sharply with

68 at Coshocton, Ohio and 128 at Coweeta, near Franklin, North Carolina. The period

May-July had the largest number of storms

and highest storm flows and the period

September-December the lowest number of

storms and smallest storm peak discharges.

Generally, storm peaks were higher and more

generous on small watersheds than on larger

watersheds because the frequency and magnitude of storm peaks usually vary inversely

with watershed size. In the 7-year period

studied here the smallest watershed had 96

peak flows exceeding ^0 c.s.m. (cubic feet

per second per square mile) while the

117
middle sized had 65 such peaks and the

largest only kk. The smaller watershed

had more storms In the higher peak classes

with one maximum of 2800 c.s.m. The majority of peaks occurred during the

growing season,

(h) "Annual Water Yields From Small Watersheds

in the Ozarks." Presented "by R. Z. Whipkey at a combined A.R.S., S.C.S., F.S.

workshop, New Orleans, La., Oct. i960.

(3562) RESTORING DEPLETED SLOPES, COSHOCTON HYDROLOGIC LABORATORY, OHIO.

(h) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; "basic and applied research.

(e) An evaluation of hydrologic changes that occur in a broomsedge, poverty-grass

covered watershed after it is rehabilitated

"by planting tree seedlings.

(f) Completed.

(g) Prior to the installation of a gaging

station in 1938, two-thirds of a acre watershed had a stand of grass and "brush

and the other one-third had a stand of un- even-aged hardwoods. In 1938 and 1939

three small parts of the non-forested area

were planted with "black locust and the

"balance was planted with white, red, pitch,

Scotch and Virginia pine. In late 1958

the residual hardwood stand had a total of

126 square feet of "basal area per acre, the

pine plantations had 78, and the locust

plantations had 1*4-3 • Hydrograph analyses

showed: (l) In the average year streamflow

equalled or exceeded 0.18 cubic feet per

second per square mile for 182.5 days and

was zero for 8*4- days. When precipitation

was low the stream was dry as many as 225

days a year and exceeded flows of 0.5 c.s.m. as little as 10 percent of the time.

Streamflow was continuous in 1950 when precipitation totaled lt-3'6 inches. (2) Conversion of the watershed to complete forest cover decreased the ground water depletion

time by 7 days, from 30 days in 1939-19^5

to 23 days in 1952-1957- (3) Average

annual base flow for the 11-year period

1939-^5 and 1952-57 was 8.88 inches (k/5

of the total annual flow) . It was

greatest, 5-5 inches, during the ground

water recharge period and least, O.89 in.,

during the soil moisture recharge period.

(h) The 11-year average annual stormflow

yield was 2.2 inches (l/5 of total annual

flow). It was greatest, 1.16 inches,

during the ground water recharge period and

least, 0.15 inches, during the soil

moisture recharge period. (5) Converting

the watershed to complete forest cover did

not change the proportion of baseflow and

storm water yield, but did decrease the

quantity of each. Baseflow was decreased

by k.k inches and stormflow by l.k inches.

The greatest changes in each occurred

during the period of ground water recharge

and the least during the period of maximum

evapotranspiration. (6) a 53 percent re- duction in the occurrence of stormflows

equal to or greater than 20 c.s.m. was

discovered in a comparison of stormflows

at plantation ages of 1-6 with those of

13-17 years. A reduction of 80 percent was found in the occurrence of flows with a peak equal to or greater than 60 c.s.m.

(h) "Forest Plantation Development Influences

Streamflow." Presented by L. W. Hill at

the Society of American Foresters Annual

Meeting, Washington, D. C, November i960.

(3563) SUBSOIL WATER MANAGEMENT ON NORTHERN

HARDWOOD FOREST AREAS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and field investigations;

basic and applied research.

(e) Movement of subsoil water will be studied

in various geologic and soil types to:

(l) Develop techniques for quantitatively

measuring subsurface water movement from

small plots; (2) to learn the effect of

artificial rainfall on quantity and timing

of subsurface water movement; and (3) to

develop a flow equation, including coefficients for the significant variables

affecting that flow. This information will

aid watershed technicians in making land

management decisions on areas that have

lots of subsurface stormflow.

(g) Measuring water level changes in smalldiameter, piezometric wells is a standard

technique for studying the build-up and

depletion of ground water. This technique

is used widely in ground water research

especially in studies of drainage of agricultural lands. No measurable changes in

water level can occur, however, unless an impenetrable layer occurs in some form that

will cause back pressure in the ground water

This condition was found not to exist, and

the piezometer technique was found to be un- satisfactory in our studies of subsoil water

movement through the permeable soils on the

sloping forest land in eastern Ohio.

One technique that has given encouraging

results is to isolate a block of soil and

route the subsurface flow through porous

material into collector troughs. Accumulated volumes of subsurface flow from

several depths plus increases in the volume

of soil moisture as measured by the neutron

soil moisture meter have agreed reasonably

well with the total rainfall amounts that were sprinkled on the plots.

Though workable, the technique is being re- fined to give greater portability and

economy. The ultimate aim is to find a way

to obtain accurate quantitative measurements on enough small plots that the flow

from a whole watershed during wet periods

can be predicted reliably.

INTERCEPTION OF PRECIPITATION BY THE CANOPY

AND FLOOR OF A HARDWOOD FOREST.

Laboratory project.

Experimental and field investigation; basic

and applied research,

(e) A recent, 3-month long, late summer study

in Butler County, Missouri, shows the

amount of rainfall intercepted by, retained

(3882)

0>)

(d)

118
by, evaporated from, and infiltrated

through the forest floor of a uniform,

well-stocked, 1+0-year-old stand of black

oak, post oak, and hickory. Samples of

the forest floor were carefully transferred

onto wire mesh screens inside platform

mounted trays. A U-foot long by 3-inch

wide trough-type rain gage was attached to

each side of specially constructed ^-foot

by 1-foot trays. Water caught in each

trough was collected and weighed in 5-

gallon containers. Water filtering through

the forest floor samples was collected and

weighed in other containers connected to

the main trays.

Three trays (with their contained forest

floor samples) were placed near the stem

of each of two trees and three were placed

under the edge of the crown of each of

these sample trees. Three trays were placed under a small canopy opening and

three were placed in a large opening. Each

tray was weighed daily and the water caught

by the trough rain gages was weighed after

each of the 21 storms that occurred during

the study period.

(f) Completed.

(g) The live tree canopy and the decaying,

organic forest floor were found to extract

and lose back into the atmosphere 27.

percent (2.9k inches) of the 10. o^- inches

of gross precipitation. Interception by

the tree canopy, which averaged 1^.3 percent (l.55 inches) of the gross precipitation, accounted for slightly more than

one-half the total loss. Generally it was greatest near the stems and least under

the forest openings. The additional 12.8

percent (l.39 inches) of loss was a result

of evaporation from the forest floor. It occurred in three stages. Initial evaporation during and immediately after rainstorms amounted to 6.0 percent (0.65 in.).

Approximately 3*8 percent (.hi inch) was evaporated within 5 to 10 days after

saturation. The remaining 3»0 percent

(0.33 inches) was lost during the next 10-

20 day period.

The amount of gross precipitation that was

left to percolate through the forest floor- was 72.9 percent (7-90 inches).

The weight of the forest floor averaged k

tons per acre. Its decomposed fraction

held more moisture on a volume weight

basis than did either the undecomposed

leaf litter or the mineral soil.

(h) "Interception of Precipitation by a Hardwood Forest Floor in the Missouri Ozarks,"

William T. Semago, Master of Science in

Forestry Thesis, 137 PP-; June i960.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. Reed W. Bailey, Director,

Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station,

Ogden, Utah.

(2908) METHODS OF REHABILITATING FLOOD AND SEDIMENT

SOURCE AREAS ON DAMAGED FOREST, BRUSH, AND

RELATED RANGE LANDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and field investigations;

basic and applied research.

(e) Studies to develop and evaluate methods and

techniques of controlling excessive over- land flow and erosion, and their effects on streamflow from depleted or inadequately

protected sloping forest, brush, .and re- lated range lands

(g) The effects of two moderate intensity summer rainstorms in eroding soil from ten l/50- acre plots on the Gallatin elk range were analyzed in relation to ground cover and

soil bulk density. Each of these storms

produced about 0.5 inches of rainfall and

had a maximum 5-minute intensity of 1.5

inches per hour. The least amount of soil

eroded—21 pounds per acre per storm—was from sites having a ground cover of 100% in

combination with a soil bulk density of

0.70. Very little more soil was eroded

where the ground cover density was only 70

percent. As ground cover density decreased

below 70 percent, the amount of soil eroded

increased at a rapidly accelerated rate.

Thus, a ground cover density of 70 percent

is one requisite for preventing accelerated

erosion on heavily trampled south-facing

range sites.

As soil bulk density increased above 0.70,

the amount of soil eroded increased irrespective of ground cover density. These

increases were lowest on sites with a com- plete ground cover, but increased greatly

as ground cover became less. There appears

to be no range of soil bulk density values,

similar to the range of 70 to 100 percent

ground cover, over which essentially equal

control of soil erosion is provided. Of

the range sites studied, those having

ground cover densities of less than 70 percent were usually associated with soil bulk

densities greater than 1.00. Conversely,

sites supporting ground cover densities of

70 percent or more are usually associated

with soil bulk densities of 1.00 or less.

The most effective degree of erosion control

to be expected on these sites appears to be

provided by ground cover densities of 70

percent or more in combination with soil

bulk densities of 1.00 or less. Under these

conditions, no more than 50 pounds of eroded

soil per acre should be expected from storms

described above. In about S>k percent of

cases, these range plant cover and soil

conditions are expected to produce no more than 100 pounds per acre of eroded soil per

storm.

The long-term effects of restoration of

plant cover on flood-source areas by seeding,

contour trenching, and exclusion of grazing

were analyzed. Twenty-two years of records

(1937-58) provide a basis for comparing

streamflow from two adjacent watersheds of

contrasting use history in northern Utah.

Centerville watershed has no history of

119
plant cover depletion or floods. The

adjacent Parrish "watershed, severely

damaged by overgrazing and burning, produced four disastrous mud-rock floods in

1930. A time-trend analysis of discharges

of Parrish Creek compared with those of

Centerville Creek, shows that Parrish Creek

streamflow decreased 2-70 inches over the

22-year period for an annual decrease of

0. 12 inch. Similar time-trend analyses

for the first and last 11-year period show

that 83 percent of the total decrease in

streamflow occurred in the first 11 years

(1937-19^-7) and that no significant decrease

has occurred during the last 11 years. The

largest decreases in streamflow in Parrish

Creek by months occurred in March, April,

and May, the period when demands for water

are not so great. The trend of decreased

annual discharge from the restored Parrish

Creek watershed has been accompanied by a delay in the date of maximum daily discharge. During the early period of record,

Parrish Creek tended to reach its maximum

daily discharge about 3 days earlier than

Centerville Creek. In the later years the

maximum discharges have occurred about 3

days later than Centerville Creek.

A major effect that resulted from rehabilitation of Parrish watershed is the virtual

elimination of sedimentation. In 1930, the

four mud-rock floods from the damaged

Parrish watershed produced sediment amounting to 153 acre feet per square mile. Rehabilitation has so effectively reduced

sedimentation that streamflow from Parrish

Creek is now diverted directly into water

systems

(h) "Low Flow Discharges and Plant Cover Relations on Two Mountain Watersheds in Utah,

Reed W. Bailey and Otis L. Copeland, Jr.,

1. A.S.H. No. 51, pp. 267-278, I960.

"Watershed Restoration," Otis L. Copeland.

Jour, of Soil and Water Cons. 15 (3): 105-

120, I960.

(3883) SOIL DETACHMENT AND TRANSPORT BY SUMMER

RAINS.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Experimental and field investigations; basic

and applied research,

(e) The objective is to determine the amount

and variation of soil particle size classes

detached and transported under the impact

of summer storms on a bare plot of soil in

northern Utah,

(g) Samples of sediment eroded from the plot

during the past 11 summers were analyzed

for particle size distribution. Analysis

of the data in relation to depth, duration,

and intensity of storms is underway.

(388*0 STUDIES OF HYDR0L0GIC PROCESSES ON FOREST

LANDS IN NORTHERN IDAHO.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and field investigations;

basic and applied research.

(e) Study of factors affecting water content,

accumulation, and melting of snow on

forested lands.

f) Completed.

g) An analysis of relations between maximum

snow water content and elevation, aspect,

and forest canopy density included

variable reflecting differences in snowfall

from year to year, and six interaction

variables involving all of the possible

linear interaction combinations of differences in years, elevation, aspect, and

forest canopy density. Throughout its range

from 2,700 to 5>500 feet, elevation accounted

for an increase of 30.1 inches of water

content in the average snowfall year. The

effects of aspect varied with elevation.

The aspect having the minimum water content

was 165 degrees and that having the maximum

water content was 11 degrees (measured as azimuths from north) . Water content was affected uniformly by changes in the forest

canopy regardless of elevation, aspect, or magnitude of snowfall. An equation describing these relations was developed,

(h) "Some Terrain and Forest Effects on Maximum

Snow Accumulation in a Western White Pine

Forest," Paul E. Packer. Western Snow Conf.

Proc, pp. 63-66, i960.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Lake States Forest Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to the Director, Lake States Forest

Experiment Station, St. Paul Campus, University of

Minnesota, St. Paul 1, Minn., unless indicated

otherwise

(3885) PROBLEM ANALYSIS OF FOREST WATERSHED

PROBLEMS AND RESEARCH NEEDS IN THE LAKE

STATES

(b) Cooperative project with Forestry Dept.,

State University of Minn., E. Lansing, Mich.

(d) Field investigation and literature review

as program guide.

(e) A survey was made of the forest watershed

management conditions and needs in the

three Lake States —Michigan, Wisconsin, and

Minnesota—as a preliminary research

program guide.

(f) Completed.

(g) The survey revealed the existence of several

distinct forest watershed problem areas in

the Lake States. It outlines a general

program of research for each. One area is

concerned with the hydrology of forested

bogs in the northern forest spruce zone, another is an erosion and rehabilitation

area in southwest Wisconsin and southeastern Minnesota, and a third deals with

the problem of ground-water movement and

behavior in the sandy soils of Michigan.

The research program outlined also emphasizes

the need for fundamental research on cover

changes and management practices to determine

their effect on individual processes.

(h) "Watershed Management Research Needs in the

Forests of the Lake States," by Robert E. Dils, Michigan State University Agriculture

(

120
Experiment Station, Spec. Bui. hl6, 35 pp.,

illus., 1957-

,3886) THE CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE OF

NATURAL UPLAND FOREST HUMUS TYPES IN THE

NORTHERN LAKE STATES.

(b) A regional cooperative project with the

Dept. of Forestry, Mich. State University,

East Lansing, Mich.

(c) Dr. D. P. White, Dept. of Forestry, Michigan (3888)

State Univ., East Lansing, Mich.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied research.

(e) The various types of humus layers in (b)

Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota forests

are to be classified and checked against

the existing humus classification by Lunt (d)

and Hoover. (e)

387) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN NORTHERN

MINNESOTA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and field investigations;

basic and applied research.

(e) Tests the influence of forested bogs on streamflow and ground-water behavior. Two

major projects have been undertaken to date: (g)

(l) Studies of the effect of forest cover

conditions on individual hydrologic processes. This has included the impact of soil-cover

types on snow accumulation and melt, soil

freezing, and moisture regime. (2) Studies

of forest bog hydrology on small forested

swamp watersheds. Present instrumentation

includes a recording well and a series of 9

to 12 nonrecording wells in each of 3 swamps.

Two watersheds have been equipped with

stream-gaging stations and rain gages, and

the third swamp will be instrumented in the near future. (h)

(g) Forest cover retarded spring snowmelt,

conifers retained snow longer than hardwoods, conifers intercepted more snow than

broadleaf types, there was less water content

in the snowpack in dense than in thin stands,

strip cutting of timber increased snow

accumulation, humus type and depth affect

the kind and depth of frost penetration in

soil. There was less soil freezing under

broadleaf than conifer stands, and in spite

of soil freezing, forest soils of a sandy

nature and rather low moisture content had a considerable infiltration rate.

(h) "Occurrence and Depth of Frozen Soil," by (3889)

Roger R. Bay, Jour. Soil and Water Conserv.

13: 232-233, illus., 1958.

"Forest Type Affects Snowpack," by Roger R. (b)

Bay, Jour. Soil and Water Conserv. 13: 129-

130, illus., 1958.

"Cutting Methods Affect Snow Accumulation (d)

and Melt in Black Spruce Stands," by Roger

R. Bay, Lake States Forest Exp. Sta., Tech. (e)

Note 523, 2 pp., illus., 1958.

"An Inexpensive Soil Tube Jack," by Roger R. Bay, Soil Sci. 88: 303-30*4-, illus., 1959-

"Snow Behavior in Forests of Northern Minn,

and its Management Implications," by Sidney

Weitzman and Roger R. Bay, Lake States

Forest Experiment Station, Station Paper 69,

18 pp., illus., 1959.

"Soil Freezing Observations After Changes

in Forest Cover," by Roger R. Bay, Lake

States Forest Experiment Station, Tech.

Note 576, 2 pp., i960.

"Infiltration Rates in Frozen Soils in

Northern Minnesota,: by J. H. Stoeckeler

and Sidney Weitzman, Soil Sci. Soc. Am.

Proc. 24(2) : 137-139, i960.

SOIL MOISTURE REGIME, SNOW BEHAVIOR, AND

SOIL FREEZING IN SEVERAL COVER TYPES IN

NORTHERN WISCONSIN.

Cooperative project with Waterways Exp.

Station, Corps of Engineers, Dept. of the

Army, Vicksburg, Miss.

Field investigation; basic and applied.

The project which was initiated to get soilmoisture and soil-freezing data involved

daily observations of soil moisture content

using Colman fibreglass units in an open

and forested silt loan and on two forested

sandy soils with rather shallow permanent

water table at 2 feet and 5 feet respectively.

Snow depth and depth of soil freezing were observed in winter on four sites and soil

temperatures recorded.

Higher soil moisture content was observed

in surface layers of silt loan in open hay

land compared with hardwood timber. The

latter used more moisture. Soil freezing

was negligible most of the winter under an undisturbed snowpack of 0.5 to 1.0 foot in

both situations. Shallow water tables in

sands increased surface soil moisture very

appreciably due to capillary rise, and it

in turn improved growth rate of quaking

aspen, but not appreciable in the jack

pine, comparing 2- versus 5-foot-depth

water tables.

"Soil Moisture Regime in Some Forest and

Nonforest Sites in Northern Wisconsin," by

John L. Thames, Joseph H. Stoeckeler, and

Robert Tobiaski, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc.

19(3): 381-384, illus., 1955-

"Properties of 160 Soils of Four North

Central States," by John L. Thames and

Edmond I. Swensen, Lake States Forest Exp.

Sta., Station Paper 38; 15 PP«> illus. 1956.

"The Lake States Penetrometer for Measuring

Depth of Soil Freezing," by J. H. Stoeckeler

and John L. Thames, Soil Sci. 85: ^7-50,

illus., 1958.

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN THE DRIFT

LESS AREA OF SOUTHWESTERN WISCONSIN.

Laboratory project, with some aspects in

cooperation with Wisconsin Conservation

Department

Field investigations; basic and applied research.

Major emphasis is given to methods of con- trolling runoff and erosion, including gully

stabilization through reforestation, and

manipulation of land use and treatments.

Studies of infiltration, soil-moisture

movement and storage on loessal soils under

the impact of grazing and other uses are underway. The effect of land use and land

121
treatments on springflow is also being investigated. Two 90° V-notch weirs have

Forest Influence Problems/' "by Harold F. Scholz and J. H. Stoeckeler, Jour.

Forestry 38: 256-260, illus., 19^0.

"Trampling "by Livestock Drastically Reduces

Infiltration Rate of Soil in Oak and Pine

Woods in Southwestern Wisconsin," by J. H. Stoeckeler, Lake States Forest Exp. Sta.,

Tech. Note 556, 2 pp., illus., 1959.

"Water Temperature Reduction in Shortened

Spring Channels of Southwestern Wisconsin

Trout Streams," by J. H. Stoeckeler

and Glenn J. Voskuil, Trans. Atner. Fisheries Soc. 88: 286-288, illus., 1959-

"Moisture Storage by Leaf Litter," by

Willie R. Curtis, Lake States Forest Exp.

Sta., Tech. Note 577, 2 pp., i960.

"An Automatic Trigger Device for use in

FW-1 Water Level Recorders," by Willie R. Curtis, Jour. Forestry 58: 819-820, illus.

i960.

"Forests and Erosion in the Driftless

Area," by Richard S. Sartz, Wis. Conserv.

Bui. 25(3): 21-Qk, illus., i960.

"Soil Moisture Regime in Southwestern

Wisconsin as Affected by Aspect and Forest

Type," by J. H. Stoeckeler and Willie

Curtis, Jour. Forestry. In press.

(3890) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN LOWER MICH.

(b) Cooperative project with Fish Division,

122

Michigan Department of Conservation,

Lansing, Michigan.

Field investigation; applied research.

A major objective of this study is to determine the hydrology of ground-water re- charge and uses in deep sandy soils of the

Udell Hills area in Michigan. Installations

to date include a series of ground--water

wells in deep morainal areas and adjoining

outwash plains. After the calibration period.1 the effect of cover manipulation—especially

plantation establishment and harvesting

methods—on ground-water recharge and use will be established. A second major study

is concerned with streambank stabilization

and the sediment problem in streams flowing

through these sandy areas. Red pine plantations had the least snow accumulation on the ground and the greatest

depth of frost penetration in the soil. In spring the snowpack and soil frost persisted

longer than on the broadleaf types. Snow

disappeared faster in oak stands than in

the other forest types, and there was very

little soil frost. Soil freezing was least

in northern hardwoods. Thinned stands of

red pine accumulated more snow than dense

unthinned stands.

Soil-moisture samplings to a depth of 7 ftin dense 25-year-old red pine plantations

and 60- and 70-year natural scrub oak

stands showed red pine started to use soil

moisture earlier in spring than oak. Both

plots started at field capacity in early

April. In late June and early July, rate

of moisture depletion was more rapid in

scrub oak than pine, and by the end of July

the moisture status of both cover types was similar and continued to be similar until

the last sampling in mid-October when field

capacity of 5-78 inches was again nearly

attained. Northern hardwoods showed more total soil moisture than the conifer areas

Calculated ground-water recharge in sandy

outwash plains in the period April-October

1958 was k.l8 inches for open, wild grassland; 3«27 inches for scrub oak; and 1.51

inches for dense red pine plantations.

These were based on soil-moisture samplings

and calculation of a daily soil-moisture

budget. More research is planned in this area of investigation, with an attempt to

have the studies on a 12-month basis

A survey was made of 228 streambanks in h

separate watersheds in Lower Michigan, of

which 115 had been stabilized, usually by

rock on the lower slope, and grass and mill

chaff seedings on the upper portion, to

determine effectiveness of the man-made

stabilization efforts compared with un- treated banks where volunteer vegetation

was the only stabilizing action. The

streambank stabilization efforts are con- sidered quite successful. Serious erosion

on treated versus untreated banks was 7 versus k'J percent respectively. Waterlines

of treated banks were 93 percent stabilized

versus 28 percent on untreated banks,

(h) "Snow Accumulation Under Red Pine of Different Stand Densities in Lower Michigan," by

Robert E. Dils and John L. Arend, Lake States

been installed in springs and two modified fd)

2-foot San Dimas flumes have been installed (e) on small watersheds. Part of the study

involves computation, analysis, and publication of some older file data on lysimeters, needed as background material for

the overall aim of the project.

(g) Markedly better soil-moisture conditions were found on north as compared with south

slopes, on lower slopes as compared with

upper slope positions, and in broadleaf

stands as compared with conifers. Growth

rate of conifers was 3«5 times greater

than broadleaf species on comparable south

slopes. Livestock trampling reduced infiltration rate in the single cylinder (g)

method by 93 percent.

A 563-foot-long meandering spring channel,

mostly in an open pasture, was shortened

67 percent by rerouting the water through

a new ditch made with a small bulldozer

through a willow-shaded location to speed

flow of water and reduce water temperature

at mouth of the spring channel where it

met the trout stream. Water temperature

was reduced by 10° to 11° F by shortening

the spring channel.

A cover of litter on bare soil improved

its infiltration capacity and ability to

produce percolation water through a ij—foot

profile. A layer of gravel was outstanding

in this respect. A cover of planted trees

was better than the usual farm crops.

Layers of litter from 2 to 3 inches deep

absorbed and held most of the precipitation

in light rains under 0.5 inch, but only

about 11 percent of rainfall of over 1 in.

(h) "A Lysimeter Installation for Studying
Forest Experiment Station, Tech. Note k60,

2 pp., illus., 1956.

"Effects of Forest Cover on Soil Freezing

in Northern Lower Michigan," by W. D. Striffler, Lake States Forest Experiment

Station, Station Paper 76, 16 pp., illus.,

1959.

"Pattern of Soil Moisture Depletion Varies

Between Red Pine and Oak Stands in Mich.,"

by Dean H. Urie, Lake States Forest Exp.

Station, Tech. Note %k, 2 pp., illus.,

1959.

"Streambank Stabilization in Michigan--A

Survey," by W. D. Striffler, Lake States

Forest Experiment Station, Station Paper

8k, Ik pp., illus., I960.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Northeastern Forest Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. Ralph W. Marquis, Director,

Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 102 Motors

Avenue, Upper Darby, Pennsylvania.

(656) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, DELAWARE

LEHIGH-EXPFJQMENTAL FOREST, PENNSYLVANIA.

(b) Laboratory project; in cooperation with

the Pennsylvania Dept. of Forests and

Waters and U. S. Geological Survey.

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(966)

(e)

f) Suspended.

g) Stream-gaging was stopped December 31,

1958, after 6 years of record, and will be

started when the watershed is subjected to

a forest treatment.

(1188) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, FERNOW

EXPERIMENTAL FOREST, WEST VIRGINIA.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Field investigation; basic and applied research.

(e) Studies were started in 1951 on the Fernow

Experimental Forest, Tucker County, W. Va.,

to determine the effect of different levels

of cutting practices, different logging

methods, and different forest uses upon

water quantity and quality. Nine watersheds have been equipped with streamgaging

stations and raingages.

(g) Following six years of record taking, and

analysis for calibration, treatment of one group of five watersheds was started in

May 1957 and completed in 1958. Records

are being continued to determine treatment

effects on streamflow.

(h) "A Simple Filter for Small Streams," K. G. Reinhart, Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta.

Note I67, k pp., i960.

(2^19) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, HUBBARD

BROOK EXPERIMENTAL FOREST, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

Field investigation; basic and applied research.

A study was started in 19^-8 on the DelawareLehigh Experimental Forest, Monroe County,

Pa., to determine the water economy for a

1, 530-acre watershed covered with scrub

oak. The cover is now being converted by

planting and fire protection to conifers

and the effect on water relations will be

measured.

Suspended.

The watershed was calibrated on the basis

of the first six year ' s daily climatic and

streamflow record by relating monthly,

seasonal, and annual discharge to rainfall

and air temperature. About 300 acres have

been planted; further planting depends on results of seed-spot tests. Stream gaging

and climatic research were discontinued

December 31> 1958 until such time vegetation has changed!, sufficiently to warrant

further gaging to determine the effect of

the change on streamflow.

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, P0C0N0

EXPERIMENTAL FOREST, PENNSYLVANIA.

Laboratory project.

Field investigation; basic and applied research.

Studies have been started on the Pocono

Experimental Forest, Wayne County, Pa., to

determine effects of forest management

practices and logging operations upon the

quantity and quality of water yielded by a

small watershed. Installations have been

established to measure precipitation,

streamflow and rainfall interception.

ft!

(e)

(g)

GO

(2910)

00

(d)

(e)

(g)

Laboratory project.

F ield investigation; basic and applied research.

The objective is to determine the effect

of forest type, condition, and treatment on quantity and quality of streamflow. Studies

are conducted in plots and experimental

watersheds on the 7500-acre experimental

forest in the White Mountains at West

Thornton, New Hampshire.

Four weirs have been built and climatic

stations established.

"Prospects in the Northeast for Affecting

the Quantity and Timing of Water Yield

Through Snowpack Management," Howard W. Lull and Robert S. Pierce. Proceedings

of the Western Snow Conference, 5^-62, i960.

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, LEADING

RIDGE WATERSHED, PENNSYLVANIA.

Laboratory project, in cooperation with

the School of Forestry, Pennsylvania State

University and the Pennsylvania Dept. of

Forests and Waters.

Field investigation; basic and applied research.

A cooperative study was started in 1957 to

determine the effect of forest cover and

treatment on quantity and quality of

streamflow in the oak-hickory type in

Pennsylvania, and to study associated and

basic soil-water relationships.

Three experimental watersheds have been

selected, weirs constructed, and a climatic station established.

(3567) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, BALTIMORE

123
WATERSHEDS, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the

Baltimore Bureau of Water Supply.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied research.

(e) A cooperative study started in 1958 to determine effect of growth of loblolly and

white pine in plantations on streamflow,

and to compare streamflow from watersheds

in conifer plantations with streamflow

from a hardwood-forest watershed.

(g) Streamflow of three experimental watersheds

is being measured and a climatic station

has been established.

(h) "The Baltimore Watershed—An Example of

Good Management," Irvin C. Reigner and

Walter C. Sushko. Public Works 91: 85-88,

I960.

(3568) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, NEWARK WATERSHEDS, NEWFOUNDLAND, N. J.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the

Division of Water Supply of the City of

Newark, N. J., and Newfoundland, N. J.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied research.

(e) A cooperative study to determine the influence of selected treatments of forested

municipal watersheds on water supply.

(g) Weirs on 3 experimental watersheds were built in the fall of 1958 and stream gaging

and climatic measurements were started in

the spring of 1959-

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment

Station.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. R. W. Cowlin, Director, Pacific

Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, P.

0. Box 4059, Portland 8, Oregon.

(969) EFFECT OF LOGGING, CLEARCUTTING AND OTHER

FOREST OPERATIONS ON STREAMFLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, McKenzie

River drainage, west central Oregon.

Streamflow from three small experimental

watersheds in virgin Douglas-fir has been

measured for seven years by means of trapezoidal flume stream gages. These observations provide a pretreatment calibration

which will be carried on for three years

or more. Planned treatments will test

effect of two systems of timber cutting on water yield and erosion.

In 1959 logging roads were constructed in

one of the three watersheds to supply information on sediment yields.

Bull Run watershed in cooperation with City

of Portland Water Bureau. Pretreatment

calibration measurements now being taken on three small watersheds within the Bull Run

watershed, source of Portland's water

supply. Cover is virgin Douglas-fir.

Streamflow is being measured by trapezoidal

flumes. Results of this study will help

determine the future management policy on the watershed.

Entiat River drainage. Three small watersheds in granodiorite soils of northcentral Washington are being studied.

Streamflow is measured through 120-degree

V-notch weirs, one completed in October

1959 and the remaining two in October i960.

Coyote Creek drainage. Two small watersheds in southwestern Oregon are being

studied. Streamflow is measured through

120-degree V-notch weirs completed in

September i960.

(g) Road construction in one of the watersheds

in the H. J. Andrews forest exposed 6.2

percent of the watershed, and during the

first year following construction, roads were correlated with an increase in low

flows and in suspended sediments.

(h) "Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Expt.

Station Annual Report for 19 59-"

(2187) EFFECT OF CATTLE GRAZING ON EROSION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Starkey Experimental Forest and Range,

northeast Oregon. Study to determine the

effect of heavy, moderate and light grazing

on erosion, sediment production and runoff.

Sediment catchment basins have been con- structed in small drainages, one in each

of six pastures in which are tested three

rates of grazing and two systems of management: deferred-rotation and season-long

use. Major effect on erosion will be determined by volume of sediment accumulated

in the basins. Study now in its sixth year.

(2911) INFLUENCE OF FOREST COVER ON INTERCEPTION

OF PRECIPITATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest. A

study of interception in old-growth Douglasfir was begun in the summer of 1957« Net

precipitation is measured by moving rain

gages located at six representative sites;

measurements of gross precipitation are being made in adjoining cutover areas.

(2912) EFFECT OF LOGGING ON EROSION,

b) Laboratory project.

d) Field investigation; basic and applied research.

(e) Wenatchee River drainage, central Washington

Soils derived from three major parent

materials were sampled and are being ana- lyzed to determine their basic physical

and chemical characteristics. Parent

materials are Swauk sandstone, basalt and

granite

North-Central Washington. Soil disturbance

was measured on two logged areas to determine relative effects of logging by two

methods: yarding by tractor and Wyssen

12k
Skyline Crane.

(g) Measurable soil disturbance was found on 22.2 percent of the area logged by tractors

while only J.k percent of the area logged

by Wyssen Skyline Crane was disturbed.

(h) "Watershed Disturbance from Tractor and

Skyline Crane Logging/' by David D. Wooldridge. Jour. Forestry 58:369-372,

May I960.

(3221) EROSION FROM TRACTOR SKIDROADS

fb) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) A study in southwest Oregon to relate

erosion and runoff from tractor skidroads

in logged forests to several soil, physiographic and climatic variables. The es- sential purpose of the study is to determine under what conditions tractor

logging results in excessive erosion.

(f) Discontinued.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment

Station.

(26l) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, SOUTHERN

CALIFORNIA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. R. Keith Arnold, Director, Pacific

Southwest Forest and Range Experiment

Station, P. 0. Box 2^5, Berkeley 1, Calif.

(d) Experimental; field investigations; basic

and applied research.

(e) Purposes are (l) to determine how watersheds function; what happens to the precipitation, and how water and soil movement are influenced by conditions of vegetation, soil, geology, and topography; and

(2) to develop methods of watershed management, including treatment of areas denuded

by fire, to insure maximum yield of usable

water and satisfactory flood runoff and

soil erosion control.

Principal work center is the 17,000-acre

San Pi mas Experimental Forest situated in

the San Gabriel Mountains. A fire started

by lightning in July i960 consumed the

vegetation, mostly brush, on 90 percent of

the area and destroyed or damaged many of

the research installations. Immediately

after the fire a major emergency research

program was started to test the effectiveness of various measures used to reduce

flood runoff and erosion on the denuded

watersheds. These rehabilitation measures

include seeding grasses and mustard singly

and in combination with physical treatments such as wattling, channel barriers

and contour terraces. The tests are being

made on 37 watersheds of 3 to 30 acres

each, equipped to measure rainfall intensity, peak discharge and suspended sediment. Twenty-five have basins to measure

bedload. Studies of hydrologic processes

and tests of applied management methods to

increase water yield through vegetative

type conversion in progress before the fire

are being continued,

(g) Streamflow was increased by the clearing of

38 acres of woodland-riparian trees and

shrubs from the main channel of 875-acre

Monroe Canyon. Effects of the clearing

were determined by comparing the flow from

Monroe Canyon with that from adjacent and

comparable Volfe Canyon for years of

similar rainfall before and after treatment.

The first year after treatment, following

a very wet winter, Monroe Canyon flow was

70 acre-feet or 30 feet more than predicted had the Canyon bottom trees not

been removed. During the dry part of the

second year after treatment, following a winter of very low rainfall, streamflow

from Monroe was increased 1*4- acre-feet,

compared to 17 feet during the dry part of

the first year. Seventy percent of the

total streamflow the second year was delivered during the dry summer and fall

seasons when water shortages are greatest.

Before the clearing, Monroe Canyon had

ceased flowing during similar drought

periods

In another test, streamflow was increased

by deadening the brush on k-0 acres of side

slopes with deep soil in 100-acre Bell

Watershed No. 2. The brush was sprayed

with herbicides each spring for three

years starting in April 1958. During a l6-month period (June 1958 through Sept.

1959), the expected streamflow without

treatment would have been 3? acre-feet.

Actual streamflow was 9-lA—an increase

of nearly 6 acre-feet. Before treatment

the stream in Bell No. 2 dried up during

the summer and fall seasons, but flow has

been continuous since the first spraying.

In contrast, the stream in adjacent unsprayed

Bell Watershed No. 3, the control, was dry

for 8 of the 16 months. Soil moisture

measurements show that evapotranspiration

during the rainy season October 22, 1950

to May 10, i960 averaged 10 inches from

unsprayed brush sites, but only about G\

inches from sprayed sites.

The movement of soil, rock and organic

debris on slopes in Arroyo Seco Canyon

(Los Angeles River drainage) was greatly

increased after the brush and tree cover

was burned in October 1959- Material

caught in contour troughs on seven slopes

ranged from 2.2 to 2^.7 tons per acre during the first year after the fire.

South-facing slopes flanking geologically

rejuvenated stream channels yielded the

most material, 10 times the pre-burn rate.

Nearly 89 percent of this eroded material

came during the dry season. North re- juvenated slopes showed a post-burn rate

of i+.3 tons per acre per year, or an in- crease of about 17 times the unburned

average. Material from north non-rejuvenated sites increased 16 times and from

south non-rejuvenated sites only h-fold

after the fire. Dry-season debris move- ment exceeded wet-season movement at all

but one site. However, precipitation was below normal during the post-fire winter.

125
(h) "Vegetation Types of the San Bernardino

Mountains," by Jerome S. Horton, Pacific

Southwest Forest and Range Experiment

Station, Tech. Paper. No. kh, 29 pp.,

illus., April 19 60.

"Watershed Management in Action in the

Pacific Southwest," by Walt Hopkins and

J. D. Sinclair, Soc. Amer. Foresters Proc,

I960.

"Moisture Sampling in Wildland Soils with

a Newtron Probe," by Robert A. Merriam,

Iowa State Jour, of Science, Vol.

No. k, pp. 6kl-6k8, May 15, i960.

"Watershed Management Research in Southern

California's Brush-Covered Mountains . " by

J. D. Sinclair, Jour, of Forestry (k):

226-268, I960.

(2^15) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, NORTHERN

CALIFORNIA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. R. Keith Arnold, Director, Pacific

Southwest Forest and Range Experiment

Station, P. 0. Box 2^5, Berkeley 1, Calif.

(d) Experimental; field investigation; basic

and applied research.

(e) The aim is to develop a hydrologic base for

land management decisions. The hydrologic

effects of wildfires, of attempts at con- version of brushlands to grass, and of

logging and other land uses are to be e- valuated. Present studies emphasize development of methods of management of high

elevation snowpacks for maximum control and

yield of water.

Major work center is in Berkeley with l8

studies being conducted throughout northern

California in the headwaters of the Kings,

American, Yuba, Truckee, and Feather rivers.

At the Teakettle watersheds in the headwaters of the Kings River Basin, five small

watersheds are under calibration for e- valuation of streamflow and sedimentation.

In the Onion Creek watersheds in the headwaters of the American River Basin, five

streams are being gaged and sediment

measured. Snow accumulation and soil

moisture are being measured in logged and

unlogged forest and in brush areas, at

both Onion Creek and Castle Creek. Castle

Creek in the Yuba River Basin is being

gaged, suspended sediment measured, and

basic snow physics studies are underway.

Daily meteorological measurements are being

taken at three stations, and radiation and

snow physics at the headquarters station.

At Sagehen Creek in the Truckee River

Basin, sediment and streamflow and their

effects on fishlife are being studied in

cooperation with the Department of Zoology,

University of California. Also the effects

of conversion of brushfields to forest are being studied.

At Swain Mountain Experimental Forest in

the Feather River Basin, snow and soil

moisture are being measured where forests were cut in strips and blocks and where

logging slash was treated and untreated.

In all, snow accumulation is being measured

at 91 special snow courses, soil moisture

at some 300 points,

(g) Measurements of snow accumulation on different slopes in openings and in surrounding

forest were made at 90 sites at the Central

Sierra Snow Laboratory. Snow water in the

maximum snowpack on north slopes averaged

63.5 inches in 1958 and 5^»3 inches in

1959 compared to 28.1 and 18.9 inches

during the same years on south slopes.

The lower water content of the snowpack on south slopes (9-2 inches each year) is a clear indication of winter melt. Openings

had 2.2 to 8.k inches more snow water than

the surrounding forest at the time of maxi- mum pack, with only the south and west

slopes showing significantly less difference in the "dry year" of 1959 than in the

very "wet year" of 1958.

The size of trees (small 15-60 feet) to

large (greater than 100 feet) had little

effect upon the average snow water left in

the spring (June 1, 1958) in openings and

in adjacent forest on east and west slopes

and on level areas. Small tree sites

averaged 29.5 inches of snow water compared

to 29.0 inches for medium and large trees.

One square mile of k square mile Castle

Creek basin was selectively logged in the summer of 1958. Water yielded as streamflow was apparently increased the first

year after logging—37^- acre-feet more water was delivered than would have been

expected without the logging. This in- crease was equivalent to 1.75 inches of

yield over the entire watershed, or 7»0

inches in the logged area. Sediment production from the castle Creek watershed

also increased after logging. Computed

average long-term suspended sediment production, assuming that normal streamflow

occurred each year, was 23^ tons per sq. mi. per year before logging (1957-58).

Production increased to 1,286 tons the

first year (1958-59) after logging, then

decreased to ^55 tons per sq. mi. the

second year (1959-60) despite some re- logging in the watersheds.

Evaporation from snow and wind at 1 foot

above the snow was measured in forest

openings, varying in size from \ to 1

times as wide as the tree heights to

greater than k tree heights across. Evaporation was closely related to wind. During

a day with steady wind, evaporation was 0.015 inch and wind travel 39 miles in the

smallest openings compared to 0.030 inch

evaporation and 115 miles wind travel in

the largest openings. Evaporation for a 10-day period in March i960 averaged 0.020

inch per day in the forest openings.

Summer evapotranspiration losses during

1958 and 1959 were measured at 37 sites

representing various forest stand conditions near the Central Sierra Snow Laboratory.

Moisture losses from the top k feet of soil

varied widely with forest conditions as follows: from bare soil 2.0 inches; low

density red fir 5.2 inches; forest opening

with reproduction 5-6 inches; wind sunflower

7.6 inches; dense old growth and young red

fir, and opening with reproduction 7-6 in.;

126
and from very dense reproduction 10. h in.

Additional losses of 2.0 inches of summer precipitation occurred at each site.

Analyses have teen made of the relation of

erodibility indexes of California wildland

soils to geology vegetation, elevation and

geographic zone. Geologic rock type was by far the most important source of differences in soil erodibility. Soil differences

associated with vegetation showed grassland soils least erodible, forest-land

soils next and brushland soils most e- rodible. Although erodibility was well

indexed by these variables, still erodibility was highest in the Central Coast

zone, next erodible in the Sierra and

least erodible in the North Coast,

(h) "Managing Our Snow for a Better Water

Supply, " anonymous Pac . Sw For . and Range

Expt. Sta. and State Dept. of Water Res.,

17 pp. illus., 1959-

"Research in Management of Snowpack Watersheds for Water Yield Control," H. W. Anderson, Jour. Forestry 58(h)-. 282-28^,

I960.

"Three Years of Progress in 'Operation WetBlanket'," H. W. Anderson, Abstract Jour.

Geophys. Res. 65(5):l632, i960.

"Effects of Logging and Brush Removal in

Snow Water Runoff," H. W. Anderson and

Clark H. Gleason, Internat. Assoc. Sci.

Hydrol, Publ. No. 5, pp. V78-I+89, i960.

"Prospects for Affecting the Quantity and

Timing of Water Yield Through Snowpack

Management in California," H. W. Anderson,

28th Ann. Western Snow Conference Proc,

I960.

"Third Progress Report, 1959-1960, Cooperative Snow Management Research," H. W. Anderson, and Lucille G. Richards. Pacific

Southwest Forest and Range Experiment

Station, pp. 95-1^0, June i960.

"Proposed Program for Watershed Management

Research in the Lower Conifer Zone of

California," H. W. Anderson. Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station,

Tech. Paper No. h6, 21 pp., April i960.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. Raymond Price, Director, Rocky

Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Room

221 Forestry Building, Fort Collins, Colorado.

(377) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, FRASER

HYDR0LOGIC LABORATORY

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigations; applied research.

(e) To determine influence of lodgepole pine

and spruce-fir forests and of the management of these forests for wood products on factors associated with the yield of water,

largely from stored snow. The purpose is

to solve problems in the management of

forested watersheds of the high altitude

zone of the Rocky Mountains for maximum

yields of usable water. To determine what

part of the ablation from summer snow

fields was due to evaporation,

(g) The estimated increase in water yield from

the Fool Creek watershed due to timber

harvesting has been:

Year Acre-feet

1955 255

1957 200

1958 125

1959 186

Net gain of moisture at snow surface was measured during the first half of July

1957—a net loss during the first half of

August 1958. Diurnal trend was for con- densation during nights, evaporation in

mornings, and either evaporation or con- densation in afternoons, depending on weather conditions . Shading decreased

snowmelt during daylight hours but increased melt during the night. Poor agreement was found between measured moisture

exchange and that computed from Sverdrup '

equation.

(h) "The Eraser Experimental Forest—Its Work

and Aims," L. D. Love. Rocky Mountain

Forest and Range Experiment Station,

Station Paper 8, revised June i960, 16 pp.

"Moisture Exchange Between the Atmosphere

and Alpine Snow Surfaces Under Summer Conditions (Preliminary results)," M. Martinelli Jr . , Journal of Meteorology,

Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 227-231, April i960.

"Annual Report for 1959 , Rocky Mountain

Forest and Range Experiment Station, " U.

S. Forest Service, Fort Collins, Colo.

(657) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, TEMPE,

ARIZONA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) To study the disposition of rainfall as influenced by watershed vegetation; (2) to

determine the influence of various types

of forest and grassland vegetation as well

as vegetation modified by cultural treatment such as grazing and timber harvest,

on streamflow, water use, water loss, and

erosion and sediment yield; (3) to determine for phreatophytic vegetation

(water-loving plants) the amount of water

used, methods for reducing water use by

phreatophytes or for replacing them with

more useful plants; and for mixed conifer

and chaparral types of vegetation to

determine the hydrologic characteristics

of natural watersheds and the effect of cover modification upon water yields,

soil stability and other resource values.

At Sierra Ancha Experimental Watersheds in

central Arizona, rainfall, runoff, and

erosion are measured on three watersheds

in the pine -fir vegetation type at high

elevation, on two watersheds in the

ponderosa-chaparral type, and from four

watersheds in the grassland-chaparral type

at intermediate elevations, and on nine

small watersheds in the semidesertchaparral type at low elevations. Water

127
use by different types of plants In various

soils is studied on eleven large lysimeters.

Three watersheds have also been established

in the pure ponderosa pine type and two in

the mixed conifer type to test the effects

of logging practices upon water yield and

soil stability. Gaging stations for four

watersheds in the pure chaparral type are also available to evaluate watershed-game

interrelations. One cluster of two watersheds and another cluster of three watersheds are available for testing the effect

of manipulating chaparral cover. Supplemental studies are determining the proper

use of chemicals, fire, and mechanical

treatment for manipulating shrub in the

type.

Interception, moisture use, and factors

affecting water yield are being tested in

Utah and alligator juniper forests on the

Beaver Creek Project, south of Flagstaff,

Arizona.

Ecology of Tamarix pentandra and other

phreatophytes is under investigation. Germination, seedling survival, and rate of spread

studies were continued. A field apparatus

employing the infrared analyzer for detecting moisture has been used for detailed

measurements of evapotranspiration of

phreatophytes

(g) In the pine-fir forests on the North Fork

of Workman Creek, streamflow increased

during the first two years, after replacing

80 acres of forest vegetation with perennial

grass. During the first water year (October

1958 through September 1959), the increase

was 0.5 inches, although not statistically

significant; during the second year there

was a statistically significant increase of

2.0 inches. Comparative soil moisture determinations using the neutron scattering

method showed aspen to use more moisture

than grass or conifer from April through

September i960.

On chaparral watersheds burned by wildfire

in June 1959, number and size of peak flows

and duration of base flows were increased

by destruction of plant cover. On two watersheds prior to the fire flow extended from

November to June; thereafter to date, flows

have been continuous or nearly so. Increased

water yields have been accompanied by high

sediment yields . On three watersheds where

negligible quantities of sediment were measured during the three prefire years,

sediment yields during the period August

1959 to March i960 have ranged from 18 to 56

thousand tons per square mile.

Seed of the most aggressive phreatophyte,

five-stamen tamarisk, will germinate readily

when moistened, but seedlings require saturated soil for several weeks for survival.

Tamarisk sprouts readily from cut portions

of fresh stem, but these severed portions

dry out and die in a few hours in the sun. Severed roots do not sprout. Therefore,

rootplowing mature tamarisk stands when soil

is dry and weather warm is an effective

method of mechanical control.

In the pinyon-juniper type, stemflow of Utah

and alligator juniper amounts to about one

It]

percent of annual gross precipitation, and

increases with storm size greater than

0.25 inch. Throughfall can be predicted

with the equation: Y = .05 + .8^X1-

.21 X2

, where X^ is gross precipitation

and X2 is foliage density. The canopy camera gave a good index of foliage density j and values obtained with it were used for

X2

. Moisture differences were compared in

two feet of soil between cleared and

natural stands of juniper by travimetric

sampling on 10 pairs of plots. No difference between cleared and natural stands

has been detected over two spring-to-fall

periods

(h) "Transpirational Surges in Tamarix and

Eucalyptus as Measured with an Infrared

Gas Analyzer," John P. Decker and Janet D. Wien, Plant Physiol., 35 (3), 3^0-3^3,

I960.

"Utilization of Five-Stream Tamarisk by

Cattle," Howard L. Gary. Rocky Mt. Forest

and Range Expt. Sta., Res. Note 51, Illus.,.

I960.

"The Problem of Phraetophytes, " J. S. Horton. Symp. Hannoversch-Munden,

Internat'l Sci. Hydrol. Assoc. Pub. k-8, 1:76-83, 1959.

"Use of Root Plot in Clearing Tamarisk

Stands , " Rocky Mt . For . and Range Expt

Sta. Res. Note 50, illus., i960.

"Seed Germination and Seedling Establishment of Phreatophyte Species," F. C. Mounts

and J. M. Kraft. Rocky Mt. For. and Range

Expt. Sta., Station Paper h8, illus., i960.

(1969) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, ALBUQUERQUE,

NEW MEXICO.

(b) Cooperative study with Bureau of Land

Management and Geological Survey.

Applied research.

Evaluation of range -watershed conditions

on small watersheds in the San Luis drainage of the Rio Puerco. Three contiguous

watersheds, ranging from 338 to 555 acres located about 8 miles north of the San

Luis community and west of the Rio Puerco

main channel provide the study area. Water

and sediment inflow are measured in small

reservoirs formed by earthen dams. Precipitation rates and amounts of vegetation

changes are periodically measured over the

watersheds . Five years of data have been

collected under continued cattle grazing

during the six month overwinter period

(November 1 to May l). Soil elevation

measurements have been obtained on the three

watersheds for purposes of determining

soil losses from the alluvial soils. Rising

stage sediment samplers have been installed

on the three watersheds,

(g) Grazing use has averaged 50$ on the key

species alkali sacaton. Galleta is less

preferred by cattle and use has averaged

only kcfo on this species. Fencing of

individual watersheds in proximity to

available water in the reservoirs has had

a pronounced effect on the grazing pattern.

Remeasurement of soil elevation transect

grids one year after establishment indicates

128
an appreciable rate of aggradation on the

alluvium near the bluffs,

(h) "The Rio Puerco - Past, Present, and

Future," E. J. Dortignac, 5th Annual Water

Conference, Las Cruces, New Mexico,, i960.

"Annual Report for 1959, Rocky Mountain

Forest and Range Experiment Station, U. S. Forest Service," Fort Collins, Colo.

(2188) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, ALBUQUERQUE,

NEW MEXICO.

(b) Laboratory project.

d) Field investigation,

e) Coleman soil electrical units were installed at 3-inch depth intervals from the

1 - inch soil depth to bedrock or to a depth beyond any anticipated moisture

penetration. Recording and standard gages were used to measure precipitation. Moist

pinyon- juniper zone (17-inch annual precipitation) . A record of precipitation

and soil moisture was maintained under

three ground-cover conditions; under pinyon

trees and in a woodland opening; in grassland; and in a bared area kept free of

vegetation by chemical spraying. Dry pinyonjuniper- sagebrush zone (13-inch annual precipitation). A record of precipitation

and soil moisture was maintained under

four conditions: native sagebrush under

protection from livestock grazing; and in

crested wheatgrass under 25 percent utilization, under 75 percent utilization and

under full protection from cattle grazing.

f) Field study terminated.

g) At Pine Flat (73^0') in the Manzano

Mountains southeast of Albuquerque, 5 years

of soil moisture measurements have shown

that summer rainfall was insufficient to

replenish soil moisture throughout the 30-

inch soil profile under blue grama grass

or pinyon trees. In contrast, maximum

soil moisture conditions were recorded

with much less precipitation during the

winter-spring period. On the basis of

this study it was concluded that for similar

conditions, soil water discharge to ground

water could be expected to occur during

the spring on the average once every k or

5 years. Pine Flat represents the more moist pinyon- juniper situations.

(h) "Water Yield from Pinyon-Juniper Woodland,

36th Annual Meeting S outhwest R ocky

Mountain Division of the Association for

the Advancement of Science, Alpine, Texas,

I960.

(2^20) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, GRAND

JUNCTION, COLORADO.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To compare the amount of soil moisture

withdrawal under aspen, spruce and mixed

grass-weed type.

(f) Discontinued.

(g) Soil moisture was measured in the spring

and fall of 1955, 1957, and 1958 on Black

Mesa. The study plots were located on selected sites where the soil was deep

enough to permit gravimetric sampling to a depth of 8 feet. Water use was considered

to be the difference betwen the amount of

soil moisture in the spring and fall, adjusted for summer precipitation. Water use was significantly different among the three

vegetation types. However, because the

amount of spring soil moisture was significantly different among types, and because

spring moisture was correlated with water

use in aspen and spruce types, it was impossible to attribute water use differences solely to the type of vegetation,

(h) "Relative Water Use by Aspen, Spruce, and

Grassland in Western Colorado," H. E. Brown

and J. R. Thompson. Manuscript being prepared for publication.

(2657) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, GRAND JUNCTION,

COLORADO

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To determine the effect of range conditions

and related factors on sediment production

and runoff on three mountain grassland watersheds in western Colorado. Range condition

is being measured by means of 20 or more 3-

step transects on each watershed. Ninety

degree V-notch weirs are used to gage the

watersheds which vary in size from 86 to

272 acres. Water samples are taken several

times daily during snowmelt and periods of

storm runoff for determination of suspended

sediment; bed load is measured in the weir

ponds

(2658) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, RAPID CITY,

SOUTH DAKOTA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) To determine how heavy grazing of bluegrass

range in the Black Hills has influenced

soil structure. Involves measurement of

bulk density and pore space of soil inside

and outside livestock exclosures. Study of

basic soil-water relationships under dense

ponderosa pine in the Black Hills to determine how thinning influences amount of

water available for streamflow. Involves

measurement of precipitation under thinned

and unthinned pine, stemflow, and soil

moisture. Runoff and soil erosion on the

Deadwood Burn in relation to the re-establishment of vegetation.

(g) In a dry year thinned ponderosa pine used

more water than unthinned pine . Both stands

used virtually all precipitation during the

year. In addition the thinned stand drew

on holdover storage from the previous year.

There was no holdover storage available for

use by the unthinned stand.

(h) "Soil Porosity and Bulk Density on Grazed

and Protected Kentucky Bluegrass Range in

the Black Hills," Howard K. Orr, Journal of

Range Management, 13(2): 80-86, i960.

"Annual Report for 1959; Rocky Mountain

Forest and Range Experiment Station," U. S. Forest Service, Fort Collins, Colorado.

129
(2913) BEAVER CREEK WATERSHED PROJECT

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with

Coconino National Forest, Flagstaff, Ariz.

(d) Field investigation] "basic research.

(e) Calibration of 12 small watersheds, 6 in

ponderosa pine type, 3 in alligator juniper

type, and 3 in Utah juniper type. A newly

designed modified trapezoidal Venturi

flume is being used to measure discharge

from these steep ephemeral streams. Precipitation measurements are being taken.

(g) Rating curves for the flume based on model

tests and field measurements have been prepared for the Beaver Creek flumes. Two

rating curves have been prepared, one based on head measured above the floor of

the throat section, the other based on head in a 120-degree V-notch which can be

bolted to the end of the flume. Ratings

go up to 300 cfs for the natural flume and

200 cfs for the flume with V-notch attached.

(3222) BEAVER CREEK WATERSHED PROJECT.

("b) Laboratory project, cooperative with

Coconino National Forest, Flagstaff,

Arizona.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) Study of the disposition of precipitation

in the Utah juniper type, including

measurements of precipitation, interception,

surface runoff, and soil moisture budget

by stand density class.

(f) Discontinued.

(3223) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, FORT COLLINS,

COLORADO.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) A physical evaluation of mechanical erosion

control practices established on the Trout

Creek Watershed, Salida District, San

Isabel National Forest, Colorado. Evaluation of mechanical erosion control

practices on depleted lands in the Colo.

Front Range. The following soil associations are represented: Edloe-Stecum

association derived from granite, ChubbaLaporte (limestone), Trout Creek-ganoHeath (shale and sandstone), Buena VistaRods-Outcrop (Trachyte).

f) Completed.

g) Gullies were classified into discontinuous

and continuous systems. In these systems

critical locations were determined that

are the result of the mechanics of gullying.

Structures will be most effective if installed at these locations. To be buccessful simple check dams shall accommodate

the highest peak flow that is estimated to occur during the designed life time of the

structure

(h) "Annual Report, 1959> Rocky Mountain Forest

and Range Experiment Station," U. S. Forest

Service, Fort Collins, Colo.

"An Evaluation of Gully Control Structures

on the Pike and San Isabel National Forests

in Colorado," Burchard H. Heede, in press.

(322*0 BEAVER CREEK WATERSHED PROJECT.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with

Coconino National Forest, Flagstaff, Ariz.

d) Held investigation; basic research.

e) Rainfall interception by nine densities

of pole-size ponderosa pine.

(f) Discontinued.

(3569) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, LARAMIE,

WYOMING.

(b) Laboratory project.

d) Field investigation; applied research

e) The objectives of the study are to determine the effects of big sagebrush on total runoff from snowmelt, snow accumu- lation and storage pattern. In addition,

the study offers opportunity to determine

how natural stands of big sagebrush affect

cloudburst storm runoff and rate of sediment movement. Three high elevation sagebrush watersheds, 60 to 106 acres, in

western Wyoming provide the study area. V-notch weirs gage the runoff, and sus- pended sediment samples are taken periodically. Snowpack is sampled along permanent

transects and at random points. Summer

precipitation is sampled by a network of

recording and non-recording gages, while

winter precipitation is sampled by a single standpipe snow accumulation gage.

(g) Total runoff from these drainages in 1959

averaged 2.98 inches and suspended sediment loads ranged from 3 PP^ a"t low flows

to 139 PPm near peak flow. Average runoff

in i960 was 1.33 inches and suspended

sediment ranged from k ppm to 53 ppm.

(3570) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, ALBUQUERQUE,

NEW MEXICO.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; exploratory.

(e) Appraise snowpack conditions, including

accumulation and melt at several locations

in the Sangre de Cristo Range as a basis

for conducting future basic research in

snowpack management.

(f) Completed.

(g) Data undergoing analysis.

(3571) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, ALBUQUERQUE,

NEW MEXICO.

fb) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; exploratory.

(e) Determine for Engelmann spruce, Douglasfir, ponderosa pine, and aspen on north

and south aspects: (l) Periods of soil

moisture deficit and surplus, (2) relative

soil moisture and temperature variations

during growth and dormant season, (3) occurrence and depth of soil freezing.

Basis for fundamental research.

(3572) WATERSHED-RANGE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH,

ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO.

(b) Study in cooperation with the Bureau of

130
Land Management.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Evaluation of soil pitting (Calkins pitter)

on surface runoff, erosion and vegetation.

Surface runoff plots (20), 10' by 30', are installed on 3 slope aspects, representing

different soil conditions, in the Rio Jemez

drainage. Precipitation, runoff, sediment

and changes in vegetation are measured.

(g) Reduction in surface runoff caused 'by- pitting during the first rainy season averaged 10$ and 26$ for the south and

north exposures, respectively.

(h) "The Rio Puerco—Past, Present and Future,"

E. J. Dortignac, 5th Annual Water Conference, Las Cruces, New Mexico, i960.

(3573) WATERSHED-RANGE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH,

ALBUQUERQUE , NEW MEXICO.

(h) Cooperative study with Bureau of Land

Management

(d) Applied research.

(e) Evaluation of soil ripping (jayhawker) on

surface runoff, erosion and vegetation.

Surface runoff plots (62), 10' by 30', are installed on a north and south aspect and

upper and lower slopes representing different soil conditions in the Rio Jemez drainage. Seeding grass (alkali sacaton) and

"browse (chamiza) and protection from livestock and rabbits is also evaluated. Precipitation, runoff, sediment, and changes

in vegetation are measured.

(g) Soil ripping with the Jayhawker resulted

in about 98$ reduction in surface runoff

during the first rainy season.

(h) "The Rio Puerco--Past, Present and Future,"

by E. J. Dortignac, 5th Annual Water Conference, Las Cruces, New Mexico, i960.

(3891) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, LARAMIE,

WYOMING.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) The objectives of this study are to investigate the length, depth and configuration of big sagebrush growing at high

elevations in Wyoming and to determine

how the rooting characteristics of this

important plant are affected by site.

(3892) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, LARAMIE,

WYOMING.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Field investigation; applied research,

(e) This study will evaluate the comparative

efficiencies, in terms of water stored in

accumulated snow, of tandem h-ft slatted

snowfences erected at three different

spacing intervals on open windswept slopes

in southeast Wyoming.

(3893) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, LARAMIE,

WYOMING.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) This study will evaluate the influence of

opening size and effect of exposure on snow accumulation and disappearance from cutover

forests of lodgepole pine in the Big Horn

Mountains of Wyoming. Clearcut blocks of

5, 10, and 20 acres on several exposures

have been selected for study. Uncut

conditions on each exposure will also be

studied.

(389^) PRELIMINARY GAGING OF STREAMFL0W AND PRECIPITATION IN THE SANTA FE EXPERIMENTAL

WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

d) Field investigation; exploratory.

e) To obtain: (l) Preliminary information on streamflow characteristics for correlation

with snowpack ablation and summer rainfall;

(2) information on relative water yields

from several vegetation zones in high altitude watersheds in New Mexico; (3) information on the amount and occurrence of precipitation received in study areas; and (k)

information on the range of flows to be

expected so that suitable equipment can be

designed and installed for more permanent

stream gaging.

Portable waterstage recorders and crest

gages have been placed on selected streams

at culvert locations. Precipitation

storage gages are located on the selected

experimental watersheds in the Sangre de

Cristo range in New Mexico.

(3895) WIND TRANSPORT AND DEPOSITION OF SNOW,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigations; basic research.

(e) The purpose is: (l) To correlate snow drift

intensity with meteorological and terrain

features; (2) to measure the amount and

vertical distribution of snow carried by

the wind in an area of moderately rough

terrain; (3) to determine important

features associated with the deposition of

snow; (I4-) to determine the effect of slat

and wire fencing on the accumulation of snow in selected natural catchments in the

alpine portion of Loveland Basin, Colo,

and to test the relative effectiveness of

this type of fence at two locations in the

same general area; and (5) to test several

methods of erecting slat and wire snow

fences on exposed sites.

(3896) THE VEGETATION AND MICROCLIMATIC TREATMENTS

FOR WATERSHED REHABILITATION IN THE SOUTHERN

ROCKY MOUNTAINS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigations; applied research.

(e) Research to find the most suitable plants

for establishment on difficult and badly

eroding sites, the best methods of es- tablishing them on various sites, and the

influences of mechanical watershed re- habilitation measures on the microclimate

and other site factors in the southern

Rocky Mountains.

(g) Exploratory studies just initiated show

microclimatic changes due to mechanical

131
1

treatment in watershed rehabilitation.

Surface soil temperatures and soil moisture

regimes are affected by contour trenching.

Steepness of slope and type of equipment

used in building trenches can greatly

affect the percentages of total area in

which the microclimate is made more favorable and more unfavorable for plants

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Southeastern Forest Experiment Station.

(380) WATER RESOURCE AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT

RESEARCH.

(b) Laboratory project. For general public

use and information.

(c) Mr. J. F. Pechanec, Dir., Southeastern For.

Expt. Sta., P. 0. Box 2570, Asheville, N.C.

(d) General investigations of forest influences

in the southeastern United States, with

primary emphasis on fundamental hydrologic

research on watershed processes and related

applications in watershed management

(e) Basic research into forest hydrologic

processes from the precipitation of water

over an area until it leaves the watershed

as streamflow or evapotranspiration. Demonstrations of several cover types and land

management practices and their effect upon

water yield, quality and flow characteristics. Development of watershed management methods pertinent to the region and

cooperative trials and demonstrations of

these methods. Most of the experimentation

and hydrologic data collection is on the

5600-acre Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory

located in the zone of maximum precipitation for the eastern United States

(Nantahala Range of the Southern Appalachians ) . Eighteen individual and two

multiple watersheds are currently active

and along with an additional 13 standby

watersheds whose streamflow has been gaged

for over 25 years provide the locale for

the experimental program. Over 650 cumu- lative years of streamflow records are available for drainages ranging from k acres

to 8 square miles. One F-P analog-todigital water level recorder is in trial

installation; all ~ther weirs are serviced

by chart-trace recorders. The Laboratory

has 8 recording and 68 non-recording

(standard) rain gages, a raindrop camera

in cooperation with the Univ. of 111., 1

recording ground water well, 5 recording

hygrothermographs , 6 recording soil or water thermographs, 1 metering anemometer,

1 recording anemometer and wind vane, 1

evaporation pan and 2 recording pyrheliometers. Water samples are collected from

selected watersheds for quality analysis

on a storm period basis. Soil moisture is

measured in the field with portable neutron

scattering devices. A small laboratory

equipped for soil physical analysis and

instrument repair is on the area. Data re- duction from chart trace to punched card

is accomplished locally through an Oscar-K

chart reader. Basic related research in

plant-soil-moisture relations is emphasized

at the Union Research Center. Current soil

moisture studies include development of

field measurement techniques for moisture

investigations by the neutron method, com- parative water use requirements of cover

types, moisture recharge and depletion investigations, and depth of moisture withdrawal by representative cover types.

Secondary studies deal with hydrologic

properties of forest soils. The center

has laboratory facilities for analysis of

foliage and physical and chemical properties

of soils, a portable neutron scattering de- i vice for measuring soil moisture, k gaged

watersheds, three recording and 7 standard

raingages, one recording ground water well,

and a standard Weather Bureau weather

station.

All projects are to be carried to completion

through analysis of data, preparation of

reports and publication of technical articles. Research studies (Coweeta and Union)

include: (l) Evapotranspiration from forest

land, hydrologic effects of reducing basal j area; (2) rehabilitation treatment of ex- perimental watersheds formerly used in

studies of mountain farming, woodland

grazing and exploitive mountain logging;

(3) evapotranspiration and water yield

from different types of forest cover; (h)

study of the soil-water balance as related

to recharge, drainage and evapotranspiration;!

(5) application of hydrologic concepts to

small forested watersheds; (6) demonstrating

the application of principles of hydrology

on forested watersheds; (7) studies of

energy balance, precipitation and evapotranspiration on slopes and how modified

by cover and physiography; and (8) re- charge, drainage, storage, and depletion

of soil moisture in relation to vegetative

cover and other environmental factors,

(g) Early demonstrations of good and poor

watershed management practices and necessary rehabilitation methods have been of

great educational value to the public and

have helped document recommendations for

proper land practices on public and private

lands. Removal of vegetation from selected

watersheds by several different cutting

patterns produced increased annual water

yields in the order of 3 "to 16 inches without detectable changes in stormflow or soil stability. Currently established typeconversions from existing hardwood cover

to white pine and to grass are to demonstrate differential water use, if any, by

varying cover types. Several studies of

soil moisture storage and movement are in

progress. The annual range in moisture

storage flux for the top 7 feet of a mountain slope profile is 7 "to 12 inches

of water. Subsoil moisture content shows

promise as a predictor of nonstorm streamflow. Soil moisture accretion and depletion in well-watered terrain may be a poor measure of evapotranspiration because

of confusion with long term slow drainage.

132
Field and model studies designed to determine the dynamics of moisture storage on steep slopes suggest that much of the

"base flow in mountain streams is from soil

moisture in the zone of aeration rather

than from saturated aquifers. Computations

of solar energy theoretically available to

mountain slopes indicate that energy differences "between various slopes may he small

during the growing season, quite large

during the dormant. A raindrop camera is now maintained in cooperation with the

University of Illinois. Studies of hydrologic constants commonly in use indicate

that conventional flood estimation methods

are not adaptable to small mountain watersheds. While the unit hydrograph method

is applicable to channel precipitation, it

is inappropriate for subsurface flow and

weak for overland flow. Stormflow on a small watershed is being diverted into a sprinkling system on deep-soiled slopes in an effort to increase baseflow at the

expense of storm runoff.

Moisture depletion rates and recharge were found to vary by cover types and soil depth

over a 7-year period. No noticeable difference in depletion between pine and pinehardwood cover types was observed although

forest and grass cover differed in their

water use particularly below 30- inch depths.

Rehabilitation of a small eroded watershed

greatly reduced peak discharge and erosion

from the watershed. Methodology studies

have provided valuable guides for efficient

use of the neutron method in field moisture

studies

"Watershed Management Research in the Southeast," by J. D. Hewlett and L. J. Metz.

Journal of Forestry 58(14-): 269-271, April

I960.

"Watershed Management Research-Challenging

Career for Young Scientists," by H. G.

Meginnis. The Ames Forester 14-7: 20-2k,

I960.

"Effect of Altering Forest Vegetation on Low Flows of Small Streams," by E. A. Johnson and H. G. Meginnis. Paper presented at the 12th Gen. Assembly Internatl.

Union Geodesy and Geophysics, Internatl.

Assoc. Sci. Hydrol., Helsinki, Finland,

July 25-August 6, i960. Extract of publication No. 51 of the I.A.S.H., Commission

of Surface Waters, pp. 257-266.

"Hydrologic Properties of Southern Forest

Soils," by L. J. Metz. Southern Forest

Soils, 8th Forestry Symposium, Louisiana

State University, 1959.

"Soil Moisture Distribution Between Trees

in a Thinned Loblolly Pine Plantation, " by

J. E. Douglass. Journal of Forestry,

58:221-222, i960.

"Increasing Water Yields by Cutting Forest

Vegetation," by H. G. Meginnis. Trans, of

Meeting of the International Association

of Scientific Hydrology, Int. Union of

Geodesy and Geophysics. Symposium, HanoverMunden, 8-13 Sept. 1959. Pub. No. 14-8, Water and Woodlands, Vol. 1, 59-68.

"The Effect of Mountain Topography on Solar

Energy Theoretically Available for Evapotranspiration, " by L. W. Swift, Jr. Manuscript in preparation.

"A Method for Calculating Error of Soil

Moisture Volumes in Gravimetric Sampling,"

by J. D. Hewlett and J. E. Douglass.

Submitted to Forest Science.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Southern Forest Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. P. A. Briegleb, Director,

Southern Forest Experiment Station, 2026 St. Charles

Avenue, New Orleans 13, Louisiana.

(291k) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, OXFORD RESEARCH CENTER, OXFORD, MISSISSIPPI.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with

Soil Conservation Service, Agricultural

Research Service, University of Mississippi.

(d) Field investigation of runoff and erosion

from small experimental watersheds on forest and potential forest lands; basic

and applied research.

(e) Twelve small natural headwater catchments,

two to four acres each, were installed in

batteries of three to determine runoff and

erosion from old fields, depleted upland

hardwoods, pine plantations, and mature

upland pine-hardwoods. Treatments are deferred until after a suitable calibration

period. Related studies include restoration

of depleted watersheds and plant-soil-water

relationships

(g) Watershed studies. Results indicate that

surface runoff is strongly correlated with

storage opportunity in the upper 6 inches

of soil. Runoff predictions using the 0-6

inch soil moisture storage index were most

accurate for winter precipitation and least

accurate for high-intensity summer storms.

Surface runoff and peak flows were greatest

from abandoned fields, intermediate from

depleted upland hardwoods, and least from

20-year-old loblolly pine plantations

The soils are silt loams of loessial origin

and Coastal Plain sandy loams. Surface

runoff from each of the three types of

vegetation cover increased directly with

the proportion of loessial soil. Presence

of a shallow fragipan more than doubled

the amount of surface runoff and increased

peak flows

(h) "Runoff as a Function of Moisture-Storage

Capacity," J. L. Thames and S. J. Ursic.

Jour. Geophys. Research 65(2): 651-65^,

I960.

"Effect of Cover Types and Soils on Runoff

in Northern Mississippi," S. J. Ursic and

J. L. Thames. Jour. Geophys. Research

65(2): 663-667, I960.

(3225) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, HARRISON

RESEARCH CENTER, HARRISON, ARKANSAS.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with

Soil Conservation Service and University

of Arkansas.

133
(&) Field investigation of hy&rologic effects

of conversion of mountain hardwood forests

to range, and of forest management practices on soil moisture regime; applied research.

(e) Runoff plots 12 x 100 feet were installed

on woodland and on woodland converted to

range by aerial spraying, with grazing

treatments; plots were also installed to measure effects of prescribed burning for

tree seedbed preparation on runoff and

sedimentation.

(g) Soil moisture in woodland areas was found

to be usually less than in areas converted

to range. In 19 58-59 > the grass areas

were near or above field capacity during

much of the dormant season, but the woodland areas rarely reached field capacity.

On these highly porous, cherty soils,

storage capacity of the soil may prove an important factor in protection from ex- cessive runoff during heavy winter and

spring rains.

(h) Annual Report Southern Forest Experiment

Station.

(3226) SOIL MOISTURE RESEARCH, VICKSBURG RESEARCH

CENTER, VICKSBURG, MISSISSIPPI.

(b) Waterways Experiment Station, Corps of

Engineers, U. S. Army.

(d) Field and laboratory investigations, basic

and applied research on factors affecting

soil moisture.

(e) Project aims to develop and improve a soil-moisture prediction method based on field studies throughout the USA.

(g) Very small changes in elevation caused

significant changes in moisture and bulk

density of soils 6 to 12 inches below the

surface.

A method was developed for sampling wet

soils by freezing with liquid nitrogen.

(h) "Liquid Nitrogen for Sampling Wet Soils

and Calibrating Wet-Soil Sampling Devices,"

H. D. Burke, A. W. Krumbach, and E. S. Rush. U. S. Army Engineers Misc. Paper

No. 14--371, January i960.

"Effects of Microrelief on Soil Moisture

and Bulk Density Distribution," A. W. Krumbach. Jour. Geophys. Research 6h(l0):

1587-1590, 1959.

U. S. ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, Beach Erosion Board.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to the President, Beach Erosion Board,

5201 Little Falls Road, N. W. , Washington l6, D. C.

(l8l) EQUILIBRIUM PROFILE OF BEACHES AND STUDY OF

MODEL SCALE EFFECTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Equilibrium beach profiles will be determined experimentally for waves up to

6 feet in height in a prototype tank; the waves will be modeled at a 1 to 10 scale

in small laboratory tanks for various

median diameter and specific gravity sediments to determine scale effect,

(g) Additional tests were made using crushed

coal of average specific gravity 1.5

(modeled by the settling velocity relationship to give corresponding characteristics of material tested in the large tank).

Observed material movement and profile

changes corresponded much more nearly to

the large scale results in the prototype

tank, although the coal slope deteriorated

somewhat faster. A partial explanation

for differences is the wide range of specific gravities of individual coal particles.

(660) OBSERVED WAVE CHARACTERISTICS.

fb) Laboratory and field project.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) To secure a more thorough knowledge of the

characteristics of ocean waves. A number

of electrical recording wave gages have

been installed in coastal waters and these

records are analyzed for significant height

and period.

(g) The new type plastic wave gage sections

have proven superior to the neoprene coated

aluminum channel type and have been installed

at all Beach Erosion Board wave gage installations. Anti-fouling paint has been

applied to several of the gages and has

proved very effective in reducing the

marine growth on the gages, depending upon

location. The wave spectrum analyzer

utilizing a revolving tape head is now in

the testing stage. Experimental records

obtained with a tape recorder at Atlantic

City, N. J., are being analyzed for com- parison with analysis by hand and by other

automatic analyses. An improved staff

type wave gage is being fabricated for the

New Orleans District for use in Lake

Pontchartrain, La. This gage is unique

in that it is designed to operate in water

with salinity changes ranging from fresh

water to sea water. Operation of the new

gage at New Orleans was very good—3 additional gages of this type have been fabricated, two for New Orleans and one for

Vicksburg which is being installed in

Hawaii.

(975) METHODS OF BY-PASSING SAND PAST INLETS,

fb) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To study methods and requirements for

pumping sand past inlets and to determine

the applicability of the methods in

stabilization of beaches adjacent to inlets.

Data are being procured on the effect to

the shoreline of a sand by-passing operation at Port Hueneme, Calif., and Lake

Worth, Fla., and on the effect to the shoreline of a new harbor being constructed at

Ventura, Calif. This latter project involves an offshore detached breakwater

along with entrance jetties to the new

harbor. Data at the three locations include periodic hydrographic surveys south

and north of the inlet, wave data, sand

13^
samples, detailed records of pumping

operations, and detailed records of en- trance channel maintenance. A general

study is being made of the possibility of

adapting commercial instruments utilizing

a radioactive source to the discharge line

to measure quantity of material pumped in

by-passing operations.

(976) ESTABLISHMENT OF CRITERIA FOR CONSTRUCTION

OF ARTIFICIAL BEACHES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) To develop criteria for construction of

beaches by artificial means. The present

continuing phase of this general study involves the measurement of a natural beach

slope and attempts to determine its

response to the forces normally incident

upon the shore such as wave height and

period, angle of wave approach, tide, and

direction and magnitude of littoral current.

By statistical methods the relative importance of the forces or combinations of

forces may be evaluated. A complementary

study relating grain size distribution

parameters to the direction of littoral

drift and zones of accretion or erosion

and wave height and period is continuing.

Trend surface techniques are being applied

to such size distribution parameters as the mean, standard deviation, skewness and

kurtosis

(g) Computing machine techniques are being

applied to the statistical evaluation of

the Importance of the forces and of the

parameters. Preliminary results indicate

that wave height and wave period are more

important in the general study and that

the mean and the standard deviation are important in the trend surfaces

(977) DEVELOPMENT OF WAVE HEIGHT AND WAVE DIRECTION GAGES

b) Laboratory project,

d) Experimental; development.

(e) To develop wave height and wave direction

gages for use in securing accurate records

of wave characteristics. (See also Project

660)

(f) Project was inactive during i960.

(g) Parts for a new type wave direction gage

have been placed under procurement. Laboratory tests of this gage are expected in

the next six months

(2190) STUDY OF EFFECT OF A GROIN SYSTEM ON THE

RATE OF LITTORAL MOVEMENT.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) To study the effect of groins on the rate

of littoral drift passing a groin system.

Initial tests consist of waves generated

at a 30-degree angle to the sand beach.

Measurement of material movement is being

made at the down beach end. The tests

planned for the immediate future, as have

the current season tests, will continue to

emphasize the task of establishing sound

calibration data relative to littoral

transport and wave characteristics. This

is now considered a prerequisite to attempting more detailed study and testing

on the effects of groins on the rate of

littoral drift,

(g) The new series of littoral transport tests

on an initial 1 on 10 beach slope and beach

lengths of 30 feet or less begun last season have been continued through the

present i960 test season. A total of 7

littoral transport tests have been com- pleted. The seven (7) tests completed

cover a wave steepness range of 0.003

Ho/Lo O.O38. A littoral transport rate

of approximately 16,000 lbs/hr (dry weight

of sand) was measured for one test (No.

5-60) where the average wave period was

3.00 sec. and wave heights averaged as high as 0.66 ft.

(2192) REGIONAL STUDIES OF THE SOUTH SHORE OF

LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK; ATLANTIC COAST OF

NEW JERSEY; AND THE DELAWARE-MARYLANDVIRGINIA SHORE LINE FROM CAPE HENLOPEN TO

CAPE CHARLES.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Field investigations; basic research,

(e) To compile all existing data pertinent to

shore processes on a regional scale. Report to consist of four chapters; geomorphology and shore line histories, littoral

forces, littoral materials, and summary

and conclusions. Subject matter to include

physiography geological development of the

shore region, sources of littoral material,

waves, tides or water level fluctuations,

current physical characteristics of the

littoral materials, interrelation of sedimentary properties, relation of properties

of littoral materials to position in the

littoral zone, and changes in shore line

configuration

(g) All chapters for New Jersey completed ex- cept for editing. Geomorphology and shore

line history of the south shore of Long

Island have been completed and submitted

for publication. The littoral materials

chapter is nearing completion and the

littoral forces chapter is essentially

complete

(2193) SHORE PROTECTION PLANNING AND DESIGN.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Design.

(e) The purpose of this project is to supplement and revise the Beach Erosion Board's

Technical Report No. k, "Shore Protection

Planning and Design" as new data and

techniques are developed for use in the

solution of coastal engineering problems.

(g) Second addenda sheets to this report are being prepared for publication early in

196l. A second edition of the entire re- port, which will include the two addenda

to the first edition, is also being prepared. It will include recent data on forces on piles, rubble breakwater design,

135
sand by-passing plants, beach fill design,

and dune stabilization.

(2195) RE-EXAMINATION OF ARTIFICIALLY NOURISHED

AND CONSTRUCTED BEACHES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To. study the behavior of beach fills placed

to restore or nourish a beach sector and

the effect of the fill on adjacent shores.

A selected number of beach fills are being

re-examined.

(g) Survey and sand sample data have been taken

at Prospect Beach, Connecticut. A beach

fill was placed along this beach in 1957>

the fill material being obtained from the

offshore zone by conventional pipeline

dredge. Preliminary analysis of data indicates that, in the three year period since

placement of fill, wave action has

transported a measurable quantity of the

fill material from the beach zone to the

offshore zone and that profile adjustment

of the fill material is still in progress.

(2659) LARGE SCALE TESTS OF WAVE FORCES ON PILING,

b) Laboratory project.

d) Experimental; applied research, design,

(e) To determine the nature and magnitude of

forces on piles caused by breaking and non- breaking waves,

(g) A synchronized record of forces on the pile,

the water elevation (changing with the wave

cycle) and the horizontal water velocity

for waves of several periods and heights

have been prepared.

(2660) WAVE TANK STUDY OF QUANTITY OF SEDIMENT IN

SUSPENSION IN THE SURF ZONE (INCLUDING

TEMPERATURE EFFECTS )

b) Laboratory project,

d) Experimental; basic research,

(e) A vacuum pump-type suspended sediment

sampler has been used to collect suspended

sand samples under various laboratory

conditions of waves, water temperature,

and sand. The purpose of the study is to

determine the relationship between wave,

water, and sand characteristics, and the

amount of material maintained in suspension

and hence available for longshore transport

by currents,

(g) A limited number of suspended samples has

been collected in conjunction with the

littoral transport in the SPTB (see Project

No. 2190). Suspended coal samples have

been collected in conjunction with the study;

"Equilibrium Profile of Beaches and Study

of Model Scale Effects." Data from the

analysis of these two suspended sediment

collections, one sand and the other coal,

will be used to augment the analysis of

the respective projects. As model scale

effect studies using coal are repeated,

suspended coal samples will likewise be

repeated to aid detection of any changes

in specific gravity or size distribution

of pulverized. coal.

(266l) WAVE RUN-UP ON SHORE STRUCTURES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Wave run-up is determined experimentally

by various waves for different types of

shore structures. Effect of both structure roughness and permeability is being

investigated.

(g) Relatively large scale data have been taken

on a 1 on l-§- slope structure having a single layer of riprap, 3 layers of riprap,

and a permeable rubble mound structure

These results indicate the probable ex- istence of a scale effect for rubble

structures (as has been previously indicated for smooth slopes).

(h) Discussion by Thorndike Saville, Jr. of

article "Laboratory Investigation of

Rubble Mound Breakwater" Journal, Waterways

and Harbors Division, American Society of

Civil Engineers, September i960.

(2916) WAVE AND SURGE FORECASTING RELATIONSHIPS

AND TECHNIQUES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) To determine methods of predicting wave and storm surge characteristics.

(g) Studies and investigations of methods and

application of methods for hurricane surge

predictions have been continued. Work has

begun on relating wave height and period

to the wave spectrum. A few paper chart wave records have been analyzed to obtain

wave heights and periods, from which wave spectra are computed and an attempt is

being made to correlate these records with

those analyzed for the same period by use of the wave spectrum analyzer.

(h) "Hurricane Surge Prediction for Delaware

Bay," Charles L. Bret Schneider, Beach

Erosion Board Misc. Paper No. 3« "A Theory for Waves of Finite Height,"

presented at Vllth Conference on Coastal

Engineering, the Hague, August i960.

(3227) DEVELOPMENT OF INPIACE SEDIMENT DENSITY

GAGE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field, development.

(e) To develop an inplace gage to determine

density of material under water in shoal areas (navigation channels, reservoirs,

etc . )

f) Completed.

g) The probe has been field-tested. These

tests indicated that the enlargement of

the probe casing at the top made it unduly

difficult to push the probe into the shoal

materials. The probe has been recased to

a uniform diameter of 1^ inches to overcome this fault. The final report has

been published and distributed. The

published report indicates that the probe

is a reliable instrument and fills the

need for which it was designed.

(h) "Development and Tests of a Radioactive

Sediment Density Probe," by J. M. Caldwell,

136
Beach Erosion Board Technical Memorandum

No. 121 , 29 pages, September i960.

(3228) MODEL TESTS OF WAVE SET-UP ON BEACHES.

(b) Laboratory project.

( d ) Experimental

( e ) To relate increase in water level at the

shore due to wave action alone to the

incident wave characteristics and shore

hydrography.

(g) Additional tests have been made on a 1 on

15 slope and indicate a wave set-up of the

same order as, or at slightly larger than

for the 1 on 30 slope. Small scale laboratory data also indicate addition of a submerged of- ^re barrier may radically in- crease the wave set-up at the shore.

( 3574) PNEUMATIC BREAKWATER.

(b) Laboratory project

(d) Theoretical, basic research.

(e) To determine methods of predicting wave and storm surge characteristics.

(f) Tests were discontinued due to lack of

funds. However, the analysis of the data

has been made by the U. S. Army Transportation Corps and a report will be prepared

at that office. A separate analysis of

the same data has also been made by this

office, and it is planned that some type

of a discussion report will be made, but

with considerably less detail than the

report planned by the U. S. Army Transportation Corps.

(3897) RADIOACTIVE TRACERS FOR BEACH STUDIES

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental ; research.

(e) A natural or simulated sediment on or in

which a radioisotope has been incorporated

is to be placed at predetermined points

along a sandy beach in the Shore Processes

Test Basin. Wave induced currents will

transport these labelled particles and

periodically, the beach and offshore zone will be monitored with appropriate detection instruments . In this manner a time-space history of the labelled particles will be determined. From the timespace history and other data it is hoped

to develop further information concerning

the mechanics of particle and littoral

movement . Experience gained from the

laboratory testing program will be utilized when field testing is undertaken.

(3898) SCOUR CAUSED BY WAVES STRIKING SEAWALLS

OR BULKHEADS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Applied research.

(e) The effect of waves acting against a vertical bulkhead on a sand beach in eroding or building up the beach.

(g) A total of five (5) preliminary tests were

run during the current i960 season. These

tests cover a total of five separate wave

and/or beach conditions.

U. S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, CORPS OF ENGINEERS,

Portland, Bonneville Hydraulic Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. Uoi, 2662, 2919,

2921, 3229, 3575, 3576, 3577, 3578, 3899 and 3900,

should be addressed to the District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla, Building 602,

City-County Airport, Walla Walla, Washington.

(1+01) MODEL STUDY OF McNARY DAM FISH LADDER,

COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The l:l6-scale model reproduced a section

of the Washington fish ladder that included

the l80-degree bend, the 12 pools upstream

therefrom, and the 6 pools downstream therefrom. Subsequently, the upper leg was re- vised to include three of the tilting weirs

which will maintain satisfactory flow conditions in the horizontal section between the

fixed-type weirs and the automatic regulating gates upstream. Various ladder widths,

slopes, and orifice sizes were studied to

determine the effects thereof on flow conditions in typical pools between the weirs.

(f) Tests have been completed.

(g) Based on these tests, a 30-ft-wide fish

ladder sloped 1 on 20, with 20-ft spacing

between successive weirs having two 21- by

23-inch orifices per weir, was selected for

final construction.

(h) "Fish Facilities for McNary Dam, Columbia

River, Oregon and Washington," U. S. Army

Engineer Bonneville Hydraulic Laboratory

Tech. Rpt. No. 30-1, June i960. (Available

on loan. ) This report summarizes the test

results from seven hydraulic models that were used to determine probable effects of

original and adopted structures on anadromous

fish.

(2662) GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF JOHN DAY LOCK AND

DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla, Washington

(d) Experimental; for design.

( e ) A fixed-bed model constructed to an un- distorted scale of 1:80 reproduces the

Columbia River bed from Mile 213-7 to

216.8. The dam axis is at Mile 215. 6. The

original structures layout consists of a straight, 20-bay, gravity-type spillway

controlled by 50- by 58.5-ft tainter gates, a powerhouse for 20 Kaplan turbines (initial

installation 10 units), an 86- by 675-ft

navigation lock having a maximum lift of

113 ft, a concrete nonoverflow section,

rock-fill abutments, and facilities for

passing anadromous fish over the dam.

Cofferdams having steel cells in the river

legs and earth-and-rock shore connections

are designed to withstand river flows to

137
700,000 cfs during first- and second-stage

construction periods and 300,000 cfs during

third-stage diversion. Purposes of the

model study are to check the structures

alignment and flow conditions affecting

power generation, cofferdam placement, and

fish passage,

(g) Results of tests indicated the first-step

cofferdam was satisfactory after minor

revisions, whereas numerous changes in the

alignment and height of the second-step

cofferdam cells were necessary. Although

flow patterns adjacent to the main

structures were fairly satisfactory, re- alignment of the downstream approach channel

improved conditions for navigation and ex- tension of a training wall between the

spillway and powerhouse reduced a possible

hazard for fish migrating upstream. Detailed studies of alternative locations for

the south fish entrance and pumphouse that

will supply auxiliary attraction water for

the powerhouse fish collection system and

of tailrace alignments are in progress.

(2918) MODEL 'STUDY OF SIDE- CHANNEL SPILLWAY NORTH

HARTLAND DAM, 0TTAUQUECHEE RIVER, VERMONT.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer Division, New England,

Corps of Engineers, Boston, Massachusetts.

(c) Div. Engr., U. S. Army Engr. Div., New

England, 150 Causeway St., Boston Ik, Mass.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l:50-scale, fixed-bed model reproduced

a portion of the 185-ft-high, 1520-ft-long

earth embankment dam, sufficient forebay area and topography to simulate prototype

flow conditions, and the 1+50-ft-long

spillway crest and 50-ft-wide trapezoidal

side channel through the left abutment of

the dam. The spillway is designed to pass

a maximum flood of 160,900 cfs under a head

of 20.3 ft. The study was necessary to

insure that the adopted spillway will be

economical to construct and will perform

satisfactorily.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) Although the straight crest of original design was satisfactory, tests showed that an L-shaped crest U85 ft long would be adequate

and would require less rock excavation.

(h) "Side-Channel Spillway, North Hartland Dam,

Ottauquechee River, Vermont," U. S. Army

Engineer Bonneville Hydraulic Laboratory

Technical Report No. 86-1, December 1959-

(Available on loan.

)

(2919) MODEL STUDY OF CHANNEL IMPROVEMENT PLANS,

PAL0USE RIVER, COLFAX, WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington.

(d) Experimental ; for design.

(e) A l:4-0-scale flume model was used to determine the extent of channel enlargement

and modification, levees, flood walls, and

revetments necessary to protect the town

of Colfax, Washington, from higher-thanrecord discharges: 1^,500 cfs in the South

Fork, 16,800 cfs in the Palouse River above

the mouth of the South Fork, and 28,000

(f)

(g)

(h)

cfs in Palouse River below the mouth of

the South Fork. Space limitations require

sharply curved channels of varying cross section which are further restricted by

existing bridge piers at several locations.

Owing to the scale ratio used, the model

surfaces (enameled plywood) were too rough

to reproduce the prototype concrete surfaces

"n" = 0.014. Similitude was obtained throu

use of a slope correction factor in determining model gradients

Tests completed.

Test results showed the need for revision

of several transitions and addition of

streamlined pier nose extensions to railroad and highway bridges on both North and

South Forks. Studies were made to determine

channel invert slopes and wall alignments

that will create and maintain a hydraulic

jump at desired locations in each channel.

Final report is in preparation.

(2921) MODEL STUDY OF ICE HARBOR SPILLWAY STOP LOG,

SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l:20-scale model of a single bay of Ice

Harbor spillway dam will be installed in an existing laboratory flume. Structural

features of stop log will be reproduced

and facilities will be provided for direct

measurement of hydraulic load on a stop

log as it is lowered into place in highvelocity flow.

( f

') The proposed tests have been cancelled.

(3229) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY FOR JOHN DAY DAM,

COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1 :4l.l4-scale model of three bays of the

spillway dam was used to determine the

hydraulic characteristics of the proposed

spillway and stilling basin and to develop

revisions in design that would improve

performance or reduce construction costs.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) Satisfactory design of spillway and stilling

basin, and determination of pressure data

and discharge rating curves for free and

gated flows were accomplished. The tests

led to selection of revised designs for

the crest pier noses, stop-log slots,

stilling basin, and end sill. Additional

tests were made to determine the best

height and location for: (l) sill that will

be placed on the basin floor in Bay 1 in

order to maintain downstream flow at

adjacent fishway entrances; and (2) baffles

adjacent to Pier 1 and the wall between the

spillway and powerhouse to prevent entry

of fish into operating section of spillway.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(3230) MODEL STUDY OF NAVIGATION CHANNEL IM- PROVEMENT AT BONNEVILLE DAM, COLUMBIA

RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON.

138
(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Portland,

Corps of Engineers, Portland, Oregon.

(c) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Portland, 628 Pittock Block,

Portland 5 , Oregon.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1 :130-scale, undistorted, fixed-lied model

reproduces 5-6 miles of the Columbia River

adjacent to the dam site. The original

layout includes existing structures and

river bed ( survey made in summer and fall

of 1958)' The purpose of the model is to

study methods for improving navigation

conditions in the approaches to Bonneville

lock for seagoing vessels. A remotelycontrolled model of a C-2 freighter is used

to assist evaluation of flow conditions in

the navigation channel.

(f) Inactive. Tests of downstream approach

have been completed.

(g) After verification for existing conditions

(1958) j tests were made to determine effects

of 1959 dredge cuts in the lock approach,

together with alternative improvement plans

(rock- fill or concrete groins, permeable

guard walls or dykes, and partial revision

of the lock approach). None of the preliminary plans was satisfactory, and approximately 15 major channel revisions were tested singly or in combinations in efforts

to provide the most practical and economical

solution to the problems involved. The most

desirable plan will include approximately

900,000 cu yd of excavation along the

Washington shore, 86,000 cu yd of excavation

at the downstream end of Bradford Island

180,000 cu yd along the Oregon shore, and

100,000 cu yd of excavation at the north

side of the lock approach.

(3575) MODEL STUDY OF JOHN DAY NAVIGATION LOCK,

COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Wash.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l:25-scale model reproduced the 86-by

675 -ft lock chamber, split lateral filling

and emptying systems, river outlet for

emptying system, and portion of the upstream

and downstream approach channels. Sufficient upstream approach area was simulated

to permit investigation of vortex action

over intake manifolds.

(g) Tests of the original design filling and

emptying systems were completed. Vortex

action over intake manifolds was eliminated

for model forebay conditions by reversing

the left intake manifold so as to draw flow

from spillway side of lock wall. Possible

cavitation in emptying culvert bends was precluded by locating the emptying valves

downstream from the bends. Various lateral

culvert roof designs were studied. A design

with a small roof overhang, tentatively a- dopted for design, provided a filling time

of 11.7 min and a maximum longitudinal

hawser force on an 11,070-ton (8 barge) tow

of about 6 tons with an initial head of

113 ft and a 4.0-min valve schedule. The

lock emptied in 13.8 min with a 2.2-min

valve schedule and developed maximum hawser

forces of approximately 2.5 tons. Tests to

refine lateral culvert design are continuing.

(3576) MODEL STUDY OF NORTH FISH LADDER DIFFUSERS,

JOHN DAY DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND

WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l:8-scale model reproduces diffusers 3 through 6, ladder weirs 155 through 163,

and a section of the auxiliary water-supply

conduit. A constant flow of 100 cfs will

pass down the 2i+-ft-wide, l-on-10 sloped

north fish ladder, but discharge in the

water-supply conduit will vary from 600

to 1300 cfs. Provision was made in the

model for measurement of outflows from the

ladder, the water-supply conduit, and individual diffusers. The model is constructed

so that dimensions or other details of the

weirs, orifices, and diffuser wells can be

altered to improve their hydraulic characteristics if necessary,

(g) Several diffusion chamber designs were

studied, and the size and location of orifices to provide scheduled diffuser flows

for range of tailwater fluctuations within

the fish ladder were determined.

(3577) GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF LOWER MONUMENTAL DAM,

SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON.

(c) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Walla Walla, Building 602, CityCounty Airport, Walla Walla, Washington.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1 :100-scale, undistorted, fixed-bed model

reproduces approximately 2.k miles of Snake

River bed and overbank topography at the

dam site. The dam axis is at River Mile

Ul.5, about 60 miles from the city of Pasco,

Washington. Studies will be made to determine flow conditions during various

construction stages and after proposed

structures have been installed.

(g) Verification of the model and studies of

the first construction stage were completed.

The test results indicated that proposed

limits for excavation along the right bank

were inadequate and that several revisions

in alignment and height of the cofferdam

were needed. Problems concerning fish

passage adjacent to the upstream corner of the cofferdam and bottom erosion within

the diversion channel were solved during

the course of the model studies made this

year. Tests on the second-stage cofferdam

and first-step structures are in progress.

(3578) MODEL STUDY OF FISH LADDERS FOR JOHN DAY

DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) An existing l:10-scale fish ladder model

was revised to reproduce 32 pools of 2k-ftwide ladder sloped 1 on 10. Tests were being made to develop a design which will

provide flow conditions comparable to those

139
in a l-on-l6 slope, 2^-ft-wide ladder after

which model will he revised to study the

orifice-controlled regulating section of

fish ladder.

(g) Velocities, flow patterns, and surge

characteristics were determined for fixedweir sections of several alternative designs

(12-in. head on weirs).

(3899) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY FOR LOWER MONUMENTAL DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON.

(h) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The l:42.V7-scale model includes a 3-hay

section of the 8-hay spillway and stilling

basin. Tests are "being made to evaluate

hydraulic performance of the proposed

spillway and, if necessary or desirable,

to develop revisions in design that will

increase performance or reduce construction

and maintenance costs.

(g) Design and construction of the model were completed during the year. Tests have

included measurements of discharge, pressures, and water-surface profiles over the

crest without piers.

(3900) MODEL STUDY OF DOWNPULL FORCES ON EMERGENCY

CLOSURE GATES.

(h) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of

the Army, Washington, D. C. (c) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Portland, 628 Pittock Block,

Portland 5, Oregon.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) This is a general study of various sluice

coaster gate bottom and lip shapes, and

includes downpull and discharge measurements as affected by angle of gate bottom,

length of gate lip extension, control valve

opening, number of control valves operated,

and condition of air vents (open or closed).

A l:25-scale model reproduces a level approach to an intake tower with vertical

headwall normal to intake center line, two

three-sided bellmouth intakes, a 20-ft-wide

by 22-ft-high emergency gate (tractor type),

two 10-ft-wide by 15-ft-high control valves

(tainter), and a 22-ft-diam. outlet tunnel.

Hydraulic downpull forces are computed from

pressures at 21 critical locations on the

emergency gate.

(g) Tests on a gate having a 30-degree bottom

and a 2 l/U-in. extension of the downstream

skin plate have been completed. With one intake open, maximum downpull forces on the emergency gate always occurred just

before control of the outflow shifted from

the tainter gate to the tractor gate and

ranged from k6 kips at a 50- ft head to

3^0 kips when the head was 300 ft.

(3901) MODEL STUDY OF LOW-BAY SPILLWAY FOR JOHN

DAY DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASH.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington,

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The l:24-scale model includes two low

spillway bays and stilling basin for John

Day Dam. Tests were made to determine a

design for the downstream lip of low bay

that would eliminate scouring during

second-stage diversion. Tests will also

be made to determine scouring conditions

for several low-bay elevations to assist

in low-bay design for other projects.

(g) During tests simulating second-stage

diversion through the low bays of John

Day Dam, scouring action was minimized by

terminating the low bays with a vertical

strip extending approximately 7-5 ft downward to the spillway bucket. The tests

are being extended to several low-bay

elevations to determine the influence of

tailwater depth and discharge on scouring

action within the stilling basin and

spillway bucket

U. S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, CORPS OF ENGINEERS,

St. Paul.

(19M A STUDY OF METHODS USED IN MEASUREMENT

AND ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENT LOADS IN STREAMS.

U. S. Army Engineer District, St. Paul and

U. S. Geological Survey, in cooperation

with St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory.

See St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory,

page 75.

U. S. ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION,

CORPS OF ENGINEERS.

(236) MISSISSIPPI BASIN MODEL.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept.

of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The project provides for construction and

operation of a model of the Mississippi

River Basin including the Mississippi, Ohio,

Missouri, and Arkansas Rivers, and their

principal tributaries. All existing and

proposed flood-control reservoirs, dikes,

floodwalls, and other pertinent works will

be reproduced. The model area comprises

200 acres, and measures ^,500 feet east

and west, and 3^900 feet north and south.

Completed construction consists of the

Upper Mississippi River from Hannibal,

Missouri, to VIcksburg, Mississippi; the

Missouri River from Sioux City, Iowa to

the mouth; the Arkansas River from Blackburn

Dam Site, Oklahoma, to Pine Bluff, Arkansas;

the Ohio River from Louisville, Kentucky,

to the mouth; the Cumberland River from

Old Hickory Dam, Tennessee, to the mouth;

and the Tennessee River from Pickwick Dam

to the mouth. The topography of the streams

and flood plains are being reproduced to a horizontal scale of 1:2,000 and vertical

scale of 1:100. Water-surface elevations

are measured by electrically operated stage

devices with the recorders located in

1^0
central control buildings . Stream flow

is introduced and controlled by automatic

instruments called inflow controllers.

The model was designed to aid in the

development of coordinated basinwide plans

for flood control and operation of floodcontrol structures.

(g) The extent of model operation each year is

determined by the testing programs directed

by the Mississippi Basin Model Board and

Chief of Engineers and requested by Divisions and Districts that have operable

sections on the model. The model was operated as an integrated unit for comprehensive (basinwide) tests; tests were conducted of the 1937, 19^3, 19^5, and

1950 floods using the actual floods with

present-day conditions and the same floods

without reservoir modification. Tests were conducted during the current year by the

following U. S. Army Engineer Divisions:

Missouri River, Ohio River, and Lower

Mississippi Valley. Verification tests were conducted on the Missouri, Ohio, and

Mississippi Rivers. Special tests were made

to determine: stages and discharges that

would result from the Hypothetical Flood

OR-1 on the Ohio River, which is a com- bination of the 1937 and 1950 floods; stages

and discharges that would result from the

Hypothetical Flood 52-A on the Mississippi

River, and the roughness conditions that

will exist on the Cumberland River after

the completion of Barkley and Cheatham Dams.

(h) "Tests for Re-evaluation of Missouri River

Agricultural Levees in the Kansas City

District, " Mississippi Basin Model Report

32-2, (December 1959).

"Proposed Alignments for Columbia Bottoms

Levee, St. Louis Industrial Park, " Miss.

Basin Model Report 31-3, (January i960).

"Tests for Re-evaluation of Missouri River

Agricultural Levees in the Omaha District,"

Mississippi Basin Model Report 32-3, (June

i960).

(1+25) COMPREHENSIVE MODEL STUDY, DELAWARE RIVER,

PENNSYLVANIA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Philadelphia, Corps of Engineers,

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) To develop and test plans for reduction

of shoaling in several ranges of the

navigation channel, the entire Delaware

River estuary from the Atlantic Ocean to

Trenton is reproduced in the model which

is of the fixed-bed, silt-injection type,

with scale ratios of 1:1,000 horizontally

and 1:100 vertically. Tides and tidal

currents are reproduced by automatic tide

generators. Observed prototype salinities

are reproduced in the Delaware Bay portion

of the model, and provisions made for the

injection of silt, and for measuring silt

deposits. Studies are also made of

salinity intrusion and the dispersion and

dilution of wastes discharged into the

estuary.

(993) CAVITATION RESEARCH.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The cavitation characteristics of such

elements as baffle piers, steps in stilling

basins, spillway and conduit gage slots,

and offset joints are studied in either a vacuum tank or a variable -pressure, closedjet water tunnel. The investigation includes

a review of literature to evaluate the many

variables that affect cavitation results.

A high-velocity water facility is being con- structed to study resistance of protective

coatings on cavitation-damaged concrete

specimens

(99*0 EFFECTS OF MODEL DISTORTION.

(b) Offi ce of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D. C- (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) This is a general study to determine the

hydraulic effects of various types and

degrees of model scale distortion on ve- locity distribution and other hydraulic

conditions, with the ultimate aim of

establishing limits of permissible distortion

for the various types of models. Tests are in progress of a rectangular flume having a 90-degree bend with provisions for changing

the vertical scale to provide a distortion

of 0 to 10.

(999) STABILITY OF RUBBLE-MOUND BREAKWATERS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept.

of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Rubble-mound structures are studied in a

5- by k- by 119 foot wave tank to develop

formulas, supported by experimental data,

from which the design of safe and economical

breakwaters can be determined. In addition

to quarrystone, tetrapods, tetrahedrons,

tribars, and other specially molded armor

units are being studied.

(g) The results of stability tests on pell-mellplaced protective cover layers of quarrystone, tetrapod, tribar, hexapod, modified

cube, and tetrahedron armor units are represented with very good accuracy by the

formula

W = r

K, (S - 1)3 cot a

A r

where Wr is weight of individual armor units, 7r is the specific weight of the armor units, H is height of selected design wave, Sr is the specific gravity of

armor units relative to the fluid in which

the structure is located (7r/7w), ® is the

angle of the breakwater face, measured from

the horizontal, and Ka is a dimensionless

coefficient.

(h) "Design of Quadripod Cover Layers for
( 1002

)

O)

(D

(e)

(ioo4)

(a)

(e)

(1211)

O)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

Rubble-Mound Breakwaters; Hydraulic Model

Investigation," U. S. Army Engineer

Waterways Experiment Station Miscellaneous

Paper Wo. 2-372, January i960. (Available

on loan.

)

EFFECTS OF SCALE AND OPERATING TECHNIQUES

ON HARBOR WAVE ACTION MODELS.

Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of

the Army, Washington, D. C. Experimental; applied research.

Tests are conducted in flumes and harbor

model "basins to ohtain information that

will allow more accurate determination of

optimum scales for wave models, and the

effects of different scale and operating

techniques on the accuracy of model results.

The efficiency of flexible-element wave

filters is being investigated to facilitate

continuous operation of wave flumes

Resonant chambers for harbor entrances and

attenuation of waves in a three-dimensional

model are being studied.

INSTRUMENTATION.

Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D. C. Experimental ; development

Various types of measurement and control

equipment for use in hydraulic studies are being developed. These include equipment

for measuring subsurface currents and for

operation of a model boat by remote control. The development of miscellaneous

model and field measuring instruments was continued as the need arose.

MODEL STUDY OF HOOSIC RIVER, NORTH ADAMS,

MASSACHUSETTS.

District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist.,

New York, Corps of Engineers, New York, N.Y.

Experimental; for design.

A 1:30 model was used to verify the hydraulic design for improvement of certain

sections of the North and South Branches of

Hoosic River in North Adams, Massachusetts,

and to determine whether changes should be

made for safety, increased efficiency, or

economy. The flow in the major portion

of these channels will be below critical

depth. The model was used to check such

design features as channel alignment,

transitions, superelevation in bends, characteristics of weirs, stilling basins,

drop structures, the treatment of intakes

and outlets, wall heights, and elevations

of bridges.

Final report in preparation.

Uneven energy content of the flow entering

the stilling basin at the end of the improvement works resulted in unsatisfactory

flow conditions in the basin of original

design. Satisfactory flow conditions were obtained by dividing the stilling basin

into two sections and designing each section

to provide for only that portion of flow

entering that particular section. Tests of

the junction section indicated that flow

conditions could be improved slightly by

realignment of the outside walls. On the

North Branch a satisfactory design for the

entrance of Hunterfield Brook was developed.

On the South Branch a storm- drain outlet

was moved downstream so as to give satisfactory free board of the B and M RR bridge.

(1212) MODEL STUDIES OF OUTLET WORKS, OAHE DAM,

MISSOURI RIVER, SOUTH DAKOTA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Omaha, Corps of Engineers, Omaha

Nebraska.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Hydraulic performance of the outlet works

for Oahe Dam was studied on three models

a 1:60 model reproducing the downstream

ends of the six l8.25-foot-dlameter outlet

tunnels, the stilling basin, and portions

of the discharge and pilot channels; a 1:25

model of one central control shaft, the

portion of the tunnel upstream of the

control shaft, including the intake and a 1:25 model of one of the control shafts,

containing tandem vertical-lift gates, and

the tunnel downstream therefrom including

the outlet transition.

(f) Completed.

(g) A satisfactory double-stage stilling basin

was developed. In general, the model provided the means for developing effective

stilling basin and tunnel transition

structures of minimum size. In addition,

the model demonstrated that closing the

bulkhead slot in the tunnel intake would

minimize the possibility of cavitation and

produce optimum hydraulic efficiency.

(h) "Outlet Works, Oahe Dam, Missouri River,

South Dakota; Hydraulic Model Investigation,

U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment

Station Technical Report No. 2-557, Sept.

i960. (Available on loan.)

(li+67) ANALYSIS OF HYDRAULIC EXPERIMENTAL DATA

(MODEL AND PROTOTYPE) AND DEVELOPMENT OF

DESIGN CRITERIA.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of

the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Analytical (model and prototype) and field

investigations; for design.

(e) A general study to develop, analyze and

disseminate to Corps of Engineers establishments hydraulic design criteria to insure

adequate capacity, economy of construction,

and safe and satisfactory operation.

Criteria are developed from model and

prototype tests relating to the design of

spillways, outlet works, gates and valves,

channels, and navigation structures. Program also includes prototype tests in

cooperation with other Corps of Engineers

establishments

(s) "Hydraulic Design Criteria" charts have

been prepared on the fluid properties of

water, spillway abutment contraction coefficients, wave pressures on crest gates,

effects of gate seat location on spillway

crest pressures, discharge coefficients

for conduit and open channel tainter gates,

lk2
and head losses for flap gates. Prototype

measurements were made of surface profiles

and vertical velocity profiles in the

chute spillway at Fort Randall Dam for discharges giving uniform flow depths of 1.5

to 2.3 feet and velocities of 20 to 37 feet

per second.

(h) "Hydraulic Design Criteria" Issue No. 10

(available for purchase in limited quantities).

"Hydraulic Prototype Tests of Tainter Valve,

McNary Lock, Columbia River, Washington,

U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment

Station Technical Report No. 2-552, June 19

I960.

iklk) OPERATING FORCES OF MITER-TYPE LOCK GATES.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of

the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A general study to collect basic data on operating forces of miter-type lock gates

and to determine the effect of various

elements upon these forces was conducted

in a 1:20 model. A lock chamber 110 feet

wide was reproduced with provisions for

varying the length up to 600 feet on each

side of the gate. Forces required for

operation of miter gates were measured for

variations of the following elements : gate

leaves, speeds and accelerations of operation, submerged depths, recess shapes,

bottom clearances, chamber lengths, and

nonsynchronous operation of gate leaves

Variations in the type linkage driving the

gate were also Investigated.

(f) Final report in preparation.

(g) Peak hydraulic resistance to operation of

the miter gate occurred as the leaves

entered the mitered position. The maximum

torque of the Ohio River type linkage

exceeded those of the Panama and the modified Ohio River type linkages for the same operating conditions, as was expected since

there is angularity between the strut and

sector arms of the Ohio River linkage and,

therefore, a greater velocity of the gate

leaves as they entered the mitered position.

An increase in the submergence of the gate

leaves, speed of operation, length of lock

chamber, or decrease in the bottom

clearance serves to increase the hydraulic

forces resisting gate movement. The

presence of barges in the lock chamber and

nonsynchronous gate operation do not

appreciably affect torque values.

+75) SIPHON ACTION AT PUMPING PLANTS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of

the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental ; applied research.

(e) This study was conducted to aid in developing design criteria for pumping plants

that depend on development of siphonic

action in the discharge side of the pumps

in order to yield the required discharge.

Full-size models of a 6-inch and 12-inch

plastic discharge line were tested. Variables investigated during the tests were:

rates of flow, water levels in the discharge side of the pumps, slope and length

of the riverward leg, and venting conditions at the crown,

(f) Final report in preparation.

(1738) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY AND STILLING BASIN,

GREENUP LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Huntington, Corps of Engineers,

Huntington, West Virginia.

(d) Experimental; fcr design.

(e) A 1:25 section model reproducing 1+00 feet

of the approach area, a portion of the

spillway crest and stilling basin, and 800

feet of the exit area was used to examine

hydraulic performance of the spillway and

stilling basin. A second phase of the

study involved the measurements of hydraulic forces acting on a submergible-type

spillway gate

(f) Final report in preparation.

(g) The stilling basin recommended for

construction consists of a horizontal apron

7U feet long at elevation 1+70, with a single row of 6-foot-high baffle piers and

a U-foot-high stepped end sill. Bottom

velocities in the exit area at or near

normal tailwater did not exceed k feet per

second. The submergible gate was stable for

all conditions investigated and the maximum

water load did not exceed 5*+ kips per hoist.

(1739) MODEL STUDY OF GATE AND STILLING BASIN,

MARKLAND LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Louisville, Corps of Engineers,

Louisville, Kentucky.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:25 section model reproducing 1+00 feet

of the approach area, a portion of the

spillway crest and stilling basin, and

800 feet of the exit area was used to

examine the hydraulic performance of the

spillway weir and stilling basin, and a l:k model of the gate sill reproducing the

flared downstream face of the sill was

also used to study the performance of the

submergible spillway gate. A second phase

of the study involving measurements of

hydraulic forces acting on a submergibletype spillway tainter gate was conducted

in the 1:25 model.

(f) Final report in preparation.

(g) Tests of the original design stilling basin

revealed satisfactory performance as regards energy dissipation; however, the

proximity of the baffle piers to the submergible gate caused considerable turbulence

in the vicinity of the submerged gate

bottom for certain flow conditions. This was corrected by placing the first row of

baffle piers a minimum of 1+5 feet below the

gate sill. The performance of the submergible gate was satisfactory. The gate was stable throughout its range of travel

and the maximum water load on the gate was

about 56 kips per hoist. Tests on the l:k

gate and gate sill model with a 2-inch

11+3
to 3-inch sill flare revealed positive

pressures in the area between the gate and

sill. Tests of the inflatable -type gate

seal revealed rapid flutter of the seal for

most submerged positions of the gate.

Pressure fluctuations in the flared area

while the seal was fluttering were in the

range of 17 to 27 feet of water. Based on these unsatisfactory results the inflatable

type seal was eliminated from prototype use. Emergency or temporary sealing of the

submergible gates will be accomplished with

tubing or pipes

(1986) SALT WATER INTRUSION AND RELATED PHENOMENA.

(b) Committee on Tidal Hydraulics, Corps of

Engineers ( correspondence should be addressed to Mr. C. F. Wicker, Chairman,

Committee on Tidal Hydraulics, U. S. Army

Engineer District, Philadelphia, Corps of

Engineers, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania).

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To determine the effects of salinity and

related phenomena on the vertical distribution of currents and shoaling characteristics in estuaries, tests are being made

in a lucite flume 327 feet long, 1.5 feet

deep, and 0.75 foot wide. One end of the

flume is connected to a 25 -foot -square tidal

basin in which any desired tide may be produced and in which the salinity may be

controlled. The opposite end Is connected

to a fresh-water source. Combinations of

tidal range, tidal period, source salinity, mean depth, and fresh-water inflow are

studied. A total of about 10 tests were made during the year. The results are being analyzed; however, no conclusions

have been reached at this time.

(1987) RIPRAP PROTECTION AT HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES

(FORMERLY MODEL REPRODUCTION OF PROTOTYPE

EROSION BELOW STILLING BASINS).

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of

the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The study of erosion characteristics of

various sizes of riprap and gravel material

is being performed with a view to securing

adequate protection at minimum cost.

Measurements of velocity and turbulence at

which movement of material begins will be

made. At present, tests are being con- ducted on various sizes of riprap below a high structure and a low, navigation-type

structure to determine the flow characteristics' at which movement occurs.

(1988) WATER TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON BED FORMS AND

ROUGHNESS

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of

the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A laboratory flume, in which water temperatures can be varied to simulate normally

experienced summer and winter temperatures,

is being used to investigate the effects

of water temperature on streambed forms

and roughness of various types of bed

materials

(2U28) MODEL STUDY OF SAVANNAH HARBOR, GEORGIA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Savannah, Corps of Engineers,

Savannah, Georgia.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The investigation was conducted in a model

which reproduced the following: (l) that

portion of the Atlantic Ocean, adjacent to

the harbor entrance, from Calibogue Sound on the north to Was saw Sound on the south;

(2) the Savannah River and its flood plain

to the head of tide at Ebenezer landing;

and ( 3 ) that portion of the Intracoastal

Waterway which crosses the area included

in the model. The model was of fixed-bed

construction with scale ratios, model to

prototype, of 1:800 horizontally and 1:80

vertically. Automatic tide generators were used to reproduce tides and tidal currents

throughout the harbor, and salt water was used in the model ocean to reproduce the

effects of density difference on current

velocities and distributions. Shoaling

studies were made by injecting finely

ground gilsonite into the model to reproduce the patterns of shoaling as observed

in the prototype, following which the effects of proposed improvement plans on shoaling patterns were observed and evaluat

Studies were also made of the effects of

proposed improvement plans on dispersion and

dilution of contaminants discharged into the

harbor. Refinements of plans for reducing

and localizing shoaling were tested.

(f) Tests completed; preparation of final repor

in progress.

(g) The results of model tests indicate that the^ cost of maintenance dredging in Savannah

Harbor can be reduced most effectively by a combination of (l) completely diking all

dredge spoil areas, and (2) construction of

a sediment trap and tide gate in lower Back

River.

(2429) MODEL STUDIES OF THE CORNWALL ISLAND AND

BARNHART ISLAND-LAKE ST. FRANCIS REACHES,

ST. LAWRENCE RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist.

Buffalo, Corps of Engineers, Buffalo, N. Y. (d) Experimental; for design.

( e ) Two fixed-bed models were used to study plans

for navigation improvement in the lower

portion of the International Rapids section

of the St. Lawrence River. A 1:100 model

of the Cornwall Island Reach reproduced all

features of the river from just below the

tailrace of the proposed Barnhart Island

powerhouse to about the mid-point of

Cornwall Island, and Included portions of

both the north and south Cornwall Island

channels, Polly's Gut, and the entrance to

Grass River locks. A model of the Barnhart

Island-Lake St. Francis Reach, built to

scales of 1:300 horizontally and 1:100

vertically, reproduced a greater area upstream and downstream of Cornwall Island.

e

ikk
Both models were used to study navigation

conditions in the approach to the Grass

River locks, proposed plans for excavations

in both Cornwall Island channels to effect

navigation improvement in South Channel,

and to determine conditions that will be

encountered by navigation during the con- struction of the project features in the

Cornwall Island Reach.

( f ) Preparation of final report in progress.

(2673) MODEL STUDIES OF BARKLEY LOCK AND DAM,

CUMBERLAND RIVER, TENNESSEE.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Nashville, Corps of Engineers,

Nashville, Tennessee.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:120 model, reproducing the Cumberland

River from mile 2$.k to 32.2, the lock,

dam, and powerhouse, was used to investigate flow characteristics in the approaches

to the lock. A 1:36 model, reproducing the

riverward downstream lock wall including

the culvert manifold which discharges into

the spillway stilling basin, a discharge

manifold discharging through the stilling

basin, five spillway bays, 32^ feet of

approach channel, and 596 feet of exit

channel, was used to investigate flow

characteristics in the stilling basin and

exit channel. The proposed design for the

lock filling and emptying system was tested

in a 1:33 model simulating the upper approach channel, intake manifolds in both

walls serving culverts l6 feet square,

lateral culvert diffusers in the lock

chamber floor, and port manifolds in the

spillway stilling basin for discharging

flow from both culverts. The emergency

lock gate was studied in a 1:25 model

which reproduced the gate, gate sill, and

portions of the upstream lock approach and

the lock chamber downstream from the gate

This model was used to determine: (l)

hydraulic forces on and stability of the

gate under various flows including free

flow over the lock miter sill; (2) hydrostatic forces on the gate in various

positions; (3) gate wheel reactions and

sill roller reactions at given positions

and (h) head loss through the bridge

decking.

(f) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(2675) MODEL STUDIES OF DARDANELLE LOCK AND DAM,

ARKANSAS RIVER, ARKANSAS.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Little Rock, Corps of Engineers,

Little Rock, Arkansas.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Three models were used for the investigation.

A 1:120 model reproduced the structures and

^-,000 feet of approach channel and 8,000

feet of exit channel. The approach channel was molded in concrete to overburden

contours while the exit channel was molded

in concrete to bedrock contours with the

overburden topography molded in pea gravel

to facilitate revision of the channel con- figuration. This model was used to determine

relative merits of several possible arrangements of the structures constituting the

control section of the dam. Alternate lock

guide-wall designs were also tested on this

model, and a short series of tests was made

to evaluate the effectiveness of floating

guide booms in the reservoir for collecting

and passing drift. A 1:50 section model

reproducing one full and two adjacent half

bays of the spillway and stilling basin was utilized for studies of the adequacy of the

weir and stilling basin design. This model

had a glass side so that flow patterns could

be observed directly. The section model was

also used to test a revised crest pier design with wider gate bays which will be incorporated. A 1:25 model reproducing 700 feet

of upstream lock approach channel, the guide

wall, the lock culvert intakes, the lock

culverts through the filling valves, and

three adjacent spillway bays (the downstream

portions of the lock culvert and lock

chamber are reproduced schematically) was used to develop a satisfactory lock intake

system and approach channel. Provisions

were made for mechanical operation of the

culvert valves and automatic recording of

pertinent data

(f) Tests completed, and report on 1:120 model

and 1:50 section model tests completed;

preparation of final report on 1:25 model

in progress.

(g) Tests on the 1:120 model provided information on the best arrangement of

structures and effects of downstream channel

degradation, and indicated the desirability

of having the longer lock wall on the riverside at both upstream and downstream

entrances . The floating guide booms in the

upper pool did not appear practicable. As a result of the 1:50 section model tests,

the crest pier nose shape was changed and

the end sill height was lowered slightly.

(h) "Dardanelle Lock and Dam, Arkansas River,

Arkansas; Hydraulic Model Investigation,"

U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment

Station Technical Report No. 2-558, Nov.

i960. (Available on loan).

(2678) MODEL STUDY OF LOCKS AND DAM NO. kl,

LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Louisville, Corps of Engineers,

Louisville, Kentucky.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A fixed-bed, 1:120 model reproduces a sixmile reach of the Ohio River including

adjacent overbank areas, the locks and

dam structures, and all bridges and other

structures that might affect flow conditions. Purposes of the model study are

to: determine the effects of location,

size, and alignment of the dam on stages

and currents in the upper pool; determine

the effects of location, size, and alignment

of a new approach channel on navigation and

surge conditions; determine the best location for a new navigable span on the

1^5
Pennsylvania Railroad bridge; determine a method of operating the dam for optimum

navigation conditions; study navigation

conditions in the lower approach as affected

hy flow through dam, powerhouse, and lockemptying system; and provide a means for

navigation interests to satisfy themselves

as to the acceptability of the proposed

plan by observing the model in operation.

Tests of modifications are in progress.

(2680) MODEL STUDY OF HURRICANE TIDES IN

NARRAGANSETT BAY, RHODE ISLAND.

(b) Division Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

Division, New England, Corps of Engineers,

Boston, Massachusetts.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A fixed-bed model, 1:1,000 horizontally and

1:100 vertically, reproduces all of

Narragansett Bay and an adjacent portion of

the Atlantic Ocean. An automatic tide

generator reproduces normal tides throughout the model, and a separate, manually

operated generator reproduces hurricane

tides of the desired characteristics at

the' bay entrance. Numerous barrier plans

for prevention of hurricane -tide damage

have been proposed. The relative and absolute effectiveness of these plans in re- ducing hurricane -tide elevations throughout the bay system were determined and the

effects of the best plan on such important

factors as tidal circulation, pollution,

salinity, and shoaling for normal conditions were investigated. Additional hydraulic, salinity, shoaling, and polution

studies of a lower bay barrier plan recom- mended by the Navy were made; however,

analysis of the tests results is not com- plete. Fresh water only was used in the

model during tests of the proposed barrier

plans, but both salt and fresh water are being used in the tests to determine the

effects of the best barrier plan on all

significant factors for normal conditions.

Model appurtenances consist of automatic

tide gages to record both hurricane-tide

and normal -tide elevations at critical

points, recording salinity meters, re- cording dye meters for observing pollution

and/or flushing characteristics, current

velocity meters, and equipment for simulating shoaling of the channels and other

navigation facilities.

(2681) SCALE-EFFECT TESTS OF RUBBLE-MOUND BREAKWATERS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of

the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Tests are being conducted by the Beach

Erosion Board, under the supervision of

the Waterways Experiment Station, to investigate the effects of model scale on the results of experimentally determined

criteria for the design of rubble-mound

breakwaters. Stability tests are being

made of a breakwater slope of 1 on 1-1/2

using wave periods of 2.6l, 3-75> 7-87,

and 11.33 seconds. Tests in the Beach

Erosion Board wave ome (15 feet by 20

feet by 635 feet) are being conducted using

a linear scale of 7-5 1 based on the

tests conducted in the Waterways Experiment Station 5- by k- by 119-foot wave

flume. Stability tests have also been con- ducted in the Waterways Experiment Station

small wave flume (l foot by 1.5 feet by <^h feet) using a scale of 0.5 to 1 based on

tests conducted in the 5- by h- by 119-foot wave flume. Therefore, data on the stability of rubble-mound breakwaters will be

available for three different linear scales,

0.5 to 1, 1 to 1, and 7.5 to 1. Test data

from the Beach Erosion Board wave flume will

be correlated with data from the Waterways

Experiment Station flumes as soon as calibration of the flume is completed.

(2682) SACRAMENTO BARGE CANAL LOCK MODEL STUDIES,

SACRAMENTO RIVER, CALIFORNIA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist.

Sacramento, Corps of Engineers, Sacramento,

California.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Sacramento Barge Canal, which will connect

Washington Lake Harbor and the Sacramento

River, will contain a lock 86 feet wide by

600 feet long with a minimum depth of 13

feet over the sills. Maximum heads of 21

feet with river stage higher than harbor

stage, and 3-6 feet with harbor stage the

higher are anticipated. Because of expected

reversal of head, sector gates were selected

for the lock and are to be used to fill and

empty the lock. Tests were conducted on a 1:20 model of the lock to assure the adequacy of filling and emptying the lock by

passing flow between the sector gate leaves

and around each leaf through the recess.

(f) Completed.

(g) Tests showed that design criteria will be

met in that the lock can be filled in 12

minutes under a 12- foot head with hawser

stresses on a U-barge tow at 9-foot draft

not exceeding 5 tons. Longer filling times

can be tolerated for larger tows or higher

heads. For normal -head filling, three gateoperating schedules were developed, the

schedule to be used depending on the head,

river stage, and tow size and position. For

emptying and reverse-head filling, the gates

should be opened at the rate of 0.66 degree

per minute for all conditions.

(h) "Filling and Emptying Characteristics of

Barge Canal Lock, Sacramento River DeepWater Ship Channel Project, California;

Hydraulic Model Investigation." U. S. Army

Engineer Waterways Experiment Station

Technical Report No. 2-556, August i960.

(Available on loan.)

(2685) MODEL STUDY OF WAVE ACTION, SUPERIOR ENTRY,

DULUTH- SUPERIOR HARBOR, LAKE SUPERIOR.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist.

St. Paul, Corps of Engineers, St. Paul,

Minnesota,

(d) Experimental; for design.

1U6
(e) A 1:150 fixed-bed model was used that

reproduced all the navigation approach

channel and ha c breakwater structures

as well as the >.er harbor dock area

serving Superior, Wisconsin, and included

adjacent lake and shore-line areas to

permit reproduction of storm waves from

all critical directions. Investigations

were made : to determine the reasons for

the wind-wave problems that exist and

cause ship damage in the vicinity of

Superior Entry; and to develop the most

effective remedy possible so that navigation

and docking hazards now prevailing will be

adequately remedied.

(f) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(2925) ULTRASONIC FLOW MEASUREMENT.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of

the Army, Washington, D. C.

( d ) Expe rimental ; development

(e) Various types of ultrasonic equipment have

been investigated in a 24-inch by ih-inch

conduit, with full and partial flow, to

determine the relative accuracy of each

type. Tests to date have been concerned

with the adjustment and modification of

test equipment.

(f) Inactive. It is anticipated that all

further work will be accomplished on specific full-scale structures.

(2931) MODEL STUDY OF SOUTHWEST PASS, MISSISSIPPI

RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, New Orleans, Corps of Engineers,

New Orleans, Louisiana.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) To determine the effectiveness of proposed

improvement works (jetty extensions, channel realignments , and contraction works)

in eliminating or reducing the periodic

maintenance now required in order for deepdraft vessels to navigate the jetty and bar

channels of Southwest Pass, the lower 12

miles of the Pass and the adjacent area of

the Gulf of Mexico were reproduced in a fixed-bed model to scale ratios of 1:500

horizontally and 1:100 vertically. Tides,

tidal currents, littoral currents, and

wave action in the Gulf of Mexico, and

salt- and fresh-water flows in Southwest

Pass and the bar channel were reproduced

in the model. Shoaling studies were made

by introducing various mixtures of plastic

materials into the model to simulate

prototype shoaling materials and thus re- produced in the model the patterns and

distribution of shoaling that occur in the

prototype

(f) Preparation of final report in progress.

(2932) MODEL STUDY OF HUDSON RIVER, NEW YORK.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Aimy Engineer

District, New York, Corps of Engineers,

New York, New York.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A fixed-bed model constructed to linear

scales of 1:100 vertically and 1:1,000

horizontally, is being used to determine

the source of material shoaling the Hudson

River in the vicinity of Edgewater and

Weehawken piers and the most effective means of reducing or eliminating this

shoaling. The model reproduces Upper and

Lower New York Bays, Raritan Bay, Hudson

River to Hyde Park, East River to Throgs

Neck, and tributaries flowing into the

modeled bodies of water. Provisions are made to reproduce tides, fresh-water discharge, salinity intrusion, and shoaling.

(29Ul) MODEL STUDIES OF KEYSTONE DAM, ARKANSAS

RIVER, OKLAHOMA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Tulsa, Corps of Engineers, Tulsa

Oklahoma.

(d) Experimental; for design.

( e ) Several models were used to : determine the

' adequacy of height, length, and alignment

of the spillway abutments and stilling basin

training walls; study stilling basin performance with a view to placing the apron

at as high an elevation as feasible; develop

a satisfactory conduit outlet portal and

determine a suitable arrangement of the

nine conduits; and check over all hydraulic

performance of the structures. A 1:100

general model, a 1:36 section model of two

full and two half spillway bays including

three conduits and the adjoining stilling

basin and exit area, and a 1:20 model of one conduit were used in the study.

(f) Completed.

(g) Major changes were made at the right

abutment to improve flow conditions in the

first few bays of the spillway. Stilling

basin elements were refined in section

model tests to allow the basin apron to be

placed at the highest possible elevation

while retaining the jump in the basin at maximum discharge. Tests of the downwardcurving conduit with flaring outlet revealed

that the issuing jet would spread in the

stilling basin and that no dangerous

negative pressures would occur in the

conduit outlet.

(h) "Spillway, Stilling Basin, and FloodControl Conduits, Keystone Dam, Arkansas

River; Hydraulic Model Investigation."

U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment

Station Technical Report No. 2-555, August

i960 . ( Available on loan )

(3232) MODEL STUDY OF FILLING AND EMPTYING SYSTEM,

OLD RIVER LOCK, LOUISIANA.

(b) President, Mississippi River Commission,

Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Mississippi.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Old River lock will be 1,250 by 75 feet with

a minimum depth of 13 feet over the sills.

Under normal operating conditions, lifts

are not expected to exceed 15 feet but provisions were made for a lift of 32 feet

which could occur with the low-sill control

structure inoperative. Manifold intakes

in t,ie approach walls lead tc longitudinal
wall culverts which discharge into the

lock chamber through side ports at the

bottom of the chamber. The discharge manifold consists of two floor laterals with

side ports from each of the two longitudinal

wall culverts. Reverse tainter valves are used for flow regulation. A 1:25 model was used to determine: (a) adequacy of intake

and discharge manifold designs; (b) maximum

permissible lock-filling and emptying rates;

(c) best location and spacing of side-wall

ports; (d) best location of the bulkhead

slot below the culvert valves.

(f) Completed.

(g) In the model tests, the original design

intake manifold performed satisfactorily;

a revised design was developed for the

discharge manifold which also was satisfactory. Tests resulted in adoption of

38 ports (19 in each wall) divided into

upstream and downstream groups. Best

location for the bulkhead slots was 75

feet downstream from the culvert valves.

Single-speed valve schedules were developed

which maintained hawser stresses on h- and

8-barge tows in the lock chamber at about

the 5 -ton limit for normal and probable

maximum stage conditions and a full range

of heads. Filling and emptying times under

the maximum head of 32 feet were 11.0 and

10.7 minutes, respectively. Flow conditions in the upstream and downstream approaches during both filling and emptying

operations were satisfactory.

(h) "Filling and Emptying System, Old River

Navigation Lock, Louisiana; Hydraulic Model

Investigation." U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Technical Report

No. 2-549, June i960. (Available on loan.)

(3233) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY BULKHEADS, GREENUP

DAM, OHIO RIVER.

(b) District Engineers, U. S. Army Engineer

Districts, Huntington and Louisville, Corps

of Engineers, Huntington, West Virginia,

and Louisville, Kentucky.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:25 model of a solid, girder-type

bulkhead with upstream and downstream skin

plate and lifting beam was used to determine

the vertical forces acting on the bulkhead

and lifting beam as they are lowered in

flowing water.

(f) Final report in preparation.

(g) Tests of the spillway bulkheads revealed

satisfactory performance when latched

together in two and three bulkhead units.

Maximum downpull did not exceed 25 kips

with the units vented and 85 kips when not

vented. However, the bulkheads when placed

as single units were unstable and tended

to oscillate (vertical movement). When

oscillation occurred, forces on the unit

varied from an uplift of kO kips to a downpull of 6k0 kips.

(3235) MODEL STUDY OF PIKE ISLAND LOCKS AND DAM,

OHIO RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Pittsburgh, Corps of Engineers,

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:120, fixed-bed type, comprehensive model,

reproducing about k miles of the Ohio River

and the locks and dam structures, was used

to select the most favorable site location

by studying approach conditions under vari- ous river flows, and to develop modifications

required to overcome any undesirable conditions at selected site.

(f) Tests completed; preparation of report in

progress

(3236) MODEL STUDY OF MAXWELL LOCKS AND DAM,

M0N0NGAHELA RIVER, PENNSYLVANIA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Pittsburgh, Corps of Engineers,

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:120 fixed-bed type, comprehensive model,

reproducing about 2.5 miles of the

Monongahela River and the locks and dam

structures, is being used to study approach

conditions under various river flows and

methods of operation of control gates; to

determine effects of design modification; to develop modifications required to overcome any undesirable conditions; to demonstrate

to navigation interests the acceptability of

the proposed design from a navigation

standpoint

(f) Suspended.

(3237) MODEL STUDY OF OUTLET WORKS, BLACK BUTTE

DAM, STONY CREEK, CALIFORNIA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Sacramento, Corps of Engineers, Sacramento,

California.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The single-tunnel outlet works of Black

Butte Dam will be required to pass floodcontrol discharges up to a maximum of

22,800 cubic feet per second, and to permit

diversion of a maximum of 530 cubic feet

per second for irrigation at total flows

up to 8,000 cubic feet per second. A l:l6

model, which reproduced l60 feet of the

23-foot-diameter tunnel, the energy dissipator, irrigation diversion outlets, and

560 feet of the exit channel, was used to

develop an adequate energy dissipator

incorporating the most economical dimension

and to study the effects of various schemes

for irrigation diversion on the performance

of the energy dissipator as well as to

determine the adequacy of these schemes for

flow diversion.

(f) Completed.

(g) The design recommended on the basis of the

model tests consisted of a combination

energy dissipator-irrigation diversion

structure. The energy dissipator, with

sloping face, performed as a hydraulic jump

stilling basin for discharges as high as 8,000 cubic feet per second. At these

discharges, tailwater in the stilling basin

provided sufficient head for diversion of

irrigation releases through four k. 5-foot

lk8
(D)

(d)

(e)

wide by 3-6-foot-high openings in one wall

of the stilling basin, with bottom elevation of openings h feet above basin floor.

At higher discharges the structure performed

as a flip bucket and flow passed below the (j,2k0)

irrigation diversion outlets,

(h) "Outlet Works, Black Butte Dam, Stony Creek,

California; Hydraulic Model Investigation." (b)

U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment

Station Technical Report No. 2-551, July (d)

i960. (Available on loan.) (e)

?38) MODEL STUDY OF EUFAULA DAM, CANADIAN RIVER,

OKLAHOMA.

District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Tulsa, Corps of Engineers, Tulsa,

Oklahoma

Experimental; for design.

A 1:36 section model, reproducing one full

bay and two flanking half bays of the 520-

foot -long, gated spillway, the horizontal

stilling basin, and approach and exit channels, was used to determine the adequacy

of design of the stilling basin elements,

and to investigate pressure conditions on (f)

the spillway crest. (g)

(f) Preparation of final report in progress.

239) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY CREST GATE,

STILLING BASIN, AND BULKHEAD, NEW CUMBERLAND

LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO RIVER, PENNSYLVANIA.

District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Pittsburgh, Corps of Engineers,

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Experimental; for design.

A 1:25 section model reproducing kOO feet

of the approach area, a portion of the

gated spillway crest and stilling basin,

and 800 feet of the exit area was used to

examine the hydraulic performance of the

spillway weir and stilling basin. A second

phase of this study involved measurements (h)

of hydraulic forces acting on a submergible

type spillway tainter gate. A 1:25 model

of a trusstype bulkhead with an upstream

skin plate and lifting beam was used to

determine the vertical forces acting on

the bulkhead and lifting beam as they are (32^1)

lowered in flowing water. A 1:25 section

model reproducing a 25-foot-wide section

of the spillway and stilling basin was (b)

installed in a glass -sided flume which permitted observation of subsurface basin

action. (d)

(f) Final report in preparation. (e)

(g) Supplementary stilling basin tests indicated that the unsatisfactory basin action

previously observed in the model could be

eliminated if the ratio of head on the

spillway to drop from crest to stilling

basin was 3-0 or greater. Tests also indicated that the location of basin elements

had no effect on basin action if the ratio (g)

of height of baffle to its distance downstream from the spillway toe was 0.15 or

less. Tests of the submergible gate re- vealed satisfactory performance for all

conditions investigated. Maximum water

load on the gate was 35 kips per hoist and (h)

the gate was stable throughout its range

(b)

(a)

(e)

of travel. The emergency bulkheads were

also satisfactory and the maximum downpull

did not exceed 125 kips per hoist.

MODEL STUDY OF CANACADEA CREEK, HORNELL,

NEW YORK.

Department of Public Works, State of New

York.

Experimental; for design.

A highway bridge is proposed for construction

across Canacadea Creek just upstream from

the existing Seneca Street Bridge. In order to pass flood flows under the new

bridge, the existing Seneca Street Weir,

located just upstream from the existing

bridge, should be removed and a similar

structure constructed just upstream from the

proposed bridge. A 1 : 30 model, which reproduced the pertinent reach of Canacadea Creek, was used to verify freeboard on the channel

walls upstream of the proposed weir, and

freeboard at the new bridge, at the Seneca

Street bridge, and at Church Street bridge

downstream of the proposed weir.

Completed.

A weir with a crest that slopes laterally

from elevation 1159-0 at each side wall to

a 20-foot-wide low-flow section at elevation II56.3 in the center of the channel

proved the most feasible of several investigated. At the design discharge this weir

resulted in an average water-surface elevation upstream of the weir about 1.0 foot

lower than that obtained with the existing

weir. The average water surface at the

Seneca Street bridge was 0.7 foot higher

than that observed with the existing weir,

but standing waves were not as pronounced

and the peak water- surface elevation was

0.3 foot lower. Ample freeboard obtained

at the site of the proposed bridge and at the Church Street bridge.

"Channel Improvements, Canacadea Creek,

Hornell, New York; Hydraulic Model Investigation." U. S. Army Engineer Waterways

Experiment Station Miscellaneous Paper No. 2-U13, December i960. (Available on loan.)

STUDY OF SEICHE ACTION, DULUTH-SUPERIOR

HARBOR, LAKE SUPERIOR.

District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, St. Paul, Corps of Engineers,

St. Paul, Minnesota.

Analytical; for design.

Water-stage records obtained from gages in

Duluth-Superior Harbor were analyzed to

determine whether seiches are the cause of

troublesome and damaging ship movements at loading docks in the harbor, and to provide

information needed to design a hydraulic

model, if the use of a model study is indicated.

Analysis of prototype stage records showed

that troublesome current conditions in the

harbor are due to Lake Superior seiches, not

Duluth-Superior Harbor seiches. A hydraulic

model study of the problem is not believed

necessary.

Analysis completed; final report in preparation.

li+9
( 32^+2 ) MODEL STUDY OF CONNEAUT HARBOR, LAKE ERIE,

OHIO.

(t>) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

Dist., Buffalo, Corps of Engineers, Buffalo,

New York.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:125 fixed-"bed model was used to determine the influence of seiche currents

and short-period wind-wave action in

causing damage to ships navigating or

"berthed in Conneaut Harbor (located on the

south shore of Lake Erie about- 30 miles

southwest of Erie, Pa.). The model reproduced about 7-3 square miles including all

the area within the harbor and sufficient

adjacent lake area to permit reproduction

of storm waves from all critical directions.

A circulating system installed in the model

permitted simulation of currents through

and past the harbor caused by seiches on the lake.

(f) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(3243) MODEL STUDY OF LOCKS AND DAM NO. k,

MONONGAHELA RIVER.

(b)

(1)

(e)

(f)

(32UU)

(b)

(a)

(e)

(f)

(g)

District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Pittsburgh, Corps of Engineers,

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. (3579)

Experimental; for design.

A 1:120 fixed-bed, comprehensive model,

reproducing about 2.5 miles of the (b)

Monongahela River and the locks and dam

structures will be used to determine the

effects of modifications to the existing (d)

locks and dam on navigation conditions, (e)

and to develop modifications required to overcome any undesirable conditions.

Suspended.

MODEL STUDIES OF COLUMBIA LOCK AND DAM,

CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER.

District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

Dist., Mobile, Corps of Engrs., Mobile, Ala.

Experimental; for design.

A 1:100 fixed-bed type, comprehensive model,

reproducing about 1.5 miles of the

Chattahoochee River and the lock and dam

structures was used to study navigation

conditions within the lock approaches and

the head on lower lock gate during lockemptying operations, and to develop modifications required to overcome any un- desirable conditions found. Two section

models were also used in the investigation

to develop final spillway profiles and

stilling basin dimensions: a 1:36 model

of the fixed-crest spillway reproducing

250 feet of the approach area, a 36-foot

wide portion of the spillway and stilling

basin, and 300 feet of the exit area; and

a 1:27.2 model of the gated spillway, U00

feet of the approach area, a portion of

the spillway crest and stilling basin (one

full gate bay and two half piers), and kOO

feet of the exit area. (f)

Final reports in preparation. (g)

Tests of the spillway section models indicated that while the spillways performed

satisfactorily, the stilling basins provided

little or no energy dissipation. In the

case of the gated spillway, flow passed over the spillway along the surface of the tailwater or dived over the stilling basin into

the exit channel. With the fixed-crest

spillway, flow normally does not begin

until the tailwater over the basin is

fairly deep. In such cases there was no measurable velocity at the spillway toe.

Based on these observations, both basins were eliminated from prototype construction.

Pressures on the gated spillway were positive

for all conditions and instantaneous

pressure fluctuations were negligible.

Tests on the comprehensive model indicated

that because of the location of the lock

and dam with respect to the alignment of

the channels, currents moving from along

the left bank toward the dam would cross the upper approach to the lock, tending

to make navigation conditions for downbound

tows difficult. Conditions could be improved by modification of the excavation

along the left bank, upstream extension of

the guard wall or wing wall at the upper end

of the guard wall, and installation of

ports in the upper guard wall.

MODEL STUDY OF PIER SLIP SHOALING, NEW YORK

HARBOR.

District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, New York, Corps of Engineers,

New York, New York.

Experimental; for design.

The study will be conducted in a section

model reproducing that portion of the

Hudson River between pier 21 (Duane Street)

and West 158th Street, Manhattan, constructed

to scales of 1:100 vertically and 1:300

horizontally, in which the tides, tidal

currents, and shoaling of navigation slips

will be reproduced. The purpose of the

studies is to determine the causes of

shoaling in the pier slips in New York

Harbor and to develop plans for alleviating

this shoaling. Adjustment and verification

of the model are in progress.

(3580) MODEL STUDY OF NIAGARA REMEDIAL WORKS.

(b)

U)

(e)

District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist.

Buffalo, Corps of Engineers, Buffalo, N. Y

Experimental; for design.

The hydraulic investigation of the Niagara

remedial works was conducted on an existing

model, scales of 1:360 horizontally and 1:6' vertically, used previously to study the

preservation and enhancement of the senic

spectacle of Niagara Falls. The purpose of

this study was to determine the adequacy

of the existing control dam at the head

of the Cascades to maintain desired watersurface elevations in Chippawa-Grass Island

pool under various conditions of diversions

for power.

Completed.

Tests showed that either additional sluices

will have to be added to the existing 15 50-

foot -long dam or power diversions will have

150
(h)

to be limited to something less than the

maximum permitted by treaty if the desired

pool levels are to he maintained. Replacing

the present Conners Island power intake on the United States side with a new intake

will not affect the number of control dam

sluices that will have to be closed to

maintain proper pool levels, nor reduce

flow in the vicinity of the Three Sisters

Islands below that required to preserve the

scenic spectacle.

"Restudy of Niagara Remedial Control Dam,

Appendix B, to "Preservation and en- hancement of Niagara Falls; Hydraulic Model

Investigation." U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Technical Memo.

2-hll, Appendix B, Sept. i960. (Available

on loan.

MODEL STUDY OF LAKE PONTCHARTRAIN,

LOUISIANA.

District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, New Orleans, Corps of Engineers,

New Orleans, Louisiana.

Experimental; for design.

The investigation is being conducted in a fixed-bed model that reproduces to scales

of 1:2,000 horizontally and 1:100 vertically, Mississippi Sound west of Grand

Island, and Lakes Borgne, Pont chartrain,

and Maurepas, together with significant

tributaries. The model reproduces the

tides, tidal currents, salinities, and

freshwater discharges of the prototype.

The purpose of the study is to determine

the effect of proposed hurricane structures

across the connections between Lake Borgne

and Lake Pontchartrain upon the hydraulic

and salinity regimens of the area landward

from the structures

(3582) ARKANSAS RIVER CHANNEL MODEL.

(358i;

(b)

(a)

(e)

(b)

(a)

(e)

(f)

(g)

District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Little Rock, Corps of Engineers,

Little Rock, Arkansas.

Experimental; for design.

The Arkansas River project has as one of

its major aims the development of river

navigation from the Mississippi River to

the general area of Tulsa, Oklahoma. The

Arkansas River channel model was of the

movable-bed type with a horizontal scale of

1:150 and a vertical scale of 1:36, and re- produced the Arkansas River between miles

1 1*0.0 and 151.2. The model study constituted an idealized experimental approach

to the solution of sedimentation problems

involved in the canalization of the

Arkansas River and was designed to investigate problems typical of and to provide

results generally applicable to the

various reaches of the over-all length of

the river to be developed for navigation.

Tests completed; preparation of final

report in progress.

Tests indicated that: installation of a large dredge cut without a reduction in

sediment load or addition of regulatory

works would produce only a temporary effect

on channel conditions; use of regulating

structures to ease the alignment of the

channel within bends would tend to provide

a more uniform channel cross section and

improve the alignment of the channel over

crossings; placing contraction works on convex sand bars would tend to improve the

alignment, depth, and shape of the channel

opposite the sand bar and eliminate the

tendancy for the development of a point

bar; minimum channel widths required would

depend upon the location of the reach with

respect to the pool, depths required,

sediment load, method of operating the dam,

and flow conditions; and depths over crossings could be increased by means of

low spur or longitudinal grains in the

crossings

(3583) MODEL STUDIES OF CARLYLE DAM, KASKASKIA

RIVER, ILLINOIS.

(b) . District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, St. Louis, Corps of Engineers,

St. Louis, Missouri.

(d) Experimental; for design.

( e ) A 1 : 36 comprehensive model was used to

verify the spillway and stilling basin

performance to determine the best alignment

for the approach channel and training walls,

the best schedule of gate operation,

optimum stilling basin design, and an acceptable downstream training wall design;

and to furnish pressure profiles for

stability analysis. The model reproduced

the structure (less sluices), approximately

1,650 feet of approach channel, and 950

feet of exit channel.

(f) Tests completed; preparation of final

report in progress.

(g) Use of wing dikes in the approach area off

each abutment were required to reduce

abutment losses and obtain the desired

capacity. A stilling basin design of the

hydraulic- jump type was developed. Guidance was furnished design personnel on trainingwall heights and shapes, as well as expected

pressures and flow lines.

(358*0 MODEL STUDIES OF RED ROCK DAM, DES MOINES

RIVER, IOWA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Rock Island, Corps of Engineers,

Rock Island, Illinois.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:50 model, reproducing 900 feet of the

approach channel above the spillway, an 825-foot-wide section along the dam, the

spillway, conduits, stilling basin, and

575 feet of the outlet channel is being

used to verify stilling basin and training

wall design. The model reproduces the

entire spillway and stilling basin, sufficient approach area to assure natural

flow conditions over the spillway and at the abutments, and sufficient exit area to

permit formation of the natural flow pattern

in the exit channel. A l:l6 model of the

intersection of the spillway fac . and

conduit outlet portal will be used to

151
determine armor plate requirements at the

outlet portal

(g) The spillway design discharge was passed

at a head of 57 feet with square abutments.

Rounding the abutments (radius 7-8 feet)

lowered the head to 55 feet at the spillwaydesign discharge, 331.) 500 cubic feet per

second. Bottom-velocity measurements in

the upper approach indicated that the

embankment near the abutments will be

exposed to bottom velocities of about 9

feet per second, thus indicating the need

for riprap protection. Stilling basin

tests verified baffle pier size, location,

and apron elevation.

(3585) MODEL STUDY OF NEW POE LOCK, ST. MARYS

RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Buffalo, Corps of Engineers,

Buffalo, New York.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:25 preliminary culvert and single

lateral model was used to test flow

distribution within the lateral under

various operating conditions. The major

investigations were conducted in a 1:25

comprehensive model reproducing 600 feet

of upstream approach, intake manifolds,

1,000 feet of lock chamber, culverts,

bottom lateral outlet manifolds, and 300

feet of downstream approach. This model

included provision for changing the ar- rangement of bottom laterals, lock length,

culvert height, and culvert valve operating

schedules, and was used to confirm the

suitability of the initial design hydraulic

filling and emptying system or to develop

improvements in the system. A 1:12

culvert valve model was used to study

proposed valve design.

(f) Tests completed; preparation of final

report in progress.

(g) Tests in the preliminary model established

the best lateral design. Tests in the

general model established the best lateral

arrangement and valve schedules for filling

and emptying the lock. Satisfactory flow

distribution through the intakes was obtained in the general model. A satisfactory vertically framed culvert tainter

valve design was developed in the valve

model studies.

(3586) MODEL STUDY OF HOPPER DRAGHEAD.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Philadelphia, Corps of Engineers,

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) To develop improved dragheads designed

to attain a greater rate of intake of

solids when dredging mud and silt mixtures

( soft materials ) and dredging densely

packed, fine sand (hard material), an investigation is being conducted in an 80-

by 10- foot flume containing various types

of bed material. The draghead and suction

line, constructed to a scale of 1:6, are connected to a suction pump mounted on a

double carriage that provides travel, both

longitudinally and transversely, along the

top of the flume,

(g) Preliminary tests have indicated that the

model draghead would tend to be more

efficient in sand than the prototype

because of modifications in the design and

operation under more ideal conditions.

Tests have also indicated that a mixture

of available materials could be used to

simulate prototype mud for the draghead

test.

(3587) MODEL STUDIES OF JOHN REDMOND DAM, GRAND

RIVER, KANSAS.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Tulsa, Corps of Engineers, Tulsa

Oklahoma.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:100 model, reproducing 2,900 feet of

the approach channel above the spillway,

the spillway, stilling basin, and 2,^50

feet of the outlet channel, and a 1:36

model, reproducing one full bay and two

half bays of the spillway and the stilling

basin, are being used to study flow conditions in the shallow, curved spillway approach channel; to verify capacity of the

structure and adequacy of the stilling

basin and exit channel; and to determine

minimum requirements for training walls.

(f) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(g) The spillway design discharge, 577*000 cubic

feet per second, was passed at a head of kkW

feet, 2.5 feet higher than the computed

value. The upper pool elevation was lowered 0.5 foot at the design discharge

by rounding the abutments. A rock dike

in the right embankment reduced the upper

pool another 0.5 foot by reducing the

lateral flow at the right abutment. Loweri

the depth of approach to half the design

head for a distance of 200 feet upstream of]

the weir crest further improved weir capacity. A rock dike downstream of the left

embankment reduced velocities in the eddy

impinging against the embankment. Reshaping the weir by continuing the curve to|

a point 15 feet beneath the crestline re- duced back pressure and increased capacity.

A pier overhang was effective in reducing

the water surface profile alongside the

piers. A stilling basin of minimum size

and necessitating minimum excavation was

developed.

(3588) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY, BIG BEND RESERVOIR, MISSOURI RIVER, SOUTH DAKOTA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Omaha, Corps of Engineers, Omaha,

Nebraska.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:60 model, reproducing 2, ^00 feet of

the approach channel, the spillway and

stilling basin, and 1,000 feet of the

exit channel, was used to determine: (l)

velocity and flow characteristics in the

approach channel; (2) spillway discharge

rating data with emphasis on the effects

152
of weir submergence; and (3) stilling

basin behavior and exit channel velocity

and scour data.

(f) Tests completed; final report in preparation. (3591)

(g) Over-all performance of the spillway of

original design was marred by turbulence

and unequal flow distribution in the spill- (b)

way bays adjacent to the abutments. Modification to the abutments and realignment

of the spur dike near the right abutment (d)

corrected these conditions and resulted in (e)

excellent hydraulic conditions over the

spillway in the chute, and in the stilling

basin. The model discharge coefficient

(3-58) coincided with computed values.

Basin tests revealed that a horizontal

stilling basin Ityk feet long with two rows of 12- foot -high baffle piers and a 10- foot

high stepped end sill performed the most

satisfactorily.

(3589) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY, PIKE ISLAND DAM,

OHIO RIVER, WEST VIRGINIA, OHIO.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Omaha, Corps of Engineers, Omaha,

Nebraska.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:25 section model reproducing 300 feet

of the approach area, a portion of the

spillway crest and stilling basin, and 600

feet of the exit area was used to examine

the hydraulic performance of the spillway (f)

and stilling basin. (g)

(f) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(g) Tests of the original design stilling basin

revealed that unsatisfactory basin action

occurred at the larger gate openings (above

a 6-foot opening). For satisfactory basin

action, correct placement of the baffle

piers in the basin below the spillway was

essential. The most satisfactory basin

consisted of a horizontal apron 67 feet

long with a single row of 6-foot-high

baffle piers located k2 feet below the

spillway toe, and a 3-foot-high stepped (h)

end sill. Velocities in the exit did not

exceed 6 feet per second for normal tailwater conditions

(3590) MODEL STUDY OF WAVE ACTION, EAST PASSAGE,

NARRAGANSETT BAY, RHODE ISLAND.

(b) Division Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

Division, New England, Corps of Engineers,

Waltham, Massachusetts.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:150 model is being used to determine

the effects of hurricane surge currents,

waves, and winds on the operation of an aircraft carrier in East Passage. A

barrier across East Passage has been proposed to limit the quantity of water

entering Narragansett Bay from hurricane

surge, and the model study will examine

ship navigation conditions with respect

to barrier location and its navigation

opening.

(g) A self-propelled, radio-controlled, model

aircraft carrier has been constructed

dynamically similar to its prototype, and

is being used in tests to determine the

(3592)

(b)

(a)

(e)

effects of the proposed barrier on navigation conditions.

MODEL STUDY OF EVERETT DAM, PISCATAQUOG

RIVER, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

Division Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

Division, New England, Corps of Engineers,

Waltham, Massachusetts.

Experimental; for design.

The investigation was conducted in a 1:36

model that reproduced 350 feet of the approach channel above the spillway, entire

spillway width plus 125 feet of the dam

on each side, and 700 feet of the discharge

channel. The spillway is to be an uncontrolled ogee weir with a crest length of 180

feet. To eliminate excessive rock exca- vation the weir bucket inverts will be

stepped down, varying from elevation 1+12 to elevation 385. The four different toe

elevations below the spillway and the

various slopes in the upstream portion of

the channel made prediction of flow conditions in the discharge channel uncertain.

It was thought that the cross flow from the

high toward the low (right) side of the

channel might cause serious piling up of

flow and overtopping of the right wall.

The model was used to determine spillway

flow characteristics and the distribution

of flow in the discharge channel.

Completed.

Very close agreement between model and

computed spillway rating curves was obtained. A small disturbance occurred in

the lowest bucket caused by turbulence

generated at the abutment wall upstream

of the weir crest. Flow conditions in the

discharge channel were generally satisfactory in that no significant waves formed

and lateral flow from the high to the low

buckets was negligible. For all flows

tested the water surface was confined to the rock cut and no overtopping occurred.

"Everett Dam Spillway and Discharge Channel, Piscataquog River, New Hampshire;

Hydraulic Model Investigation. " U. S. Army

Engineer Waterways Experiment Station

Miscellaneous Paper No. 2-1+03, July i960.

(Available on loan).

MODEL STUDY OF TYPICAL NAVIGATION DAM,

ARKANSAS RIVER.

District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Little Rock, Corps of Engineers,

Little Rock, Arkansas.

Experimental; for design.

The Arkansas River multipurpose project

includes the development of river navigation from the Mississippi River to the

general area of Tulsa. Present plans for

navigation include construction of several

navigation locks and dams. The purpose of

the model study are to investigate various

problems that occur in the vicinity of

the structures. The investigation is being

conducted initially on a movable-bed model

constructed to linear scales of 1:120

horizontally and l:Uo vertically, reproducing a 15-mile reach of a typical stream

153
(f)

(g)

(3593)

Cb)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(359*0

Cb)

(d)

(e)

(g)

having characteristics generally similar

to reaches of the Arkansas River, including

a typical Arkansas River lock and dam

structure. Provisions have "been made for

modifications to reproduce other selected

reaches of similar length but different

curvatures . The model of each reach

studied on the movable-bed model will he

converted to a fixed-bed, 1:120 model to

study navigation conditions in the approaches to the locks.

Tests suspended; preparation of report in

progress

Tests indicated that: navigation conditions in the upper approach would be affected by high-velocity currents and cross- currents near the end of the upper guard

wall of the lock at the location tested;

conditions in the upper approach could be

improved by extending the contraction works

in the upstream bend to reduce flow across (3596)

the bar and by moving the lock and dam

structure farther downstream; shoaling

would occur in the lower approach channel

which could be reduced by means of low

wing dikes extending from the end of the

lower guard wall; the sand bar in the bend

upstream would extend toward the dam and

tend to reduce flow through the bays near

the abutment on the bar side of the channel; deposition would occur over the dam

gate sill and in the stilling basin, but

the shoaling should not affect the operation

of the gates or the stilling basin.

MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY, MAXWELL DAM,

M0N0NGAHELA RIVER, PENNSYLVANIA

District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Pittsburgh, Corps of Engineers,

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Experimental; for design.

A 1:25 section model reproducing 200 feet

of the approach channel, a portion of the

spillway crest and stilling basin, and 300

feet of the exit area was used to examine

the hydraulic performance of the spillway

weir and stilling basin. A second phase

of the study consisted of determining the

most efficient and economical stilling

basin below Opekiska Dam, a structure

similar to Maxwell.

Final report in preparation.

MODEL STUDY OF RIPRAP REQUIREMENTS FOR

R. R. RELOCATION FILLS, ICE HARBOR DAM

AND JOHN DAY DAM PROJECTS, WASHINGTON AND

OREGON.

District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Walla Walla, Corps of Engineers,

Walla Walla, Washington.

Experimental; for design.

Tests are being conducted in a 5-foot-wide,

U-foot-deep, and 119-foot-long wave flume,

using a linear scale of 1:12, model to

prototype, to determine the stability of

graded riprap, gravel, and rock fill as cover-layer materials for protection of

railroad relocation fills. The stability

of the different types of cover-layer materials is being determined as a function of

00

(d)

(e)

(g)

3597)

(d)

(e)

depth below still-water level, slope of

fill, depth of water, and wave period.

The results of stability tests on three

different gradations of riprap material

are represented with very good accuracy by

the formula

7 H ' r

3

50 K A (S - 1)3 cot a

A r

'

Where Wcq is weight of riprap (50 percent

finer than), y r is the specific weight of

riprap material, H is height of selected

design wave, Sr is the specific gravity of

riprap relative to the fluid in which the

structure is located (yr/7w)> a is the

angle of the fill slope, and is a dimensionless coefficient.

HYDRAULIC STUDIES FOR IMPACT ENERGY DISSIPAT0R DESIGN.

Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept., of

the Army, Washington, D. C. Experimental; applied research.

A general investigation to determine the

energy loss coefficient of an impact energy

dissipator of variable height and depth for

varying slopes, diameters, and energy of

flows of the upstream conduit will be con- ducted on a 1.0-foot-diameter impact energy

dissipator. The energy of the influx will

be determined from measurements of the

discharge and the hydraulic gardient. The

energy of the efflux will be determined from

measurements of the discharge from each of

four quadrants. The slope and size of the

incoming pipe will be varied to determine

the effect of each upon the energy dissipated

For a particular slope and diameter of the

incoming pipe and a particular height and

depth of the dissipator, the relative energy

content of the efflux to the influx will be

determined for as great a range of Reynolds

numbers as possible to ascertain the effect

of Reynolds number upon the energy loss in

the dissipator.

Tests conducted thus far indicate that for

a particular slope of the incoming pipe

there is an optimum depth of the stilling

well below the invert of the incoming pipe

at which a nearly uniform distribution of

the efflux may be obtained. In general, the

loss coefficient of the stilling well de- creases with increasing Reynolds number.

Also, for the same Reynolds number based on the hydraulic radius, the loss coefficient

for full pipe inflow is less than that for

partial inflow.

CORRUGATED PIPE ROUGHNESS STUDY.

Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of

the Army, and Bureau of Public Roads, Dept.

of Commerce, Washington, D. C. Experimental; applied research.

This is a general investigation to determine

a resistance coefficient and the law of

velocity distribution for flow in structural'

plate corrugated pipe. A fiber-glass test

section reproducing a 5-foot diameter

15*
standard corrugated pipe at a scale of 1:H

was tested in order to obtain additional

data on the resistance coefficient and ve- locity distribution and to correlate model

work with full-scale tests. Fiber-glass

test sections reproducing a 5-foot-, 10-footand 20- foot -diameter structural-plate pipe

at scales of 1:2.2, 1:8, and l:l6, re- spectively, will be tested to determine the

effect of relative roughness upon the re- sistance coefficient and velocity distribution. The hydraulic gradient and the

energy loss through 20- to 80-diameter

lengths of test section will be established

by piezometers located at 5-foot intervals.

These piezometers will be 1/8 inch in

diameter, on center of the crests of the

corrugations, and four in number around

the periphery of the pipe. Velocity

traverses will be made by means of calibrated pitot tubes at several locations

along the test section for determination

of the velocity distribution,

(g) Tests conducted on the model reproducing

standard corrugations at a scale of 1:4

have been completed and the results of

tests for a range of Reynolds numbers from

h x 10^ to 2 x 10^ agree favorably with

results of full-scale studies made at Bonneville Hydraulic Laboratory. Results

of tests on the models simulating 5-foot-,

10-foot-, and 20- foot -diameter structuralplate pipes indicate maximum Manning's

"n" of 0.0310, 0.0295, and 0.0265, re- spectively.

(3598) MODEL STUDIES OF CONTAMINATION DISPERSION

IN ESTUARIES.

(b) Nuclear Projects Office, Maritime Administration, U. S. Department of Commerce.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The increasing use of nuclear reactors in

the production of automotive power, both

on land and sea, presents new problems

pertaining to the dispersal of radioactive

waste released either accidentally or purposely into rivers, estuaries, and

harbors. The Maritime Administration is

concerned with the probable dispersion

patterns of radioactive matter that might

be released in accidents involving nuclearpowered ships. A series of tests was made

on several existing models of important

estuaries, including the Delaware River,

Narragansett Bay, New York Harbor, and

Savannah Harbor, in order to obtain data

from which dispersion effects could be

computed. Tides, tidal currents, salinities

and freshwater flow were reproduced for all

tests. Methylene blue chloride dye was used to simulate contamination, and the dye

releases were generally made at the most

adverse time of tide in relation to the

potential upstream spread of the con- taminant. Water samples were obtained

periodically throughout the contaminated

area for spectrophotometer analysis, and

in addition, meters which automatically

measured and recorded dye concentrations

were in continuous operation at strategic

locations . Results obtained are expressed

as percentages of the initial concentration.

(g) Tests in the New York Harbor and Savannah

models have been completed, and the results

of the New York Harbor tests are presented

in report listed below. The report contains

descriptions of test procedures and techniques, and tables and plates presenting

the data obtained. Analyses of data will

be made and conclusions drawn by Dr. D. W. Pritchard of Johns Hopkins University.

(h) "Contamination Dispersion in Estuaries;

Report 3 , New York Harbor; Hydraulic Model

Investigation." U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Miscellaneous Paper

No. 2-332. (Available on loan.)

( 3902 ) RADIOACTIVE TRACER TESTS OF SEDIMENT,

GALVESTON BAY, TEXAS.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Galveston, Corps of Engineers,

Galveston, Texas.

(d) Experimental; field investigation.

(e) It is planned to study the movement of

sediment in the vicinity of the Galveston

Bay jetty by use of radioactive goldimpregnated glass. The glass is ground

to the particle size of the natural sediment

and will be deposited in the bay on one side

of the jetty. It is expected that the tidal

action, littoral current, and wind waves will move the material around the jetty into

the shipping channel or through the jetty.

The path of the activated gold-impregnated

glass particles will be traced by instruments from a small boat.

(3903) MODEL STUDY OF WAVE ACTION, HILO HARBOR,

HAWAII

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Honolulu, Corps of Engineers,

Honolulu, Hawaii

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:125 model is proposed to determine the

optimum breakwater plan to decrease wave

and surge action in Hilo Harbor so that

troublesome and damaging ship motion at piers 1, 2, and 3 will be alleviated. To

date, prototype instruments to measure wave and surge action at piers 1 and 2 have been

obtained with which measurements will be

made for use in determining the cause of

the problem and in design of the model.

(3904) MODEL STUDY OF DESIGN OF RUBBLE-MOUND

BREAKWATER, M0RR0 BAY, CALIFORNIA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Los Angeles, Corps of Engineers,

Los Angeles, California.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Stability tests were conducted in a concrete wave flume 119 feet long, 5 feet wide, and

k feet deep, in which a section model of

the Morro Bay Harbor breakwater had been

constructed to a linear scale of 1:53- 7- The study was performed to obtain data

from which alternate designs could be

developed for repair of the breakwater.

155
Design criteria for "both the head and trunk

of the structure were desired.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) It was found that a considerable portion

of the breakwater trunk would be stable

under attack of waves 2k feet high (design- wave height ) if the lower layer was composed

of quarrystones weighing 10 to 20 tons

placed on a slope of 1 on 2-1/2. Another

reach of the structure could be constructed

of quarrystones weighing 10 to 30 tons

placed on a slope of 1 on 1-3/k. Design

of the breakwater head was difficult.

However , it was determined that the head

should be composed of concrete armor units

of special shape, weighing 20 tons, with

slopes varying from 1 on 1-1/2 on the sea- side to 1 on 3 on the harborside.

(h) "Designs for Rubble-Mound Breakwater

Repair, Mbrro Bay Harbor, Morro Bay, Calif.

Preliminary report, U. S. Army Engineer

Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg,

Miss., October i960. (Available on loan.)

(3905) KELLEYS ISLAND HARBOR STUDY, LAKE ERIE,

OHIO.

(b) Ohio State.

(d) Analytical; for design.

(e) An analytical study is being conducted to

determine the characteristics of shortperiod wind waves which occur at the site

of the proposed Kelleys Island harbor of

refuge. Deep-water waves are charted into

the position of the harbor entrance by use

of refraction diagrams. The resulting data

will be used to determine the optimum

alinement of the navigation opening, and

the need for, and approximate length of a protecting breakwater.

(3906) POWER PLANT TRANSIENTS TESTS, GARRISON AND

0AHE DAMS, MISSOURI RIVER, NORTH DAKOTA.

(b) Division Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

Division, Missouri River, and District

Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer District,

Omaha, Corps of Engineers, Omaha, Nebraska.

(d) Field investigations; applied research and

design.

(e) Hydraulic prototype measurements of power

plant transients will be made to evaluate

results of a comprehensive digital computer

study made by the sponsoring offices, and

to determine extent operation corresponds

with design. General objective is to

develop a solution of the entire problem

of power plant transients, with primary

emphasis on governing stability. For

different plant loadings, instantaneous

pressure values at a number of locations in

the power tunnel, the surge tank system,

turbine scroll case, and draft tube will be

obtained simultaneously with instantaneous

values of tunnel velocity, reservoir and

tailwater elevations, turbine speed and

gate opening, power output, and other

elements (including governor system).

Measurements will be recorded on about 90

channels of oscillograph and magnetic tape

recorders. Instrumentation and other

preparations are nearly complete for tests

at Garrison Dam in the spring of 1961.

Tests at Oahe Dam probably will be made in

the spring of 1962.

(h) "Hydraulic Analysis of Surge Tanks by

Digital Computer, " by Nicholas Barbarossa

(U. S. Army Engineer Division, Missouri

River). ASCE Proceedings, Paper No. 1996,

April 1959.

(3907) SHOALING PROCESSES.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of

the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The annual cost to the Federal Government

of maintaining navigable channels in tidal

waterways is estimated to be of the order

of $60,000,000. The Corps of Engineers

Committee on Tidal Hydraulics has concluded

that a thorough study of shoaling processes

in tidal waterways would lead to improvement!

in channel design, dredging, and spoiling

practices, and other maintenance techniques

which would reduce this large expenditure.

The Committee concludes that the following

program of research is essential in ar- riving at the objective of reducing

maintenance cost: (a) flume studies to

determine the basic laws involved in the

movement and deposition of muddy sediments;

(b) flume studies to determine effects of

repetitive scour and deposition on sedimentation; (c) the development of techniques

for using radioactive tracers for observing

the movement and deposition of sediments in

nature; (d) the development of a simple and

accurate instrument for in-place measurement of turbidity; (e) a study of the

physical, chemical, and hydraulic factors

involved in the stabilization of deposits

in navigable channels; (f) determination

of the effects of flocculation on shoaling;

(g) prototype studies aimed at correlation

of sedimentation phenomena in tidal waterways with physical, chemical, hydraulic,

salinity, and other significant factors;

and (h) classification of the sediments

which constitute all major repetitive

shoals in tidal waterways. Item (a) is

being conducted under contract by the

University of California. A literature

survey of items (e) and (f) was conducted

by the Waterways Experiment Station;

results are reported in Technical Bulletin

k cited below. Items (g) and (h) are in

progress at the Waterways Experiment Station. Items (c) and (d) are being conducted

by other than Federal agencies at no cost

to the Federal Government. Item (b) is

inactive

(h) "Soil as a Factor in Shoaling Processes,

a Literature Review, " Committee on Tidal

Hydraulics Technical Bulletin No. k. June

i960. (Available on loan.)

(3908) ARKANSAS RIVER NAVIGATION MODEL.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Vicksburg, Corps of Engineers,

Vicksburg, Mississippi.

156
(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A fixed-bed model reproducing to scale of

1:600 horizontally and 1:100 vertically

about 33 miles of the Mississippi River near

the mouths of the White and Arkansas Rivers,

57 miles of the lower Arkansas River, 12

miles of the lower White River, and the

major portion of the White -Arkansas River

backwater area is being used for the

investigation. The model is to be used

to demonstrate alternate routes for the

entrance to the Arkansas River navigation

project, flow patterns, nature of overbank

flow, effect of Arkansas -White Cutoff, and

problems related to the location and

alignment of the navigation entrance to the

Arkansas River from the Mississippi River,

(g) Data on stages for various combinations of

flow from the three streams, velocity

measurements at critical points, and current

directions have been obtained under various

test conditions for use of design engineers

in determining most feasible plan from

navigation and economical standpoint.

(3909) MODEL STUDY OF OPOSSUM CREEK LOCKS AND

DAM, OHIO RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Pittsburgh, Corps of Engineers,

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:120, fixed-bed, comprehensive model

reproducing about h miles of the Ohio

River and the lock and dam structures was used to study navigation conditions in the

approaches to the locks, determine suitability of the selected site, and develop

modifications required to overcome any

undesirable conditions found.

(f) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(g) Tests indicated site to be generally

satisfactory. Velocities in the upper

approach sill tend to be high, but could

be reduced by modification of excavation

along the right bank above the lock.

(3910) MODEL STUDY OF LOWER ATCHAFALAYA RIVER

BASIN, LOUISIANA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, New Orleans, Corps of Engineers,

New Orleans, Louisiana.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The study was conducted on the Mississippi

River flood-control model. The model

is of the fixed-bed type with a horizontal

scale of 1:2,000 and a vertical scale of

1:100. It reproduces the Mississippi

River from Helena, Ark., to Donaldsonville,

La., the Arkansas -White, Yazoo, and RedOuachita backwater areas, the Old River

Channel from Angola to Barbre Landing, La.,

the Atchafalaya River and Basin to the

Gulf of Mexico, and the Morganza and West

Atchafalaya Floodways. The purpose of the

investigation was to determine the effects

of dredging and side -channel closures on slopes and velocities within the main

channel for the development of plans to

increase the flood- carrying capacity of

the Atchafalaya Basin.

(f) Completed.

(g) Results consisted of data on stages, ve- locity measurements within the basin, and

directions of flow within the various

channels and along the overbank for use of design engineers in establishing

dredging and side-channel closure program

and priorities

(3911) MODEL STUDY OF MATAGORDA SHIP CHANNEL,

TEXAS.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Galveston, Corps of Engineers,

Galveston, Texas

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The fixed-bed model, constructed to scale

ratios of 1:1,000 horizontally and 1:100

vertically, reproduces about 800 square

miles of prototype area, including all of

Matagorda Bay, part of the connecting bay

system, and a portion of the Gulf of Mexico

adjacent to Pass Cavallo. Tides and tidal

currents are reproduced by one primary

tide generator and one secondary tide

generator, and fresh-water discharges of

tributaries, together with the rainfall

over the area, are introduced by means of

wiers and flowmeters. Salt water is used

in the model gulf to reproduce the prototype

salinity regimen and provisions have been

made for the injection of silt in the

model for measurements of deposits on the

bed of the model. Studies will be made

to determine: (l) the best location for

the entrance channel; (2) the best route

for the channel from the entrance to

Point Comfort; (3) such protective works

as may be required in the interests of

navigation and maintenance of the channel;

and (k) the effects of the deep-draft

navigation channel on the salinity regimen

of the bay system.

(3912) MODEL STUDY OF GALVESTON BAY, TEXAS.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Galveston, Corps of Engineers,

Galveston, Texas.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A movable-bed model, with scale ratios of

1:500 horizontally and 1:100 vertically

will reproduce about 17^.5 square miles of

prototype area, including a small portion

of Galveston Bay and a portion of the Gulf

of Mexico extending 8 miles north of the

north jetty, 6-1/2 miles south of the south

jetty, and offshore to about the 50-foot

contour of depth. Tides, tidal currents,

littoral currents, and wave action in the

Gulf of Mexico will be reproduced. Studies

will be made to determine: (l) relocation

and stabilization of the jetty channel on

an alignment and depth suitable for navigation of supertankers; (2) protection of

the north jetty from undermining action of

tidal currents; (3) shoaling characteristics

of the relocated and deepened jetty (inner

bar) channel and plans for minimizing

shoaling; and (k) shoaling characteristics

of the deepened outer bar channel.

157
(f) Model under construction.

(3913) MODEL STUDY OF GULF OUTLET CHANNEL, LA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, New Orleans, Corps of Engineers,

New Orleans, Louisiana.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The investigation will tie conducted in a fixed-bed extension of the Lake

Pontchartrain model and in conjunction with

that model study. Reproduced is that area eastward of New Orleans to Breton Sound and

south of Lakes Pontchartrain and Borgne to

include the connecting waterways "between

those lakes and the Gulf Outlet Channel, now

under construction. Scales are 1:2,000

horizontal and 1:100 vertical. Tides,

tidal currents, salinities, and water ex- change through the connecting waterways will

be simulated. Purpose of the study is to

determine the effect of the channel on the

salinity regimens of Lakes Pontchartrain and

Borgne, which will be connected to the channel by existing waterways.

(391*0 MODEL STUDY FOR MODERNIZATION OF EXISTING

LOCK, McALPINE LOCKS, OHIO RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Louisville, Corps of Engineers,

Louisville, Kentucky.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:25 model which reproduces the filling

and emptying system is being used to develop

feasible modifications which will improve

prototype performance

(3915) MODEL STUDY OF DROP STRUCTURE, GERING

VALLEY PROJECT, GERING VALLEY, NEBRASKA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engr. Dist.,

Omaha, Corps of Engineers, Omaha, Nebraska.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:12 model reproducing successively three

typical drop structures, adjacent overbank

areas and 300 feet of the approach and

exit areas will be used to examine the

hydraulic performance of the drop structures

(3916) MODEL STUDY OF 0AHE RESERVOIR SPILLWAY,

MISSOURI RIVER, SOUTH DAKOTA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engr. Dist.,

Omaha, Corps of Engineers, Omaha, Nebraska.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:50 model reproduces the remote, gated

control structure which will serve as spillway for Oahe Dam, along with approximately 3^000 feet of approach and exit

channel. The model study is intended to:

(l) indicate head losses through structure

and in channel, and provide data on flow

patterns and velocities; (2) verify discharge

data for gate bays; and (3) develop design

of stilling basin, and of transition from

stilling basin to sloped sides of exit

channel

(g) Results obtained from the model study thus

far include water-surface profiles, flow

patterns and velocities for different as- sumed values of Manning's "n" (roughness

coefficient) for the exit channel; discharge

data; and certain modifications to the

stilling basin and exit channel. Large

standing wave formations evident in the

exit channel of the original design have

been reduced, as have bottom velocities

caused by sudden releases from the maximum

controlled storage pool into the exit channel. A recommended schedule for gate operation has been formulated.

(3917) GENERAL SPILLWAY MODEL TESTS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of

the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Tests are made on various elements of

spillways to develop improved designs and

to better define values of coefficients

used in design formulas. A series of tests

is being conducted on low weirs to determine

optimum shape from a consideration of discharge coefficients and pressures.

(g) From tests made to date, the desirability

of a crest shape tangent to the upstream

face of the weir has been established.

(3918) MODEL TESTS FOR TYPICAL C AND SF PROJECT

STRUCTURE.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Jacksonville, Corps of Engineers,

Jacksonville, Florida.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:16 model, reproducing 38*+ feet of the

approach channel, an 8l. 33-foot -wide 3 -bay

structure, the spillway, stilling basin,

and 192 feet of the outlet channel, is

being used to determine the discharge coefficient and flow conditions of similar project structures having various approach and

exit channel elevations for both controlled

and uncontrolled flows.

(3919) MODEL STUDY OF ALLEGHENY DAM, ALLEGHENY

RIVER, PENNSYLVANIA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Pittsburgh, Corps of Engineers,

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:36 model reproduces a 375 foot-widesection of the approach, the entire spillway and portions of each abutment, the six

low-lever sluices and two high-level sluices,

the stilling basin, and a *+25- foot-wide

section of the exit channel. The model will

provide a means for determining sluice design, spray wall heights, and stilling basin

design. Weir calibration data and pressures

and abutment coefficients will be determined.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, BUREAU OF PUBLIC

ROADS.

(856) HYDROLOGY OF STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEMS IN URBAN AREAS.

Cooperative with Johns Hopkins University.

See page k6.

158
HYDRAULICS OF STILLING BASINS. STANDARDS j Fluid Mechanics Section.

Cooperative with Colorado State University.

See page 15

(1591) DETERMINATION OF WATERWAY AREAS.

Cooperative with University of Illinois.

See page 38.

(2066) STUDY OF OPEN CHANNEL CONSTRICTIONS IN A

SLOPING FLUME.

Cooperative with Colorado State University.

See page 15

(2U35) HYDRAULICS OF PIPE CULVERTS

Cooperative with the National Bureau of

Standards. See page 159-

(2839) HYDRAULICS OF RIVER FLOW UNDER ARCH BRIDGES.

Cooperative with Purdue University. See

page 72.

(30^1) MAGNITUDE AND FREQUENCY OF FLOODS FROM

SMALL WATERSHEDS IN ARID AND SEMI-ARID

AREAS.

Cooperative with Colorado State University.

See page 19.

(3166) HYDRODYNAMICS OF FLOW INTO CURB INLETS.

Cooperative with Stanford University.

See page 8l.

(3597) CORRUGATED PIPE ROUGHNESS STUDY.

Cooperative with Waterways Experiment

Station. See page 15^+.

(3699) ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE MECHANICS OF SCOUR.

Cooperative with Colorado State University.

See page 23.

(3700) UNSTEADY FLOW IN A STORM DRAIN.

Cooperative with Colorado State University.

See page 23.

(3701) DEPRESSED CURB OPENING INLET.

Cooperative with Colorado State University.

See page 23.

(3705) ANALYTICAL STUDY OF LOCAL SCOUR.

Cooperative with Colorado State University.

See page 2k.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to the Chief, Fluid Mechanics Section,

National Bureau of Standards, Washington 25, D. C.

(ikfQ) WIND WAVES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search.

(e) Includes mathematical and experimental studie

of (l) wind tides (setup), (2) growth of

wind waves, and (3) surface traction of wind

on wavy surfaces

( 2^4-35 ) HYDRAULICS OF PIPE CULVERTS.

(b) Bureau of Public Roads.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To determine hydraulic characteristics of

various types of culvert entrances and to

develop inlets of improved design.

(2U36) FLOW OVER HYDROPHOBIC MATERIALS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To determine augmented dissipation of

hydrophobic disks and plates oscillated in

various fluids

(h) Report in preparation.

(3250) INERTIAL FORCES IN UNSTEADY FLOW.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Determination of inertia and drag coefficients of cylinders and plates when

subjected to a varying monotonically varying

flow.

(h) Report in preparation.

(3599) MOTION OF CYLINDERS IN STRATIFIED LAYERS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and

applied research.

(e) A study is made of the internal waves produced by the horizontal motion of a cylinder through the liquid. Experiments

are made with two liquid layers of different

densities and with a liquid with linear

density gradient . In the latter case the

surface disturbance is also examined.

(h) "Disturbances Due to the Motion of Cylinders

in a Liquid with Linear Density Gradient,"

by L. H. Carpenter and G. H. Keulegan, NBS

Report 7007, November k, i960.

(3600) DAMPING OF PROGRESSIVE OSCILLATORY INTERNAL

WAVES.

(3987 HIGHWAY RUNDOWN DRAIN.

Cooperative with the Bureau of Reclamation.

See page 178.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, NATIONAL BUREAU OF

(b)

(a)

(e)

(h)

Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

Theoretical and experimental; basic and

applied research.

A study is being made of the velocity and

damping of internal progressive oscillatory

waves of a two-layer system.

Report in preparation.

159
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, U. S. WEATHER BUREAU.

Inquiries concerning the following projects, except

as indicated, ahould "be addressed to Mr. William

E. Hiatt, Chief, Hydrologic Services Division,

U. S. Weather Bureau, Washington 25, D. C.

(1015) MEASUREMENT OF EVAPORATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; applied research.

(e) Studies are directed toward the derivation

of reliable procedures for estimating

evaporation from reservoirs (existing and

proposed) and land surfaces, utilizing

readily available meteorological data and

pan evaporation observations.

(g) A World Meteorological Organization Work

Group on Evaporation Measurement has been

requested to recommend a standard evaporation instrument for possible adoption.

An experimental pan has been designed as an initial Weather Bureau contribution to the

Work Group activities. The pan is made of

fiberglas with a diameter of about Ik inches

and depth of about 2-1/2 inches, set in a slab of styrofoam 20 inches in diameter and

approximately 6 inches thick. A screen made of very thin piano wire with about

3/h inch grid is installed 1 inch above

pan to prevent birds, etc., drinking the

water. Pan is set in a wooden platform

about 3 feet above ground level. Four of

these pans have been constructed. Field

testing is being carried on at the Weather

Bureau Silver Hill Observatory, Md.

,

Weather Bureau Airport Station at Las Vegas,

Nev., and at Lake Overholser near Oklahoma

City, Okla. The Weather Bureau Observational Test and Development Center at Silver Hill, Md., has been closed and re- located at a new site near Dulles International Airport in Virginia. An evaporation observational program will be

continued at the new site. A report is

being prepared covering the studies made

at the Silver Hill location. The evapotranspiration study to develop a basin

accounting method for estimating soilmoisture deficiency is continuing. A

slightly revised approach of soil-moisture

accounting is being tested under varying

climatic regimes to determine its usefulness as an index of antecedent soil condition in rainfall-runoff relations.

(h) "The Felt Lake Evaporation Study," by

Donald Baker and Ray K. Linsley, Technical

Report No. 5, Department of Civil Engineering, Stanford University, April i960.

(nhk) DEVELOPMENT OF RIVER FORECASTING METHODS.

(b) River Forecast Centers for: Lower Ohio

River Basin, Cincinati, Ohio; Upper Ohio

River Basin, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Susquehanna

and Delaware River Basins, Harrisburg, Pa.;

Lower Missouri River Basin, Kansas City,

Mo.; Columbia River Basin, Portland, Oreg.;

Middle and Upper Mississippi River Basin,

St. Louis, Mo.; Arkansas and Red River

160

Basins, Tulsa, Okla.; New England and

Hudson River Basins, Hartford, Conn.;

South Atlantic and East Gulf River Basins,

Augusta, Ga.; and Middle Atlantic River

Basins, Washington, D. C. (d) Theoretical and field investigation; opera- I tion and applied research.

(e) The purpose of these investigations is to

develop modern river forecast procedures

for all ranges of flow for various streams

of each basin. Procedures include: (l)

Rainfall -runoff relations involving con- sideration of the physics of soil moisture,

vegetative reception, transpiration, evaporation and geological features of the

basins; (2) snowmelt forecasting relations

involving consideration of the physics of snow and heat transfer; (3) unit hydrographs; and (h) streamflow routing procedures, based upon adaptations of basic

hydraulic principles, using electronic or 1 mechanical analogues.

(g) Forecasting procedures have been developed

for key points; refinement of these procedures and development from other basins

are underway.

(h) "Snow Melt Floods, Spring 1959, Upper

Mississippi Watershed," by Phillip Light,

Pub. No. 51, Int. Assn. Sci. Hydro., i960.

"Extended Low Flow Forecasting Operations

on the Mississippi River," by Russell G. Mann and Eugene M. Rasmusson, Pub. No. 51., Int. Assn. Sci. Hydro., i960.

"Veri KLag Scale for Streamflow Routing,

by Delmar J. Taylor, Civ. Eng., Vol. 30, No. 10, I960.

(17^5) WATER SUPPLY FORECASTS FOR WESTERN UNITED

STATES.

(b) Work being conducted in following field

offices: River Forecast Center, Portland,

Oreg.; Water Supply Forecast Unit, Salt

Lake City, Utah; River Forecast Center,

Kansas City, Mo.; Weather Bureau Office,

Sacramento, Calif.; and River Forecast

Center, Windsor Locks, Conn.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; operation and applied research.

(e) The purpose of these investigations is the

development of precipitation-runoff relations

for water supply forecasting utilizing

statistical methods to correlate precipitation during the winter with runoff during

the melting season.

(g) Water Supply Forecasts are prepared for

about 350 points in the Western United

States. These forecasts of water-year

and residual flow are released in Monthly

Water Supply Forecast Bulletins, January

through May. This research program is of

a continuing nature designed to improve

and extend the present forecasting service.

(h) "Water Supply Forecasts in Northern New

England," by Charles D. Hopkins, Proc.

Eastern Snow Conf., 1959-60.

(1751) MAXIMUM STATION PRECIPITATION.

(b) Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army,

(d) Analysis of data.
1 (e) Tabulations of maximum recorded 2-,

3-, 6-, 12-, and 24-hour precipitation, for

automatic recording rain-gage stations, bystates.

(h) Twenty-four states completed and published

as parts of Weather Bureau Technical Paper

No. 15 J Arkansas at printers; Oklahoma and

Iowa in process.

B2U37) UNITED STATES STORM CHARACTERISTICS PROJECT.

(b) Soil Conservation Service, Department of

Agriculture

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; applied

research and design.

(e) Studies to provide rainfall data for design criteria in estimating required capacities of hydraulic structures. Work includes: (l) Development of a generalized

relationship between depth, area, duration

and frequency for areas up to kOO square

miles, durations of 20 minutes to 2k hours,

and return periods from 1 to 100 years

(2) development of a generalized portrayal

of the probable maximum precipitation for areas up to kOO square miles, and durations

up to 2k hours in the United States; and

( 3 ) combination of ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) for Puerto

Rico, Virgin Islands and Hawaiian Islands,

(h) "Rainfall Intensity-Frequency Regime -- Part 5 -- Great Lakes Region," U. S. Weather

Bureau Technical Paper No. 29.

(2U38) STORM TIDE PREDICTIONS.

(b) Laboratory projects.

(c) Mr. D. Lee Harris, Office of Meteorological

Research, U. S. W. B. , Washington 25, D. C. (d) Theoretical and field investigation; basic

and applied research.

(e) The differences between the observed and

predicted tides during storms are being

studied with the goal of improving the

accuracy of storm tide forecasting.

(g) Empirical methods of forecasting these

innundations are being developed and used

in the Weather Bureau's hurricane and

storm warning service. Continued improvement in these forecasts is expected to

result from this research.

(2kkl) HURRICANE RAINFALL AND ITS QUANTITATIVE

FORECASTING.

(b) Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; applied research and design.

(e) Collection, analysis, and effective presentation of existing data on hurricane

rainfall and development of methods of

forecasting the intensity and quantity of

rainfall from future hurricanes for design

of protective works, planning of evacuation

procedures, etc.

(h) "On Quantitative Precipitation Forecasting,"

by C. S. Gilman, et al, U.S.W.B., National

Hurricane Research Project Report No. 38., 1^3 PP-j August i960.

(2U+2) HURRICANE WIND ANALYSIS.

(b) Corps of Engineers, Department of Army.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; applied research and design.

(e) Development of methods for obtaining detailed wind speeds and directions in

hurricanes just above the sea-surface

indirectly from available data, which is

mostly on land. Also construction by

indirect means of detailed analyses of the

winds over specific areas of the sea where

the energy of the wind develops waves and

tides damaging to specific coastal areas.

(h) "Surface Winds Near the Center of Hurricanes

(and other cyclones)." U.S.W.B., National

Hurricane Research Project Report No. 39,

200 pp., September i960.

(29^3) RADAR BEACON FOR REPORTING RAINFALL.

(b) Laboratory project.

( d ) Experimental ; development

(e) A compact device capable of being installed

in relatively remote areas within line of

sight of a radar. Activated by a tipping

bucket rain gage and pulse signal from the

radar, instrument transmits delayed pulse

which appears on radarscope indicating

accumulated amounts of precipitation.

Additional investigations underway for applying beacon principle to the reporting of

river and tide stage, and radioactive snow water equivalent gage.

(g) Initial field installation now operational,

additional beacons being built

(29kk) PROBABLE MAXIMUM PRECIPITATION OVER CALIF.

BASINS.

(b) Corps of Engineers, Department of Army.

(d) Design and applied research.

(e) Estimate of probable maximum precipitation

over basins in California based on simple

model of wind flow up orographic slopes,

checked against December 1955 flood-producing storm, combined with non-orographic

storm precipitation.

(g) Estimates furnished sponsor. Methods being

refined.

(3251) RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION AS DETERMINED BY

RADAR.

(b) U. S. Geological Survey.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Using time-lapse film of the radar PPI

scope, various methods of determining the

areal distribution of rainfall intensity

are being tested. A 50-square-mile basin,

heavily instrumented with recording rain

gages, is used as a control basin. To be

used for flood forecasting and storm studies.

(f) Inactive, awaiting data from improved

weather search radar being installed in

test area.

(3601) STUDY OF TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING RAINFALL

BY REFERENCE TO RADAR ATTENUATION.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with

Stanford Research Institute.

( d ) Expe rimental ; de ve lopment

(e) By measuring the attenuation of short wave length radar energy over a fixed course

161
and relating it to the measured precipitation along the path of the radar beam,

it is hoped that a relationship can he

established which will enable a relatively

simple instrument to be developed which

can monitor areas above damsites and headwaters of streams to alert downstream

interests of heavy rainfall.

(3602) EXTENSION OF RATING CURVES.

(b) Laboratory project

(d) Theoretical and field investigation;

operation and applied research.

(e) The flood forecasting procedures used by

the Weather Bureau are primarily based on discharge. However, the flood warnings to

be of any value must be in terms of stage

(or elevation). This is accomplished by

use of U. S. Geological Survey rating curves relating discharge to stage. Rating curves

are defined only to the maximum observed

stage of record. Therefore, it is imperative to devise a reliable method of ex- tending rating curves in order to issue

accurate stage predictions for the record

breaking flood.

(g) Progress has been slow and no significant

results are available at this time.

(3920) FLOAT-TYPE RESISTANCE RIVER GAGE.

(a)

(e)

(g)

(3921)

(b)

(a)

(e)

(g)

Laboratory project.

Experimental; development.

A device employing a Helipot (multi-turn

potentiometer) operated by a float or connected to an existing river gage and

linked by wire or radio to an observation

point (up to 3 miles by wire and 50 miles

by radio). A reading is obtained by

balancing the resistance in the system

with a similar unit at the observation

point. May be operated on AC or DC power.

Initial field installations now operational.

PUNCHED-TAPE RECORDING, WEIGHING-TYPE

PRECIPITATION GAGE WITH TELEMETERING

CAPABILITY.

Laboratory project in cooperation with

Fisher and Porter Co. Experimental ; development

A fifteen-inch capacity, weighing-type

battery-operated precipitation gage providing a punched tape record which can be

machine processed, capable of over one month's unattended operation. Gage so designated that data can be telemetered

through use of a "black box" attached to

recording mechanism.

Initial gage built and undergoing laboratory

tests. Additional gages for field testing

being procured.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

(1221) STEADY STATE ELECTRIC FLOW NET MODELS,

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. R. R. Bennett, U. S. Geological Survey,

Washington 25, D. C. (d) Applied research.

(e) Preparation of electric flow net models

using graphite paper, conductive paints,

resistor grids, etc.

(1755) CHARACTERISTICS OF SAND CHANNEL STREAMS.

(b)

(c)

(a)

(e)

(g)

(176M

(c

(a

(e

(1995

(b

(c

(a

(e

(f

(2hkk

(b

(c

(a

(e

(2687

(b

(c

(a

(e

(f)

Laboratory project.

Mr. R. W. Carter, U. S. Geological Survey,

Washington 25, D. C. Field investigation; applied research.

Compilation and analysis of data collected

in a 1,900-foot reach of the Elkhorn River

in Nebrasks to evaluate bed roughness, ex- tent of scour and fill, and sediment move- ment . "Flow Characteristics of Elkhorn River, near Waterloo, Nebraska," by E. W. Beckman and

L. W. Furness, Water Supply Paper IU98-B,

U. S. Geological Survey (to be published

in 196l).

COMBINED PHYSIOGRAPHIC AND HYDRAULIC

STUDIES.

Laboratory project.

Dr. Luna B. Leopold, U. S. Geological Survey

Washington 25, D. C. Field and office research.

Hydraulic and physiographic factors

controlling overbank flow, slope, and pattern of natural river channels and flood

plains.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SOIL MOISTURE EQUIPMENT.

Laboratory project.

Mr. Irwin Remson, U. S. Geological Survey,

Trenton, N. J. Field investigation; applied research.

A comparative study of all commercially

available instruments for measuring soil

moisture, possible deisgn of new instruments.

Suspended.

REDESIGN OF PRICE CURRENT METER.

Laboratory project.

Mr. E. G. Barron, U. S. Geological Survey,

Columbus 12, Ohio.

Experimental; development.

To design a vane-type rotor for the Price

current meter that can be mass-produced with

identical rating calibration and is little

affected by vertical velocity components or proximity to the water surface.

Fifty identical rotors are under test.

AQUIFER ANALYTICAL METHODS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. R. H. Brown, U. S. Geological Survey,

Washington, D. C. Analytical; applied research.

To develop more versatile and comprehensive

methods of determining and evaluating aquifer

and ground-water reservoir hydrologic characteristics . Suspended.

162
,(2688) MECHANICS OF AQUIFERS.

(b)

(c)

(a)

(e)

(h)

(2689)

(b

(c

(a

(e

(2690

(b

(c

(a

(e

(h

(2692

(b

(c

(a

(e

(2695

(b

(c

(a

(e

Laboratory project.

Mr. J. F. Poland, U. S. Geological Survey,

Sacramento, California.

Field investigation; "basic and applied

research.

To determine the principles and factors

involved in the strain, deformation, and

compaction of water-bearing rocks resulting

chiefly from changes in hydrologic environment . "Correlation of Atterberg Limits with

Geology of Deep Cores From Subsidence

Areas in California, " by D. A. Morris and

A. I. Johnson, in Papers on Soils: Am. Soc. Testing Materials Spec. Tech. Pub.

25^, p. I83-I87 (1959).

"Hydrologic and Physical Properties of Late

Cenozoic Water-bearing Deposits of the Los

Banos-Kettleman City Area, Western Fresno

County, California," by A. I. Johnson and

D. A. Morris, (mimeo.) (i960).

DIFFUSIONAL PROCESSES AND HYDRODYNAMICS OF

SALT-FRESH WATER INTERFACE IN AQUIFERS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. H. H. Cooper, U. S. Geological Survey,

Tallahassee, Florida.

Field and laboratory investigation; basic

and applied research.

To determine the factors affecting the

distribution of salt water in coastal

aquifers subject to salt water encroachment.

MICROSCOPIC FLOW THROUGH POROUS MEDIA.

Laboratory project.

Dr. E. S. Simpson, U. S. Geological Survey,

Washington, D. C. Laboratory investigation; basic research.

To determine the factors affecting the

pattern of microscopic flow of water and

other liquids through porous media.

Doctoral thesis to be published.

ANALOG COMPUTER FOR ANALYSIS OF GROUNDWATER FLOW SYSTEMS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. H. E. Skibitzke, U. S. Geological

Survey, Phoenix, Arizona.

Theoretical study and instrument development.

Development of the physical and mathematical theory of ground-water flow systems

and construction of an analog computer for

analyzing ground-water flow systems under

transient conditions.

Functions generators being developed.

CONTINUOUS DISCHARGE RECORDS IN TIDAL

STREAMS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. John Shen, U. S. Geological Survey,

Washington 25, D. C. Theoretical; applied research.

To develop methods of obtaining continuous

discharge records in tidal streams.

Equation developed from theoretical

considerations will be checked by field

observations

(2698) EVALUATION OF EFFECT OF CHANNEL STORAGE

ON PEAK DISCHARGE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. W. D. Mitchell, U. S. Geological

Survey, Champaign, Illinois.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) The objective is to develop parameters

that describe the effect of channel storage

in an areal correlation of peak flow.

(f) Field investigation completed.

(g) Report in preparation.

(2700) PARAMETERS CONTROLLING THE SHAPE AND

PATTERN OF NATURAL STREAM CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. M. G. Wolman, Dr. L. B. Brush, Jr.,

and Dr. L. B. Leopold, U. S. Geological

Survey, Washington 25, D. C. (d) Basic research.

(e) The effect of discharge, load, grain size,

slope, and channel curvature was studied

in a small channel free to adjust both bed

and side walls.

(h) "Flow Resistance In Sinuous or Irregular

Channels" by Luna B. Leopold, Ralph A. Bagnold, M. Gordon Wolman, and Lucien M. Brush, Jr., U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 282-D.

"Some Aspects of the Shape of River Meanders,"

by Ralph A. Bagnold, U. S. Geological Survey

Professional Paper 282-E.

(2701) SEDIMENT TRANSPORT INVESTIGATIONS

(b) Field project (cooperative with Bureau of

Reclamation)

(c) Mr. D. M. Culbertson, U. S. Geological

Survey, Lincoln, Nebraska.

(d) Field observations and theoretical analysis.

(e) Field and theoretical investigations of the

methods, equipment, and computations used

for determining sediment movement; and the

theory of sediment transport.

(g) Evaluation of the equal-transit-rate (ETR)

method of measuring suspended- sediment

discharge indicates the method is satisfactory when properly used. Tests of a new

(petrolatum-type) surface bed-material

sampler give results that compare favorably with the core-type of sampler. The

modified Einstein procedure is adequate

for computing total load when water

temperature is near freezing. In general,

low values of roughness are associated with

low temperatures and high sediment loads

on Middle Loup River at Dunning, Nebraska.

(h) "Investigations of Some Sedimentation

Characteristics of a Sand Bed Stream," by

D. W. Hubbell and others, Progress Report

No. 1, open file release.

"Investigations of Some Sedimentation

Characteristics of Sand Bed Streams," by

D. W. Hubbell, Progress Report No. 2,

open file release.

163
(2703) EVAPORATION SUPPRESSION.

(b)

(c)

(a)

(e)

(29^7

(b

(c

(a

(e

(29^8

(b

(c

(a

(e

(g

(h

(29^9

(b

(c

(d

(e

(2950

(b

(c

(a

(e

Cooperative with Texas A. and M. and State

of Texas

Mr. G. E. Koberg, U. S. Geological Survey,

Denver, Colo.

Field investigation.

The purpose of this project is to develop

methods, equipment, and techniques of applying and maintaining a monomolecular film

for suppressing evaporation, and to measure

the effectiveness of the film in reducing

evaporation. Field testing of application

techniques of these alkanols has teen tried

with varying success. Research in this

field must continue until reliable methods

are developed which are economically

feasible in obtaining the maximum evaporation reduction. Both laboratory and

field studies will be continued.

Field experiments are continuing near San

Antoni o , Texas

STUDY OF AGGRADATION AND DEGRADATION IN

ALLUVIAL CHANNELS.

Laboratory project.

Dr. Lucien M. Brush, Jr., USGS, Washington

25, D. C. Basic research.

A study of channel and hydraulic parameters

associated with aggradation and degradation

in Muddy Creek, near Baggs, Wyoming.

ANALOG MODEL ANALYZER FOR STEADY-STATE

GROUND-WATER FLOW PROBLEMS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. R. W. Stallman, U. S. Geological Survey,

Denver, Colorado.

Theoretical study and instrument development.

Design and development of a variable-resistance grid analyzer for use in analyzing

steady-state ground-water flow problems in

which the transmissibility varies in space.

Basic unit completed.

Report in preparation.

ULTRASONIC FLOW METER.

U. S. Geological Survey.

Mr. E. G. Barron, U. S. Geological Survey,

Columbus 12, Ohio.

Experimental; instrument development.

The objective is to measure the average

velocity in a natural channel by acoustic means

Instrument being tested at a field installation.

SEDIMENT TRANSPORT AND CHANNEL ROUGHNESS

IN NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL CHANNELS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. Thomas Maddock, Jr., U. S. Geological

Survey, Washington 25, D. C. Basic research.

Field and laboratory studies, original and

other investigations will be analyzed in

terms of sediment movement, channel roughness, shear distribution in channel prism

and other effects on shape of natural chan-

(3252)

00

(c)

(a)

(e)

00

(b

(c

(a

(e

(3255

(b

(c

(a

(e

(3257

(b

(c

(d

(e

(f

(h

(3258

(b

nels

INTERRELATIONS OF LANDF0RM MORPHOLOGY,

DIRECT STREAM RUNOFF AND GROUND WATER

DRAINAGE

Laboratory project.

Dr. Charles W. Carlston, U. S. Geological

Survey, Washington 25, D. C. Basic research.

Evaluation on the effects of geology on drainage density and ground water drainage;

the effects of relief on runoff characteristics; and the relations of drainage densit

to direct runoff and ground water drainage.

Report in preparation.

(3253) CHANNEL STABILITY IN AN EPHEMERAL STREAM.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Luna B. Leopold, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C. (d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) In an ephemeral stream (arroyo), measure- ments are being made on the following:

Stress on rocks during a flow; movement and

location of rocks after flow; extent of scour and fill; movement of bars; and

changes in cross sections at certain locations .

(325^) DISPERSION IN NATURAL STREAMS.

Atomic Energy Commission.

Mr. R. G. Godfrey, U. S. Geological Survey,

Washington 25, D. C. Theoretical and field investigation; basic

research.

To measure dispersion and relate dispersal

patterns to stream- channel geometry, fluid

properties, and flow characteristics.

Field tests continuing.

ELECTROMAGNETIC FLOW METER.

Laboratory project.

Mr. E. G. Barron, U. S. Geological Survey,

Columbus 12, Ohio.

Experimental; instrument design.

To redesign, adapt, and repackage the

electromagnetic flow meter now used by the U. S. Navy, to measure velocity in open

channels

Experimental model undergoing field tests

MEASUREMENT OF TOTAL SEDIMENT DISCHARGE OF COARSE SEDIMENTS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. D. W. Hubbell, U. S. Geological Survey,

Lincoln, Nebraska.

Analytical; applied research.

A review of the types of equipment currently

used to measure sediment moving as bed

load and the preparation of a report covering

criteria for sampler design and use. Inactive

Progress report in process of publication.

TRANSIENT FLOW IN A POROUS MEDIUM.

Laboratory project.

l6h

A
(c) Mr. W. 0. Smith, U. S. Geological Survey,

Washington 25, D. C. (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) To determine validity of Darcy's law under

non-steady state conditions of flow". (g) Data analysis in progress.

(3260) SOIL-MOISTURE EQUIPMENT.

(t>) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. A. I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic Laboratory, U. S. G. S., Denver, Colorado.

(d) Laboratory and field investigation; applied research.

(e) Laboratory model and field comparative

study of techniques and of various com- mercially available instruments for

measuring soil moisture. New equipment

may also be designed as result of study.

(g) Field and laboratory calibrations of

neutron meter, tensiometers, moisture

blocks and sampling equipment. Evaluation

of neutron meter. Design of small-diameter

fast-response tensiometer. Library research.

(h) The following reports are in the process of

review:

"References on Soil-Moisture Measurement

Under Field Conditions," by A. I. Johnson

(mimeo )

"Measurement of Soil Moisture Under Field

Conditions" by A. I. Johnson, U.S.G.S.,

Water Supply Paper.

(3261) MODEL STUDY FOR SALT WATER DIFFUSION.

(b) Laboratory study.

(c) Mr. A. I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic Lab.,

U.S.G.S., Denver, Colorado, or Mr. H. H. Cooper Jr., Research Engineer, U.S.G.S.,

Tallahassee, Florida.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Model study is being used to study diffusion

at the interface between fresh and salt

water. Variable movement of interface

simulates effects of various amplitudes and

periods of tidal action.

(g) Design and construct plastic model and

conductivity-recording equipment; one test run with fine-sand size glass beads and

one test run of medium sand completed.

(3262) SMALL-DIAMETER OBSERVATION-WELL EQUIPMENT

AND TECHNIQUES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. A. I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic

Laboratory, U.S.G.S., Denver, Colorado.

(d) Laboratory and field investigation; applied research.

(e) Design and evaluate equipment for recording

depth-to-water in small -diameter wells;

test in model well in laboratory and on ground-water wells under field conditions.

(g) Design and construct model well; construct

small-diameter observation wells in field;

design and construct equipment to be

adapted to water-state recorders on smalldiameter wells; evaluation on model well

in progress.

(h) "Powered Float for Recording Water Levels

in Wells of Small Diameter," by F. C. Koopman and W. N. Palmqulst, Jr., Water

Resources Bulletin (Internal Publ.).

"Evaluation of Equipment for Measurement

of Water Level in Small Diameter Wells,"

by Eugene Shuter and A. I. Johnson,

U.S.G.S., Water Supply Paper, (in review).

(3263) SPECIFIC YIELD AND RELATED PROPERTIES.

(b) Cooperative with the State of California.

(c) Mr. A. I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic Lab.,

U.S.G.S., Denver, Colorado.

(d) Laboratory and field investigation; basic

and applied research.

(e) Theoretical laboratory and field study of

specific yield, and related properties,

such as moisture equivalent, field capacity,

moisture tension, relative permeability

and time-drainage relationships, as related

to ground-water storage. Evaluation of

existing, and possible development of new

methods for determining these properties.

(g) Library research; laboratory study in progress

or completed, of factors affecting column

drainage, centrifuge moisture equivalent,

moisture tension and relative permeability.

(h) "Effect of Temperature on Moisture Content

as Determined by Centrifuge and Tension

Techniques," by R. C. Prill and A. I. Johnson in Papers on Soils: Am. Soc.

Testing Materials Spec. Tech. Pub. 25^,

p. 3^0-3^9 (1959).

(326U) SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION EQUIPMENT AND

TECHNIQUES

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. A. I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic Lab.,

U.S.G.S., Denver, Colorado.

(d) Laboratory and field investigation; applied

research.

( e ) Evaluate and adapt subsurface exploration

equipment and techniques, such as gamma

ray and electric loggers, fluid velocity

and conductivity loggers, temperature

loggers, power augers and core samplers,

for solving ground-water occurrence problems.

(g) Portable temperature logger nearly completed;

core samplers designed and commercial models

procured and compared under field conditions;

power augering equipment and techniques

evaluated; evaluation in progress of gammaray, conductivity and temperature logging

equipment for salt-water encroachment and

waste disposal problems. Library research

in progress.

(h) The following reports are in process of

review:

"References on Infiltration," by A. I. Johnson (mimeo. ) "Measurement of Infiltration," by A. I. Johnson, U.S.G.S. Water-Supply Paper.

"Portable Equipment for Bore-Hole Geophysical Exploration," by A. I. Johnson

(mimeo. ) (1958).

( 3265 ) INVESTIGATION OF VADOSE FLOW THROUGH

HOMOGENEOUS ISOTROPIC MEDIA.

(b) Laboratory project.

165
(c) Mr. A. I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic Lab.,

U.S.G.S., Denver, Colorado.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) Lahoratory model study of infiltration of

fluids from surface pits into a thick

unsaturated zone ahove the water table

(g) Model tank designed and constructed; several test runs with beads of different

particle size completed; library research;

test runs photographed by slide and movie.

(h) "Model Study of Infiltration into layered

Materials," by W. N. Palmquist, Jr., and

A. I. Johnson, presented at Am. Soc. Civil

Engineers Annual Convention, Boston, Oct.

10-11+ , i960, (multilithed).

Progress report in review. Silent lapse-time

movie on second and third phase of model

study completed.

(3603) SURFACE FOLLOWER.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. E. G. Barron, USGS, Columbus 12, Ohio.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) The surface follower is designed to operate

a recorder while following the level of the

water in a 2-inch vertical pipe. A switch

in a "float" closes either the up or down

circuit which rotates a drum raising or lowering the float. A shaft input

recorder is coupled to the drum.

(g) Production units undergoing field tests.

(3605) MINERALOGY OF FLUVIAL SEDIMENTS.

(b)

(c)

(a)

(e)

(3606)

(b)

(c)

(a)

(e)

(g)

(b)

(c)

(a)

(e)

(f)

(g)

Atomic Energy Commission.

Mr. V. C. Kennedy, USGS, Denver, Colorado.

Laboratory and field investigations.

Study of the mineralogy and cation-exchange

capacity of fluvial sediments for typical

hydrologic and geologic environments.

STREAM CHANNEL GEOMETRY AS RELATED TO

FLOOD FREQUENCY

Laboratory project.

Mr. F. A. Kilpatrick, U. S. Geological

Survey, Atlanta 8, Georgia.

Field investigation; basic research.

The study is pointed toward finding a relation between channel characteristics

(bank-full stage, bed slope, etc.) jjid

flood frequency.

Surveys and field investigations are being

conducted in channel reaches in the

Piedmont

(3607) BATTERY OPERATED DIGITAL RECORDER.

Laboratory project.

Mr. E. G. Barron, U. S. Geological Survey,

Columbus 12, Ohio.

Field investigation; operation.

To develop a battery operated digital

punch to record stream flow data. A shaft

rotation input becomes a 16 channel parallel

code output on paper tape.

Completed.

Production units being installed.

INFLUENCE OF BOUNDARY ROUGHNESS.

(b) Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta,

Georgia.

(c) Prof. C. E. Kindsvater, Georgia Institute

of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.

(d) Experimental; applied research for master's

thesis.

(e) To determine the effect of boundary rough- ness on the total energy loss due to abrupt area -enlargements in natural channels.

(f) Completed.

(g) "Energy Losses Associated with Abrupt

Enlargements" by C. E. Kindsvater, WaterSupply Paper 1369-B, U. S. Geological

Survey (to be published in 1961).

(3923) DISTRIBUTION OF BOUNDARY SHEAR IN OPEN

CHANNEL FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. R. W. Carter, U. S. Geological Survey,

Washington 25, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Shear plates will be used in a flume to measure boundary shear in open- channel flow.

If an accurate measure is obtained, the

indirect methods of shear determination will

be evaluated.

(g) Laboratory study underway.

(392U) GAGING FLOW THROUGH TURBINES

(b)

(c)

(a)

(e)

(f)

Atomic Energy Commission.

Mr. B. J. Frederick, U. S. Geological

Survey, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.

Experimental; applied research.

To develop a method of rating turbines

with use of radioisotopes as a tracer

similar to "salt dilution" method.

Test method and instrumentation being

designed.

(3925) SURGES IN NATURAL CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. S. E. Rantz, U. S. Geological Survey,

Menlo Park, California.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To test application of classic wave theory

in a natural channel.

(f) Completed.

(g) Report in preparation.

(3926) GAGING OF SHALLOW MOUNTAIN STREAMS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. R. G. Godfrey, USGS, Washington 25, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The use of radioactive tracers for gaging

streamflow is feasible. Portable lightweight equipment is needed to sense and

record the tracer concentration. Development is underway of a suitable probe

to measure flow in shallow mountain streams,

(g) Available equipment being investigated.

(3927) DEPTH- DISCHARGE RELATIONS IN ALLUVIAL STREAMS

(3922) ABRUPT CHANNEL ENLARGEMENTS AND THE

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. D. R. Dawdy, U. S. Geological Survey,

166
Phoenix, Arizona.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) To determine the cause of an abrupt discontinuity in the depth- discharge relation

between the dune -bed form and the plane

bed form in an alluvial stream.

(g) The critical point of discontinuity is

dependent upon temperature. The resistance

to flow for discharges beyond the discontinuity is related to bed material size.

(h) "Depth-Discharge Relations of Alluvial

Channels" by D. R. Dawdy, Water-Supply

Paper 1U98-C, U. S. Geological Survey (to

be published in 1961.)

3928) EFFECT OF URBANIZATION OF PEAK DISCHARGE

(b) Laboratory project

(c) Mr. R. W. Carter, U. S. Geological Survey,

Washington 25, D. C. (d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To develop a general method of predicting

the frequency of flood discharges from

urban areas based on all available hydrologic information.

(f) Completed,

''h) Report in preparation.

3929) USE OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS AND MAPS IN

HYDROLOGIC STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project

(c) Mr. W. J. Schneider, U. S. Geological Survey,

Washington 25, D. C. (d) Field investigations; applied research.

(e) Objective is to determine possible relationships between basin characteristics and

low stream flow for areal studies; and . establish criteria for depicting streams on topographic maps to meet needs in hydrologic investigations.

(g) Two pilot areas have been selected.

Drainage details on maps and aerial photographs are being compared with observations

made on ground.

3930) FLOODS FROM SMALL AREAS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. W. D. Mitchell, U. S. Geological Survey,

Champaign, Illinois.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Purpose is to provide information and

develop methods to solve small basin drainage structure design problems

(g) Data at 50 small basin sites have been

collected and hydrograph characteristics

determined for 15 of these sites.

3931) SOURCE OF BASE FLOW OF STREAMS

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. F. A. Kilpatrick, U. S. Geological

Survey, Washington 25, D. C. (d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Purpose is to define the source, amount

and distribution of base flow of streams.

(g) Field data being collected in Yellow River

Basin in Georgia.

3932) AREAL ANALYSIS OF LOW FLOWS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. H. C. Riggs, U. S. Geological Survey,

Washington 25, D. C. (d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Objective is to develop general expressions

relating low flow characteristics of

streamflow at one or more sites with the

basin characteristics of the area. Purpose

is to increase the usefulness of short and

intermittent records of streamflow.

(g) The slope of the low- flow frequency curve

is related to drainage area, and the slope

of the base-flow recession curve. A

method of defining the base-flow recession

curve is developed.

(h) Report in preparation.

(3933) EVALUATION OF STATISTICAL PROCEDURES IN

HYDROLOGY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. N. C. Matalas, U. S. Geological Survey,

Washington 25, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Objective is to determine the expected

values and the variances of the regression

parameters in order to develop tests of

significance for the regression parameters.

(g) Expected values of regression parameters

have been determined. A solution for the

variance of the regression coefficient is near completion.

t Results show that use of random, dependent

data has considerable influence on the

variance of the regression coefficient.

(h) "Statistical Analysis of Streamflow Data,"

by M. B. Fiering, Doctoral Thesis, Harvard

University, i960.

"Distribution of Droughts with Respect to

Time," by Dr. N. C. Matalas, U. S. Geological

Survey, Washington 25, D. C. (in preparation)

I960.

"Frequency Analyses of Droughts," by Dr.

N. C. Matalas, U. S. Geological Survey,

(in preparation) i960, Washington 25, D. C. "Statistical Properties at a Runoff-Effective

Precipitation Relationship," by Dr. N. C. Matalas, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington

25, D. C. (in preparation) i960.

(393*0 EXTENDING SMALL- AREA FLOOD RECORDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. L. B. Peirce, U. S. Geological Survey,

Montgomery, Alabama.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Purpose is to develop methods, whereby 3- or i+-year long records of streamflow can be related to long-term records of storm

rainfall, that will provide design information for hydraulic structures in stream

channels

(g) A means of using long-term rainfall records

at nearby first -order weather stations, now being devised.

(3935) FLOOD PLAIN ZONING IN SUBURBAN AREAS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. D. G. Anderson, U. S. Geological Survey,

300 South Payne St., Fairfax, Virginia.

167
(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To determine magnitude and frequency of

flood discharges from records of short

duration and develop a method to describe

the water- surface profile for a flood of

a given frequency at all points along the

stream channel.

(g) Field data being obtained.

(3936) FLOOD-FREQUENCY RELATIONS WITHIN NEW ENGLAND.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. M. A. Benson, USGS, Wash. 25, D. C. (d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Objective is to understand the basic

causative factors affecting peak flows and

to improve the methods of flood- frequency

analysis

(f) Completed.

(g) Historical-flood data permitted extension

of flood knowledge to 300 years. Multiplecorrelation analysis led to formulas

defining annual peak discharges with

recurrence intervals from 1.2 to 300 years

in terms of 6 variables: 3 topographic,

2 meteorologic and 1 orographic.

(h) "Channel -Slope Factor in Flood-Frequency

Analysis," by M. A. Benson, Separate No. 199^j American Society of Civil Engineers,

9 p., 1959- Final report in preparation.

(3937) FLOOD-FREQUENCY RELATIONS IN A SEMIARID

AREA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. M. A. Benson, USGS, Washington 25, D. C. (d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) Objective is to understand the basic

causative factors affecting peak flows and

to improve the methods of flood- frequency

analysis

(g) Data on physical and meteorological

characteristics have been compiled.

(3938) FREQUENCY OF DEFICIENT DISCHARGE FOR

PERIODS OF SELECTED LENGTHS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. J. R. Crippen, USGS, Washington 25, D. C. (d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Objective is to develop a method of lowflow frequency analysis that can predict

comparable results from either a shortterm or a long-term stream-flow record.

(f) Completed.

(g) Report in preparation.

(3939) STUDY OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES, CLINCH RIVER,

TENNESSEE.

(b) Atomic Energy Commission.

(c) Mr. P. H. Csrrigan, USGS, Oak Ridge, Term.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Purpose is to undertake a comprehensive

study of the entry, movement, location and

rate of radioactive wastes discharged into

the Clinch River by the Oak Ridge National

Laboratory.

(g) Methodology under study.

(39^0) THE TREND OF RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT YIELD,

BRANDYWINE CREEK BASIN, PENNSYLVANIA AND

DELAWARE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. R. 0. R. Martin and Mr. H. P. Guy, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C. (d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Objective is to appraise and determine the

changes in runoff and sediment yield

resulting from changes in land use.

(f) Completed.

(g) Final report in preparation.

(3914-1) EFFECT OF REFORESTATION ON STREAM FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. W. J. Schneider, USGS, Wash. 25, D. C. (d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Purpose is to define the relation between

reforestation and stream flow.

(f) Completed.

(g) Tree growth in reforested areas has reduced

total runoff by as much as one-third and

peak discharges by as much as one-half in a twenty-five year period.

(h) "A Progress Report on an Investigation of

the Influence of Reforestation on Streamflow

in State Forests in Central New York, " by

G. R. Ayer, USGS, (open-file report) 19ty?.

"Effect of Forest Cover on Snowmelt Runoff,"

by G. R. Ayer, Proceedings, Eastern Snow

Conference, i960.

"A Program for the Investigation of the

Influence of Forests on Stream Flow in the

State of New York," by W. P. Cross (unpublished thesis), Ohio State University,

Columbus, Ohio, 1935.

"A Geologic and Hydrologic Study at Shackham

Watershed, New York State," by D. E. Outlaw,

USGS, (open- file report) 1953.

"The Effect of Reforestation on Peak Discharge," by W. J. Schneider, Forest Science

(in process of publication) 1961.

(39^2) ERRORS IN DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. I. E. Anderson, USGS, Wash. 25, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To identify the source, magnitude, distribution, and effect of various errors, in

discharge measurements, on the results

obtained.

(g) U. S. G. S. Methods satisfactory but less

demanding standards yield acceptable results.

(h) Final report in preparation.

USE OF PRECIPITATION RECORDS IN EXTENDING

STREAMFLOW DATA.

Laboratory project.

Mr. R.O. R. Martin, USGS, Wash. 25, D. C. Field investigation; applied research.

Objective is to develop a practicable

method of using the precipitation records

to augment short-term streamflow records

and to test the extent of the improvement

in reliability,

(g) Correlation studies underway.

(39^3)

(b)

(c)

(a)

(e)

l39kk) AUTOMATIC COMPUTATION OF DAILY DISCHARGE

168
RECORDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. W. L. Isherwood, U. S. Geological

Survey, Washington 25, D. C. (d) Experimental; operation systems.

(e) To develop a practical system of collecting

records of river stages in a form suitable

for automatic computation through a high

speed computer with print out acceptable

for offset reproduction.

(g) Operational testing of a digital recorder

nearly complete. Field testing of computer

program underway. Reproduction system

under study.

(39A5) STANDARD STATISTICAL ANALYSES OF STREAMFLOW RECORDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. C. R. Showen, U. S. Geological Survey,

Washington 25, D. C. (d) Experimental; operation.

(e) To develop operational systems and programs for automatic computation of statistical analyses of streamflow records.

(g) Programs for duration tables, low-flow

and high-flow summaries for consecutive

periods of various time periods now

operational

(39^6) MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSES OF GROUND-WATER

DISCHARGE AREAS.

(b) U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) H. E. LeGrand, U. S. Geological Survey,

Washington 25, D. C. (d) Basic research.

(e) Through geologic and hydrologic observations

and inferences hypothetical piezometric

maps are to be prepared in the environs of

stream valleys. Various types of hydrogeological settings are being studied so that a specific stream can be compared with

its prototype

(g) Feasibility evaluation completed.

(39^7) PROBLEMS OF CONTRASTING GROUND-WATER MEDIA

IN CONSOLIDATED ROCKS.

(b) U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) H. E. LeGrand, U. S. Geological Survey,

Washington 25, D. C. (d) Basic research.

(e) Porous granular material overlies jointed

consolidated rock in many parts of the

earth, resulting in two contrasting types

of media through which water moves. Description of media and hydrologic ramifications with variable geologic conditions

and with variable head changes in the

piezometric surface are considered for

the composite framework.

(h) Geologic and hydrologic data assembled and

report in preparation.

(39^8) SEDIMENT TRANSPORT PARAMETERS IN SAND BED

STREAMS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. J. K. Culbertson, U. S. Geological

Survey, Albuquerque, New Mexico.

(d) Field and office research.

(e) Field and theoretical investigation of

sediment transportation in sand bed streams

Specifically included are hydraulic and

sediment data for the Rio Grande

(39^9) FACTORS AFFECTING BED-MATERIAL DISCHARGE

OF SAND BED STREAMS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. B. R. Colby, U. S. Geological Survey,

Lincoln, Nebraska.

(d) Field and office research.

(e) Field and theoretical investigation of bedmaterial discharge of sand bed streams

utilizing available sediment-load data for

a range of width/depth ratios.

(h) Initial report in preparation.

(3950) MEANDERING VALLEYS IN THE U. S. A.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. G. H. Dury, U. S. Geological Survey,

Washington 25, D. C. (d) Field and theoretical investigation; basic

research.

(e) Hydrologic and paleoclimatic implications

of meandering valleys, in relation to

changes of discharge in the Pleistocene.

(3951) HYDROLOGY OF ARID REGIONS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Gerald G. Parker, USGS, Denver, Colo.

(d) Field investigations; both basic and applied research.

(e) Purpose is to develop a better understanding

of the hydrology of arid regions

(3952) STUDY OF THE MECHANICS OF HILLSLOPE EROSION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. S. A. Schumm, U. S. Geological Survey,

Denver, Colo.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to study the

mechanics of the erosion of hillslopes under

various physical conditions, and to appraise

the relative influence of each factor involved in hillslope erosion in semi-arid

and arid environments. Studies include

quantitative measurements of hillslope

erosion and, to the extent possible , measure ments of the contributing or related factors

Such information is needed to determine the

amount of sediment derived from hillslopes

and to provide guidance in planning erosion

control measures. Studies are in progress

in several areas in eastern and western

Colorado and western Utah.

(g) A number of hillslope profiles have been

measured and permanently monumented for

future re-surveys. A rainfall- simulator

infiltrometer has been designed by I. S. McQueen for use on several study plots.

Soil samples have been obtained and

analyzed.

(3953) BASIC RESEARCH IN VEGETATION AND HYDROLOGY.

I69
(to) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. R. S. Sigafoos, U. S. Geological Survey,

Arlington, Va. (d) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to study the

interrelationship hetween vegetation and

geomorphic processes by comparing qualitative

differences in distribution and form of

plants with selected geologic and hydrologic

variables. This comparison is prerequisite

to establishment of methods to measure botanical parameters quantitatively. The immediate objectives wiil be to identify and

map species limited to flood plains, to

adjoining uplands, to alluvial fans, terraces, coves and ridges; to study relationship between forest development and flood

frequency, and to determine the effect of

land use upon changes in vegetation.

(g) Two floods on the Potomac River, the first

since the project was started in 1958 ex- ceeded the bank full stage, thus permitting

the collection of hydrologic botanical data

not available before. Superficial observation suggests that certain herbaceous

plants, bluebells, phlox, sweet ciceley, May

apple, and others, grow only on flood plain

surfaces, higher than the flood having a recurrence interval of 1.5 years. Plant

parts, soil, and surface run-off during a storm were collected for chemical analysis

in connection with the interagency strip

mine project in Kentucky. Relations of

trees to glacial moraines on Mr. Rainier,

Washington, are studied in an attempt to

develop a geochronology of that area.

(h) "Botanical Evidence of Modern History of

Nisqually Glacier, Washington," Professional

Paper 398-A, by R. S. Sigafoos and E. L. Hendricks, is being processed.

(3954) CHARACTERISTICS OF GLACIER-FED STREAMS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. R. K. Fahnestock, U. S. Geological

Survey, Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to study

the channel characteristics of streams

below active glaciers, especially those

carrying substantial amounts of debris

which is sorted and transported by meltwater.

It should assist developing an understanding

of glacial outwash deposits, both present

and past, in other areas. This study should

also add to both the knowledge of the influence of diurnal fluctuations in flow on

the characteristics of alluvial channels

and to the knowledge of long term response

of stream channels to glacier fluctuations.

The project is carried on at White River

below Emmons Glacier, Mt. Rainier, Wash.,

flume studies are carried out at Colorado

State University,

(h) U.S.G.S. Professional paper in review.

( 3955 ) DOWNSTREAM EFFECT OF DAMS, DIVERSIONS, AND

IRRIGATION DRAINS ON ALLUVIAL CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. M. G. Wolman, Johns Hopkins University,

Baltimore, Md.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of the project is to determine

the downstream effect the above types of

structures exert on alluvial channels. All

available data are to be gathered and

summarized on channel surveys before and

after construction. This will be accomplished

insofar as possible by correspondence with

State, Federal, and local agencies.

( 3956 ) LONG-TERM HYDROLOGIC TRENDS AS INDICATED

BY GLACIERS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. M. F. Meier, U. S. Geological Survey,

Tacoma, Washington.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to learn more of the mechanics of glaciers and to

relate ice thickness, velocity, slope,

surface water flow, stream-line inclination,

and ablation. The hydrology of alpine basins,

including snow fields and ice-covered areas,

is important because of the relation of

climate, precipitation, snow melt and storage

effects on the water resources of northern

and high-elevation areas. The project

consists of a basic research study in

fundamental problems of glacier regime,

studies of long-term fluctuations in hydrologic factors, and relations between climatic and hydrologic factors. Comparisons

will be made between the regime nourishment

factors and activity of two similar valley

glaciers located in different climatic

environments. Primary study area: South

Cascade Glacier, Washington.

( 3957 ) THE HYDROLOGY OF A PORTION OF THE HUMBOLDT

RIVER VALLEY.

(b) State of Nevada and U. S. Bureau of

Reclamation.

(c) Mr. T. W. Robinson, U. S. Geological Survey,

Menlo Park, California.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to determine

how the available water in Humboldt River

valley might better be utilized. The

following hydrologic data will be collected

and studied: (l) Runoff characteristics

and magnitude of use of surface waters;

(2) the specific yield of sediments in the

flood plain and the magnitude and extent

of water-level fluctuations in the groundwater reservoir; (3) the use of water by

greasewood and willows; (k) variations in

chemical quality of the water in the flood

plain; (5) amount of underflow at Comus

and Rose Creek to be determined by means of pumping tests of exploratory holes; and

(6) amount of ground water from tributary

valleys, to be determined on the basis of

chemical analyses and low- flow measurements.

The General Hydrology Branch has furnished

the project leader and will determine the

amount of water used by greasewood and

willows by use of tanks (lysimeters) similar

to those used In the Buckeye project. Site

is near Winnemucca, Nevada, in the Humboldt

170
River Valley.

(3958) THE EFFECT OF EXPOSURE ON SLOPE MORPHOLOGY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. R. F. Hadley, U. S. Geological Survey,

Denver, Colo.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to determine the morphologic and hydrologic

differences existing among slopes of

various exposures and to measure the re- sulting effects on erosion, soil moisture,

and vegetational cover. Also, the effect

of differential exposure on drainage-basin

evolution will be investigated. Sites for

study are several selected small areas in

Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico.

(3959) LONG-TERM CHRONOLOGIES ON HYDROLOGIC EVENTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. W. D. Simons, U. S. Geological Survey,

Tacoma, Washington.

(e) The purpose of this project is to provide

information on flood and drought frequencies and other critical hydrologic events

from the history of major river basins.

Data will be sought to evaluate long-term

fluctuation in water supply to determine

whether or not there has been either an upward or downward trend during the last

2 or 3 centuries . Such data will include

crop records, news items, historical

records, tree-ring data and lake levels.

Efforts will be made to obtain useful data

from anthropological research studies in

the Pacific Northwest. This study would

provide additional knowledge on probable

frequency and duration of critical hydrologic events especially droughts for each

major river basin. The first investigation

would be in the Columbia River basin.

(3960) ANALYSIS OF SURFACE-GROUND WATER RELATIONS,

HOP BROOK BASIN, MASSACHUSETTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. J. C. Kammerer, U. S. Geological Survey,

Boston, Mass.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to observe

and evaluate some of the interrelated

responses of ground and surface water to

conditions and changes of climate and eco- logy characteristics of the spring, summer,

and fall season, with particular reference

to 3 or h specific sites within the basin,

as well as some basinwide effects, such as the changes in upstream limits of the

surfaceTdrainage network.

(3961) USE OF WATER BY SALTCEDAR.

(b) Bureau of Reclamation.

(c) Dr. T. E. A. vanHylckama, U. S. Geological

Survey, Phoenix, Ariz.

(e) The purpose of this project is to measure

the use of ground water by saltcedar in

evapotranspirometers and to evaluate these

data against those obtained by energybudget and mass transfer methods. Estimates

can then be made of the quantity of water

salvageable by control or eradication of

saltcedar. Large evapotranspirometers have

been constructed In an environment of saltcedar and planted at the same density as in

the surrounding area. The use of water from

these tanks will be measured and the effect

of maintaining ground water at different

levels studied,

(g) All six tanks have been constructed and 5 have been planted, instrumentation is nearly

completed.

(3962) RESEARCH IN PHREATOPHYTES

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. T. W. Robinson, U.S. Geological Survey,

Menlo Park, California.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to estimate

with reasonable accuracy the quantity and

quality of the ground water consumptively

wasted and to evaluate the quantity and

quality of the water that can be salvaged

by control or eradication of the phreatophyte.

The fields of study involved in attaining

these objectives are: (l) A knowledge of

the habitats and life-cycle characteristics

of problem phreatophytes; (2) the factors

that control their growth, development, and

occurrence; (3) the factors that affect

their use of ground water; and (k) economic

methods for effecting salvage of the water

consumptively wasted by phreatophytes

Among others, data are needed on occurrence,

which requires mapping of areas and density

of growth; relations of occurrence to the

quality of the ground water; depth of root

penetration; effects of phreatophytes on flood-plain erosion and sedimentary processes;

and the annual water consumption for different

depths to the water table under different

climatic conditions, by species.

(3963) EVAPOTRANSPIRATION THEORY AND MEASUREMENT.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. 0. E. Leppanen, U. S. Geological Survey,

Phoenix, Arizona.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to study the

physical processes involved in evapotranspiration and to develop techniques and

equipment for measuring evapotranspiration.

The studies encompass an analysis of the

physical forces and differential equations

describing the transport of momentum, latent

heat of evaporation, energy, water vapor,

and possibly carbon dioxide in the earth's

surface in order to develop practical

techniques and instruments for the measurement of evapotranspiration.

(g) The field phase of the project was completed

in 1959 and considered highly successful

wherein the energy-budget method was used

for the direct measurement of evapotranspiration loss from a vegetated land area.

( 396^4- ) MECHANICS OF EVAPORATION,

(b) Laboratory project.

171
(c) Mr. J. S. Meyers, U. S. Geological Survey,

Denver, Colorado.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to find ways

of simplifying and reducing the costs of

data collection for the energy-budget method

of evaporation determination:. This method

has proven to he accurate and reliable.

However, it is costly and much simplification

is needed before it can be widely used to

determine evaporation either from free water

surfaces or from bare land surfaces . Data

processing has been another costly item;

however, the use of high-speed computing

machines are expected to reduce this some- (3967)

what after more reliability is built into

the field-recording systems. The possibility

of using available Weather Bureau data will (b)

be explored. (c)

(g) The energy-budget method of evaporation

determination has been developed and has (d)

proven much more accurate than the old (e)

evaporation pan method. Much remains to

be done

(3965) HYDROLOGIC EFFECT OF VEGETATION MODIFICATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. R. C. Culler, U. S. Geological Survey,

Tuscon, Arizona.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to evaluate

the change in water yield produced by the

vegetation modification and to develop a more comprehensible understanding of the

function of vegetation, within the hydrologic regime, under semiarid conditions.

Substitution of short-rooted grass for deeprooted trees is the basis for this study.

The study has been divided into two parts;

(l) The determination of the changes in

water yield produced by a pinon- juniper

eradication program on a drainage area of

200 square miles; and (2) the intensive

study of 2 pairs of small watersheds to

evaluate the hydrologic processes involved

and alterations that occur as a result

of vegetation modification. Correlations

of runoff, using precipitation will be used

for (l). In part (2) an attempt will be

made to evaluate the major portions of the

hydrologic cycle and to define the

interrelationships. Study site is Carrizo

and Corduroy Creek basins in the Fort Apache

Indian Reservation, Arizona.

(g) Six gaging stations were constructed. The

Bureau of Indian Affairs has cleared

Corduroy basin of pinon- juniper, and cor- relations are being computed.

(3966) EFFECTS OF SEDIMENT CHARACTERISTICS ON

FLUVIAL MORPHOLOGY AND HYDRAULICS.

(b) Laboratory project. (3969)

(c) Dr. S. A. Schumm, U. S. Geological Survey,

Denver, Colorado. (b)

(d) Field investigation. (c)

(e) The purpose of this project is to collect

data on the physical properties of sediments (d)

forming the perimeter of alluvial channels, (e)

and to determine the effect of sediment type

on fluvial morphology and hydraulics. The

(3968;

(b)

(c)

(a)

(e)

(g)

physical and chemical properties of alluvial

materials and their relations to and effects

upon fluvial morphology are not well enough

understood and require considerable re- search. Basic data are collected at about

200 cross-sectional sites on as many as possible of the following: channel shape,

dimensions, gradient, pattern, and roughness;

channel and bank vegetation; stream discharge; velocity of flow; suspended and bed

sediment loads; and the types of sediment

forming the cross-sectional perimeter of the

channels

STUDY OF AGGRADATION AND DEGRADATION IN

STREAM CHANNELS.

Laboratory project.

Dr. S. A. Schumm, U. S. Geological Survey,

Denver, Colorado

Field investigation.

The purpose of this project is to study

the mechanics of channel formation in

alluvium of semiarid and arid valleys, and

sediment deposition in ephemeral stream

channels. The physical properties of

alluvial materials have not been related

satisfactorily to stream channel characteristics. This project involves the relation

of sediment types to channel pattern,

longitudinal profile, channel shape and

roughness, bed-load movement, and variations

in discharge, and takes place in several

areas in Colorado, Wyoming, Kansas and

Nebraska.

STUDY OF CHANNEL CHARACTERISTICS AND FLOOD

PLAIN AGGRADATION TUSAYAN WASHES, ARIZONA.

Laboratory project.

Mr. R. F. Hadley, U. S. Geological Survey,

D2nver, Colorado.

Field investigation.

The purpose of this project is to determine

the physical and hydraulic factors that

control channel characteristics in aggrading and degrading alluvial channels in

the semiarid and arid Southwest. An understanding of these processes is needed in

order to plan conservation practices in a logical and economic fashion. The project

includes study of aggradation occurring

naturally as well as aggradation induced by

channel structures. Studies are in the

drainage basins of Polacca, Oraibi, Jeddito,

Dlnnebito Washes, all tributary to Little

Colorado River near Winslow in northeastern

Arizona.

Aerial photography of Oraibi Wash channel

was obtained in June, i960. Repeat photography to determine changes is planned for

interval of k to 5 years

GENERAL STUDIES OF EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION.

Laboratory project.

Mr. R. F. Hadley and Mr. N. J. King, U. S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado.

Field investigation.

The purpose of this project is to investigate the basic processes of erosion in a semiarid and arid environment. Studies

172
fall into three general groups : ( 1

Quantitative measurements of gully growth,

channel widening, and channel erosion;

(2) measurements of rates of upland erosion;

and (3) detailed studies of a particular

erosional process in a selected area. The

quantitative measurements will be utilized

to aid in design of soil and water conser- vation measures. Studies are being made

in several areas in Montana, Wyoming, Utah,

New Mexico, and Arizona.

(3970) HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. A. 0. Waananen, USGS, Menlo Park, Calif.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to evaluate

the hydrologic effects of changes in land

use associated with development of suburban,

industrial and urban communities; also

included is a study of hydrologic problems

in storm drainage in urban areas. Changes

in land use associated with urban development affect local hydrologic factors such

as runoff, flood frequency, recharge, channel stability, sediment production and the

interrelationship between surface and ground

water. Data on streamflow, precipitation,

soil moisture and related hydrologic and

climatologic data, topographic effects, and

geologic, soils, and ecologic information,

together with documentation of changes in

land use as they occur, are needed for

proper evaluation. The study area, San

Francisquito Basin at Stanford University,

Palo Alto, California.

(3971) THE HYDROLOGY OF PRAIRIE POTHOLES, NORTH

AND SOUTH DAKOTA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. G. E. Harbeck, and Mr. J. B. Shjeflo,

U. S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to determine

the water requirements of marsh and pothole

areas in the glaciated part of the Dakotas.

The Garrison Diversion Project and the Oahe

Diversion Project propose to bring irrigation to about a million acres in North and

South Dakota, a large portion of which is in

the prairie pothole region. It is expected

that many potholes will be lost due to land

leveling and the construction of drainage

systems. Questions arise with regard to

the amount of water that will be required

to meet the associated water demands from

seepage, evaporation, and particularly

transpiration from aquatic vegetation,

(g) A set of four potholes was chosen and

rejected after geologic examination. A new

set has been chosen and instrumentation is

under way.

(3972) STUDY OF WATER APPLICATION AND USE ON A

RANGE WATERSPREADER IN NORTHEASTERN MONTANA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. F. A. Branson, Mr. I. S. McQueen, Mr.

R. F. Miller, USGS, Denver, Colorado.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to evaluate

the use of a waterspreader on forage yields.

Little information is available on amounts

of water applied to and used by waterspreaders or on the amounts of water needed

for successful waterspreaders . As water

becomes more in demand, information on the

efficiency of water used by waterspreaders

becomes increasingly important. Water applied to the spreader is measured by means

of a waterstage recorder which determines

the duration of flow through a pipe onto the

spreader and by means of a rain gage. Plant

measurements are being made by the Montana

Agricultural Experiment Station. Study site

is the Willow Creek area near Fort Peck, Mont

(g) The spreader site was precalibrated in terms

of kinds and quantities of plants present

for three years before the waterspreader was constructed. One year of soil moisture

records on the spreader and control areas were obtained before water was applied to

the spreader.

(3973) STUDY OF PRECIPITATION, RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT

YIELD IN CORNFIELD WASH, NEW MEXICO.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Durl E. Burkham, U. S. Geological Survey,

Albuquerque, New Mexico.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to obtain

hydrologic data for use in the design of

soil and water conservation structures and

to evaluate the effects of structures on control of flood runoff and erosion. The

original study was started in 1951 when the

Bureau of Land Management completed con- struction of reservoirs in an area about 15

miles southwest of Cuba, New Mexico. In the

fall of 1957 part of the watersheds were pitted by a mechanical pitter in an attempt

to increase infiltration and growth of

vegetation.

(h) "Water-Supply Paper 1^75 -B," reports the

results of the first five years, 1951-55-

(397*0 LABORATORY STUDY OF THE GROWTH OF MEANDERS

IN OPEN CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. M. G. Wolman and Mr. Michael Moore,

John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.

(e) The purpose of this project is to attempt

to establish channels having various initial

ratios of width to curvature. Each channel

pattern will be allowed to develop under con- trolled conditions of slope and discharge,

and the rate of growth and change in pattern

will be observed continuously. This study

is a continuation of the work begun in the

experiments by Leopold, Bagnold, Wolman,

and Brush and deal with the energy losses

and behavior of curved channels.

(3975) STUDY OF EFFECTS OF GRAZING IN BADGER WASH

AREA, COLORADO.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. G. C. Lusby, U. S. Geological Survey,

173
Denver j Colorado.

(d) Field Investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to determine

the effects of grazing exclusion in regard

to improving vegetation, and reducing

damaging floods , upstream erosion and downstream sedimentation. This study was planned and started in 1953 as a cooperative

undertaking "between the Bureau of Land

Management, Forest Service, Bureau of

Reclamation, and the Survey. Studies by

the Fish and Wildlife Service started a year later. The study "by agreement is to run for 20 years. Twenty reservoirs were constructed and records of runoff and sediment are collected on each. The study area

is divided into four pairs of areas each

with a dam and reservoir. One of each pair

is fenced to exclude grazing and the other

is left open. Study area is about 8 miles

northwest of Mack, Mesa County, Colorado.

(g) Data collection is continuing. Only slight

changes have been noted so far. Changes in

hO permanent cross-sections are computed

periodically.

(3976) EVALUATION OF SEDIMENT BARRIER ON SHEEP

CREEK, NEAR TROPIC, UTAH.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. G. C. Lusby, U. S. Geological Survey,

Denver, Colorado.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this study is to test the

effectiveness of treatment methods to

reduce the high sediment contribution of

the Paria River and similar streams . In addition to land-treatment practices, which

will be carried out by the Forest Service,

National Park Service, Bureau of Land

Management and Soil Conservation Service,

the Bureau of Reclamation has constructed

a small barrier on Sheep Creek. The Survey

is to measure the effect of this barrier

on runoff and sediment at a site about 7 miles southwest of Tropic, Utah,

(g) A dam was constructed on Sheep Creek. in

the Spring of i960 and sediment samplers

were located in three places in Creek bed

this summer. There has been no runoff as yet.

(3977) HYDR0L0GIC EFFECTS OF SMALL RESERVOIRS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. F. W. Kennon and Mr. R. W. Stallman,

U. S. Geological Survey, Oklahoma City 2,

Oklahoma.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) During recent years there has been a great

increase in the number of small reservoirs

being constructed for stock water supply,

irrigation, flood control, recreation, and

other uses. The purpose of this project

is to evaluate this type of construction

in terms of its effect on the hydrology of

the area. Similar work has been done in

other parts of the West.

(g) Work in progress on Sandstone Creek, Okla.,

Honey Creek, Texas and several other small

watersheds in Texas.

(3978) EFFECTS OF MECHANICAL TREATMENTS ON ARID

LAND IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. A. Branson, Mr. I. S. McQueen, and Mr.

R. F. Miller, U. S. Geological Survey,

Denver, Colorado

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to determine

the effects of different mechanical treatments on arid lands. Several small basins

on land administered by the Bureau of Land

Management in central Montana, eastern

New Mexico, and western Colorado, are the

study sites. Some reservoirs have been,

and others are to be constructed in each

of these basins, and runoff and sediment

yield is being and has been determined

before treatments are applied. Among the

treatments applied after pre calibration are the following: spike-tooth pitting, ec- centric-disc pitting, and contour furrowing

(with furrow intervals determined on the

basis of computed furrow water-storage

capacity). Other measurements made would

include: vegetation kinds and quantities

before and after treatment, soil -moisture

storage and seasonal and annual changes,

(g) Certain areas in Montana and New Mexico

are already under study and have been

instrumented.

(3979) GENERAL EVALUATION OF SOIL AND MOISTURE

TREATMENT PRACTICES.

(b) Laboratory investigation.

(c) Mr. K. R. Melin, U. S. Geological Survey,

Denver, Colorado.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to appraise

the structures and treatment practices used

in soil moisture conservation to determine

their effectiveness in accomplishing the

purposes for which they were designed. The

field studies include maintenance of records

on runoff, erosion and sedimentation to

determine the effects of the structures or practices at several areas in Colorado,

Utah, Arizona, Wyoming, Montana, and New

Mexico.

(3980) HYDROLOGY OF DEATH VALLEY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. T. W. Robinson and Mr. C. B. Hunt, U. S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this report is to study the

various phases of the hydrology of Death

Valley. Data on evaporation, wind movement,

humidity and temperature are being obtained

under informal agreement with the National

Park Service. Relations of plants to salinity

and effects of salinity on evapotranspiratlon

also are being investigated.

(3981) PLEISTOCENE LAKES OF THE GREAT BASIN.

(b) Nevada State Engineers.

(c) Mr. C. T. Snyder, U. S. Geological Survey,

Menlo Park, California.

17k
(d) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to prepare

a map based on data gathered during Soil

and Moisture Conservation investigations

showing the Pleistocene Lakes in the Great

Basin area. Further refinements can now

he made to Lakes Lahounta and Bonneville

and the associated smaller lakes that

existed concurrently. An additional large

Pleistocene lake recently discovered is

included.

(3982) INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ION DISTRIBUTION

AND WATER MOVEMENT IN SOILS AND THE ASSOCIATED VEGETATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. R. F. Miller, U. S. Geological Survey,

Denver, Colorado.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this study is to obtain

information basic to improvement of water

use and vegetation yields on arid lands.

These data are needed to evaluate the

potential of treatment practices proposed

on an extensive scale on the public domain.

This study emphasizes the investigation of

soil chemistry as it affects the swelling

or shrinkage of soils and may have as great

an effect of hydrologic characteristics as texture. Study areas are in several locations on public lands in several western

states

(g) Special equipment in place. Data collection now in progress.

(3983) DEVELOPMENT OF FIELD CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING

SITES FOR FLOOD WATER SPREADING.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. R. F. Miller, U. S. Geological Survey,

Denver, Colorado

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to determine

field criteria with which to evaluate

potential sites before making relatively

large expenditures for further developments

Examinations made to date on spreaders in

several localities suggest that in addition

to adequacy of water available the infiltration characteristics and moisture-holding

capacity of the soils are important factors.

The kinds and quantities of vegetation

growing where water collects naturally on similar soils on or near proposed sites may

be a useful indicator of the potentiality

of the site after water is applied.

(g) Existing waterspreaders in Montana, Wyoming,

Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona.

(3984) WATER AND SOIL RELATIONSHIPS AS INDICATED

BY PLANT SPECIES OR PLANT COMMUNITIES.

(b) Laboratory project

(c) Mr. A. Branson, Mr. I. S. McQueen, Mr. R. F. Miller, U. S. Geological Survey, Denver,

Colorado

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to determine

whether or not phonological development of

vegetation differs for communities having

the same macroclimate but different soils

Plants have been used as indicators of

conditions, processes and uses for many

years. Where plants can be used as indicators of soil conditions, expensive

measurements of physical and chemical

properties can be reduced. Plant species or communities may be used as indicators

of potential production to be expected from

land management and treatment practices.

Research sites are near Golden, Colorado.

Other sites will be selected.

( g ) Preliminary work and some mapping has been

accomplished.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, BUREAU OF

RECLAMATION.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Assistant Commissioner and Chief

Engineer, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver Federal

Center, Denver 25, Colorado.

(1502) STABLE CHANNEL STUDIES- -TRACTIVE FORCES

REQUIRED TO MOVE NONCOHESIVE MATERIALS.

(f) Tests completed; report in preparation.

(1777) SIPHON SPILLWAY STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental, laboratory and field investigations; applied research and design.

(e) Develop an improved design for lower

priming head and short priming time. Attempts will be na de to design a partiaiization device to regulate the discharge of

the siphon by means of a self-regulating air

intake, thereby enabling the siphon to

operate more or less continuously at reduced

flow rather than intermittently at full

capacity.

(g) The priming head for minimum operating discharge has been reduced to 25 percent of the

head required in standard design; corres- ponding discharge is about 20 percent of the

discharge for standard design. Shape and

length of the bucket on the downstream end

of the barrel have been proportioned for

maximum discharge coefficient. Position and

angle of the deflector in the barrel have

been determined.

(2^55) CASA C0L0RADA CHANNEL ALINEMENT- -MIDDLE

RIO GRANDE.

(f) Completed; for further studies of channelization by steel jetties see (3271).

(h) "Use of Steel Jetties for Bank Protection

and Channelization in Rivers," by E. J. Carlson and P. F. Enger, Paper 87, August

1956.

(2^57) EROSION AND TRACTIVE FORCE STUDY OF UNLINED

AND EARTH- LINED CANALS.

(f) Collection of field data and laboratory

testing in progress,

(h) "Progress Report No. 3, Canal Erosion and

175
Tractive Force Study—Correlation of Laboratory Test Data- -Lower-cost Canal Lining

Program, " by P. F. Enger, J. Merriman, B.

A. Prichard, and M. J. Ruffatti, General

Report No. 26, July i960.

(2705) TRINITY DAM-MORNING-GLORY SPILLWAY.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of the Trinity

Dam Morning-glory Spillway- -Trinity River

Division—Central Valley Project, Calif.,"

by W. B. McBirney, Report No. Eyd-kkj , April i960.

"Hydraulic Model Studies of the Trinity

Dam Spillway Flip Bucket—Central Valley

Project, California," by T. J. Rhone, Report No. Hyd-U67, August i960.

(2719) GLEN CANYON DAM SPILLWAY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental, for design.

(e) The model, built to a scale of 1:63.5,

includes the tunnel spillways on both sides

of .the river, the curved arch dam, the

outlet works, the powerhouse, and a section

of the Colorado River upstream and downstream from the dam.

(f) Report in preparation. The model is being

retained to assist in solving river diversion and other problems that arise during

the construction period.

(g) Alinements for the excavated spillway approach channels, tunnel transitions between

the spillway crest and the inclined tunnel, new type flip buckets in new locations,

and other recommended features and procedures have resulted from the studies.

(2721+) FRICTION FACTOR TEST IN LARGE PRESSURE

CONDUITS- -WEBER-COULEE SIPHON.

(f) Completed.

(g) Results in good agreement with previously

published data.

(h) "Progress Report 1—Friction Factors for

Large Conduits Flowing Full—Eklutna,

Neversink, and East Delaware Tunnels, Weber

Coulee Siphon, San Diego Aqueduct," by J.

C. Schuster and R. B. Dexter, Report No. Hyd-^60, March i960.

(2953) STUDIES OF WIND WAVES ON CANALS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental, laboratory and field investigations, applied research and design.

( e ) Laboratory and field studies are being

conducted to develop relationships to predict erosion produced by surface waves on

canal banks.

(f) Field data are being analyzed. Reports in

preparation.

(g) Waves have been measured on field canals,

and wave characteristics have been cor- related with channel characteristics and

wind velocity and direction. Laboratory

and field concerning the erosion characteristics of waves on earth material from one canal have been conducted and some data

have been analyzed.

(295U) GLEN CANYON TUNNEL PLUG OUTLET WORKS,

(f) Completed.

(h) "Air and Hydraulic Model Studies of the

Left Diversion Tunnel Outlet Works," by

W. P. Simmons, Jr., Report No. Hyd-1+68,

September i960.

(2955) CAVITATION IN SUDDEN ENLARGEMENTS DOWNSTREAM FROM GATE VALVES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research and design.

(e) Tests are being made at heads from 200

to ^00 feet to determine the critical

cavitation indexes for gate valves operating at partial openings and discharging

into pipe sections 1.5, 1«75> and 2.0 times

the nominal valve diameter.

(h) Report to be prepared.

(2958) HOLLOW- JET VALVE STILLING BASINS FOR

OUTLET WORKS.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Stilling Basin for High Head Outlet Works

Utilizing Hollow- Jet Valve Control (Basin

VIII)" by G. L. Beichley and A. J. Peterka,

Report No. Hyd-M+6, April i960.

(2959) STILLING BASINS FOR SLIDE GATE CONTROLLED

OUTLET WORKS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research and design.

(e) A study to generalize stilling basin

dimensions, using either one or two slide

gates

(h) Report to be prepared

(2960) FLAMING GORGE DAM SPILLWAY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:36 scale model has been constructed

to develop a satisfactory approach channel,

crest section, tunnel transition and spillway, flip bucket, and outlet works.

(g) The model is being retained to help solve

any problems that arise during the con- struction period. A satisfactory structure

has been developed having good flow conditions throughout

(h) Report in preparation.

(3267) CANAL INLET AND OUTLET TRANSITION STUDIES,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research and design.

(e) Head loss and scour tests are in progress

to determine the effects of angle of

divergence or convergence from pipe to canal

or vice versa, and the effects of the slope

and elevation of the pipe with respect to

the canal

(h) Report to be prepared.

(3269) EFFECT OF SHADE PRODUCED BY SUSPENDED

SEDIMENTS ON THE GROWTH OF AQUATIC WEEDS.

176
(f) Completed.

(h) "Some Effects of Suspended Sediment on Growth of Submersed Pondweeds, " by N. E. Otto and P. F. Enger, General LaboratoryReport No. GEN-27, July i960.

(3270) SAN ACACIA DIVERSION- -HEADWORKS AND

SLUICEWAY.

(f) Tests completed

(h) Report in preparation.

(3271) CHANNELIZATION IN ALLUVIAL RIVERS USING

STEEL JACKS AND JETTIES.

(f) Tests completed.

(h) Report in preparation.

(3272) NAVAJO DAM SPILLWAY AND AUXILIARY OUTLET

WORKS.

(f) Tests completed.

(h) Report in preparation.

(3273) NAVAJO DAM DIVERSION AND OUTLET WORKS

STILLING BASIN.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of Navajo Dam

Diversion and Outlet Works Structures,"

by G. L. Beichley, Report No. Hyd-1+57,

August i960.

( 3274) CONSTANT HEAD ORIFICE TURNQUT.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research and design.

(e) A 2k-inch slide gate turnout is being

calibrated by means of a 1:2 scale model.

Design changes resulting from use of the

turnout have necessitated an analysis and

calibration of the variables affecting

the discharge capacity.

(g) Results show that submergence of the

orifice or of the upstream gate of the twogate turnout has a major effect on the

discharge coefficient. A calibration for a 9-cfs standard turnout and several

comparative calibrations of modified

turnouts have been obtained.

(h) Report in preparation.

(3275) FRICTION FACTOR TESTS IN LARGE PRESSURE

CONDUITS- -EKLUTNA TUNNEL, ALASKA.

(b) Laboratory project

(d) Experimental, field investigations; for

design.

(e) Extension of data to provide information on friction factors for smooth interior

finishes of concrete that can be consistently produced with present-day construction

methods. A second set of tests was completed in i960 on the 9-foot-insidediameter concrete -lined tunnel. Head

losses were measured over a length of

2,53*+ diameters. Average velocities of

flow were determined from calibrated

pressure taps in two turbine scrollcases.

(f) Tests and data analyses are completed.

Report on second set of tests in preparation.

(g) Data were obtained for 15 test discharges

over a Reynolds number range of k.h x 105

to 5-9 x 10°. Friction factors computed

from the Darcy-Weisbach equation ranged

from 0.020 to 0.011, respectively; corres- ponding Manning "n" values are 0.015 to 0.011

(3276) F0SS DAM OUTLET WORKS.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of the Foss Dam

River Outlet Works Stilling Basin, " by D. Colgate, Report No. Hyd-466, August i960.

(3278) CAVITATION OF CONCRETE SURFACE IRREGULARITIES

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research and design.

(e) The cavitation-producing potential of

concrete surface irregularities such as abrupt offsets, protruding filler material,

bug holes, etc., is being investigated.

The test apparatus employs full-scale

velocities and pressures.

(h) "Why Close Tolerances are Necessary* Under

High-velocity Flow, " by J. W. Ball, Report

No. Hyd-i+73, October i960.

(3280) GLEND0 DAM OUTLET WORKS.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of Glendo Dam

Outlet Works," Missouri River Basin Project,

Wyoming," by W. E. Wagner, Report No. Hyd-U6l

August i960.

(3281) ISLAND BEND CONTROL GATES,

(f) Completed.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of the Island

Bend Control Gate, Snowy Mountains HydroElectric Authority, Australia," by W. P. Simmons, Jr., Report No. Hyd-U62, April

i960.

(3608) TWIN BUTTES OUTLET WORKS,

(f) Completed.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of Twin Buttes Dam

Outlet Works--San Angelo Project, Texas,

by T. J. Rhone, Report No. Hyd-i+63, May i960.

(3609) TWIN BUTTES OUTLET WORKS INTAKE STRUCTURE.

( f ) Completed

(h) Report in preparation.

(3610) HYDRAULIC D0WNPULL ON HIGH HEAD SLIDE GATES,

(f) Completed.

(h) "Hydraulic Downpull Forces on High Head

Gates," by Donald Colgate, and "Air Model

Studies of Hydraulic Downpull on Large

Gates," by W. P. Simmons, Jr., Journal

Hydraulics Division, Proceedings ASCE,

November and January 1959-

"Model Studies of Hydraulic Downpull Forces

that act on the Palisades -type Regulating

Slide Gate and the Glendo Fixed Wheel Gate,"

by W. P. Simmons, Jr., and Donald Colgate,

Report No. Hyd-^21, February 1957-

177
(3611) ADJUSTABLE WEIR,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental, laboratory and field investigations, applied research.

(e) Weirs having an adjustable crest height are used for checking water surface levels for

upstream water delivery and for water

measurement beyond weir. An investigation of the head-discharge capacity of

a single 2-foot-crest-length weir has been

completed. Extension of the study to

include combinations of weirs and those

having adjustable crest length is contemplated.

(f) Single weir investigation completed.

(g) Capacity of weir for crest heights greater

than 0.1 foot above fixed blade compares

very favorably with standard 2-foot

Cipolletti weir.

(h) Report in preparation.

(3612) DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS FOR RADIAL GATES,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental, laboratory and field investigations; applied research.

(e) Radial gates are used extensively in irrigation systems for discharge and water sur- face level control. Intelligent operation

of the systems requires that the rate of

flow passing the gated structure be known.

Literature research resulted in an analytical approach and adjusted equation for the

gate capacity with unsubmerged flow. A

model gate was designed and will be installed in the laboratory to obtain data for

checking the proposed formula and extending

the scope of presently available information.

(f) Model to be constructed.

(3613) COMPOUND WEIR STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) Develop relationships for flows through

combined V-notch and rectangular contracted

weirs, particularly in the transition range

of discharges. Several sizes tested.

(f) Tests completed.

(h) Report is in preparation.

(36lJ+) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF SUBCRITICAL FLOW IN

CURVED CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research and design.

(e) A fixed-bed, hydraulic model has been

constructed to determine the possibility

of reduction in scour and deposition in

unllned channels due to secondary currents.

Preliminary investigations will be con- ducted by varying the radius of curvature

and the central angle.

(3615) TUNNEL SPILLWAY FLIP BUCKETS.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Improved Tunnel Spillway Flip Buckets,"

by T. J. Rhone and A. J. Peterka, Journal

of the Hydraulics Division, American Society

of Civil Engineers, Paper 2316, Dec. 1959.

(3985) DISCHARGE CAPACITY OF LARGE CONCRETE-LINED

CANALS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental, laboratory and field investigations; applied research and design.

(e) This study is for the purpose of exploring

the effects on the hydraulic gradient of the

relationship of boundary surface resistance

to the cumulative resistance of crossings,

inlets, turnouts, checks, and other local

items in concrete -lined canals of different

sizes, shapes and grades. This study is part

of a program to explain why design procedures

used successfully for small and medium sizes

of canals may not be adequate for large

concrete -lined canals on flat slopes.

(3986) MERRITT DAM CANAL OUTLET WORKS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:20 scale model was constructed to develop

the design of the outlet works stilling basin

and the canal wave suppressor for discharges

up to 1,3^0 second- feet from two k- by it- foot high-pressure slide gates.

(f) Completed.

(g) A satisfactory stilling basin and wave suppressor in the canal immediately downstream

from the basin was developed which provided

quiet flow in the concrete-lined canal at the Parshall flume measuring station.

(h) Report in preparation.

(3987) HIGHWAY RUNDOWN DRAIN.

(b) Bureau of Public Roads.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The studies were concerned with determining

the capacity of a highway rundown drain and

in developing a satisfactory energy dissipator fabricated from standard corrugated

metal pipe components to provide protection

against erosion at the exit.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) Tests indicated that the capacity is

approximately twice that used in present design practice. Satisfactory protection

against erosion at the exit was obtained

by using either a standard end section with

extensive riprap protection, or a simple,

easily fabricated, energy dissipator developed in the laboratory with minimum riprap

protection.

(h) Report in preparation.

(3988) YELLOWTAIL DAM OUTLET WORKS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:28 scale model is being constructed to

develop a satisfactory stilling basin for

the outlet works which is controlled by

two 8^-inch hollow jet valves. The problem

is unusual because of the extreme variations

in tail-water elevation for normal operating

discharges.

178
(f) Tests in progress.

(3989) YELLOWTAIL DAM LWAY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:50 scale model is "being constructed to

develop the spillway intake, the tunnel,

and the hydraulic jump stilling basin.

The basin is designed to still flows up to

12,000 second- feet and flip larger flows

up to 92,000 second-feet into the river

channel

(3990) BAFFLED APRON FOR GRAVITY FLOW BYPASS,

WILLARD CANAL PUMPING PLANT NO. 1.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:10 scale model is being constructed to

develop a baffled apron constructed on a 5-1/2:1 slope rather than the usual 2:1

slope. The baffled apron is a chute

studded with baffle piers of a height and

arrangement to maintain a nonaccelerating

flow of water from an upper to a lower

level. Since no stilling pool is used at

the downstream end of the chute, the height

and placement pattern of the baffle piers,

the height of the training walls, and the

entrance characteristics of the flow are critical factors in the design of a satisfactory apron. Generalized hydraulic design data are available for chutes on a 2:1 slope but no information exists for

flatter slopes such as the proposed 5-1/2:1

slope

(f) Tests in progress.

(3991) SEDIMENT TESTS ON PROTOTYPE DIVERSION DAMS,

KANSAS RIVER BASIN, NEBRASKA-KANSAS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental, field investigation; applied

research and design.

(e) Data were taken at k diversion dams to determine the effectiveness of the structures

in reducing the amount of bed sediment

entering the canals. The results will be

compared with those from hydraulic model

studies

(g) Data obtained in the field has been

partially analyzed.

(3992) SHERMAN OUTLET WORKS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:20 scale model was constructed to develop the design of the stilling basin for

discharges up to 1,600 second-feet from

two k- by 5-foot high pressure slide gates.

(f) Completed.

(g) A satisfactory basin was developed to provide quiet flow from the basin into the

earth-lined canal.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of Sherman Dam

Outlet Works," by G. L. Beichley, Report

No. Hyd-l+55, September 1959-

(3993) SHADEHILL DAM OUTLET WORKS MODIFICATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:12.52 scale model was constructed to

determine the modifications to the structure necessary because of an increased

irrigation water demand. Because the outlet works head and discharge were increased

materially, flows from the old stilling basin

basin were diverted through a bypass pipe

into the larger service spillway stilling

basin.

(f) Completed.

(g) Baffle piers, a training wall modification,

and a wave suppressor were added to the

outlet works stilling basin to provide a satisfactory basin for discharges greater

than twice the original design capacity.

An intake for a 72-inch steel bypass pipe

and a specially shaped discharge nozzle

were also developed to provide a satisfactory means of discharging the flow from

the outlet works basin to the service spillway basin. The nozzle imparts a spinning

motion to the water entering the service

basin, resulting in greater dispersion and

better performance.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of Shadehill Dam

Outlet Works Modification," by G. L. Beichley, Report No. Hyd-^53, September

1959-

(399*0 HYDRAULIC JUMP CHUTE BLOCK AND BAFFLE

BLOCK PRESSURES.

(b) Laboratory study.

(d) Experimental; applied research and design.

(e) A conventional hydraulic jump stilling

basin with a 2:1 approach slope has been

constructed in a i+-foot-wide flume for the

purpose of relating chute block and baffle

pier pressures to entrance velocity,

entrance flow depth, and tail-water

elevation.

(f) Tests in progress.

(g) Thus far, maximum subatmospheric pressures

on square edged chute blocks have been

found to occur on the downstream face of

the blocks, near the sides and floor.

(3995) LABORATORY STUDY TO DETERMINE THE EQUILIBRIUM BEACH PROFILE FOR FIGARDEN RESERVOIR

SITE- -CENTRAL VALLEY PROJECT, CALIFORNIA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The reservoir soil, mean diameter 0.6 mm, was placed on a 1:1-1/2 slope in a 1-foot

wide test section. Waves were directed

to represent directly approaching onshore

waves. Profile data were obtained for determining a dimensionless beach profile in

terms of the wave length.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) Previously established parameters were verified and new ones were developed. The

study indicates that design curves could

be developed to aid in predicting beach

profiles of reservoirs.

(h) Report in preparation.

(3996) HIGH HEAD ORIFICE STUDIES.

179
("b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research and design.

(e) Tests at heads of 200 to 550 feet are being

conducted on concentric circular orifices

in a 3-inch-diameter pipeline to determine

transient pressures , cavitation characteristics, critical cavitation indexes, and

the effect of cavitation on the discharge

coefficient

(f) Tests in progress.

(h) Report to he prepared.

(3997) TWIN BUTTES AUXILIARY OUTLET GATES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:15 scale model of a 2-foot highpressure gate and entrance conduit is

used to develop a satisfactory bellmouth

entrance which must be fitted in a relatively short distance. Calibration curves will also be obtained for the gate which

operates under a head of 101 feet.

(f) Tests in progress.

(h) Report to be prepared.

(3998) JET FLOW GATE- -TRINITY DAM.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Laboratory tests were made on the most

recent design of the jet flow gate to determine operating characteristics, discharge coefficients, and air demand for

free discharge and conduit discharge flow

conditions. Conduit lengths ranging from

k to 22 times the gate orifice diameter

were used on the 1:15 scale model.

(f) Tests completed.

(h) Report in preparation.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY, DAVID TAYLOR MODEL

BASIN.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to the Commanding Officer and

Director, David Taylor Model Basin, Wash. 7, D. C.

(709) THEORY OF WAVE RESISTANCE.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Hydrodynamic research.

(e) A mathematical study of the theory of wave

resistance for the purpose of establishing

methods for extending the theory to the

analysis of ship resistance. Studies will

include the general theory of waves in

liquids and will encompass a review of ex- isting theory and comparisons with existing

experimental data.

(g) A synopsis has been written on the application of the theory to the calculations of wave resistance.

Calculations were made to obtain general

information about wave resistance of submerged bodies of revolution. The forms

considered are ellipsoids, Rankine ovoids,

and a simple family of streamlined bodies.

A report of this work is to be published.

(710) RESEARCH ON MAIN INJECTION SCOOPS AND OVERBOARD DISCHARGES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. J (d) Experimental and theoretical; applied re- search.

(e) Investigations to determine the characteristics of injection scoops and discharges

to provide design data for use in design of

future ships in both high and low speed

ranges

(h) "Boundary Layer Investigation on the USS

TIMMERMAN EAG152 (ex-DD828)," C. L. Sayre

and E. J. Duerr, TMB Rept . 1170, Sept. i960.

(711) CAVITATION RESEARCH.

(b) Bureau pf Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied re- search.

(e) Research is being conducted on the mechanis

and effects of cavitation phenomena in real

and ideal fluids, (l) Linearized theory is

being applied to determine cavity shapes

and forces in steady flows. (2) Experimental studies of the growth of cavities on hydrofoils are to be made in both steady

and unsteady flows (see reference No. 328^)

(3) A device is being developed to measure

the extent of cavitation on the surface of

a hydrodynamic body.

(g) A better correlation between theoretically

and experimentally determined cavity shape

has been achieved by modifying linearized

cavitation theory to include surface

tension effects.

(h) "Surface Tension Effects in Two-Dimensional

Steady Cavitating Flow," by Dr. S. H. Schot.

Paper presented at the November i960 meeting

of the American Physical Society, Division

of Fluid Dynamics, Baltimore, Maryland.

(1506) STIMULATION OF TURBULENCE ON SHIP MODELS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Frictional resistance research.

(e) Development of a turbulence stimulating device which will insure adequate turbulence

in the boundary layer over the entire

length of any ship model. Empirical and

theoretical studies will be conducted to

evaluate the relative effectiveness of turbulence rods, trip wires, sand roughness,

isolated stubs, noise makers and vibrators.

Their relative effectiveness will be calculated by studying the model resistance

and the character of the boundary layer

flow around ship models as determined by

the dye-method, the chemical compound, and

the hot-wire survey method.

( f ) Suspended

(g) The work of the previous year was devoted

to the study of the stimulating effect of

studs and the development of the technique

of the chemical compound. The effect of

various stimulators on the BSRA model has

been established and the evaluations work

will compare the results for each stimulator with the results obtained by the

English tanks. The evaluation of the

stimulators used is still continuing.

180
[l^lk) MANEUVERING CHARACTERISTICS OF SINGLESCREW VESSELS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental testing.

(e) Measurements of side forces on propeller,

rudder, and hull of a single-screw ship

model during successive phases of starting,

stopping, and backing maneuvers.

(f) Inactive.

(g) A test program has been formulated. A side-force dynamometer has been designed

and completed. Testing is expected to

begin when priority considerations permit.

(1521) 36-INCH VARIABLE PRESSURE WATER TUNNEL.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) New facility.

(e) Design and construction of a 36-inch variable pressure water tunnel for investigation

of propulsion, cavitation, and noise characteristics of propellers as well as tests

on sub-surface bodies. Interchangeable

test sections of open and closed jet type

will be provided. The maximum design speed

is 85 fps.

(g) Estimated completion is end of i960.

(1778) HYDRODYNAMIC NOISE.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Hydrodynamic research.

(e) Investigations of the characteristics of

underwater noise associated with various

hydrodynamic phenomena such as cavitation,

bubble oscillation, turbulence and splashing.

(g) Experimental and theoretical studies have

been made of noise produced by cavitation,

splashing, oscillating air bubbles, and

turbulence

(1779) TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYERS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied

research.

(e) An experimental investigation of velocity

profile and criteria for separation in a turbulent boundary layer with an adverse

pressure gradient. Results will be com- pared with existing theories.

(h) "The Behavior of Incompressible, TwoDimensional Turbulent Boundary Layer with

Adverse Pressure Gradient," by P. K. Chang

and R. D. Cahn, TMB Report lkl6 (in preparation) .

(1781) ROTATING- ARM AND MANEUVERING BASIN.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) New facility.

(e) Design and construction of a circular basin

of 260-foot diameter with a rotating arm

whose radius can be varied from 18 to 120

feet. To be used for towing tests of sur- face and sub-surface models. Also, design

and construction of a maneuvering basin

350 feet long and 230 feet wide, equipped

with traveling bridge and towing carriages,

and wavemakers for the purpose of making

maneuvering tests on ship models,

(g) Construction contract awarded in May 1956

with a completion date the end of i960.

(1783: MATHEMATICAL SHIP LINES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical research.

(e) Development of a suitable method for the

mathematical determination of ship lines

which can be applied to a wide variety of

ship forms especially to those of modern

design.

(g) A method has been developed for the mathematical fairing of graphical lines. This

is a first step toward the development of

of a flexible system of mathematical ship

lines. Future work is directed toward the

development of a system of mathematical

lines which will permit the derivation of

a hull form for a given set of parameters.

(h) "Mathematical Ship Surface," by Dr. P. C. Pien, TMB Report 1398, presents progress

to date for this project.

(1786) STUDIES OF THE SLAMMING OF SHIPS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) Computations and measurements of the pressure

distribution and impact forces on the bottoms

of slamming ships for the purpose of developing design criteria to effect their re- duction.

(g) Theoretical methods were developed for

evaluating the impact pressures and forces

by replacing the original equivalent wedge

concept by a series of elliptical cylinders

approximating the ships sections. Such an approach permits an evaluation of the impact pressure at the critical instant of

impact. Experimental studies were con- ducted in regular waves to determine the

effect of bow form and hull size on slow

induced pressures.

(h) "A Theoretical Consideration of Impact at Ship Slamming, " by K. M. Ochi and M. D. Bledsoe, TMB Report 1321.

"Model Experiments on the Effect of a Bulbous Bow on Ship Slamming," by K. M. Ochi,

TMB Report 1360.

"Experiments on the Effect of Bow Form on Ship^Slamming, " by K. M. Ochi, TMB Report

ikoo.

(1788) WAX DEVELOPMENT.

(b)

(a)

(e)

(f)

(g)

David Taylor Model Basin.

Experimental testing.

Development of a wax composition and manu- facturing techniques for the manufacture of

ship models up to 30 ft. on water-line

length.

Completed.

The blend developed is entirely suited to

the climatic conditions existing in Wash.,

D. C. The strength of this material is such

that all types of models, including submarines, may be constructed and handled with

no greater care than is given to corresponding

181
wood models. Ninety-one models , varying

in length between 19 and 2k ft and in

weight between 1,000 and i+,500 lbs., and

four 30ft models have been successfully

manufactured and tested since the development of this new wax blend. The introduction of wax model construction technique

has resulted in a substantial saving in

time and cost of ship model manufacturing

at TMB.

(2019) SERIES 60 - PROPELLER EXCITED VIBRATION.

(a)

(e)

(g)

(h)

(h) "A Note on the Stripwise Damping of a Submerged Spheroid, " by J. N. Newman,

Journal of Ship Research, Vol. h, No. pages 8-11 (I960).

(2230) THEORY OF SEAWORTHINESS.

1,

David Taylor Model Basin and Society of

Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.

Experimental basic research.

Measurement of propeller induced vibratory

forces on a series of models with variations

in stern shape.

The instrumentation and test techniques

for measuring the propeller induced vibratory forces on a single screw ship model

has been developed sufficiently to obtain

repetitive results. Although there is insufficient information available to permit

extrapolation to full scale forces, com- parison of test results of models of similar

type and dimensions appears valid. During

the past year tests were conducted of a series of 3 models, based on the 0.70 Cg

Series 60 parent form, with variations in

stern section shape from U to V. Measurement of instantaneous pressure has

been made on the hull of the USS TIMMERMAN

and on the hull of a 30-foot model of that

vessel. Preliminary data indicates that

the model measurements when similarly

extrapolated also produce higher values

than were measured on board ship.

"The Effect of Variations in Afterbody

Shape Upon Resistance, Power, Wake Distribution and Propeller Excited Vibratory

Forces," by G. R. Stunt z, F. C. Pien, W. B. Hinterthan, and N. L. Ficken, Society of

Naval Architects and Marine Engineers

Paper, November i960.

(2229) NEAR SURFACE EFFECTS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Hydrodynamic research.

(e) A mathematical study of the forces and

moments acting on bodies due to the proximity of a free surface. The studies include both the case in which the surface

is initially undisturbed and the case in

which there are disturbances originating at

a distance. Experiments are being con- ducted to verify the theoretical developments . (g) Methods were developed for computing the

forces and moments acting on bodies of

revolution, both due to waves generated

by the body itself and to regular trains

of waves. Experiments with a spheroid

moving under waves largely confirmed the

theory except in following seas. The

damping forces on a submerged translating

ellipsoid which is oscillating in any of

its six degrees of freedom have been

developed theoretically.

(*)

(a)

(e)

(g)

Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

Hydrodynamic research.

A theoretical and experimental study of

factors affecting the seaworthiness of

ships, for the purpose of developing

procedures for predicting their motion.

The work is oriented in three directions:

(l) Finding the equations of motion of a ship in a seaway, with the forces obtained

from solutions of the boundary value

potential problem. This approach will

provide equations which are valid for

transient as well as steady- state oscillatory conditions. (2) Validification

of the more common technique of assuming

that the longitudinal plane motions can

be described by a system of linear second

order differential equations with constant

frequency dependent coefficients. The

coefficients in the equations of motion

are determined experimentally, as well as the forces on restrained models in regular

waves. The motions of a free model can then be computed and compared with experiments to determine the validity of the

theory. (3) Analytical and experimental

studies of the damping of ship motions by

free surface effects.

A restrained ship model has been towed in

regular waves and the force and moment

induced by the waves has been measured.

Comparison of these data with calculations

based on the Froude-Krylov hypothesis

shows only qualitative agreement. Calculation of damping coefficients has been

completed for Series 60 models, yielding

generally excellent agreement with forced

oscillation experiments.

"The Damping and Wave Resistance of a Pitching and Heaving Ship," J. N. Newman,

Journal of- Ship Research, Vol. 3.> No. 1,

pages 1-19 (1959).

"A Comparison of Experimental and Theoretical Hydrodynamic Forces and Moments

Acting on a Restrained Surface Ship in

Regular Waves," A. Gersten, TMB Report

ik2k.

(2231) HYDRODYNAMIC ROUGHNESS STUDIES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and

applied research.

(e) Research on methods for analyzing and

predicting the frictional resistance of

arbitrarily rough surfaces such as the

painted surfaces of ship hulls. The geometrical characteristics are to be cor- related with the hydrodynamic characteristics . (g) A new roughness profilometer has been

built for use in curved surfaces and which

is integrated into a magnetic tape recording

system. A theoretical method has been

(h)

182
devised for predicting the full scale

resistance of arbitrarily rough surfaces

from tests if model plates with the actual

roughness. A high speed towing rig is

under design and construction for these

tests

(h) "A Surface Roughness Profilometer, " by J.

B. Miller, TMB Report I3U7, Sept. i960.

(2232) PRESSURE AND VELOCITY DISTRIBUTIONS ON TWODIMENSIONAL AND AXI- SYMMETRIC THREE-DIMENSIONAL FORMS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Investigate analytic techniques for determining the pressure and velocity distribution on two-dimensional and axi-symmetric

three-dimensional forms. The solution is

to be amenable to coding for a high speed

computor

(f) Inactive.

(g) This project has been terminated with the

delivery of an IBM "JOk program for computing

pressure and velocity distribution on twodimensional and axi symmetrical three-dimensional forms developed at Douglas

Aircraft Co. under a TMB external research

contract

(2235) LIBERTY SHIP SEAWORTHINESS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Thorough seaworthiness investigations of a Liberty Ship and a modified Liberty Ship

hull. Full scale trials were conducted

during several crossings of the North

Atlantic. Speed reduction, ship motion

stresses and slamming pressures were investigated.

(g) The motion and stress data obtained for

special maneuvers conducted on each of the

ships in approximately a State 5 sea have

been analyzed and a comparative evaluation

made for this particular oceanographic

condition. Data obtained in other sea conditions are currently under analysis

(h) "Seakeeping Trials on Two Modified Liberty

Ships - Part I: Performance in a Sea State

5" by M. 0. Bledsoe and P. Plaia, TMB

Report IU39.

(2236) OSCILLATING PRESSURES IN THE VICINITY OF

PROPELLERS

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied

research.

(e) Studies of the oscillating pressures on boundaries and in the free space produced

by propeller operation. The purpose of the

work is to determine the magnitude of the

hydrodynamic propeller excited vibratory

forces acting on ship's hulls and the effect of operating parameters.

(f) Completed.

(g) Experimental results have been completed.

(2237) LIFTING SURFACE THEORY OF PROPELLERS,

(b) Cooperative with Bureau of Ships.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Studies of the corrections on lifting line

theory which arise from the finite extent

of the blades.

(f) Application of an approximate lifting surface theory is completed. Development of

a rigorous theory currently in progress.

(g) The available results are being applied to

propeller design methods.

(2^62) PITCH REDUCTION STUDIES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) To determine the mechanism of occurrence and basic properties of horizontal hull

vibrations induced by anti-pitching fins.

(g) To clarify the mechanism whereby the trans- verse vibrations are induced, a fiber glass

model of the Mariner was tested and the

fin loading model motions and hull vibrations

recorded. The effect of position of the fin

along the hull on the vibration was studied.

It was found that the vibrations are the

result of an impact on the fin due to

collapse of a cavity and/or slamming.

(h) "Effect on Hull Vibrations of Various Bow

Anti-Pitching Fin Configurations," by G. P. Stefun and F. M. Schwartz.

"Vibrations Induced by an Anti-Pitching

Fin," by K. M. Ochi, TMB Report 1U55.

(21+63) STUDIES OF LOW ASPECT-RATIO CONTROL SURFACES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin; Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental investigation; basic research.

(e) Determine the aerodynamic characteristics

of a family of low aspect-ratio control sur- faces which can be used by the designer of

submarines and surface ships.

Phase I is an investigation of a family of

all-movable control surfaces. Phase II is an investigation of the same family with

plain flaps of different chord length.

(f) Phase I, completed; Phase II, active.

(g) The results of Phase I indicate that many

of the aerodynamic characteristics of low

aspect-ratio surfaces can be accurately

predicted from lifting surface theory.

(h) The results of Phase I and comparisons with

lifting surface theory are presented in

DTMB Report No. 933.

(2V70) CAVITY RESONANCE.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical investigation

of the excitations of cavity resonance by

fluid flow.

(e) Studies to determine the mechanism of

excitation of the cavity resonance by

fluid flow past orifice will be undertaken.

The experimental investigation will employ

the low turbulence wind tunnel and circulating water channel. The amplitude of

pressure fluctuations in the cavity will

be investigated as function of the size,

shape and number of orifices, as well as the turbulence characteristics ir the

boundary layer flow.

(h) "Studies of the Mechanism for the Flow

183
Induced Cavity Resonance, " by M. C- Harrington and W. H. Dunham. Presented at the Fifty-Ninth Meeting of the Acoustical

Society of America, Brown University,

Providence, Rhode Island, June i960.

( 21+71 ) THEORY OF CONTRA-ROTATING PROPELLERS.

(t>) Cooperative with the Bureau of Ships.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research.

(e) Studies of the theory of contra-rotating

propellers without assumptions regarding

the orientation of the resultant induced

velocity. Open water and water tunnel

tests to determine, experimentally, the

effect of various propeller parameters.

(g) Application to open water and wake adapted

propellers. Latest experiments have shown

the performance to be insensitive to

spacing between propellers so long as they

are operated at their design spacing.

(h) "The Effect of Axial Spacing and Diameter

on the Powering Performance of Counterrotating Propellers," by R. Hecker and N.

A. McDonald, TMB Report No. I3I+2, Feb.

i960.

(21+72) COOPERATIVE TESTS ON A VICTORY SHIP DESIGN.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin: Skin Friction

Committee of the International Towing Tank

Conference

(d) Experimental testing; basic research.

(e) The investigation was authorized by the

International Committee on "Scale Effect

on Propellers," and on "Self-Propulsion

Factors," as part of the international

cooperative test program in ship basins.

The International Committee will compare

the results from the various basins and present a report to the coming International

Conference. The tests will be carried out

with a wax model of scale 1:23 equipped

with different kinds of stimulators. The

friction corrections will be calculated by

the various basins according to their

methods

(g) The specified program of model testing has

been completed. The required calculation

for the power predictions have to be done

before the evaluation work can proceed.

(h) Results have been reported to the International Towing Conference. A TMB Report is

being prepared comparing TMB results with

those of other basins.

(2727) THE EFFECT OF HUB DIAMETER ON THE OPTIMUM

DISTRIBUTION OF CIRCULATION OF PROPELLERS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Studies of the effect of hub- diameters on the optimum distribution of circulation.

(f) Inactive.

(g) Calculations have been completed.

(2729) HULL FORM RESEARCH WITH A FLEXIBLE MODEL.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Development and experimental work.

(e) A flexible model which can be quickly

changed to have any fullness and any shape

of section area curve is to be developed

first. The effect of section area curve parameters, such as tp, tA, Cpp, Cp^, Lp,

Lx, Xp, X^, etc., upon resistance will be

systematically investigated by using this

flexible model.

( f ) Inactive

(g) The flexible model has been built and ex- perimental test work begun. Thirty resistance tests have been conducted during the

past fiscal year. Preliminary work with

this flexible model indicates its adaptability for this work is satisfactory. An

analysis of the test results has not been

completed.

(2730) MOLECULAR-PHYSICAL SKIN EFFECT.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental applied research.

(e) The frictional resistance of a "new" plate

consisting of a special molecular coating

will be compared with the frictional re- sistance of a hydraulically smooth brass

plate and of a mirror smooth glass plate.

The test equipment will be designed and con structed to study wave and spray formation

for the determination of the true wetted

surface. The plate will be tested with

maximum speed of 15-0 knots and with various stimulation devices.

(g) The Nikuradse coated plates have been

tested. Significant resistance differences

between coated and non-coated plates have

been measured on a coated brass plate and

an uncoated aluminum plate. Since the con- tours of the leading and trailing edges of

the two plates vary considerably a doubt is

raised at whether the coating or the differ

ence in the contours caused the resistance

differences. A stainless steel plate having the same contours as the coated brass

plate has been constructed and tested. The

resistance of this plate has been obtained,

and the relation between the coated and un- coated plate will be the subject of an addi

tional report.

(2962) DUTCH DESTROYER SEAKEEPING TRIALS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Field investigation (Full Scale Trials).

(e) An account of seakeeping trials carried

out jointly by the Royal Netherlands Navy

and the United States Navy with three

destroyers

(f) Completed.

(g) Measurements were made of motions accelerations, slamming pressures and stresses.

These were analyzed to determine the effect

of the seaway, of speed and of relative

course on these quantities.

(h) "Seakeeping Trials on Three Dutch Destroyers," by M. D. Bledsoe, 0. Bussemaker

and W. E. Cummins, presented at the Spring

Meeting of the Society of Naval Architects

and Marine Engineers, May i960.

181+
i( 2967 ) CONTROL SURFACE FLUTTER.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

[ (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic investigation.

(e) Experiments are being conducted with a flutter apparatus to determine flutter

speeds as a function of inertias, spring

and damping constants. The results will

be compared with a simplified rudder flutter

analysis which can then be applied to design procedures.

(g) Flutter (a self-excited, oscillatory

instability) of a small -aspect -ratio foil was produced in water, without free surface

effects, at a speed of 20 ft/sec.

(h) "Hydroelastic Instability of a Control

Surface," by D. A. Jewell and M. E. McCormick, TMB Report lM+2 (in preparation).

(2969) FLOW STUDIES ON THREE-DIMENSIONAL FORMS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical basic research.

(e) Pressure distributions and flow studies

have been made in a wind tunnel on several

shapes similar to those of certain sonar

domes. Data will be used in predicting

those conditions of ship speed, yaw and

pitch which are conductive to cavitation

on sonar domes.

(f) Inactive.

(h) "Pressure Distribution About Four Sonar

Domes," by R. D. Cahn, report in review.

(2970) STUDIES OF HYDRODYNAMIC LOADING ON BARE AND

FAIRED CABLES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental investigation; basic research.

( e ) Measure the tangential and normal hydrodynamic forces acting on a long cylinder

towed at various angles to the stream over

a range of Reynolds numbers. Tests will be

made with various degrees of roughness

simulating stranded cable, and various

trailing-type fairing designs.

(2971) FULL SCALE TRIAL AND MODEL PREDICTION

CORRELATION.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental testing and re-evaluation of

existing test data.

(e) The accuracy of full scale power predictions

from model test results depends upon the

selection of the proper correlation allowance (A Cf) to be used in model calculations. Model tests have been conducted and

past correlations have been re-analyzed

such that a total of 5k correlations have

been completed. An analysis of this data

has begun.

(g) Analysis of the completed correlations has

begun and is scheduled for completion by

January 1, 1961. The presentation of a paper to the Society of Naval Architects

and Marine Engineers is projected.

(3282) RADIAL DISTRIBUTION OF PROPELLER THRUST

FROM MODEL WAKE MEASUREMENTS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Information concerning the radial distribution of thrust is needed for a propeller

operating behind a submerged body of revolution. The results of theory and experiment

are compared. The experimental thrust distribution was obtained from the axial momen- tum equation by applying appropriate correc- tions for slip stream rotation and con- traction. The theoretical thrust distribution was obtained from the circulation

distribution of the propeller with a finite

hub.

(f) Completed.

(g) The radial distribution of propeller thrust

load coefficient is calculated from experimental wake data obtained from towed and

self-propulsion tests on a body of revolution. The experimentally obtained thrust

distribution is in excellent agreement with

a theoretically calculated distribution.

Numerical integration yields a total thrustload coefficient which is in good agreement

with propulsion test results.

(3283) FUNDAMENTAL HYDROMECHANICS RESEARCH.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Survey of work carried out under Bureau of

Ships Fundamental Hydromechanics Research

Program.

(f) Completed.

(g) Survey includes results obtained during the

period of 1952 to present.

(3284) UNSTEADY HYDROFOILS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical applied re- search.

(e) The purpose of this work is to provide

hydrofoil design criteria to the Bureau of

Ships to be used in designing high speed,

seagoing hydrofoil craft. The objective is

to determine the steady and unsteady forces on hydrofoils due to heaving and pitching

oscillations of the foil and due to

encounters with regular head and following

waves on the foil when operated in proximity

to the free water surface. Both fully

wetted and cavitating foil conditions are being studied. This work is related to

Hydroelasticity (Reference No. 3285) and

Cavitation (Reference No. 711) studies.

(g) The unsteady lift force on a flat restrained

hydrofoil advancing through regular head and

following waves has been measured experimentally. The experimental data has been

compared with theoretical data.

(h) "The Unsteady Lift Force on a Restrained

Hydrofoil in Regular Waves," by J. M. Steele, Jr. and D. A. Jewell, TMB Report

lk06 (in preparation).

(3285) HYDROELASTICITY PROBLEMS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin,

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied re- search.

185
(e) Investigations to determine the conditions

which produce hydroelastic instability of

oscillatory hydrofoil systems. The effects

of speed, frequencies, mass distribution,

cavitation, free surface and waves on the

system stability will be studied. This

work is related to Unsteady Hydrofoils

(Reference No. 328^ ), Cavitation Studies

(Reference No. 711 )j and Control Surface

Flutter (Reference No. 2967).

(g) Flutter (a self-excited, oscillatory

instability) of a small-aspect-ratio foil was produced in water, without free surface

effects, at a speed of 20 ft/sec.

(h) "Hydroelastic Instability of a Control

Surface," by D. A. Jewell and M. E. McCormick, TMB Report lkh2 (in preparation).

(3286) THEORY OF SUPERCAVITATING PROPELLERS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied re- search.

(e) Studies and design of propellers designed

to operate at high speeds

(g) The prediction and experimental confirmation of the performance of such propellers

have been completed.

(3287) EFFECT OF STERN MODIFICATION TO A SERIES

60 VESSEL, RESISTANCE POWERING, WAKE DISTRIBUTION AND PROPELLER INDUCE VIBRATION.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin; Maritime Administration.

(d) Experimental testing and evaluation of

data for basic research.

(e) Models representing specific variations in

stern shapes and designed for special instrumentation installation will be built.

The basic design will be the Series 60,

0.70 Block Coefficient Parent. Six other

forms will be derived having systematic

changes in section shapes ( from extreme V

to extreme U) and for variation in waterline endings ( from fine to blunt ) . An

attempt will be made to develop formulation

to mathematically express the stern variations from the parent

(g) The basic model has been constructed and

powering data has been obtained.

(h) "Series 60 - The Effect of Variations in

Afterbody Shape Upon Resistance, Power,

Wake Distribution and Propeller Excited

Vibratory Forces," by G. R. Stunt z, P. C. Pien, W. B. Hinterthan, and N. L. Ficken,

Society of Naval Architects and Marine

Engineers Paper, Nov. i960.

(3288) SHIP STABILIZATION

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) The roll response of an AK cargo vessel

converted for use as a missile tracking

station has been simulated on an analog

computer to evaluate the stabilization ac- complished by passive anti-rolling tanks.

A description of the simulation, the ship

responses to regular wave action and some comparison with experimental values presented in the report of the study.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Analog Simulation of a Passive Anti-Rolling

Tank System for a Missile-Range Ship," by

J. W. Church, TMB Report 1322, May 1959.

(3292) EXPLORATORY STUDIES AND PLANS AT DTMB FOR

MODEL TESTS IN 3-DIMENSI0NS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental, basic research.

(e) A new seakeeping test facility is to be in

operation in 1961. Techniques for generating

irregular short-crested seas and measuring

the response of ship models at oblique headings is under development.

(g) Segmented wave generators provide the ability to produce oblique waves. Programming

to individual wavemakers results in

generation of confused seas of almost any

nature. The rectangular basin offers

opportunity to test in any relative heading

to the waves and even in cross seas. Problems in analysis involve determination

of the seaway (in the tank) as a function

of frequency and direction. Ship motions

in confused seas will be random in nature

and will be analyzed by spectrum methods.

(h) "Wave Propagation in the Tenth-Scale Model

of the Seakeeping Basin, Part II - Generation of Oblique Waves," by W. Marks, TMB

Report in review.

"SEADAC The Taylor Model Basin Seakeeping

Data Analysis Center," by W. Marks and P. E. Strausser, TMB Report 1353, July i960.

"SPLASHNIK The David Taylor Model Basin

Disposable Wave Buoy, " by W. Marks and R. G. Tuckerman, TMB Report 1^23 (in preparation )

(3293) RELATION OF HULL FORM TO SEAWORTHINESS AND

SPEED MAINTENANCE.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search.

(e) In order to establish meaningful design

criteria for ships with minimum motions,

dry decks and high sustained sea speed,

tests will be conducted to relate ship

behavior and speed maintenance to sea state

and hull form. The limited model data

currently available pertains largely to

unrelated forms and speed reduction is not

included. Therefore, systematic model tests

will be conducted in order to establish the

required relations.

(g) A preliminary study of results obtained from

various model tests in waves indicates that

variations in pitch and heave amplitudes

among the different models can be attributed

to variations of the average beam-draft

ratios in the case of heave, and to variations of the modified displacement-length

ratios in the case of pitch.

(329I+) SEAWORTHINESS OF HYDROFOIL CRAFT.

(b) Bureau of Ships, David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical research.

(e) A theoretical study of the vertical plane

186
motions of a hydrofoil craft in sinusoidal

waves.

(g) An earlier theoretical development of the

equations of motion for hydrofoil craft has

been extended to include unsteadiness and

non-linearities. Computer solutions have

been obtained for the pitching and heaving

motions in sinusoidal waves. Good agreement with an available set of experimental

results have been obtained.

317) VENTILATED PROPELLER DEVELOPMENT.

David Taylor Model Basin.

Theoretical and experimental; applied re- search.

Studies and design of ventilated propellers

for operation at intermediate speeds.

Experiments have been completed on the

first ventilated propeller.

PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ON BLADES OF MARINE

PROPELLERS UNDER OPERATING CONDITIONS.

David Taylor Model Basin.

Experimental; applied research.

Experimental determination of the pressure

distribution on the blades of marine propellers under operating conditions and

comparison with theoretical values obtained

from two-dimensional airfoil theory.

Inactive

Experimentation on one propeller completed.

"Measurement of Pressure Distribution on

Blades of Marine Propellers, " J. Auslaender.

Paper presented at American Towing Tank

Conference, Berkeley, California, Aug. 1959-

VERTICAL AXIS PROPELLER.

Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

Experimental and theoretical; applied re- search.

Theoretical and experimental studies of

performance characteristics of various

types of vertical axis propellers.

First phase of experimental work has been

completed.

"Experimental Performance of a Six-Bladed

Vertical Axis Propeller, " by B. V. Nakonechny, TMB Report lhk6, Oct. i960.

PROPELLER PERFORMANCE IN UNSTEADY FLOW.

David Taylor Model Basin.

Experimental and theoretical; applied re- search.

Experimentation to evaluate the effect of

various dimensional characteristics on the

time dependent propeller forces while operating in waves. Correlation of results with

wave theory.

Inactive

A 16" diameter bronze propeller has been

tested in various waves. The thrust and

torque coefficients were calculated for

the wave crests and wave troughs. The wave velocity from the trochoidal wave theory

was applied the advance coefficients.

STUDY OF BENDING MOMENTS OF A SHIP MODEL

MOVING IN WAVES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical and experimental basic research.

(e) To provide ship designers with more exact

information concerning the magnitude of

bending moment and shear forces in a ship

moving in waves

(g) Bending moment about the transverse axis

and vertical shear forces were measured

experimentally in regular head seas and

results compared with analytical calculations of motions bending moments and

shear forces. The above work was supplemented by additional tests in regular

following waves. Results of both tests are being analyzed and a report is being

written.

(3622) FLUCTUATING FLOWS.

(a)

(e)

Bureau of Ships, David Taylor Model Basin.

Experimental and theoretical basic research.

The mechanism of the fluctuations in the

flow about a body in a moving stream will

be studied. Correlations of varying forces

and motions of the body will be sought . In one experiment a cylinder while being towed

will be oscillated at frequencies above and

below the frequency of vortex shedding with

a view toward an explanation of the lack of

spaxiwise correlation of vortex shedding

from rigid cylinders

(3999) SHIP WAKE CHARACTERISTICS.

00

(a)

(e)

Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

Experimental; Applied Research.

Development of instrumentation for

measuring turbulent velocities and thermal

microstructure in ship wakes. Measurements

will be made to determine the rate of decay

and dispersion of wakes.

(1+000) DRAG REDUCTION BY BOUNDARY LAYER CONTROL.

(h)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(3026)

(3686)

(3717)

(3721)

(3730)

(2802)

(2356)

Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

Theoretical and experimental; basic and

applied research.

Investigations into feasibility of achieving

drag reduction by boundary layer control in

applications to naval hydrodynamics. Tests

are to be made on flat plates with flexible

coatings which delay transition to turbulent flow.

Towing rig under design and construction.

For sponsored projects see the following:

Ship Resistance in Uniform Waves as a Function of Block Coefficient and

Wave Steepness. 11

Non-Linear Coupled Ship Motions. 11

Pressure Waves Radiated by a Collapsing Cavity. 27

Calculation of Three -Dimensional Potential Flows. 28

Dynamic Behavior of Ground Effect

Vehicles. 31

Experimental Study of Wave Mechanics. 51

Ship Motions Project. 6h

187
(3^99

(350U

(3826

(3828

(2615

(2616

(2866

(3171

(3173

(3176

(3509

(3512

(351^

(3518

(3829

(3830

(3831

(3836

(3519

Studies of Hydrofoil Configurations

in Regular Waves.

Experimental Determination of Unsteady Lift and Drag Forces on Dihedral Hydrofoils in Waves.

Hydrodynamics of Ship Slamming.

Studies in Hydroelasticity.

Forces and Moments on Submerged

Bodies Below Waves.

The Blade Frequency Force Generated

"by a Propeller on a Body of Revolution.

An Analytic Study of the Pressure

Field Near Counterrotating Propellers.

Analytical Study of the Thrust Deduction of a Single-Screw Thin Ship.

Hydroelastic Instabilities of Supercavitating Hydrofoils

Theory of Lateral Motions of Ships in

Waves

Theoretical Calculations of the Vibratory Thrust Produced by a Ship Propeller Operating in the Wake of a Hull.

Blade Frequency Pressure Near an Operating Marine Propeller in a Wake.

Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Flutter of Fully-Wetted

Hydrofoils

The Effect of High Speed on Lateral

Ship Stability.

Development of Sonic Wave Probe for use on Ships

Radiation of a Marine Propeller

Pressure Wave From Elastic Plate and

Cylinder.

Correlation of Theoretical Results

with Experiments on Vibratory Thrust

and Pressure.

Acoustic Excitation of Flat Plates

in a Turbulent Boundary Layer.

Deep-Sea Mooring of Ships in Waves

and Currents.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY, NAVAL BOILER AND

TURBINE LABORATORY.

(2731) EFFECT OF PIPE ROUGHNESS ON ORIFICE METER

ACCURACY.

(3623) HIGH PRESSURE-TEMPERATURE WATER FLOW METER

77 CALIBRATION.

(b) Bureau of Ships; Philadelphia .Naval Ship78 yard (Naval Boiler and Turbine Laboratory).

80 (c) Mr. J. W. Murdock, Head, Applied Physics

80 Division, Naval Boiler and Turbine Lab.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

83 (e) A facility is available for calibrating

with water at pressures and temperatures up to 2500 psi and 600 F respectively. Ca83 pacity is 100 gpm at maximum pressure and

temperature and greater at lower pressures

83 and temperatures . After flowing through

the metering section the water is cooled

8k and weighed. The facility is also used to investigate and verify orifice meter coef81+ ficients at pressures and temperatures above

those at which the coefficients in use were

85 established.

(g) A limited amount of test data indicate good

agreement between orifice flow rates ob85 tained by calibration at high pressures and

temperatures and those obtained by extra85 polating from cold water calibrations.

Other meter tests show the need to include

suitable corrections for change in shape,

86 size, density, etc.

86 ( 3624 ) INVESTIGATION OF ELBOW FLOW METERS.

86 (b) Bureau of Ships; Philadelphia Naval Shipyard; (Naval Boiler and Turbine Laboratory).

(c) Mr. J. W. Murdock, Head, Applied Physics

87 Division, Naval Boiler and Turbine Lab.

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) The 90 degree elbow has been proposed for

87 metering flow in shipboard systems. This

type meter is attractive since the use of

88 an existing elbow would not require any

changes to the piping and would impose no 89 additional pressure drop on the system.

The chief drawbacks are large variation in

elbows and the lack of an exact relationship between flow and differential pressure.

Testing will be limited to the long turn

90 degree, type A elbows of Specification

MIL-F-II83 to establish criteria for their

installation and use.

(b)

(c)

(a)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

American Gas Association.

American Gas Association, k20 Lexington

Avenue, New York 17, New York.

Experimental, applied research.

To determine the effect of meter tube

roughness on the discharge coefficient of

orifice meters for tube surfaces varying

in roughness from that of run of the mill

pipe to bored and honed tubes.

Completed.

Results conclusively indicate that tubes

can be honed without affecting their accuracy. In normal metering practice the

honing of tubes will not change the coefficient in any pipe size.

"Effect of Pipe Roughness on Orifice Meter

Accuracy, " by H. S. Bean and J. W. Murdock,

Report of Supervising Committee on Four

Inch Tests, American Gas Association Research Project NW-20, February i960.

(kOOl) HIGH PRESSURE STEAM AND WATER FLOW TESTS.

(h)

(c)

(a)

(e)

American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

Research Committee on Fluid Meters, American

Society of Mechanical Engineers, 29 West

Thirty-Ninth Street, New York 18, New York.

Experimental, applied research.

Although the ASME Research Committee on Fluid

Meters has sponsored many fundamental re- search programs dealing with the development

of basic constants used with primary elements, hardly any of this work has been done on steam flow at high pressures and temperatures . Neither has research been done on high temperature water flow. Analysis of

many tests indicate that the basic calibrations obtained with, low temperature water

( air and gas ) could be extrapolated with

high accuracy to the measurement of high

pressure and temperature steam and water

flow provided suitable corrections were

188
made for the change in the shape and size

of the primary element, the pipe and the

fluid. This procedure has been experimentally verified for steam up to 1250 psi and

950°F and for water to 200 psi and 150°F.

Beyond these limits, the metered steam flow

produced by a steam generator is sometimes

found to exceed the metered feedwater input

to the generator.

U. S. NAVAL ORDNANCE TEST STATION.

(3295) FORCED VENTILATION OF HYDROFOILS.

(b) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Department of the

Navy.

(c) Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Sta.,

Attn: T. G. Lang or A. G. Fabula, Code

P508 3202 East Foothill Blvd., Pasadena,

California.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) The hydrodynamic lift, drag, pitching

moment and pressure distribution on hydrofoils of various cross-sections from which

gas is exhausted are being studied for

possible use primarily on torpedoes as a simple means of varying control forces.

(g) Water tunnel tests have been conducted at the California Institute of Technology with

various flow rates and exhaust hole sizes,

shapes and arrangements and with exhaust

either from one side or from a thick-cutoff trailing edge. For the uniform spanwise exhaust case with full-cavity flow

(i.e. with free streamlines extending

beyond the trailing edge), thin-airfoil

theory has been applied to consider arbitrary exhaust location and cavity pressure.

(h) "Base Vented Hydrofoils," by T. G. Lang.

NAVORD 6606 of 19 October 1959-

"Theoretical Lift and Drag on Vented

Hydrofoils for Zero Cavity Number and

Steady Two-Dimensional Flow," by A. G. Fabula. NAVORD 7005 of k November 1959.

"Water Tunnel Tests of Hydrofoils With

Forced Ventilation, " by T. G. Lang, Dorothy

A. Daybell, and K. E. Smith. NAVORD 7008

of 10 November 1959.

"Application of Thin Airfoil Theory to

Hydrofoils with Cut -Off, Ventilated Trailing

Edge," by A. G. Fabula. NAVWEPS 7571, in

preparation.

"Water Tunnel Tests of a Base-Vented Hydrofoil Having a Cambered Parabolic Cross

Section," by T. G. Lang and Dorothy A. Daybell. NAVWEPS 758U, in preparation.

t002) MISSILE BEHAVIOR DURING WATER EXIT.

(b) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Navy Department.

(c) Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test

Station, Attn: Dr. John G. Waugh, Code

TQOfk, 3202 E. Foothill Blvd., Pasadena,

California.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) The purpose of this project is to study

missile water-exit behavior and associated

phenomena under different conditions to

determine if problems may exist in missile

water-exit technology and to establish

scaling techniques for modeling missile

water-exit behavior.

(g) A preliminary study was made of the water - exit behavior of a momentum-propelled 2-

inch-diameter hemisphere -head missile

under different degrees of cavitation,

ranging from fully wetted to fully cavitating, and for a range of trajectory

water-exit angles. The results indicate

that considerable perturbations in missile

pitch and pitch velocity take place at water exit, and it is inferred that problems

may exist in missile water-exit technology.

(h) "Underwater Launch and Trajectory Modeling

Scaling Techniques," by J. G. Waugh.

NAVORD 7029, 15 March i960.

(J+003) UNDULATING HYDROFOIL PROPULSION.

(b) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Department of the

Navy.

(c) Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station

Attn: Howard R. Kelly, Code U0606, China

Lake, California.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search.

(e) To measure the propulsive force on a thin,

two-dimensional hydrofoil, undulating in

sinusoidal motion, and compare with theory.

(g) The results to date have shown good agreement with recent theoretical analyses, with

positive thrust for high frequency of

undulation and negative thrust for low

frequencies. Some earlier theory by

Smith and Stone has been revised to include

the effect of wake vorticity, which had

been neglected, and agreement with experiment improved. Power input and propulsion

efficiency are also predicted by the

theories. Measurement of these quantities

is in progress.

(h) "Propulsion With an Undulating Thin Hydrofoil," by Howard R. Kelly, Glenn Bowlus,

and A. W. Rentz. NAVWEPS Report, in

preparation.

(hOOk) LIFT AUGMENTATION BY SPANWISE FLUID

EJECTION.

(b)

(c)

(a)

(e)

(f)

(g)

Laboratory project.

Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test

Station, Attn: John D. Brooks, Code PdOkO,

3202 East Foothill Blvd., Pasadena,

California.

Experimental; applied research.

Purpose of the study was to determine the

effect on lift of a fluid jet ejected

spanwise from a three-dimensional hydrofoil. The jet acts as a barrier to de- crease the end flow around the tips of

the foils and thus increases the effective

aspect ratio. Jet flow rate, slit width,

and hydrofoil aspect ratio were varied.

An internal report has been prepared.

Completed.

It was found that the lift for a given

angle of attack and stream velocity in- creases as the jet momentum increases.

With the highest jet momentum a lift in- crease by a factor of five was obtained.

189
. S. DEPT. OF THE NAVY, OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH.

For sponsored projects see the following:

Project Page

1548) Special Problems in Hydrodynamics. 1

3377) Theoretical Studies in Hydrodynamics. 2

3009) Cavitation Similitude.- 2

3378) Cavitation in Cascades. 3

2753) Hydraulic Breakwater. 7

3677) Annular Nozzle Ground Effect Machine. 10

3684) Propagation of Waves over an Obstacle in Water of Finite Depth. 11

3687) Pressure Distributions, Added-Mass,

and Damping Coefficients for Cylinders Oscillating in a Free Surface. 12

2537) Water Exit Hydroballistics . 40

( 73 ) Measurement of Turbulence in Flowing

Water. 40

(79) Cavitation. 40

(8l) Mathematical Analysis of Pressure

Distribution. 8l

(85*+) Boundary-Layer Development on Smooth

and Rough Surfaces. 41

2091) Research on Ship Theory. 41

2451) Development of Instruments for Use

in Analyzing Aperiodic Signals. h2

2792) The Decay of Turbulence in a ZeroMomentum Wake . h2

3074) Wake of Zero Momentum Flux. 1+3 3075) Annular Jets in Ground Proximity. 43

3429 ) Jet With Transverse Pressure

Gradient . 43

3^-30) Axisymmetric Gravity Waves. 1+3 2801) Interaction of Waves With Floating

Bodies. 50

2802) Experimental Study of Wake Mechanics. 51

3444) Effects of Basin Geometry and

Viscous Damping on the Amplitude of

Resonant Oscillations in Harbors. 52

3445) Characteristics of Cross Waves. 52

3463) Behavior of Wakes in Adverse Pressure Gradients. 55

3755) Transition from Bubble to Slug

Flow. 55

3756) Entrance Effect in a Two-Phase Slug

Flow. 56

3759) The Three -Dimensional Boundary

Layer in the Vicinity of a Wedge. 56

3120) Office of Naval Research Atmosphere

Interaction and Wave Project. 6h

237lt) The Mechanism of Two-Phase Flow of

Annular Liquid Films in a Vertical

Tube . 7^

214*0 Experimental and Analytical Studies

of Hydrofoils. 76

3153) Flow About Bodies at Small Cavitation Numbers. 77

3821) Strut Interference Effects on Hydrofoil Systems. 78

3822) Flow over Vibrating Plates. 79

(2154) Investigation of Ship Motions. 8l

(3174) Unsteady Lift and Moment on Fully

Cavitating Hydrofoils at Zero

Cavitation Number. 84

3517) Ships of Minimum Wave Resistance. 86

3835) Hydrophone Self-Noise Research. 88

(2870) Model Study of Surge Action in a Port . 89

( 3865 ) Ducted Propellers . 102

(1478) Wind Waves. 159

(2436) Flow Over Hydrophobic Materials. 159

(3250) Inertial Forces in Unsteady Flow. 159

(3599) Motion on Cylinders in Stratified

Layers . 159

(3600) Damping of Progressive Oscillatory

Internal Waves. 159

TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY, Hydraulic Data Branch.

Inquiries concerning all TVA projects should be

addressed to Mr. Albert S. Fry, Hydraulic Data

Branch, Tennessee Valley Authority, Khoxville,

Tennessee

Hydraulic Operations and Tests Section.

(731) SOUTH H0LST0N DAM, SURGE TANK MODEL STUDY.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:50 model of the penstock and surge

chanber was used to determine (l) the orifice size and characteristic shape to produce favorable pressure and water surface

elevations to be expected in the surge

chamber; and (2) the operational characteristics of the selected design.

(f) Model studies completed.

(g) With the proper orifice between the riser

and the surge chamber as satisfactory re- sults can be obtained as with the differential riser type of surge tank.

(h) Report in preparation.

(758) CHEROKEE DAM, PROTOTYPE CHECK TESTS.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Periodic checks and observations will be

made on the various hydraulic appurtenances

to determine the operating characteristics

of the structures and the effect of operation on the structures

(g) Measurement of pressures in the sluice barrel have been obtained and will be compared

with pressures obtained in model tests.

The apron and sluice barrels were inspected

in 1953 "to determine the effect of intermittent operation during the past eleven

years

(h) Report in preparation.

(759) DOUGLAS DAM, PROTOTYPE CHECK TESTS.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Periodic checks and observations will be

made on the various hydraulic appurtenances

to determine the operating characteristics

of the structures and the effect of operation on the structure.

(g) Measurement of pressures in the sluice barrel have been obtained and will be compared

with pressures obtained in model tests.

The apron and sluice barrels were inspected

in 1953 "to determine the effect of intermittent operation during the past ten years

(h) Report in preparation.

(762) SOUTH H0LST0N DAM, SURGE TANK PROTOTYPE

190
CHECK TESTS.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The prototype installation was equipped to

allow testing in a manner similar to that

used in the model studies which established

the design. A check on the model accuracy

can thus he obtained.

(g) Tests made in February 1951 , July and Oct.

1958 at headwater elevations 1630, 1719,

and I69O, respectively.

(153U) FORT PATRICK HENRY DAM, SPILLWAY MODEL

STUDIES.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Tests were conducted on a 1:50 scale and

1:112.5 scale model to determine the apron

design, training wall dimensions, and other

related data.

(f) Model studies completed.

(g) An apron using a single row of rectangular

baffle blocks was developed on the 1:50

scale model. This apron was then used in

the 1:112.5 scale model and the necessary

appurtenant structures developed. Of main

interest in the developed design was the

lack of training walls. Studies to determine the effect of vegetative growth on the island areas below the spillway showed

which areas must be kept free of growth and

which may be allowed to grow up. Installation completed and instruction manual partially completed and issued.

(h) "Fort Patrick Henry Project Hydraulic Model

Studies," Tech. Monograph No. 87, i960.

TVA Treasurer's Office, Knoxville ($2.50).

(179U) WATTS BAR LOCK PROTOTYPE TESTS.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The prototype installation was equipped

with piezometers to allow checking of culvert and port pressures and discharges.

The culverts and ports were designed from

model studies. Thus, measurement on the

prototype would provide model -prototype

verification data.

(f) Complete field tests were conducted in

1952.

(h) Reduction of data is being completed.

(22kl) KINGSTON STEAM PLANT - CONDENSER COOLING

WATER CONDUIT LOSS.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Longitudinal interior support was required

for 96-inch concrete pipe conduit. A study

was made of the relative loss for a sixinch thick vertical concrete wall, I beams

separated by U-l/2-inch pipe columns and I beams separated by streamlined k-l/2-inch

pipe columns

(g) The results indicated that the loss with the

plain struts would be four times that for an unobstructed pipe, while the loss with

the streamlined struts would be two and one- half times that for plain pipe. Streamlined

struts were installed in the prototype.

(h) Laboratory model study report completed;

partial field tests performed.

(2U79) WILSON LOCK HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The new Wilson lock is 110 feet wide, 675

feet center-to-center pintles with a 100-

foot maximum lift. A 1:36 scale model of

a single transverse lateral with 12 ports

was used to determine the proper lateral

and port designs. A l:l6 scale model of the

lock chamber, intake, culverts, gates and

other details was used to determine the

overall designs.

(f) Laboratory model studies completed.

(g) The basic design for the filling and emptying systems was determined from the model

studies. Filling will be achieved through

the use of 6 lateral culverts each containing 12 equally spaced ports 3-5 ft high by

1.5 ft wide. The upper three laterals will

be fed from the landward main culvert and

the lower three laterals by the riverward

culvert. At minimum tailwater elevation

only 23 ft of water cushion is available at

the bottom of the controlling reverse-flow

tainter valves. Dangerously low pressures were eliminated by use of a fast initial

opening rate followed by a slow rate for

the major portion of the opening and by

modifications of the valve shape and of the

upper seal nose design. A stepped lateral

design was found necessary to produce stable

flow conditions

(h) Report on lock filling and emptying system

in preparation.

(2973) REVISION TO PRESENT WILSON NAVIGATION LOCK.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Upon completion of tha new Wilson Lock con- struction, the tailwater in the navigation

canal at the dam will be lowered 10 feet

To make the present two-lift lock operable

under the new conditions, the lower chamber

floor will be lowered 10 feet and a new

filling and emptying system provided.

(f) Model studies have been completed to determine the exact hydraulic design to be used

in the renovations

(g) The new filling system consists of a single

culvert located on the longitudinal centerline of the lock with ports located near

the bottom along both sides. The old

valves are much above tailwater elevations;

therefore, the culverts above tailwater

were reduced in cross-sectional area to

minimize the air entrainment problems.

(h) Report in preparation.

(297U) DEVELOPMENT OF IMPACT TUBE-PRESSURE

TRANSDUCER TURBULENCE PROBE.

(d) Experimental; applied research in field

investigations

(e) Development of a turbulence probe and aux- iliary analog computer for field use.

(f) Development active.

(g) Based on project (578) of Mass. Inst, of

Tech., a turbulence probe for use in

natural streams is to be developed. An analog computer which will produce autocorrelation factors directly from the

191
pressure cell data is also under development .

(3299) WILSON POWERHOUSE EXTENSION, HYDRAULIC

MODEL STUDIES.

(d) Experimental for design.

(e) A 1:28.5 scale model of two turbine intakes

and one spillway bay was constructed to

determine (l) if there is a possibility of

air being drawn into the intakes; (2) if

changes will be required in the shape of

the intake mouths and trash rack arrangement to improve flow conditions; and (3)

if the flow through the adjacent spillway

bay will effect the flow into the intake.

(f) Model studies completed.

(g) Design requirements in renovating an existing structure made it necessary to locate

the turbine intakes closer to the water

surface than is normally desirable. The

model tests indicated that vortices would

form at the intakes and air might be drawn

into the units . The vortex action was essentially eliminated by installing a specially designed vortex eliminating structure above the intakes to the units.

(h) Report to be prepared.

(3300) HIWASSEE, PUMP TURBINE RATING.

(d) Field investigation; operation.

(e) Measurements of the discharge and differential pressures in the pump turbine scroll

case have been used to establish the discharge rating for the pump turbine over all

operating conditions. The discharge was measured by using Apalachia reservoir as a volumetric tank. Water was both pumped

from the reservoir and discharged into the

reservoir for a period of 12 hours. The

reservoir area was obtained from aerial

photographs taken at the beginning and end

of each test. Five recording gages were used to measure the reservoir level. From

these measurements the volume and corre- sponding discharge was computed.

(h) Report in preparation.

( 3302 ) WIDOWS CREEK STEAM PLANT, AIR AND GAS DUCT

TESTS.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Model studies were conducted to improve

flow conditions and reduce pressure losses

in the gas duct which will carry gases from

the furnace to the smoke stack for a 500- mw unit. Calibration of the air foil

metering section in the forced-draft fan

inlet ducts was also made by model

studies

(f) Model studies completed.

(g) Flow conditions were improved by use of

flow straighteners and vanes.

(h) Report in preparation.

( 3303 ) WIDOWS CREEK STEAM PLANT, CONDENSER WATER

PUMP TESTS.

(d) Field investigations; operation.

(e) Condenser water pump acceptance tests on

three pumps for a 500 MW steam turbine were conducted to determine the flow, head, and i power requirements in accordance with the

latest ASME test codes for centrifugal pump

' and hydraulic prime movers modified to use ; pitometer traverses. Velocity measurements, 1 were made in the 9-foot, 6-inch, square

concrete pump discharge conduit.

(f) Field tests completed.

(h) Report in preparation.

(3626) WHEELER LOCK, HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The proposed lock will be 600 feet long by

110 feet wide with a maximum lift of 52

feet. Initial tests to develop a satisfactory filling system were conducted

utilizing a 1:50 scale model which simulated

the basic details of one-half of the lock

filling system. A l:l6 scale model of the

lock chamber, intake, gates, culverts and

other details were used to determine the

final design.

(f) The 1:50 and l:l6 scale model tests were

completed.

(g) The filling system developed from the 1:16

scale model tests used 836 eight-inch pipes

for discharge. These pipes feed the water

directly from the 12.3'xl5.5' longitudinal

culverts into the lock chamber. Filling of

the lock chamber was accomplished in 9-6

minutes. Transverse and longitudinal hawser

stresses on the model barges did not exceed

3.3 tons. 1:2.25 and 1:5-78 scale models

of one of the 8-inch discharge pipes indicated that cavitation effects in the 8-inch

discharge pipes can be eliminated by installing a flared entrance constructed from a standard 12"x8" reducer. The model tests

indicated that the operation of this lock

will be equally as satisfactory as the new Wilson lock design and will provide a more economical design.

(h) Internal reports issued.

(3627) MELTON HILL DAM, HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The proposed projects include three spillway bays, a powerhouse with 3 units and a 75'x^OO' navigation lock with a maximum

lift of 60 feet. A 1:75 scale fixed bed

model which reproduced the general area,

spillway, lock, and powerhouse and a 1:31

scale model which reproduced two spillway

bays and the powerhouse were constructed

to determine the spillway capacity, training wall dimension, lock wall designs,

method of operation necessary to provide

satisfactory navigation conditions at the

lock approaches, spillway pier design and

other related hydraulic data.

(g) The final apron design incorporated the use of spillway chute blocks, apron baffle

blocks and end sill which made it possible

to use a relatively short apron located only

6 feet below the normal river bed level.

No training wall extensions beyond) the end

of the apron were required. The spillway

capacity was increased approximately 9

192
percent by modifying the upper lock guide

wall design and utilizing sharp pointed

pier noses,

(h) Internal reports issued.

3628) KINGSTON, GAS DUCT MODEL STUDIES.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A comprehensive l:l6 scale model study of

the gas duct system which carries gases to

the stacks has been conducted to (l) reduce

pressure losses in the duct system; (2) determine the effect of the flow distribution

within the existing duct on the operation

of the mechanical fly ash collector; and

(3) determine a means of obtaining a uniform velocity distribution through the proposed electrostatic precipitators.

(f) Model studies completed.

(g) Flow conditions were improved and pressure

losses reduced in the ducts by use of flow

straighteners and vanes. The mechanical

collector was found to be an effecient flow

distributor and any non-uniformity in the

flow approaching it would be removed. A uniform velocity distribution through the

electrostatic precipitator was obtained by

the use of perforated plates, suitable

vaning and flow straighteners in the approach duct

(h) Report in preparation.

(3629) LOW POWER VHF RADIO GAGES FOR REPORTING

RAINFALL AND STREAM LEVEL DATA.

( d ) Development

(e) Transistorized radio components operating

from nickel cadmium batteries charged by

solar cells will be used. Data in binary

coded decimal form will be transmitted by

audio tone pulses. Long-term, unattended

operation is a primary consideration in

design.

( 1+005) MELTON HILL LOCK, HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The proposed lock will be 75 feet wide by

1+00 feet long with a maximum lift of 60

feet. A l:l6 scale model of the lock

chamber, intakes, culverts, gates and other

details has been constructed to determine

the overall design.

(f) Laboratory model studies started.

(g) Initial design of the filling system has

been patterned after the multiport filling

system as basically conceived in the

Wheeler lock model studies. A total of

438 eight-inch pipe ports were used to

discharge the water into the lock chamber

from the 8'xl3' side culverts in the lock

walls. Initial tests indicated a lock

filling time of 9-5 minutes. Forces

measured on the barge during filling or emptying did not exceed 3 tons . Although

the testing program has not been completed,

it appears that the multiple port filling

system will provide good lock operation at Meltpn Hill.

( 1+006) COLBERT STEAM PLANT, GAS DUCT MODEL STUDIES.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:16 scale plexiglass model of the gas

duct extending from the air preheater

through the stack was constructed to ( 1

obtain a uniform velocity distribution

at the entrance to the electrostatic

precipitator; (2) develop a satisfactory

duct system to carry the gas from the electrostatic precipitator to the stack, and

(3) reduce headlosses in the duct system.

Test results were evaluated by observing

smoke traces and from measurements of ve- locities and pressures at critical locations in the duct system.

(f) General improvements in the operation were accomplished by installing flat plate vanes

at the bends in the duct to guide and direct

the flow of gas through the duct system.

Two perforated plates with 38/0 and 50fo of

the area open, installed upstream from the

electrostatic precipitator, in conjunction

with the flat plate guide vanes, made it

possible to obtain a uniform velocity

distribution at the entrance to and through

the electrostatic precipitator. Headlosses in the duct system were reduced by

the installation of the flat plate vanes. Vanes installed in the stack opposite the

breeching aided in turning the flow up at stack and materially reduced the headlosses.

(h) Report in preparation.

(1+007) AIR FOIL METER.

(d) Basic research; for design and MS thesis.

( e ) A model study was conducted to develop an air foil metering section for measuring

the air flow to the furnaces at large steam

plants. Consideration was given to developing an accurate meter which will cause a minimum pressure loss in the system.

( g ) The optimum shape of the air foil meter was initially developed from l:l6 scale model

tests of the Widows Creek Steam Plant air

duct. The air foil as developed consists

of a circular nose with a flat, V-shaped

tail attached to the downstream side.

Differential pressures were measured between the front face of the meter and at points 60 to 110 degrees to the left or

right. Initial tests using air as the

medium of flow developed data for Reynolds

Numbers up to 1+xlO^. The data were further

extended using water as the medium of flow.

Reynolds Numbers up to 2x10^ were obtained

with this setup. Data thus far have been

obtained for ducts whose ratios of width to

height were 2:1 and 8:1 and for meters whose

ratios of meter width to duct width vary

between O.I56 and 0.1+67- The test results

have indicated that the maximum pressure

differential occurs when the pressure is

measured between the front face of the

meter and a point offset 80° to 85°. Headloss caused by the meter is exceptionally

small

(h) Report being prepared.

( 1+008) TURBULENCE SCALING.

(d) Basic research.

193
(e) Wo sound theoretical or experimental data

are available to indicate the method that

should he used for scaling either turbulent

induced pressure fluctuations, frequencies

or amplitudes as immediately related to

flows in lock culverts. As a result a series of tests are being conducted on circular pipes h, 6 and 2h inches in diameter

to establish the correlation factors.

(g) The results of the first series of tests are now being analyzed. The re suits, although

not complete or decisive, indicate the scaling probably follows Froude relationships

(k009) HALES BAR, LEAKAGE INVESTIGATION.

(d) Field investigation.

( e ) Operational records and observations of

boils below the Hales Bar Dam indicated that

leakage was occurring under the dam. Field

measurements were undertaken in 1956 and

i960 to determine the magnitude of the leakage.

(g) The total plant discharge was measured by

means of current meters at the highway

bridge located 7^000 feet downstream from

the dam under the following plant loading

conditions: unit 15 operating alone; unit

l6 operating alone; and units 15 and l6

operating together. By solving three simultaneous equations based on the three plant

loading conditions, the total leakage and

turbine discharge was obtained. Twenty-one

individual measurements of the discharge

indicated a total leakage of 1200 cubic ft

per second. Sepcial dye injection equipment

was developed for injecting dye into core holes and leakage intake points which were located by divers in the reservoir. From

the dye injection tests a map was prepared

showing the leakage intake and outlet points

and leakage paths . Grouting operations are now being made to stop the leakage.

(kOlO) WHEELER LOCK OUTLET STUDIES.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:30 scale model study is being conducted

to develop a suitable lock culvert outlet

design. The consideration under study is

the elimination of heavy wave action which

would affect navigation and small craft.

(g) Initial model tests utilizing a discharge

outlet design consisting of a 20' diameter

vertical outlet pipe surrounded by a skim- mer wall structure 103 feet in diameter.

Hydraulic Investigations Section.

(765) EVAPORATION IN THE TENNESSEE BASIN.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To provide data for estimating reservoir

losses and derive a general rule, applicable to the Basin, permitting computation

of evaporation from pans at six locations

in Basin, together with standard meteorological readings.

(h) "Precipitation in Tennessee River Basin,"

published in monthly and annual bulletins.

(768) PRECIPITATION IN TENNESSEE RIVER BASIN.

I

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) A comprehensive study of rainfall and other

weather phenomena for purposes of water

dispatching and improvements in water con- trol; storm studies as related to maximum

precipitation, rainfall-runoff, spillway

design and operation, etc.

(h) Monthly bulletin, "Precipitation in Term.

River Basin, " also annual summary.

In addition, a supplement to the 1959 an- 1 nual bulletin was published, entitled, "Mear Precipitation in Tennessee River Basin."

This contains maps and tables showing mean

monthly, flood season, crop season, and an- I nual precipitation data for the Term. River

Basin and its major watershed subdivisions

above and below Chattanooga, together with

monthly and annual mean precipitation at

stations with 15 or more years of record

through 1959- Also published was a supplement to the March i960 bulletin, entitled,

"Snow and Ice Storms of I959-I960 in Tenn.

River Basin." This presents data on the

record-breaking storms that occurred during 1 the period Nov. 1959-March i960. During thai

period over 150 inches of snow was reported

officially, and over 190 inches reported un- officially, in the eastern part of the Basin.

A crippling ice storm is reported which

struck northeast Ala., northwest Georgia,

western North Carolina, and an area of Tenn. roughly within 80 miles of Chattanooga.

Millions of dollars in damage were suffered

by forests, buildings, businesses, and u- tilities

(769) RESERVOIR AND STREAM TEMPERATURES.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) Study of water utilization and water move- ment as concerns industrial plant locations

and stream pollution. Variations in temperature from surface to bottom in reser- voirs throughout the year are determined

by soundings, and by continuous recording

gages in natural streams.

(771) GALLERY DRAINAGE IN LARGE DAMS.

(d) Field investigations; design.

(e) Weirs are placed in main galleries and

drainage measured as check on tightness and

stability.

(785) SEDIMENTATION OF EXISTING RESERVOIRS.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) Selected ranges in reservoirs are probed

and sounded, volumetric samples are collected and analyzed, quantity and distribution

of sediment are computed to determine deposition by stream, probable life of reservoir, effect of sediment storage on navigation channels and sedimentation of downstream reservoirs, and probable sedimentation in future reservoirs

(786) WATER TRAVEL IN NATURAL STREAMS.

19^
(d) Field investigations; applied research.

(e) Sanitary and chemical changes in water

during passage downstream are determined.

A given mass of water is identified by

electrical conductivity or chemical titration.

(f) No work done in recent years.

(787) MOVEMENT OF WATER THROUGH LARGE RESERVOIRS.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Because of slow water travel, samples are collected by traverse through lake.

(f) No work done in recent years.

(g) Water entering a reservoir does not intermix with the rest of the reservoir, hut

remains as a density current as a result of

the difference in temperature between the

inflowing water and that in the reservoir.

During certain seasons of the year, in

Watts Bar Reservoir the cold water released

from Norris Reservoir passes upstream along

the bottom of the Emory River arm of the

former reservoir.

Hydrology Section.

(779) MAXIMUM POSSIBLE PRECIPITATION IN TENNESSEE

VALLEY.

(b) Cooperative with U. S. Weather Bureau.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Hydrometeorological analysis of large

storms with upward adjustments of controlling factors to maximum limits as applied

to the Tennessee Valley and subdivisions.

(g) Results to be published as one of current

series of hydrometeorological reports by

the U.S.W.B. and cooperating agencies.

(780) PERIODIC EVALUATION OF GROUND-WATER STORAGE.

(d) Theoretical; operation.

(e) By analysis of current records of stream

discharge, the volumes of runoff in groundwater and channel storage are determined

for use in operation of multi-purpose res- ervoirs . (g) Results reported monthly and weekly within

the organization.

(2975) SUPPLY AND UTILIZATION OF WATER IN THE

TENNESSEE VALLEY.

(c) Mr. Reed A. Elliot, Chief Water Control

Planning Engineer, Tennessee Valley

Authority, Knoxville, Tennessee.

(d) Assembly and analysis of basic information

on water resources and uses, including

field investigation of water uses for irrigation, mining operations, industry, and

other purposes

( e ) All available data are being analyzed to

present a comparison of the water resource

of the area with the present and expected

1975 demand upon that resource. Problems

of shortage and conflict are being developed and possible solutions suggested.

(g) No widespread shortages exist now or are expected by 1975 , although some local

shortages on smaller streams, are anticipated.

(h) Report in preparation.

(3306) COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROJECT IN WESTERN

NORTH CAROLINA.

(b) Project conducted in cooperation with North

Carolina State College of Agriculture and

Engineering.

(d) To determine water-land relationships for some of the principal soils used for agricultural purposes in western North Carolina

under important vegetative covers. Observations include rainfall, runoff, soilmoisture, potential evapotranspiration, and

actual evapotranspiration.

(e) A statistically designed rotation of four

covers on four small watersheds and a separate evaluation of deep-rooted crop on a fifth watershed.

(f) Field studies of the deep-rooted crop,

alfalfa, have been discontinued.

(g) Results to date are summarized in annual

reports on the project.

(h) "Hydrology of Small Watersheds in Relation

to Various Crop Covers and Soil Characteristics," a pictorial brochure prepared by

North Carolina State College and TVA, i960.

"Hydrologic Studies by Electronic Computers

in TVA, " by Willard M. Snyder, American

Society of Civil Engineers, Proc. 86 (No.

HY-2): 1-10, February i960.

(3307) PARKER BRANCH PILOT WATERSHED RESEARCH

PROJECT.

(b) Project conducted in cooperation with

North Carolina State College of Agriculture

and Engineering.

(d) To determine the effects upon the hydrology

of the watershed of an intensive farm development program designed to give the

optimum economic well-being of the people

using the land. Rainfall, runoff, sus- pended and deposited sediment are observed,

periodic soils-land-use and inventories are

made, and records of income summaries and

public and private investments are maintained.

(e) Project activities are divided into calibration, action, and evaluation phases.

(g) Results to date are summarized in annual

report on the project.

(h) "An Analysis of the Parker Branch Watershed

Project, 1953-1959--a Progress Report,"

prepared by North Carolina State College and

TVA, June i960.

(3308) WHITE HOLLOW WATERSHED.

(d) To study the effect of changes in the

vegetal cover on a watershed taken out of

cultivation on the hydrologic factors of

runoff and soil erosion.

(e) Continuous record from 1935 of rainfall,

runoff, and suspended sediment, and periodic determination of vegetal cover indexes.

(g) During the 21-year period 1935-1955, the

forest cover improvement in the watershed

resulted in greater watershed protection

with no measurable decrease in water yield,

195
i no change in volume of either surface run- off or ground-water runoff, marked reductions in summer peak rates of discharge

with lesser reductions in winter rates , a prolongation of the period of draining of

surface runoff from the channel system, and

a 96 percent reduction in the sediment load.

Report in preparation covering the vegetal

cover improvement influences upon hydrologic

characteristics since 1935-

(3309) PINE TREE BRANCH WATERSHED.

(d) To determine the effects upon the hydrology

of the watershed "by reforestation and ero- sion control measures

(e) Continuous record from 19^1 of rainfall,

runoff, ground water, and sediment loads

(g) During the 19-year period 19^-1-1959; "the cover improvement and erosion control in

the watershed resulted in a decrease in sur- face runoff volumes and an increase in

ground-water discharges, marked reductions

in summer and winter peak flood discharges,

a reduction in overland surface velocities,

a prolongation of the period of draining of

surface runoff from the channel system, an appreciahle decrease in water yield, and 9 95 percent reduction in sediment load.

(4011) NORTH FORK CITICO CREEK RESEARCH WATERSHED. '

(b) Project conducted in cooperation with U.S. Forest Service.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) To determine the effects of normal, highstandard National Forest Multiple-use manage-, ment upon the hydrology of the area. Observe

tions include rainfall, runoff, air and

water temperature, and humidity. Timber

inventories, soil surveys, wildlife inventories, and evaluations of soil disturbances

will be made. Project activities are divided into calibration, development, and

evaluation phases

(f) Hydrologic measurements were begun in May

I960.

(g) Results will be published in annual reports.

196
H. G. ACRES AND COMPANY LIMITED, Hydraulic Lab.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. I. W. McCaig, Hydraulic Engineer, H. G. Acres and Company Limited, Niagara

Falls, Canada.

(363O) FRICTION FACTOR TESTS IN LARGE PRESSURE

CONDUITS; BERSIMIS NO. 1 AND CHUTE-DESPASSES HYDRO-ELECTRIC DEVELOPMENTS.

(b) Quebec Hydro-Electric Commission, Aluminum

Company of Canada Limited.

(d) Field investigation; design.

(e) For the extension of data on friction in

concrete-lined tunnels, an inspection was made of the 31-foot diameter Bersimis No.

1 tunnel and the 35-foot diameter Chutedes-Passes tunnel. The tunnel surface was classified in six categories. Plaster

casts of each type of surface permitted

evaluation of construction methods.

(f) Tests to be continued.

(g) Depending on the care taken during con- struction, the surface roughness of concrete

poured against steel forms varied between

0.002 and 0.02 inches. Roughness between

0.005 and 0.01 inches was measured on the

screened invert finish by steel trowelling.

Finishing with wood floats gave a roughness

of between 0.035 and 0. 050, inches

(3632) VORTEX FORMATION AT INTAKE FOR CHUTE-DESPASSES HYDRO-ELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT.

(b) Aluminum Company of Canada Limited.

(d) Field investigation; design.

(e) Prototype observations of the vortex formation were continued to determine the

correlation between the formation of the

vortex in the prototype and the model

(3312).

(f) Completed.

(g) The investigation has shown that for this

type of submerged intake the formation of

the vortex in the l/60 scale model occurs

at a Froude number which is 3«5 to 1+.5 times the Froude number at which the vortex

is formed in the prototype.

(1+012) DISCHARGE RATING CURVE FOR TAINTOR GATE.

(b) Aluminum Company of Canada Limited.

(d) Experimental; operation.

(e) Tests were made on a 1:36 scale model of

the spillway, with horizontal apron, to

determine the discharge characteristics of

the taintor gates.

The tests were carried out for different

gate openings and for heads varying from

a minimum of 15 feet to the maximum design

head of 35 feet.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report was submitted to sponsor.

( 1+013) SPILLWAY MODEL TEST FOR GRAND RAPIDS

DEVELOPMENT.

(b) The Manitoba Hydro-Electric Board.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Tests were carried out on two models:

A flume model scale 1:6k to determine the

discharge coefficient of the spillway and

also to determine the optimum shape of the

spillway bucket, and a model of the complete

spillway, scale 1:100, to determine the

erosion pattern downstream from the spillway and around adjacent structures.

(f) Completed.

(g) The tests in the flume showed that the

bucket design which caused the least amount

of scour had a lip angle of 30 degrees and

a radius of 1+5 feet. Using this design of

bucket, the second model showed the most

satisfactory layout of spillway and wingwalls . (h) Report was submitted to sponsor.

UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA, Hydraulics Laboratory.

(kOlh) APRON STONE SIZES FOR BRIDGE PIERS IN GRAVEL RIVERS.

(b) Alberta Government Research Council, Dept.

of Highways and the University of Alberta.

(c) Dr. T. Blench, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research;

master's thesis.

(e) Investigate in models, the scour of gravel

beds and stone aprons round bridge pie,rs

and express results according to regime

theory criteria.

(g) Scour depth and pier breadth measurements,

each made nondimensional by dividing by

"zero flood depth" based on bed-factor

expected from a river of the same bed material, are related approximately by a fourth root formula; sand bed data of Sir

C. C. Inglis (circa 1938) agreed with the

relation. The anomalous sheet flow behavior of the gravel bed at low charges

did not affect scour behavior at the piers.

Initial tests for safe apron stone sizes were made

(h) "Model Studies of Scour Around Bridge Piers

and Stone Aprons," A. N. Varzelioti. Part

requirement for degree of M. Sc. from the

University of Alberta.

( 1+015) SCOUR ROUND BRIDGE PIERS.

(b) Alberta Government Research Council, Dept.

of Highways and the University of Alberta.

(c) Dr. T. Blench, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research;

master's thesis.

(e) To devise equipment for rapid survey of

scour at bridge piers during floods.

(f) Completed.

(g) Literature on field measurements was

studied. A useable instrument, with aux- iliary equipment, was devised and is being

put into routine operation.

(h) "A Method for Measurement of Scour at Bridge

Piers," E. J. Sanden. Part requirement

for degree of M.Sc. from University of

Alberta.

197
(kOl6) BED LOAD TRANSPORT.

(t>) University of ATberta.

(c) Dr. T. Blench, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton.

(d) Experimental; basic research; master's

thesis

(e) Collect extracts from literature on bedload transport, examine for relevance to

sheet flow in early stages of transport of

gravel, investigate experimentally whether

the phenomenon is due to small scale of

laboratory experiments, note inconsistencies of literature.

(f) Completed. Results transferred to related

program.

(g) Literature discordant on discontinuity of

functions as flow passes through critical.

Experiments gave, by extrapolation, the

limit of discharge intensity for 1.7 mm

gravel above which sheet flow would not occur in early stages of transport. Conclusion will be tested in large engineering

model

(h) "A Study of the Bed-Characteristics of 1.70 mm gravel in a Laboratory Flume," Santos

Bhattacharya. Part requirement for degree

of M.Sc. from University of Alberta.

UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, Hydraulics Lab.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Prof. E. S. Pretious, Dept. of Civil

Engineering, Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver,

Canada unless otherwise indicated.

(10M0 FRASER RIVER MODEL.

(b) Hydraulic model studies cooperative with

the Department of Public Works of Canada,

Vancouver, B.C.

(d) Experimental project to aid engineering

studies of navigation requirements involving river regulation and control.

(e) An outdoor erodible-bed tidal river model

to study methods for improving and maintaining the navigation channels of the Fraser

River estuary. Horizontal scale 1:600,

vertical scale 1:70. The model occupies

approximately h acres of the campus and

represents the tide-water reaches of the

lower Fraser River extending from its sea- ward end at the Strait of Georgia to the

head of tide water at Sumas, a distance

of approximately 60 miles . Pitt River and

Pitt Lake (30 square miles in area) are subject to tidal influence and are included in the model. Natural tides and

river discharges can be synchronized and

simulated on the model and are controlled

automatically by electronic servo-systems.

Sand injection can be controlled automatically as a function of river discharge.

Instantaneous water surface slopes can be

obtained over the whole model by automatic

electrically-recording point gauges situated at controlling points . Natural river

sand of appropriate grain size is used

for the bed material.

198

(h) Progress and technical reports submitted

periodically to the Department of Public

Works of Canada.

(kOlf) NEW HIGHWAY BRIDGE OVER THE COLUMBIA RIVER 1 AT TRAIL, BRITISH COLUMBIA.

(b) Hydraulic laboratory studies cooperative

with the Department of Highways, Province

of British Columbia.

(d) Experimental project to aid in the design

of the most economical type of bridge piers. j

( e ) Models of two types of bridge piers were investigated; one being a conventional solid 1 pier with semicircular ends while the other I consisted of an open-pile footing surmounted

by vertical cylindrical shafts. The models were placed on movable beds of sand of

suitable coarseness in a steel and glass

flume in the hydraulic laboratory. Probable

flood flows and water depths at the site were obtained from an analysis of stream

flow records and accurately imposed on the

models. The progress of the bed scour around the piers was recorded photographically and also by direct measurement. Studies were made to minimize abrasion of the con- crete piles in the prototype by boulders

moving along the bed, through the use of

underwater deflecting structures. Flow

patterns around the piers were observed at various water stages and suitable clearance

heights recommended for the bridge deck

above the water surface

(f) Completed.

(g) The study showed that the open-pile footing

would produce considerably less bed scour than the solid piers. It was shown that

underwater deflectors would serve their

purpose but would alter the bed-scour pattern.

(h) A report was submitted to the Bridge Engineer's office, Department of Highways,

Province of British Columbia.

(U018) NEW C. N. R. FERRY SLIP ON TILBURY ISLAND,

FRASER RIVER, BRITISH COLUMBIA.

(b) Hydraulic model studies cooperative with

the Canadian National Railways

(d) Experimental project to aid in the design

of a new Ferry Slip on Tilbury Island adjacent to the southerly (left) bank of the

Main Channel of the Fraser River, B. C. (e) An hydraulic model of the proposed new ferry

slip was incorporated into the Fraser River

Model. Flow-pattern and bed-movement studies were made to determine the scour and shoal

conditions around the structures, to ensure the required operational depths without en- dangering the structures. Recommendations

for suitable rock sizes for rockfill foundation structures were made . The proposed

preliminary over-all design of the slip was checked in the light of the hydraulic and

sedimentation conditions at the site and

changes made where necessary to obtain a satisfactory final design.

(f) Completed.

(g) The study showed that the location and

alignment of the final design of the ferry
slip would Integrate successfully with the

river behavior,

(h) A report was submitted to the office of the

District Engineer, British Columbia Dist.,

Western Region, Canadian National Railways.

1*019) HYDRO SYSTEM POWER STUDY.

(b) Government of Canada, Dept. of Northern

Affairs and National Resources, Water

Resources Branch.

(c) Dr. R. F. Hooley, Department of Civil Engineering, Univ. of British Columbia, Canada.

(d) Theoretical research on development of a river system.

(e) A system was devised for use on an Alwac

Hie computer to investigate a river system

having any configuration of tributaries.

A maximum of seventy-six dams may be studied.

The main use of this analysis is in optimizing power flows.

(1*020) OPTIMUM CLOSURE OF HYDRAULIC TURBINE GATES.

(b) General research.

(c) Dr. Eugen Ruus, Dept. of Civil Engrg., Univ.

of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.

(d) Basic research.

(e) To find a turbine gate closure arrangement

which would yield the least value of the

maximum head rise in a penstock.

(f) Completed.

(g) Due to optimum gate closure a major re- duction in water hammer can be achieved.

This is particularly true for developments

with large head variations

(h) A paper is being prepared for submission to

the Journal of the Power Div. of the Proceedings of the A.S.C.E.

THE HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER COMMISSION OF ONTARIO,

Hydraulic Model Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. J. B. Bryce, Hydraulic Engineer,

Hydraulic Generation Department, 620 University

Avenue, Toronto 2, Ontario, Canada.

(3324) ST. LAWRENCE RIVER MODEL - OGDENSBURG TO

IRISHMAN'S POINT.

(b) Ontario Hydro and the Power Authority of

the State of New York.

(d) Experimental; for design, development and

operation.

(e) A 1:500 x 1:100 scale model of the St. Lawrence River between Ogdensburg and

Leishman's Point, a distance of l6.1 miles, was constructed to determine the design of

channel enlargements, the location of the

Iroquois Control Dam and a plan of river

control during construction of the St

Lawrence Power Project.

(f) Work is essentially completed but model is

still active.

(g) Channel enlargements were developed which

met the criteria stipulated by the International Joint Commission with respect to

navigation and ice-forming velocities and

the seaway navigation channel was located.

The optimum arrangement and location for the

Iroquois Control Dam was determined. A

plan of river control during construction

was developed.

(3325) ST. LAWRENCE RIVER MODEL - 0GDEN ISLAND

REACH.

(b) Ontario Hydro and Power Authority of the

State of New York.

(d) Experimental; for design, development and

operation.

(e) A 1:500 x 1:100 scale model of the St. Lawrence River reproducing 7*9 miles of the

river between the towns of Iroquois and

Morrisburg, was constructed to determine

the design of channel enlargements and a plan of river control during construction

of the St. Lawrence Power Project.

(f) Work is essentially completed but model is

still active.

(g) Channel enlargements were developed which

met the ice-forming criteria stipulated

by the International Joint Commission and

a satisfactory Seaway Navigation channel

was located. A plan of river control

during construction was developed.

(3326) ST. LAWRENCE RIVER MODEL - DEWATERING AND

CLOSURE AREA.

(b) Ontario Hydro and Power Authority of the

State of New York.

(d) Experimental; for design, development and

operation.

(e) A 1:500 x 1:100 scale model of the St. Lawrence River reproducing 13-8 miles from

Cat Island to below the powerhouses was constructed to develop plans for dewatering

the Long Sault Dam and the powerhouse and

to investigate conditions during the various

stages of their construction.

(f) Work is completed but model is still active.

(g) Dewatering diversion channels were designed

in detail and a plan of construction developed to preserve the necessary water levels for

existing navigation and ensure adequate discharge capacity in the various stages of con- struction. Velocities in the Seaway Channel were also investigated. The Power Pool

filling operation was investigated in detail.

(3330) ST. LAWRENCE POWER PROJECT - COMPREHENSIVE

MODEL OF IROQUOIS CONTROL DAM.

(b) Ontario Hydro and the Power Authority of

the State of New York.

(d) Experimental; for design, development and

operation.

(e) A comprehensive 1:80 scale model, size 130

feet by feet, of the complete Iroquois

Control Dam was constructed including 1-1/2

miles of river channel and the downstream

approach to the Iroquois lock. Its purpose

was to determine a plan of river control

during construction, a plan of dewatering,

the velocities at the cofferdams during

their construction, verification of the

performance of energy-dissipating works,

and the discharge calibration of the

199
sluiceways

(f) Work is completed and model removed.

(g) The dewatering plans were tested in the

model, and the velocities and currents that

would occur during construction of the

cofferdam were determined. A plan of river

control was developed to maintain satisfactory levels and navigation conditions

during the construction .of the dam. The

performance of the energy-dissipating

works, which had heen developed in a sectional model, was verified. A discharge

calibration of the dam was obtained for the

construction period and gate opening patterns developed. Performance data for

operational use was obtained.

(3333) ST. LAWRENCE RIVER MODEL - TAILRACE AREA.

(b) Ontario Hydro and the Power Authority of

the State of New York.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l:l6o x 1 :80 scale model reproducing

2.5 miles of the St. Lawrence River from

above the powerhouses to below Polly's Gut,

has been constructed to develop the design

of an economic tailrace improvement and a suitable dewatering scheme.

(f) Work essentially completed but model still

active

(g) An economic tailrace enlargement was developed in the model. A cofferdamming

plan to dewater much of the enlargement

area was devised and the velocities at various stages observed.

(3335) RED ROCK GENERATING STATION MODEL.

(b) Ontario Hydro-Electric Power Commission.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:60 scale comprehensive model of the

sluiceways, powerhouse and upstream and

downstream river channel has been constructed to determine the dewatering arrangements

for construction, velocities along cofferdams, energy-dissipating works at the

sluices, the rating of the diversion

sluices, ports and sluiceways, the tailrace excavation, and location of log slide.

(f) Work is essentially completed but model

is still active.

(g) Hydraulic design is completed but model

is active for problems during construction.

(36^3) HEADGATE MODEL.

(b) Ontario Hydro-Electric Power Commission.

(d) Experimental; as applied research.

(e) A 1:2k scale model of a St. Lawrence powerhouse headgate and inlet water passage was built to investigate the hydraulic forces

on gates with upstream and downstream skin

plates under conditions of horizontal and

sloping floors and submerged and free discharge conditions.

(f) Work is essentially completed but model

still active.

(36I+I1) OTTER RAPIDS GENERATING STATION MODEL.

(b) Ontario Hydro-Electric Power Commission.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:72 scale comprehensive model of the

sluiceways, powerhouse and upstream and

downstream river channels has been con- structed to determine the dewatering ar- rangement for construction, velocities at and along cofferdams, height location and

slope of high water channel sluiceway

training walls, the rating of the diversion

ports and the sluiceways and the tailrace

channel enlargement

(f) Work is essentially completed but model

still active

(36^5) DISTORTION MODEL OF NIAGARA CONTROL

STRUCTURE.

(b) Ontario Hydro -Electric Power Commission.

(d) Experimental; as applied research.

(e) A sectional model of three of the 100-foot

sluices in the Niagara River Control Structure were built of plexiglass so that the

effects of distortion of a model structure

might be investigated at distortion scales

of 5:1, 2-1/2:1 and undistorted.

(f ) Work is completed and model removed.

(36I+6) PENSTOCK WATER PASSAGES MODEL.

(b) Ontario Hydro-Electric Power Commission.

(d) Experimental; as experimental research.

(e) A 1:2k scale model of the water passages

from the dam face to the circular penstock

of an existing unit was built and variations

of inlet width, pier length, roof slope,

bed height and transition shape were investigated in order to reduce hydraulic

losses and to improve performance characteristics . (f) Work is completed and model removed.

(4021) CAMERON FALLS LOG DRIVING MODEL.

(b) Ontario Hydro-Electric Power Commission.

(d) Experimental; for design, development and

operation.

(e) A 1:2k scale model was constructed of the

forebay and the model tested to determine

the log driving rates under field conditions, with and without the assistance of

flow developers . With the use of three

flow developers, the driving rate was more

than doubled.

(f) Work completed and model removed.

(g) The design developed was installed in the

field and the solution found to be effective

during i960 log driving season.

(1+022) LOG CHUTE EXIT MODEL.

(b) Ontario Hydro-Electric Power Commission.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) A 1:2k model of a log chute exit was constructed with removable end sections,

and variations of end section, tailwater

level, depth of water and specific gravity

of logs were investigated.

(f) Work completed and model removed.

(g) The many variables were tried in various

combinations to determine their singular

or combined effect on the free passage of

200
logs with minimum number hitting the bottom.

(4023) DOUGLAS POINT INTAKE MODEL.

(b) Ontario Hydro -Electric Power Commission.

(d) Experimental; hydraulic design and operation of water intake.

(e) A 1:24 model was constructed of the intake,

tunnel and forebay of a nuclear generating

station. The design of the intake to draw

cooling and process water from a lake and

to exclude floating ice and vortices as well as the forebay design of the pumping

station and operation under pick-up and

rejection of the pumping capacity.

(4024) ADAM CREEK CONTROL STRUCTURE MODEL.

(b) Ontario Hydro -Electric Power Commission.

(d) Experimental; hydraulic design and operation.

(e) A 1:60 model was constructed to determine

the rollway profile and pressures, piershape, discharge capacity and energy-dissipating works with fixed and movable bed.

(4025) TRASH RACK LOSS STUDY.

(b) Ontario Hydro-Electric Power Commission.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) A 1:12 model was constructed in a flume

where hydraulic losses due to shape and

number of horizontal members and shape and

spacing of vertical members were determined.

The effects of angularity to flow were also

investigated.

(f) Testing completed and model inactive.

(4026) NIAGARA RIVER MODEL.

(b) Ontario Hydro-Electric Power Commission.

(d) Experimental; for design and operation.

(e) An existing 1:250 x 1:50 scale model reproducing five miles of the Niagara River from

Buckhorn Island to below the Cataracts is

being used to determine the operational

characteristics of the Niagara Control Struc

ture under developed conditions. This model

was previously used to investigate the re- medial works necessary for the preservation

and enhancement of Niagara Falls and for the

location of the intakes and necessary river

improvements of both Ontario Hydro and the

Power Authority of the State of New York.

Project.

Studies have been concentrated on: Economical study of tailrace excavations; effect of surges caused by sudden load ac- ceptance and rejection on navigation conditions at locks; protection of navigation

dykes from waves caused by spillway operation.

(f) Hydraulic studies are completed but model

is active for eventual problems during

construction.

(h) Report submitted to sponsor.

(3650) MONT - LOUIS BREAKWATER.

(b) Department of Public Works.

(d) Experimental research; design.

(e) Study in a 16 foot wide, 60 foot long, wave

flume at scale l/6o of a three dimensional

scale model of the Mont Louis Breakwater.

This study has shown the necessity of the

three dimensional model, as the results

obtained are indeed greatly different from

those obtained in a previous study on a two

dimensional scale model. Locally, the protecting facing required 15 ton tetrapods or quarry blocks weighing 30 tons.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report submitted to sponsor.

(3652) R0CKFIELD AUTOMATIC SEWAGE REGULATOR.

(b) City of Montreal.

(d) Experimental research; design.

(e) Study on a l/24 scale model of the maximum

permanent discharge compatible with flow

conditions to be introduced at all times

into the collector. The solution studied

included automatic sewage regulators with

downstream control (patented by the Laboratory) (publication in I.A.H.R. Eighth

Congress Montreal 1959 ) (f) Completed.

(h) Report submitted to sponsor.

lASALLE HYDRAULIC LABORATORY.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. E. Pariset, LaSalle Hydraulic

Laboratory, 0250 St. Patrick Street, LaSalle, P.Q.

Canada

(3346) MODEL STUDY OF THE CARILLON POWER PROJECT.

(b) Quebec Hydroelectric Commission.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A model of the Ottawa River at the Carillon

Site was built at a scale of 1:110 to study

the hydraulic problems pertaining to the

construction and operation of the Carillon

- (3655) CARILLON SPILLWAY.

(b) Quebec Hydroelectric Commission.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The model built at a scale of 1:48 represents four of the fourteen bays of the

Carillon Spillway and part of the Powerhouse. The model was used for spillway

calibration and to obtain an economic design of the downstream apron and lip. This was designed to prevent scouring below the

lip caused by transverse currents initiated

by the low trajectory jet.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report submitted to sponsor.

(4027) CARILLON LOCK.

(b) Quebec Hydroelectric Commission.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1/20 scale model used to study design

problems of the 65 ft. lift navigation lock

included in the Carillon development on the

Ottawa River. Electronic recorder used

extensively to measure transient pressure

fluctuations downstream of the valves

201
during operation, and to measure hawser

pulls on a model boat. Modifications to

the outlet and stilling "basin eliminated

low pressure difficulties at the emptying

valve. Safe operating procedures and

characteristics specified.

(f) Completed - model still active for later

design purposes.

(h) Report submitted to sponsor.

(1+028) CARILLON POWER PLANT

LEVEL FLUCTUATIONS.

DOWNSTREAM WATER

(b) Quebec Hydroelectric Commission.

(d) Theoretical; operation.

(e) Study of the water level fluctuation in the

Lake of two Mountains, Lake St. Louis and

Montreal Harbour, due to the peak power

plant operations

For the Ottawa River Section, downstream

of the Power Plant, phenomena of wave propagation in cases of sudden variations

of discharge, was studied by the SchnyderBergeron method.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report submitted to sponsor.

( 1+029 ) LEMAY RIVER POWER-HOUSE PROJECT-SURGE TANK.

(b) Quebec Hydroelectric Commission.

(d) Theoretical; design.

( e ) Study by the Schnyder-Bergeron method of mass oscillations and damping in the surge

tank for different cases of load acceptance

and rejection.

(f) Discontinued.

(h) Preliminary report submitted to sponsor.

( 1+030) LEMAY RIVER DEVELOPMENT

UTILIZATION.

RESERVOIR

(b) Quebec Hydroelectric Commission.

(d) Theoretical; operation.

(e) This development was considered a possible

source of power for construction of the

nearby Manicouagan-Site 5 scheme. Maximum

power output was determined for complete

annual utilization of the reservoir by

considering mean, dry and drought year

hydrographs

(f) Discontinued.

(g) Report submitted to sponsor.

( 1+031) BEAUHARNOIS CANAL WIDENING.

(b) Quebec Hydroelectric Commission.

(d) Theoretical for improvement of PowerHouse operation. Using topographical sur- vey results, a study was undertaken to

determine the gain of head obtained by

widening the canal for a length of 70,000

feet where bottom excavation had reached

rock.

Study included both summer and winter

operation of the power-house.

(f) Completed.

(g) Cost of excavation too high compared to

the annual production gain.

(h) Report submitted to sponsor.

( 1+032) BEAUHARNOIS CANAL ICE COVER.

(b) Quebec Hydroelectric Commission.

(d) Theoretical; improvement.

(e) Study of the possibilities to reduce the

head losses due to the large thickening of

the ice cover upstream of the Beauharnois

Power Plant.

(f) Completed.

(g) The thickening of the ice-cover seems to be

a result of the excessive thrusts on the

ice-cover. To decrease these thrusts several

solutions have been studied. Widening or bottom excavation of the canal is too costly.

The recommended solution is to provide a longitudinal, median dyke in order to in- crease the part of the thrust sustained by

the banks.

(h) Report submitted to aponsor.

( 1+033) MANIC0UAGAN POWER DEVELOPMENT SITE 5.

(b) Quebec Hydroelectric Commission.

(d) Theoretical; design.

(e) This study was carried out to define the

volumes and peak discharges of the spring

and autumn floods of probabilities up to

1/10,000.

Only two year ' s stream-gauging data was available at the site, therefore it was necessary to work on the basis of longer

records on neighboring catchments. Statistical correlation and arithmetic methods were used as means of data transfer, and the

Gumbel equation was used to determine the

discharges for the probabilities required.

The slope of the spring flood hydrograph

was determined from data available at a gauging station on the same river downstream of the site, then transferred by a unit -flood-peak discharge method.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report submitted to sponsor.

(I+03I+) MANIC0UAGAN POWER PLANT - SITE 5 - TEMPORARY

DIVERSION.

(b) Quebec Hydroelectric Commission.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; design.

(e) A l/l08 scale model being used to determine

the stage -discharge law of the two diversion

tunnels proposed. Studies carried out so far include refinements to the intakes and

outlets to improve conditions of transition

from free surface flow to pressure flow in

the tunnels . Law of upstream level vs

discharge takes into account considerable

storage in reservoir formed by upstream

cofferdam.

(h) Progress report only submitted to sponsor.

(1+035) MANIC0UAGAN POWER PLANT - SITE 5 - COFFERDAM.

(b) Quebec Hydroelectric Commission.

(d) Theoretical; design.

(e) Preliminary study of cofferdamming of the

Manicouagan River. Both toe dumping and

horizontal layers construction methods

have been considered; the first one seems easier and cheaper.

A more elaborate study will be carried out on a scale model.

(f) Completed.

202
(g) Report submitted to sponsor.

(I+O36) CHEMAINUS HARBOUR.

(b) Department of Public Works.

(d) Theoretical study; design.

( e ) A study of the arrival of deep water

generated waves in the harbour was carried

out by using wave diagrams. This allowed

determination of the efficiency of a proposed breakwater, as well as an alternative, more effective project.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report submitted to sponsor.

(1+037) SUMMERSIDE HARBOUR - PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND.

(b) Department of Public Works.

(d) Theoretical study; design.

(e) Thio study of Harbour protection and effect

of the Queen's Wharf extension has shown

that this Harbour is well protected against

penetration of swell. Unsatisfactory mooring conditions can be explained by excessive

reflections and concentrations of incoming

waves

Some structures are recommended to decrease

these effects.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report submitted to sponsor.

(1*038) SKINNER'S POND HARBOUR IMPROVEMENTS, PRINCE

EDWARD ISLAND.

(b) Department of Public Works.

(d) Theoreretical study; design.

(e) Preliminary study of the protection of the

harbour entrance against sand deposit by

littoral drift.

The results have shown the usefulness of

enlarging the south breakwater, the safest

and cheapest method to keep the required

clearance at the entrance is to carry out

periodic dredging. Field measurements are needed before completing the study.

(f) Completed

(h) Report submitted to sponsor.

(1+039) SEWER SIPHON UNDER LACHINE CANAL.

(b) City of Montreal.

(d) Theoretical; design.

(e) Hydraulic design of a low level sewer passing under the Lachine Canal. Special attention was given to prevention of sedimentation in the low lying section of the

siphon.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report submitted to sponsor.

(kOko) CUROTTE PAPINEAU SEWAGE COLLECTOR FLOW

METER.

(b) City of Montreal.

(d) Experimental; design and operation.

(e) Study on a model at a scale l/l8 of

solutions to increase the discharge of

domestic water toward the interceptor.

Study and calibration on the same model of

a flow meter for domestic and flood waters.

In studied solutions the intercepted discharge is controlled by an automatic sewage

regulator with downstream control patented

by the Laboratory (publications in I.A.H.R.

eighth Congress, Montreal 1959).

(kOkl) QUEEN MARY TRIBUTARY INTERCEPTION, DROP

IN A VERTICAL CONDUIT.

(b) City of Montreal.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Study on a l/l2 scale model of the maximum

discharge evacuated by a vertical conduit

by means of a free surface giratory flow.

Adjustment of the transition according to

the tributary slope.

Standardization.

(1+01+2) LAVIGNE PUMPING STATION.

(b) City of Montreal.

(d) Theoretical; design.

(e) Hydraulic design of an automatic pumping

station which drains a domestic and storm

water sewer. Special attention given to

prevention of sedimentation during low

discharge seasons.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report submitted to sponsor.

ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE , Department of Civil Engineering,

Hydrodynamics Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Professor Raymond Boucher, Director

Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique, 2500

Guyard Avenue, Montreal 26, Quebec, Canada.

(1+01+3) STUDY OF THE RELIABILITY AND OPERATION OF

BACK-WATER VALVES ON PLUMBING SYSTEMS

AGAINST FLOODING BY PUBLIC SEWERS.

(b) City of Montreal, City Planning Department,

Inspection Division.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A full scale three-story plumbing system

has been erected in the Hydrodynamics Lab.

of Ecole Polytechnique. The diameter of

the pluvial column, the soil stack and the

drain is 1+ in. The drain has many sections

of pyrex glass to permit observations at critical points. A system of valves and of

cross-connections on the vents lends to

various combinations of tests. The backwater valves have a transparent lucite cover to enable visual observations . As air en- trainment seems to have a great importance on the venting capacity, the rate of air

entrained in the vertical columns is

measured at the inlet by means of a hotwire air-meter. Various flooding conditions

of the public sewers are simulated by a tank in which the water level can be con- trolled by gate valves. This research is

aimed at determining whether back-water

valves can offer home dwellers a reliable

protection against flooding due to any over- load of combined sewers. If this method

is not satisfactory, an improved design of

plumbing system may be suggested.

(1+01+1+) HYDRAULIC AND MECHANICAL TESTING OF A

203
16-INCH BUTTERFLY VALVE.

(b) Dominion Engineering Company Limited

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Head losses to be measured across the

Butterfly Valve as a function of valve

opening for discharges from 500 to 10,000

U. S. gpm. Torque determination to be

executed throughout opening and closing

cycles by means of strain gauge and electronic recorder at same flows as and con- currently with the head loss test, and at zero flow. An endurance test for 10,000

closing and opening cycles is also to be

performed on the valve at a discharge of

10,000 U.S. gpm when the valve is fully

open. Visual inspection for seat leakage

is to be made after 100, 1000, 3,000, 5,000,

8,000 and 10,000 cycles.

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, Division of Mechanical

Engineering.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. D. C. MacPhail, Director, Div.

of Mechanical Engineering, National Research Council,

Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

(336l) RESEARCH ON THE DESIGN OF FISHING BOATS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and theoretical to improve design.

(e) This project is being undertaken in cooperation with the Department of Fisheries,

Canada, to improve the design and operation

of East Coast fishing boats.

(g) A full scale fishing boat constructed to

lines produced by the laboratory has shown

good performance. Full scale tests have

been carried out on fishing nets to determine the towing forces. Model tests on ships and propellers are continuing.

(40^5) PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF ST. LAWRENCE RIVER.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field and theoretical study of tide and

current

(e) A theoretical study of the modification to

the tide wave, as it progresses up the St. Lawrence River, has been made on the basis

of published data and some field measurements. It is expected that this work will

be useful in planning channel improvements

for navigation.

(g) The study has shown that the tide wave is

strongly modified by a number of restrictions in the river channel and has shown

how dredging in various channels has affected water levels and tidal currents. The

project is in the preliminary stage and will

be continued.

(h) "The Tide in the St. Lawrence River," by

H. A. Neu, Paper was presented at the ASCEEIC Meeting in Boston, 11 October i960.

(h0k6) DINGWALL HARBOUR, NOVA SCOTIA.

(b) Department of Public Works, Canada.

(d) Experimental project for design.

(e) An undistorted scale model, approximately

50 ft. by 100 ft., to a scale of 1:80, has

been constructed to study the shoaling

problem in the entrance of the harbour

which is located on a sandy shore.

(f) Test work almost completed.

(g) Model tests have shown that suitably shaped

rubble-mound breakwaters may be constructed

so that an outward current will be created

along the bed to prevent sand from entering

the harbour during storms. Maintenance

dredging should be reduced considerably.

(h) A report will be prepared for the sponsor.

(kOkf) BAIE C0MEAU, PROVINCE OF QUEBEC.

(b) Department of Public Works, Canada.

(d) Experimental for design.

(e) A l/llO scale model of the harbour and

offshore area has been constructed to study

plans for harbour development . The harbour

is located on the north shore of the Gulf

of St. Lawrence where it is subject to

fairly strong wave action. It is therefore

essential that harbour developments be

designed to provide safe berthing areas for

ships. A number of layouts have been tested

and the waves in the harbour compared.

( f ) Test work almost completed.

(g) Preliminary data issued to the sponsor.

(k0k8) NORTHUMBERLAND STRAIT CAUSEWAY.

(b) Department of Public Works, Canada.

(d) Experimental for design data.

(e) Proposals have been made to construct a rubble-mound causeway across Northumberland

Strait - a distance of 9 1/2 miles - to

link Prince Edward Island with the mainland. Because of the exposed location and

the prevalence of large quantities of ice,

it is essential that the structure have

adequate stability. A l/30 scale model of

a typical cross-section, designed by the

consulting engineers, was constructed in

the wave flume and tested under a variety

of wave and tide conditions.

(h) Preliminary data submitted to the sponsor.

(U0i+9) ETANG DES CAPS.

(b) Department of Public Works, Canada.

(d) Experimental for design.

(e) Etang des Caps is a small fishing settlement on the Magdalen Island, which has no harbour facilities. A model of scale l/80

has been constructed to develop a rubblemound breakwater arrangement which would be

suitable for the exposed location and provide protection for a small group of fishing

boats

(f) Tests almost complete.

(h) A final report will be prepared for the

sponsor.

(U050) STUDY OF ICE DRIFT.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical study.

(e) A theoretical study of the drift of ice in

the Gulf of St. Lawrence is being conducted.

20U
(g) The mechanics of the wind-induced currents

have been studied and it has been found that

a permanent cyclonic circulation occurs in

the Gulf. The combined effects of wind and

density fields across Cabot Strait have also

been studied. The study indicated a possible

theoretical route which could be used by

ships during the winter.

(h) A report is being prepared.

(1*051) LOCK-FILLING MANIFOLD ANALYSIS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) As a sequel to lock model experiments con- ducted to obtain design data for the Seaway locks, an analysis of multiple-port

culvert systems is being made. This is an attempt to study lock behavior without

using large models. Experimentally determined characteristics of culvert and

port components have been applied analytically to a network of lumped impedances

but, because of non-linearlity, solution is

difficult.

(g) An approximate solution has given filling

curve results which are in good agreement

with experimental data.

(h) "Some Remarks on the Behavior of Lock

Culvert Filling Systems Considering NonLinear Friction," by J. E; Feir. 8th

I.A.H.R. Congress, 1959-

ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

(2^92) RUNOFF FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. D. F. Witherspoon, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The relationship of precipitation and

snowmelt to runoff characteristics on four

watersheds of 20 acres each, under various

land use practices, is being evaluated.

(g) Winter surface runoff from watersheds with

good grass-legume cover is greater than

from watersheds plowed during the winter

season.

(27^0) MAIN TILE DRAIN SIZES FOR COMPOSITE

DRAINAGE OF BR00KST0N CLAY SOIL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. F. R. Hore, Ontario Agricultural

College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Discharge measurements from lateral tile

drains in Brookston clay soil are being

made to determine the proper drainage coefficient to use in the design of main tile

drains and to determine the effect of

lateral tile drain spacing on the drainage

rate. Two additional lateral drains were installed in the fall of i960.

(g) Correlation analysis of drainage rates

have been made to determine which drain

would best serve as a check to study the

effect of the additional lateral drains.

(3363) HYDR0L0GIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ORGANIC SOIL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. R. W. Irwin, Ontario Agricultural

College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The study is being carried out to establish

criteria to be used in the development and

operation of the water control program for

organic soils. In the investigation, an attempt will be made to establish an hydrologic water balance for the field area by

measuring, recording and analyzing so far

as possible the evaporation, seepage,

transpiration, precipitation, water table

elevation and ground water discharge through

tile drains.

(g) Data are presently being analyzed.

(3658) THE RESISTIVITY METHOD FOR GROUND WATER

EXPLORATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. D. F. Witherspoon, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The objective is to investigate the application of the resistivity method to

subsurface exploration for ground water

under the geological conditions found in

southern Ontario.

(g) Equipment for use in Schlumberger traversing has been designed and tested.

Correlative depth sounding traverses have

been made near five wells with known logs.

A lateral investigation was undertaken to

find a buried pre-glacial river bed in the

bedrock surface. Initial results indicated

that the method shows promise for this type

of investigation.

(3659) DROUGHT FREQUENCY ANALYSIS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. H. D. Ayers, Ontario Agricultural

College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

(d) Experimental; development.

(e) The objective of this analysis is to determine the frequency of droughts in

southwestern Ontario. This information

is to be used in determining the irrigation

requirements for specific crops on various

soil types. Water budget techniques are to be used and applied to actual meteorological observations in order to calculate

the frequency and magnitude of irrigation

requirements

(3660) RAINFALL DEPTH-AREA- INTENSITY RELATIONSHIPS

IN CENTRAL ONTARIO.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. D. F. Witherspoon, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) A dense network of standard and recording

rain gauges has been established in the

Guelph area with the co-operation of the

Meteorological Branch, Department of Transport. The network is over an area of approximately 12 sq. miles with an average

205
gage density of 1 per sq. mile. The

purpose of this study is to obtain detailed information on summer precipitation

characteristics for use in the hydrologic

design for small drainage basins,

(g) Two years data have been collected. Summer

thunder storms show a highly variable

areal distribution. One storm over the

network varied from 4.53 inches to 0.02

inches depth.

(3661) HYDROLOGIC FACTORS AFFECTING BRIDGE DESIGN.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with

Ontario Department of Highways and Univ.

of Toronto.

(c) Prof. F. R. Hore, Ontario Agricultural

College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

(d) Experimental; Master's Thesis.

(e) The purpose of this project is to develop

satisfactory design criteria for bridges and

culverts based on watershed runoff relationships for Ontario. Frequency analysis of

existing stream flow data for the province

have been carried out. An attempt is being

made to correlate watershed characteristics

with peak discharge relationships.

(g) A thesis and a report to the Ontario Dept.

of Highways will be completed in 1961.

( 3662 ) POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND CONSUMPTIVE USE OF WATER BY CROPS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. K. M. King, Department of Soils,

Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph,

Ontario, Canada.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) The purpose of this investigation is to

evaluate the factors influencing evapotranspiration by the use of a specially

designed floating lysimeter. Study is

being conducted on the effect of soil

moisture on the heat budget and evapotranspiration for crops.

(g) Data are presently being analyzed.

(4052) COVER MATERIALS FOR TILE DRAINS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. F. R. Hore, Ontario Agricultural

College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

(d) Experimental and field investigation;

applied research and Master's Thesis.

(e) This study is being made to determine the

effect of several cover materials on soil

movement and water discharged into a tile

drain. Laboratory studies of some relatively new glass fiber materials have been

completed and a field experiment based on those results was installed in the fall

of i960.

(g) Glass fiber filter material placed above

and below the drain proved to be the most

effective cover material.

(h) "The Effect of Cover Materials on the

Movement of Soil into Tile Drains" by H.

C. Tiwari, Thesis on file in Massey

Library, Ontario Agricultural College.

(4053) THE WATER YIELD OF SWAMP AREAS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. D. F. Witherspoon, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

(d) Field investigation; Master's Thesis.

(e) A watershed of approximately 900 acres containing a swamp area is being studied

to determine the relationship between watershed characteristics and water yield,

(g) Six months' data on water levels, flow

records, and precipitation have been collected and analysis has been started.

(4054) RUNOFF FROM FLAT LAND.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with

Water Resources Division, Department of

Northern Affairs and National Resources.

(c) Prof. F. R. Hore, Ontario Agricultural

College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Several 2 to 10 sq. mile flat watersheds

of fine-textured soils are to be studied

to determine the relationship between precipitation, snowmelt, watershed characteristics and runoff. One watershed has been

surveyed and instruments have been installed to determine precipitation and runoff.

Hydrologic data on this type of watershed

is being sought for the establishment of

criteria for the design of hydraulic

structures.

(4055) EVAPORATION FROM A SNOW SURFACE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. D. F. Witherspoon, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Snow evaporation will be measured from a floating lysimeter and basic equations for

the heat budget over a snow surface will

be developed for estimating snow evaporation and snowmelt. These data will be

used in a water balance for experimental

watersheds in the Guelph area.

(g) Equipment has been designed and constructed.

Initial data will be collected during the

winter of I96O-61.

QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY AT KINGSTON, HYDRAULIC LABORATORIES.

(3364) LITTORAL DRIFT AND ITS EFFECT ON THE

HARBOURS ON THE NORTH SHORE OF LAKE

ONTARIO.

(b) The National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Dr. Bernard Le Mehaute, Department of Civil

Engineering, Queen's University at Kingston,

Ontario.

(d) Experimental and field; basic and applied.

(e) Field and laboratory (i.e. three dimensional movable bed model of the Harbour

of Cobourg) examination of silting due to

littoral drift and research of a solution.

(h) "An Introduction to the Mathematical

206
Theories of Two-Dimensional Periodic Progressive Gravity Waves," A. Brebner and B. Le Mehaute, Queen's University, C. E. Research Report No. 11 (Available from (c)).

THE CAUSE, GROWTH AND EFFECT OF SECONDARY

CURRENTS IN STRAIGHT OPEN CHANNEL FLOW.

Prof. R. J. Kennedy, Department of Civil

Engineering, Queen's University at Kingston.

Laboratory and Theoertical Investigation

for Doctoral Thesis by J. F. Fulton.

An investigation into the mechanism of

secondary flow.

Publication pending by E. I. C.

PERIODICAL GRAVITY WAVE MOTION ON DISCONTINUITIES.

Dr. B. Le Mehaute, Department of Civil

Engineering, Queen's University at Kingston.

Theoretical analysis of gravity waves on a discontinuity.

Experimental verification.

"Periodical Gravity Waves on a Discontinuity,

Published in Journal of ASCE, Hydraulic Div.,

November i960.

THE EFFECT OF AIR-BUBBLING BREAKWATER ON

WAVE MASS TRANSPORT.

The National Research Council of Canada.

Dr. A. Brebner, Civil Engineering Department,

Queen's University at Kingston.

Experimental laboratory investigation.

Suspended.

"A Laboratory Study of Pneumatic, Breakwaters, " T. M. Dick and A. Brebner, Queen's

University, C. E. Research Report No. 12

( Available from ( c ) )

CRITICAL MASS-TRANSPORT VELOCITIES FOR

PARTICLES OF VARIOUS SIZES.

The National Research Council of Canada.

Dr. A. Brebner, Department of Civil Engineering, Queen's University at Kingston.

Experimental laboratory investigation.

Work to present indicates limiting parameter

for validity of Longuett-Higgins Theory.

Publication pending by E. I. C. - A. S. M. E.

SUBMERGED BREAKWATERS AS A SOLUTION TO

HARBOUR DEPOSIT.

The National Research Council of Canada.

Dr. B. Le Mehaute, Department of Civil

Engineering, Queen's University at Kingston.

Experimental and theoretical investigation

of the possibility of using wave energy to

create a scouring and flushing current which

would reduce deposition of silt in a harbour.

Promising results in a two-dimensional waveflume and on a three -dimensional basin with

movable bed.

Publication Pending by E. I. C. - A. S. M. E.

THE TRANSPORT OF LOGS OR SUSPENDED SOLIDS

THROUGH PIPELINES.

Dr. A. Brebner, Department of Civil Engi-

(a

(e

(4058

(b

(c

(d

(f

(h

(4059

(h

(c

(d

(e

(f

(h

(4o6o

(h

(c

(d

(e

(f

(4061

(h

(c

(a

(e

neering, Queen's University at Kingston.

Laboratory Investigation.

A kOO ft. length of instrumented k inch

aluminum pipe with Perspex Observation

Sections being used.

A THEORETICAL STUDY OF WAVES BREAKING AT

AN ANGLE WITH A SHORE.

National Research Council of Canada.

Dr. B. Le Mehaute, Department of Civil

Engineering, Queen's University at Kingston.

Basic theoretical research.

Completed.

Under print in Journal of Americal Geophysical Union, February, 1961.

A THEORY ON AGITATION IN A HARBOUR.

National Research Council of Canada.

Dr. B. Le Mehaute, Department of Civil

Engineering, Queen's University at Kingston.

Basic theoretical research.

A theory using complex number calculus has

permitted the evaluation of the agitation

in a basin submitted to a given regular wave taking account of the entrance con- figuration, that is wave-traps, beaches etc. Completed.

Publication pending by A.S.C.E.

PROBABILITY OF AGITATION IN A HARBOUR.

National Research Council.

Dr. B. Le Mehaute, Department of Civil Engineering, Queen's University at Kingston.

Basic theoretical research.

Theoretical study on the probability of

agitation in a harbour subjected to incident

irregular wave motion.

Report in preparation.

WAVE LENS.

National Research Council.

Dr. B. Le Mehaute, Department of Civil

Engineering, Queen's University at Kingston.

Basic theoretical research.

A theoretical study has been made on the

possibilities of using a submerged mound to cause a change of direction of incident wave. A direct analogy with a convex lens has

been used to study protection of a harbour

entrance from agitation. Such a solution is

economical only when the wave direction is

almost constant

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, Department of Mechanical

Engineering.

(1298) DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS OF WEIR-TYPE

SPILLWAYS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. L. E. Jones, University of Toronto,

Toronto 5, Canada.

(d) Experimental; applied research for masters'

theses

(e) A long-term research carried out with a view

207
to systematizing discharge characteristics

for spillways having various pier spacings

and proportions

(g) Significant correlations obtained via

special plotting techniques.

(h) Report in preparation.

(3003) ROUGHNESS PHENOMENA IN OPEN CHANNEL FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. L. E. Jones, University of Toronto,

Toronto 5 > Canada.

(d) Experimental; applied research for doctoral

thesis.

(e) Experimental and theoretical analysis to

determine the influence of cross-section

geometry on the resistance to flow in con- duits. The channel under study is 70 feet

long with variable rectangular section and

uses air as the fluid medium. Extensive

tests have been made on head loss and shear

stress distribution as a function of shape

of section.

(h) Report in preparation.

(3368) DIFFUSION OF GASEOUS PLUMES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. W D. Baines, University of Toronto,

Toronto 5j Canada.

(d) Experimental; basic research for doctoral

thesis

(e) A jet of air is being injected normally

into an artificially thickened boundary

layer. Mean velocities and turbulence

parameters are to be studied.

(g) Photographs of diffusion of a smoke jet show

large differences in spreading rates due to

velocity gradient and non-isotropy of the

turbulent field. Two contra-rotating vor- tices with horizontal axes are produced due

to interaction of jet and mean flow field.

(U062) CHANNEL IMPROVEMENT OF DON RIVER AT YORK

MILLS, ONTARIO.

(b) W. 0. Chisholm, Agincourt, Ontario, Canada,

for Metropolitan Toronto and Region Conservation Authority.

(c) Prof. G. Ross Lord, University of Toronto,

Toronto 5 , Canada.

(d) Experimental; applied research for design.

(e) Model investigation of optimum spillway

configuration.

(f) Completed.

(h) Reported to sponsor.

( J+063) STACK HEIGHT DETERMINATION.

(b) Canada Iron Foundries, Limited, Toronto,

Canada.

(c) Prof. G. Ross Lord, University of Toronto,

Toronto 5 , Canada.

(d) Experimental; applied research for design.

(e) Model study in low speed wind tunnel of

stack discharge from existing foundry cupola

under various conditions of velocity, wind,

and stack height, to provide design data to

reduce present incidence of downwash in

dense industrial area.

(h) Report in preparation.

(1+06U) EFFECT OF GROINS ON LITTORAL TRANSPORT.

(b) Laboratory project

(c) Prof. G. Ross Lord, University of Toronto,

Toronto 5> Canada.

(d) Experimental; applied research for master's

thesis.

(e) The motion of individual sediment particles

of various sizes and densities is being

studied on a model beach of 1:10 slope

built at 1+5° to the wave direction. Direction and magnitude of the particle

velocities and the effect of groins upon

particle motion patterns are being studied.

(g) It has been found that the rate of longshore

transport is a maximum in the surf zone and

decreases rapidly in the offshore direction.

Preliminary tests indicate that groins are most effective if the length extends just

beyond the surf zone.

( 1+065 ) FLOW AROUND OBJECTS IMMERSED IN A BOUNDARY

LAYER.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. W. D. Baines, University of Toronto,

Toronto 5, Canada.

(d) Experimental; applied research for master's

thesis.

(e) An artificial, thick boundary layer has

been produced on the floor of a wind tunnel.

Pressure distribution and secondary flow

phenomena are being studied with respect to

walls and cubes on the tunnel floor at various orientations

(g) A secondary flow down the velocity gradient

has been observed on the upstream faces of

the object, resulting in higher pressures near the base. A linear combination of

pressure coefficient and local velocity provides a fair approximation to the observed

distribution. On the downstream faces the

pressure distribution is uniform with a very strong secondary flow up the velocity

gradient

208
SUBJECT INDEX

Accelerated motion

cylinders (2265) 7

spheres (3*+32) *+3 spheres (3711) 25

Air entrainment

mechanics of (3*1-05) 25

pipes (1303) 5 Air-water flow (183*4) 13

Apparatus

observation well (3262) 165

rainfall similator (2596) 71

rotating arm (1781) l8l

sediment sampler (19*0 79

shallow streamgaging (3926) 166

soil, measurement of hydraulic

conductivity (3213) ' 112

spray formation (2730) 18*4- surface follower (3603) 166

turhulence prohe (297I+) 191

water tunnel (79) *40 water tunnel (l52l) l8l wave formation (2730) 18^4- wave gages (977) 135

Baffle piers

"basic research (993) 1^1

cavitation (993) 1^1

Beach fills (2195) 136

Beaches

artificial (976) 135

artificial (3995) 179

hy-passing sand, inlets (975) 13*1- equilibrium profile (l8l) 13*4- littoral movement (3897) 137

particle movement (3897) 137

profiles (372*0 29 wave action (l8l) 13*4- wave action (529) 5 wave action (660) 13*4- wave action (1609) 50

Bibliographies, water measurement (16I+3) 68

Boundary layer (3788) 6*4 Boundary layer

plane surface (3799) 67

rectangular ducts (3*1-55) 55

shear (367*+) 10

skin friction (3020) 8

stability (367*0 10

surfaces (85*0 *H

three dimensional (3757) 56

turhulence (367*)-) 10

turbulent (1779) l8l

two phase (3791) 66

Boundary layer development

effect vibrations (3822) 79

Boundary layer flow

submerged bodies ( 3*+8l) 66

wedges (3759) 56

Boundary layer, laminar (3765) 57

Boundary shear stress (2770) 18

Breakwaters

floating (3022) 8

floating type (3158) 77

hydraulic (2753) 7

Mt. Louis (3650) 201

movable (280l) 50

pneumatic (357*0 137

rubble-mound (9^9) 1*1-1 rubble -mound (2681) 1*1-6 submerged (*t-056) 207

Bridge piers

scour (1707) ... lOO

Bubbles

vapor (15*1-8) 1 Canals

gravity flow bypass (3990) 179

irrigation

Bentonite sealing (370*4-) 2*4- linings (l5l) 109

linings (1966) 105

linings

seepage (l859) 31

linings (l5l) 109

linings (1837) 15

linings (1859) 31

Canals, concrete-lined

discharge capacity (3985) 178

Cavitation (3153) 77

Cavitation

accelerating bodies (386*4-) 102

baffle piers (993) ikl

basic research (993) 1*1-1 basic research

Calif. Inst, of Technology (15*4-8) 1 David Taylor Model Basin (711) 180

Iowa State University (79) *4-0 Waterways Experiment Station (993) 1*1-1 cascades (3378) 3 concrete surface irregularities (3278) 177

effect thermal properties (3OO9) 2

gate slots (993) 1*4-1 gate valves (2955) 176

mechanics of (2502) 2

noise (1778) l8l

offset joints (993) 1*1-1 offsets (3278) 177

outlet works, Glendo Dam (3280) 177

pipe bends (993) 1*H

sluice gates (79) *40 stilling basin steps (993) 1*1-1 turbines, models (1133) 63

water tunnel (79) *40 Waterways Experiment Station (993) 126

Cavity resonance (2*4-70) 183

Cavity resonance (2833) 70

Channel improvement

Bonneville Dam (3230) 138

Don River (*4062) 208

flood control (2919) 138

flood control, Hoosic River, Mass. (l21l).. 1*4-2 flood control, Middle Miss. River (236).... 1*40 jetties (2*4-55) 175

navigation

Delaware River, Pa. (*425) 1*4-1 Eraser River (l0*!-*0 198

St. Lawrence River (2*429) I**-**- Ogden Island Reach, St. Lawrence River (3325)199

St. Lawrence River (332*4) 199

St. Lawrence River (*40*45) 20*4 shoaling processes (3907) 156" Channels

advance of liquid front (3192) 96

aggradation (3967) 172

alluvial (2 50 5) 7

conservation linings (1723) 106

conservation linings (380*4) 69

degradation (3967) 172

enlargements (3922) l66

fluctuations (3792) 67

209
Channels

guide vanes in 90° tends (3852) 99

side flow (2073) 27

subcritical flows (3*4-00) 20

surges (3925) 166

Channels , alluvial

aggradation (29*4-7) 16^4- aggradation (3870) 108

aggradation (3968) 172

bed roughness (251*0 16

degradation (29*4-7) ^it- degradation (387O) 108

degradation (3968) 172

effect dams (3955) 170

effect diversion (3955) 170

effect irrigation drains (3955) 170

hydraulics of (303*4-) 18

Channels, curved, subcritical flow (361*1-).... 178

Channels, steep

surface characteristic (382*4-) 79

Climatology, Upper Colo. River Basin (3399).- 20

Coefficients

hydrophobic disks and plates (2*4-36) 159

Conduits

circular, exit transitions (25*4-3) ^8

condenser cooling water loss (22*4-1) 191

entrance, pressure distribution (38*4-0).... 88

exit pressure distributions (25*4-3) ^8

pressure surges (3203) 13

vertical drop (*t-0*t-l) 203

Conduits, non-circular, friction loss (38*4-9). 97

Conduits, pressure

friction factors (272*4-) 176

friction factors (3275) 177

Conduits, resistance, pressures (3778) 6l

Contamination dispersion, rivers, harbors

and estuaries (3598) 155

Convection, forced

film boiling (3758) 56

Coriolis forces (3753) 55

Corrosion, plumbing (*t-9) 13

Culvert inlets (3772) 60

Culvert inlets, circular (377*4-) 60

Culverts

design criteria (3661) 206

discharge characteristics (2*4-35) 159

drop inlet (ill) 75

flow in (35**2) 100

flow in (3667) 1

inlets (38*4-1) 88

nature of flow (3376) 1

turbulence scaling (*4-008) 19It- Cylinders

accelerated motion (2265) 7

oscillating (3687) 12

Dams, gallery drainage (77l) 19*t- Density currents

salt water intrusion, Delaware River (*t25) 1*4-1 sedimentation (307) ^9

tidal estuaries (1986) lMt- Density, mean

slug flow (3756) 56

Diffusers

turbulent boundary layer (2320) 39

Diffusion

atmospheric (3398) 20

atmospheric (3708) 25

jet (3081) *4-7 particles in fluid (l33l) 30

salt water (3261) 165

waste water (25*4-8) 50

Disks, rotating

resistance of (37*4-9) 53

Dissipators, design (3596) 15*4- Distillation, sea water (155*0 5 Drag

skin friction (31*4-3) 7*4- unsteady flow (3*4-*(-0) k'J Drag coefficient, cylinders (2265) 7 Drag reduction (*t-000) 187

Drag resistance, piers (2396) 91

Drain tile

depth and spacing (2330) *4-*t- discharge measurements (27*4-0) 205

flow characteristics (3*4-90)..... 71

junction losses (1929) 76

sediment deposition (3**-90) 71

sediment movement (3**-90) 71

Drain tiles, cover material (*t-052).. 206

Drainage

alluvial flood plains (3557) 11*4- by pumping (2350) 59

Coachella Valley, Calif. (26) It- Florida (1966) 105

galleries, dams (77l) ,. ^it- Illinois soils (2317) 37

improvement surface (2333) **-5 irrigated lands (1819) 103

irrigated lands (1966) 105

irrigated lands (3*4-01) 21

subsurface (2126) 57

surface (2126) 57

surface (3*4-75) 65

surface (37*+5) *t-8 surface (3867) 105

Drainage basin studies (3*4-21) 35

Drainage improvement, surface (2333) *<-5 Drainage installations, subsurface (3216) 112

Drainage systems, design (250*4-) 5 Drains, filter

operational characteristics (3060) 38

Drains, subsurface

durability (2127) 58

plastic (3555) 113

stability (2127) 58

Eddies, effect of boundary geometry (1875) **•! Embankments (291) 29

Embankments, rock (37*4-1) kk

Energy losses, bends ( 3*+*+l) **9 Erosion, wave action (3**-09) 28

Erosion research

arid regions (3969) 172

Boca Raton Inlet (3*4-10) 29

canals, ditch linings (1966) 105

canals, earth lined (2*4-57) 175

canals, unlined (2*4-57) 175

conservation farming (150) 106

conservation farming (2187) ^it- curved open channels (3089) 51

dikes (37*4-*0 h-8 effect logging (2912) 12*4- effects tillage (2597) 71

effect vegetation (26l) 125

forest influences f 380J 132

forest influences (657) 127

Florida inlets (3*413) 29

hillslopes (3952) 169

Lake Michigan (1863) 36

mountain watersheds (26l) 125

Oregon (3221) 125

range management (27) *+ semiarid regions (3969) 172

210
Erosion research

semidesert vegetation (657) 127

soil (3k2k) 37

Evaporation

evapo-transpiration (1996) 105

evapo-transpiration (2188) 129

evapo-transpiration (3662) 206

Illinois (555) 33

lakes (19^) 80

measurement (1015) 160

measurement (2179) 109

measurement (3881) 117

mechanics of (396*0 172

moving surfaces (3393) 1**- reduction (2828) 69

reduction (3508) 8l

reservoirs (765) 19*+ reservoirs (2l8o) 109

soils (2277) 15

suppression, reservoirs (2703) 16k

urban areas (56*0 37

watersheds, tennessee Basin (765) 19*+ Evapotranspiration

measurement (3963) 171

theory (3963) 171

Filtering (27*4l) 1

Filtering, sand (38*4*4) 95

Filtering, sediments (355*)-) 113

Filters (2535) 3*+ Filters (2837) 71

Fish ladders, dams, John Day (3578) 139

Fishway model study

John Day Dam, ladder diffusers (3576) 139

Mayfield Dam (3536) 98

Vfe-napum facilities (3*+97) 77

Flashboards, dynamic forces (3068) *t-2 Flood control (3682) 12

Flood control

crop rotation (1966) 105

discharge rates (3108) 60

discharge rates (*4-033) 202

electric flood model (3385) 9

rivers ( 3*4-71 ) 60

rivers, Mississippi Basin (236) 1*1-0 structure design (3930) 167

Flood control systems

design (3380) 9

design and operation (3019) 8

Flood forecasting, rating curves (3602) 162

Flood frequency (3606) 166

Flood frequency

arid areas ( 30*4-1 ) 19

New England (3936) 168

semiarid areas (30*4-1) 19

semiarid areas (3937) 168

urban areas (3928) 167

Flood plane zoning, suburban areas (3935) 168

Flood records, small-area (393*4) 167

Flood routing (3*4-76) 65

Flow

accelerated (37*40) kh

accelerated (3732) 62

fibre suspensions (25*46) 50

fluctuating (3622) 187

free surface (3720) 28

free surface, disturbed (3*4-1*4) 30

non-Newtonian (3390) 13

non-Newtonian (3*482) 66

non-Newtonian fluids (3781) 62

pulsating (3689) 1*4- river under arch bridges (2839) 72

Flow

single and two-phase in tube (237*0 7*^ solid-liquid mixtures (3692) 1I4 steady, viscous (31*48) 75

three-dimensional (3721) 28

two-phase in venturi ( 3*+03) 21

turbulent (3827) 80

Flow characteristics, foam (3690) 1*4- Flow conditions, Renca Thermal Plant (3862).... 102

Flow, divided, mechanics of (37*43) *47 Flow junctions (37**-2) I47 Flow measurement (2925) 1*47 Flow non-steady, viscous (31*4-8) 75

Flow in porous media (318*4) 92

Flow studies, 3-dimensional forms (2969) 185

Flow studies, two-phase (376*4) 57

Flow, two-phase, gas-liquid (3726) 31

Flow, unsteady, inertial forces (3250) 159

Flow, unsteady, measurement (3700) 23

Flows, secondary (3761) 56

Fluidization, sand beds (3669) *4- Fluid mechanics, educational films (3739) *4*4 Flumes, critical depth (37l8) 28

Flumes

flow measurement (2513) 16

Parshall (2902) Ill

trapezoidal (2902) Ill

Flumes, metering, calibration (38*48) 97

Forces, wind-tunnel measurement (2832) 70

Gates, cavitation (993) 1*4-1 Gates

jet flow (3998) 180

lock (1*4-7*4) 1*43 outlet (3997) 180

Gates, control, Island Bend (3281) 177

Gates, slide, hydraulic downpull (36IO) 177

Gates, turbine, closure (*4020) 199

Geohydraulic theory (31*4-7) 73

Ground water

aquifers (318*4) 92

aquifers (3188) 93

aquifers, evaluation (3733) 36

aquifers, mechanics of (2688) 163

aquifer potential (2687) l62

aquifer productivity (3731) 36

aquifers, salt water encroachment (2689).... 163

Arkansas (2255) 1

artificial recharge (559) 33

artificial recharge (1966) 105

artificial recharge (2255) 1

artificial recharge (2315) 3**- artificial recharge (339*1-) 19

artificial recharge (3676) 10

Chicago area (1335) 33

Coachella Valley, Calif. (26) *4- contrasting media ( 39*+T) 169

drawdown condition (3*+92) 73

East St. Louis area (561) 33

effect forests (656) 123

electric flow net (l22l) 162

electrical analogue (2692) 163

exploration (3658) 205

flow problems (29*4-8) 16*4 flow in sediments (352*4-) 92

fluctuations (821) 1*4 hydrologic cycle (1092) 33

irrigation (1966) 105

Lower Bijou Basin, Colo. (2761) 17

non-homogeneous anistropic flow (3186) 93 occurrence problems (326*4) 165

Peoria Area, 111. (560) 33

211
Ground water

Ralston Creek, Iowa (66) *t-0 Rapid Creek, Iowa (68) *tO Red River Valley, No. Dak. (3217) 113

stream flow (2063) 6

Tennessee Valley (780) 195

water table control (2835) 71

wells, evaluation (3733) 36

Ground water drainage (3252) 16*4- Ground water flow, aquifers (3538) 100

Ground water storage (3263) 165

Gutters, side flow (2073) 27

Harbor improvement

Baie Comeau, Que., Canada (*4-0*4-7) 20*4- Chemainus (I4-O36) 203

Dingwall Harbor (*4-0*4-6) 20*4- Etang des Caps (1+04-9) 20*4- Savannah, Ga. (2**28) ihk

Skinner's Pond (*4-038) 203

Summerside (^037) 203

Harbor models, scale effects (1002) 1*4-2 Harbor study, Kelly's Island, Lake Erie. ( 3905) 156

Heat transfer

boiling (3795) 67

fluidized beds (3*4-7*0 63

packed beds (3*t-7*0 63

thin liquid films (3728) 31

Highway drainage

culverts (ill) 75

culverts (l59l) 38

culverts (2318) 38

embankments (291) 29

energy dissipator (2318) 38

energy dissipators (3987) 178

subway grating design (2087) 38

Hydraulic control systems, valves (2335) *+5 Hydraulic cyclone (35*4-5) 101

Hydraulic jump (2l6l) 90

Hydraulic jump (399*0 179

Hydrodynamic forces

cylinders (3853) 99

underwater bodies (27*1-6) 2

Hydrodynamics, flow studies (3377) 2

Hydrofoil craft, seaworthiness (329*4-) 186

Hydrofoils

cavitating flow (3803) 68

design criteria (328*4-) 185

flutter (351*1-) 86

forces on ( 350*+) 78

longitudinal stability (3*4-99) 77

propulsive force (*4-003) 189

strut interference effects (3821) 78

study (l8l6) 2

study (21*4-*0 76

Hydrofoils, models, testing (3828) 80

Hydrofoils, submerged, flutter studies (3833). 87

Hydrofoils, supercavitating

forces on (317*4-) 8*4- hydroelastic instabilities (3173) 8*4- hydroelastic instabilities (383*1-) 87

Hydrologic data, telemetering (3056) 32

Hydrologic processes, forest lands (388*4-) 120

Hydrologic studies (3929) 167

Hydrologic studies

arid regions (395l) 169

Colorado (3958) 171

Death Valley (3980) ^it- effects urbanization (3970) 173

flood frequency (3953) 170

Florida (150) 106

forest development (3953) 170

Hydrologic studies

frequency (2319) 38

Humboldt River Valley (3957) 170

New Mexico (3958) 171

organic soil (3363) 205

Pacific Northwest (3959) 171

Waller Creek Watershed (2162) 91

water yield (3965) 172

Wyoming (3958) 171

Hydrology (3682) 12

Hydrology, statistical procedures (3933) 167

Hydromechanics problems

numerical solution (3**-9l) 73

Infiltration

effect vegetation (1966) 105

soil (25) 103

soil (1058) k

soil (2879) 96

soil (3265) I65

Infiltration studies (3507) 8l

Inlets

canals (3267) 176

culverts (ill) 75

depressed curb (3701) 23

hydrodynamics of flow (3166) 8l

theory (2088) 38

Instruments

current meter (3802) 68

hydrograph, outflow (3679) 10

pitot-tube calibration (378*4-) 63

precipitation gage, weighing type (3921)... 162

pressure cells (100*4-) 1*4-2 pressure fluctuation (25*4-1) *4-2 radar raingage (29*4-3) l6l

radio gages, rainfall (3629) 193

radio gages, stream (3629) 193

river gage, float-type (3920) 162

sediment density gage (3227) 136

soil moisture (1995) l62

soil moisture (3260) 165

sonic wave probe (3829) 87

streambed analyzer (3*4-02) 21

turbulence indicators (2629) 91

velocity meter ( 100*4-) lk2

water level recorder (3527) 93 wave gage (660) 13*4- wave gage (977) 135 wave gage ( 100*4-) 1*4-2 Intakes

Chute-des-Passes (3632) 197

Douglas Point (4023) 201

Twin Buttes (3609) 177

Wilson Powerhouse (3299) 192

Irrigation

application rates (310*4-) 58

canals

bentonite sealing (3558) 11*4- linings (1966) 105

seepage (1966) 105

concrete pipe (2*4) 103

control systems, mechanized (3553) H3

control of water (1966) 105

drainage design (321l) 112

drainage studies (1723) 106

drainage studies (1819) 103

drainage studies (1966) 105

drainage studies (2651) 110

drainage studies (3218) 113

efficiencies (2786) 32

efficiencies (3550) 113

efficiency studies (3109) 6l

212
Irrigation

farm structures (2k) 103

farm structures (3556) 11*+ infiltration (1966) 105

percolation (1966) 10

pipe friction (2*4) 10

precision (3102) 58

radial gates (3612) 178

snow surveys (55) 1*+ snow surveys (1966) 10

soil moisture (26) *4 soil permeability (1966) 105

sprinklers (3*+70) 59

sprinklers, hydraulics of (3187) 93

sprinkling systems (2l) 102

sprinkling systems (1966) 105

structures (2^4-) 10

structures, low cost (38*+2) 9*+ surface (3185) 92

surface (3867) 10

surface, hydraulics of (3552) 113

surface systems, design of (3681) 12

water application (1966) 105

water consumption (3209) Ill

water control (3*+l8) 32

water measurement (2*4) 103

water measurement (2650) 110

water measurement ( 3209 ) Ill

water supply (23) 103

water supply (27) k

water supply (55) 1*+ water supply ( 19 66) 10 5 water supply

Santa Barbara Co., Calif. (2653) Ill

well drilling (2k) 10

Irrigation systems, surface (2866) 10*4 Jets (3789) 66

Jets (385M 101

Jets

axi symmetrical flow (3395) 19 mean pressure distributions (3075) *+3 mixing (3^29) *+3 mixing (3*+77) 65

Jets, annular mean velocity distributions (3075) *+3 Jets, submerged

turbulence characteristics (3790) 66

Jetties

effect littoral drift (2190) 135

effect wave action (529) 5 effectiveness (3271) 177

Liquids, thermodynamics (957) 99

Locks

approaches (l738)(l739) l*+3 filling, emptying systems

Barkley Dam (2673) 1*45 Carillon Lock (*4027) 201

Dardanelle Dam (2675) 1*45 John Day (3575) 139

Louisville, Ky. (2678) 1*45 Maxwell Dam (3236) ikd

McAlpine Locks Ohio River (391*0 158

Monogahela River (32*43) 150

New Poe, St. Marys River (3585) 152

Old River Lock, La. (3232) 1*47 Sacramento Barge Canal (2682) lk6

Watts Bar ( 179*0 191

Wilson (2973) 191

John Day (2662) 137

miter gates (ikjk) 1*43 navigation conditions (3909) 157

Locks

Pike Island (3235) 1*48 Manifolds, lock-filling (*405l) 205

Manifolds, two dimensional (3806) 70

Meanders (176*4) 162

Meteorology (2533) 3k

Meteorological observations (2760) 17

Meters

air foils (*4007) 193

calibration (l2*+) 62

calibration (1963) 101

calibration (3*406) 28

calibration (3857) 102

calibration (3898) 102

critical flow (3713) 26

current, redesign Price(2*43*4) l62

elbow (1602) k8

elbow (362*0 188

elbow, dynamic similarity (3872) 11

flow (1963) 101

flow (kOkO) 203

flow, electromagnetic (3255) l6*+ flow, performance characteristics (2769)... 17

flow, ultrasonic (29*49) 16*4 high pressure-temperature (3623) 188

irrigation (2k) 10

open channel (1589) 37

water, irrigation (3529) 9*+ Model distortion (99*0 ikl

Model laws, scale effects, harbors (1002) 1*42 Model studies

Adam Creek control structure (*402*4) 201

Arkansas River, navigation dam (3592) 153

Arkansas River Channel (3582) 151

Arkansas River navigation entrance (3908).. 157

bed scour (3820) 78

Canacadea Creek (32*40) 1*1-9 Carillon Power Project ( 33*4-6) 201

Chattahoochee River (32*4*4) 150

Chunju (38*47) 97

Conneaut Harbor, Ohio (32*42) 150

breakwater, Morro Bay, Calif. (390*4) 155

dams

Albenie Falls (3532) 97

Allegheny River, Pa. (3919) 158

Melton Hill (3627) 192

Opossum Creek, Ohio River (3909) 157

riprap requirements, Ice Harbor (359*+) •• 15*+ Snake River (3577) 139

diversion tunnel intake, Guadalupe R. ( 35*+7) 101

Duluth-Superior Harbor ( 32*41 ) l*+9 emptying-filling systems

Melton Hill Lock (*4005) 193

Wheeler Lock (3626) 192

Eufaula Dam (3238) l*+9 flow patterns, Delaware River (35*+6) 101

Galveston Bay (3912) 157

generating station, Otter Rapids (36*4*4).... 200

Gulf Outlet Channel, La. (3913) 158

head gates (36*43) 200

head losses in bends (3*4*4l) *+9 Hudson River, N. Y. (2932) l*+7 hurricane structures

Lake Pontchartrain, La. (358l) 151

inlet structures

Uttarbhag Pumping Station (35*+0) 100

Iroquois Control Dam (3320) 199

John Day Dam (3901) l*+0 Karadj Re-regulating Dam (3152). 77

Kingston, gas duct (3628) 193

Lower Atchafalaya River (3910) 157
Model studies

Matagorda Bay (3911) 157

McNary Fish Ladder, Columbia River (toL)... 137

Necuima River diversion (3816) 78

New Cumberland Dam (3239) 1^9

Niagara Control structure (36^5) 200

Niagara Power Project (3859) 102

Niagara Remedial Works (3580) 150

Niagara River control Structure (h-026) 201

Noxon Flume (3533) 97

penstock water passages (36^6) 200

pier slip shoaling, New York Harbor (3579) • 150

pumping plant

Charles River Basin (Boston) (3090) 51

Sarasota Bay (3722) 29

Red Rock Generating Station (3335) 200

St. Lawrence River dewatering and

closure area (3326) 199

sluicegates, downpull forces (3900) lk-0 Smith Mountain Hydroelectric

development (3860) 102

spillways

John Day Dam (3901) ikO

North Hartland Dam, Vt. (2918) 138

Oahe Reservoir, Mo. River, S. D. (3916). 158

stream diversion, Smith Mountain (3861).... 102

tailrace improvement, St. Lawrence R.(3333) 200

Wanapum Project, Columbia River (3531) 97

watershed, arid (38^5) 95

Model tests, spillways

general tests (3917) 158

Model verification

pressure measurement

penstocks, South Holston Dam (762) 190

sluices, Cherokee Dam (758) 190

sluices, Douglas Dam (759) 190

prototype confirmation (lW>7) 1^2

Rocky Reach Site, Columbia River (2631) . . . . 96

Southwest Pass, Miss. River (2931) 1V7

Wilson Lock (2^79) 191

Noise, hydrodynamic (1778) l8l

Noise, research, hydrophone (3835) 88

Nozzles, annular (3677) 10

Nozzles, mixing (^4-0) 5 Open channels

boundary shear distribution (392 3) 166

constricted flow (2066) 15

effect discharge (2700) 163

effect grain size (27OO) 163

effect load- (2700) 163

effect slope (27OO) 163

flow characteristics (3839) 88

flow, right angle bends (3^07) 28

free surface effect (3737) 39

friction losses (2lk0) 75

junctions (3805) 69

meanders (397^) 173

roughness (3OO3) 208

roughness (3183) 92

roughness (3668) k

secondary flow (3663) 207

secondary motion (3725) 30

stability (3253) l6k

turbulence distribution (3*^6) 52

uniform flow (2529) 30

velocity distribution (2083) 39

velocity distribution (3^33) k-3 velocity distribution (3^6) 52

velocity distribution (3715) 26

Orifice meters

effect pipe roughness (2731) 188

Orifice studies

high head (3996) 180

Orifices

basic research (lh-9) 99

constant head turnout (327*0 177

control valve (3UJ-8) 5I+ design criteria (2^70) 183

discharge measurements (2285) 27

sharp edge (3719) 28

vortex flow (ll8l) 99

Outlet works

dams

Bhumiphol (3397) 20

Black Butte (3237) lkf

Foss (3276) 177

Merritt (3986) 178

Oahe, S. D. (l212) lk2

Shadehill (3993) 179

Sherman (3992) 179

Yellowtail (3988) 178

diversion dam, Navajo (3273) 177

Glen Canyon Tunnel (295*0 176

Twin Buttes (3608) 177

Outlets

canal (3267) 176

pipe cantilevered (ll68) 76

Wheeler Lock ( 1+010 ) 19^

Particle entrainment (3670) Al- penstocks, Priest Rapids (2632) 96

Percolation studies (1966) 105

Percolation studies, California (2l8l) 110

Pipe fittings

bends, elbows (l602) kQ

cavitation (993) l^l

Pipe flow (2759) 13

Pipe flow, vortex effects (3752) 55 Pipe systems, air movement (3070) h2

Pipes

aluminum, head loss (28OO) lfgf cavitation (993) ikl

concrete, resistance (3851) 98

couplings (3526) 93

energy losses (3066) 39

flow measurement (3525) 93

flow straighteners (3786) 63

friction losses (37^7) ^9

heat transfer (1+0 ) 5 networks (1689) 96

surges (1303) 5 Pipes, corrugated

roughness study (3597) 15^

Pipes, flow of mixtures

liquid-solid (2275) 13

solid-gas (1+0) 5 Pipes, friction

concrete (2*0 103

fluid-solid mixture (3773) 60

high pressure (956) 99

roughness (2619) 88

steady and unsteady states (26lk) 8l

Pipes, inclined

liquid-solid mixtures (3205) 13

Pipes, pressure losses

Widows Creek Steam Plant (3302) 192

Plumbing

backflow prevention (1+9) 13

backflow prevention (!+0l+3) 203

corrosion (1+9) 13

cross-connections (1+9) 13

fixtures (1+9) 13

manual (3688) 13

21 1+
Porous media (3030) 68

Porous media

dispersion of fluid (2586) 65

dispersion, mechanics of (37*+8) 53

flow (2863) 81

flow (3188) 93

flow (3212) 112

flow (3258) l6k

flow (3386) 9

fluid collector systems (31^6) 73

microscopic flow (2690) 163

Pressure distribution

"basic research (79) *+0 basic research (8l) *t-l tube entrances ( 3*4-80 ) 66

Pressure drop, two-phase flow (3727) 31

Pressure fluctuation, flat plates (3836) 88

Pressure measurement

sluices

Cherokee Dam (758) 190

Douglas Dam (759) 190

Pressures, cavity collapse (3379) 3

Propellers

blade forces (375*0 55

blade frequency pressure (3512) 85

circulation (2727) 18*4- ducted (3865) 102

flow distortion (3^87) 70

performance, unsteady flow (3620) 187

pressure distribution, blades (3618) 187

sound level generation (3830) 87

sound pressure (3511) 85

supercavitating (3286) 186

theoretical thrust distribution (3282) 185

theory, lifting (2237) 183

thrust deduction (3509) 85

thrust deduction study (3171) 81+- transient forces (2616) 83

ventilated (3617) 187

vertical axis, performance

characteristics (3619) 187

Prototype check tests

Garrison Dam (3906) 156

Oahe Dam (3906) 156

penstocks (762) 190

sluices (758) (759) 190

Pumps

centrifugal (37*4-6) h9

condenser water (3303) 192

dredge (308*0 *4-8 impeller design (3*t42) h-9 jet, for sediment (3673) 10

tests (1132) 62

tests (3111) 63

turbine model tests (3300) 192

Pumps, dredging, hopper draghead (3586) 152

Rainfall

collection and storage (3873) 115

depth-area- intensity (3660) 205

effect canopy cover (3*1-72) 6l

effect forest cover (291l) 12*4- effect forest cover (3882) 118

hydrologic cycle (1092) 33

intensity (3058) 35

intensity (3*4-2*0 37

intensity hurricane (2*4*4-l) l6l

Lake Michigan (3*4-23) 36

maximum (779) 195

maximum (l75l) 160

maximum (2788) 3*4- rainfall-runoff (68) kO

Rainfall

rainfall-runoff (56I4-) 37

rainfall-runoff (768) 191+ rainfall-runoff (1078) 27

rainfall-runoff (2162) 91

rainfall-runoff (2561) 57

rainfall-runoff (3808) 71

rainfall-runoff (*4-O5*0 206

rainfall-runoff relations (368) 99

rainfall-runoff relations (2397) 91

records (1636) 65

records (253k) 3I4. Tennessee River Basin (768) ^it- Tennessee River Basin (779) 195

Rainfall measurements, radar (36OI) l6l

Rainfall, research

intensity (3251) l6l

intensity (3*H9) 35

Southern California (26l) 125

United States (2*4-37) l6l

Range management practices (27) it- Reservoirs

evaporation (765) 19*+ evaporation (2180) 109

evaporation, retardation (2532) 3**- hydrologic effects (3977) 17I4- LeMay River development (*»-030) 202

linings (1837) 15

sedimentation (2175) 107

sedimentation, measurements (233*0 **-5 silting, Illinois (552) 32

silting, temperature gaging (769) 19*4- silting, Tennessee River (785) 19*+ silting, Texas (1966) 10

silting, water travel (787) 195

Resistance coefficient, friction factor (38*4-3) 9*4- River flow (2698) 163

River regime characteristics (3031) 69

Roughness

artificial channels (2950) 16*4- artificial

flow of water (3383) 9

surface (2328) k2

surface, drag (85*4-) *t-l effect of water temperature (1988) 1*44 surface (3071) *+2 Runoff

annual, Upper Colo. River Basin (3710) 25

Brandywine Creek Basin (39*^0) 168

control of (2908) 119

denudation effects (23) 103

denudation effects (27) *4- effect of forest (377) 127

effect of forest (656) 123

effects tillage (2597) 71

floods (2795) *42 hydrologic cycle (1092) 33

infiltration determinations (2795) **-2 rainfall-runoff (56k) 37

rainfall-runoff (856) *t-6 rainfall-runoff (959) 99

rainfall-runoff (1078) 27

rainfall-runoff (172 3) 106

rainfall-runoff (17M4-) (17**- 5) l60

rainfall-runoff (2162) 91

rainfall-runoff (2165) 96

rainfall-runoff (2331) hk

rainfall-runoff (233*4-) *4-5 rainfall-runoff (2795) *+2 rainfall-runoff, peak rates(3698) 22

rainfall-runoff relations (2397) 91

215
Runoff

rainfall-runoff, New Mexico and Wash. (3973) 173

small areas ( 19*46) 80

small areas (2316) 37

small watersheds (2*1-92) 205

small watersheds (28*4-1) 72

stream (3252) 16*4 streams (3522) 92

surface, hydraulic characteristics (3559) •• urban areas (56*0 37

urban areas (856) k6

watersheds, Idaho (l862) 31

Lafayette, Ind. ( 19 66) 10

5

Ohio (1966) 105

Ohio and Great Plains (150) 106

Pennsylvania (656) 123

Ralston Creek, Iowa (66) *+0 Rapid Creek, Iowa (68) *40 Tennessee River Valley (780) 195

Salt water intrusion

Delaware River (*425) 1*1-1 Florida (1966) 105

Sand traps

design (2279) 110

design (338*0 9

Sand-water mixtures, shear (2062) 6

Scour

bridge piers (1707) 100

bridge piers (316*0 77

bridge piers (3705) , 2*4- hridge piers (*401*4) 197

bridge piers (*4015) 197

bridge piers (*4017) 198

bulkheads (3898) 137

culverts (1707) 100

mechanics of (3699) 23

riprap protection (3^96) 75

seawalls (3898) 137

Sediment

bed load, measurement (3257) 16U- Brandywine Creek Basin (39^0) 168

flow (3702) 23

radioactive tracer tests (3902) 155

Sediment barrier, Sheep Creek, Utah (3976).... 17*4- Sediment, cohesive

scour resistance (287*4) ,91

Sediment diffusion (3738) kh

Sediment load, variability of (3767) 58

Sediment particle size, distribution (3*431)... *i-3 Sediment particles, velocities (*406*4) 208

Sediment research, diversion dams

Kansas River Basin (3991) 179

Sediment studies

Arkansas River (3503) 78

New Mexico and Washington (3973) 173

Sediment transport (3^75) 1°

Sediment transport (3871) 108

Sediment transport

artificial -channels (2950) 16*4 estuarial (3382).. 9

natural channels (2950) l6*4 natural streams (3392) 1*4 natural streams (3671) 1

t- Sediment transportation (27*48) 3 Sediment transportation

analysis (2701) 163

beaches (529) 5 bed load (*40l6) 198

bed load, Delaware River (*425) 1*4-1 bed load, wave action (1823) 6

critical tractive force (1502) 175

Sediment transportation

density currents (307) *49 measurement (19*4) 79

measurement (2125) 57

reservoirs (1966) 105

resistance to flow (3IO5) 58

roughness elements (3105) 58

sand bed streams (39*48) 169

suspended load

measurement (19*0 79

measurement ( 1966 ) 105

Sedimentation (307) I49 Sedimentation (3605) 166

Sedimentation basins (35^1) 100

Sedimentation

reservoirs (552) 32

reservoirs (785) 19^

reservoirs (2175) 107

rivers (2175) 107

velocity of particles (2583) 63 waves (2660) 136

Sediments

tagged by radioactive minerals (2755) 8

Seepage

canal linings (1859) 31

canals (1966) 105

sheeted excavation (3*493) 73

soil sediments (1859) 31

streams (3*428) *43 Servomechanisms (3207) *45 Servomechanisms (3^35) *t-5 Servomechanisms (3^36) *46 Servomechanisms, hydraulic (3^9*0 73

Sewer outfalls, ocean (3678) 10

Sewerage system, design (*4039) 203

Sewerage systems, design criteria (3^38) *46 Ships

bending moment (2387) 82

bending moment (2393) 82

bending moment (2865) 83

bending moment f 35l6) 86

bending moment (3621) , 187

control surfaces (2*463) 183

design (2*472) 18*4 fishing, design (336l) 20*4 forces (2091) *4l forces (3036) 18

forces, on bodies (2229) l82

hull form research (2729) 18*4- hulls (3685) 11

hulls (3721) 29

injection scoops (7!°) 180

lateral motions in waves (3176) 85

maneuvering (151*4) l8l

mathematical lines (1783) l8l

model techniques (1788) l8l

model testing facility (3292) 186

models

towing test maneuvering basin (1781).... l8l

turbulence stimulation (1506) 180

moments (3036) 18

moorings (3519) 89

motion (2091) *H

motion (215*0 8l

motion (2155) 82

motion (2356) 6*4 motion (2*462) 183

motion (2962) l8k

motion (3686) 11

motions, restraint of (3035) 18

pitching (2390) 82

216
Ships

pressure distribution (2232) 183

pressure field (3831) .• 87

propellers

contra-rotating (2471) l84

counter-rotating (2866) 83

oscillating pressures (2236) 183

resistance (3026) 11

resistance (3515) 86

resistance (3517) 86

resistance

frictional (2231) 182

models f90l) 62

theory (709) 180

seaworthiness (2230) 182

seaworthiness (2235) 183

seaworthiness (3293) 186

slamming (1786) l8l

slamming (3685) 11

slamming, hydrodynamics of (3826) 80

stability (3024) 11

stability (3518) 86

stabilization (3288) 186

thrust fluctuation (3831) 87

velocity distribution (2232) 150

vibration (2019) 182

wake characteristics (3999) 187

Shore processes (2192) 135

Shore protection

methods, techniques (2193) 135

structures (529) 5 Silting

harbors north shore of Lake Ontario (3364). 206

reservoirs

Illinois (552) 32

Tennessee Valley (785) 194

Siphons

irrigation (24) 103

pumping plants (l475) 143

Sluice gates

cavitation (79) 40

Lockport (3425) 39

Sluiceways

dams

San Acacia (3270) 177

dams, pressure measurement

Cherokee (758) 190

Dowlas (759) 190

Snow surveys (3888) 121

Snow surveys (3895) 131

Snow surveys

Colorado (55) 14

runoff forecasting (55) 14

runoff forecasting (1966) 105

Soil moisture (3888) 121

Soil moisture

conservation (3979) 174

effect denudation (23) 103

effect timber cutting (377) 127

evaporation (2277) 15

forest influences (380) 132

forest influences (657) 127

forest influences (2188) (2420) 129

measurement (26l) 125

movement (IO58) 4

movement (3079) 45

prediction method (3226) 134

semidesert vegetation (657) 127

Southern California (26l) 125

Spheres

accelerated motion (3432) 43

Spillways

basic research (1584) 30

Big Bend Reservoir (3586)... 152

Brokopondo hydroelectric project (3817) 78

bulkhead, Greenup Dam (3233) 148

Carillon (3655) 201

dams

Carlyle, Kaskaskia River (3583) 151

Chief Joseph (3085) 48

Dez River (30 52) 30

Everett, Piscataqua River (3591) 153

Flaming Gorge (2960) 176

Fort Patrick Henry (1534) 191

Glen Canyon (2719) 176

John Day (3229) 138

John Redmond (3587) 152

Lower Monumental (3899) 140

Mangla, Pakistan (3502) 78

Markland, Ohio River (1739) 143

Maxwell (3593) 154

Mission (3160) 77

Otesco (3548) 101

Oxbow (3850) 97

Peters (2151) 8l

Pike Island, Ohio River (3589) 153

Red Rock, Des Moines River (3584) 151

Trinity (2705) 176

Wells (3534) 97

Yellowtail (3989) 179

discharge characteristics, taintor

gates (4012) 197

discharge coefficients (2159) 88

drop design (1865) 34

energy dissipator (2339) 48

energy dissipator (2878) 96

Grand Rapids Development (4013) 197

Ice Harbor, stop log (2921) 138

profiles (3768) 58

Rend Lake (3061) 38

reservoirs, Pearl River (3501) 77

side channel study (2790) 38

siphon (1777) 175

South Saskatchewan River Project (3819) 78

tunnel, flip buckets (3615) 178

Wanapum Power Project (3156) 77

weir type (1298) 207

Wilson Powerhouse (3299) 192

Sprinkling systems

jets, distribution (21) 102

Spur dikes, design criteria (3086) 48

Stability

dynamic (3730) 31

static (3730) 31

Stilling basins

Big Bend Reservoir (3588) 152

dams

John Redmond (3587) 152

Keystone (294l) 147

Markland, Ohio River (1739) 143

Maxwell (3593) 154

Navajo (3272) 177

Pike Island, Ohio River (3589) 153

design (1074) 15

dimensions (2959) 176

diversion dam

Navajo (3273) 177

effects water jet (3775) 60

erosion below (1987) 144

hollow- jet valve (2958) 176

Stratified flow

mechanics of (307) 49

217
Stratified flow, mixing (2791) 42

Stream gaging

Rio Grande River (3706) 24

Tennessee Valley (769) 194

Streamflow

effect reforestation (394l) 168

low flow characteristics (3078) 45

Streamflow forecasts (1744) (1745) 160

Streamflow forecasts

Colorado (55) l4 snow surveys (55) l4 snow surveys (1966) 105

Streamflow gaging (3894) 131

Streamflow, low flows, duration (3420) 35

Streamflow, low flows, frequency (3420) 35

Streamflow records, statistical analyses (3945) l6>9 Streamflow variations (3716) 27

Streams

depth-discharge relations (3927) 167

discharge measurements (3942) 168

discharge patterns (3949) 169

discharge records (2695) 163

dispersal patterns (3254) 164

effect logging (969) 124

effects logging (3535) 98

glacier-fed (3954) 170

sand channel (1755) 162

stage discharge, Iowa (67) 40

water quality (786) 194

Structures

conservation (1723) 106

conservation (2789) 37

drainage (2789) 37

flow stahilization (3672) 9

sewer, drop (3161) 77

Structures, drop, Gering Valley, Nebr. (3915). 158

Submerged bodies, forces (2615) 83

Submerged bodies, moments (2615) 83

Submerged bodies, pressure distribution

theoretical analyses (8l) 4l

Surge tanks

LeMay River Project (4029) 202

South Holston Dam (731) 90

Surges, New England South Shore (2868) 89

Surges, pipes (1303) 5 Surges, elastic tube

dissipation rate (3080) 47

propagation speed (3080) 47

Thrust, propulsive (37&0) 56

Tidal estuaries, salinity intrusion (3751)-.. • 53

Tidal flow, channels

Delaware River, Pa. (425) l4l

Tides, Narragansett Bay (2680) 146

Tides

storm (2873) 89

storm and hurricane (3412) 29

storm prediction (2438) l6l

Tornado model (3065) 38

Transition

supercritical velocities (2386) 76

vertical tubes (3755) 55

Tubes (3689) 14

Turbine characteristics

computer representation (3762) 56

Turbines

cavitation (1133) 63

cavitation (3783) 63

flow gaging (3924) 166

model tests (123) 62

model tests (2582) 63

performance (123) 62

Turbines

tests (3111) 63 tests (3787) 63

tip clearance (3763) 56 vane moments (896) 62

velocity profile (3785),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,. 63 Turbulence

boundary layer (3798) 67 created by fish (3537) 98

decay (2792) 42

diffusion (3709) 25

gas phase, two-phase system (3729) 31 measurement, apparatus (73) 40

mechanism (2536) 39 mechanism of (2840 ) 72

rough surfaces (3427) 1+0 stimulation (1506) 180

structure (3813) 74

studies (3709) 25

water measurements (3486) 70

Turbulence control, screens (3495) 74 Turbulence entrainment (3670) 4 Turbulence levels, measurement of (3539) 100

Turbulence, generation

pulsating viscous flow (3780) 62

Turbulent flow, corners (3812) 74

Valves

butterfly (1603) 48

butterfly (4044) 204

check (3544) ' 101

jet-pipe (3092) 53 Valves, butterfly

cavitation characteristic (3777) 6l

torque characteristic (3777) 6l

Velocities

mass-transport (3666) 207

Velocities, low

measurement of (3082) 47

Velocity distribution

effect roughness (3539) 100

tube entrances (348o) 66

Velocity measurement (3074) 43

Velocity measurement

electro-magnetic (73) 40

hot-wire (73) 40

Virtual mass (2064) 13

Virtual mass (3779) 62

Virtual mass (3782) 62

Viscosity, oils (957) 99

Vortex flow (3434) 44

Vortex flow (3712) 26

Vortex formation (3776) 6l

Vortex motion (3391) l4

Vortex shedding (2802) 51

Vortices, standing (37^6) 57

Wake shapes, surface contours (3169) 83

Water conservation (3057) 32

Water consumption, residential (3437) 46

Water, consumptive use (1966) 105

Water consumptive use irrigated crops (2177) 109

San Francisco Bay Area (2179) 109

vegetation (3560) 115

Water control facilities, design (1723) 106

Water distribution systems, rate of flow (3422) 35 Water exit

ellipsoidal bodies (2537) 40

ellipsoidal bodies (4002) 189

Water flow tests, high pressure (4001) 188

Water hammer

high friction condition (3771) 59

218
fater management, subsoil (3563) 118

ifater measurement

, irrigation (23} 10

irrigation t 2^) 103

irrigation (26) k

stream flow (67) k0

technique development (312*0- 68

Water movement, unsaturated soil (3868) 106

Water relations, surface-ground (39-60) 171

Water resources

development (3680) 12

Tennessee Valley (2975) 195

Water supplies

Colo. River Basin of Nevada (2652) Ill

Water use arid regions (3982) 175

industrial (373*0 36

Water utilization (769) 19^

Waters, surface

characteristics (3059) 35

Watershed management

Albuquerque, N. M. (3570)(357l) 130

Arizona (657) 127

Arkansas (3225) 133

Baltimore, Md. (3567) 123

Beaver Creek (2913) 130

Continental Divide (377) 127

Grand Junction, Colo. (2657) 129

Lake State research program (3885) 120

Laramie, Wyo. (3569) 130

Laramie, Wyo. (3891) (3892) (3893) 131

Michigan (3890) 122

Newark, N. J. (3568) 12*4- New Mexico (1969) 128

Northern California (2*kL5) 126

Northern Minn. (3887) 121

Pennsylvania (656) (2910) 123

research (2658) 129

Southeastern United States (380) 132

Southeastern Wisconsin (3889) 121

Southern California (26l) 125

Tallahatchee Research Center (291*0 133

Trout Creek Colo. (3223) 130

Wayne County, Pa. (966) 123

Watershed-range management

Albuquerque, N. M. (3572) 130

Albuquerque, N. M. (3573) 131

Watershed studies

Arizona (150) 106

Beaver Creek (3222) (322!+) 130

effects logging (969) 12**- effects logging (265*0 117

Florida (150) 106

forest influences ( 377) 127

forest influences (380) 132

forest influences (656)(966)(ll88) 123

hydrologic cycle ( 176*0 162

hydrologic cycle (2162) 91

Illinois (150) 106

Illinois (552) 32

Illinois (657) 127

Illinois (2316) 37

Iowa (150) 106

Maine (150) 106

management (26l) 125

Maryland (150) 106

Michigan (150) 106

Nebraska (150) 106

New Jersey (150) 106

North Fork Citico Creek (*4-01l) 196

Oklahoma (2365) 69

Watershed studies

Parker Branch (3307) 195

Pine Tree (3309) 196

prediction methods (3561) 117

Ralston Creek, Iowa (66) ko

Rapid Creek, Iowa (68) *+0 rehabilitation depleted slopes (3562) 118

Sante Fe (389*0 131

Southern Rocky Mountains (3896) 131

swamp area (*4-053) 206

Tennessee River Valley (768) 19*4- Tennessee River Valley (780) 195

Texas (150) 106

Virginia (150) 106

White Hollow (3308) 195

White Mountains, N. H. ( 2^19 ) 123

Wisconsin (150) 106

Yazoo River, Miss. (3869) 108

Wave absorbers, evaluation of (3818) 78

Wave action

beaches (181) 13^

beaches (529) 5 beaches (660) 13*4- beaches (I609) 50

breakwaters

harbors, Duluth-Superior (2685) 1*4-6 rubble-mound (999) ikl

East Passage, Narragansett Bay (3590) 153

harbor (2870) 89

harbors (3*4-69). 58

Hilo Harbor, Hawaii (3903) 155

Northumberland Strait Causeway (*40*)-8) 20*4- shore protection works (529) 5 Wave forces

harbors (3W0 52

inlets (3kkk) 52

moored objects (3750) 53

Wave forecasting

methods (2916) 136

methods (3520) 90

Wave propagation

solid-liquid mixtures (3691) 1*4- Wave research (2357) 6*4- Wave setup, beaches (3228) 137

Wave studies (3120) 6*4- Waves

forces, submerged structures (2659) 136

measuring techniques (226l) 7

pressure (3717) 27

pressure generated (3023) 8

propagation (368*0 H

refraction (3769) 59

reproduction of (3029) 11

roll (3770) 59

runup (^058) 207

runup, shore structures (2661) 136

slope measurement (3856) 101

standing (3*4-*4-5) 52

three-dimensional (3*4*4-5) 52

ultrasonic (3528) 9*4- wind generated (3855) 101

Waves, gravity

axisymmetric (3^30) *4-3 motion (366*0 207

Waves, internal

generation (3825) 80

motion of cylinders (3599) 159

propagation (3825) 80

Waves, internal progressive oscillatory

damping (36OO) 159

Waves, surface, characteristics (660) 13*4

219
Waves, surface

energy losses (2298) 29

gages (977) 135

generation (1*4-78) 159

resistance (709) 180

Weirs (3613) 178

Weirs

basic research ( 1*4-9) 99

tasic research (319) 59

basic research (158*4) 30

basic research (2578) 60

low (3703) 23

sharp crested (232*4-) *4l V-notch (1709) 100

Weirs, adjustable

discharge capacity (36II) 178 Wells

construction (2576) 59 drilling (2*4-) 103 Wells, irrigation

sediment retention (3215) 112 Wind, velocity (2*442) 161 Wind and water behavior (3051) 29 Wind tides

research (2*4*42) 161 Wind tunnel facility (3707) M

Wind waves

canals (2953) 176

220

ft U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1961 0 —597995
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Luther H. Hodges, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

A. V. Astin, Director

THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The scope of activities of the National Bureau of Standards at its major laboratories in Washington, D.C., and

Boulder, Colorado, is suggested in the following listing of the divisions and sections engaged in technical work.

In general, each section carries out specialized research, development, and engineering in the field indicated by

its title. A brief description of the activities, and of the resultant publications, appears on the inside of the

front cover. WASHINGTON, D.C.

Electricity. Resistance and Reactance. Electrochemistry. Electrical Instruments. Magnetic Measurements.

Dielectrics.

Metrology. Photometry and Colorimetry. Refractometry. Photographic Research. Length. Engineering

Metrology. Mass and Scale. Volumetry and Densimetry.

Heat. Temperature Physics. Heat Measurements. Cryogenic Physics. Equation of State. Statistical

Physics.

Radiation Physics. X-Ray. Radioactivity. Radiation Theory. High Energy Radiation. Radiological

Equipment. Nucleonic Instrumentation. Neutron Physics.

Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry. Pure Substances. Spectrochemistry. Solution Chemistry. Standard

Reference Materials. Applied Analytical Research.

Mechanics. Sound. Pressure and Vacuum. Fluid Mechanics. Engineering Mechanics. Rheology. Combustion Controls.

Organic and Fibrous Materials. Rubber. Textiles. Paper. Leather. Testing and Specifications. Polymer

Structure. Plastics. Dental Research.

Metallurgy. Thermal Metallurgy. Chemical Metallurgy. Mechanical Metallurgy. Corrosion. Metal

Physics. Electrodeposition.

Mineral Products. Engineering Ceramics. Glass. Refractories. Enameled Metals. Crystal Growth.

Physical Properties Constitution and Microstructure.

Building Research. Structural Engineering. Fire Research. Mechanical Systems. Organic Building

Materials. Codes and Safety Standards. Heat Transfer. Inorganic Building Materials.

Applied Mathematics. Numerical Analysis. Computation. Statistical Engineering. Mathematical Physics.

Data Processing Systems. Components and Techniques. Digital Circuitry. Digital Systems. Analog

Systems. Applications Engineering.

Atomic Physics. Spectroscopy. Infrared Spectroscopy. Solid State Physics. Electron Physics. Atomic

Physics

Instrumentation. Engineering Electronics. Electron Devices. Electronic Instrumentation. Mechanical

Instruments. Basic Instrumentation.

Physical Chemistry. Thermochemistry. Surface Chemistry. Organic Chemistry. Molecular Spectroscopy.

Molecular Kinetics. Mass Spectrometry. Molecular Structure and Radiation Chemistry.

• Office of Weights and Measures.

BOULDER, COLO.

Cryogenic Engineering. Cryogenic Equipment. Cryogenic Processes. Properties of Materials. Gas Liquefaction. Ionosphere Research and Propagation. Low Frequency and Very Low Frequency Research. Ionosphere

Research. Prediction Services. Sun-Earth Relationships. Field Engineering. Radio Warning Service.

Radio Propagation Engineering. Data Reduction Instrumentation. Radio Noise. Tropospheric Measurements. Tropospheric Analysis. Propagation-Terrain Effects. Radio-Meteorology. Lower Atmosphere

Physics.

Radio Standards. High Frequency Electrical Standards. Radio Broadcast Service. Radio and Microwave

Materials. Atomic Frequency and Time Interval Standards. Electronic Calibration Center. MillimeterWave Research. Microwave Circuit Standards.

Radio Systems. High Frequency and Very High Frequency Research. Modulation Research. Antenna

Research. Navigation Systems. Space Telecommunications.

Upper Atmosphere and Space Physics. Upper Atmosphere and Plasma Physics. Ionosphere and Exosphere

Scatter. Airglow and Aurora. Ionospheric Radio Astronomy.
Hydraulic Research in the United States

Guides to projects conducted by various hydraulic and hydrologic laboratories

in the United States and Canada during 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956,

1957, 1958, and 1959. Project reports cover work done at 85 private or State

laboratories in the United States, 24 Federal laboratories, and 10 Canadian

laboratories. These publications outline individual projects on nearly 200

subjects in the field.

Order:

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 201, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1951,

190 pages. Price $1.25.

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 205, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1952,

200 pages. Price $1.00.

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 208, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1953,

215 pages. Price $1.25.

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 210, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1954,

207 pages. Price $1.25.

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 218, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1956,

216 pages. Price $1.50.

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 224, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1958,

168 pages. Price $1.25.

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 227, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1959,

188 pages. Price $1.25.

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 231, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1960,

190 pages. Price $1.00.