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MEMORANDUM 

TO: Brian Shrager, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, OAQPS\SPPD 

FROM: Amanda Singleton and Graham Gibson, ERG 

DATE: January, 2011 

SUBJECT: Revised Standardization of Reported Data from the Public Comment Period and 

Questionnaire for Boilers, Process Heaters, Incinerators and Other Combustion 

Units 

1.0 INTRODUCTION

This memorandum describes the processes used to standardize fuel type, emission test 

data, continuous emission monitor (CEM) data and other data reported by industry in the 2008 

Questionnaire for Boilers, Process Heaters, Incinerators and Other Combustion Units1 (ICR No. 

2286.01, OMB Control No. 2060-0616, EPA Form No. 5900-122), the 2009 Test Plan for 

Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional Boilers and Process Heaters2 (ICR No. 2286.02, OMB 

Control No. 2060-0616, EPA Form No. 5900-122), and the public comments and data received 

during and after the public comment period on the June 2010 proposal. ERG developed a 

comprehensive survey results database of all data reported by industry, as well as a consolidated 

emissions database. A data dictionary and description of all the fields contained in the database 

are summarized in other memoranda.3

 This memorandum discusses only those data fields which 

required standardization, including (but not limited to) emission values, design capacity values, 

fuel types and control devices. This memorandum also explains the methodologies and any 

constants and conversion factors that were used to standardize these data fields. 

Various types of reported qualitative and quantitative data were standardized by creating 

additional data fields in the ERG databases. These fields were beneficial because they allowed 

manipulation of the raw data while maintaining a visual copy of the reported data. Further, 
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knowing the reported data present alongside the manipulated data eased the process of quality 

assurance (QA) on the standardized fields. 

Industry reported data in many different formats, including a variety of units of 

measurement for pollutant emission values and nomenclature differences for a single fuel type. 

In order to make these categorizations, it was necessary to standardize this wide range of 

reported data. 

This memorandum is divided into the following sections: 

1.0 Introduction 

2.0 Qualitative Data Standardizations 

3.0 Standardization of Emission Data 

4.0 Standardization of Design Capacities 

5.0 Standardization of Fuel Analysis Data 

6.0 References 

Appendix A: Glossary 

Appendix B: Conversion Equations and Lookup Tables 

Appendix C: Average F-Factors from ICCR Data 

NOTE: Technical terms and acronyms used in the text, tables, and appendices of this 

memorandum are described in Appendix A. 
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2.0 QUALITATIVE DATA STANDARDIZATIONS 

Reported fuel types and control devices were standardized in order to categorize 

combustion units at separate facilities. Each combustion unit was also assigned a specific 

classification based on its physical design to further aid in the categorizations. The processes 

used and assumptions made in standardizing these reported data are discussed within this section. 

2.1 Fuel Types 

In order to assign combustion units to a fuel category and analyze data across different 

fuel types, these reported fuels needed to be standardized across all data tables where fuel type is 

used to characterize the unit. Table 1 shows each mention of fuel in the database where a 

corresponding standardized fuel field was generated. The reported design capacity fuels were 

not standardized because they may not necessarily represent the fuels routinely combusted in the 

combustion units. 

Table 1 - Standardized Fuel Fields

Table Reported Fuel Field Standardized Fuel Field 

Data: CEMS Backgrnd 

TypFuel Common Fuel 

MaxFuel Common MaxFuel 

Data: EmissionsTest Fuel 

Data FuelParameter_Type Common Fuel 

Data: Fuel Analysis Fuel_Material Common Fuel 

Data: Fuel Analysis 

Background Information Fuel_Material Common Fuel 

Data: Materials Combusted 

StartupFuel Common StartupFuel 

Fuel Common Fuel 

NRC_Fuel Common NRC_Fuel 

Data: Non-Fossil Fuels NonFossilFuel Common Fuel 
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A “common” fuel field was created corresponding to each reported fuel type in the 

database. In order to assign a common fuel type to each unique fuel reported, a table called 

LOOKUP: Common Fuels was created to map each reported fuel to a standardized fuel spelling 

and category. The level of detail within the common fuel categories were based on fuel 

categories provided in Appendix C of the Survey Overview Document2

. If the reported fuel did 

not match any of the corresponding fuel categories in Appendix C, a new common fuel category 

was created. 

Fuels were occasionally reported as a combination within a single record. Each reported 

fuel in the mixture was standardized to the format listed in Appendix C of the Survey Overview 

Document2, separated by “and” or “/” in the standardized fuel field. For example, a reported fuel 

of “#2 Fuel Oil, kerosene” was standardized to “No. 2 Distillate and Kerosene” or “No. 2 

Distillate/Kerosene.” Combination fuels that appeared in a single data record were also included 

the LOOKUP: Common Fuels table. 

Survey respondents were asked to select a fuel from a series of drop-down lists in the 

Microsoft ® Excel spreadsheet templates. These templates also allowed industry to select “other 

fuel” and enter a description of the type of fuel they combust. In these cases, the description was 

what was reported as the fuel type in the database. For data reported in the 2008 questionnaire, 

when an actual fuel was selected from the drop down menu and comments were also entered in 

the other fuel type description field, the comments were reported as the fuel in the database 

instead of the fuel type selected from the drop-down list. In these cases, the original survey 

response template files were reviewed and the intended fuels were manually entered into the 

reported fuel fields of the database and the comments moved to the description field. Then, the 

standardized fuel fields were updated using the format specified in the LOOKUP: Common 

Fuels table. 
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2.2 Air Pollution Control Devices 

In order to categorize and compare the current state of controls installed for various types 

of combustion units these reported devices need to be standardized across all data tables where a 

control device used to characterize the data contained in a particular record. Table 2 shows each 

mention of control device in the database where a corresponding standardized control device 

field was generated. 

Table 2 - Standardized Control Device Fields 

Table Reported Control Device 

Field 

Standardized Control Device 

Field 

Data: CEMS Backgrnd TypControl Standardized TypControl 

Data: Control Device 

ControlDevice Standardized ControlDevice 

PriorDevice Standardized PriorDevice 

Data: EmissionsTest 

Background Info ControlDevice Standardized ControlDevice 

In order to assign a standardized control device to each unique control reported, a table 

called LOOKUP: Control Devices was created to map each reported control device to a 

standardized control device spelling and category. The standardized control types were based on 

the list of control devices provided in the drop down lists in the Survey Answer Key.4

 If the 

reported fuel did not match any of the corresponding control devices in the Answer Key, a new 

control device category was added to the LOOKUP: Control Devices table. 

In the Data: CEMS Backgrnd and Data: EmissionsTest Background Info tables, the 

reported control devices were often reported as “As listed in question II.B.3.a1” or “As listed in 

question II.B.3.a6.” Both are references to the entries for that specific combustor in the Data: 

Control Device table. The former is a reference to the “ControlDevice” field whereas the latter 

is a reference to the “PriorDevice” field. In those instances, the standardized control device field 

was populated with the standardized control device data to which it referred. 
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Occasionally, combinations of control devices were entered when comments were 

entered as a result of selecting “other control device” from the drop-down list of controls in the 

Microsoft ® Excel template files. In these instances, each reported control device in the mixture 

was standardized, with individual control devices separated by “and” or “/” in the standardized 

field. For example, if a facility reported a control device combination of “Flue gas recirculation/ 

low now burner”, this was standardized to “Low NOx Burners and Flue Gas Recirculation” or 

“Low NOx Burners/Flue Gas Recirculation.” 

Survey respondents were asked to select a control device from a series of drop-down lists 

in the Microsoft ® Excel spreadsheet templates. These templates also allowed industry to select 

“other control device” and enter a description of the control device installed on the unit. In these 

cases, the description was what was reported as the fuel type in the database. For data reported 

in the 2008 questionnaire, when a specific control device was selected from the drop down menu 

and comments were also entered in the other fuel type description field, the comments were 

reported as the control device in the database instead of the control device selected from the 

drop-down list. In these cases, the original survey response template files were reviewed and the 

intended control devices were manually entered into the reported control device fields of the 

database and the comments moved to the description field. Then, the standardized control device 

fields were updated using the format specified in the LOOKUP: Control Devices table. 

2.3 Unit Classifications

The 2008 questionnaire collected data on several types of combustion units. In order to 

analyze data on a particular subset of combustion units, each unit was assigned to a classification 

of “Boiler,” “Process Heater” or “Other.” There was no clear and direct question within the 

questionnaire itself that asked whether a combustion unit was a boiler, process heater or other 

unit. However there were a series of questions that, if answered correctly or answered at all, 

would give enough information to deduce the type of unit. Table 3 shows the hierarchy used to 

classify all reported combustion units based on these indirect questionnaire questions. 
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Table 3 - Combustor Classification Hierarchy 

Step Criteria Classification 

1 

If the facility selected a boiler design for the combustion unit 

(questions II.B.1.K and II.B.1.L of the Answer Key4). 

Boiler 

If the facility selected a process heater design for the 

combustion unit (question II.B.1.M of the Answer Key4). 

Process Heater 

2 

If the primary use of the combustion device was listed as 

steam generation and not also waste incineration (question 

II.B.1.I of the Answer Key4

). 

Boiler 

If the primary use of the combustion device was listed as 

process heat and not also waste incineration or steam 

generation (question II.B.1.I of the Answer Key4

). 

Process Heater 

3 

If the fuel combusted was listed as being directly fed to a 

boiler (question II.C.2.B of the Answer Key4). 

Boiler 

If the fuel combusted was listed as being directly fed to a 

process heater (question II.C.2.B of the Answer Key4). 

Process Heater 

If the fuel combusted was listed as being directly fed to any 

other type of unit (question II.C.2.B of the Answer Key4). 

Other 

4 If the unit noted any cleaning/reconditioning or inspection of 

a feed water system (question II.B.3.C of the Answer Key4

). 

Boiler 

5 

If modifications to a unit’s control device(s) were made in 

order to comply with the now vacated 40 CFR 63 Subpart 

DDDDD (question II.B.3.A.4 of the Answer Key4

). 

Boiler 

6 If the facility selected an other combustor type design for the 

combustion unit (question II.B.1.N of the Answer Key4). 

Other 

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If the facility-specified combustor ID contained any 

reference to the unit being a boiler (for example, a combustor 

ID of “Boiler 1” would fit this description). 

Boiler 

If the facility-specified combustor ID contained any 

reference to the unit being a process heater (for example, a 

combustor ID of “Heater 1” would fit this description). 

Process Heater 

If the facility-specified combustor ID contained any 

reference to the unit being any other type of unit (for 

example, a combustor ID of “Kiln 1” would fit this 

description). 

Other 

8 All remaining units. Other 

If a unit met more than one of the criteria listed above, it was classified based on which 

criteria was listed first in the table. For example, if a combustion unit’s primary use was steam 

generation (step 2) but also reported feeding fuel directly to a process heater (step 3), the unit 

was classified as a boiler and not a process heater. 
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After the eight steps in Table 3 were completed the data were reviewed to ensure that, 

even if the unit was a boiler, all assigned classifications were logical. The structure of the 

questionnaire itself allowed those reporting data to enter information about a boiler into a section 

about process heater designs, or vice versa. If the facility-assigned unit ID given to a combustion 

unit did not logically match the information they provided, then changes were made to the 

classification of the unit. For example, if a facility submitted data for a combustion unit named 

“Boiler 1,” but completed only sections dealing with process heaters, the combustion unit would 

have been classified as a process heater. In this case, the classification would have been changed 

from process heater to boiler. For all similar instances, the classifications were investigated and 

corrected using the same method. 

3.0 STANDARDIZATION OF EMISSION DATA 

Emission data were reported in the data tables in the consolidated emissions database 

entitled Data: EmissionsTest, Data: CEMS, and Data: CO and THC CEMS. All of the emission 

data were standardized according to the procedures listed in this section. 

3.1 Standardizations of Reported Emission Test and CEMS Data 

The reported emissions data from emission test results and CEMS were standardized in 

order to provide a common basis for analyzing and comparing emission data from various 

potential boiler and process heater subcategories. The automated conversion equations, 

constants, and assumptions used to standardize emission data are discussed within this section. 

In order to allow for reporting of both non-detect data (with detection limits) and 

detectable emission data, all emission data were imported in a text field format. Numeric fields 

mirroring the contents of this text field were created in order to apply mathematical operations 

on the emission data, and the reported detection limits for non-detect emissions data. These data 

were reported as textual data due to the format in which non-detect data was reported; those 

completing the survey were asked to enter the detection limit for that pollutant and test enclosed 
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by brackets. Any reported data in this format was deemed non-detect and the value inside the 

brackets was used as the detection limit. Non-detect data was also reported in other formats, so 

any reported data that included any text other than a numeric value was considered to be nondetect. For example, if the reported emission value was “ND 0.5” then the value was assumed to 

be non-detect and 0.5 was used as the detection limit. The format of the Questionnaire and Test 

Plan templates did not allow for monitoring data to be reported as non-detect values, so all 

reported data was assumed to be above detection limits. 

Next, the units of measure were reviewed to identify any gaps or inconsistencies in the 

reported units of measure. Sometimes the reported emission value included both the units and 

the emission value in the emission field, resulting in no units of measure reported in the emission 

unit column. In these cases, these units of measure were separated from the emission value and 

the “Standardized Pollutant_Units” field was updated to include the intended units. For 

example, if the reported emission value was “10 ppm” and the reported emission value unit was 

null, the “Standardized Pollutant_Units” field was updated to “ppm” while the “Standardized 

Pollutant_Value” field was updated to “10.” 

 

Some combustion units reported an emission value but did not report any units of 

measurement corresponding to that value. These data points were compared to other data points 

from the same facility, combustor and pollutant. If there was additional data with reported units 

of measure and the value without units of measure was of the same order of magnitude, it was 

assumed that the units were consistent. For example, if a combustion unit reported CO 

emissions to be “10 ppm,” “14 ppm,” and “12”, it was assumed that the “12” was intended to be 

“12 ppm.” If the reported emission value without any units of measure was not within the same 

order of magnitude, no units of measure were assigned to the data points and those values were 

not standardized. 

After both a numeric emission data point and a reported unit of measure had been 

assigned and reviewed, the emissions were standardized using a two-step process: First, the 

numeric emission values were converted to units of either pounds per million British Thermal 

Units (lb/MMBtu) or a standardized concentration, depending on the base units of measure 
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associated with the emission data. If units were reported in a concentration format these 

concentrations needed to be standardized before proceeding to the second step of the 

standardization process. Generally, pollutants that are emitted as gases (i.e., organic and 

inorganic hazardous air pollutants) are reported on a relative basis, such as volume of pollutant 

per volume of stack gas. Pollutants that are emitted as solids or particulate matter are reported 

on an absolute basis, such as mass of pollutant per volume of stack gas. Table 4 shows the units 

of measure resulting from step 1 of the emission data conversions. 

Table 4 – Standardized Units of Measure for Step 1 of the Standardization Process 

Reported Units of Measure Pollutant Type Resulting Units of Measure 

After Step 1 

Concentration 

Metals (As, Be, Cr, Co, Pb, 

Mn, Hg, Ni, Sb, Se), 

Particulate Matter 

μg/dscm @ 3% O2

Nonmetals (CO, Cl2, HCl, 

HF, formaldehyde) ppb @ 3% O2

Dioxin/Furans TEQ μg/dscm @ 3% O2

7-PAH, 15-PAH, 16-PAH 

μg/dscm @ 3% O2

ppb @ 3% O2

Mass Per Unit of Time 

Metals, Nonmetals, PAH lb/MMBtu 

Dioxin/Furans TEQ lb/MMBtu 

Mass Per Unit of Heat Input 

Metals, Nonmetals, PAH lb/MMBtu 

Dioxin/Furans TEQ lb/MMBtu 

A comprehensive list of all reported emission units was generated and a unit conversion 

equation was developed for each individual reported unit. These equations convert the numeric 

emission test values into the preferred units of measure. The database table LOOKUP: Unit 

Conversions was created to assign each reported unit of measure to a conversion equation ID in 

order to automate the data standardization process. Each equation ID is labeled according to the 

type of conversion it represents. Table 5 shows the equation ID prefixes given to the different 

types of conversion equations. 
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Table 5 – Conversion Equation ID Prefixes 

Equation Type ID Prefix 

Concentration Conversions CEq 

Fuel Input- or Heat Input-Based 

Conversions 

HI 

F-Factor Conversions FF 

Units of Measure Not Able to be 

Converted - 

Reported units of measure that were not in concentration, mass per time or mass per heat 

input format were not converted. Although those units are also located in the LOOKUP: Unit 

Conversions table, they were assigned an “NED” Unit Format, or “No Equation Developed.” A 

complete list of all these conversion equations can be found in Table B-1 of Appendix B. 

3.2 Standardizations of Other Emission Test Parameters 

As shown in Appendix B, the conversion factor needed to standardize emission test data 

may be a numeric multiplier, based on a series of constants to convert from one unit of measure 

to another. Alternately, the conversion factor may require other parameters (e.g., fuel input, 

exhaust flowrate, oxygen correction) during the test run to be incorporated into the conversion 

factor. If these parameters are used in a conversion equation they must also be standardized to 

ensure accurate conversion of the emission test data. Additional fields were created for the 

standardization of each additional conversion parameter. Only those values that were 

standardized will have a value in the standardized field. If the data could not be standardized, 

the standardized field was left as a null value. Table 6 shows the types of emission test and 

CEM parameters that needed standardization. 
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Table 6 - Additional Standardized Parameters 

Data Category Standardized Units of Measure 

Total Heat Input MMBtu/hr 

Fuel Input Rate MMBtu/hr 

Amount of Oxygen in Process Exhaust %, O2

Amount of Moisture in Process Exhaust %, H2O 

Exhaust Flowrate dscfm 

Exhaust Temperature °F 

Molecular Weight g/g-mol 

For each of the parameters discussed below, a numeric field was created to apply 

necessary mathematical operations in order to standardize the parameter to the preferred units of 

measure. These numeric fields mirrored the original text fields containing the reported values 

for each parameter. However, the database would not automatically convert the numeric fields if 

the data was not numeric. In these cases, the parameters needed to be cleaned up and manually 

entered in the numeric fields. For example, if a reported numeric value used a comma in place of 

a decimal point, that value would not be automatically converted; so, the comma was replaced 

with a decimal and the numeric value was manually entered. 

3.2.1 Heat and Fuel Input Rates 

Some emission data conversion equations required the heat input or fuel input during the 

test to be standardized to MMBtu/hr. If emissions were reported as a pollutant mass per unit of 

time, the total reported heat input during the test run was the preferred conversion parameter. 

However, if a facility did not report a total heat input value and instead reported fuel input rates, 

the sum of all standardized fuel input rates were used to convert the emission test values. 

Some emission data were reported as a mass of emissions per mass of fuel combusted. In 

order to standardize these reported values into units of lb/MMBtu, the average higher heating 
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value (HHV) reported in the questionnaire for each fuel listed as an input was needed to convert 

the emission data. The standardization of all HHV values is discussed in Section 5.0. If a 

combination of fuels was reported, an equally weighted mixture was assumed and the HHV for 

each constituent fuel was averaged. Sometimes the fuel reported with the design capacity units 

was a generic “fuel oil” or “coal.” Any unspecified specification of fuel oil was assumed to be 

No. 2 Distillate because it is the most common specification of oil reported to be combusted in 

the questionnaire. An unspecified type of coal was assigned the HHV of bituminous coal 

because it was the most common type of coal reported to be combusted in the questionnaire. All 

types of wood were assumed to have the same HHV as was assumed in the Memorandum from 

Jack Johnson, ERG, to Fred Porter, US EPA5

. A list of HHV for specific fuel types can be found 

in Table B-2 of Appendix B. 

The conversions used to standardize the fuel and heat input rates are identical to those 

used to standardize the design capacity of each combustion unit (as described in Section 4.0). A 

list of these conversions can be found in Table B-3 of Appendix B. 

3.2.2 Exhaust Oxygen and Moisture Content 

Some emission data conversions required the amount of oxygen (O2) and/or moisture 

present in the exhaust stream to be standardized to a percent. The 2008 Combustion Survey and 

2009 Test Plan requested O2 and moisture be reported as percent and it was assumed that all 

reported values were already in these units since the survey respondent could not specify other 

units of measure. Values such as “0.05” were assumed to be “0.05%” and not “5%” since the 

survey specifically asked for units in percent format. 

Since a percentage cannot be greater than 100, the O2 and moisture contents were 

reviewed to ensure that no reported data were above that threshold. If a facility did not submit 

O2 or moisture data, the standardized fields were not populated with anything. O2 data was only 

a requirement when reporting carbon monoxide data in the 2008 Questionnaire. Oxygen 

percentages were requested for all pollutants in the 2009 Test Plan. If the reported units of 

measure required an O2 concentration for standardization, an O2 concentration of zero percent 
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was used in the conversion calculation if a percentage was not reported and if the pollutant was 

not carbon monoxide. 

3.2.3 Exhaust Flowrate 

Some emission conversions required the exhaust stream flowrate to be standardized to 

dry standard cubic feet per minute (dscfm). Any reported unit of measure that listed contained 

the letter “D” was assumed to be an abbreviation for “dry.” Similarly, any reported unit of 

measure that listed an “S” was assumed to be an abbreviation for “standard.” If a unit reported 

an “S” but no “D” (such as “scfm,” an acronym for “standard cubic feet per minute”), the units 

were assumed to be at dry standard conditions. A list of all exhaust flowrate conversions can be 

found in Table B-4 of Appendix B. 

3.2.4 Exhaust Temperature 

Some emission conversions required the exhaust stream temperature to be standardized to 

degrees Fahrenheit (°F). Any standardized temperature greater than 2,000 °F was compared 

against the other temperatures reported at that facility in the attempt to find typographical errors. 

If the reported temperature was subject to a typographical error, the order of magnitude for the 

reported and standardized temperature values was reduced in order to maintain consistency 

between all data points at that facility. For example, if a facility reported temperatures of 

“356.746 °F,” “359.617 °F” and “364223 °F,” the latter was changed to “364.223 °F.” A list of 

all exhaust temperature conversions can be found in Table B-5 of Appendix B. 

3.2.5 Molecular Weights 

Some emission conversions required the molecular weights of specific pollutants in order 

to convert the emissions test data. The database table LOOKUP: Pollutant Molecular Weights

assigns a molecular weight, in grams per gram-mole (g/g-mol), for all pollutants specified in the 

survey. Since polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) data is reported cumulatively for all 

associated components, the molecular weights of the components of each PAH group were 

summed to get a cumulative molecular weight. Table 7 shows the compounds that make up the 

PAH groups and the groupings to which they belong. 
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Table 7 - PAH Constituent Compounds 

Compound 7-PAH 15-PAH 16-PAH 

Benzo[a]anthracene X X X 

Chrysene X X X 

Benzo(b)fluoranthene X X X 

Benzo(k)fluoranthene X X X 

Benzo(a)pyrene X X X 

Indeno(1,2,3-

cd)pyrene 

X X X 

Dibenz(a,h)anthracene X X X 

Naphthalene X 

Acenaphthylene X X 

Acenaphthene X X 

Fluorene X X 

Phenanthrene X X 

Anthracene X X 

Fluoranthene X X 

Pyrene X X 

Benzo(g,h,i)perylene X X 

Dibenzofuran 

Some facilities did not test for specific PAH compounds in the PAH groupings. This was 

reflected as a written note accompanying the emission test data, telling which constituent 

compounds were not included in the emission value. In these instances, the reported pollutant 
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was changed to reflect the corresponding PAH group, minus the selective compounds. For 

example, if the note specified that the test was for all constituents of 7-PAH except for chrysene, 

the pollutant field was changed to “7-PAH not chrysene.” Additional molecular weights were 

generated for these altered PAH groups and were used in the conversions where applicable. 

After these parameters were standardized, they could be used in any of the conversion 

equations applied to the emission data and emission limits. Figures 1-3 show examples of 

emission test data and emission monitoring data linked to the tables which hold these parameters. 

Figure 1 - CEMS Conversion Field Linkage 

Figure 2 - ET Conversion Field Linkage 
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Figure 3 –ET Conversion Field Linkage, 2 

3.3 Applying and Tracking Emission Conversion Equations 

Once all of the reported emission and associated parameter data were standardized a 

series of update queries were programmed to make the conversions. These queries converted the 

numeric emissions data fields (by multiplying by the conversion factor assigned to each base unit 

in the LOOKUP: Unit Conversions table) and updated the standardized emission unit of measure 

fields with the appropriate unit. Figures 4-5 show examples of fields in the Data: EmissionsTest 

and Data: CEMS tables, respectively, that were converted using these conversion equations. 

Figure 4 – ET Fields Standardized via Conversion Queries 

Figure 5 - CEMS Fields Standardized via Conversion Queries 

Additionally, these queries tagged each of the records converted in the emission data 

tables with the conversion ID that was used to convert the reported data. If a record was missing 
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any of the test parameters necessary to run the conversion, or if the reported unit of measure 

could not be standardized, the queries tagged the record with a note to indicate why the data was 

not standardized in lieu of assigning the record a conversion ID. For example, if the reported 

data was in units of pounds per hour, but the facility did not provide heat and/or fuel input 

information during for the specific test, the “Conversion Eq Used” field would have been 

populated with “Not Able to Convert – THI Value.” 

This programmed update query approach to data standardization was beneficial for 

several reasons: First, these queries did not manipulate the raw survey data in any way. The 

presence of any conversion errors would not result in the loss of data as the “Standardized 

Pollutant_Value” field could easily be repopulated and reconverted based on the original textbased data field. As previously mentioned, any typographical errors were corrected in the 

reported data fields, so repopulating the standardized field would not require manual entry each 

time. Secondly, updating the “Standardized Pollutant_Units” fields as part of each query 

allowed the programmer and reviewer to review any records that could not be converted. 

Tagging each record with its associated conversion ID provided reviewers with an opportunity to 

isolate and check the converted values associated with each conversion ID. 

After all emission conversion update queries were completed on the Data: EmissionsTest

data table, each emission record in the data table would be standardized to one of the units listed 

in Table 4 or the record would contain a note that the data could not be converted. Similarly, 

each emission record in the Data: CEMS and Data: CO and THC CEMS data tables was 

standardized to one of the units listed in Table 4 or the record would contain a note that the data 

could not be converted. 

The standardized numeric fields were investigated to ensure that the conversions 

themselves had run correctly. Any blatantly obvious errors in conversions were corrected. The 

range of numeric values at both the facility level and for the entire database were investigated to 

find questionable data points. If a facility had standardized values that differed by orders of 

magnitude, its individual data points were investigated further to determine if they were subject 

to typographical errors. These errors were usually a result of the facility not entering a decimal 
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with the reported values. For example, if a facility reported “5.67,” “5.84” and “574” the latter 

value is obviously a typographical error and was changed to “5.74.” For all remaining 

questionable data values, the numeric value was still standardized but a note was entered stating 

that the value was inconceivable and is not used in any further analyses. 

 

3.4 Applying Fuel Factors (F-factors) to Emission Data 

After the emission data were standardized as described in Sections 3.1 to 3.3 above, step 

two of the emission data processing was to convert the data into the preferred standard units of 

measure used in the development of National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants 

at Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional Boilers and Process Heaters. Table 8 shows the 

preferred units of measure for specific pollutants following F-Factor conversions. In order to 

convert the data to these units of measure, an F-factor was necessary to relate exhaust volumes to 

fuel energy inputs. 

Table 8 - Standardized Units of Measure for the F-Factor Standardization Process 

Pollutant Resulting Units of Measure After FFactor Conversions 

CO, NOx, SO2, Total Hydrocarbons 

(as propane), Formaldehyde ppm @ 3% O2

Total Mass Dioxins/Furans ng/dscm @ 7% O2

Toxic Equivalent (TEQ) 

Dioxins/Furans TEQ ng/dscm @ 7% O2

All Other Pollutants lb/MMBtu 

F-Factors themselves are fuel-specific. A unique F-Factor was assigned to each emission 

test based on the fuel reported during the test, and that value was used in the standardization of 

the reported data. A list of all F-Factors used in converting emission test and CEM data (and the 

sources from which the F-Factors were found) can be found in the LOOKUP: F-Factors

database table. 
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Three data sources were used to develop F-Factors. The primary source was the EPA 

Method 19 table, which included F-Factors for wood, bark, tire derived fuel, petroleum coke, 

gaseous fuel and oil (crude, distillate and residual). It was assumed that the wood F-Factor 

applied to all types of wood. Fuels not present in the Method 19 table were located in alternate 

sources, including the emission test database developed for the Industrial Combustion 

Coordinated Rulemaking (ICCR) and the vacated boiler MACT and an EPRI report containing 

field demonstrations from biodiesel.7,8,9 All data sources are specified in the LOOKUP: FFactors table of the Emissions Database for Boilers and Process Heaters Containing Stack Test, 

CEM, & Fuel Analysis Data Reported under ICR No. 2286.01 & ICR No. 2286.03 (version 5). If 

an emission test reported combusting more than one type of fuel during the test, an average of 

the F-Factors for each fuel type in the mix were used. If an emission test reported a fuel for 

which no F-Factor could be found, the data points corresponding to that fuel were not 

standardized in this step. Similarly, if an emission test reported a fuel combination and one or 

more of the constituent fuels had no F-Factor assigned, only the fuels with known F-Factors were 

averaged to get the final value. Emission test data for CO from area source biomass boilers were 

obtained from the Fuels for Schools program. These data were reported with test-specific FFactors, which were used to convert the Fuels for Schools data where necessary. 

Once each emission test or CEM record was assigned an F-Factor, these F-factors were 

used as a parameter in the ten F-factor equations beginning with the prefix “FF” that are listed in 

the LOOKUP: Unit Conversions table. These equations can also be found in Table B-1 of

Appendix B. These F-factor equations were applied in a series of programmed update queries, 

similar to the update discussion in Section 3.3 above. These queries updated the final 

standardized emission values and units of measure and tagged each record with the F-factor 

equation used to convert the data. If there was no F-factor available for the fuels corresponding 

to the emission data, the queries tagged the record with a note to indicate why the data was not 

standardized in lieu of assigning the record a conversion ID. Figures 7-8 show which fields in 

the Data: EmissionsTest and Data: CEMS tables, respectively, were converted using these FFactor conversion equations. 
21

Figure 7 - ET Fields Standardized via F-Factor Conversion Queries 

Figure 8 - CEMS Fields Standardized via F-Factor Conversion Queries 

 

After all F-factor update queries were completed on the Data: EmissionsTest data table, 

each emission record in the data table would be standardized to one of the units listed in Table 8

or the record would contain a note that the data could not be converted. After all F-Factor 

conversion update queries were completed on the Data: CEMS data table, each emission record 

in the table corresponding to CO and PM data were standardized to one of the units listed in 

Table 8 or the record would contain a note that the data could not be converted. 

The values generated from the F-Factor conversions were investigated to ensure that the 

conversions themselves had run correctly. Data ranges were also investigated as mentioned in 

Section 3.3 above. Reported data that ended up not converted by the F-Factor queries were 

investigated to make sure that the data pertained to an emission test burning a fuel which was not 

assigned an F-Factor. 

3.5 Total Mass Dioxin/Furan Emissions

The 2009 Test Plan requested emission data for dioxin/furans on a mass basis. Data were 

submitted as both a total dioxin/furan emission value, as well as emissions for specific 

congeners. A total dioxin/furan emission value was generated on a total mass basis for each 

combustion unit that reported dioxin/furan data. If a total dioxin/furan value was reported, it was 

selected as the total mass value for that combustion unit. If no total mass value was reported, but 

data were reported for individual congeners, the sum of the emission values for each congener 

was used as the total mass value. Table 10 shows the individual congeners for which data were 

reported. 
22

Table 10 – Dioxin/Furan Congeners 

Dioxin/Furan Congener 

1,2,3,4,6,5,7,8 OCDD 1,2,3,6,7,8 HxCDF 

1,2,3,4,6,5,7,8 OCDF 1,2,3,7,8 PeCDD 

1,2,3,4,6,7,8 HpCDD 1,2,3,7,8 PeCDF 

1,2,3,4,6,7,8 HpCDF 1,2,3,7,8,9 HxCDD 

1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9 OCDD 1,2,3,7,8,9 HxCDF 

1,2,3,4,7,8 HxCDD 2,3,4,6,7,8 HxCDF 

1,2,3,4,7,8 HxCDF 2,3,4,7,8 PeCDF 

1,2,3,4,7,8,9 HpCDF 2,3,7,8-TCDD 

1,2,3,6,7,8 HxCDD 2,3,7,8-TCDF 

1,2,3,6,7,8 HxCDF 1,2,3,6,7,8 HxCDF 

1,2,3,7,8 PeCDD 1,2,3,7,8 PeCDD 

1,2,3,7,8 PeCDF 1,2,3,7,8 PeCDF 

1,2,3,7,8,9 HxCDD 1,2,3,7,8,9 HxCDD 

1,2,3,7,8,9 HxCDF 1,2,3,7,8,9 HxCDF 

2,3,4,6,7,8 HxCDF 2,3,4,6,7,8 HxCDF 

It was assumed that if data was reported for a subset of all congeners, there were zero 

emissions of the congeners with missing data. If a facility reported a total mass dioxin/furan 

value and data for the individual congeners, the reported total mass value was selected. A table 

named Data: Total PCDD/PCDF Emissions (TEQ & Total Mass) was generated to hold the total 

mass values for each combustion unit. Total mass values were calculated on the test run level for 

each unique emission test. 
23

For each combustion unit that reported individual congener data, a toxic equivalent 

(TEQ) value was calculated using the World Health Organization 2005 Toxic Equivalency 

Factors (TEF)5

. These factors standardize the emission values of individual congeners to a 

health-based comparison of the congener 2,3,7,8-TCDD. For example, the TEF for 1,2,3,4,7,8 

HxCDD is 0.1, meaning that 1 gram of 1,2,3,4,7,8 HxCDD has the same adverse health potential 

as 0.1 gram of 2,3,7,8-TCDD. A list of all TEF can be found in Table B-10 of Appendix B and 

in the LOOKUP: Toxic Equivalency Factors database table. 

The emission values for each congener were multiplied by the TEQ factor in order to 

obtain a TEQ emission value for each congener. Then, the TEQ values were summed for each 

test run for each specific emission test. The TEQ values were appended to the Data: Total 

PCDD/PCDF Emissions (TEQ & Total Mass), located in the same record as the corresponding 

total mass value calculated for the combustion unit’s emission test. Since some combustion units 

reported a total mass value but not individual congener data, a TEQ value could not be calculated 

for each unit with total mass data. 

4.0 STANDARDIZATION OF DESIGN CAPACITIES 

The reported design capacity of each boiler and process heater was standardized to units 

of million British thermal units per hour (MMBtu/hr) in order to provide a common basis for 

analyzing and comparing data from various sizes of boilers and process heaters. The automated 

conversion equations, constants, and assumptions used to standardize emission data are 

discussed within this section. 

First, two data fields called “Standardized Capacity” and “Standardized CapacityUnit” 

were created in the Data: Unit Design/Operation table to hold the standardized design capacity 

data. These fields were created so as to not overwrite the data originally reported data during the 

standardization process. Additionally, since the reported design capacity was a text-based field 

the “Standardized Capacity” field was created as a numeric field. This allowed mathematical 

operations to be applied to the reported design capacities in order to standardize the parameter to 

the preferred units of measure. Next, a list was created to identify unique units of measure 
24

reported with each design capacity. This list was reviewed to identify and update design 

capacities without reported units of measure. Missing units of measure were corrected in one of 

three ways: 

 If the reported design capacity value included the units of measure and the 

reported “CapacityUnit” field was null, the “Standardized CapacityUnit” field 

was updated to include the intended units. For example, if the reported design 

capacity was listed as “100 MMBtu/hr” and the reported design capacity unit was 

null, the “Standardized CapacityUnit” field was updated to “MMBtu/hr” while the 

“Standardized Capacity” field was updated to “100.” 

 For units that reported a design capacity value but did not report any units, the 

design capacity was compared to design capacities from other combustion units at 

the same facility. If additional combustors of a similar size were reported with 

units of measure and the value was of the same order of magnitude, it was 

assumed that the units were consistent. For example, if Boiler 1 and Boiler 2 

were located at the same facility, and Boiler 1 reported a design capacity of “100 

MMBtu/hr” while Boiler 2 reported a design capacity of “120,” and did not report 

any units, it was assumed that the “120” was intended to be “120 MMBtu/hr.” In 

this case, the “Standardized CapacityUnit” field was updated to “MMBtu/hr” 

while the “Standardized Capacity” field was updated to “120.” If no distinction 

could be made for the unit with missing units of measure, the “Standardized 

CapacityUnit” field was updated to “unknown.” 

 If the user selected units of measure for the design capacity from the survey drop 

down menu and also provided a note about these units in the field reserved for 

collecting “other” units of measure, this description was reported as the units of 

measure in the database. In these cases original Microsoft ® Excel templates 

were reviewed and the correct units of measure were entered in the standardized 

design capacity and design capacity unit fields. 
25

After these units of measure were corrected, a lookup table was created in the 

comprehensive survey results database to map all of the unique reported units of measure to their 

appropriate conversion equations and conversion factors. This lookup table is entitled 

LOOKUP: Design Capacity Conversions. The aim of this lookup table was to create a method 

for automatically converting large quantities of design capacity values. A list of all design 

capacity and heat input conversion factors can be found in Table B-3 of Appendix B. 

As shown in Appendix B, the conversion factor needed to standardize design capacities 

may be a numeric multiplier, based on a series of constants and assumed efficiencies to convert 

from one unit of measure to another. Alternately, the conversion factor for design capacities 

expressed in terms of fuel input rates may require the fuel higher heating value (HHV) in order 

to standardize the design capacity. If these parameters are called into a conversion equation they 

must also be standardized to ensure accurate conversion of the emission test data. 

If a higher heating value (HHV) was necessary for a design capacity conversions, the 

type of fuel was determined based on the fuel reported to be associated with the design capacity. 

The standardization of all HHV values is discussed in Section 5.0. Sometimes the fuel reported 

with the design capacity units was a generic “fuel oil” or “coal.” Any unspecified specification 

of fuel oil was assumed to be No. 2 Distillate because it is the most common specification of oil 

reported to be combusted in the questionnaire. An unspecified type of coal was assigned the 

HHV of bituminous coal because it was the most common type of coal reported to be combusted 

in the 2008 Questionnaire. All types of wood were assumed to have the same HHV as was 

assumed in the Memorandum from Jack Johnson, ERG, to Fred Porter, US EPA5

. A list of HHV 

for specific fuel types can be found in Table B-2 of Appendix B. 

After all of the reported design capacity units and HHV were standardized, a series of 

update queries were programmed to make the conversions. These queries converted the numeric 

design capacities by multiplying by the conversion factor assigned to each base unit in the 

LOOKUP: Design Capacity Conversions table, and incorporating the appropriate HHV into the 

conversion, when necessary. For design capacities that could not be converted, the 

“Standardized CapacityUnit” field was updated to “unknown.” 
26

Design capacities for multiple units at the same facility were compared in order to find 

errors in the conversions. The total ranges of converted design capacities for each group of 

reported units of measure were investigated to ensure that there were no questionable data points. 

Standardized design capacities greater than 1,800 MMBtu/hr were deemed illogical and the 

“Standardized CapacityUnit” field was updated to “unknown” for those combustion units. 

5.0 STANDARDIZATION OF FUEL ANALYSIS DATA 

Fuel analysis data were standardized in order to implement emission data conversions 

and develop emission factors for mercury, HCl, and metallic HAP at uncontrolled liquid fuel 

units. The automated conversion equations, constants, and assumptions used to standardize 

emission data are discussed within this section. 

5.1 Standardization of Higher Heating Values 

Higher heating values (HHV) were a required parameter for some emission data 

conversion equations. In order to standardize HHV, two data fields called 

“ParameterValueNumeric” (a numeric field) and “CorrectedParameter_Units” were created in 

the Data: Fuel Analysis table to hold the standardized HHV. These fields were created so as to 

not overwrite the data originally reported data during the standardization process. Additionally, 

since the reported HHV were in a text-based field the “ParameterValueNumeric” field was 

created as a numeric field to allow mathematical operations to be applied to the reported HHV in 

order to standardize the parameter to the preferred units of measure. Sometimes the reported 

HHV included both the units of measure and the value in the HHV field, resulting in no units of 

measure reported in the HHV unit column. In these cases, these units of measure were separated 

from the HHV and the “Standardized Parameter _Units” field was updated to include the 

intended units. Table 11 shows the preferred units for all HHV values based on the state of 

matter of the corresponding fuel. 
27

Table 11 – Preferred Units of Measure for HHV 

Fuel State of Matter HHV Unit 

Solid Btu/lb 

Liquid Btu/gal 

Gaseous Btu/scf 

If HHV were reported in terms of Btu/gallon, a density of each of the fuels was needed to 

develop an emission factor with units of lb/MMBtu. Table B-6 of Appendix B shows a list of 

all the liquid fuel densities and assumptions used to estimate densities in order to convert HHV 

from Btu/gallon into Btu/lb. 

After these units of measure were corrected, a lookup table was created in the 

comprehensive survey results database to map all of the unique reported units of measure to their 

appropriate conversion equations and conversion factors. This lookup table is entitled 

LOOKUP: Fuel Input Conversions/HHVs. The purpose of this lookup table was to create a 

method for automatically converting large quantities of fuel HHV. A list of all HHV conversion 

factors can be found in Table B-7 of Appendix B. After all of the units for HHV were 

standardized, a series of update queries were programmed to make the HHV conversions. These 

queries converted the numeric HHV by multiplying by the conversion factor assigned to each 

base unit in the LOOKUP: Fuel Input Conversions/HHVs table. 

As a final step, the standardized HHV for each common fuel type were averaged in order 

to establish an average (mean) HHV for each common fuel type reported in the 2008 

questionnaire and 2009 Test Plan. Standardized HHV were averaged for all data points that 

represented data measured on an “as received” basis. The ranges of standardized HHV for each 

fuel type were investigated in order to determine outliers. Any values that were inconsistent by a 

factor of 10 were compared to similar data from the same facility in order to determine if a 

typographical error had been made. Typographical errors were corrected. For the remaining 

questionable values, the “Standardized Parameter _Units” field for each was populated with a 
28

note describing the reported data as inconceivable. The questionable numeric values were still 

standardized, but none were used in any further analyses. 

5.2 Standardization of Fuel Parameters 

Many liquid fuel boiler and process heaters do not have any air pollution control devices 

installed to control emissions of mercury, HCl, or metallic HAP. In the absence of control 

devices, the Agency assumed that all of the mercury and metallic HAP contained in the fuel was 

emitted and all of the chlorine contained in the liquid fuel was emitted as HCl. Although fuel 

analysis would only be considered for uncontrolled liquid units, data were standardized for all 

fuel types so other analyses such as fuel content variability could be done. 

For each of the fuel analysis parameters discussed below, a numeric field called 

“ParameterValueNumeric” was created in order to mirror the data reported in the text-based 

“Parameter_Value” field. This numeric field allowed mathematical operators to be applied to the 

data in order to calculate emission factors. If the parameter was reported as non-detect, the 

brackets and other symbols reported in non-detect records were removed from the data prior to 

populating the “ParameterValueNumeric” field. The “ParameterValueisNonDetect” field was 

updated to “ND” if the parameter was reported as a detection limit and “Numeric value not 

provided” if the parameter was reported as non-detect but no detection limit was reported for the 

parameter. In addition, a field called “CorrectedParameter_Units” was created to hold all of the 

units of measure after correcting for typographical errors or notes contained in the 

“Parameter_Units” field. 

 

5.2.1 Moisture Content 

 The preferred format of standard concentrations of mercury, chlorine, and metallic HAP 

were milligram per gram on a dry basis. In order to calculate these concentrations, any analysis 

reported on an “as received” basis and reported moisture content potentially had to be adjusted to 

a dry basis as shown in Equation 1, where “Fuel Parameter” is either the HHV, or mercury, 

chlorine, or metallic HAP content of the fuel. 
29

Equation 1 – Moisture Correction for Dry Basis 

(%) 1[ ] 100%

Fuel Parameter

Reported Moisture Content   

The moistures were all reported in units of percent and so no conversions were necessary 

to standardize these moisture contents. Some of the moisture contents were reported as “<0.05,” 

and in these cases the numeric value was used as the percent moisture in Equation 1 above. 

Some of the moisture contents were reported to be greater than 100 percent and these values 

were not used in any equations as they were unrealistic values for moisture content. If the data 

was reported on an as received basis but no moisture content was reported, the moisture content 

was assumed to be zero for the purpose of standardizing to a dry basis. 

5.2.2 Mercury, Chlorine and Metals Content 

The fuel analysis parameters for mercury, chlorine, and metals were reported as either 

concentrations or emission factors. The data reported as concentrations were first standardized 

to units of milligram per gram on a dry basis, before they were converted into emission factors. 

A table was developed to assign each of the reported units to the appropriate conversion 

equation. Each equation was labeled with the prefix “FA” for fuel analysis followed by the 

appropriate equation ID. A list of these conversion equations is shown in Table B-8 of 

Appendix B. The “StdParemeterConc(mgperg dry)” field contains the result of multiplying the 

“ParameterValueNumeric” field by the appropriate conversion equation. 

Next, the reported emission factor data was standardized to lb/MMBtu and the 

standardized concentration data was converted to standardized emission factors in units of 

lb/MMBtu. Mercury and metals concentration data were converted into mercury and metals 

emission factors. Chlorine concentration data was converted into HCl emission factors. A list of 

the conversion equations used to standardize emission factors to units of lb/MMBtu is shown in 

Table B-9 of Appendix B. The “StdParameter for EF” field contains the result of multiplying 

the “StdParemeterConc(mgperg dry)” field (for concentration data) or the 
30

“ParameterValueNumeric” field (for emission factor data) by the appropriate conversion 

equation. 

For parameter values reported as concentrations, the HHV of the fuel was needed to 

standardize the concentrations to a heat input basis. The HHV had to be from the same test date 

and sample run in order to standardize the parameter concentration; no average HHV values 

were used to standardize fuel analysis data where a HHV for the sample was not present. If the 

HHV and the sample concentration were reported on the same basis (i.e., dry basis or as 

received), the HHV was applied to the parameter concentration using the appropriate equation 

from Table B-9 of Appendix B. If the HHV and parameter concentration were on a different 

basis, the parameter that was reported on an ‘as received’ basis was corrected to a dry basis using 

Equation 1. 
31

6.0 REFERENCES 

1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2008 Questionnaire for Boilers, Process Heaters, 

Incinerators and Other Combustion Units (ICR No. 2286.01, OMB Control No. 2060-

0616, EPA Form No. 5900-122) 

2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2009 Test Plan for Boilers and Process Heaters 

ICR No. 2286.03, OMB Control No. 2060-0616, EPA Form No. 5900-122 

3. McClutchey, S. and G. Gibson, ERG. Revised Data Dictionary for Boiler, Process 

Heater, and Other Combustion Unit Survey Databases. January 2011. 

4. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Answer Key for 2008 Questionnaire for Boilers, 

Process Heaters, Incinerators and Other Combustion Units. 

5. Johnson, J., ERG. Emissions Data Conversions and Calculations in the ICCR Emissions 

Test Database. June 25, 1999. 

6. World Health Organization Toxic Equivalency Factors, 2005. 

<http://www.who.int/ipcs/assessment/tef_update/en/> 

7. Alvis, J. and C. Burlew, ERG. Development of the Emissions Test Database for the 

Industrial/Commercial/Institutional Boilers and Process Heaters National Emission 

Standard for Hazardous Air Pollutants. October 2002. See Docket ID EPA-HQ-OAR2002-0058-0018. 

8. Emissions Test Database Used in the Development of the Boiler NESHAP. A-96-47 IIB-2. See Docket ID EPA-HQ-OAR-2002-0058-0016. 

9. Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). Biodiesel Co-Firing Demonstration Results. 

April 2007. Report number 1014844. 
32

APPENDIX A 

GLOSSARY
33

Table A-1: Glossary 

NOTE: Many descriptions have been taken from the Memorandum from Jack Johnson, ERG, to 

Fred Porter, EPA/ESD, entitled Emissions Data Conversions And Calculations in the ICCR 

Emissions Test Database. June 25, 1999. 

Term Description 

0.075 Density of air, in grams per cubic centimeter, at dry conditions. 

Value used in converting weight-based emission values to volumebased emission values. 

1.0732 Constant used to convert Nm3 to dscm. One dry standard cubic 

meter at 20 degrees Celsius equates to 1.0732 Normal cubic meters 

at zero degrees Celsius. 

1.205 Density of air, in grams per cubic centimeter at normal conditions. 

Value used in converting weight-based emission values to volumebased emission values. 

1.528 Density of hydrogen chloride, in grams per cubic centimeter. Value 

used in converting weight-based emission values to volume-based 

emission values. 

2.2 One kilogram equates to 2.2 pounds. Value used in calculations for 

converting from English units to metric units, and vice versa. 

20 Standard temperature in degrees Celsius. 

20.946 The amount of oxygen in the ambient air, expressed as a percent. 

Value used in converting concentrations and gas volumes from “as 

measured” to “3% O2.” 

22.4 One mole of gas at dry standard conditions equates to 22.4 liters. 

Value used in calculations for converting pollutant emissions 

expressed on a volume basis (e.g.; ppm; ppb) to emissions 

expressed on a mass basis (e.g., pounds), and vice versa. 

35.315 One cubic meter equates to 35.315 cubic feet. Value used in 

calculations for converting from English units to metric units, and 

vice versa. 

68 Standard temperature in degrees Fahrenheit. 

252.16 One British thermal unit equates to 252.16 calories. Value used in 

converting higher heating values from metric units to English units, 

and vice versa. 

385.34 Volume in cubic feet of one mole of gas at one atmosphere of 

pressure and at 68 degrees Fahrenheit. Value used in calculations 

for converting pollutant emissions expressed on a volume basis 

(e.g.; ppm; ppb) to emissions expressed on a mass basis (e.g., 

pounds), and vice versa. 
34

Term Description 

453.59 One pound equates to 453.59 grams. Value used in calculations for 

converting from English units to metric units, and vice versa. 

459.67 A measurement of temperature on the Rankine scale used in 

adjusting gas volumes for changes in temperature. Zero degrees 

Fahrenheit equates to 459.67 degrees Rankine. 

35475 One boiler horsepower equates to 35475 Btu/hr. Value used in 

calculations for converting combustor power in boiler horsepower 

to British thermal units. 

7000 One pound equates to 7000 grains. Value used in calculations for 

converting from grains to pounds, and vice versa. 

8760 The total number of hours per year. It is impossible for any unit to 

operate longer than 8760 hours in any calendar year. 

% Percent. A relative unit of measurement; used to express relative 

concentrations on a mass or volume basis. 

@ 3% O2; @ 7% O2; 

@ 8% O2; etc 

Used in conjunction with emissions concentration units to show that 

the emissions are based on the indicated percent of O2 in the stack 

gas. Generally indicates that emissions concentrations based on the 

actual O2 concentration in the stack gas have been adjusted to the 

indicated percent of O2 in the stack gas. 

1000lb-steam/hr One thousand pounds of steam generation per hour. A unit of 

measurement for output power in large capacity boilers. 

15-PAH A grouping of 15 different polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) 

including benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, 

benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, 

dibenzo[a,h]anthracene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, fluorene, 

phenanthrene, anthracene, fluroanthene, pyrene and 

benzo[g,h,i]perylene. 

16-PAH A grouping of 16 different polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) 

including those listed as constituents of 15-PAH as well as 

napthalene. 

7-PAH A grouping of 7 different polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) 

including benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, 

benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene and 

dibenzo[a,h]anthracene. 

acfm; ascfm Actual cubic foot per minute. A unit of measurement for exhaust 

gas volumetric flowrate; one cubic foot of gas per minute at 

observed or measured pressure, temperature and percent moisture. 

BHP Boiler horsepower. A unit of measurement for power. 
35

Term Description 

Btu British thermal unit. A unit of measurement for energy. 

cal Calorie. A unit of measurement for energy. 

CEq A term that identifies a concentration-based emission conversion 

factor ID in the comprehensive survey results database. 

CO Carbon Monoxide. A common pollutant produced due to the 

incomplete combustion of fuel. 

Detection Limit; 

Method Detection Limit 

The smallest concentration of a target pollutant in a sample that can 

be detected by the sampling method used. When the actual 

pollutant concentration is below the detection limit and the pollutant 

was not detected in the sample, the reported concentration is based 

on the detection limit value. 

Dry Used to describe the basis for emissions concentrations. 

Concentrations reported as “dry” are based on a stack gas moisture 

content of zero percent. 

dscf Dry standard cubic feet. A unit of measurement for exhaust gas 

volume; one cubic foot of gas at one atmosphere of pressure, 68 

degrees Fahrenheit, and zero percent moisture content. 

dscfm; scfm Dry standard cubic feet per minute. A unit of measurement for 

exhaust gas volumetric flowrate; one cubic foot of gas per minute at 

one atmosphere of pressure, 68 degrees Fahrenheit, and zero percent 

moisture conditions. 

dscm Dry standard cubic meters. A unit of measurement for exhaust gas 

volume; one cubic meter of gas at one atmosphere of pressure, 20 

degrees Celsius, and zero percent moisture content. 

ESP Electrostatic Precipitator. An ESP is a type of add-on pollution 

control device that removes particles from an exhaust gas stream by 

inducing an electrical charge. 

F Fahrenheit. A unit of measurement for temperature. All exhaust 

temperatures were standardized to degrees Fahrenheit. 

FF A term that identifies an emission conversion ID based on a Fuel 

Factor (F-Factor) conversion in the comprehensive survey results 

database. See also Fuel Factor (F-Factor) and Table B-2 in 

Appendix B. 

Flue Gas Any gas that exits a process via a "flue" such as a pipe, stack or 

chimney. 

Front Half The front part of a sampling train; usually consists of a heated filter, 

probe, and nozzle. Pollutants that are generally emitted as solid 

particulate matter are collected in the front half. 
36

Term Description 

Fuel Factor (F-factor) The ratio of the products of combustion of a fuel to the heat content 

of the fuel, expressed as dscf/MMBtu @ 0% O2. F-factors are fuelspecific and are determined by a laboratory analysis of the 

constituents of the fuel. 

g Gram. A unit of measurement for mass. 

Gal Gallon. A unit of measurement for volume. 

GCV Gross calorific value. A unit of measurement for higher heating 

values. For calculational purpose, GCV are assumed equivalent to 

British thermal units per pound. See also HHV. 

gr Grain. A unit of measurement for mass. 

HCl Hydrogen Chloride. 

Heat Input The amount of energy input into a combustor as a result of the heat 

content of the fuel. Heat inputs were used in standardizing emission 

data. 

HHV Higher Heating Value. The amount of energy released during the 

combustion of a set quantity of fuel. 

HI A term that indentifies a Heat Input-based emission conversion 

factor ID in the comprehensive survey results database. See also 

Table B-1 in Appendix B. 

hr Hour. A unit of measurement for time. 

kcal Kilocalorie. A unit of measurement for energy. 

kW Kilowatt. A unit of measurement for power. 

L Liter. A unit of measurement for volume. 

lb Pound. A unit of measurement for mass. 

lb/1000lb exhaust One pound per thousand pounds of exhaust gas. A unit of 

measurement for pollutant emission concentration. 
37

Term Description 

lb/hour; #/hour; 

pound/hour 

Pounds of pollutant emissions per hour. A unit of measurement for 

amount of pollutants emitted per unit of energy from fuel 

combustion. 

lb/MMBtu Pounds of pollutant emissions per million British Thermal Units. A 

unit of measurement for amount of pollutants emitted per unit of 

energy from fuel combustion. This is the preferred unit of measure 

for all emissions data except data pertaining to carbon monoxide; to 

which all other reported pollutant emission value units are 

standardized. 

lb/trillion Btu Pounds of pollutant emissions per trillion British Thermal Units. 

See lb/MMBtu. 

M Metal. A code used to identify pollutants that are metals or are 

generally emitted as solid particulate matter. 

m^3 Cubic meter. A unit of measurement for volume. 

mg Milligram. A unit of measurement for mass. 

MMBtu One million British Thermal Units. See Btu. 

MMBtu/hr One million British Thermal Units per hour. A unit of measurement 

for power. This is the preferred unit of measure for all heat inputs. 

mol Mole. One mole of a substance is equal to 6.022 x 1023 atoms, 

molecules, or other component. Molecular weights are expressed as 

weights on a molar basis. 

Mol Wt Molecular Weight. The mass of one molecule of a substance. 

Molecular weights used in converting concentrations on a mass 

basis to concentrations on a weight basis, and vice versa. 

MW Megawatt. A unit of measurement for power. 

ND Non-Detect. In pollutant emission testing, when the actual pollutant 

concentration is below the detection limit and the pollutant was not 

detected in the sample. The recorded concentration in these cases 

would be based on the detection limit value. 

NM Non-metal. A code used to identify pollutants that are not metals or 

are generally emitted as gases or vapors. 
38

Term Description 

Nm3 Normal cubic meter. A unit of measurement for volume. Assumed 

to be one cubic meter at one atmosphere of pressure at zero degrees 

Celsius and zero percent moisture content. One dry standard cubic 

meter at 20 degrees Celsius equates to 1.0732 Normal cubic meters 

at zero degrees Celsius. 

NOx Nitrogen oxides. A grouping of binary compounds composed of the 

elements nitrogen and oxygen, including nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen 

dioxide (NO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), dinitrogen trioxide (N2O3), 

dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4), and dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5). 

Operation Hours The number of hours per year a combustion unit is in operating 

mode. It is impossible for any unit to operate longer than 8760 

hours in any calendar year. 

PCDD/PCDF Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins. 

pg Picogram. A unit of measurement for mass. 

ppb Parts per billion. A unit of measurement for pollutant emission 

concentration. For calculation purpose, emissions reported in ppb 

are assumed to be on a dry, volume basis. 

ppm Parts per million. A unit of measurement for pollutant emission 

concentration. For calculational purpose, emissions reported in ppm 

are assumed to be on a dry, volume basis. 

ppmw Parts per million on a weight basis. A unit of measurement for 

pollutant emission concentration. Emissions reported in ppmw 

were corrected to a dry, volume basis using the densities of the 

pollutant and air. 

QA Quality Assurance. For our purpose, QA refers to the process of 

correcting errors in the reported and standardized data. 

RunExhaustTemp A term that identifies a variable in the computer code that converts 

emissions data to standard concentrations. The variable is the 

temperature of the exhaust gas, standardized to degrees Fahrenheit. 

RunMoisture(%) A term that identifies a variable in the computer code that converts 

emissions data to standard concentrations. The variable is the 

moisture content of the exhaust gas, standardized to a percentage. 

RunO2(%) A term that identifies a variable in the computer code that converts 

emissions data to standard concentrations. The variable is the 

oxygen content of the exhaust gas, standardized to a percentage. 

s; sec Second. A unit of measurement for time. 
39

Term Description 

SOx Sulfur oxides. A grouping of binary compounds composed of the 

elements sulfur and oxygen, including sulfur monoxide (SO), sulfur 

dioxide (SO2), sulfur trioxide (SO3), lower sulfur oxides (SnO, S7O2, 

S6O2) and higher sulfur oxides (SO3+x where 0<x≤1). 

TEQ Toxicity Equivalent. Used to measure all toxic dioxins and furans 

in terms of the most toxic dioxin: 2,3,7,8-TCDD. 

Total (including 

condensibles) 

The total of all solid and liquid particulate matter, including gases or 

vapors that condense to form particulate matter. 

Wet Used to describe the basis for emissions concentrations. 

Concentrations reported as “wet” are based on the actual moisture 

content of the stack gas. For comparison, concentrations measured 

as “dry” (e.g., dscf) are based on a moisture content of zero percent. 

μg Microgram. A unit of measurement for mass. 

μg/dscm Micrograms per dry standard cubic meter. A unit of measurement 

for pollutant emission concentration. 
40

APPENDIX B 

CONVERSIONS EQUATIONS AND LOOKUP TABLES 
41

Table B-1: Pollutant Emissions Conversion Equations 

Reported 

Emission 

Units 

Associated 

Pollutants EQ ID Conversion Equation 

Resulting 

Converted 

Emission Units 

μg/dscf1 Metals & PM CEq1 * (35.315 dscf/dscm) * ((20.946-

3)/20.946) 

μg/dscm @ 3% 

O2 

ppm (wet)1 Non-metals CEq2 

* ((100-RunMoisture%)/100)) * 

(1000 ppb/ppm) * ((20.946-

3)/20.946) 

ppb @ 3% O2 

ppmw2 Non-metals CEq3 

* (1/10^6) * ((1.205 g/cm^3 

air)/(1.528 g/cm^3 HCl)) * 

(10^9) * ((20.946-3)/20.946) 

ppb @ 3% O2 

ppb1 Non-metals CEq4 * ((20.946-3)/20.946) ppb @ 3% O2 

μg/L1 Metals & PM CEq5 

* (1000 L/dscm) * 

((459.67+RunExhaustTemp (F)) 

/ (459.67+68)) * ((20.946-

3)/20.946) 

μg/dscm @ 3% 

O2 

gr/dscf @ 

10% O2 Metals & PM CEq6 

* (1/7000 lb/gr) * (453.59 g/lb) * 

(1000000 μg/g) * (35.315 

dscf/dscm) * ((20.946-3)/(20.946 

- 10)) 

μg/dscm @ 3% 

O2 

gr/dscf @ 

8% O2 Metals & PM CEq7 

* (1/7000 lb/gr) * (453.59 g/lb) * 

(1000000 μg/g) * (35.315 

dscf/dscm) * ((20.946-

3)/(20.946-8)) 

μg/dscm @ 3% 

O2 

gr/dscf1 Metals & PM CEq8 

* (1/7000 lb/gr) * (453.59 g/lb) * 

(1000000 μg/g) * (35.315 

dscf/dscm) * ((20.946-3)/20.946) 

μg/dscm @ 3% 

O2 

grains/dscf 

@ 50% 

excess air1

Metals & PM CEq9 

* (1/7000 lb/gr) * (453.59 g/lb) * 

(1000000 μg/g) * (35.315 

dscf/dscm) * ((20.946-3)/20.946) 

μg/dscm @ 3% 

O2 

grams/ft^31,3 Metals & PM CEq10

* (1000000 μg/g) * (35.315 

dscf/dscm) * 

(459.67+RunExhaustTemp 

(F)/459.67+68)) * ((20.946-

3)/20.946) 

μg/dscm @ 3% 

O2 

μg/dscm @ 

7% O2 Metals & PM CEq11 * ((20.946-3)/(20.946-7)) μg/dscm @ 3% O2 

μg/dscm1 Metals & PM CEq12 * ((20.946-3)/20.946) μg/dscm @ 3% 

O2 
42

Reported 

Emission 

Units 

Associated 

Pollutants EQ ID Conversion Equation 

Resulting 

Converted 

Emission Units 

Vol % Non-metals CEq13 * (100/1000000000) * ((20.946-

3)/(20.946-RunO2(%)) ppb @ 3% O2 

ppm @ 3% 

O2 Non-metals CEq14 * (1000 ppb/ppm) ppb @ 3% O2 

ppm; ppm 

(dry)1 Non-metals CEq15 * (1000 ppb/ppm) * ((20.946-3)/20.946) ppb @ 3% O2 

ppm @ 15% 

O2 Non-metals CEq16 * (1000 ppb/ppm) * ((20.946-3)/(20.946-15)) ppb @ 3% O2 

ppm @ 

4.2% O2 Non-metals CEq17 * (1000 ppb/ppm) * ((20.946-3)/(20.946-4.2)) ppb @ 3% O2 

ppm @ 

4.7% O2 Non-metals CEq18 * (1000 ppb/ppm) * ((20.946-3)/(20.946-4.7)) ppb @ 3% O2 

ppm @ 7% 

O2 Non-metals CEq19 * (1000 ppb/ppm) * ((20.946-3)/(20.946-7)) ppb @ 3% O2 

ppm @ 8% 

O2 Non-metals CEq20 * (1000 ppb/ppm) * ((20.946-3)/(20.946-8)) ppb @ 3% O2 

ppm; ppm 

(dry) Non-metals CEq21 * (1000 ppb/ppm) * ((20.946-3)/20.946-RunO2(%)) ppb @ 3% O2 

mg/dscm @ 

7% O2 Metals & PM CEq22 * (1000 μg/mg) * ((20.946-3)/(20.946-7)) 

μg/dscm @ 3% 

O2 

μg/dscm @ 

7% O2 Non-metals CEq23

* (1/1000000 g/μg) * (1/Mol Wt 

mol/g) * (1/22.4 mol/dsL) * 

(0.001 m^3/L) * (10^9) * 

((20.946-3)/(20.946-7)) 

ppb @ 3% O2 

ppm

1

 Metals & PM CEq24

* (1/10^6) * (22.4 mol/dsL) * 

(1000 L/m^3) * (Mol Wt g/mol) 

* (10^6) * ((20.946-3)/20.946) 

μg/dscm @ 3% 

O2 

ppm @ 

18.25% O2 Non-metals CEq25 * (1000 ppb/ppm) * ((20.946-3)/(20.946-18.25)) ppb @ 3% O2 

ppm @ 

18.40% O2 Non-metals CEq26 * (1000 ppb/ppm) * ((20.946-3)/(20.946-18.40)) ppb @ 3% O2 

g/dscm4 Metals & PM CEq27 * (1000000 μg/g) * ((20.946-

3)/(20.946-7)) 

μg/dscm @ 3% 

O2 
43

Reported 

Emission 

Units 

Associated 

Pollutants EQ ID Conversion Equation 

Resulting 

Converted 

Emission Units 

grains/acf1 Metals & PM CEq28

* (1/7000 lb/gr) * (453.59 g/lb) * 

(1000000 μg/g) * 

((459.67+RunExhaustTemp 

(F))/(459.67+68)) * ((20.946-

3)/20.946) * (35.315 dscf/dscm) 

μg/dscm @ 3% 

O2 

grains/dscf 

@ 7%O2 Metals & PM CEq29

* (1/7000 lb/gr) * (453.59 g/lb) * 

(1000000 μg/g) * (35.315 

dscf/dscm) * ((20.946-

3)/(20.946-7)) 

μg/dscm @ 3% 

O2 

grains/dscf 

@ 12% CO2 Metals & PM CEq30

* (1/7000 lb/gr) * (453.59 g/lb) * 

(1000000 μg/g) * (35.315 

dscf/dscm) * ((20.946-

3)/(20.946-12)) 

μg/dscm @ 3% 

O2 

lb/dscf1 Metals & PM CEq31

* (453.59 g/lb) * (1000000 μg/g) 

* (35.315 dscf/dscm) * ((20.946-

3)/20.946) 

μg/dscm @ 3% 

O2 

lb/dscf*10^-

61 Metals & PM CEq32

* (10^6) * (453.59 g/lb) * 

(1000000 μg/g) * (35.315 

dscf/dscm) * ((20.946-3)/20.946) 

μg/dscm @ 3% 

O2 

mg/dscm1 Metals & PM CEq33 * (1000 μg/mg) * ((20.946-

3)/20.946) 

μg/dscm @ 3% 

O2 

μg/dscm1 Non-metals CEq34

* (1/1000000 g/μg) * (1/Mol Wt 

mol/g) * (1/22.4 mol/dsL) * 

(1/1000 m^3/L) * (10^9) * 

((20.946-3)/20.946) 

ppb @ 3% O2 

lb/dscf1 Non-metals CEq35

* (453.59 g/lb) * (1/Mol Wt 

mol/g) * (1/22.4 dsL/mol) * 

(1/28.32 ft^3/L) * (10^9) * 

((20.946-3)/20.946) 

ppb @ 3% O2 

lb/MMCF1,5 Non-metals CEq36

* (1/10^6 mmscf/scf) * (453.59 

g/lb) * (1/Mol Wt mol/g) * 

(1/22.4 mol/dsL) * (1/28.32 

10ft^3/L) * (10^9) * ((20.946-

3)/20.946) 

ppb @ 3% O2 

mg/dscm @ 

7% O2 Non-metals CEq37

* (1/1000 g/mg) * (1/Mol Wt 

mol/g) * (1/22.4 mol/dsL) * 

(1/1000 m^3/L) * (10^9) * 

((20.946-3)/(20.946-7)) 

ppb @ 3% O2 

ppm @ 

4%O2 Non-metals CEq39 * (1000 ppb/ppm) * ((20.946-3)/(20.946-4)) ppb @ 3% O2 
44

Reported 

Emission 

Units 

Associated 

Pollutants EQ ID Conversion Equation 

Resulting 

Converted 

Emission Units 

ppm @ 15% 

O2 Non-metals CEq40 * (1000 ppb/ppm) * ((20.946-3)/(20.946-15)) ppb @ 3% O2 

ppm @ 

3.5% O2 Non-metals CEq41 * (1000 ppb/ppm) * ((20.946-3)/(20.946-3.5)) ppb @ 3% O2 

μg/dscm @ 

3% O2 Non-metals CEq42

* (1/1000000 g/μg) * (1/Mol Wt 

mol/g) * (1/22.4 mol/dsL) * 

(1/1000 m^3/L) * (10^9) 

ppb @ 3% O2 

ng/dscm Metals & PM CEq44 * (1/1000 μg/ng) * ((20.946-

3)/(20.946-7)) 

μg/dscm @ 3% 

O2 

ppm @ 

10.3% O2 Non-metals CEq45 * (1000 ppb/ppm) * ((20.946-3)/(20.946-10.3)) ppb @ 3% O2 

ppb @ 3% 

O2 Non-metals CEq46 1 ppb @ 3% O2 

pg/dscf1 Metals & PM CEq47

* (1/1000000 μg/pg) * ((20.946-

3)/20.946) * (1/0.028316847 

ft^3/m^3) 

μg/dscm @ 3% 

O2 

mg/Nm^3 

@ 10%O2 Metals & PM CEq48 * (1000 μg/mg) * ((20.946-3)/(20.946-10)) 

μg/dscm @ 3% 

O2 

ng/dscm1 Metals & PM CEq51 * (1/1000 μg/ng) * ((20.946-

3)/20.946) 

μg/dscm @ 3% 

O2 

ug/ml1 Non-metals CEq52

* (1/1000000 g/μg) * (1/Mol Wt 

mol/g) * (22.4 dsL/mol) * (1000 

mL/L) * (1000000000 ppb) * 

((20.946-3)/20.946) 

ppb @ 3% O2 

ppm @ 3% 

O2 Non-metals CEq53 * (1000 ppb/ppm) ppb @ 3% O2 

ppm Non-metals CEq54 * (1000 ppb/ppm) * ((20.946-

3)/(20.946-O2 Correction %)) ppb @ 3% O2 

ppmvd @ 

7% O2 Non-metals CEq56 * (1000 ppb/ppm) * ((20.946-3)/(20.946-7)) ppb @ 3% O2 

Percent1 Metals & PM CEq58

* (1/100 parts/%) * (1000000 

ppm/parts) * (Mol Wt g/mol) * 

(1/22.4 mol/dsL) * (1000 

dsL/dscm) * (1000000 μg/g) * 

((20.946-3)/20.946) 

μg/dscm @ 3% 

O2 
45

Reported 

Emission 

Units 

Associated 

Pollutants EQ ID Conversion Equation 

Resulting 

Converted 

Emission Units 

gr/dscm1 Metals & PM CEq59

* (1/7000 lb/gr) * (453.59 g/lb) * 

(1000000 μg/g) * ((20.946-

3)/20.946) 

μg/dscm @ 3% 

O2 

ppm (wet) 

@ 10% O2 Non-metals CEq60

* ((100-RunMoisture%)/100) * 

(1000 ppb/ppm) * ((20.946-

3)/(20.946-10)) 

ppb @ 3% O2 

ppm @ 12% 

CO2 Non-metals CEq61 * (1000 ppb/ppm) * ((20.946-3)/(20.946-12)) ppb @ 3% O2 

ppm @ 10% 

O2 Metals & PM CEq62

* (1/1000000 1/ppm) * (1/22.4 

mol/dsL) * (1000 L/m^3) * (Mol 

Wt g/mol) * (1000000 μg/g) * 

((20.946-3)/(20.946-10)) 

μg/dscm @ 3% 

O2 

mg/dscm @ 

10% O2 Metals & PM CEq63 * (1000 μg/mg) * ((20.946-3)/(20.946-10)) 

μg/dscm @ 3% 

O2 

mg/dscm @ 

10% O2 Non-metals CEq64

* (g/1000 mg) * (1/Mol Wt 

mol/g) * (22.4 dsL/mol) * 

(1/1000 m3/L) * (1000000000 

ppb) * ((20.946-3)/(20.946-10)) 

ppb @ 3% O2 

gr/dscf @ 

3% O2 Metals & PM CEq65

* (lb/7000 gr) * (453.59 g/lb) * 

(1000000 μg/g) * (35.315 

dscf/dscm) 

μg/dscm @ 3% 

O2 

gr/dscf @ 

6% O2 Metals & PM CEq66

* (lb/7000 gr) * (453.59 g/lb) * 

(1000000 μg/g) * (35.315 

dscf/dscm) * ((20.946-

3)/(20.946-6)) 

μg/dscm @ 3% 

O2 

Weight % Non-metals CEq67

* (1/100 parts/%) * (1000000000 

ppb/parts) * ((20.946-3)/(20.946-

RunO2(%)) 

ppb @ 3% O2 

grains/100 

dscf1 Metals & PM CEq68

* (1/100 1/dscf) * (1/7000 lb/gr) 

* (453.59 g/lb) * (1000000 μg/g) 

* (35.315 dscf/dscm) * ((20.946-

3)/20.946) 

μg/dscm @ 3% 

O2 

ppm @ 10% 

O2 Non-metals CEq69 * (1000 ppb/ppm) * ((20.946-3)/(20.946-10)) ppb @ 3% O2 

ng/dscm @ 

10% O2 Dioxins/Furans CEq70 * ((20.946-7)/(20.946-10)) ng/dscm @ 7% O2 

ng/dscm1 Dioxins/Furans CEq71 * ((20.946-7)/20.946) ng/dscm @ 7% 

O2 
46

Reported 

Emission 

Units 

Associated 

Pollutants EQ ID Conversion Equation 

Resulting 

Converted 

Emission Units 

gr/dscf@7% 

O2 Dioxins/Furans CEq72

* (lb/7000 gr) * (453.59 g/lb) * 

(1000000000 ng/g) * (35.315 

dscf/dscm) 

ng/dscm @ 7% 

O2 

gr TEQ/dscf 

@ 7% O2 Dioxins/Furans CEq73

* (lb/7000 gr) * (453.59 g/lb) * 

(1000000000 ng/g) * (35.315 

dscf/dscm) 

TEQ ng/dscm @ 

7% O2 

gr/dscf 

TEQ1 Dioxins/Furans CEq74

* (lb/7000 gr) * (453.59 g/lb) * 

(1000000000 ng/g) * (35.315 

dscf/dscm) * ((20.946-7)/20.946) 

TEQ ng/dscm @ 

7% O2 

TEQ 

(ng/dscm @ 

7% O2) 

Dioxins/Furans CEq75 1 TEQ ng/dscm @ 

7% O2 

TEQ 

ng/dscm Not 

incl. NDs or 

EMPCs1

Dioxins/Furans CEq76 * ((20.946-7)/20.946) TEQ ng/dscm @ 

7% O2 

TEQ 

ng/dscm 

@10% O2 

Not incl. 

NDs or 

EMPCs 

Dioxins/Furans CEq77 * ((20.946-7)/(20.946-10)) TEQ ng/dscm @ 

7% O2 

PCDD/PCD

F (ng/dscm 

@ 7% O2) 

Dioxins/Furans CEq78 1 

PCDD/PCDF 

ng/dscm @ 7% 

O2 

lb/MMcf1 Metals & PM CEq79

* (1/1000000 mmscf/scf) * 

((459.67+RunExhaustTemp(F))/

(459.67+68)) * (453.59 g/lb) * 

(1000000 μg/g) * (35.315 

dscf/dscm) * ((20.946-3)/20.946) 

μg/dscm @ 3% 

O2 

μg/dscm @ 

3% O2 Metals & PM CEq80 1 μg/dscm @ 3% O2 

mg/NM3 Non-metals CEq81

* (g/1000 mg) * (1/Mol Wt 

mol/g) * (22.4 dsL/mol) * 

(1/1000 m3/L) * (1000000000 

ppb) * ((20.946-3)/(20.946-

O2%)) 

ppb @ 3% O2 

mg/Nm3 

@10%O2 Non-metals CEq82

* (g/1000 mg) * (1/Mol Wt 

mol/g) * (22.4 dsL/mol) * 

(1/1000 m3/L) * (1000000000 

ppb) * ((20.946-3)/(20.946-10)) 

ppb @ 3% O2 
47

Reported 

Emission 

Units 

Associated 

Pollutants EQ ID Conversion Equation 

Resulting 

Converted 

Emission Units 

ng/dscm @ 

7% O2 Dioxins/Furans CEq84 1 ng/dscm @ 7% O2 

ppb Non-metals CEq85 ((20.946-3)/20.946-RunO2(%)) ppb @ 3% O2 

lb/Trillion 

Btu All pollutants HI1 * (1/1000000 tBtu/mmBtu) lb/MMBtu 

g/bhp-hr6 All pollutants HI2 * (0.00009174 g/bhp-hr / 

lb/MMbtu) lb/MMBtu 

lb/1000lb 

steam All pollutants HI3 

* (1/1000 klb/lb) * (1/1150 lb 

steam/Btu) * (1000000 

Btu/mmBtu) 

lb/MMBtu 

lb/MMBtu All pollutants HI4 1 lb/MMBtu 

mg/hr All pollutants HI5 * (1/1000 g/mg) * (1/453.59 

lb/g) / Heat Input (mmBtu/hr) lb/MMBtu 

g/hr All pollutants HI6 * (1/453.59 lb/g) / Heat Input 

(mmBtu/hr) lb/MMBtu 

lb/day8 All pollutants HI7 * (1/24 day/hr) / Heat Input 

(mmBtu/hr) lb/MMBtu 

lb/hr All pollutants HI8 * (1/Heat Input (MMBtu/hr)) lb/MMBtu 

ton/yr All pollutants HI9 * (2000/(OperationHours*Heat 

Input (MMBtu/hr))) lb/MMBtu 

lb/1000lb 

exhaust gas7 All pollutants HI10 

* (exhaust flowrate (dscfm)) * 

(60 min/hr) * ((0.075 

lb/ft^3)/(1000 lb air*Heat Input 

(MMBtu/hr))) 

lb/MMBtu 

g/sec All pollutants HI20 * (3600 sec/hr) / (Heat Input 

(MMBtu/hr)*453.59 g/lb) lb/MMBtu 

lb/yr All pollutants HI21 * (1/(OperationHours*Heat 

Input (MMBtu/hr)) lb/MMBtu 

mg/min All pollutants HI22 

* (0.0000022 lb/mg) * (60 

min/hr) / (Heat Input 

(MMBtu/hr)) 

lb/MMBtu 
48

Reported 

Emission 

Units 

Associated 

Pollutants EQ ID Conversion Equation 

Resulting 

Converted 

Emission Units 

kg/hr All pollutants HI23 * (2.2 lb/kg) / (Heat Input 

(MMBtu/hr)) lb/MMBtu 

TEQ lb/hr Dioxins/Furans HI24 * (1/Heat Input (MMBtu/hr)) TEQ lb/MMBtu 

sum of 

2,3,7,8-

TCDD TEQ 

ug/hr 

including 

1/2 D.L. 

Dioxins/Furans HI25 * (1/1000000 g/ug) * (1/453.59 

lb/g) / Heat Input (mmBtu/hr) 

2,3,7,8-TCDD 

TEQ lb/MMBtu 

tons/day8 All pollutants HI26 * (2000 lb/ton) * (1/24 day/hour) 

/ Heat Input (mmBtu/hr) lb/MMBtu 

lb./1000lbs.

wet gas 

@50% E.A. 

All pollutants HI27 

* (Exhaust Flowrate (dscfm)) * 

(60 min/hr) * (0.075 lb/ft^3) / 

(1000 lb air * Heat Input 

(mmBtu/hr)) * ((100-

RunMoisture%) / 100) 

lb/MMBtu 

g/day8 All pollutants HI28 * (1/24 day/hr) * (1/453.59 lb/g) 

/ Heat Input (mmBtu/hr) lb/MMBtu 

kg/day8 All pollutants HI29 

* (1/24 day/hr) * (1000 g/kg) * 

(1/453.59 lb/g) / Heat Input 

(mmBtu/hr) 

lb/MMBtu 

ton/month9 All pollutants HI30 

* (1/30 month/day) * (1/24 

day/hr) * (2000 lb/ton) / Heat 

Input (mmBtu/hr) 

lb/MMBtu 

grains/day8 All pollutants HI31 * (1/24 day/hr) * (1/7000 lb/gr) / 

Heat Input (mmBtu/hr) lb/MMBtu 

lb/month9 All pollutants HI32 * (1/30 mo/day) * (1/24 day/hr) / 

Heat Input (mmBtu/hr) lb/MMBtu 

tons/hr All pollutants HI33 * (2000 lb/ton) / H.I. 

(mmBtu/hr) lb/MMBtu 

g/sec All pollutants HI34 * (3600 sec/hr) * (1/453.59 lb/g) 

/ H.I. (mmBtu/hr) lb/MMBtu 

lb/MW-hr All pollutants HI35 * (0.29307 MW-hr/MMBtu) lb/MMBtu 

lb/3-hour All pollutants HI36 * (1/3 1/hr) * (1 / H.I. 

(mmBtu/hr)) lb/MMBtu 
49

Reported 

Emission 

Units 

Associated 

Pollutants EQ ID Conversion Equation 

Resulting 

Converted 

Emission Units 

lb/hr (TEQ) Dioxins/Furans HI37 1 / H.I. (mmBtu/hr) TEQ lb/MMBtu 

PCDD/PCD

F Tons/year Dioxins/Furans HI38 

* (2000 lb/ton) / 

(OperationHours * H.I. (in 

mmBtu/hr)) 

PCDD/PCDF 

lb/MMBtu 

sum of 

2,3,7,8-

TCDD TEQ 

ug/hr 

including 

1/2 D.L. 

Dioxins/Furans HI39 * (1/1000000 g/ug) * (1/453.59 

lb/g) * (1/H.I. (mmBtu/hr)) TCDD lb/MMBtu

lbs/hr 

PCDD/PCD

F TEQ 

Dioxins/Furans HI40 1 / H.I. (mmBtu/hr) PCDD/PCDF 

lb/MMBtu 

lb/hr 

2,3,7,8- 

TCDD 

Equivalents 

Dioxins/Furans HI41 1 / H.I. (mmBtu/hr) TCDD lb/MMBtu

lb/MMBtu Metals & PM FF110 1 lb/MMBtu 

ppb @ 3% 

O2 Metals & PM FF210

* (1/1000000000 1/ppb) * (Mol 

Wt lb/lb-mole) * (1/385.34 lbmol/dscf) * (F-Factor 

dscf/mmBtu) * (20.946/(20.946-

3)) 

lb/MMBtu 

μg/dscm @ 

3% O2 Metals & PM FF310

* (1/1000000 g/μg) * (1/453.59 

lb/g) * (1/35.315 dscm/dscf) * 

(F-Factor dscf/mmBtu) * 

(20.946/(20.946-3)) 

lb/MMBtu 

lb/MMBtu1 Non-metals FF410

* (1/F-Factor mmBtu/dscf) * 

(1/Mol Wt lb-mole/lb) * (385.34 

dscf/lb-mole) * ((20.946-

3)/20.946) * (1000000 ppm) 

ppm @ 3% O2 

ppb @ 3% 

O2 Non-metals FF510 * (1/1000 ppm/ppb) ppm @ 3% O2 

μg/dscm @ 

3% O2 Non-metals FF610

* (1/1000000 g/μg) * (1/Mol Wt 

mol/g) * (22.4 dsL/mol) * 

(1/1000 dscm/L) * (1000000 

ppm) 

ppm @ 3% O2 

ng/dscm @ 

7% O2 Dioxins/Furans FF710 1 ng/dscm @ 7% 

O2 
50

Reported 

Emission 

Units 

Associated 

Pollutants EQ ID Conversion Equation 

Resulting 

Converted 

Emission Units 

lb/MMBtu1 Dioxins/Furans FF810

* (453.59 g/lb) * (1000000000 

ng/g) * (1/F-Factor mmBtu/dscf) 

* (35.315 dscf/dscm) * ((20.946-

7)/20.946) 

ng/dscm @ 7% 

O2 

1

 For emission test data reported in the survey, if O2 adjustment was not reported, it was estimated to be zero for all 

pollutants except for CO. For CO, a standardized value was not calculated unless the O2 level was reported during 

the emission test. For CEMS data, data was only converted when the CEMS measurements included an O2 

correction. For all data reported in the phase II test data, the values were converted only when oxygen corrections 

were provided. Most of the phase II test data did not require these conversions since emission data was requested 

using a single unit of measure. 

2

 Assumed ppmw is ppm by weight at standard conditions; density of air assumed to be roughly equivalent to 

density of exhaust stream. 

3

 Assumed cubic feet of exhaust flow volume were reported at dry standard conditions when not otherwise specified. 

4

 Individual test files were reviewed and emissions were reported at 7% O2. 5

 Assumed MMCF is million cubic feet at actual conditions. 

6

 Assumed 85% boiler efficiency. 

7

 Assumed 1000 lbs exhaust gas is dry exhaust; density of air at dry conditions is 0.075 lb/ft3. 8

 Assumed one day is equivalent to 24 hours of operating time and nothing less. 

9

 Assumed one month is equivalent to 30 days of operating time and nothing less. 

10 To convert PM, metals, and acid gas data reported in concentrations data from their standardized concentrations to 

an emission rate, and to convert CO, NOx, and other organic HAP data from emission rates to concentrations, FFactors were applied to relate exhaust volumes to fuel energy inputs during the tests. The 8 conversion equations 

with the prefix “FF” call an F-factor into the conversion equation to standardize the data. F-Factors themselves are 

fuel-specific. A unique F-Factor was assigned to each emission test based on the fuel reported during the test, and 

that value was used in the standardization of the reported data. A list of all F-Factors used in converting emission 

test and CEM data (and the sources from which the F-Factors were found) can be found in the LOOKUP: ET Fuel 

F-Factors database table. If an emission test reported combusting more than one type of fuel during the test, an 

average of the F-Factors for each fuel type in the mix were used. If an emission test reported a fuel for which no FFactor could be found, the data points corresponding to that fuel were not standardized in this step. Similarly, if an 

emission test reported a fuel combination and one or more of the constituent fuels had no F-Factor assigned, only the 

fuels with known F-Factors were averaged to get the final value. 
51

Table B-2: Higher Heating Values

Fuel HHV Value Standardized HHV Unit of 

Measurement 

Bagasse2 3722.75 Btu/lb 

Bio liquids2 137930 Btu/gallon 

Biogas2 638.78 Btu/scf 

Biomass1,3 8623 Btu/lb 

Black Liquor2 2876.27 Btu/lb 

Blast Furnace Gas2 92.96 Btu/scf 

Coal: Anthracite2 8532.47 Btu/lb 

Coal: Bituminous2 12474.46 Btu/lb 

Coal: Sub-bituminous2 9503.03 Btu/lb 

Coke Oven Gas2 509.09 Btu/scf 

Corrugate Cardboard or 

Container Scraps2 6599.25 Btu/lb 

Deinking Residuals2 2466 Btu/lb 

Diesel fuel2 136953.75 Btu/gallon 

Hog Fuel1,3 8623 Btu/lb 

Hydrogen2 281.17 Btu/scf 

Industrial Sludge2 3623.68 Btu/lb 

Landfill Gas2 510.04 Btu/scf 

Natural gas2 1012.75 Btu/scf 

No. 2 Distillate2 136158.68 Btu/gallon 

No. 4 Fuel oil2 146131.70 Btu/gallon 
52

Fuel HHV Value Standardized HHV Unit of 

Measurement 

No. 5 Fuel oil2 152134.55 Btu/gallon 

No. 6 Residual oil2 152349.27 Btu/gallon 

Paper and Paper Residues2 8025.68 Btu/lb 

Petrochemical process gas2 894.13 Btu/scf 

Petroleum Coke2 14065.08 Btu/lb 

Plant-based Agricultural 

Residue2 7181.69 Btu/lb 

Plastics2 8030.75 Btu/lb 

Process gas2 2075.56 Btu/scf 

Refinery gas2 1000.85 Btu/scf 

Refuse2 8500 Btu/lb 

Tall oil, tall oil derivatives2 16800 Btu/gallon 

Tar2 12880 Btu/lb 

Tire Derived Fuel (TDF)2 14194.83 Btu/lb 

Tires (whole)2 12478.25 Btu/lb 

Turpentine2 133700 Btu/gallon 

Used Petroleum-based Oils2 140543.2 Btu/gallon 

Wood: Bark1,3 8623 Btu/lb 

Wood: Painted or Varnished1,3 8623 Btu/lb 

Wood: Plywood, Particleboard 

(containing glues or resins) 1,3 8623 Btu/lb 

Wood: Treated1,3 8623 Btu/lb 

Wood: Unadulterated 

Lumber1,3 8623 Btu/lb 
53

Fuel HHV Value Standardized HHV Unit of 

Measurement 

Wood: Unadulterated 

Timber1,3 8623 Btu/lb 

1

 From Memorandum from Jack Johnson, ERG, to Fred Porter, EPA/ESD, entitled Emissions Data Conversions And 

Calculations in the ICCR Emissions Test Database. June 25, 1999. 2

 Average of “As Received” reported data in ICR database. 

3

 Assumed all types of wood have the same HHV. 
54

Table B-3: Design Capacity and Heat Input Conversion Factors 

Original Design 

Capacity Unit 

Fuel Assoc w/ Original Design 

Capacity 

Conversion 

Factor 

Converted 

Design Capacity 

Unit 

1000 lb steam/hr All Fuels 1.15 million Btu/hr 

BHP All Fuels 0.03939 million Btu/hr 

Btu/hr All Fuels 0.000001 million Btu/hr 

Gal/HR No. 2 Distillate 0.14 million Btu/hr 

gallons/minute1 (blanks) 8.32 million Btu/hr 

gallons/minute No. 2 Distillate 8.32 million Btu/hr 

gallons/minute Used Petroleum-based Oils 9 million Btu/hr 

HP All Fuels 0.003 million Btu/hr 

kW All Fuels 0.00344 million Btu/hr 

lb steam/hour All Fuels 0.00115 million Btu/hr 

lb/hour Biomass2 0.0086 million Btu/hr 

lb/hour Coal: Bituminous 0.01233 million Btu/hr 

lb/hour Coal: Sub-bituminous 0.01341 million Btu/hr 

lb/hour Hog Fuel2 0.0086 million Btu/hr 

lb/hour Natural gas 0.022 million Btu/hr 

lb/hour No. 2 Distillate 0.01946 million Btu/hr 

lb/hour No. 2 Distillate or No. 4 Fuel Oil 0.01946 million Btu/hr 

lb/hour No. 6 Residual oil 0.01827 million Btu/hr 

lb/hour Other Petroleum-based Products 0.01827 million Btu/hr 
55

Original Design 

Capacity Unit 

Fuel Assoc w/ Original Design 

Capacity 

Conversion 

Factor 

Converted 

Design Capacity 

Unit 

lb/hour Paper and Paper Residues 0.00585 million Btu/hr 

lb/hour Wood: Bark2 0.0086 million Btu/hr 

lb/hour Wood: Plywood, Particleboard 

(containing glues or resins)2 0.0086 million Btu/hr 

lb/hour Wood: Saw Dust2 0.0086 million Btu/hr 

lb/hour Wood: Unadulterated Lumber2 0.0086 million Btu/hr 

million Btu/day All Fuels 0.04167 million Btu/hr 

million Btu/hr All Fuels 1 million Btu/hr 

million lb/day Black Liquor 229.167 million Btu/hr 

MW All Fuels 3.44 million Btu/hr 

scfm Natural gas 0.0612 million Btu/hr 

ton/hour of fired 

product Coal: Bituminous 24.654 million Btu/hr 

tons/day Coal: Bituminous 1.02725 million Btu/hr 

tons/day Natural gas 1.8333 million Btu/hr 

tons/day Wood: Unadulterated2 0.7167 million Btu/hr 

1

 Assumed that combustors that reported gallon per minute units of measure and did not list a fuel type were oilburning combustors burning only No. 2 Distillate. 

2

 Assumed all types of wood have identical heat content. 
56

Table B-4: Exhaust Flowrate Conversion Factors

Reported Exhaust 

Flowrate Unit Eq ID Exhaust Flowrate Conversion Factor 

Standardized 

Flowrate 

Unit 

dscfm Flow1 dscfm * (1 dscfm/dscfm) dscfm 

acfh Flow2 

acfh * (hour/60sec) * ((459.67+68) / 

(459.67+RunExhaustTemp (F))) * (1-

(%Moisture/100)) 

dscfm 

acfm Flow3 

acfm * ((459.67+68) / 

(459.67+RunExhaustTemp (F))) * (1-

(%Moisture/100)) 

dscfm 

M DSCFM Flow4 M DSCFM * (1,000 dscfm/Mdscfm) dscfm 

mscfh Flow5 mscfh * (1,000 dscfm/Mdscfm) / (60 

sec/hour) dscfm 

x10+4 dscfm Flow6 x10+4 dscfm * (10,000 dscfm/x10+4 

dscfm) dscfm 

dscfh Flow7 dscfh / (60 sec/hour) dscfm 
57

Table B-5: Exhaust Temperature Conversion Factors

Reported Exhaust 

Temperature Unit Conversion Equation 

Standardized 

Exhaust 

Temperature Unit 

Celsius, C ((9/5)*Exhaust Temp, C) + 32 Fahrenheit, F 

Fahrenheit, F Exhaust Temp, F * (1 F/F) Fahrenheit, F 

Kelvin, K ((9/5)*Exhaust Temp, K) - 459.67 Fahrenheit, F 

Rankine, R Exhaust Temp, R - 459.67 Fahrenheit, F 
58

Table B-6: Fuel Densities for HHV Standardizations 

Fuel Density (lb/gal) Fuel Density (lb/gal) 

Animal 

Fat/Oils/Tallow7 7.328 No. 5 Fuel oil8

 7.890 

Bio Liquids7 7.328 

 No. 5 Fuel oil and 

No. 6 Residual 

oil4

7.990 

Brown Grease7 7.328 No. 6 Residual 

oil8 8.095 

Diesel Fuel1 7.130 

 No. 6 Residual oil 

and Natural 

gas8,10

8.095 

Heavy Recycle2 8.095 

 No. 6 Residual oil 

and No. 5 Fuel oil 

and Used 

Petroleum-based 

Oils (on-spec)4

7.990 

Jet Fuel9 7.000 Other Petroleumbased Oils2 8.095 

Kerosene8 6.790 Tall oil, tall oil 

derivatives6 5.100 

No. 2 Distillate8 7.130 Used Petroleumbased Oils2 8.095 

No. 2 Distillate 

and Kerosene3 6.960 

 Used Petroleumbased Oils (onspec)2

8.095 

No. 2 Distillate 

and Natural gas8,10 7.130 

 Used Petroleumbased Oils (onspec) and No. 6 

Residual oil2

8.095 

No. 4 Fuel oil8 7.670 Vegetable Oil7 7.328 

No. 4 Fuel oil and 

No. 2 Distillate 

and No. 6 

Residual oil5

7.630 

yellow grease 

(used cooking 

oil)7

7.328 

1

 Assumed to have the same density as No. 2 Distillate. 

2

 Assumed to have the same density as No. 6 Residual oil. 

3

 Average of No. 2 Distillate and Kerosene densities. 

4

 Average of No. 5 Fuel oil and No. 6 Residual oil densities. 

5

 Average of No. 2 Distillate, No. 4 Fuel oil and No. 6 Residual oil densities. 

6

 Density from Tall Oil Recovery System and Apparatus, April 1982. 

<http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp?WO=1982000260&IA=US1981000927&DISPLAY=DESC>. 
59

7

 Density from J. Tuttle and T. von Kuegelgen, Biodiesel Handling and Use Guidelines—Third Edition, National 

Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2004. 8

 Density from Steam 40th ed. P 8-15. 

9

 Density from Federal CAA Toolbox—Fire Fighter Training.

<http://www.afcee.brooks.af.mil/products/air/federal/emisest/firetraining.html>. 10 Density for Natural Gas assumed to be negligible on the density of oil. 
60

Table B-7: Conversion Factors for Standardizing HHV Units of Measure 

Reported HHV 

Unit of Measure 

Fuel State 

of Matter Conversion Factor 

Standardized 

HHV Unit of 

Measure 

Btu1

Solid 1 Btu/lb 

Liquid * (Density lb/gal) Btu/gal 

Btu/gal Liquid 1 Btu/gal 

Btu/kscf Gaseous * (1/1000 kscf/scf) Btu/scf 

Btu/lb 

Solid 1 Btu/lb 

Liquid * (Density lb/gal) Btu/gal 

Gaseous * (Density lb/gal) * (7.481 gal/scf) Btu/scf 

Btu/scf 

Liquid * (1/7.481 scf/gal) Btu/gal 

Gaseous 1 Btu/scf 

GCV1

Solid 1 Btu/lb 

Liquid * (Density lb/gal) Btu/gal 

kcal/kg Solid * (1000 cal/kcal) * (1/252.16 Btu/cal) 

* (1/1000 kg/g) * (453.59 g/lb) Btu/lb 

MMBtu/lb 

Solid * (1000000 Btu/MMBtu) Btu/lb 

Liquid * (1000000 Btu/MMBtu) * (Density 

lb/gal) Btu/gal 

MMBtu/ton Solid * (1/2000 ton/lb) * (1000000 

Btu/MMBtu) Btu/lb 

1

 Assumed equivalent to Btu/lb. 
61

Table B-8: Basis Correction Equations for Fuel Constituent Concentrations 

Reported 

Concentration 

Unit of Measure 

Reported 

Basis EQ ID Conversion Equation 

Corrected Unit 

of Measurement 

and Basis 

mg/kg As Received FA1 * (0.001) / (1-Moisture%) mg/g, Dry 

ppm As Received FA2 * (0.001) / (1-Moisture%) mg/g, Dry 

mg/g Dry FA3 1 mg/g, Dry 

mg/kg 

Dry FA4 0.001 mg/g, Dry 

mg/L 

ppm 

μg/g 

ng/g 

ppb Dry FA5 0.000001 mg/g, Dry 

μg /kg 

Weight % Dry FA6 10 mg/g, Dry 
62

Table B-9: Conversion Equations for Fuel-Based Emission Factors 

Reported Unit 

of Measurement 

Fuel 

Constituent EQ ID Conversion Equation 

Standardized 

Emission 

Factor Unit of 

Measurement 

mg/g (dry) Cl FA6 * (1.028) * (1/1000 g/mg) / 

(HHV MMBtu/lb (dry)) 

lb/MMBtu, 

HCl 

mg/g (dry) Hg FA7 * (1/1000 g/mg) / (HHV 

MMBtu/lb (dry)) lb/MMBtu, Hg 

lb/MMBtu Cl FA9 1.028 lb/MMBtu, 

HCl 

lb/MMBtu Hg FA10 1 lb/MMBtu, Hg 

lb/TBtu Hg FA11 * (1/1000000 TBtu/MMBtu) lb/MMBtu, Hg 
63

Table B-10: Toxic Equivalency Factors

Dioxin/Furan Congener Toxic Equivalency Factor1

1,2,3,4,6,5,7,8 OCDD 0.0003 

1,2,3,4,6,5,7,8 OCDF 0.0003 

1,2,3,4,6,7,8 HpCDD 0.01 

1,2,3,4,6,7,8 HpCDF 0.01 

1,2,3,4,7,8 HxCDD 0.1 

1,2,3,4,7,8 HxCDF 0.1 

1,2,3,4,7,8,9 HpCDF 0.01 

1,2,3,6,7,8 HxCDD 0.1 

1,2,3,6,7,8 HxCDF 0.1 

1,2,3,7,8 PeCDD 1 

1,2,3,7,8 PeCDF 0.03 

1,2,3,7,8,9 HxCDD 0.1 

1,2,3,7,8,9 HxCDF 0.1 

2,3,4,6,7,8 HxCDF 0.1 

2,3,4,7,8 PeCDF 0.3 

2,3,7,8-TCDD 1 

2,3,7,8-TCDF 0.1 

1

 Source: World Health Organization Toxic Equivalency Factors, 2005. 

<http://www.who.int/ipcs/assessment/tef_update/en/>