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Accession Number: 6244

Publication Date: Jul 22, 1995

Title: Joint Pub 3-52, Doctrine for Joint Airspace Control in the Combat Zone

Corporate Author Or Publisher: Joint Chiefs of Staff, The Pentagon, Washington, DC Report Number:

Joint Pub 3-52

Abstract: This publication provides broad doctrinal guidance for joint forces involved in the use of

airspace over the combat zone. This airspace control is in the various operating environments that might

constitute the combat zone-foreign continent, high seas, amphibious objective area, littoral, or the North

American Continent outside the US. The combat zone described in this publication applies to the broadest

interpretation of areas where combat forces are required to conduct operations, including operations other

than war. Unlike ground forces, the inherent nature of air operations mitigates strict compliance with

terrestrial boundaries. Therefore, airspace control in the combat zone integrates transitions from

noncombat air traffic control.

Descriptors, Keywords: Joint Pub 3-52 Doctrine Joint Airspace Control Combat Zone JCS

Pages: 56

Cataloged Date: Jul 17, 1997

Document Type: HC

Number of Copies In Library: 000001

Record ID: 44903
PREFACE

1. Scope for joint operations and training. It provides

military guidance for use by the Armed Forces

This publication provides broad doctrinal in preparing their appropriate plans. It is not

guidance for joint forces involved in the use the intent of this publication to restrict the

of airspace over the combat zone. This authority of the joint force commander (JFC)

airspace control is in the various operating from organizing the force and executing the

environments that might constitute the combat mission in a manner the JFC deems most

zone-foreign continent, high seas, appropriate to ensure unity of effort in the

amphibious objective area, littoral, or the accomplishment of the overall mission.

North American Continent outside the United

States. The combat zone described in this 3. Application

publication applies to the broadest

interpretation of areas where combat forces a. Doctrine and selected tactics,

are required to conduct operations, techniques, and procedures and guidance

including operations other than war. For established in this publication apply to the

example, it also includes areas such as the commanders of combatant commands,

communications zone (COM ,•tfvtniike *•si•nifjed commands, joint task forces, and

ground forces, the inherent nature of air subordinate components ofthese commands.

operations mitigates14slt cofmlianceS'with TheseKincfplVsd guidance also may apply

terrestrial boundaries. Therefore, airspace when Significailt.ty6ces of one Service are

control in the combat zone integrates attached to forces of another Service or when

transitions from noncombat air traffic control, significant,' orces of one Service support

forces of another Service.

2. Purpose

b. The guidance in this publication is

This publication has been prepared under authoritative; as such, this doctrine (or JTTP)

the direction of the Chairman of the Joint will be followed except when, in thejudgment

Chiefs of Staff. It sets forth doctrine and of the commander, exceptional

selected joint tactics, techniques, and circumstances dictate otherwise. If conflicts

procedures (JTTP) to govern the joint arise between the contents of this publication

activities and performance of the Armed and the contents of Service publications, this

Forces of the United States in joint operations publication will take precedence for the

as well as the doctrinal basis for US military activities ofjoint forces unless the Chairman

imvolvement in multinational and interagency of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, normally in

operations. It provides military guidance for coordination with the other members of the

the exercise of authority by combatant Joint Chiefs of Staff, has provided more

commanders and other joint force current and specific guidance.

commanders and prescribes doctrine and Commanders of forces operating as part of a

selected tactics, techniques, and procedures multinational (alliance or coalition) military

i
Preface

command should follow multinational should evaluate and follow the multinational

doctrine and guidance ratified by the United command's doctrine and procedures, where

States. For doctrine and procedures not applicable.

ratified by the United States, commanders

For the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff:

WALTER KROSS

Lieutenant General, USAF

Director, Joint Staff

ii Joint Pub 3-52
TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................ v

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

" G en eral ..................................................................................................................... I-1

"* Joint Airspace Control in the Combat Zone ............................................................... 1-2

"• Fundam ental Considerations ..................................................................................... 1-2

"* B asic P rincip les ......................................................................................................... 1-4

CHAPTER II

GENERAL ORGANIZATION AND RESPONSIBILITIES

"• G eneral ......................................................................................................... . . . .. 11-1

"• O rganization ...................................................................................................... . . II-1

"* A irspace C ontrol Plan .............................................................................................. 11-4

CHAPTER III

ELEMENTS OF AIRSPACE CONTROL IN THE COMBAT ZONE

"* Operational Area Considerations ........................................................................... I -1

"• Planning for Airspace Control in the Combat Zone ............................................ III-1

"• Peacetime to Combat Considerations ..................................................................... 111-2

"• Integration of Combat Zone Airspace Control and Air Defense Operations ............ 111-3

"• Methods of Airspace Control in the Combat Zone .................................................. 111-4

"* Enemy Engagement Operations ............................................................................. 111-5

CHAPTER IV

AIRSPACE CONTROL FOR SPECIFIED MISSIONS

" G en eral ................................................................................................................... IV -1

"• Combat Zone Airspace Control in Amphibious Operations ..................................... IV- 1

"• Airspace Control in the Combat Zone During Military Operations

Other Than War (MOOTW) ................................................................................. IV-I

"* Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) .......................................................................... IV-5

APPENDIX

A Airspace Control Plan .................................................................................... A-1

B Procedural Airspace Control Measures ........................................................... B-1

Annex A Airspace Control Request Representative Format ......................... B-A-1

C R eferences .................................................................................................... C -1

D Administrative Instructions .............................................................................. D-1

iii
Table of Contents

GLOSSARY

Part I-Abbreviations and Acronyms .................................................................... GL- 1

Part II- Term s and D efinitions ............................................................................. GL-3

FIGURE

I-1 Fundamental Considerations of Airspace Control in the Combat Zone ............. 1-3

1-2 Basic Principles of Airspace Control in the Combat Zone ................................. 1-4

II-1 Airspace Control Authority Responsibilities .................................................... 11-3

11-2 Airspace Control Plan Considerations ............................................................. 11-6

111-1 Principles for Planning Airspace Control in the Combat Zone .....................II-1

111-2 Airspace Control Procedures Characteristics ................................................. 111-3

111-3 Maritime Airspace Sector Commander Coordination Responsibilities ........... 111-4

111-4 M ethods of A irspace Control ......................................................................... 111-5

IV- 1 Combat Zone Airspace Control in Amphibious Operations ............................ IV-2

IV-2 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) Airspace Control Considerations ............... IV-5

iv Joint Pub 3-52
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

COMMANDER'S OVERVIEW

"* Provides Fundamental Considerations and Basic Principles

for Airspace Control in the Combat Zone

"* Covers General Organization and Responsibilities

"* Discusses the Elements of Airspace Control in the Combat

Zone

"* Covers Airspace Control for Specified Missions

Airspace Control in the Combat Zone

Airspace control increases Airspace control includes coordinating, integrating, and

combat effectiveness by regulating airspace to increase operational effectiveness;

promoting the safe, however, the airspace control authority does not have the

efficient, and flexible use authority to approve, disapprove, or deny combat operations.

of airspace with a That is vested only in operational commanders. Airspace

minimum of restraint control needs to provide a commander the operational

placed upon the friendly flexibility to employ forces effectively in a joint or

airspace users, multinational campaign or operation.

Fundamental Considerations

Theprimary objective of The airspace of the combat zone is a crucial dimension of the

airspace control is to battlespace and is used by all components of the joint and

maximize the effectiveness allied forces to conduct assigned missions. A high

of combat operations concentration of friendly surface, subsurface, and airwithout adding undue launched weapon systems must share this airspace without

restrictions and with unnecessarily hindering combat power that is being applied

minimal adverse impact on in accordance with the joint force commander's (JFC)

the capabilities of any campaign or operation plan. The goal of combat zone

Service or functional airspace control is to enhance air, land, maritime, and

component special operations force effectiveness in accomplishing the

JFC's objectives. Airspace control procedures must prevent

mutual interference from all users of the airspace, facilitate

air defense identification, and safely accommodate and

expedite the flow of all air traffic in the theater of operations.

V
Executive Summary

Organization

The joint force The organizational form of the airspace control system may

commander (JFC) vary depending on the assigned mission, the JFC's concept

normally designates a joint of operations, and assigned forces. The JFC normally

force air component designates a joint force air commander (JFACC). Because

commander (JFACC), an of the integrated relationship between airspace control

airspace control authority measures and air defense operations, air space control

(ACA), and an area air authority (ACA) and air defense commander (AADC)

defense commander duties normally should be performed by the same person, who

(AADC). TheACA and may also be the JFACC.

AADC duties are normally

performed by the same The component commander advises the JFC on the

person who may also be employment of component forces and the direction and control

the JFACC. of those forces. Subject to the authority of the JFC, each

component commander within ajoint force: (1) employs air

Each component defense weapons systems in accordance with the principles

commander plans and established in the Joint Pub 3-01 series, Joint Pub 3-04,

executes a portion of the "Doctrine for Joint Maritime Operations (Air)'" established

total air effort and interacts rules of engagement, and the area air defense plan; (2)

with other components. coordinates and deconflicts the employment of assigned

and attached forces with other subordinate commands as

required by the operational situation; (3) provides airspace

control in areas designated by the ACA in accordance with

directives and/or procedures in the airspace control plan (ACP);

(4) forwards requests for airspace control measures to the

ACA in accordance with the ACP; (5) develops detailed

airspace control instructions, plans, and procedures in

accordance with guidance in the ACP; and (6) provides

necessary facilities and personnel for airspace control

functions in assigned areas of operations and identify these

facilities and personnel to the ACA for inclusion in the ACP

The broad responsibilities of Subject to the authority and approval of the JFC, the ACA

theACA include develops broad policies and procedures for airspace control

coordinating and and for the coordination required among units within the area

integrating the use of the of responsibility/joint operations area (AOR/JOA). The ACA

airspace control area. establishes an airspace control system that is responsive to

the needs of the JFC, provides for integration of the airspace

control system with that of the host nation, and coordinates

and deconflicts user requirements. The ACA develops the

ACP and, after JFC approval, promulgates it throughout the

AOR/JOA. Implementation of the ACP is through the

airspace control order which must be complied with by all

components. Centralized direction by the ACA does not imply

assumption of operational control or tactical control over any

air assets.

vi Joint Pub 3-52
Executive Summary

The successful conduct of air defense operations requires the

integrated operation of all available air defense systems. Air

defense operations must be coordinated with other

operations, both on and over land and sea. The responsibilities

of the AADC are interrelated with those of the ACA.

The Airspace Control Plan

The airspace controlplan The ACA prepares the ACE The ACP must be tied to the

is approved by the JFC to area air defense plan and coordinated with the other joint

establish procedures for operation plans because these documents together allow for

the airspace control system the conduct of operations along the range from fully capable

in the joint force area of and operating command and control systems to greatly

responsibility/joint degraded command and control systems.

operations area (AOR/

JOA). The ACP should be coordinated with representatives of the

host nation(g) in whose airspace the operations will take place

and with civil air activities that may occur in or near the

airspace. Broad areas of concern for developing the ACP

include familiarity with the basic operation plan, combined

with knowledge of host-nation and multinational political

constraints, capabilities and procedures of military and civil

air traffic control systems, and general locations of friendly

and enemy forces. The ACP needs to support an orderly

transition from peacetime operations to combat operations.

The ACP should specify airspace control measures to be

used in the AOR/JOA and how these measures will be

promulgated.

The ACP also should include fire support coordination

measures and all Service and functional component-unique

airspace control measures and terms. The ACP should provide

procedures to fully integrate the resources of the military

air traffic control (ATC) facility responsible for terminalarea airspace control. The area air defense plan needs to be

written with detailed engagement procedures that are integral

to the airspace control plan and operations in the combat zone.

Combat zone airspace control and area air defense operations

need to plan for operations in a degraded command, control,

communications, and computers (C4) environment.

Detailed engagement procedures and decentralized control

procedures (as apply to air defense) are key to operations in a

degraded environment. Air defense interface is critical to

effective combat zone airspace control. The geographic

arrangement of weapons and the location of specific types

of air defense operations, as well as specific procedures for

identification of aircraft, are important factors to include in

the airspace control plan.

vii
Executive Summary

Each AORIJOA has Other key factors to consider are as follows: (1) procedures

differing specific that include rules of engagement, disposition of air defense

operational requirements weapon systems such as air defense fighters, air defense

for airspace control artillery, surface-to-air missiles, and air defense command and

control operations; (2) air, land, and maritime situations in

the AOR/JOA such as existing equipment limitations, electronic

warfare, and C4 requirements that may adversely affect

adherence to the ACP; (3) anticipated restricted areas based

on initial deployment of friendly air, land, maritime, and special

operations forces and bases; (4) existing air traffic control

areas, base defense zones, controlled or uncontrolled airspace,

and overflight of neutral nations; (5) mission profiles, combat

radii, and identification, friend or foe (IFF) or other

identification capability of aircraft that will operate in the

AOR/JOA; (6) enemy air defense weapons capabilities,

deployment, and electronic attack and deception capabilities;

(7) emergency procedures for aircraft experiencing

difficulties (to include IFF problems); (8) procedures for day

or night operations and for aircraft experiencing adverse

weather; (9) procedures for en route and terminal-area ATC

procedures for aircraft transitioning to and from the battle

area that complement planned combat requirements; (10)

procedures to support surge operations requiring high

volumes of air traffic; and (11) enemy offensive air

capabilities.

Peacetime to Combat Considerations

JFCs should have an Peacetime airspace rules and organizations change during

airspace controlplan that actual conflict, and the nature of these changes is different

is continually updated and from theater to theater. During military operations other than

a standing air control war, normal airspace control and air defense operations may

order to provide airspace be in place. The ACP needs to provide instructions to

control in the event of transition from peacetime to combat in simple, clear steps.

surprise attack Existing air defense structures may be overwhelmed by massed

enemy attacks over small geographic areas.

Integration of Combat Zone Airspace Control and Air Defense

Operations

The airspace control Because airspace control and air defense would conflict and

function must be interfere with each other if operating independently,

performed in close prioritization and integration of each mission is essential.

conformity with air Airspace control procedures will be used to assist in aircraft

defense operations. identification, facilitate engagement of enemy aircraft, and

provide safe passage of friendly aircraft.

viii Joint Pub 3-52
Executive Summary

Methods of Airspace Control in the Combat Zone

Methods of combat zone Enemy forces will attempt to degrade airspace control

airspace control range capabilities by direct attack and electronic measures directed

from positive control of all against control nodes or other specific targets. Methods of

air assets in an airspace combat zone airspace control under these conditions range

control area to procedural from positive control of all air assets in an airspace control

control of all such assets, area to procedural control of all such assets, with any

effective combination of positive and procedural control

measures between the two extremes. Airspace control plans

and systems need to accommodate these methods based on

component, joint, and national capabilities and requirements.

The airspace control structure needs to be responsive to

evolving enemy threat conditions and changing tactical

situations.

Enemy Engagement Operations

Engaging enemy air These operations must be "seamless" in order to reduce

vehicles with friendly air, uncoordinated simultaneous engagements, unengaged

land, and maritime assets penetrators, and fratricide. Combat zone airspace control

is an important aspect of and area air defense operations are inseparably linked in enemy

battle. engagement operations. Further, enemy engagement

operations are inextricably linked to the JFC's overall campaign

or operation plan. Some of the joint planning and

coordinating areas that must be considered are: joint

engagement zone operations; fighter engagement zone

operations; missile engagement zone operations; coordination

for enemy engagement operations; and suppression of enemy

air defenses.

Airspace Control for Specified Missions

TheACA may assign a A subordinate commander who has been assigned a portion

portion of airspace to a of airspace by the ACA must coordinate with the ACA to

subordinate commander to ensure unity of effort and minimal interference along

accomplish a specified adjacent boundaries. The commander must also coordinate

mission, with the ACA to agree on procedures for coordination of

flight information, clearance of aircraft to enter and depart

the airspace, and coordination of combat zone airspace

control services. Combat zone airspace control must also be

coordinated during amphibious operations; military operations

other than war (MOOTW), including foreign internal defense,

peace operations, antiterrorism, and other types of MOOTW;

and while using unmanned aerial vehicles.

ix
Executive Summary

CONCLUSION

This publication prescribes doctrine for joint airspace control

in the combat zone. The prescribed doctrine is broadly stated

to fit a wide range of situations primarily involving the control

of airspace in areas where the use of combat forces is required

to conduct joint or multinational operations. The basic

premise is to develop combat zone airspace control procedures

that increase combat effectiveness by promoting the safe,

efficient, and flexible use of airspace with a minimum of

restraint placed upon the friendly airspace users. Emphasis is

placed on the close integration of airspace control and area air

defense operations.

x Joint Pub 3-52
CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

"Gulf lesson one is the value of air power... we must retain combat superiority

in the skies."

President George Bush

1. General c. Doctrine in this publication is

broad in nature and is designed as a

This publication prescribes doctrine for guide for airspace control by US forces

joint airspace control in the combat zone. during combat operations. Accordingly,

unless specifically noted otherwise, the

a. The prescribed doctrine is broadly stated term "joint force commander" (JFC)

to fit a wide range of situations primarily refers to the geographic combatant

involving the control of airspace in areas commander and to the commanders of

where the use of combat forces is required subordinate joint force commands

to conduct joint or multinational (subordinate unified commands and joint

operations. International agreements, enemy task forces) that may be established. This

and friendly force structures and deployments, publication outlines fundamental

commanders' concepts of operations, and principles, relationships, and broad

operating environments such as foreign operational-level guidelines. It is not

continents, the high seas, and amphibious intended to limit the authority and

objective areas will necessitate different responsibility of commanders over their

specific arrangements for joint airspace forces but is intended to provide basic

control in the combat zone in a theater ofwar framework upon which to build an

or in a subordinate theater of operations. airspace control system for an AOR/JOA.

However, the basic doctrine, ideas, and

concepts relating to joint airspace control in d. Using current US national military

the combat zone are intended to be universal, objectives and assigned missions as a baseline,

the JFC develops AOR/JOA-specific

b. Although space-based (exo- concepts for combat zone airspace control

atmospheric) assets will play an important role operations to aid in accomplishing these

in the joint campaign or operation, combat objectives. Procedures to implement these

zone airspace control in this publication concepts must take into consideration the

will refer only to controlling airspace in the likelihood of multinational warfare. As such,

atmosphere. However, since future airspace they should consider the need for developing

control also may involve the deconfliction of doctrine and procedures to ensure

space operations over an existing joint force compatibility and interoperability of support

area of responsibility (AOR)/joint operations systems aud methods to handle potential

area (JOA) in support of a single joint force alliances and coalitions. US forces

commander, the enduring principles of participating in multinational operations also

combat zone airspace control should apply, may be subject to command arrangements and

and evolutionary doctrinal development based authorities established in international

upon these principles should occur, agreements.

I-1
Chapter I

A safe, efficient, and flexible combat zone airspace control system must exist

within the Area of Responsibility prior to the onset of air operations.

2. Joint Airspace Control in the operations that is vested only in operational

Combat Zone* commanders. Combat zone airspace control

needs to provide a commander the operational

* For the purposes of this publication, the flexibility to employ forces effectively in a

terms "airspace control in the combat zone," joint or multinational campaign or operation.

"combat zone airspace control," and "airspace

control" are synonymous. 3. Fundamental Considerations

Combat zone airspace control increases The basic principles of war and the

combat effectiveness by promoting the safe, commander's concept of operations are the

efficient, and flexible use of airspace with a cornerstone of operations. The primary

minimum ofrestraint placed upon the friendly objective of combat zone airspace control

airspace users. Airspace control includes is to maximize the effectiveness of combat

coordinating, integrating, and regulating operations without adding undue restrictions

airspace to increase operational and with minimal adverse impact on the

effectiveness; however, the airspace control capabilities of any Service or functional

authority does not have the authority to component. Other fundamental

approve, disapprove, or deny combat considerations are shown in Figure I-1.

1-2 Joint Pub 3-52
The need for each Service or functional co p within t e join 0 to

operate a variety of air vehicles and weapon systems, both high and low

speed, rotary- and fixed-wing (manned and unmanned), within the combat

zone airspace control area.

The need for each Service or functional component to use the airspace with

maximum freedom consistent with the degree of risk operationally

acceptable to the joint force commander.

The need for airspace control activities to be performed in congruence with

air defense operations to integrate and synchronize surface-to-air defense

weapons and air defense aircraft for maximum effectiveness.

The need to discriminate quickly and effectively between friendly, neutral,

and enemy air operations and vehicles.

A The need for the combat zone airspace control system to be responsive to

the requirements of the joint force. The airspace control system needs to be

capable of supporting high-density traffic and surge operations as may be

required by the joint force commander.

* The need for close coordination and integration of surface force operations,

supporting fires, air operations, air defense operations, special operations,

and airspace control activities.

* The need to accommodate US, host-nation, and multinational airspace

control activities within the joint combat zone.

-A Recognition of the saturation levels and limitations of airspace control

networks.

A The need for temporary restrictive airspace control measures on certain

areas of airspace to allow subordinate commanders total freedom of

operations.

* Detailed incorporation of coordinated offensive operations using electronic

warfare elements, strike aircraft, and cruise missiles to ensure that defensive

elements or procedures of the force do not unacceptably inhibit or degrade

offensive capabilities.

* The need to ensure that the airspace control network remains survivable and

effective.

* The need to provide maximum opportunities to employ deception measures.

* The need to standardize communications data, format, and language

requirements in multinational operations to reduce the possibility for

differences in interpretation, translation, and application of airspace control

procedures during multinational operations.

A The capability to support day or night and all-weather operations.

F.TTII M., W. Fill
Chapter I

4. Basic Principles zone airspace control is to enhance air, land,

maritime, and special operations force

The airspace of the combat zone is a effectiveness in accomplishing the JFC's

crucial dimension of the battlespace and is objectives. Basic principles of airspace

used by all components of the joint and control in the combat zone are listed in

multinational forces to conduct assigned Figure 1-2 and described below.

missions. A high concentration of friendly

surface, subsurface, and air-launched weapon a. The airspace control system supporting

systems must share this airspace without joint force operations must be based on the

unnecessarily hindering the application of principle of unity of effort. A coordinated

combat power in accordance with the JFC's and integrated combat airspace control system

campaign plan. The primary goal of combat (ACS) is essential to successful operations.

I-4 Joint Pub 3-52

r |i
Introduction

b. A major reason for close coordination and "in the blind" procedures. Some provisions

between airspace control, air traffic control, also need be made to decentralize control should

and area air defense elements is to reduce the communications become degraded. In this

risk of fratricide and balance those risks manner, flexibilityandbattlefieldresponsiveness

with the requirements for an effective air arepreserved. Coordinatedanddetailedplanning

defense. Identification requirements for is required to ensure that communications

airspace control must be compatible with systems and procedures are compatible among

those for air defense. Combat zone airspace all airspace managers and users.

control, air defense, military air traffic control,

and supporting command, control, g. Airspace control systems in the

communications, and computers (C4) combat zone need to be durable and

procedures, equipment, and terminology need redundant because they are likely to be prime

to be compatible and mutually supporting and targets for an attacker.

should be interoperable.

h. The airspace control structure in the

c. Close liaison and coordination among combat zone needs to be responsive to

all airspace users is necessary to promote evolving enemy threat conditions and to

timely and accurate information flow to the evolving operation. The design,

combat zone airspace managers. The success responsiveness, and procedures of the

of the campaign or operation plan may be airspace control structure in the combat

directly related to the effectiveness of this zone need to promote the rapid massing of

liaison and coordination, combat power.

d. Common combat zone airspace i. Airspace control finctions in the combat

control procedures within the joint force zone rely on air traffic control resources, but

AOR/JOA enhance the effectiveness of air these functions are separate and distinct from

operations. These procedures need to allow real-time control of air vehicles and the

maximum flexibility through an effective mix terminal air traffic control environment.

of positive and procedural control measures. Service component air traffic controller

The control structure needs to permit close training, which emphasizes military terminal

coordination between land, maritime, special air traffic control in peacetime conditions,

operations forces (SOF), and air operations needs to be augmented by combat-specific

and allow rapid concentration of combat air traffic control training. Combat zone

power in a specific portion of airspace in airspace control procedures and personnel

minimum time. must be exercised in peacetime to be effective

in combat.

e. Procedural control needs to be

uncomplicated and readily accessible to all j. Combat zone airspace control is a

aircrews, air traffic controllers, air defense compromise between a wide variety of

weapons controllers, and airspace controllers. conflicting demands for airspace use.

Flexibility and simplicity must be

f The airspace control system in the combat emphasized throughout to maximize the

zone must have a reliable, jam-resistant, and, effectiveness of forces operating within the

where appropriate, secure C4 network. system.

However, care must be exercised to avoid control

procedures that rely heavily on voice k. Combat zone airspace control needs to

communications. Emphasis should be placed be capable of supporting day or night and

on simple, flexible air traffic control schemes, all-weather operations.

1-5
Chapter I

1. In summary, the combat zone airspace traffic in the theater of operations. In

control procedures must prevent mutual accomplishing these broad tasks, the basic

interference from all users of the airspace, principles of war and the JFC's concept of

facilitate air defense identification, and safely operations remain the cornerstones of

accommodate and expedite the flow of all air operations.

1-6 Joint Pub 3-52
CHAPTER II

GENERAL ORGANIZATION AND RESPONSIBILITIES

"Generally, management of the many is the same as management of the

few. It is a matter of organization."

Sun Tzu

1. General and a subordinate JFC exercises

operational control (OPCON) over

a. Consistent with existing provisions of assigned forces. The JFC normally

Joint Pub 0-2, "UnifiedActionArmed Forces exercises OPCON over attached forces,

(UNAAF)," JFCs organize assigned and unless otherwise specified in the establishing

attached forces to perform their assigned directive. The JFC is responsible for

mission to their best ability. The employment of forces assigned, attached, or

organization of forces will depend on the otherwise made available to accomplish the

mission assigned, the manner in which the assigned mission or objective according to

mission is to be fulfilled, and the capabilities guidance provided by the establishing

and strength of the component elements of commander. Key to the JFC's

the forces assigned. Consequently, the responsibilities is the development of

organizational form of the airspace control objectives and priorities for the joint force.

system may vary. Objectives and priorities provide the basis for

all subordinate and supporting plans,

b. The following organizational including the airspace control plan. Finally,

arrangements apply to combat zone the JFC provides authoritative direction to

airspace control for joint forces. When subordinate commanders that includes

circumstances dictate, appropriate assigning objectives, priorities, andtasks. For

modification may be prescribed by the JFC. air operations, this includes general and

specific direction on the objectives and

2. Organization priorities.

The following descriptions of broad b. Joint Force Air Component

duties are central to effective airspace Commander. The JFC will normally

control in the combat zone. Further, designate a JFACC, whose authority and

complete understanding ofthe role ofthe JFC, responsibilities are defined by the establishing

the joint force air component commander JFC based on the JFC's estimate of the

(JFACC), the component commanders, the situation. The JFACC's responsibilities

airspace control authority (ACA), the area air normally will include, but are not limited

defense commander (AADC), and fire to, planning, coordinating, allocating, and

support coordination agencies and the roles tasking based on the JFC's concept of

that they play in executing the JFC's operations and air apportionment decision.

campaign or operation plan is essential. Because of the integrated relationship

Other key combat zone airspace control between airspace control measures and air

definitions are addressed in the Glossary. defense operations, ACA and AADC duties

normally should be performed by the same

a. Joint Force Commander. A person, who may also be the JFACC.

combatant commander exercises Normally, the JFACC will be the Service

combatant command (command authority) component commander who has the

II-1
Chapter II

preponderance of the air assets to be used and with directives and/or procedures in the

the ability to assume that responsibility, airspace control plan (ACP). Be

(For additional details on the organization prepared to provide airspace control in

and functioning of a JFACC, see Joint Pub other areas designated by the ACA when

3-56.1, "Command and Control for Joint Air combat or other factors degrade the

Operations.") airspace control system.

c. Component Commanders. The • Forwards requests for airspace

component commander advises the JFC on control measures to the ACA in

the employment of component forces and accordance with the ACP

the direction and control ofthose forces. Each

component commander plans and executes * Develops detailed airspace control

a portion of the total air effort and interacts instructions, plans, and procedures in

with other components. Subject to the accordance with guidance in the ACP

authority of the JFC, each component These detailed instructions, plans, and

commander within a joint force: procedures need to be coordinated by the

ACA to ensure consistency with JFC-

"Employs air defense weapon systems approved airspace control guidance and

in accordance with the principles approved in accordance with directives

established in the Joint Pub 3-01 series, and/or procedures in the ACP

Joint Pub 3-04, "Doctrine for Joint

Maritime Operations (Air)," established - Provide necessary facilities and

rules of engagement, and the area air personnel for airspace control functions

defense plan. in assigned areas of operations and

identify these facilities and personnel to

"Coordinates and deconflicts the the ACA for inclusion in the ACP

employment of assigned and attached

forces with other subordinate commands d. Airspace Control Authority. The

as required by the operational situation. JFC designates the ACA. The broad

Coordination for combat zone airspace responsibilities of the ACA include

control may be facilitated through coordinating and integrating the use of the

collocation of key airspace control, air airspace control area. Subject to the

defense, and fire support coordination authority and approval of the JFC, the ACA

agencies. When collocation is not develops broad policies and procedures for

possible, such facilities need to be airspace control and for the coordination

connected with appropriate secure required among units within the AORPJOA.

communications. Liaison personnel The ACA establishes an airspace control

should be exchanged. This coordination system that is responsive to the needs of the

is especially important during the JFC, provides for integration of the airspace

planning phases of an operation. It is control system with that of the host nation,

critical to provide proper resources for and coordinates and deconflicts user

surveillance and operational interfaces requirements. The ACA develops the ACP

necessary to ensure mutual support and and, after JFC approval, promulgates it

unity of effort among all forces involved throughout the AOR/JOA. Implementation

in the operation. of the ACP is through the airspace control

order (ACO) which must be complied with

* Provides airspace control in areas by all components, as described in Joint Pub

designated by the ACA in accordance 3-56.1, "Command and Control Doctrine For

11-2 Joint Pub 3-52
General Organization and Responsibilities

Joint Air Operations." A key responsibility e. Area Air Defense Commander

of the ACA is to provide the flexibility (AADC). The JFC will normally designate

needed within the airspace control system an AADC. The successful conduct of air

to meet contingency situations that necessitate defense operations requires the integrated

rapid employment of forces. Finally, operation of all available air defense systems.

centralized direction by the ACA does not Air defense operations must be coordinated

imply assumption of operational control or with other operations, both on and over

tactical control over any air assets. Matters land and sea. The responsibilities of the

on which the ACA is unable to obtain AADC are interrelated with those ofthe ACA.

agreement will be referred to the JFC for Preferably, one individual will be assigned the

resolution. Airspace control authority responsibilities of the AADC and the ACA.

responsibilities are summarized in Figure 11-1. If, however, this is not the case, close

: ESPO SI BI LT ES*0

Figure EI-1. Airspace Control Authority Responsibilities

"I-3
Chapter II

Airspace control activities must synchronize surface-to-air defense weapons

and air defense aircraft for maximum effectiveness.

coordination between the AADC and ACA and be put in a simplified, understandable

is absolutely essential. TheAADC develops format. Because the airspace control area

the area air defense plan and, after JFC normally coincides with air defense

approval, promulgates it throughout the AOR/ boundaries, coordination between combat

JOA. For a detailed discussion of the AADC, zone airspace control and area air defense

see Joint Pubs in the 3-01 series, operations must be addressed.

3. Airspace Control Plan a. The ACP should be coordinated with

representatives of the host nation(s) in

The ACP is approved by the JFC to whose airspace the operations will take place

establish procedures for the airspace and with civil air activities that may occur in

control system in the joint force AOR/ or near the airspace. There also should be

JOA. An example of the topics that should close planning and coordination between

be considered when developing an ACP is representatives of both offensive and

provided in Appendix A, "Airspace Control defensive weapon systems of US and

Plan." The ACA prepares the ACP. The multinational armed services.

ACP must be tied to the area air defense

plan and coordinated with the other joint b. Broad areas of concern for developing

operation plans because these documents the ACP include familiarity with the basic

together allow for the conduct of operations operation plan, combined with knowledge of

along the range from fully capable and host and multinational political constraints,

operating command and control systems to capabilities and procedures of military and

greatly degraded command and control civil air traffic control systems, and general

systems. The ACP must consider locations of friendly and enemy forces.

procedures and interfaces with the

international or regional air traffic c. TheACP needs to support an orderly

systems necessary to effectively support air transition from peacetime operations to

logistics, augmenting forces, and JFC combat operations. Such a transition could

objectives. As a consequence, the ACP occur during a period of increasing tensions

should be preplanned as much as possible or suddenly without much warning.

11-4 Joint Pub 3-52
General Organization and Responsibilities

d. The ACP should specify airspace procedures that are integral to the

control measures to be used in the AOR/ airspace control plan and operations in the

JOA and how these measures will be combat zone. Combat zone airspace

promulgated. The ACP also should include control and area air defense operations

fire support coordination measures and all need to plan for operations in a degraded

Service and functional component-unique C4 environment. Detailed engagement

airspace control measures and terms. procedures and decentralized control

An effective airspace control plan must be integrated with air traffic control

facilities to ensure a safe and efficient flow of combat aircraft.

e. The ACP should provide procedures to procedures (as apply to air defense) are

fully integrate the resources ofthe military key to operations in a degraded

air traffic control (ATC) facility responsible environment. Air defense interface is

for terminal-area airspace control. ATC critical to effective combat zone

facilities should be interfaced and linked with airspace control. The geographic

ACS communications to form a system that arrangement of weapons and the location

ensures safe efficient flow of air traffic of specific types of air defense operations,

supporting the combat effort while permitting as well as specific procedures for

maximum combat flexibility, identification of aircraft, are important

factors to include in the airspace control

f. The area air defense plan needs to plan. Other key factors to consider are

be written with detailed engagement listed in Figure 11-2.

11-5
Chapt ser wepnssesscIsardee ihes i ees

artllry sufc-t-i misies and ai defens co m n an 0

control oeain . 0 0 ** 0

Air "" maitm 0ad siutin 0n 0n the are ofrsoniiit . .. oin

0prtin are suc as exs.n eqim n liiatos electronic

0afae and 04 0eureet tha ma adesl afec adhe0rence

to. th aispc coto plan. - .~0 0

Anicpae *8 retice ara bae niiildpomn ffinl

air lad ma00me spca .0.0 opeaton focsadbss

"* ai.r . trfi . Exstn .oto . rabs dfnezns otoldo

unonrole aispae and ovrlih of neta nations0 .

"" prfls 0iso o btraiad0Fo thrietfcto

caailt of aicrf tha wil oprt in the are of reposi0lt

join opeaton area

"~~~~~ air dees Enm wepn caaiiis0elyet n

elcro i atac 0eeto an capabi0lSties.S *. .

Emrec prcdue for aicrf exeiecn difficu.ies(t

incud IFF pro0blems).0 . 0 5

" Procedu Figureto -u.pArtspace Contop lnCnierationsreuinhghvlmso

air6 JoinaPub3-5
CHAPTER III

ELEMENTS OF AIRSPACE CONTROL IN THE COMBAT ZONE

"Now those skilled in war must know where and when a battle will be fought.

They measure the roads and fix the date. They divide the army and march

in separate columns. Those who are distant start first, those who are nearby,

later. Thus the meeting of troops from far distances takes place at the same

time. It is like people coming to a city market."

Tu Yu (735-812 AD)

1. Operational Area in peacetime to operate effectively during

Considerations conflict. Planning for combat zone airspace

control must include planning for

Each AOR/JOA has differing specific interoperability of equipment, as well as

operational requirements for combat zone personnel and terminology.

airspace control. These requirements must

be determined as early as possible to be

incorporated in the overalljoint force planning ai

effort. Political constraints, national

and military air traffic control systems and E I E R IN7HE

procedures, and the capabilities and CO-BA-.1.N

limitations of these systems are important

considerations. Rules of engagement,

disposition of air defense weapons, fire support

plans, and procedures for identification of US Suppor the Jo

and multinational aircraft are also important

items that should be considered. Every joint

force is different, and the forces assigned

will have specific operational requirements M a Timin

for airspace.

2. Planning for Airspace Unity o Effo

Control in the Combat Zone

The following broad principles of

planning (see Figure III-1) are essential to Dega d Opeain

effective combat zone airspace control:

a. Support the Joint Force. The airspace Figure Il1-1. Principles for Planning

control system in the combat zone must be Airspace Control in the Combat Zone

planned and integrated to meet and

complement the JFC's campaign or operation c. Mass and Timing. Planning for combat

plan. zone airspace control needs to include the

aircraft traffic volume needed for the

b. Interoperability. Combat zone airspace anticipated offensive operations and the

control needs to be exercised in both the multi- timing constraints placed on those operations.

Service and in the multi-nation environments Planning also needs to be fully integrated with

11I-1
Chapter III

the needs of air defense operations to respond degradation to fall degradation. Plans also

quickly and with adequate force to enemy should consider the effects of weather and

intrusion, darkness.

d. Unity of Effort. Proper liaison between 3. Peacetime to Combat

joint force components should be identified Considerations

and exercised prior to hostilities.

Representatives from different components Although strategic warning of conflict or

needto integrate information flow throughout war probably will be available, it is

the system and provide expertise to the imperative to be prepared for the first

designated combat zone airspace control hectic days of baffle. Therefore, JFCs should

authorities, have an ACP that is continually updated both

in peacetime and throughout the evolution of

e. Integrated Planning Cycles. The a campaign or operation and a standing ACO

airspace planning cycle should be integrated to provide airspace control in the event of

with the planning cycle for the joint surprise attack. Peacetime airspace rules

campaign or operation plan. Input from all and organizations change during actual

organizations involved in the conflict must be conflict, and the nature of these changes is

consolidated, and the final airspace control different from theater to theater. During

plan devised and disseminated to users in the military operations other than war, normal

ACO. The ACP can be added as an appendix airspace control and air defense operations

to the operations annex to the joint force may be in place. The ACP needs to provide

operation plan. instructions to transition from peacetime

The E-3 Airborne Warning and Control System provides a long-range air picture

to theater commanders during the transition from peacetime to combat.

f. Degraded Operations. Plans should to combat in simple, clear steps. Existing

anticipate the effects of electronic warfare and air defense structures may be overwhelmed

communications degradation on system by massed enemy attacks over small

operations. An effective combat zone airspace geographic areas. These massed attacks may

control system needs to plan for the full be heavily supported by electronic and

spectrum of communications from no communications jamming. Once the scope

111-2 Joint Pub 3-52
Elements of Airspace Control in the Combat Zone

and nature of enemy massed operations are

determined, friendly air defenses can be ' 0 

massed within the AOR/JOA to counter the m -

enemy threat.

4. Integration of Combat Zone

Airspace Control and Air

Defense Operations

Because these two areas would conflict and

interfere with each other if operating

independently, prioritization and integration

of each mission is essential. Ultimately, the

airspace control function must be

performed in close conformity with air I

defense operations. Airspace control *

procedures will be used to assist in aircraft

identification, facilitate engagement of enemy

aircraft, and provide safe passage of friendly

aircraft.

a. Air defense units must be free to engage

hostile aircraft within prescribed rules of

engagement. However, procedures may

need to be established within the combat

zone airspace control system to allow

identification of friendly aircraft, not cause Figure 111-2. Airspace Control Procedures

delays in offensive operations, and prevent Characteristics

fratricide. These procedures need to be

simple to execute for both aircrews and limited geographic areas along the front.

ground operations personnel and may Therefore, highly flexible airspace control

include visual, electronic, geographic, and/ procedures need to be devised to anticipate

or maneuver means for sorting friend from the perceived threat. The procedures should

foe. Air defense operations should not cause allow coordinated employment of air and land

delays in air operations by creating an or maritime air defense systems against the

unnecessarily complicated or lengthy air threat and use the inherent flexibility of air

route structure. Likewise, airspace control defense airborne platforms to mass forces to

measures should not unduly restrain surface- meet the enemy attackers. However, the

to-air weapons systems so as to put them at problem of separating friendly and enemy

increased risk of enemy air attack. aircraft during the heat of battle and

Characteristics of procedures used to employing land- or maritime-based air

deconflict in time and space, coordinate and defenses against these enemy elements is a

integrate the activities of all users of airspace highly complex task.

(including fixed- and rotary-winged aircraft)

are shown in Figure 111-2. c. In joint maritime operations, the

mobile air base and layered defense system

b. Air defense systems might be represented by aircraft carriers and their

overwhelmed by massed enemy attacks across surface screening units create options other

111-3
Chapter III

than airborne defense alone. Specific maritime commanders. The exchange of

control and defensive measures may differ liaison personnel at the joint force level will

from those used in a land-based operation. facilitate coordination to ensure the following:

The ACA may designate the maritime

commander as the control authority for a - Unity of effort and to minimize

specific airspace control area or sector for the interference along adjacent boundaries.

accomplishment of a specific mission. The

massing ofmaritime forces into a battle force * Agreement on procedures for

of combined arms (air, surface, and coordination of flight information,

subsurface) under a single commander clearance of aircraft to enter and depart

reduces the front to be defended, enhances the adjoining airspace, and the

mutual support, and simplifies identification corresponding coordination of airspace

and deconfliction of friendly aircraft and control services.

other air defense measures. To ensure unity

of effort and minimal interference along 5. Methods of Airspace Control

adjacent boundaries, the commander in the Combat Zone

responsible for the maritime airspace

sector should coordinate with the ACA on Enemy forces will attempt to degrade

the items listed in Figure 111-3. airspace control capabilities by direct attack

and electronic measures directed against

d. In joint operations composed of control nodes or other specific targets. The

adjacent maritime and land environments, methods of airspace control vary

specific control and defensive measures may throughout the range of military

be a composite of those measures normally operations from war to MOOTW that

employed in each environment. The JFC for include both combat and non-combat

such operations needs to ensure detailed activities. The methods range from

coordination of control and defensive positive control of all air assets in an

measures with the affected air, land, and airspace control area to procedural

MARITIME AIRSPACE SECTOR COMMANDER

COORDINATION RESPONSIBILITIES

Fiue113.Mrtmairspace s ector.CmadrCodntinRsosblte

* fr ass- ad c n wt a Joint 

* Prcdue fo deofito of oprtin S during * .

Figure 111-3. Maritime Airspace Sector Commander Coordination Responsibilities

L 111-4: Joint Pub 3-52
Elements of Airspace Control in the Combat Zone

control of all such assets, with any , 77 7 F 7;

effective combination of positive and MET HOD

procedural control measures between the OF

two extremes. Airspace control plans and A CO T O

systems need to accommodate these

methods based on component, joint, and

national capabilities and requirements. .

Full positive control would rely on radars, O

other sensors, identification, friend or foe

(IFF)/selective identification feature (SIF), l

digital data links, and other elements of the ' B - u -

air defense network C4 system to positively

identify, track, and direct air assets. Full I 0 APprocedural control would rely on previously o

agreed to and promulgated air space control

measures such as comprehensive air defense

identification procedures and rules of 0 A I I

engagement, low-level transit routes o

(LLTR), minimum-risk routes (MRR), /-'oo

minimum-risk levels, aircraft identification o -o

maneuvers, fire support coordination o o

measures, and coordinating altitudes. In l I

any case, all missions remain subject to the

ACO. Figure 111-4 summarizes both

methods of airspace control. A list of

procedural airspace control measures with

an accompanying description, discussion of

uses, and considerations is contained in o

Appendix B, "Procedural Airspace Control

Measures." The airspace control structure Ie- € needs to be responsive to evolving enemy A'f~gJ A •]dbl

threat conditions and changing tactical ' [-

situations. It is up to the JFC, through the

ACP, to decide the appropriate method t o

based on the concept of operations. I a I I

6. Enemy Engagement o'

Operations -o

Engaging enemy air vehicles with friendly - -. I l

air, land, and maritime assets is an important .0

aspect of battle. These operations must be as oo h.M-

"seamless" as possible and fiuly coordinated to

ensure all aspects of friendly combat power

contribute as fully as possible to the battle. This

reduces uncoordinated simultaneous

Figure 111-4. Methods of Airspace Control

I1-5
Chapter III

engagements, unengaged penetrators, and b. Fighter Engagement Zone (FEZ)

fratricide. Combat zone airspace control and Operations. These operations usually take

area air defense operations are inextricably place in airspace above and beyond the

linked in enemy engagement operations. engagement ranges of surface-based (and

Further, enemy engagement operations are and sea) and short-range air defense

inextricably linkedto the JFC's overall campaign systems and are an alternative engagement

or operation plan. The airspace control system operation if the detailed control aspects of

plays akey role in identifyfing friendly and enemy joint engagement operations cannot be met.

air vehicles and ensuring safe passage offriendly The principle of meeting the massed combat

aircraft throughout the AOR/JOA and in airpower of the enemy with comparable mass

coordinating and disseminating information to defeat enemy efforts is highly dependent

throughout the area air defense network. Reliable on coordination and flexibility within the

voice and data communications, use of proper airspace control system in the combat zone.

joint procedures, effective joint training and Under FEZ operations, surface-to-air missile

exercises, and exchange of liaison personnel are systems will not be allowed to fire weapons

necessary for information flow. Also, joint unless targets are positively identified as

planning and coordination are extremely hostile and assigned by higher authority, or

important and necessary to optimally deploy air unless they are firing in self-defense. FEZ

defense assets prior to the start of hostilities. operations offer great ability for the JFC

to respond immediately with fighter assets

a. Joint Engagement Zone (JEZ) to an enemy air offensive regardless of its

Operations. These operations involve location. FEZ and missile engagement zone

multiple air defense weapon systems of one (MEZ) operations present the enemy with the

or more Service components, simultaneously dilemma of defending against two entirely

and in concert, engaging enemy airpower in different weapon systems, greatly decreasing

the same airspace. However, successful JEZ enemy survivability. FEZ operations within

operations depend on correctly identifying the airspace control area should not result in

friendly, neutral, and enemy aircraft, undue restraints on the ability of surface-based

Positive control may ensure that real-time air defense systems to engage the threat.

engagement taskings are based on

comprehensive situational awareness. Under c. Missile Engagement Zone Operations.

procedural control, all air defense systems These operations are ideal for point defense

must be capable of accurately discerning of critical assets, protection ofmaneuver units

between enemy, neutral, and friendly air in the forward area, and area coverage of rear

vehicles in a highly complex environment operations. MEZ operations offer the JFC

before full joint engagement operations could the ability to meet the enemy with a highoccur. If these conditions cannot be met, and low-altitude, all-weather capability.

separate zones for missile and fighter Advanced surface-to-airmissilesystemshave

engagement should be established. JEZ, long-range, high-firepower capability that can

without effective command and control, is engage enemy aircraft beyond the forward line

extremely difficult to implement. In of own troops (FLOT) or disrupt massed

maritime air operations, airspace control will enemy air attacks prior to committing fighter

tend toward procedural control, with aircraft assets. Properly employed, MEZ operations

bearing the burden of following promulgated are effective across the full range of air

procedures to avoid fratricide. Such an defense operations and enemy threats.

arrangement allows a layered series of MEZ operations need to be designed to

engagements by both friendly aircraft and maximize the full range and capabilities of

surface missile systems. various systems. Finally, MEZ operations

111-6 Joint Pub 3-52
Elements of Airspace Control in the Combat Zone

When circumstances dictate, mobile factilities provide airspace control in

the combat zone.

within the airspace control area should not forces for which there are no approved

result in undue restraints on the flexibility and operation plan or previously established

ability of friendly air assets to respond to the airspace control plans, the ACA, when

changing enemy threat and should not result directed by the JFC, will establish a

in attacks on friendly assets. temporary airspace control system

responsive to immediate tactical or

* d. Coordination for Enemy Engagement operational requirements. As soon as

Operations. As discussed in Chapter II, practicable, theACA will implement the

"General Organization and Responsibilities," planning and coordination requirements

subparagraph2e, theACAandtheAADCare to modify or adjust the system to

normally the same person. This is extremely meet requirements of all components

important in order to maintain the flexibility employed in the joint force.

needed for effectively meeting the enemy air

threat. With this in mind, the following e. Combat Zone Airspace Control and

general guidelines apply: Integration of Friendly Electronic Warfare

and Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses

" When urgent or emergency combat Measures (SEAD). The JFC will integrate

situations arise, the airspace control electronic warfare and SEAD measures into

authority can authorize deviations the overall plan. This integration could

from established policies and degrade the effectiveness ofsome combat zone

procedures. In these exceptional airspace control assets, degrade some of the

situations, the airspace control authority positive control aspects of the system, and

should notify all affected air defense reduce the capability to identify aircraft.

assets and airspace users prior to Proper coordination by the ACA for the JFC

authorizing deviations. The JFC also will allow procedural control measures to be

should be informed as soon as possible. developed to compensate for this degradation.

Thorough planning is required to preclude

" When the circumstances of a electronic warfare efforts from unduly

contingency situation necessitate the degrading air defense and airspace control

rapid deployment and employment of efforts.

111-7
Chapter III

Intentionally Blank

111-8 Joint Pub 3-52
CHAPTER IV

AIRSPACE CONTROL FOR SPECIFIED MISSIONS

"The way of the warrior is to master the virtue of his weapons."

Myamoto Mushaski,

A Book of Five Rings

1. General and coordination of combat zone airspace

control services.

The ACA may assign a portion of

airspace to a subordinate commander to 2. Combat Zone Airspace

accomplish a specified mission. This Control in Amphibious

airspace control arrangement may be at the Operations

direction of the JFC or implemented in

accordance with procedures contained in the See Figure IV- 1.

ACP. In this situation, the ACA may

temporarily designate a subordinate 3. Airspace Control in the

commander as the control authority for the Combat Zone During

specified airspace area. This designated Military Operations Other

commander must coordinate with theACA Than War (MOOTW)

to ensure:

Joint forces must be ready to undertake

a. Unity of effort and minimize a variety of missions. Military operations

interference along adjacent boundaries, other than war are generally confined to a

specific geographic area and are often

b. Agreement on procedures for characterized by constraints on the forces,

coordination of flight information, clearance weapons, and tactics employed and the level

of aircraft to enter and depart the airspace, of violence. Depending on the environment,

During amphibious operations, the Commander, Amphibious Task Force (CATF)

controls all air operations and airspace control procedures in the Amphibious

Objective Area.

IV-1
Chptr airsaecnrlVh on oc omne JC rhge

auhrt who orer th amhbiu oprto wil asig to the

Comndr Amhbiu Tas Forc (CA) who may be the J

an 0ispc o0 defne prprtos whc wlicud h

am hbiu . obetv 0 area 0 0 000 -.-

All air oprtin an aispc coto prcdue in th A will

be une th coto of the 0AF or desgnte . 0

rersettie uni th 0 m 0prto hbiu is terminated

0o enur unt of efor in ovrl ai opraios the C wil

corint ai oprtin 0efne wihi 0irs.acewithth the 0

Landing0Force. At~ th diceto of the C airspace conto

an th conro of ai oprtin in th A are pase 0. the

Comndr Ladn Foce if Main Cops 0commande0 or to a r

JFC. intatn direc0t††† †††e.

iniiain 0iretiv .Aproe mision wil be relce in th

Foseigure det.omatl Zone airspace control in amphibious operations,

enaemen to maybe more resricive Thoist Dcornstfrait onmthebforuss

Oprains" n Jit Joint Pub otiefo 3-521 adn
Airspace Control for Specified Missions

tactics employed, and level of violence. conduct of ATC activities. Any required

Consequently, as a minimum, in MOOTW changes or waivers to national

environments prone to such fluctuations, all regulations, as well as problems that

air missions, including both fixed- and rotary- result from restrictions to military

wing of all components, must appear on the operations, should be forwarded to the

appropriate air tasking order (ATO) and/ JFC and may be referred through

or flight plan. In addition, all aircraft must diplomatic channels for resolution.

monitor a common frequency and operate

on designated IFF modes and codes, which Procedural airspace control plans and

must be appropriately checked prior to measures, such as weapons-free zones,

mission start. In cases of high density aircraft base defense zones, low-level transit

operations, such as in a properly designated routes, coordinating altitudes, and

high density airspace control zone (HIDACZ) identification requirements, may or may

or amphibious objective area (AOA), not be required. Although the threat,

published on the ACO, aircraft may operate friendly surface-to-air weapons systems,

without an ATO mission number. This type and density of friendly air operations are

of rigorous control is necessary during such not as significant a consideration in FID

MOOTW because the mix of friendly, enemy, as in higher intensity forms of combat,

and neutral aircraft and mission constraints effective control of the airspace

require the JFC to strictly control flights in remains as important as in any other

the AOR/JOA (e.g., peace operations). No military operation. First consideration

matter what methods the JFC chooses, is given to national sovereignty and hostthey need to be continually evaluated for nation laws and procedures. If such

effectiveness and efficiency as the procedures or capabilities are inadequate

environment and mission change. to support military operations,

specialized training and/or ATC liaison

a. Foreign Internal Defense (FID). should be conducted or host-nation

When supporting FID, the focus is to support capabilities should be augmented by

the host nation in such a way that the host equipment, personnel, or both.

nation becomes the primary agent in most Augmentation is the least desirable

actions. course of action. Wherever possible, the

host nation will likely solve its

Combat zone airspace control in FID problems with its own resources, thus

is based on air traffic regulations and reinforcing its sovereignty.

control of civil and military airspace

users. In FID, the ATC system of the Airspace control in FID operations

host nation frequently provides the primarily focuses on providing air

framework around which most of the traffic control services, coordinating

combat zone airspace control function military airspace requirements with

takes place. A theater air control system host-nation civil air operations, and

may or may not be established. The integrating and coordinating air

existing airspace control system may operations with ground activities. Air

require some modification as the specific traffic services may be expanded to

situation requires. provide greater positive control of

airspace users.

. Bilateral and international agreements

often establish regulatory guidance b. Peacekeeping Operations.

affecting the use of airspace and the Peacekeeping operations are military

IV-3
Chapter IV

In military operation other than war, joint force command and control aircraft may

be required to conduct surface surveillance coordination and communications relay

within the framework of the host nation's air traffic control system.

operations undertaken with the consent traffic regulation may require that all

of all major parties to a dispute, designed flight operations be planned and

to monitor and facilitate implementation coordinated with the appropriate ATC

of an agreement and support diplomatic systems of the nations involved.

efforts to reach a long-term political Adherence to International Civil

settlement. Peacekeeping forces are Aviation Organization (ICAO)

interposed between two or more regulatory procedures must be

belligerents. This force may be composed considered.

of international contingents.

c. Antiterrorism. A primary concern in

"Terms of reference will govern antiterrorism lies in protecting personnel,

participation in the peacekeeping units, and facilities from terrorist acts. The

mission. They dictate how the airspace measures adopted and implemented by

control function is accomplished and command directives dictate how airspace

establish the policies and procedures will be used and the airspace control

governing the use of airspace. Of function performed. Antiterrorism

fundamental importance is that the operations will overlap all aspects of military

airspace belongs to the belligerent operations to some degree. Antiterrorism

entities involved. Use of that measures can have an impact on air traffic

airspace by the peacekeeping force is control and on the operations ofair terminals,

governed by the terms of reference aerial ports, airfields, and heliports. The use

between the belligerents, of restricted areas around sensitive facilities

is commonplace. "Airspace control activities in this

environment are largely related to d. Other Types of Military Operations

air traffic regulation and control. Other Than War. Joint forces may be

Special identification procedures and air called on to participate in operations to

IV-4 Joint Pub 3-52
Airspace Control for Specified Missions

resolve situations that involve US security 4. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

for intelligence missions, raids, rescue (UAVs)

missions, or other limited uses of military

forces. In these operations it may not be UAVs are operated in the airspace control

possible to implement some of the airspace area by each component of the joint force.

control procedures described in this The established principles of airspace

publication. Joint forces may encounter management used in manned flight

opposing military forces when conducting operations will normally apply to UAV

these missions whose capabilities and operations. The UAV is difficult to acquire

potential for hostilities vary widely, so the and does not provide a clear radar signature,

airspace control function will have to vary presenting a potential hazard to high

accordingly. Planning for these operations, performance aircraft. Therefore, UAV

however informal or brief, should include: operations should be coordinated with all

appropriate airspace control agencies to

"* Deconfliction between units and aircraft provide safe separation of UAVs and manned

performing the military mission and with aircraft and prevent engagement by friendly

other types of air traffic. forces. UAV airspace control considerations

are shown in Figure IV-2. Specific

"* Timely and effective implementation information on UAVs can be found in Joint

of appropriate airspace control Pub 3-55.1, "JTTP for Unmanned Aerial

procedures if hostilities ensue. Vehicles."

AA

Figure IV-2. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) Airspace Control Considerations

IV-5
Chapter IV

Intentionally Blank

IV-6 Joint Pub 3-52
APPENDIX A

AIRSPACE CONTROL PLAN

1. Purpose * Each element used in the airspace control

system (site, facility, or airborne

This appendix provides an example of the platform).

topics that should be considered when

developing an airspace control plan. f. Description of the interface between the

ACA, the AADC, and fire support

2. Airspace Control Plan Topics coordination elements and the procedures

adopted to coordinate and deconflict air

Every airspace control plan will be unique defense and operational requirements.

and must be based on the objectives of the

military operations, the capabilities and g. Description of interface with the Federal

shortcomings of both friendly and enemy Aviation Administration, host-nation Air

forces, and the contributions and complexities Traffic Control System, and/or ICAO.

introduced by host-nation and multinational

forces, as well as the access required to the h. Description of the interface between the

airspace by nonbelligerent aircraft. Airspace tactical air control system(s) and the elements

control plan topics include: within those systems for air traffic control.

a. Description of the conditions under i. If operations include forces from other

which the guidance and procedures in the nations, description of the interfaces between

airspace control plan are applicable (e.g., the US and multinational forces to coordinate and

exercise, operation plan, operation order, deconflict airspace requirements.

military operation).

j. Plans to provide for continuity of airspace

b. Description of the AOR/JOA within control operations under degraded conditions

which the airspace control plan applies. (alternate headquarters, alternatives for key

radar or command and control nodes, and

c. Appointment of the ACA; location of other required capabilities).

ACA headquarters.

k. Description of the positive airspace

d. List of the capability that exists within control measures and procedures for the joint

the joint force and in the AOR/JOA to provide force.

airspace control (ground sites, airborne

capability) and means of communicating with 1. Description of the procedures to propose,

those elements. approve, modify, and promulgate each

procedural airspace control measure available

e. Description of the duties and for use within the AOR/JOA (HIDACZ, JEZ,

responsibilities of: FEZ, MEZ, MRR, LLTR, coordinating

altitude, air routes, corridors, restricted

"* The Airspace Control Authority. operations zones, and other appropriate

procedures).

"* Each airspace user within the joint force

(to include requirements for liaison to and m. Description of IFF/SIF procedures.

coordination with the ACA).

'A-i
Appendix A

n. Description of orbit procedures. control measures (HIDACZ,

JEZ, FEZ, MEZ, MRR, LLTR,

o. Description ofprocedures and systems coordinating altitude, air routes,

to compile and promulgate the airspace. corridors, restricted operations

control order that provides airspace control zones, and other appropriate

procedures and/or guidance in effect for a procedures).

specified time period. The airspace control

order would normally contain: * Procedures for entering and transiting

active restricted operations zones (e.g., "* Modifications to guidance and/or amphibious objective area, naval

procedures contained in the ACP. control zones).

"* Active or current IFF/SIF procedures. * Location of active orbit areas.

"* Location and procedures associated * Active UAV launch and recovery areas

with active procedural airspace and mission areas.

A-2 Joint Pub 3-52
APPENDIX B

PROCEDURAL AIRSPACE CONTROL MEASURES

1. Purpose to-air weapons are normally given

preference to conduct air defense

This appendix provides a description, operations except under specific

considerations, and uses of Service measures conditions.

for controlling airspace. The following

airspace control measures are provided to aid Uses. An air defense action area is an

in defining airspace control requests, orders, engagement area used for preference of

and plans. A sample airspace control request a specific weapon system over another

is provided in the Annex. without excluding the other from use

under certain operational conditions.

2. Procedural Airspace Control From an airspace control perspective, an

Measures air defense action area provides airspace

users with location of air defense areas

a. Air Corridor for mission planning purposes.

Description. An air corridor is a • POC. AADC.

restricted air route of travel specified for

use by friendly (primarilyArmy) aircraft c. Air Defense Area

and established to prevent friendly forces

from firing on friendly aircraft. Description. An air defense area is a

specifically defined airspace for which

Uses. Air corridor procedures are used air defense must be planned and

to route aviation combat elements provided.

between such areas as forward arming

and refueling points, holding areas, and Uses. An air defense area defines, in an

battle positions. Altitudes of an air area of operations, the area to be

corridor do not exceed the coordinating defended.

altitude, if established.

Considerations. An air defense area is

Point of Contact (POC). If a a planning or division-of-responsibility

coordinating altitude has been aid; it is not used as an airspace control

established, an air corridor is measure.

implemented by the using authority. If a

coordinating altitude has not been * POC. AADC.

established, an air corridor is established

by the ACA at the request of the d. Air Defense Identification Zone

appropriate ground commander. (ADIZ)

b. Air Defense Action Area Description. An ADIZ is airspace of

defined dimensions within which the

• Description. An air defense action area ready identification, location, and control

and the airspace above it is an area within of airborne vehicles are required.

which friendly aircraft or surfaceB-1
Appendix B

" Uses. Associated with nations or areas identification zone, and firepower

of operation, the ADIZ is normally the umbrella in this section.

transition between procedural control

areas (outside) and the positive control POC. See individual descriptions for air

areas (inside). Typically, ADIZ is used defense action area, air defense area, air

for sovereign national boundaries, or in defense identification zone, and

the case of areas of operations, for firepower umbrella in this section.

identification into the rear areas.

f. Airspace Control Area

" Considerations. See flight information

publications/ICAO for theater-specific Description. An airspace control area

ADIZ and associated procedures and is airspace that is laterally defined by the

limitations, boundaries of an area of operations. The

airspace control area may be divided into

" POC. AADC. airspace control sectors.

e. Air Defense Operations Area • Uses. Airspace control areas are a means

of planning or dividing responsibility.

* Description. An air defense operations

area and the airspace above it is an area * Considerations. Geographically

within which air defense procedures are defined, an airspace control area may

specified. It may include designation of include political boundaries.

one or more of the following:

. POC. ACA.

Air defense action area.

g. Airspace Control Sector

Air defense area.

. Description. An airspace control sector

Air defense identification zone. is a subelement of the airspace control

area established to facilitate the control

Firepower umbrella, of the overall area. Airspace control

sector boundaries normally coincide with

" Uses. Air defense operations areas are air defense organization subdivision

established to minimize mutual boundaries.

interference between air defense and

other operations. These areas are not • Uses. An airspace control sector

used for airspace control but aid provides airspace control of an area by a

planning and division of component or other airspace controlresponsibilities. From an airspace capable entity best able to provide control

control perspective, these areas provide in that geographic area.

airspace users with the location of air

defense operations for mission planning * Considerations. An airspace control

purposes. sector interface with the airspace control

system needs to be developed.

" Considerations. See individual

descriptions for air defense action - POC. Airspace control sectors are

area, air defense area, air defense designated by the ACA in

consideration ofjoint force component,

B-2 Joint Pub 3-52
Procedural Airspace Control Measures

host-nation, and multinational airspace • POC. CATE

control capabilities and requirements.

j. Amphibious Objective Area

h. Airspace Coordination Area

. Description. An AOA is a geographic

Description. An airspace coordination area, delineated in the initiating directive

area is a three-dimensional block of for purposes of command and control,

airspace of defined dimensions and used within which is located the objective(s)

as a restrictive fire support coordination to be secured by the amphibious task

measure, force. This area must be of sufficient

size to ensure accomplishment of the

Uses. An airspace coordination area is amphibious task force's mission and

used primarily in close air support provide sufficient area for conducting

situations for high-volume fire. Friendly necessary sea, air, and land operations.

aircraft are reasonably free from friendly The airspace associated with this area is

surface fires, with artillery, helicopters, included in the AOA. When dissolved,

and fixed-winged aircraft given specific airspace control passes to the ACA.

lateral or vertical airspace within which

to operate. * Uses. With respect to airspace

control, AOA allows the Commander,

" Considerations. Timely implementation Amphibious Task Force freedom of air

of the area is dependent on the ground operations within the AOA.

situation. Burden of deconfliction rests

with the ground commander. * Considerations. Coordination with

nonorganic aircraft for entry, exit, and

"* POC. An airspace coordination area is deconfliction operations within theAOA

established by the ACA at the request of with operations just outside the AOA

the appropriate ground commander. normally requires continuous, active

involvement of the affected commanders

i. Amphibious Defense Zone and staffs.

" Description. An amphibious defense • POC. JFC.

zone is the area encompassing the AOA

and additional adjoining airspace as k. Base Defense Zone (BDZ)

needed for the accompanying naval force

for the purpose of air defense. • Description. BDZ is an air defense zone

established around an air base and

" Uses. An amphibious defense zone limited to the engagement envelope of

provides an antiair warfare area for short-range air defense weapon systems

protection of the amphibious task force. defending that base. BDZs have specific

entry, exit, and IFF procedures

" Considerations. If an amphibious established.

defense zone overlaps other landbased air defense areas, appropriate • Uses. From an airspace control

coordination for division of perspective, a BDZ provides airspace

responsibilities and boundaries must be users with location of the engagement

conducted.

B-3
Appendix B

zone for the air defense systems m. Falcon Radials

defending a base for mission planning

purposes. * Description. Falcon radials are the

planned magnetic bearings along which

"* Considerations. See short-range air aircraft depart or return to aircraftdefense zone (SHORADEZ) in this capable ships.

section.

Uses. Falcon radials provide tracking,

"* POC. AADC. control, and assistance to friendly aircraft

within the antiair warfare surveillance

1. CoordinatingAltitude area of the battle group.

Description. A coordinating altitude • POC. Antiair warfare commander

is a procedural method to separate (AAWC).

fixed- and rotary-winged aircraft by

determining an altitude below which n. Fighter Engagement Zone

fixed-wing aircraft normally will not

fly and above which rotary-wing • Description: FEZs normally will be

aircraft normally will not fly. It may established in those areas where no

include a buffer zone for small altitude effective surface-to-air capability is

deviations and extend from the forward deployed. These operations usually take

edge of the communications zone to the place in airspace above and beyond the

FLOT. The coordinating altitude does engagement ranges of surface-based

not restrict either fixed- or rotary- (land and sea), short-range air defense

winged aircraft when operating against systems, and are an alternative type of

or in the immediate vicinity of enemy engagement operation if the detailed

ground forces. Fixed- or rotary-winged control aspects of joint engagement

aircraft planning extended penetration operations cannot be met. FEZ is an air

of this altitude will notify the defense control measure.

appropriate airspace control facility.

However, approval acknowledgment is • Uses. From an air defense perspective,

not required prior to fixed-wing aircraft FEZ normally is used when fighter

operating below the coordinating aircraft have the clear operational

altitude or rotary-wing aircraft advantage over surface-based systems.

operating above the coordinating These advantages could include range,

altitude. density of fire, rules of engagement, or

"coordination requirements. From an

"* Uses. Coordinating altitude allows airspace control perspective, provides

procedural separation of aircraft airspace users with location of the

types. engagement zone for fighter aircraft for

mission planning purposes.

"• Considerations. See-and-avoid

procedures are used during visual Considerations. Coordination and

meteorological conditions, flexibility within the combat airspace

control system may be a limiting factor

"* POC. The coordinating altitude is with FEZ. Under fighter engagement

normally specified in the ACP, which is zone operations, surface-to-air missile

approved by the JFC. systems will not be allowed to fire

B-4 Joint Pub 3-52
Procedural Airspace Control Measures

weapons unless targets are positively • POC. AADC.

identified as hostile and assigned by

higher authority, or unless they are firing q. High-Density Airspace Control Zone

in self defense.

Description. HIDACZ is an area in

° POC. AADC. which there is a concentrated

employment of numerous and varied

o. Firepower Umbrella weapons or airspace users. A highdensity airspace control zone has defined

" Description. Firepower umbrella is an dimensions that usually coincide with

area of specified dimensions defining the geographical features or navigational

boundaries of the airspace over a naval aids. Access to and air defense weapons

force at sea within which the fire of a status within a high-density airspace

ship's antiaircraft weapons can endanger control zone is normally approved by the

aircraft, and within which special appropriate commander.

procedures have been established for the

identification and operation of friendly * Uses. HIDACZ allows ground/Marine

aircraft. air-ground task force commanders to

restrict a volume of airspace from users

"° POC. AAWC. not involved with ongoing operations.

Restricts use of the airspace because of

p. High-Altitude Missile Engagement the large volume and density of fires

Zone (HIMEZ) supporting the ground operations within

the described geographic area.

" Description. Normally applied to longrange surface-to-air missiles, a HIMEZ - Considerations. The volume of air

will limit the volume of airspace within traffic demands careful coordination to

which these weapons may conduct limit the potential conflict among

engagements without specific direction aircraft needed for mission essential

of the AADC. HIMEZ is an air defense operations within the HIDACZ and

controlmeasure. other airspace users. When

establishing a HIDACZ, consider the

" Uses. From an air defense perspective, following:

HIMEZ normally is used when a highaltitude missile system has a clear *o Minimum risk routes (MRR) into and

operational advantage over using aircraft. out of the HIDACZ and to the target area.

These advantages could include range,

command and control, rules of *° Air traffic advisory as required.

engagement, or response time. From an Procedures and systems also must be

airspace control perspective, provides considered for air traffic control service

airspace users with location of the during instrument meteorological

engagement zone of a high-altitude conditions.

missile system for mission planning

purposes. -. Procedures for expeditious movement

of aircraft into and out of the HIDACZ.

" Considerations. Design of the HIMEZ

is contingent on specific weapon system -- Coordination of fire support, as well

capabilities, as air defense weapons control orders or

B-5
Appendix B

status within and in the vicinity of the zone of low-altitude missile systems for

HIDACZ. mission planning purposes.

• Location of enemy forces inside of * Considerations. The design of the

and within close proximity to the LOMEZ is contingent on specific

HIDACZ. weapon system capabilities.

* POC. HIDACZ is nominated by the • POC. AADC.

ground commander and approved by the

ACA. t. Low-Level Transit Route

r. Joint Engagement Zone Description. LLTR is a temporary

bidirectional corridor of defined

" Description. JEZ is airspace of specified dimensions that facilitates the low-level

dimensions within which multiple air passage of friendly aircraft through

defense weapon systems (surface-to-air friendly air defenses and controlled or

missiles and fighters) of one or more restricted airspace. LLTR currently is

Service components are simultaneously used only within the North Atlantic

employed and operated. Treaty Organization (NATO).

" Uses. From an airspace control * Uses. LLTR normally is used by high

perspective, JEZ provides airspace users performance aircraft. LLTR is an

with location of the joint engagement airspace control measure in NATO.

zone for mission-planning purposes.

Considerations. LLTR is a procedural

" Considerations. JEZs are highly method. See NATO Regional Airspace

dependent on correct differentiation Control Plans (MIKE-Plans).

between friendly, neutral, and enemy

aircraft. Procedures for effectively using • POC. ACA.

a JEZ are under development.

u. Minimum Risk Route

"* POC. AADC.

Description. An MRR is a temporary

s. Low-Altitude Missile Engagement corridor of defined dimensions

Zone (LOMEZ) recommended for use by high-speed,

fixed-wing aircraft that presents the

" Description. LOMEZ is a volume of minimum known hazards to low-flying

airspace established to control aircraft transiting the combat zone.

engagements of low- to medium-altitude MRRs are established considering the

surface-to-air missiles. Subject to threat, friendly operations, known

weapon system capabilities, the LOMEZ restrictions, known fire support locations,

normally will extend beyond the forward and terrain.

edge of the battle area.

Uses. MRR is an airspace control

"* Uses. From an airspace control measure used primarily by cross-FLOT

perspective, LOMEZ provides airspace operations. Close air support aircraft do

users with location of the engagement not usually use MRRs in the vicinity of

the target area.

B-6 Joint Pub 3-52
Procedural Airspace Control Measures

"* Considerations. MRRs are established • POC. ACA.

based on known threats.

x. Return To Force (RTF) "* POC. ACA.

. Description. RTFs are planned route

v. Positive Identification Radar profiles for use by friendly aircraft

Advisory Zone (PIRAZ) returning to an aircraft-capable ship.

" Description. PIRAZ is a designated area * Uses. RTF provides a means for easily

within which Navy ships (usually naval identifying friendly aircraft.

tactical data systems equipped) separate

friendly from hostile aircraft. * POC. AAWC.

" Uses. PIRAZ provides tracking, control, y. Short RangeAir Defense Engagement

and assistance to friendly aircraft within Zone (SHORAD)

the antiair warfare surveillance area of

the battle group. Description. Areas of SHORAD

deployment may fall within a LOMEZ

"* POC. AAWC. or HIMEZ. It is possible that some areas

may be solely defended by SHORAD

w. Restricted Operations Area (ROA) assets. A SHORADEZ can be

established to define the airspace within

" Description. ROA is airspace of defined which these assets will operate. Because

dimensions created in response to centralized control over the SHORAD

specific operational situations or weapons may not be possible, these areas

requirements within which the operation must be clearly defined and disseminated

of one or more airspace users is so friendly aircraft can avoid them.

restricted. Also known as a Restricted

Operations Zone. Uses. SHORADEZ is normally

established for the local air defense of

" Uses. An ROA is an airspace control high-value assets. From an airspace

measure used to separate and identify control perspective, SHORADEZ

areas. For example, artillery, mortar, provides airspace users with the location

naval gunfire support, UAV operating of the engagement zone of short-range

areas, aerial refueling, concentrated air defense systems for mission planning

interdiction areas, areas of search and purposes.

rescue (SAR), SOF operating areas, and

areas in which the AADC has declared Considerations. Centralized control of

"weapons free." Commonly used for SHORADEZ may not be possible.

drop zones, landing zones, SAR areas,

UAV launch and recovery sites, UAV • POC. AADC.

mission areas, and special electronics

mission aircraft. z. Special Use Airspace

" Considerations. ROA can adversely Description. Special use airspace is a

affect air defense operations; therefore, termused to define airspace for a specific

air defense missions generally have purpose. It may also designate airspace

priority over ROAs. in which no flight activity is authorized.

B-7
Appendix B

General subdivisions (regions, sectors, Description. In air defense, WEZ is

and AOA) are not special use airspace. airspace of defined dimensions within

which the responsibility for engagement "* Uses. Special use airspace is typically normally rests with a particular weapon

applied to BDZs and cap/orbit areas. system. These include FEZ, HIMEZ,

LOMEZ, SHORADEZ, and JEZ.

" Considerations. Special use airspace

typically is a peacetime term contained Uses. WEZ defines air defense areas by

in FAAH 7610.4 (Special Military weapon system. From an airspace

Operations) to include military operating control perspective, WEZ provides

areas, Air Traffic Control assigned airspace users with location of the air

airspace (ATCAAs), and other airspace. defense engagement for mission

planning purposes.

"* POC. ACA.

. Considerations. Design of the WEZ is

aa. Standard Use Army Aircraft Flight dependent on specific weapon system

Route (SAAFR) capabilities.

" Description. SAAFR are routes • POC. AADC.

established below the coordinating

altitude to facilitate the movement of cc. Weapons Free Zone

Army aviation assets and normally

located in the corps through brigade rear • Description. A weapons free zone is

areas of operation. an air defense zone established for the

protection of key assets or facilities, other

" Uses. SAAFR is an airspace control than air bases, where weapons systems

measure used by Army assets for may be fired at any target not positively

administrative and logistic purposes. recognized as friendly.

" POC. If altitudes are at or below the Uses. A weapons free zone is an air

coordinating altitude, SAAFR is defense control measure normally used

implemented by the using authority. If a for high-value assets defense and in areas

coordinating altitude has not been with limited command and control

established, an air corridor is established authority. From an airspace control

by the ACA at the request of the perspective, this zone provides airspace

appropriate ground commander. See users with location of a weapons free area

FM 100-10 for additional information. for mission planning purposes.

bb. Weapons Engagement Zone (WEZ) * POC. AADC declares weapons free

with the ACA establishing the zone.

B-8 Joint Pub 3-52
ANNEX A TO APPENDIX B

AIRSPACE CONTROL REQUEST REPRESENTATIVE FORMAT

TO:

FROM:

SUBJECT: Request for Airspace

(A) Airspace Control Measure Requested

(B) Location (Lat/Long)

(C) Altitude(s)

(D) Valid/Void Times (normally ZULU)

(E) Type Aircraft/Mission

(F) Controlling Agency

(G) Comments

NOTE: This format is representative ofthe appropriate US Message Text Format (USMTF).

Refer to Joint Pub 6-04.10, "US Message Text Formatting Program, Description

of US Message Text Formatting Program," (to become CJCSI 5725.02) and

associated directives for detailed instructions.

B-A-I
Annex A to Appendix B,

Intentionally Blank

B-A-2 Joint Pub 3-52
APPENDIX C

REFERENCES

The development of Joint Pub 3-52 is based on the following primary sources:

1. Title 10, US Code, as amended by DOD Reorganization Act of 1986.

2. DOD Directive 5100.1, "Functions of the Department of Defense and Its Major

Components."

3. Joint Pub 0-2, "Unified Action Armed Forces (UNAAF)."

4. Joint Pub 1-01, with Change 1, "Joint Publication System: Joint Doctrine and Joint

Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures Development Program."

5. Joint Pub 1-02, "DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms."

6. Joint Pub 3-0, "Doctrine for Joint Operations."

7. Joint Pub 3-56.1, "Command and Control for Joint Air Operations."

C-1
Appendix C

Intentionally Blank

C-2 Joint Pub 3-52
APPENDIX D

ADMINISTRATIVE INSTRUCTIONS

1. User Comments

Users in the field are highly encouraged to submit comments on this publication to the

Joint Warfighting Center Attn: Doctrine Division, Fenwick Road, Bldg 96, Fort Monroe,

VA 23651-5000. These comments should address content (accuracy, usefulness, consistency,

and organization), writing and appearance.

2. Authorship

The lead agent for this publication is the US Air Force. The Joint Staff doctrine sponsor

for this publication is the Director, J-7.

3. Change Recommendations

a. Recommendations for urgent changes to this publication should be submitted:

TO: CSAF WASHINGTON DC//XOXD//

FROM: JOINT STAFF WASHINGTON DC//J5/J7-JDD//

Routine changes should be submitted to the Director for Operational Plans and

Interoperability (J-7), JDD, 7000 Joint Staff Pentagon, Washington, D.C. 20318-7000.

b. When a Joint Staff directorate submits a proposal to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of

Staff that would change source document information reflected in this publication, that

directorate will include a proposed change to this publication as an enclosure to its proposal.

The Military Services and other organizations are requested to notify the Director, J-7,

Joint Staff, when changes to source documents reflected in this publication are initiated.

c. Record of Changes:

CHANGE COPY DATE OF DATE POSTED

NUMBER NUMBER CHANGE ENTERED BY REMARKS

D-1
Appendix D

4. Distribution

a. Additional copies ofthis publication can be obtained through Service publication centers.

b. Only approved pubs and test pubs are releasable outside the combatant commands,

Services, and Joint Staff. Release of any joint publication to foreign governments or

foreign nationals must be requested through the local embassy (Defense Attache Office)

to DIA Foreign Liaison Branch, C-AS1, Room 1A674, Pentagon, Washington, D.C.

20301-7400.

c. Additional copies should be obtained from the Military Service assigned administrative

support responsibility by DOD Directive 5100.3, 1 November 1988, "Support of the

Headquarters of Unified, Specified, and Subordinate Joint Commands."

By Military Services:

Army: US Army AG Publication Center

2800 Eastern Boulevard

Baltimore, MD 21220-2898

Air Force: Air Force Publications Distribution Center

2800 Eastern Boulevard

Baltimore, MD 21220-2896

Navy: CO, Navy Aviation Supply Office

Distribution Division (Code 03443)

5801 Tabor Avenue

Philadelphia, PA 19120-5000

Marine Corps: Marine Corps Logistics Base

Albany, GA 31704-5000

Coast Guard: Coast Guard Headquarters, COMDT (G-REP)

2100 2nd Street, SW

Washington, D.C. 20593-0001

d. Local reproduction is authorized and access to unclassified publications is unrestricted.

However, access to and reproduction authorization for classified joint publications must

be in accordance with DOD Regulation 5200. 1-R.

D-2 Joint Pub 3-52
GLOSSARY

PART I-ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

AADC area air defense commander

AAWC antiair warfare commander

ACA airspace control authority

ACO airspace control order

ACP airspace control plan

ACS airspace control system

ADIZ air defense identification zone

AOA amphibious objective area

AOR area of responsibility

ATC air traffic control

ATCAA air traffic control assigned airspace

ATO air tasking order

BDZ base defense zone

CATF commander, amphibious task force

CJCSI Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Instruction

C4 command, control, communications, and computers

DOD Department of Defense

FEZ fighter engagement zone

FLOT forward line of own troops

FID foreign internal defense

HIDACZ high-density airspace control zone

HIMEZ high-altitude missile engagement zone

ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization

IFF identification, friend or foe

IFF/SIF identification, friend or foe/selective identification feature

JEZ joint engagement zone

JFACC joint force air component commander

JFC joint force commander

JOA joint operations area

JTTP joint tactics, techniques, and procedures

LLTR low-level transit route

LOMEZ low-altitude missile engagement zone

MEZ missile engagement zone

MOOTW military operations other than war

MRR minimum-risk route

GL-1
Glossary

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization

OPCON operational control

PIRAZ positive identification radar advisory zone

POC point of contact

ROA restricted operations area

RTF return to force

SAAFR standard use Army aircraft flight zone

SAR search and rescue

SEAD suppression of enemy air defense

SHORAD short-range air defense

SHORADEZ short-range air defense zone

SIF selective identification feature

SOF special operations forces

UAV unmanned aerial vehicle

UNAAF Unified Action Armed Forces

WEZ weapon engagement zone

GL-2 Joint Pub 3-52
PART I1-TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

active air defense. Direct defensive action air defense identification zone. Airspace of

taken to nullify or reduce the effectiveness defined dimensions within which the ready

of hostile air action. It includes such identification, location, and control of

measures as the use of aircraft, air defense airborne vehicles are required. Also called

weapons, weapons not used primarily in an ADIZ. (Joint Pub 1-02)

air defense role and electronic warfare.

(Joint Pub 1-02) air defense operations area. An area and

the airspace above it within which

airborne early warning. The detection of procedures are established to minimize

enemy air or surface units by radar or other mutual interference between air defense and

equipment carried in an airborne vehicle, other operations; it may include designation

and the transmitting of a warning to friendly of one or more of the following: air defense

units. (Joint Pub 1-02) action area, air defense area, air defense

identification zone, and/or firepower

air corridor. A restricted air route of travel umbrella. (Joint Pub 1-02)

specified for use by friendly aircraft and

established for the purpose of preventing airspace control. See airspace control in the

friendly aircraft from being fired on by combat zone. (Joint Pub 1-02)

friendly forces. (Joint Pub 1-02)

airspace control area. Airspace which is

air defense. All defensive measures designed laterally defined by the boundaries of the

to destroy attacking enemy aircraft or area of operations. The airspace control

missiles in the Earth's envelope of area may be subdivided into airspace

atmosphere, or to nullify or reduce the control sub-areas. (Joint Pub 1-02)

effectiveness of such attack. (Joint Pub

1-02) airspace control authority. The commander

designated to assume overall responsibility

air defense action area. An area and the for the operation of the airspace control

airspace above it within which friendly system in the airspace control area. (Joint

aircraft or surface-to-air weapons are Pub 1-02)

normally given precedence in operations

except under specified conditions. (Joint airspace control center. The airspace control

Pub 1-02) authority's primary airspace control

facility, including assigned Service

air defense area. 1. overseas-A specifically component, host nation, and/or allied

defined airspace for which air defense must personnel and equipment. (Joint Pub 1-02)

be planned and provided. 2. United

States-Airspace of defined dimensions airspace control facility. Any of the several

designated by the appropriate agency within Service component, host nation, or allied

which the ready control of airbome vehicles facilities that provide airspace control in the

is required in the interest of national security combat zone. (Joint Pub 1-02)

during an air defense emergency. (Joint Pub

1-02) airspace control in the combat zone. A

process used to increase combat

GL-3
Glossary

effectiveness by promoting the safe, airspace coordination area. A threeefficient, and flexible use of airspace. dimensional block of airspace in a target

Airspace control is provided in order to area, established by the appropriate ground

prevent fratricide, enhance air defense commander, in which friendly aircraft are

operations, and permit greater flexibility of reasonably free from friendly surface fires.

operations. Airspace control does not The airspace coordination area may be

infringe on the authority vested in formal or informal. (Approved for

commanders to approve, disapprove, or inclusion in the next edition of Joint Pub 1-

deny combat operations. Also called 02.)

combat airspace control; airspace control.

(Joint Pub 1-02) airspace management. The coordination,

integration, and regulation of the use of

airspace control order. Ai order airspace ofdefined dimensions. (JointPub

implementing the airspace control ilan that 1-02)

provides the details of the approved requests

for airspace control measures. It is airspace restrictions. Special restrictive

published either as part of the air tasking measures applied to segments of airspace

order or as a separate document. Also called of defined dimensions. (Joint Pub 1-02)

ACO. (Joint Pub 1-02)

air tasking order. A method used to task

airspace control plan. The document and disseminate to components,

approvedbythejoint force commanderthat subordinate units, and command and

provides specific planning guidance and control agencies projected sorties/

procedures for the airspace control system capabilities/forces to targets and specific

forthejoint force area of responsibility/joint missions. Normally provides specific

operations area. Also called ACP instructions to include call signs, targets,

(Approved for inclusion in the next controlling agencies, etc., as well as general

edition of Joint Pub 1-02) instructions. Also called ATO. (Joint Pub

1-02)

airspace control sector. A subelement of the

airspace control area, established to air traffic control facility. Any of the

facilitate the control of the overall area. component airspace control facilities

Airspace control sector boundaries primarily responsible for providing air

normally coincide with air defense traffic control services and, as required,

organization subdivision boundaries, limited tactical control services. (Joint Pub

Airspace control sectors are designated in 1-02)

accordance with procedures and guidance

contained in the airspace control plan in amphibious objective area. A geographical

consideration of Service component, host area, delineated in the initiating directive,

nation, and allied airspace control for purposes of command and control

capabilities and requirements. (Joint Pub within which is located the objective(s) to

1-02) be secured by the amphibious task force.

This area must be of sufficient size to ensure

airspace control system. An arrangement accomplishment of the amphibious task

of those organizations, personnel, policies, force's mission and must provide sufficient

procedures and facilities required to area for conducting necessary sea, air, and

perform airspace control functions. (Joint land operations. (Joint Pub 1-02)

Pub 1-02)

GL-4 Joint Pub 3-52
Glossary

area air defense commander. Within a commander's assumptions or intent in

unified command, subordinate unified regard to an operation or series of

command, or joint task force, the operations. The concept of operations

commander will assign overall frequently is embodied in campaign plans

responsibility for air defense to a single and operation plans; in the latter case,

commander. Normally, this will be particularly when the plans cover a series

the component commander with the of connected operations to be carried out

preponderance of air defense capability simultaneously or in succession. The

and the command, control, and concept is designed to give an overall

communications capability to plan and picture of the operation. It is included

execute integrated air defense operations. primarily for additional clarity of purpose.

Representation from the other components Also called commander's concept. (Joint

involved will be provided, as appropriate, Pub 1-02)

to the area air defense commander's

headquarters. Also called AADC. (Joint coordinating altitude. A procedural airspace

Pub 1-02) control method to separate fixed- and

rotary-wing aircraft by determining an

base defense zone. An air defense zone altitude below which fixed-wing aircraft

established around an air base and limited will normally not fly and above which

to the engagement envelope of short-range rotary-wing aircraft normally will not fly.

air defense weapons systems defending that The coordinating altitude is normally

base. Base defense zones have specific specified in the airspace control plan and

entry, exit, and identification, friend or foe may include a buffer zone for small altitude

procedures established. Also called BDZ. deviations. (Joint Pub 1-02)

(Joint Pub 1-02)

drone. A land, sea, or air vehicle that is

campaign plan. A plan for a series of related remotely or automatically controlled. (Joint

military operations aimed at accomplishing Pub 1-02)

a strategic or operational objective within

a given time and space. (Joint Pub 1-02) fighter engagement zone. See weapon

engagement zone. (Joint Pub 1-02)

combat airspace control. See airspace control

in the combat zone. (Joint Pub 1-02) firepower umbrella. An area of specified

dimensions defining the boundaries of the

combat zone. 1. That area required by airspace over a naval force at sea within

combatforcesfortheconductofoperations. which the fire of ships' antiaircraft

2. The territory forward of the Army rear weapons can endanger aircraft, and within

area boundary. (Joint Pub 1-02) which special procedures have been

established for the identification and

combined operation. An operation operation of friendly aircraft. (Joint Pub

conducted by forces of two or more 1-02)

allied nations acting together for the

accomplishment of a single mission. (Joint fire support coordination. The planning and

Pub 1-02) executing of fire so that targets are

adequately covered by a suitable weapon

concept of operations. A verbal or graphic or group of weapons. (Joint Pub 1-02)

statement, in broad outline, of a

GL-5
foreign internal defense. Participation by emitting pulses, thereby distinguishing

civilian and military agencies of a themselves from enemy forces. Also called

government in any of the action programs IFE (Joint Pub 1-02)

taken by another government to free and

protect its society from subversion, identification, friend or foe/selective

lawlessness, and insurgency. Also called identification feature procedures. The

FID. (Joint Pub 1-02) directives that govern the use of

identification, friend or foe selective

forward line of own troops. A line which identification feature equipment. (Joint Pub

indicates the most forward positions of 1-02)

friendly forces in any kind of military

operation at a specific time. The forward joint engagement zone. See weapon

line of own troops normally identifies the engagement zone. (Joint Pub 1-02)

forward location of covering and screening

forces. Also called FLOT. (Joint Pub 1-02) joint force. A general term applied to a force

composed of significant elements, assigned

functional component command. A or attached, of two or more Military

command normally, but not necessarily, Departments, operating under a single

composed of forces oftwo or more Military commander authorized to exercise

Departments which may be established operational control. (Joint Pub 1-02)

across the range of military operations to

perform particular operational missions that joint force air component commander. The

may be of short duration or may extend over joint force air component commander

a period of time. (Joint Pub 1-02) derives authority from the joint force

commander who has the authority to

high-altitude missile engagement zone. See exercise operational control, assign

weapon engagementzone. (JointPub 1-02) missions, direct coordination among

subordinate commanders, redirect and

high-density airspace control zone. organize forces to ensure unity of effort in

Airspace designated in an airspace control the accomplishment of the overall mission.

plan or airspace control order, in which The joint force commander will normally

there is a concentrated employment of designate a joint force air component

numerous and varied weapons and airspace commander. The joint force air component

users. A high-density airspace control zone commander's responsibilities will be

has defined dimensions, which usually assigned by the joint force commander

coincide with geographical features or (normally these would include, but not be

navigational aids. Access to a high-density limited to, planning, coordination,

airspace control zone is normally controlled allocation, and tasking based on the joint

by the maneuver commander. The force commander's apportionment

maneuver commander can also direct a decision). Using the joint force

more restrictive weapons status within the commander's guidance and authority, and

high-density airspace control zone. Also in coordination with other Service

called HIDACZ. (Joint Pub 1-02) component commanders and other assigned

or supporting commanders, the joint force

identification, friend or foe. A system using air component commander will

electromagnetic transmissions to which recommend to the joint force commander

equipment carried by friendly forces apportionment of air sorties to various

automatically responds, for example, by

GL-6 Joint Pub 3-52
Glossary

missions or geographic areas. Also called authority and responsibility therein. (Joint

JFACC. (Joint Pub 1-02) Pub 1-02)

joint operations area. An area of land, sea, procedural control. A method of airspace

and airspace, defined by a geographic control which relies on a combination of

combatant commander or subordinate previously agreed and promulgated orders

unified commander, in which a joint force and procedures. (Joint Pub 1-02)

commander (normally a joint task force

commander) conducts military operations restricted operations area. Airspace of

to accomplish a specific mission. Joint defined dimensions, designated by the

operations areas are particularly useful airspace control authority, in response

when operations are limited in scope and to specific operational situations/

geographic area or when operations are to requirements within which the operation of

be conducted on the boundaries between one or more airspace users is restricted.

theaters. Also called JOA. (Joint Pub 1-02) (Joint Pub 1-02)

low-altitude missile engagement zone. See rules of engagement. Directives issued by

weapon engagement zone. (Joint Pub 1-02) competent military authority which

delineate the circumstances and limitations

low level transit route. A temporary corridor under which United States forces will initiate

of defined dimensions established in the and/or continue combat engagement with

forward area to minimize the risk to friendly other forces encountered. Also called ROE.

aircraft from friendly air defenses or surface (Joint Pub 1-02)

forces. (Joint Pub 1-02)

Service component command. A command

minimum-risk route. A temporary corridor consisting of the Service component

of defined dimensions recommended for commander and all those Service forces,

use by high-speed, fixed-wing aircraft that such as individuals, units, detachments,

presents the minimum known hazards to organizations and installations under the

low-flying aircraft transiting the combat command including the support forces, that

zone. Also called MIRR. (Joint Pub 1-02) have been assigned to a combatant

command or further assigned to a

minimum-risk level. A specific altitude or subordinate unified command or joint task

altitude block that allows homebound force. (Joint Pub 1-02)

aircraft to return in a homebound direction

without lateral restrictions. Also called short-range air defense engagement zone.

MRL. (Joint Pub 1-02) See weapon engagement zone. (Joint Pub

1-02)

point defense. The defense or protection of

special vital elements and installations; e.g., standard use army aircraft flight route.

command and control facilities, air bases. Routes established below the coordinating

(Joint Pub 1-02) altitude to facilitate the movement ofArmy

aviation assets. Routes are normally located

positive control. A method of airspace in the corps through brigade rear areas of

control which relies on positive operation and do not require approval by

identification, tracking, and direction of the airspace control authority. Also called

aircraft within an airspace, conducted with SAAFR. (Joint Pub 1-02)

electronic means by an agency having the

GL-7
Glossary

unmanned aerial vehicle. A powered, aerial c. low-altitude missile engagement zone.

vehicle that does not carry a human In air defense, that airspace of defined

operator, uses aerodynamic forces to dimensions within which the

provide vehicle lift, can fly autonomously responsibility for engagement of air

or be piloted remotely, can be expendable threats normally rests with low- to

or recoverable, and can carry a lethal or medium-altitude surface-to-air missiles.

nonlethal payload. Ballistic or semniballistic Also called LOMEZ.

vehicles, cruise missiles, and artillery

projectiles are not considered unmanned d. short-range air defense engagement

aerial vehicles. Also called UAV (Joint zone. In air defense, that airspace of

Pub 1-02) defined dimensions within which the

responsibility for engagement of air threats

weapon engagement zone. In air defense, normally rests with short-range air defense

airspace of defined dimensions within weapons. It may be established within a

which the responsibility for engagement of low- or high-altitude missile engagement

air threats normally rests with a particular zone. Also called SHORADEZ.

weapon system. Also called WEZ. (Joint

Pub 1-02) e. joint engagement zone. In air defense,

that airspace of defined dimensions within

a. fighter engagement zone. Inairdefense, which multiple air defense systems

that airspace of defined dimensions within (surface-to-air missiles and aircraft) are

which the responsibility for engagement of simultaneously employed to engage air

air threats normally rests wifh fighter threats. Also called JEZ.

aircraft. Also called FEZ.

weapons free zone. An air defense zone

b. high-altitude missile engagement zone. established for the protection of key assets

In air defense, that airspace of defined or facilities, other than air bases, where

dimensions within which the responsibility weapon systems may be fired at any target

for engagement of air threats normally rests not positively recognized as friendly. (Joint

with high-altitude surface-to-air missiles. Pub 1-02)

Also called HIMEZ.

GL-8 Joint Pub 3-52
JOINT DOCTRINE PUBLICATIONS HIERARCHY

JOINTNPUB UB. 1 S• J iTtJ3OINT

PERSERATNON

Alljoiint doctrine and tactics, techniques , 'and procedures are organized into a c ehenivi erarhy as shown in thchartabove. Joint Pub 3-52 is in t Operations riesbfjoint doctrinepublications. ~The d~iagram below illustrates an overview of the developmnent process,

STEP #1

Project Proposal

STEP #5 0 Submitted by Services, CINCS, orJoint Staff STEP #2

Assessments/Revision to fill extant operational void Program Directive

* The CINCS receive the pub and 0 J-7 validates requirement with Services and

begin to assess it dudng use CINCe Services and CINCS

* 18 to 24 months following 0 J-7 initiates Program Directive 0 Includes scope of project, publication, the Director J-7, will references, milestones,

solicit awritten report from the and who will develop combatant commands and drafts

Services on the utility and quality of each pub and the need for any 0 J-7 releases Program

urgent changes or earlier-than- Directive toLead Agent. scheduled revisions Lead Agent can be

Service, CINC, orJoint 0 No later than 5 years after Staff (JS) Directorate development, each pub is revised

STEP #4..........STP#

CJCS Approval Two Drafts

0 fowad ~ ~ ~ prpoe ~ ~ pu•oJin ~ ~~•i Lea tf Agn Lead Agent selects Primary Review Authority •:,!:!: •",:" •, (PRA) to develop the pub • 0 Joint Staff takes responsibility for pub, makes • ' !

required changes and prepares pub for o PRA develops tws draft pubs

coordination with Services and CINCS

o PRA staffs each draft with CINCS, Services, 0 Joint Staff conducts formal and Joint Staff staffing for approval as a Joint Publication