IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

_______________

No. 97-30552

_______________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

VERSUS

JOHN J. HEMMINGSON

and

ALVAREZ T. FERROUILLET, JR.,

Defendants-Appellants.

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

_______________

No. 97-30598

_______________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

VERSUS

JOHN J. HEMMINGSON

and

ALVAREZ T. FERROUILLET, JR.,

Defendants-Appellees.

_________________________

Appeals from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Louisiana

_________________________

September 30, 1998
2

Before JOLLY, SMITH, and BARKSDALE, Circuit Judges.

JERRY E. SMITH, Circuit Judge:

John Hemmingson and Alvarez Ferrouillet, Jr., challenge their

convictions of money-laundering; Ferrouillet also challenges his

sentence. The government, through the Office of the Independent

Counsel, appeals the sentences. We affirm.

I.

The origin of this case lies in the ashes of Henry Espy's

failed campaign for Congress. In the spring of 1993, Espy, the

Mayor of Clarksdale, Mississippi, and president of the National

Conference of Black Mayors (“NCBM”), was a defeated and indebted

candidate. He had sought the Mississippi congressional seat

vacated by his brother Michael when the latter became Secretary of

Agriculture, but he succeeded only in running up a large campaign

debt.

Ferrouillet is a New Orleans attorney who had met Henry Espy

the previous year and served as chairman of the Espy for Congress

campaign. In addition to his lawyerly work, Ferrouillet

moonlighted as an insurance broker, managing his own company,

Municipal Healthcare Cooperative. He also acted as the NCBM's

representative on health care issues and had helped broker deals

between municipalities and health insurance companies.

Ferrouillet offered to help Espy pay off his campaign debt and

worked with the unsuccessful candidate to obtain a $75,000 loan
3

from a Mississippi bank, then guaranteed the loan on behalf of his

law firm, Ferrouillet & Ferrouillet. The campaign proved unable to

repay the loan, nor could Ferrouillet come up with the money

himself. The loan came due on June 15, but Ferrouillet sought and

received an extension to September 30; the deadline was once again

pushed back, at his request, to December 31. As the new year

dawned and Ferrouillet failed to repay the loan, the bank referred

the matter to its attorneys for collection.

In March 1994, Henry Espy held a reception at a private club

in Washington, D.C., in hopes of retiring his debt. The event was

sparsely attended: Only about twelve potential contributors

showed. Present, however, was HemmingsonSSthe president and CEO of

Crop Growers, a holding company for several crop insurance firms.

At the time of the fundraiser, Congress had begun considering

proposals for crop insurance reform, and Crop Growers had openly

acknowledged, in its public disclosure forms, the government's

power over this heavily-regulated industry.

That evening, Espy asked Hemmingson and the other attendees to

raise $10,000 each; he later sent Hemmingson a thank-you letter

“for the immediate and much needed assistance you pledged in

helping me retire my congressional campaign debt. Friends who come

to the aide [sic] of friends are never forgotten.” The fundraiser

proved a failureSSit raised only $10,000, and Ferrouillet labeled

it an “absolute disaster”SSbut he was able to secure yet another

extension from the bank. Under the new agreement, Ferrouillet

would pay off the loan through four monthly post-dated checks
4

beginning in June.

Ferrouillet and Hemmingson met for the first time at Espy's

fundraiser. On June 30, they entered into a contract, prepared by

Ferrouillet, under which Ferrouillet would act as “Special

Corporate Counsel in connection with the development of a

comprehensive healthcare plan which [Crop Growers] might cosponsor, along with [Ferrouillet's business] Municipal Healthcare

Cooperative, Inc., for presentation to and implementation within

the membership of the National Conference of Black Mayors.”

Hemmingson then prepared a $20,000 check drawn on a Crop Growers

Insurance account and made payable to “Alvarez T. Ferrouillet, Jr.,

Attorney at Law.” He signed the check and mailed it to Ferrouillet

in Louisiana.

The contract provided that Ferrouillet would be given the

$20,000 as a “retainer” from which he would periodically draw

$1,000 as his monthly fee. In exchange, he would help develop Crop

Growers's nascent health insurance business by securing NCBM's

endorsement. The agreement, which is largely boilerplate and

hardly a model of artful drafting, further provided that “[t]he

details of our services and the amount of our fees will be provided

to you on computer generated statements monthly as our services are

rendered . . . . It is very important to maintain close

communications.”

At the end of July, Ferrouillet cashed the Crop Growers check

at Evergreen Supermarket, a neighborhood grocery store in

Louisiana. The store's owner, a personal friend of Ferrouillet's,
 

1 An obvious question is why Ferrouillet chose to launder the $20,000

rather than simply deposit the money into his own account and write his own check

to the bank. His answer is that he received a call, at the end of May 1994, from

a Federal Election Commission monitor who had been reviewing Henry Espy's

campaign finance reports. She told him that, under federal election law, a loan

guarantee is the same as a contributionSSso Ferrouillet had violated the law when

he originally guaranteed the loan. Although testimony suggested that his paying

off the illegal loan would not have constituted an additional offense,

Ferrouillet apparently did not realize this. As he paints it, he was trapped:

either break the law again in paying off the loan himself, or default and allow

the bank to attach his personal assets.

5

gave the lawyer $5,000 cash on the spot and, after depositing the

check, $15,000 in $100 bills a week later.

Ferrouillet promptly deposited $10,000 in $100 bills into an

Espy for Congress bank account that he had opened earlier that

year; two days later, he deposited $9,000, again in $100 bills. He

then wired $21,000 from the account to the Mississippi bank to be

applied against the loan.

In March 1995, FBI agents contacted Ferrouillet. They were

investigating the Washington fundraiser and asked the lawyer about

the source of his $10,000 deposit. He explained that the money

came from individual donors, then provided the agents with a list

of forty-six and the amounts each contributed. As the agents began

checking the names and realized the list was phony, Ferrouillet's

scheme collapsed.1

II.

After a jury trial, Hemmingson was convicted of interstate

transportation of stolen property (18 U.S.C. § 2314), moneylaundering (18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(1)(B)(i)), and engaging in a

monetary transaction with criminally derived property (18 U.S.C.
 

2 The grand jury indicted Hemmingson, Ferrouillet, Municipal Healthcare

Cooperative, Inc., Ferrouillet & Ferrouillet, and Henry Espy on a variety of

counts related to the money-laundering. On motion of Ferrouillet and Espy, the

court transferred some of the counts to the Northern District of Mississippi.

In the end, only Hemmingson and Ferrouillet remained as defendants in Louisiana.

Following his conviction in Louisiana, however, Ferrouillet pleaded guilty to the

transferred counts, which were then returned to Louisiana and consolidated for

sentencing.

6

§ 1957). He was acquitted of a separate § 1957 count. Ferrouillet

was convicted on all counts: interstate transportation of stolen

property (18 U.S.C. § 2314), five counts of money-laundering

(18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(1)(B)(i) & (ii)), two counts of engaging in a

monetary transaction with criminally derived property (18 U.S.C.

§ 1957), and two counts of making false statements to a federal

agent (18 U.S.C. § 1001). He subsequently pleaded guilty in the

Northern District of Mississippi to one count of conspiracy to make

false statements and defraud the United States (18 U.S.C. § 371)

and five counts of making false statements to a financial

institution (18 U.S.C. § 1014). The Mississippi counts were

consolidated with the Louisiana counts for sentencing.2

The presentence report (“PSR”) stated that the base offense

level of each defendant was 22, resulting in a sentencing range of

41 to 51 months, as each had a criminal history category of 1. The

government objected to the PSR, asking the court to increase

Ferrouillet's offense level by two levels pursuant to U.S.S.G.

§ 3B1.3 for abusing a position of public trust and using a special

skill (his attorney skill) to commit his crimes. The district

court denied the request.

The defendants also objected to the PSR; both requested a

downward departure on the ground that their conduct did not fall
7

within the “heartland” of the money-laundering guideline, U.S.S.G.

§ 2S1.1. The district court agreed, granted the downward

departure, and sentenced defendants to one year in a halfway house

pursuant to the more lenient fraud guideline, U.S.S.G. § 2F1.1.

III.

This is a consolidation of two appeals. Defendants argue that

the evidence was insufficient to support their convictions, that

the government's prosecution strategy violated their right to due

process, and that the method of jury selection violated federal law

and the Constitution. Ferrouillet challenges his sentence,

claiming an entitlement to a downward departure on the basis of his

“exceptional” history of charitable deeds and community service.

The government contends that the district court erred in

granting the defendants a downward departure under the “heartland”

theory. The government also says the court erred in refusing to

upwardly adjust Ferrouillet's sentence for abusing his position of

public trust and for his use of special skills in committing his

crimes.

IV.

In determining sufficiency of the evidence, we must decide

whether a rational trier of fact could have found that the evidence

established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. United States v.

Dupre, 117 F.3d 810, 818 (5th Cir. 1997), cert. denied, 118 S. Ct.

857 (1998). We view all evidence, and any inferences that may be
 

3 The defendants challenge their convictions on each count, with one

exceptionSSFerrouillet does not challenge sufficiency as to his convictions of

making false statements.

8

drawn from it, in the light most favorable to the government.

United States v. Sylvester, 143 F.3d 923, 930 (5th Cir. 1998).3

A.

Defendants zero in on Hemmingson's intent and motive in

writing the check to Ferrouillet. Their argument runs as follows:

If Hemmingson did not intend the funds to reach Espy's campaign,

the government's case collapses, because the convictions rest on

the government's having proved that Hemmingson intended to defraud

Crop Growers when drafting the check. The defendants reason that

if Hemmingson acted honestlySSand was simply victimized by

FerrouilletSSneither defendant, as required under the statutes,

trafficked in “criminally derived property” or the “proceeds of

unlawful activity,” because the $20,000 would not have been taken

from Crop Growers through fraud.

The defendants' theory is that Hemmingson wrote the check to

Ferrouillet to secure the attorney's services in an honest, if

ultimately fruitless, business venture. While they concede that

Ferrouillet laundered the check, they argue that Hemmingson was

just an innocent businessman, blind to Ferrouillet's sinister

scheme and unaware of the check's “bizarre fate.” Hemmingson, they

claim, did not know that Ferrouillet had even guaranteed the loan,

let alone that he planned to launder the check to pay it off.

Defendants point to evidence that they say shows Hemmingson
9

believed he was engaging in a lawful business deal. They highlight

Ferrouillet's connections to the NCBM and his past success in

winning major insurance contracts for his clients. They also note

Hemmingson's determination to expand Crop Growers's business into

the health insurance market. Given Hemmingson's goals and

Ferrouillet's expertise as a deal maker, it is perfectly

understandable, the defendants say, that Hemmingson would hire

Ferrouillet as a consultant capable of developing new markets for

Crop Growers.

While the argument is plausible, it is undercut by

considerable evidence that Hemmingson intended the check as a

covert, illegal donation to the Espy campaign. The “consulting

contract” between Hemmingson and Ferrouillet appears to have been

a sham. No work was performed on the contract. Aside from the

contract itself, neither side introduced a single document relating

to the purported consultancy or to the health care plan that

Ferrouillet was to help develop and market. Nor could counsel at

oral argument identify any evidence that the consultancy was

legitimate, despite our repeated efforts to elicit a single

example. Evidently, the “close communication” promised in the

contract never materialized.

Moreover, Ferrouillet, an attorney who bills his time, never

entered on his time sheets any work for Crop Growers; his firm

simply had no record that Crop Growers was a client. He never told

his brother, the firm's managing partner, of the engagement.

Finally, despite Ferrouillet's failure to secure the NCBM's
10

endorsement or to produce any sort of work product, Hemmingson

never questioned the lawyer about the work he was ostensibly hired

to perform, nor monitored his performance in any way, nor asked for

his $20,000 backSSeven when Crop Growers's “Life and Health

Division” folded in 1995. In sum, other than the check and the

contract, the defendants introduced no documentary evidence that a

legitimate business relationship existed.

The defendants' counter arguments fall short under our

deferential standard of review. Hemmingson claims that he

regularly cut deals in hugger-mugger fashion and rarely supervised

the performance of outside consultants. He also says that the

unusual manner in which he recorded the payment in Crop Growers's

booksSSas a prepaid legal expense amortized over twenty monthsSSis

further evidence that he had no intent to camouflage the

transaction. These protestations, while plausible, are not enough

to render the verdict irrational.

The government introduced additional evidence which, while not

stemming from the instant transaction, casts light on Hemmingson's

proclivity to use Crop Growers as a vehicle for political

contributions. In early 1993, he solicited twenty-six people to

contribute (in their own or their spouse's names) to Espy's

campaign; these individuals were then reimbursed by Crop Growers.

The payments were disguised in Crop Growers's books as travel

advances, purchases of fixed assets, and the like. 

Hemmingson argues that he did not realize this scheme was

illegal, as he was relying on the advice of his accountants. He
11

also insists that this incident cannot be treated as probative of

his intent to defraud Crop Growers, pointing out that a District of

Columbia jury acquitted him of criminal conspiracy charges

resulting from these contributions. But, at a minimum, this

evidence illustrates Hemmingson's desire to support Espy's

political fortunes and his willingness to employ Crop Growers as a

means to this end.

Finally, the government introduced persuasive evidence of

Hemmingson's repeated efforts to influence Michael Espy through his

brother. The jury considered a fax Hemmingson sent to Henry Espy,

asking him to pass along Hemmingson's “thoughts” on crop insurance

reform to his brother. Similarly, on several occasions, Henry Espy

was present when Hemmingson met with Michael Espy to discuss reform

efforts. And the government introduced evidence showing that,

after the earlier episode involving Hemmingson's orchestration of

illegal contributions to the Espy campaign, Hemmingson hired a

“consultant”SSthe immediate past director of the Federal Crop

Insurance CorporationSSto draft a letter to Michael Espy. 

The proposed letter, which was ultimately rephrased,

concluded: “Perhaps, at some time in the future, we will be able

to arrange a Mississippi tour for you and Congressman Henry Espy if

our efforts on his behalf are successful (this part has to be

subtle).” This evidence further suggests that Hemmingson sought to

use Henry Espy as a conduit to the Secretary of Agriculture.

The defendants urge us to consider Hemmingson's legitimate,

business-related reasons for writing the check to Ferrouillet. But
12

our task in deciding sufficiency of the evidence is not to choose

between competing interpretations of events. It is simply to

determine whether a rational trier of fact, viewing the evidence in

the light most favorable to the government, could have convicted.

The evidence is easily sufficient.

B.

Hemmingson launches a series of separate challenges to the

sufficiency of the evidence underlying his convictions of moneylaundering (18 U.S.C. §§ 1956(a)(1)(B)(i) and 1957). He claims

that he did not aid and abet the money-laundering. He says he had

no knowledge of Ferrouillet's villainous plan for the check, nor

did he (as required for § 1956 liability) “conceal” or “disguise

the nature” of anything. Finally, he says that he did not engage

in money-laundering, because the check had not yet “attained the

status of proceeds” at the time it was transferred from Ferrouillet

to the grocery store.

Many of Hemmingson's arguments rehash the defendants' general

sufficiency challenge. The gist of his claim is that his

participation in the money-laundering scheme was so removed, and so

speculative, that he cannot be criminally liable. 

In United States v. Willey, 57 F.3d 1374 (5th Cir. 1995), we

held that a defendant is liable for aiding and abetting moneylaundering under § 1956(a)(1)(B)(i) when he “associated himself

with the unlawful financial manipulations, [when] he participated
13

in them as something he wished to bring about, and [when] he

sought, by his actions, to make the effort succeed.” Id. at 1383

(quoting United States v. Termini, 992 F.2d 879, 881 (8th Cir.

1993)). Even if Hemmingson lacked knowledge of the nuts and bolts

of Ferrouillet's plan, he had sufficient knowledge of, and

association with, the unlawful conduct to support conviction; the

evidence supported a finding that Hemmingson knew Ferrouillet would

make sure that the Crop Growers money reached the Espy campaign in

such a way as to conceal its origin.

Hemmingson's other arguments are equally meritless. He says

that he never attempted to conceal the funds. The jury, however,

was entitled to conclude, based on his curious accounting

techniques, that he sought to camouflage the transaction. He also

claims, in challenging his § 1957 conviction, that the check never

amounted to “proceeds” as required by the statute. See 18 U.S.C.

§ 1957 (“the term 'criminally derived property' means any property

constituting, or derived from, proceeds obtained from a criminal

offense”). Hemmingson's argument is that the funds from the check,

not the check itself, constituted the “proceeds” of the crime. 

If this were so, it would follow that at the time the check

was deposited, it was not yet “proceeds,” and therefore its deposit

could not constitute money-laundering. We rejected a similar

argument in United States v. Cavalier, 17 F.3d 90, 93 (5th Cir.

1994), where we treated a check issued as a result of the

defendant's fraud as “proceeds” of the crime. Moreover, the

statute, by referring to “any property . . . constituting proceeds”
 

4 Hemmingson (along with Crop Growers) was prosecuted in the District of

Columbia on charges relating to the reimbursement scheme. Crop Growers pleaded

no contest; Hemmingson was acquitted on all counts.

14

(emphasis added), suggests that an as-yet-uncashed check may

constitute proceeds. Accordingly, we reject Hemmingson's

contention that no crime is committed until the funds are

disgorged.

V.

Hemmingson accuses the government of engaging in maneuvers

that deprived him of due process; he also raises, among other

things, venue and severance objections. While we review questions

of constitutional law de novo, see United States v. Osborne,

68 F.3d 94, 98 (5th Cir. 1995), venue and severance decisions are

reviewed for abuse of discretion. Peteet v. Dow Chem. Co.,

868 F.2d 1428, 1436 (5th Cir. 1989); United States v. Moser,

123 F.3d 813, 828 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 118 S. Ct. 642 (1997).

A.

Hemmingson's due process claim is premised on the overlapping

evidence in his District of Columbia and Louisiana trials.4 He

notes that even the government appeared to concede a high degree of

overlap. But as the district court noted in denying his motion for

transfer, the two indictments were based on separate events and

separate crimes: The Washington indictment was premised on the

reimbursement scheme, whereas the Louisiana indictment concerned

the Ferrouillet episode. Although the evidence may have
 

5 The government also points out that it would not have had venue in the

District of Columbia to prosecute the Ferrouillet scheme, nor in Louisiana to

prosecute the reimbursement arrangement.

15

overlapped, the key point is that the crimes differed.

Accordingly, Hemmingson's due process rights were not violated.5

B.

Hemmingson avers that the government assumed inconsistent

litigating positions in the District of Columbia and Louisiana. He

says that in the District of Columbia, the government portrayed

Crop Growers as a defendant, whereas in Louisiana it portrayed Crop

Growers as a victim. 

The argument fails. The government characterized the

shareholders of Crop Growers as the victim in each prosecution.

The company, in contrast, was charged in the District of Columbia

with vicarious liability for its officer's wrongful acts. Both the

Louisiana and District of Columbia district courts considered

Hemmingson's objection and approved the government's theory of the

case. 

In any event, we see nothing inconsistent, let alone

prejudicial, regarding the government's drawing distinctions of

this nature in cases involving a corporate officer's defrauding his

corporation. As in shareholder derivative suits, the “corporation”

is not necessarily a monolithic entity.

C.

Hemmingson does not develop his forum-shopping argument;
16

rather, he breezily avers that the government forum-shopped by

trying him first in Louisiana, even though he was first indicted in

the District of Columbia. Hemmingson offers not even a soupçon of

evidence in support of his theory. We see nothing that suggests

that the order of trial resulted from anything other than

happenstance and the district courts' respective schedules.

D.

Hemmingson claims that the Independent Counsel exceeded its

jurisdictional mandate. He says that the record does not show that

Michael Espy participated in, or was even aware of, the moneylaundering scheme. 

It is irrelevant whether Hemmingson is right on this point,

for the instant prosecution falls well within the Independent

Counsel's broad mandate. He may investigate

whether [Michael Espy] has committed a violation of any

federal criminal law . . . relating in any way to the

acceptance of gifts by him from organizations or

individuals with business pending before the Department

of Agriculture . . . [and] other allegations or evidence

of violation of any federal criminal law . . . by any

organization or individual developed during the

Independent Counsel's investigation . . . and connected

with or arising out of that investigation.

In re Alphonso Michael (Mike) Espy, Div. 94-2, Order at 2 (D.C.

Cir. Sp. Div. Sept. 9, 1994). At risk of belaboring the obvious,

this prosecution's connection to Michael Espy is quite plain:

Hemmingson, as a crop insurer heavily dependent on the Department

of Agriculture, sought access to Michael Espy through Henry Espy,

who, other than his fraternal tie, had little to commend him as an
17

object of Crop Growers's beneficence. Accordingly, the Independent

Counsel acted within its jurisdictional mandate in prosecuting

these defendants.

E.

Hemmingson complains that the district court abused its

discretion in denying his motion to sever his trial from

Ferrouillet's. His specific protest is that the jury heard expert

testimony about Ferrouillet's nefarious deedsSSconcealment,

structuring and the likeSSall of which reflected badly on

Hemmingson, yet were tangential to the question of his guilt

because they occurred after he gave Ferrouillet the check. He also

contends that evidence of Ferrouillet's false statements to FBI

agents violated Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123, 135-36

(1968), in that “powerfully incriminating extrajudicial statements

of a codefendant, who stands accused side-by-side with the

defendant, [were] deliberately spread before the jury in a joint

trial.” Hemmingson requested, but was denied, a limiting

instruction on Ferrouillet's statements.

We do not agree that the court abused its discretion in

refusing to sever or issue a limiting instruction. With regard to

the testimony of the money-laundering expert, the court did issue

a limiting instruction; Hemmingson's complaint is that it was

issued at the close of the evidence, a day after the testimony was

heard. Hemmingson does not cite any precedent establishing that

the failure to issue a contemporaneous limiting instruction
18

constitutes reversible error. In any event, we do not regard the

testimony as excessively prejudicial, and the limiting instruction

was adequate to dispel any prejudice.

F.

Hemmingson contends that the district court failed to issue a

limiting instruction as to testimony regarding Ferrouillet's false

statements. Although we agree that the court probably should have

issued a limiting instruction under these circumstances, we cannot

agree that its refusal to do so amounts to reversible error. 

First, the testimony concerned charges that applied to

Ferrouillet only. Unlike the situation in Bruton, the testimony

could not be used directly against the silent defendant;

Hemmingson's complaint is that he was tarred by the general aura of

dishonesty surrounding Ferrouillet, rather than by any direct

evidence relevant to a charge against him. Also in contrast to

Bruton, the testimony can hardly be deemed “powerfully

incriminating.” It was far from a confession implicating

Hemmingson.

Second, the court issued an instruction that, while not

exactly a limiting instruction targeted to the false-statements

testimony, served the same purpose. The court explained to the

jury that it must consider the evidence of each count separately

and consider the evidence against each defendant separately. This

instruction, coupled with the likely harmlessness of the falsestatements testimony, undercuts any claim of prejudice. A
 

6 His constitutional claim, which encompasses alleged violations of the

Sixth Amendment's fair-cross-section requirement, the Equal Protection Clause,

the Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause, and the Sixth Amendment's right to

counsel, is tacked on to the end of the statutory argument in his brief. It

consists of a single paragraph and a footnote.

 

7 Hemmingson, who does not allege that he is black, adopts Ferrouillet's

argument.

19

defendant faces a high hurdle in proving a court abused its

discretion in failing to offer a limiting instruction: He must

show that he received an unfair trial and suffered “compelling

prejudice.” United States v. Salomon, 609 F.2d 1172, 1175 (5th

Cir. 1980). Hemmingson has not carried that burden.

VI.

Ferrouillet argues that the method of jury selection violated

the Jury Selection and Service Act of 1968 (“Jury Act”), 28 U.S.C.

§§ 1861-1878, and the Constitution.6 The crux of his claim is that

he, a black man, was tried before an all-white jury.7 The weak

link in Ferrouillet's claim is that, as he concedes, the method of

jury selection was entirely colorblind; he does not allege any sort

of intentional race-based discrimination, but relies instead on the

outcome of the selection process.

We apply a bifurcated standard of review to claims brought

under the Jury Act. A decision to excuse an individual juror under

the Act is reviewed for abuse of discretion; but to the extent the

decision rests on the court's interpretation of the Act's language,

the standard of review is de novo. See United States v. Contreras,

108 F.3d 1255, 1265 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 118 S. Ct. 116
 

8 Ferrouillet does not claim that these peremptory strikes were exercised

for anything other than a race-neutral reason.

20

(1997).

A.

The jury venire, drawn at random, included 109 people, of whom

24 were black. This mirrored the demographics of the forum

district, which, we are told, is 23% black. As the trial was

scheduled to last roughly two weeks (intruding on the Christmas

season), the court mailed each venireman a questionnaire. Both

sides consented to the one hundred questions included within. The

court, based on the answers to the questionnaire and accompanying

letters, excused 39 veniremen upon finding that their service would

pose an “undue hardship or extreme inconvenience.” Seventy

veniremen remained, ten of whom were black. The court then

randomly selected 32 veniremen for voir dire, two of whom were

black and were struck via the government's peremptory strikes.8

It is undisputed that the court did not excuse any venireman

for racial reasons. But Ferrouillet argues that instead of

summarily dismissing the 39 for hardship on the basis of their

questionnaires, the court should have summoned all of them to the

courtroom and ascertained their race before dismissing them. This,

says Ferrouillet, would have ensured that the resulting pool was

properly proportional.

The obvious flaw in this argument is that Ferrouillet cannot

satisfactorily explain how the result would have been different
21

even if the veniremen had personally appeared in the courtroom. He

does not venture to suggest that the district court should have

discriminated on the basis of race, even though this is the logical

consequence of his argument. Instead, he contends that a personal

examination would have shown that some of the proffered reasons for

hardship were not so compelling after all. He buttresses his claim

by comparing what he characterizes as the flimsy reasons of the 39

veniremen excused by mail to the purportedly persuasive reasons of

those subjected to voir dire and not excused.

B.

The vehicle for Ferrouillet's challenge is the Jury Act, which

provides that “all litigants in Federal courts entitled to trial by

jury shall have the right to . . . petit juries selected at random

from a fair cross section of the community in the district or

division where the court convenes.” 28 U.S.C. § 1861.

Importantly, the statute allows the court to excuse a venireman for

“any . . . factor which the court determines to constitute an undue

hardship or to create an extreme inconvenience to the juror.”

28 U.S.C. § 1869(j). These factors include a juror's distance from

the courthouse or a family emergency. Id. In order to win relief

under the Act, a defendant must prove a “substantial failure” to

comply with its provisions. 28 U.S.C. § 1867(a). A substantial

failure is one that destroys the “random nature or objectivity of

the selection process.” United States v. Kennedy, 548 F.2d 608,

612 (5th Cir. 1977).
 

9 See United States v. DiMarco, 46 F.3d 476, 477 (5th Cir. 1995) (“Because

[the defendant's] challenge to his sentence involves only his dissatisfaction

with the district court's refusal to grant a downward departure and not a legal

error or misapplication of the guidelines . . . we lack jurisdiction over his

appeal.”).

22

Neither the Act nor the Constitution was violated here. The

court, upon reviewing the questionnaires, made reasonable,

colorblind judgments about which veniremen faced hardship or

inconvenience. As Ferrouillet concedes, race never entered the

picture. His challenge to the allegedly arbitrary application of

different standardsSSa lenient standard for excuse-by-mail; a more

rigorous one for in-court, voir dire excuseSSfalls flat. 

The examples of so-called arbitrariness Ferrouillet identifies

do not even begin to support a finding that the jury was selected

in a non-random manner. We see no credible evidence of an abuse of

discretion in excusing jurors, let alone evidence of racial

discrimination. The happenstance of a disproportionately white

jury is simply not enough to prevail under the Act.

VII.

Ferrouillet challenges his sentence, arguing that the court

erred in refusing to grant him a downward departure on the basis of

his “exceptional” record of public service and his sundry

charitable good deeds. We lack jurisdiction to address this

issue.9

Even were we to reach the question, Ferrouillet faces an

uphill battle in the form of U.S.S.G. § 5H1.11, which provides that

“civic, charitable, or public service . . . and similar prior good
 

10 Cf. United States v. Peters, 978 F.2d 166, 171 (5th Cir. 1992) (in which

two Purple Hearts and a distinguished flying cross did not merit a downward

departure for exceptional public service).

 

11 The government's request to review the defendants' commitment

designations is denied as moot.

23

works are not ordinarily relevant in determining whether a sentence

should be outside the applicable guideline range.” While the

guidelines do permit departures in “exceptional case[s],” see

U.S.S.G. ch. 5, pt. H, intro. comment, the court cannot be said to

have abused its discretion in refusing to deem Ferrouillet's work

“exceptional” and reduce his sentence.10

VIII.

The government's appeal focuses on what it considers the

excessively lenient sentences. It says the district court erred in

failing to adjust Ferrouillet's sentence upwardly for his abuse of

a position of public trust and use of special skills as an

attorney. The government also claims the court erred in departing

downward on the ground that the offenses fell outside the heartland

of the money-laundering guideline. In light of our deferential

standard of review, we disagree and affirm the sentences.11

A.

The government contends the court should have boosted

Ferrouillet's sentence pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3B1.3, which provides

for an upward adjustment when the defendant abused a position of

public trust or employed a special skill “in a manner that
 

12 See U.S.S.G. § 3B1.3, application note 2: “'Special skill' refers to

a skill not possessed by members of the general public and usually requiring

substantial education, training or licensing. Examples would include . . .

lawyers.”

24

significantly facilitated the commission or concealment of the

offense.” To bolster its claim that Ferrouillet used his

attorney's skills, the government points to his drafting of the

sham consulting contract and his use of law firm letterhead in

correspondence with the Mississippi bank; the government contends

that Ferrouillet's position as an attorney lent his wheelings and

dealings an air of propriety. “The application of § 3B1.3 is a

sophisticated factual determination reviewed under the clearly

erroneous standard.” United States v. Fisher, 7 F.3d 69, 70 (5th

Cir. 1993).

While an attorney's skills qualify as “special skills” for

purposes of § 3B1.3,12 the court found that Ferrouillet did not

employ these skills in committing his crimes. Although he drafted

an engagement letter, he copied much of it from a standard form.

More importantly, he never performed legal services to facilitate

or conceal the crime. As the government emphasized in its case-inchief, Ferrouillet never performed even pretextual legal work for

HemmingsonSSindeed, this was the very reason the government

contended their agreement was a sham. The court did not clearly

err in making the factual determination that Ferrouillet's use of

his legal skills did not, as § 3B1.3 requires, “significantly

facilitate” the offense.

Nor did the court clearly err in determining that Ferrouillet
 

13 Cf. Harrington, 114 F.3d at 519 (“The record unambiguously establishes

that Harrington used and abused his position as a lawyer in his effort [to commit

the fraud].”).

25

did not abuse his position of public trust in a manner that

significantly facilitated the crimes. Although attorneys by

definition occupy a position of public trust, see United States v.

Harrington, 114 F.3d 517, 519 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 118 S. Ct.

320 (1997), automatically enhancing an attorney's sentence would

render the “significantly facilitate” language surplusage. If

Ferrouillet did not employ his attorney's skills, it is difficult

to see how his mere status as an attorney could have significantly

facilitated the crime.13 The court did not clearly err in rendering

this factual finding.

B.

The government's primary argument on appeal targets the

decision to depart downward on the basis that the defendants'

conduct fell outside the heartland of the money-laundering

guideline. Ferrouillet was convicted of sixteen felony counts,

Hemmingson of three. As recommended in the PSR, the guideline

range for each defendant was 41-51 months' imprisonment. The

court determined that the offenses did not fall within the

heartland of the money-laundering guideline, U.S.S.G. § 2S1.1, and

instead applied the fraud guideline, § 2F1.1, sentencing each

defendant to twelve months in a halfway house and work-release

program.
26

1.

We review for abuse of discretion a decision to depart from

the guidelines. Koon v. United States, 518 U.S. 81, 96-100 (1996);

United States v. Walters, 87 F.3d 663, 672 n.10 (5th Cir. 1996).

A decision whether a particular factor is a permissible basis for

departure is also reviewed for abuse of discretion, although this

“is a question of law, and the court of appeals need not defer to

the district court's resolution of the point.” Koon, 116 S. Ct. at

2047. Should we determine that the court based its departure on a

mélange of permissible and impermissible factors, we must decide

“whether the district court would have imposed the same sentence

had it not relied upon the invalid factor or factors.” Williams v.

United States, 503 U.S. 193, 203 (1992). If we conclude that the

sentence would have differed, we must remand for resentencing. Id.

2.

The court made a “heartland” departure. A court may depart

from the applicable guideline range when it “finds that there

exists an aggravating or mitigating circumstance of a kind, or to

a degree, not adequately taken into consideration by the Sentencing

Commission in formulating the guidelines that should result in a

sentence different from that described.” 18 U.S.C. § 3553(b).

Unusual or atypical cases are not “adequately taken into

consideration,” hence the heartland departure. The guidelines

explain:

The Commission intends the sentencing courts to treat

each guideline as carving out a “heartland,” a set of
27

typical cases embodying the conduct that each guideline

describes. When a court finds an atypical case, one to

which a particular guideline linguistically applies but

where conduct significantly differs from the norm, the

court may consider whether a departure is warranted.

U.S.S.G. ch. 1, pt. A, intro. comment. 4(b). In this way, the

heartland departure enables courts to avoid rigid application of

the guidelines, provided they articulate reasons why they deem the

case atypical.

The difficulty lies in identifying which factors a court may

consider in evaluating atypicality. In Koon, the Court directed

sentencing courts to ask four questions:

1. What features of this case, potentially, take it

outside the Guidelines' “heartland” and make of it a

special, or unusual, case?

2. Has the Commission forbidden departures based on those

features?

3. If not, has the Commission encouraged departures based

on those features?

4. If not, has the Commission discouraged departures

based on those features?

518 U.S. at 95 (quoting United States v. Rivera, 994 F.2d 942, 949

(1st Cir. 1993)). If the factor is not mentioned in the

guidelines, the court must consider the “structure and theory of

both relevant individual guidelines and the Guidelines taken as a

whole” and decide whether the factor is sufficient to take the case

outside the heartland. See Koon, id. (quoting Rivera, 994 F.2d

at 949). The court must also bear in mind that departures based on

grounds not mentioned in the guidelines are “highly infrequent.”

Id. (quoting U.S.S.G. ch. 1, pt. A).

Koon teaches that discretion to depart is limited: A court
 

14 Factors such as the defendant's race, sex, and religion are expressly

prohibited. See U.S.S.G. ch. 1, pt. A, intro. comment. 4(b). In determining

whether the guidelines “take a factor into account,” courts are confined to the

guidelines and their policy statements and official commentary. See 18 U.S.C.

§ 3553(b).

28

may not do so on the basis of forbidden factors, or of a factor

already taken into account by the guidelines, unless that factor is

present to an exceptional degree or in some other way makes the

case different from the ordinary case in which the factor is

present. Id.

14 But Koon also stresses that courts of appeals owe

considerable deference in reviewing a decision to depart:

A district court's decision to depart from the Guidelines

. . . will in most cases be due substantial deference,

for it embodies the traditional exercise of discretion by

a sentencing court. Before a departure is permitted,

certain aspects of the case must be found unusual enough

for it to fall outside the heartland of cases in the

Guideline. To resolve this question, the district court

must make a refined assessment of the many facts bearing

on the outcome, informed by its vantage point and day-today experience in criminal sentencing.

518 U.S. at 98 (internal citation omitted). For an appeals court

“[t]o ignore the district court's special competenceSSabout the

'ordinariness' or 'unusualness' of a particular caseSSwould risk

depriving the Sentencing Commission of an important source of

information, namely, the reactions of the trial judge to the factspecific circumstances of the case . . . .” Id. at 99 (quoting

Rivera, 994 F.2d at 951).

3.

Over the course of its twenty-five-page sentencing opinion,

the court offered a series of reasons why it considered this case
 

15 The length of the court's explanation reflects the time and energy both

sides invested in arguing sentencing issues. The government, in the midst of

this dispute, observed that “the sentencing guideline computations and arguments

related to downward departure may have become among the most briefed in history.”

 

16 In United States v. Caba, 911 F. Supp. 630, 635 (E.D.N.Y.), aff'd,

104 F.3d 354 (2d Cir. 1996) (unpublished), a case involving a food stamp-for-cash

scheme, the government conceded at oral argument that “the employment of the

statute has almost always been in drug cases.” The court then concluded: “The

money laundering computations are derived from the guideline's relationship to

drug crimes; it is that relationship which drives the high guideline level and

would in this case produce a custodial range that grossly exaggerates the

seriousness of the actual conduct.” Id. at 636.

29

atypical and therefore outside the heartland.15 First, the court

determined that the money-laundering guideline, U.S.S.G. § 2S1.1,

primarily targets large-scale money-laundering, which often

involves the proceeds of drug trafficking or other types of

organized crime. The commentary to the guideline notes that the

underlying statute, 18 U.S.C. § 1956, is part of the Anti-Drug

Abuse Act of 1986. Similarly, other district courts and even the

government (in a different case) have noted that the guideline

typically applies to drug-related offenses.16 The court

distinguished Hemmingson's and Ferrouillet's conduct from that

which ordinarily warrants sentencing under § 2S1.1SSnamely, largescale laundering of the fruits of organized crime.

The government argues that these factors are already taken

into account by the guideline, and therefore cannot serve as a

basis for departure. It points out that the guideline provides for

a three-level increase if the defendant knew or believed the funds

were proceeds of drug trafficking, which implies that the guideline

encompasses more than just drug-related offenses. See U.S.S.G.

§ 2S1.1(b)(1).
30

The district court adopted the reasoning of United States v.

Caba, 911 F. Supp. 630 (E.D.N.Y.), aff'd, 104 F.3d 354 (2d Cir.

1996), where the court held that the enhancement provision merely

distinguishes between defendants who knowingly launder drug money,

and those who are ignorant of the source of the illicit funds.

This interpretation harmonizes with the elements of the moneylaundering statute, which does not require knowledge of the source.

More to the point, the government's argument that § 2S1.1 is not

limited solely to drug offenses fails to engage the district

court's observation that the statute targets both drug-related

money-laundering and money-laundering that stems, more generally,

from organized crime.

In any event, even if we agree that the guideline's heartland

covers more than just money-laundering involving drugs or organized

crime, we must decide whether the guideline's heartland encompasses

the facts of this case. The district court relied on a Department

of Justice manual, FEDERAL PROSECUTION OF ELECTION OFFENSES (6th ed.

1995), as evidence that it is highly unusual, given the facts of

this case, to prosecute under the money-laundering statutes. The

manual expressly states that “the use of conduits to conceal the

fact that corporate funds were infused into a political campaign”

should be prosecuted as a misdemeanor. Id. at 108. The manual

also says that more serious crimes, such as aggravated campaign

financing violations prosecuted as felonies, should be sentenced by

using the fraud or conspiracy-to-defraud guidelinesSSboth of which

provide more lenient sentences than does the money-laundering
 

17 In fact, the court ultimately employed the fraud guideline, U.S.S.G.

§ 2F1.1, in fashioning the sentences.

31

guideline. Id. at 135.17

The government argues that relying on the Department of

Justice manual as evidence of typicality would transform the manual

into a font of substantive rights. Yet, looking to the manual as

evidence of how the department recommends matching the conduct to

the crime is a far cry from creating a new substantive right; it

simply illuminates what the department considers typical. Koon

instructs courts to employ their “vantage point and day-to-day

experience in criminal sentencing” to determine what is typical;

that a court might consider the vantage point of prosecutors who

routinely appear before the court is consistent with this general

mandate. Taking into account the collective wisdom and experience

of the Department of Justice seems an effective means of ensuring

regularity in sentencingSScertainly more so than would an exclusive

reliance on individual experience.

The government contends, however, that the portion of the

manual discussing Federal Election Campaign Act (“FECA”)

prosecutions is irrelevant, because the defendants were charged

with money-laundering, not FECA violations. Just because the

defendants' goal was to violate FECA, the government reasons, does

not absolve them of criminal liability for the other statutes they

violated in pursuance thereof. If a defendant commits murder in

order to steal a car, he is prosecuted for murder, not car theft.

The government's argument amounts to a claim that the money-
32

laundering statute facially applies to the defendants' conductSSa

point no one contests. As such, the government's challenge fails

to engage the fundamental premise of the district court's

reasoning: that Hemmingson's and Ferrouillet's conduct, when viewed

alongside the conduct that is usually prosecuted under the moneylaundering statutes, was atypical. 

Contrary to the government's inference, the court did not rule

that this was just an FECA caseSSand contrary to the defendants'

arguments, this is not an FECA case. It is a money-laundering

case, but an unusual one in that the goal was to conceal a

corporate contribution to a defunct political campaign. The key

question is whether the facts are sufficiently unusual to warrant

a heartland departure.

The two cases the government relies on to prove the typicality

of this prosecution reveal the weakness of its position. Both

United States v. Green, 964 F.2d 365 (5th Cir. 1992), and United

States v. Carpenter, 95 F.3d 773 (9th Cir. 1996), involved longrunning schemes far more elaborate than the isolated instance of

money-laundering that occurred here. In Green, the defendant was

the Commissioner of Insurance of Louisiana who accepted concealed

corporate contributions as bribes; in Carpenter, a state senator

and two accomplices hatched a detailed plan to convert political

contributions to private funds. While these cases support the

government's position that it is not unprecedented to prosecute

election-related wrongdoing under the money-laundering statutes,

the government's failure to identify more than two casesSSboth of
 

18 Ferrouillet attaches to his brief a recent report to Congress by the

United States Sentencing Commission, Sentencing Policy for Money Laundering

Offenses, including Comments on Department of Justice Report (Sept. 18, 1997).

Although the district court did not rely on this report, which was issued after

sentencing, the Commission's conclusions tend to support the court's reasoning.

The Commission explained that its

long-term analysis of money laundering cases also demonstrated that

the intended relationship between the harm caused and the

measurement of the offense seriousness under the money laundering

sentencing guidelines has become distorted. Individuals who engaged

in essentially the same offense conduct received substantially

higher or lower sentences, depending on whether they were charged,

convicted, and sentenced under the underlying offense-related

statute, or the money laundering statute, or both.

...

[T]he Commission's analysis of money laundering sentences reflects

that disparate sentencing persists as a result of the structure of

the current money laundering guidelines. . . . The potential for

. . . disparate results between economic and drug trafficking

offenses in connection with money laundering is problematic, and

reinforces the need for fundamental revisions to the money

laundering sentencing guidelines.

Id. at 7-8.

33

which differ factually in important respects from the instant

caseSScuts against its claim that this sort of conduct is

ordinarily prosecuted as money-laundering.18

4.

In concluding that the defendants' conduct was sufficiently

unusual to warrant departure, the district court followed United

States v. Winters, 105 F.3d 200, 208 (5th Cir. 1997), in which we

deemed it “incumbent on the district court to articulate relevant

facts and valid reasons why the circumstances of this case were of

a kind or degree not adequately considered by the Guidelines and

thus sufficient to take it outside the heartland of relevant

cases.” The court did exactly that here, noting that the

defendants were not seeking to legitimize a stream of illegal
34

income into the mainstream economy. The court further noted that

the source of the money was corporate funds rather than drug

proceeds, or proceeds from some other unlawful activity. In sum,

the court's conclusion, based on its vantage point and day-to-day

experience in criminal sentencing, reflects nothing more than a

determination that the particular facts of this caseSSmoneylaundering for purposes of concealing a corporate contribution to

a defeated candidateSSwere atypical when compared to other

prosecutions under the money-laundering statutes.

The guidelines grant considerable discretion in identifying

facts and circumstances that warrant departureSSeither downward or

upward. As the Koon Court noted, “the Commission chose to prohibit

consideration of only a few factors, and not otherwise to limit, as

a categorical matter, the considerations which might bear upon the

decision to depart.” 518 U.S. at 94. The district court premised

its decision on the unusual facts of this case; it also considered

Department of Justice practice, the language and structure of the

guideline, and the absence of caselaw supporting the government's

claim to typicality. We cannot say that this constituted an abuse

of discretion under Koon.

5.

The district court stated one reason for departure that we

deem impermissible. The court observed that this prosecution was

brought by an Independent Counsel and therefore “did not follow the

traditional checks and procedures of a typical federal government
 

19 The defendants, in their briefs, abandon insinuation and cast subtlety

to the wind. Hemmingson's brief opens with the plaintive cry: “WHAT WRATH HATH

INDEPENDENT COUNSEL WROUGHT.”

35

prosecution.”19 We see no relevance between the fact that the

United States is prosecuting through the Office of Independent

Counsel and the appropriateness of a downward departure.

Characterizing a prosecution by the Independent Counsel as

per se unusual would grant courts an automatic right to depart when

sentencing in such cases. We refuse to accept this reasoning. “It

is now established beyond dispute that . . . the Independent

Counsel stands in place of the Attorney General and represents the

United States in any proceeding within his or her jurisdiction.”

In re Sealed Case, 146 F.3d 1031, 1031 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (denial of

rehearing en banc) (Silberman, J., concurring). 

An Independent Counsel prosecutes in the name of the United

States and enjoys “full power and independent authority to exercise

all investigative and prosecutorial functions and powers of the

Department of Justice.” 28 U.S.C. § 594(a); Morrison v. Olson,

487 U.S. 654, 662 (1988). There is no basis, in our precedent or

in practice, for deeming an Independent Counsel prosecution

inherently suspect. We do not believe, however, that the district

court would have sentenced differently absent reliance on this

impermissible factor. See United States v. McDowell, 109 F.3d 214,

219 (5th Cir. 1997) (upholding upward departure based on one

permissible and one impermissible reason). Accordingly, its

mistake in this regard is not reversible error.
 

20 The motion to supplement the record is denied.

36

AFFIRMED.20