Improved Prediction Models for PCC 

Pavement Performance-Related 

Specifications, Volume II: 

PaveSpec 3.0 User’s Guide

PUBLICATION NO. FHWA-RD-00-131 SEPTEMBER 2000

Research, Development, and Technology

Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center

6300 Georgetown Pike

McLean, VA 22101-2296

Technical Report Documentation Page

 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No.

FHWA-RD-00-131

 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date

September 2000

 6. Performing Organization Code

 8. Performing Organization Report No.

 7. Author(s)

 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS)

 ERES Consultants (A Division of Applied Research Associates, Inc.) xxxx

 505 W. University Avenue 11. Contract or Grant No.

 Champaign, IL 61820-3915 DTFH61-97-C-00071

 13. Type of Report and Period Covered

 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address Final Report

 Office of Engineering R&D November 1997–June 2000

 Federal Highway Administration

 6300 Georgetown Pike 14. Sponsoring Agency Code

 McLean, Virginia 22101-2296

 15. Supplementary Notes

 FHWA Contracting Officer's Technical Representative (COTR): Peter A. Kopac, HRDI–12

 16. Abstract

 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement

 19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No of Pages 22. Price

Unclassified Unclassified 125

Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized

No restrictions. This document is available to the public 

through the National Technical Information Service, 

Springfield, Virginia 22161.

T.E. Hoerner and M.I. Darter

The current performance-related specifications (PRS) methodology has been under development by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)

for several years and has now reached a level at which it can be implemented by State highway agencies. PRS for highway pavements depend

heavily on performance prediction models to determine the impact of varying levels of construction quality. This study focused on the improvement

of the key distress and smoothness prediction models used in the PRS for jointed plain concrete pavement (JPCP). Performance models for

transverse joint faulting, transverse slab cracking, transverse joint spalling, and smoothness (International Roughness Index [IRI]) were evaluated

and then improved substantially. This was accomplished using a comprehensive national database of JPCP performance data, along with sound

statistical and engineering techniques. Performance model calibration guidelines were also developed so that a State can calibrate any of these

models specifically to its pavement performance data. 

The PaveSpec PRS demonstration software was upgraded to Version 3.0 under this study. Some of the specific improvements incorporated in

PaveSpec 3.0 include: 1) incorporation of the improved distress indicator models, as well as the ability to calibrate or modify the default models, 2)

sensitivity analysis capibilities, 3) expected pay charts, and 4) online help. Appendix A of this report contains a complete updated PaveSpec User's

Guide.

This volume is the second of two volumes. The other volume is:

FHWA-RD-00-130 Volume I: Final Report

performance-related specifications, performance prediction, 

pavement distress, smoothness, concrete pavement, quality 

assurance, specifications, life-cycle costing, and pavement 

construction

IMPROVED PREDICTION MODELS FOR PCC PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE-RELATED 

SPECIFICATIONS, Volume II: PaveSpec 3.0 User's Guide
TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.................................................................. 1

WHAT CAN YOU DO WITH PaveSpec? ..........................................................................1

DATA ORGANIZATION.....................................................................................................2

Modules .............................................................................................................................2

Specifications ....................................................................................................................3

Specification-Dependent Documents ..........................................................................3

CHAPTER 2: GETTING STARTED............................................................ 5

SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................5

SETUP OF PaveSpec .............................................................................................................5

Installing PaveSpec to a Hard Drive.............................................................................5

Running PaveSpec From a Floppy Disk .....................................................................6

WHAT YOU SEE WHEN YOU START PaveSpec...........................................................6

Menu Bar...........................................................................................................................6

Toolbar Buttons................................................................................................................9

Database Control Dialog Box.......................................................................................10

Status Bar.........................................................................................................................12

CHAPTER 3: DEVELOPING A SPECIFICATION ..................................13

SPECIFICATION WIZARD CONTROL BUTTONS.....................................................13

PAGE 1—BASIC SPECIFICATION INFORMATION.................................................13

Name and Specification Level.....................................................................................13

Project Identification .....................................................................................................14

PAGE 2—DIMENSIONS AND LANE CONFIGURATION........................................14

Lane Information............................................................................................................15

Road Location.................................................................................................................16

Project Length .................................................................................................................17

Lane Configuration Preview Window.......................................................................17

PAGE 3—DESIGN-RELATED MODULES ....................................................................17

Pavement Design Module............................................................................................17

Design Traffic Module..................................................................................................23

Climatic Variables Module...........................................................................................25

PAGE 4—DEFINITION OF PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE......................................26

PAGE 5—AQC SAMPLING AND TESTING.................................................................30

Concrete Strength...........................................................................................................30
TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)

Slab Thickness................................................................................................................33

Air Content......................................................................................................................34

Initial Smoothness .........................................................................................................35

Percent Consolidation Around Dowels .....................................................................37

PAGE 6—AQC AS-DESIGNED TARGET VALUE DEFINITION.............................38

Selection of the Method Used to Determine As-Designed LCC's ........................38

Selection of Appropriate AQC Target Values ..........................................................40

PAGE 7—LIFE-CYCLE COST-RELATED MODULES ................................................44

Maintenance and Rehabilitation Plan Module........................................................44

Unit Costs Module.........................................................................................................55

PAGE 8—SIMULATION CONTROL ..............................................................................60

Generic Settings Tab .....................................................................................................61

AQC-Related Tabs .........................................................................................................62

PAGE 9—BUILDING DOCUMENT AND PRECONSTRUCTION OUTPUT ........63

PAGE 10—LEVEL 1 PRECONSTRUCTION OUTPUT CONTROL..........................64

PAGE 11—LEVEL 1 COMPOSITE PAY FACTOR EQUATION DEFINITION......66

CHAPTER 4: DISTRESS INDICATOR MODEL

MODIFICATION/CALIBRATION ....................................68

GLOBAL MODEL DEFINITIONS ...................................................................................68

SELECTING MODEL DEFINITIONS TO BE USED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF

A GIVEN SPECIFICATION...............................................................................................69

PROCEDURE FOR MODIFYING A MODEL................................................................70

Modifying the Transverse Joint Faulting Model.....................................................70

Modifying the Transverse Joint Spalling Model.....................................................70

Modifying the Transverse Slab Cracking Model....................................................74

Modifying the International Roughness Index (IRI) Model.................................75

PROCEDURE FOR CALIBRATING A MODEL...........................................................77

Step 1: Compile Model Calibration Data Set............................................................78

Step 2: Use PaveSpec to Calculate Predicted Distresses .........................................79

Step 3: Conduct Regression Analysis to Determine Calibration Coefficients ...79

CHAPTER 5: USING A SPECIFICATION................................................82

CREATING AND EDITING USE SPECIFICATION DOCUMENTS.......................82

USE SPECIFICATION MAIN SCREEN..........................................................................82

Creating a New Lot ........................................................................................................83
TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)

Editing an Existing Lot..................................................................................................84

Deleting an Existing Lot................................................................................................84

ENTERING ACTUAL LOT INFORMATION................................................................84

General Lot Information...............................................................................................85

Actual AQC Test Value Data........................................................................................85

SAVING A USE SPECIFICATION DOCUMENT.........................................................89

CHAPTER 6: DRILL-DOWN DOCUMENTS...........................................90

CREATING AND EDITING DRILL-DOWN DOCUMENTS.....................................90

DRILL-DOWN DOCUMENT MAIN SCREEN.............................................................91

Name Input Box ..............................................................................................................92

Prediction Set List Box...................................................................................................92

Number of Sublots List Box...........................................................................................92

Mean and Standard Deviation List Boxes..................................................................93

Generating the Drill-Down Document Output Report...........................................93

CHAPTER 7: SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS DOCUMENTS.......................94

CREATING AND EDITING SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS DOCUMENTS................95

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS DOCUMENT MAIN SCREEN.........................................95

Name Input Box ..............................................................................................................95

Scenario Master List.......................................................................................................96

Selected Scenario Information Feedback Box ............................................................97

DEFINING A SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS SCENARIO ................................................97

Defining a Direct Settings Analysis Scenario............................................................97

Defining a One-Dimensional Analysis Scenario ......................................................98

Defining a Two-Dimensional Analysis Scenario....................................................102

GENERATING THE SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS DOCUMENT OUTPUT

REPORT...............................................................................................................................104

CHAPTER 8: EXPECTED PAY DOCUMENTS...................................... 105

CREATING AND EDITING EXPECTED PAY DOCUMENTS ...............................105

EXPECTED PAY DOCUMENT MAIN SCREEN........................................................106

EP Document Name Input Box...................................................................................106

Pay Factor Acceptance Values Input Box.................................................................107

Expected Pay Chart Display Area .............................................................................107
TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)

GENERATING THE EXPECTED PAY DOCUMENT OUTPUT REPORT............107

CHAPTER 9: PaveSpec OUTPUT REPORTS......................................... 108

VIEWING OUTPUT REPORTS......................................................................................108

LAYOUT OF THE OUTPUT REPORT WINDOW......................................................109

COPYING DATA FROM OUTPUT REPORTS...........................................................109

PRINTING DATA FROM OUTPUT REPORTS .........................................................109

CONTENTS OF THE SPECIFICATION OUTPUT REPORT...................................109

CONTENTS OF THE USE SPECIFICATION OUTPUT REPORT..........................111

CONTENTS OF THE DRILL-DOWN DOCUMENT OUTPUT REPORT .............112

CONTENTS OF THE SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS DOCUMENT OUTPUT

REPORT...............................................................................................................................112

CONTENTS OF THE EXPECTED PAY DOCUMENT OUTPUT REPORT..........113

REFERENCES ............................................................................................. 114
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No.

1 PaveSpec main window.................................................................................................. 7

2 PaveSpec File menu.......................................................................................................... 7

3 Database Control dialog box—Specifications tab............................................................. 11

4 Database Control dialog box—Modules tab..................................................................... 12

5 Basic Specification Information dialogue box................................................................... 14

6 Dimensions and Lane Configuration dialog box............................................................... 15

7 Design-Related Modules dialog box.................................................................................. 18

8 Design Inputs tab in the Pavement Design Module dialog box...................................... 18

9 Base Variables tab in the Pavement Design Module dialog box...................................... 19

10 Traffic Inputs tab in the Design Traffic Module dialog box............................................ 23

11 Climatic Inputs tab in the Climatic Variables Module dialog box................................... 24

12 Distribution of mean freezing index values in the continental United States (data

expressed in English units)............................................................................................ 26

13 Definition of Pavement Performance dialog box............................................................... 27

14 AQC Sampling and Testing dialog box (Concrete Strength Sampling data entry

screen)................................................................................................................................ 29

15 AQC Sampling and Testing dialog box (Strength testing data entry screen).............. 30

16 Core-to-Cylinder Strength Relationship dialog box.......................................................... 30

17 AQC Sampling and Testing dialog box (Thickness data entry screen)......................... 32

18 AQC Sampling and Testing dialog box (Air Content data entry screen) ..................... 33

19 AQC Sampling and Testing dialog box (Initial Smoothness data entry screen)............ 34

20 AQC Sampling and Testing dialog box (Consolidation data entry screen)................... 35

21 AQC As-Designed Target Value Definition dialog box ................................................... 36

22 Life-Cycle Cost-Related Modules dialog box..................................................................... 44

23 Maintenance tab in the Maintenance and Rehabilitation Plan Module dialog box ........ 45

24 Local Rehab tab in the Maintenance and Rehabilitation Plan dialog box ....................... 46

25 Global Rehab tab in the Maintenance and Rehabilitation Plan dialog box...................... 51

26 Description tab in the Maintenance and Rehabilitation Plan dialog box........................ 52

27 Maintenance tab in the Define Unit Costs dialog box..................................................... 53

28 Rehabilitation tab in the Define Unit Costs dialog box.................................................... 54

29 Other tab in the Define Unit Costs dialog box ................................................................ 55

30 Simulation Control dialog box.......................................................................................... 58

31 Example of an AQC-related tab within the Simulation Control dialog box.............. 59

32 Building Document and Preconstruction Output dialog box.......................................... 61

33 Level 1 Preconstruction Output Control dialog box ........................................................ 62

34 Level 1 Composite Pay Factor Equation Definition dialog box......................................... 64

35 Example of the Global Model Definitions dialog box..................................................... 65

36 Example of the Specification Specific Model Definitions dialog box.............................. 66
LIST OF FIGURES (continued)

Figure No.

37 Example of the Modify Faulting Model dialog box........................................................ 67

38 Example of the Modify Spalling Model dialog box........................................................ 70

39 Example of the Modify Cracking Model dialog box....................................................... 71

40 Example of the Modify IRI Model dialog box................................................................ 74

41 Example of the Calibrate Faulting Model dialog box..................................................... 75

42 Example of the Use Specification document main screen............................................ 80

43 Example of the View/Edit Lot dialog box...................................................................... 81

44 Example of a Samples tab in the View/Edit Lot dialog box.......................................... 83

45 Example of a prebuilt list in the View/Edit Lot dialog box......................................... 83

46 Example of the Use Specification document main screen............................................ 88

47 Example of the Sensitivity Analysis document main screen........................................ 93

48 Example of the Fixed AQC's tab in the Direct Settings Scenario dialog box .............. 94

49 Example of the Output Control tab in the Direct Settings Scenario dialog box .......... 96

50 Example of the Comments tab in the Direct Settings Scenario dialog box................... 96

51 Example of the One-Dimensional Sensitivity Analysis Scenario dialog box................. 97

52 Example of the Two-Dimensional Sensitivity Analysis Scenario dialog box................. 99

53 Example of the Level 1 Expected Pay Document dialog box.........................................104

54 Example of an output report window containing a Specification document...........107
LIST OF TABLES

Table No.

1 Base erodibility factors based on PIARC recommendations for erosion

potential of base/subbase materials............................................................................. 22

2 Climatic regions in the United States............................................................................ 25

3 Summary of target within-lot standard deviations for PCC pavement

acceptance quality characteristics.................................................................................. 40

4 Correction factors used to obtain unbiased estimates of the actual standard

deviation............................................................................................................................ 42

5 Initial recommendations for determining AQC target means and standard

deviations .......................................................................................................................... 43

6 Explanation of equations in the transverse joint faulting model procedure that

may be modified.............................................................................................................. 69

7 Transverse joint faulting model variables ................................................................... 70

8 Transverse joint spalling model variables................................................................... 71

9 Explanation of equations in the transverse cracking model procedure that

may be modified.............................................................................................................. 73

10 Transverse cracking model variables ........................................................................... 73

11 IRI model variables.......................................................................................................... 74

12 Explanation of the template header names.................................................................. 77

13 Descriptions of the document subsections making up the Specification

Summary part of the Specification output report.........................................................109

14 Descriptions of the document subsections making up the Preconstruction

Output part of the specification output report.............................................................110

15 Descriptions of the document subsections making up the Use Specification

output report ....................................................................................................................111

16 Descriptions of the document subsections making up the Drill-Down

document output report .................................................................................................112

17 Descriptions of the document subsections making up the Sensitivity Analysis

document output report .................................................................................................112

18 Descriptions of the document subsections making up the Expected Pay

document output report .................................................................................................112
LIST OF ACRONYMS AND

ABBREVIATIONS

AC Asphalt concrete

ADT Average daily traffic

AQC Acceptance quality characteristic

CPF Composite pay factor

ESAL Equivalent single-axle load

FHWA Federal Highway Administration

FWD Falling weight deflectometer

IRI International Roughness Index

JPCP Jointed plain concrete pavement

LCC Life-cycle cost

M&R Maintenance and rehabilitation

PCC Portland cement concrete

PF Pay factor

PI Profile index

PIARC Permanent International Association of Road Congresses

PRS Performance-related specification

PSF Percentage of sublots failed

PW Present worth

PW$ Present-worth dollars

SD Standard deviation

SF Spalling model site factor

SHA State highway agency
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

PaveSpec is designed to develop and demonstrate performance-related

specifications (PRS) for jointed plain concrete pavements (JPCP). The software has

specifically been designed to help State highway agencies (SHA’s) determine rational

performance-related pay factors (and pay adjustments) for JPCP highway pavements.

Version 3.0 of PaveSpec was completed in support of the Federal Highway

Administration (FHWA) project titled "Validation of Performance Models for Portland

Cement Concrete Pavement Construction." For further information about the theory

and practice of PRS, consult FHWA Reports FHWA-RD-98-155, -156, and -171.

(1,2,3,4)

The software is driven by a simulation engine that is used to simulate pavement

performance and associated life-cycle costs (LCC’s) for both as-designed and asconstructed pavements. PaveSpec allows the user to express pavement performance in

terms of the following distress indicators:

• Transverse slab cracking.

• Transverse joint faulting.

• Transverse joint spalling.

• Pavement smoothness over time—International Roughness Index (IRI).

Each of the distress indicator models is a function of many variables, including one or

more of the following five acceptance quality characteristics (AQC’s):

• Concrete strength.

• Slab thickness.

• Air content.

• Initial smoothness.

• Percent consolidation around dowels.

Using the current PRS approach, lot pay factors are computed based on a comparison of

the simulated LCC’s for the as-designed and as-constructed pavements.

WHAT CAN YOU DO WITH PaveSpec?

Before one can effectively use PaveSpec to develop a PRS, it is important to

understand the capabilities of the software. Currently, the software is divided into

three parts that allow the user to accomplish the following tasks:

• Develop a specification—the program’s Specification Wizard is used to develop a

project-specific PRS.

• Analyze a developed specification—PaveSpec provides two tools for analyzing a

developed specification: sensitivity analysis and expected pay charts. A
specification-dependent sensitivity analysis is used to investigate the effects of

AQC changes on pay factors, while expected pay charts help analyze the risks for

both the agency and the contractor.

• Use a specification—performance-related lot pay factors (and pay adjustments)

may be computed based on actual AQC field data.

The details of each of these major capabilities are described in separate chapters in this

report.

DATA ORGANIZATION

PaveSpec stores its data in files called databases. Each database may be named and

saved as a separate file to a disk. Databases are made up of smaller data elements

called documents. All documents used within PaveSpec are classified as modules,

specifications, or specification-dependent documents. Specific document types within each

classification are described in the following sections.

Modules

Modules are stand-alone sets of user-defined variables that are independent of any

particular specification. Descriptions of the different module types are as follows:

Pavement Design—Contains pavement design-related input variables required by

the distress indicator models. Examples of the variables contained in the

Pavement Design module include Pavement Type, Transverse Joint Spacing, and

Dowel Bar Diameter.

Design Traffic—Contains traffic-related information required to calculate yearly

equivalent single-axle loads (ESAL’s) over the chosen analysis period. Examples

of variables contained in the Design Traffic module include Cumulative ESALs at

a given year, Traffic Growth Type, and Traffic Growth Rate.

Climatic Variables—Contains climate-related input variables required by the distress

indicator models. Examples of the variables contained in the Climatic Variables

module include Average Annual Freezing Index, Average Annual Air Freeze Thaw

Cycles, and Climatic Zone.

Maintenance and Rehabilitation Plan—Contains the step-by-step rules making up the

maintenance and rehabilitation (M & R) plan. The plan is used to determine the

M & R activities to be applied to the pavement in response to the simulated

distress indicators, and when those activities will be applied.
Unit Costs—Contains unit cost information used to compute LCC’s resulting from

the estimated M & R activities. Unit costs are organized into maintenance,

localized rehabilitation, and global rehabilitation costs.

There can be any number of each type of module defined within a database; however,

only one of each type of module is specific to a developed specification.

Specifications

Specification documents summarize all aspects of the PRS development procedure,

including the developed PRS preconstruction output. More than one specification may

be developed and saved within each database. A specification document is developed

by completing all of the steps in the PaveSpec Specification Wizard. When developing a

specification, the user is required to select (or define) modules for each of the five

module types. That is, for each specification, the user indicates which Pavement

Design, Design Traffic, Climatic Variables, Maintenance and Rehabilitation, and Unit

Costs modules are to be used for estimating pavement performance and subsequent

LCC’s.

Specification-Dependent Documents

Specification-dependent documents are those that are specifically developed in

reference to a chosen specification. Four different types of specification-dependent

documents are used within PaveSpec: Use Specification, Drill-Down, Sensitivity Analysis,

and Expected Pay. If the parent specification is deleted, any corresponding specificationdependent documents are also deleted. Details of the four specification-dependent

document types are as follows:

Use Specification—The use specification documents contain actual AQC field

sampling and testing data entered by the user. A separate document is used for

each project (i.e., data for multiple lots of the same project are entered into one

use specification document). The output report associated with this document

type contains lot and project pay factor (and pay adjustment) summaries.

Drill-Down—This document type allows a user to view the performance (distress

indicators) or LCC details of any selected simulated sublot that went into an

overall simulated-lot LCC. A simulated-lot LCC is typically the mean of at least

500 simulated sublot LCC’s, and the standard specification output report only

contains a summary of these LCC’s. Therefore, if users want to see details of one

of these specific simulated sublots, they must create a drill-down document. The

resulting document provides detailed performance, M & R, and LCC information

at the lot and sublot level. This type of document is very helpful when trying to

understand project-specific interactions between performance and LCC’s.
Sensitivity Analysis—The sensitivity analysis document provides the user with a

method of investigating the effects of AQC mean or standard deviation changes

on Level 1 pay factors and pay adjustments. The user may define more than one

scenario within a given sensitivity analysis document. Sensitivity analysis

scenarios can be defined as a Direct Analysis Scenario, One-Dimensional Analysis,

or Two-Dimensional Analysis.

Expected Pay—This document type provides the user with a graphic representation

of an acceptance plan that shows the relationship between the actual quality of a

lot and its expected pay (i.e., mathematical pay expectation, or the average pay

the contractor can expect to receive over the long run for submitted lots of a

given quality).

(5) Specifically, expected pay charts identify the probability of

achieving different chosen pay factor levels over a range of AQC mean. Each

pay factor chart is developed for a specific combination of AQC type, number of

sublots, and AQC standard deviation.

Details of each of these specification-dependent document types are discussed in

chapters 5, 6, 7, and 8, respectively.
CHAPTER 2: GETTING STARTED

SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

PaveSpec is written for IBM-compatible computers running a Windows 95 (or

newer) operating system. To run PaveSpec, a computer must have the following

minimum system specifications:

• 486 processor running Windows 95, Windows 98, or NT.

• 8 MB of RAM.

• 1 MB of hard-disk space.

• Mouse or other pointing device.

• VGA or better graphics card (ideally 800 x 600 pixels or 1024 x 768 pixels).

The performance of the software will be greatly enhanced if the system has at least a

150-MHz Pentium processor and 16 MB of RAM.

SETUP OF PaveSpec

For the best performance, it is recommended that PaveSpec be installed on, and run

from, your computer's hard drive; however, the program may also be run directly from

a floppy disk. The details of each method are described in the following sections.

Installing PaveSpec to a Hard Drive

If you wish to copy PaveSpec to your computer’s hard drive, it is recommended that

you create a directory that will house the PaveSpec program file and any database files

that you may create.

1. Start Windows 95, Windows 98, or NT. Insert the floppy disk or CD-ROM

containing PaveSpec.

2. Use Windows Explorer or My Computer to locate the pavespec3.exe file.

3. Select the pavespec3.exe file by clicking on the file name.

4. From the Edit menu, select Copy.

5. Click on the existing folder to which you would like to copy the pavespec3.exe file.

(You may also create a new folder by selecting New and then Folder from the File

menu.)

6. Select Paste from the Edit menu to copy pavespec3.exe to the selected folder.
7. To run PaveSpec from the hard drive, locate pavespec3.exe and double-click on the

file name. (You may create a shortcut and place it on your desktop for

convenience—see Windows Help for information on creating shortcuts.)

Running PaveSpec from a Floppy Disk

1. Start Windows 95, Windows 98, or NT and insert the floppy disk.

2. Select Run from the Start menu.

3. Type <drive>:pavespec3, where <drive> is the letter designation of the floppy

drive. Then click on the OK button.

WHAT YOU SEE WHEN YOU START PaveSpec

The primary elements of the PaveSpec main window are identified in figure 1.

When you first open the program, a blank database appears in the PaveSpec main

window.

Menu Bar

The menu bar includes four items: File, Edit, Window, and Help. To display the

available PaveSpec commands, click on the heading of your choice. You can then click

on any of the commands shown in the drop-down box.

File Menu

The file menu, shown in figure 2, contains 15 commands, each of which is described

briefly in this section.

New Database—Opens a new PaveSpec database.

Open—Opens a previously saved PaveSpec database.

Close—Closes the active PaveSpec database.

Save—Saves the active PaveSpec database. If the active database has been named

and saved previously, the database will be saved under the previously defined

file name. If the file has not been named and saved previously, the program will

prompt the user to enter a file name and storage location.

Save As—Allows the user to save the active database under a new name or in a new

location.

Page Setup—Allows the user to specify page formatting for printing (e.g., paper size,

page orientation, and margins).
Figure 1. PaveSpec main window.

Figure 2. PaveSpec File menu.

Menu Bar Toolbar Buttons

Database

Control

Dialog Box

Status Bar
Print—Opens the Print dialog box in preparation for printing the selected PaveSpec

item.

New Specification—Creates a new specification within the active database.

Use Specification—Allows the user to enter actual AQC field data into a previously

defined specification and determine corresponding PRS-based lot pay factors

and pay adjustments. More details on using a specification are contained in

chapter 5 of this appendix, Using a Specification.

Create Drill-Down Document—Allows the user to investigate the simulation details of

a previously developed specification. More details on creating and using drilldown documents are contained in chapter 6 of this appendix, Drill-Down

Documents.

Create Sensitivity Analysis Document—Allows the user to investigate the sensitivity of

a previously developed Level 1 specification (pay factors and pay adjustments)

to changes in AQC means or standard deviations. More details on creating

sensitivity analysis documents are contained in chapter 7, Sensitivity Analysis

Documents.

Create Expected Pay Document—Allows the user to investigate risks (to the contractor

and agency) associated with a previously developed Level 1 specification.

Specifically, the user can observe the probability of achieving different chosen

pay factor levels (e.g., 90, 100, 110 percent pay factors) over a range of AQC

means. More details on creating expected pay documents are contained in

chapter 8, Expected Pay Documents.

New Module—Creates a new module. A secondary menu will appear showing the

five available types of modules: Pavement Design, Design Traffic, Climatic Variables,

Maintenance and Rehabilitation Plan, and Unit Costs.

Setup—Allows the user to set up (define or edit) the specification currently selected

in the Database Control dialog box. Specification definition or editing is

accomplished using the Specification Wizard (see chapter 3, Developing a

Specification).

Exit—Exits the PaveSpec program.

Edit Menu

The edit menu contains the following three commands:

Copy Selected Page—Copies a selected output report page to the Clipboard.
Models—Opens the Global Model Definitions dialog box, which allows the user to

modify or calibrate any defined distress indicator model. Details of the specific

procedures used to modify or calibrate models are described in chapter 4,

Distress Indicator Model Modification/Calibration.

Preferences—Opens a pop-up dialog box that allows the user to 1) specify the

preferred units (English or metric) used throughout the program and 2) set the

simulation engine (random-number generator) seeds. In setting the simulation

engine seeds, the user has the following two options:

• Use same initial seed for all simulations. This selection makes it so that the

simulations are not random from one specification simulation to the next

(the initial simulation seed is always set equal to zero). Each time the user

simulates a new specification, the same random numbers between 0 and 1

are used to determine AQC sample values.

• Randomize initial seed for all simulations. This selection makes it so that the

simulations are completely random from one specification simulation to

the next. Each time the user simulates a new specification, different

random numbers between 0 and 1 are used to determine AQC sample

values. This is the recommended (default) option.

Window and Help Menus

These menus contain commands that are common to most, if not all, Microsoft

Windows programs. See your Windows Help for further information.

Toolbar Buttons

The PaveSpec toolbar buttons provide quick access to many common PaveSpec

commands. To activate a toolbar button, simply click on it.

Creates a new database.

Opens an existing database.

Saves the current database.

Allows the user to change the setup of the document currently highlighted in

the Database Control dialog box. This function works on all specification,

module, and specification-dependent documents.

Creates a new specification document in the current database.
Creates a new use specification document in the current database.

Creates a new drill-down document in the current database.

Creates a new sensitivity analysis document in the current database.

Creates a new expected pay document in the current database.

Creates a new pavement design module in the current database.

Creates a new design traffic module in the current database.

Creates a new climatic variables module in the current database.

Creates a new maintenance and rehabilitation plan module in the current

database.

Creates a new unit costs module in the current database.

Database Control Dialog Box

The Database Control dialog box is used to organize all of the documents in a given

database. The Database Control window is divided into two tabbed sections:

Specifications and Modules. To move from one tab to the other, click on the tab names.

Specifications Tab

All of the developed specifications and specification-dependent documents within

the open database are displayed in the Specifications tab, as shown in figure 3. Each

specification-dependent document is attached to its parent specification using a visual

outline. The visual outline may be expanded or compressed by clicking on the boxes

that contain plus (+) or minus (–) signs. The example in figure 3 shows a database

containing two different developed specifications, Specification 1 and Specification 2, with

two specification-dependent documents attached to Specification 1.

The buttons within the Specifications tab perform the following functions:

Allows the user to view the output report accompanying the highlighted

document.

Allows the user to edit the highlighted document.

Makes a copy of the highlighted document.

Allows the user to create a new document of the same type as the
highlighted document.

Deletes the highlighted document.

Figure 3. Database Control dialog box—Specifications tab.

Note: A symbol next to a developed specification indicates that the specification

needs to be resimulated to reflect one or more changes to variables (or modules)

affecting the preconstruction output. To update the specification, simply resimulate

using the Specification Wizard. A symbol will also appear next to any existing

specification-dependent document when its parent specification has been resimulated.

A specification-dependent document may be updated by redefining the document's

details in Setup mode.

Modules Tab

All of the user-defined module documents within the open database are stored in

the Modules tab. This tab also makes use of a visual outline to organize the five different

types of module documents. An example of the Modules tab is presented in figure 4.

The buttons on this tab basically perform the same functions as the buttons in the

Specifications tab. The only difference is that there is no button, as there are

no output reports accompanying a module document.
Figure 4. Database Control dialog box—Modules tab.

Status Bar

The PaveSpec status bar provides information describing a highlighted menu item

or toolbar button. To obtain feedback via the status bar, move the pointer over the

menu item or toolbar button of interest. Text describing the item will appear in the

status bar.
CHAPTER 3: DEVELOPING A SPECIFICATION

In PaveSpec, a project-specific PRS is created or edited using the Specification Wizard.

This feature consists of 11 sequential steps (dialog boxes) that lead the user through all

aspects of developing a PRS-based specification. This chapter contains detailed

descriptions of each dialog box in the Specification Wizard, as well as instructions on how

to use them. An explanation of the output report is included in chapter 9, PaveSpec

Output Reports.

SPECIFICATION WIZARD CONTROL BUTTONS

Each dialog box included in the Specification Wizard is equipped with four control

buttons. The buttons may be activated by clicking on them. The function of each of

these buttons is described below:

Allows the user to save the current specification document and return to

the PaveSpec main window. A specification document can only be saved

after the specification has been simulated (i.e., after step 9 of the

Specification Wizard has been completed).

Allows the user to quit the current specification development procedure

(without saving changes) and return to the PaveSpec main window.

Moves backward to the previous dialog box in the Specification Wizard.

Moves forward to the next dialog box in the Specification Wizard.

PAGE 1—BASIC SPECIFICATION INFORMATION

Whenever you choose to set up a new or previously developed specification,

PaveSpec will start the Specification Wizard, and the Basic Specification Information dialog

box will appear. This dialog box allows you to name the current specification, choose

the type of specification to be developed (Level 1 or Level 2), and enter general

descriptive project information. An example of this dialog box is presented as figure 5.

Name and Specification Level

To change the name of the current specification, type a new name in the Project Name

input box. The name you enter will show up as the specification document name in the

Specifications tab of the Database Control dialog box.

The specification type must also be selected in this dialog box. Currently, the user

may choose to develop only a Level 1 specification or both Level 1 and Level 2

specifications at the same time. When defining specifications, the data required (and,
Figure 5. Basic Specification Information dialog box.

therefore, the data input screens) vary depending on what specification type is selected.

Any such differences will be identified in this chapter.

Project Identification

There are five different inputs grouped under the Project Identification heading—

State, County, Project ID, Traffic Direction, and Additional Description (the Additional

Description input box is a notepad where you may enter any additional project

information.) These fields are included to allow the user to document descriptive

information about the project to which the developed specification applies. The data

entered or selected in these fields are optional.

PAGE 2—DIMENSIONS AND LANE CONFIGURATION

Inputs used to describe the project’s lane configuration, location, and length are

contained in the Dimensions and Lane Configuration dialog box, an example of which is

presented in figure 6.
Figure 6. Dimensions and Lane Configuration dialog box.

Lane Information

Choose the appropriate lane configuration describing the project’s layout from the

Configuration list box. The lane configuration is expressed as a combination of the total

number of lanes making up the road (both traffic directions) and whether traffic (going

in opposite directions) is divided by a median or barrier. The following six lane

configurations are available to the PaveSpec user:

• Two, Undivided—Two-lane highway (one lane in each direction) with no median

or barrier.

• Four, Undivided—Four-lane highway (two lanes in each direction) with no

median or barrier.

• Four, Divided—Four-lane highway (two lanes in each direction) divided by a

median or barrier.

• Six, Divided—Six-lane highway (three lanes in each direction) divided by a

median or barrier.
• Eight, Divided—Eight-lane highway (four lanes in each direction) divided by a

median or barrier.

• Ten, Divided—Ten-lane highway (five lanes in each direction) divided by a

median or barrier.

Note that the number of lanes being accepted at one time using the PRS is independent

of the chosen lane configuration. For example, the lane configuration could be a sixlane divided highway; however, you may only be accepting (computing pay factors for)

two lanes of paving.

Next, you must select the specific lanes that you would like to accept at one time

using this specification. Select or deselect lanes by clicking on the Accept check box next

to the lane of interest. For those lanes chosen for acceptance, lane widths must be

entered in terms of either feet or meters (e.g., “12 ft” or “3.66 m”). You may toggle

between English and metric units within any numerical input box using the “F2” key on

your keyboard.

Select the pavement shoulder type from the Shoulder Type list box. The four options

given are Widened Lane, Tied PCC (portland cement concrete), Asphalt, and Other. If Tied

PCC is selected, you will be prompted to input a Stress Load Transfer Efficiency. This

indicates the percent load transfer (typically between 5 and 50 percent) expected to be

transferred from the outer traffic lane to the tied PCC shoulder. It is recommended that

this input be set equal to 40 percent if the shoulder is constructed at the same time as

the outer traffic lane (monolithic construction) and 20 percent if the shoulder and traffic

lane are constructed separately.

If Widened Lane is selected as the shoulder type, you will be prompted to input the

additional width of the widened lane. This is calculated as the difference between the

widened lane width and the typical lane width. For example, if the typical lane width is

12 ft (3.66 m), and the widened lane is chosen to be 14 ft (4.27 m), the typical lane is

being widened by 2 ft (0.61 m). (Note: the default units for this input box are inches.)

If you choose to accept an outer lane and an inner lane at the same time, you will

need to specify the amount of inner lane cracking as a percentage of the predicted outer

lane cracking. For example, if you select this number to be 100%, it will be assumed that

all inner lanes being accepted will develop the same amount of cracking predicted for

the outer lane. Conversely, if you select this number to be 0%, it will be assumed that

all inner lanes being accepted will exhibit no cracking.

Road Location

Select whether the project is located in an urban or rural setting by choosing the

appropriate item in the Road Location list box. This input only influences the
computation of user costs. (Note: the inclusion of user costs in a specification is

optional). More details on the inclusion of user costs are contained in the Page 7—LifeCycle Cost-Related Modules section.

Project Length

The starting and ending stations (expressed in ft or m) are also inputs in this

Dimensions and Lane Configuration dialog box. The specified station values are used to

compute the total project length shown below the station input boxes. These inputs are

for feedback purposes only (i.e., the calculated project length does not affect simulated

pay factors).

Lane Configuration Preview Window

The Lane Configuration Preview window provides an illustration of the type of lane

configuration selected. Selecting a different item from the Configuration list box will

change the contents of this preview window.

PAGE 3—DESIGN-RELATED MODULES

The design-related variables used in defining a specification are grouped into three

module document types: Pavement Design, Design Traffic, and Climatic Variables. Not

only does this simplify the logic of the process, but it also allows you to save and reuse

groups of variables which, in turn, simplifies the data entry requirements. An example

of the Design-Related Modules dialog box is presented in figure 7.

You may access existing modules by clicking on the appropriate list box and

highlighting the name of the module you wish to use. To make changes to a displayed

module, click the button associated with that module type. To create a new

module, click on the button. Whether you decide to edit an existing module

or create a new one, the data entry screens will be the same—only the displayed input

values will be different. The data entry procedures for each module type will be

discussed separately.

Pavement Design Module

The Pavement Design dialog box is made up of three tabs: Design Inputs, Base

Variables, and Description. By default, the Design Inputs tab is displayed when you first

enter the Pavement Design dialog box. An example of the Design Inputs tab in the dialog

box used to define a Pavement Design module is presented in figure 8. An example of

the Base Variables tab is shown in figure 9.

All of the required general design- and base-related user inputs are contained in the

Design Inputs and Base Variables tabs, respectively. You can change the name of the
Pavement Design module by entering a new name in the Name box. This name will then

show up as the specification document name in the Modules tab of the Database

Figure 7. Design-Related Modules dialog box.
Figure 8. Design Inputs tab in the Pavement Design Module dialog box.
Figure 9. Base Variables tab in the Pavement Design Module dialog box.

Control dialog box. The specific design- and base-related inputs (in the respective

Design Inputs and Base Variables tabs) are defined by entering values in the provided

input boxes, or selecting appropriate values from the provided list boxes.

When entering data into input boxes, the program presents the default units in

English or metric, depending on the Preferred Units type selected in the program

preferences. You may toggle between English and metric units within any numerical

input box using the “F2” key.

Brief descriptions of each design- or base-related input are included in this section.

For those variables that may be expressed in terms of English or metric units,

explanations of the default units are provided.

• Design Life—The total expected amount of time for which the chosen pavement

design is expected to carry traffic loads without the application of a global

rehabilitation (asphalt concrete [AC] overlay, PCC overlay, diamond grinding).

This is the initial design life used in the common pavement design procedures.

• Pavement Type—The current specification is only valid for JPCP. The agency

must identify whether the chosen pavement design is to be constructed with or

without dowel bars.

• Dowel Bar Diameter—If the pavement is selected to be constructed with dowel

bars, the agency must identify the dowel diameter. The dowel diameter is a

required input in the transverse joint faulting distress indicator model. Default

metric values are displayed in terms of “cm”; however, values may be entered in

terms of “mm” by simply typing the value followed by “mm” (e.g., “25.4 mm”).

English values must be entered in terms of “in.”

• Transverse Joint Spacing—The transverse joint faulting and transverse slab

cracking distress indicator models require average transverse joint spacing as an

input. JPCP’s are typically constructed using constant joint spacings (e.g., every

4.6 m) or random joint spacings (e.g., using a repeated pattern of 4.0-4.3-4.6-5.2

m). If a constant joint spacing is used, the constant value is used as the average

transverse joint spacing in the distress indicator models. If a random joint

spacing is selected, the appropriate transverse joint spacing is set equal to the

mean of the joint spacings included in the repeated series. For example, a

random joint spacing series of 4.0-4.3-4.6-5.2 m would have a mean transverse

joint spacing value of 4.5 m. Acceptable metric abbreviations include “cm” and

the default “m.” English values may be entered in terms of “in” or the default

“ft.”
• PCC Modulus of Elasticity—The transverse joint faulting and transverse slab

cracking distress indicator models require PCC modulus of elasticity as an input.

The default metric units for this input are “MPa”; the default English values are

“psi.”

• Transverse Joint Sealant Type—The transverse joint spalling model is dependent

on the type of transverse joint sealant material selected for use on the pavement.

In the current version of the software, the agency may choose from the following

four sealant types: None (transverse joints are not sealed), Liquid Asphalt,

Preformed Compression Seal, and Silicone.

• Modulus of Subgrade Reaction (static k-value)—An effective static subgrade k-value

is a required input for the transverse joint faulting and slab cracking distress

indicator models. The appropriate value for use in these models is the effective

static modulus of subgrade reaction (including seasonal variations) calculated for

design purposes. (Note: This value is for the subgrade, not the top of base.)

Additional information on determining an appropriate effective subgrade kvalue is contained in appendix HH of Volume 2 of the 1993 AASHTO Guide for

Design of Pavement Structures.

(6) The static k-value is the traditional k-value of

subgrade soil used in design, and is equal to one half of the dynamic k-value

(that backcalculated from falling weight deflectometer [FWD] data). The default

metric values for this input are “MPa/m”; the default English values are in terms

of “psi/in.”

• Water-Cement Ratio—The transverse joint spalling model is dependent on the

design water-cement ratio used for the PCC mix design. This value is expressed

as a number between 0 and 1.

• Percent Subgrade Material Passing the 0.075-mm (#200) Sieve—The IRI model is

dependent on the percent subgrade material passing the 0.075-mm sieve. This

value is expressed as a number between 0 and 100 percent.

• Base Permeability—Information regarding the permeability of the base material is

required for the transverse joint faulting model. This model includes a base

permeability dummy factor as an input. This dummy variable is set equal to 0

when the base is not considered permeable and is set equal to 1 when the base is

considered permeable.

• Base Thickness—The transverse cracking model requires base thickness as an

input. Default metric values for this variable are displayed in terms of “cm”;

however, values may be entered in terms of “mm” by simply typing the value

followed by “mm” (e.g., “25.4 mm”). English values must be entered in terms of

“in.”
• Base Modulus of Elasticity—The transverse cracking model requires a value for the

base modulus of elasticity. The default metric units for this input are “MPa”; the

default English values are “psi.”

• PCC-Base Interface—The interface condition between the PCC slab and the base

layer is a required input of the transverse cracking model. This input may be

selected to be Unbonded or Bonded (Unbonded is typically chosen for JPCP unless

special provisions warrant the selection of Bonded).

• Base Erodibility Factor—The transverse joint faulting model requires a value for

the base erodibility factor. This factor is based on the base erodibility classes

defined by the Permanent International Association of Road Congresses

(PIARC).(7) The PIARC erodibility classes (modified to include a permeable

drainage base layer) for the erosion potential of base/subbase materials, and the

associated base erodibility factor ranges are presented in table 1. Moving from A

to E, each class has approximately 10 times as much erodibility potential as the

class before it (e.g., class C material is approximately 10 times as erodible as class

B material).
Table 1. Base erodibility factors based on PIARC recommendations for erosion

potential of base/subbase materials.(7)

PIARC

Erodibility

Class

Erodibility

Factor Material Description

A 0.5–1.5 Lean concrete with 8 percent cement; bituminous concrete with

6 percent asphalt cement, or a permeable drainage layer.

B 1.5–2.5

Cement treated granular material with 5 percent cement

manufactured in plant; bitumen treated granular material with

4 percent asphalt cement.

C 2.5–3.5

Cement-treated granular material with 3.5 percent cement

manufactured in plant; bitumen treated granular material with

3 percent asphalt cement.

D 3.5–4.5 Granular material treated in place with 2.5 percent cement,

treated soils.

E 4.5–5.5 Untreated granular material.

— 5.5–7.5 No base.

The Description tab contains a text box in which you may enter any detailed text

describing the defined Pavement Design module. Information entered in this text box is

optional and is not used in the simulation process.

Once you are finished making changes or defining a Pavement Design module, click

on the button. If you would like to exit the Pavement Design dialog box

without saving your changes, click on the button. Clicking either button

will return you to the Design-Related Modules dialog box.

Design Traffic Module

The Design Traffic dialog box includes two tabs: Traffic Inputs and Description. By

default, the Traffic Inputs tab is displayed when you first enter the Design Traffic dialog

box. An example of the Traffic Inputs tab in the Design Traffic dialog box is presented in

figure 10.

All inputs used to compute yearly ESAL’s are contained in the Traffic Inputs tab.

This dialog box acts as a traffic calculator, allowing you to compute traffic over time on

the basis of an entered cumulative design ESAL or average daily traffic (ADT) at a

specified year, a defined growth rate, and a chosen growth type (simple or compound).

The relationship between ESAL’s and ADT is determined using the inputs defined in

the ESAL-to-ADT Ratio section of the dialog box. Cumulative ESAL’s are required by

many of the distress indicator models, while yearly ADT values are used in the

computation of any included user costs. (Note: the inclusion of user costs is optional.
More details on the inclusion of user costs are contained in the Page 7—Life-Cycle CostRelated Modules section.)

Figure 10. Traffic Inputs tab in the Design Traffic Module dialog box.

You can change the name of the Design Traffic module by entering a new name in the

Name input box. This name will then show up as the specification document name in

the Modules tab of the Database Control dialog box. The remaining traffic-related inputs

in the Traffic Inputs tab are defined by entering appropriate values.

The Description tab contains a text box in which you may enter any detailed text

describing the defined Design Traffic module. Any information entered in this text box

is optional, as it is not used in the simulation process.

Once you are finished making changes or defining a Design Traffic module, click on

the button. If you would like to exit the Design Traffic dialog box without

saving your changes, click on the button. Clicking either button will return

you to the Design-Related Modules dialog box.
Climatic Variables Module

The Climatic Variables dialog box is made up of two tabs: Climatic Inputs and

Description. By default, the Climatic Inputs tab (see figure 11) is displayed when you first

enter the Climatic Variables dialog box.

Figure 11. Climatic Inputs tab in the Climatic Variables Module dialog box.

All of the climate-related user inputs are contained in the Climatic Inputs tab. You

may change the name of the Climatic Variables module by entering a new name in the

Name input box. This name will then show up as the specification document name in

the Modules tab of the Database Control dialog box. The remaining climatic-related

inputs in the Climatic Inputs tab are defined by entering values in the provided input

boxes, or by selecting appropriate values from the provided list boxes. Brief

descriptions of each climate-related input are included in this section. For those

variables that may be expressed in terms of English or metric units, explanations of the

default units are provided.

• Average Annual Freezing Index—The average annual freezing index is a measure

of the severity of frost for a region, expressed in terms of degree-days. The IRI

model requires freezing index as a direct input. Although freezing index data

are readily available in most climatic characteristic databases, values may be
estimated for the continental United States using figure 12. The default metric

units for freezing index are “°C-days”; the default English values are “°F-days.”

• Average Annual Precipitation—The transverse joint faulting distress indicator

model requires knowledge about the average annual amount of precipitation.

The default metric units for freezing index are “mm”; the default English values

are “in.” Data for this variable are included in most available climatic databases.

• Average Annual Air Freeze-Thaw Cycles—The current transverse joint spalling

distress indicator requires knowledge about the number of annual air freezethaw cycles (FTC’s). Data for this variable are included in most available climatic

databases.

• Average Annual Number of Days Over 90 °F (32 °C)—The average annual number

of days in which the daily maximum temperature exceeds 90 °F (32 °C) is a

climatic input required by the transverse joint faulting distress indicator model.

Daily temperature data are readily available in most climatic databases.

• Climatic Zone—The United States is divided into four climatic regions based on

the mean annual daily average temperature and average annual total

precipitation. The appropriate climatic region is determined using table 2.

Climatic zone is used by the transverse cracking distress indicator model.

Table 2. Climatic regions in the United States.

Mean Annual Average Daily Temperature Average Annual Total

Precipitation ≤ 13 °C > 13 °C

≤ 635 mm Dry-Freeze Region Dry-Nonfreeze Region

> 635 mm Wet-Freeze Region Wet-Nonfreeze Region

The Description tab contains a text box in which you may enter any detailed text

describing the Climatic Variables module. Because information entered in this text box is

not used in the simulation process, it is optional.

Once you are finished making changes or defining a Climatic Variables module, click

on the button. If you would like to exit the Climatic Variables dialog box

without saving your changes, click on the button. Clicking either button

will return you to the Design-Related Modules dialog box.

PAGE 4—DEFINITION OF PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE

Pavement performance is defined in page 4 of the Specification Wizard. An example

of the Definition of Pavement Performance dialog box is presented in figure 13.
Pavement performance is expressed in terms of one or more of the four distress

indicators (transverse joint faulting, transverse joint spalling, transverse slab cracking,

and decreasing smoothness) shown in the Distress Indicators box. To select or deselect a

distress indicator, click on the check boxes next to the distress indicator titles (a check 

Figure 13. Definition of Pavement Performance dialog box.

mark signifies that the distress indicator is selected). For your convenience, the

required and optional AQC’s associated with each distress indicator model are listed

next to each distress indicator type.

Also included in the Distress Indicators area of the dialog box is the 

button. This button provides a direct link to the dialog box in which the specificationspecific distress indicator model set is defined. The set of national distress indicator

models (presented in chapter 4 of Volume I) is defined as the default model set.(9) If you

do not wish to use one of the provided default distress indicator models, you then have

the capability to modify or calibrate a model. Details of the procedures used to modify or

calibrate distress indicator models are described in chapter 4 of this appendix.

The second step in defining pavement performance requires the selection of AQC’s

that you choose to measure in the field. The Status column next to the listed AQC’s

indicates whether each AQC is required, optional, or unnecessary. Those AQC’s

required by the selected distress indicator models are automatically selected for

inclusion. Those AQC’s that are optional may be selected or deselected by clicking on

the check boxes. AQC’s not required by the selected distress indicator models are

automatically deselected. If you choose to deselect an AQC that is required by one of
the chosen distress indicator models, you will be asked to enter a model default value

that will be used by those performance models requiring a value for that AQC.

PAGE 5—AQC SAMPLING AND TESTING

The AQC sampling and testing plans are defined in page 5 of the Specification

Wizard. You will see a tab for each AQC that you selected in page 4 of the Specification

Wizard. Each AQC data entry screen is discussed separately.

Concrete Strength

This AQC has two different data entry screens—one for sampling information and

one for testing information. If you chose to develop a Level 1 specification only, you can

toggle between the Level 1 sampling and testing data entry screens using the

 and buttons. If you chose to develop a Level 1 and Level 2

specification at the same time, you can also toggle between the Level 2 sampling and

testing data entry screens using the and buttons. (Note:

The Level 1 and Level 2 data entry screens are identical. Separate data entry screens are

provided for each PRS level only because you can choose to use different sampling and

testing plans for the different specification levels.)

An example of the Concrete Strength Sampling data entry screen is shown in figure 14.

The data inputs contained in this screen define how concrete strength is to be sampled

under the developed PRS. First, you must select a sample method from the Sample

Method list box. If Cores are selected, you must choose an appropriate age from the

Timing of Cores box. (The selected timing of cores indicates when the cores will be

extracted from the pavement; this age is not necessarily the age of testing for the cores.)

Next, the Number of Samples per Sublot (n) and Number of Replicates per Sample (m) are

chosen. Finally, you may enter any notes regarding the defined concrete strength

sampling and testing plan in the Additional Sampling or Testing Comments text box (this

field is optional).

An example of the Concrete Strength Testing data entry screen is shown in figure 15.

The data inputs contained in this screen define the testing procedures to be used to

determine concrete strength within the developed PRS. The testing-related inputs are

divided into two groups: Testing and Acceptance.

Within the testing group, the Type of Testing is provided as feedback. This testing

type reflects the sample type chosen in the associated sampling data entry screen. The

first input included in this testing group is the Target Timing of Testing. Use this input

field to indicate the sample age at which testing is to be performed (e.g., if cylinders are

to be tested at 7 days to obtain 7-day compressive strengths, this input field should be

set equal to 7 days). If the timing of testing is chosen to be less than 28 days, you must

then enter an appropriate Test Maturity value. This value should be equal to the
Figure 14. AQC Sampling and Testing dialog box (Concrete Strength Sampling data entry

screen).

equivalent laboratory maturity representing the chosen number of days selected in the

Target Timing of Testing list box.

The Acceptance group illustrates the steps required to estimate the 28-day flexural

strength (required by the distress indicator models) based on the chosen sample type

and timing of testing. Each of these steps will change based on the chosen sampling

and testing procedures. If a button is visible next to any step description, a specific

relationship needs to be defined. For example, the 

button is visible next to step 2 in figure 15. This button indicates that the user must

define a cylinder vs. core relationship as part of the selected testing procedure. Clicking

on the button brings up the Core-to-Cylinder Strength

Relationship dialog box shown in figure 16.

The dialog box shown in figure 16 is used to define the appropriate linear

relationship between cylinder and core strength. The equation form is displayed

directly beneath the Form box. Next, the coefficients defining the actual chosen

relationship are defined in the supplied coefficient input boxes. The chosen equation
Figure 15. AQC Sampling and Testing dialog box (Strength testing data entry screen).

Figure 16. Core-to-Cylinder Strength Relationship dialog box.
coefficients are then shown in the actual developed equation displayed beneath the

coefficient input boxes. Finally, the right side of the dialog box shows a preview graph

to help you visualize the defined relationship.

The button associated with step 3 of the concrete strength acceptance procedure (if

required) brings up a dialog box that allows you to define the required LaboratoryCreated Maturity Equation (strength versus maturity relationship). The Equation

Definition dialog box is nearly identical to the Core-to-Cylinder Strength Relationship

dialog box. The only difference is that the equation form is not limited to linear.

Available equation forms include Linear, Second-Order Polynomial, Third-Order

Polynomial, Exponential, Logarithmic, and Power. The final piece of information required

under step 3 is the specified 28-day Maturity. This value is the equivalent maturity

measured in the laboratory at 28 days.

Finally, the button associated with step 4 allows you to define an appropriate

Compressive-to-Flexural Strength relationship (if required). This pop-up dialog box is also

nearly identical to the Core-to-Cylinder Strength Relationship dialog box. The only

difference is that the equation form is not limited to linear. Available equation forms

include Linear, Second-Order Polynomial, Third-Order Polynomial, Exponential, Logarithmic,

and Power.

Slab Thickness

Selecting the Thickness tab brings up a data entry screen used to define the slab

thickness sampling and testing plan. An example of this data entry screen is shown in

figure 17. If you chose to develop a Level 1 and Level 2 specification at the same time,

separate data entry screens are provided for each specification level. You can toggle

between the Level 1 and Level 2 data entry screens using the and

 buttons. (Note: The Level 1 and Level 2 data entry screens are identical.)

If you chose to only develop a Level 1 specification, only the button will

be displayed.

The data inputs contained in this data entry screen define how slab thickness is to be

sampled under the developed PRS. First, you must select a sample type from the

Sampling Method list box: Use Strength Cores, Independent Cores, Probe, or GroundPenetrating Radar. If the sampling method selected is Use Strength Cores, the remaining

input boxes reflect the concrete strength sampling plan defined in the Strength tab.

Additional required slab thickness sampling plan inputs include the Timing of

Samples, Number of Samples per Sublot (n), and Number of Replicates per Sample (m).

Finally, you may enter any relevant notes in the Additional Sampling or Testing Comments

text box (this field is optional).
Figure 17. AQC Sampling and Testing dialog box (Thickness data entry screen).

Air Content

Selecting the Air Content tab allows you to define the air content sampling and

testing plan. An example of this data entry screen is shown in figure 18. If you chose to

develop a Level 1 and Level 2 specification at the same time, separate data entry screens

are provided for each specification level. You can toggle between the Level 1 and Level

2 data entry screens using the and buttons. (Note: The

Level 1 and Level 2 data entry screens are identical.) If you chose to only develop a

Level 1 specification, only the button will be displayed.

The data inputs on this screen define how air content is to be sampled under the

developed PRS. You must first select one of the following three sample types provided

in the Sampling Method list box: Cores, Air Pressure Meter, or Danish Air Void Analyzer. If

Cores is selected as the sampling method, you must then specify when the cores are to

be extracted from the pavement. (Note: The Timing of Samples input box is

automatically set equal to At Construction if the sample type selected is Air Pressure

Meter or Danish Air Void Analyzer.) Next, you must define values for the other required

air content sampling plan inputs, including the Number of Samples per Sublot (n) and

Number
Figure 18. AQC Sampling and Testing dialog box (Air Content data entry screen).

of Replicates per Sample (m). Finally, you may enter relevant notes in the Additional

Sampling or Testing Comments text box (field is optional).

Initial Smoothness

Selecting the Initial Smoothness tab allows you to define the sampling and testing

plan associated with measuring initial smoothness. An example of this data entry

screen is shown in figure 19. If you chose to develop a Level 1 and Level 2 specification

at the same time, separate data entry screens are provided for each specification Level.

You can toggle between the Level 1 and Level 2 data entry screens using the

 and buttons. (Note: The Level 1 and Level 2 data entry

screens are identical.) If you chose to only develop a Level 1 specification, only the

 button will be displayed.

The inputs required on this data entry screen define how initial smoothness is to be

sampled under the developed PRS. First, you must select the appropriate Initial

Smoothness Indicator that specifies how initial smoothness is to be measured. The

following three indicator types are available:
Figure 19. AQC Sampling and Testing dialog box (Initial Smoothness data entry screen).

• Profile Index (measured using a 0.0-mm blanking band).

• Profile Index (measured using a 5.1-mm blanking band).

• International Roughness Index.

Second, if applicable, a button will appear that allows you to define an initial

smoothness relationship between the chosen initial smoothness indicator and IRI. This

relationship is required to determine the initial IRI value in the prediction of

smoothness over time.

Based on the chosen settings for Initial Smoothness Indicator, the appropriate equation

type will be displayed. Clicking on the equation button will bring up the Define Initial

Smoothness Relationship dialog box. This dialog box is nearly identical in layout and

function to the Core-to-Cylinder Strength Relationship dialog box shown in figure 16.

Using this dialog box, you can change the equation type or adjust the coefficients to

define the appropriate initial smoothness relationship. More information on selecting

an appropriate initial smoothness relationship is included in chapter 8 of Volume I.(9)

Other inputs included on this Initial Smoothness data entry screen include the Number

of Pass Locations per Sublot (n), Number of Replicates per Pass Location (m), and the

Profilograph Reduction Method. Additional text boxes are also included to allow you to
enter comments related to the Pass Locations and the Timing of Samples (these two text

fields are optional).

Percent Consolidation Around Dowels

Selecting the Consolidation tab brings up a data entry screen used to define the

percent consolidation around dowels sampling and testing plan. An example of this

data entry screen is shown in figure 20. If you chose to develop a Level 1 and Level 2

specification at the same time, separate data entry screens are provided for each

specification level. You can toggle between the Level 1 and Level 2 data entry screens

using the and buttons. (Note: The Level 1 and Level 2 data

entry screens are identical.) If you chose to only develop a Level 1 specification, only

the button will be displayed.

Figure 20. AQC Sampling and Testing dialog box (Consolidation data entry screen).

The data inputs contained on this screen define how percent consolidation around

dowels is to be sampled under the developed PRS. Under the current PRS approach,

percent consolidation around dowels is measured by conducting relative density testing

of core samples. Additional inputs required on this data entry screen include the

Number of Samples per Sublot (n), Timing of Samples (timing of extracting cores), and the
Number of Replicates per Sample (m). You may also enter additional notes in the

Additional Sampling or Testing Comments text box (this field is optional).

PAGE 6—AQC AS-DESIGNED TARGET VALUE DEFINITION

The as-designed target AQC target means and standard deviations are defined on

page 6 of the Specification Wizard. If you chose to define a Level 1 and Level 2

specification at the same time, this dialog box will contain two tabs titled Level 1 Settings

and Level 2 Settings. If you only chose to develop a Level 1 specification, only the Level

1 tab will be visible. The Level 1 and Level 2 data entry screens are identical, and an

example is presented in figure 21.

Figure 21. AQC As-Designed Target Value Definition dialog box.

Selection of the Method Used to Determine As-Designed LCC's

First, you must decide on the method by which you would like to determine the asdesigned target LCC. The following options are available:

• Estimate LCC Through Simulation—This is the recommended method for

estimating the as-designed target LCC because it incorporates both the AQC

target means and standard deviations.
• Calculate LCC Using AQC Means Only—If you want to simulate LCC’s that are

not influenced by the AQC variability (standard deviation), you may choose this

option. You will only be required to enter the appropriate AQC means.

The remainder of the data entry sheet contains input fields used to select the AQC

as-designed target values. Only values for those AQC’s selected for inclusion in the

PRS are required. The input fields for those AQC’s not included in the specification are

grayed out, signifying that you cannot enter data.

If you choose to estimate the LCC through simulation, for each AQC included in the

specification you must identify a Sample Method by which samples will be determined, a

target AQC Mean value, and a target AQC standard deviation (Std Dev). You can

choose from two different methods for determining samples within the simulation of

the as-designed LCC: Distribution or Means Only. If Distribution is chosen, random asdesigned samples are determined based on a normal distribution defined by the

inputted AQC mean and standard deviation. If Means Only is chosen, sample values

are assumed to be equal to the mean value that you specify. For this case, we assume

that the variability of this AQC is not important. For example, let’s assume that

concrete strength is specified at 3,500 psi. Therefore, only one strength pay factor curve

(the case for strength std dev = 0 psi) will be developed in the strength pay factor chart.

All other pay factor curves will be simulated with the strength samples specified equal

to 3,500 psi (with std dev = 0 psi). Similarly, if the Calculate LCC Using AQC Means Only

option is chosen, all AQC pay factor charts will only contain one curve each (the case

with std dev = 0).

As mentioned previously, PaveSpec uses English units as defaults. Values input in

metric units are automatically converted to the corresponding English units. When

entering an appropriate value in one of these input boxes, type the value followed by

the appropriate units abbreviation (e.g., “254 mm”). Acceptable unit abbreviations for

each AQC are as follows:

• Concrete Strength—Default metric values are displayed in terms of “MPa,”

whereas English values are in terms of “psi.”

• Slab Thickness—Acceptable metric abbreviations include “mm” and the default

metric unit “cm.” The default English values are expressed in terms of “in.”

• Air Content—Default units for this field are “%.”

• Initial Smoothness—Default metric values are expressed in terms of “mm/km,”

while English values are in terms of “in/mi.”

• Percent Consolidation Around Dowels—Default units for this field are “%.”

Within any numerical input box, you may toggle between default English and metric

units using the “F2” key.
Finally, the Sampling and Testing Summary area of the dialog box provides feedback

regarding the specific sampling and testing procedures defined on page 5 of the

Specification Wizard. This information is important because the AQC target values

typically differ for different sampling and testing procedures.

Selection of Appropriate AQC Target Values

Selecting the appropriate as-designed AQC target values (means and standard

deviations) is one of the most important tasks facing the governing agency when

developing a specification. Its importance warrants the inclusion of guidelines for their

selection in this user's guide. The remainder of this section presents the AQC target

selection guidelines as they were generally outlined in a previous report by Hoerner

and Darter.(1)

The chosen target AQC’s define the agency’s desired pavement quality. In the

current PRS approach, this desired quality is defined as the quality for which the

agency is willing to pay 100 percent of the contractor-submitted bid price. If the

contractor constructs a pavement that is measured to have better AQC quality than that

defined by the as-designed target AQC’s, then (on average) the contractor will receive

an incentive payment (greater than 100 percent of the bid price). Conversely, if the asconstructed AQC pavement quality is measured to be less than that defined by the asdesigned AQC target values, then (on average) the contractor will receive a disincentive

payment (less than 100 percent of the bid price).

Initially, it is recommended that the AQC target values be set to represent the

quality levels specified under the agency's current specifications. If appreciably lower

quality levels are specified for the target values, the result will be decreased

performance. If appreciably higher quality levels are specified, contract bid prices are

likely to increase. While such higher quality levels (with attendant higher bid prices)

might well result in lower overall LCC's, it would be difficult for an agency to justify

increases in specified quality without first having some experience with PRS (i.e.,

knowledge of the effect of specified quality on bid price and expected performance).

For an agency to select AQC target levels that represent the quality levels currently

being specified, the agency must have a thorough understanding of its current

specifications, and particularly its acceptance plans. The agency must first identify the

AQC quality levels (means and standard deviations) for which its current acceptance

plans are asking. Sometimes, these quality levels are not obvious. In fact, the currently

specified quality levels may be different than what the agency actually desires (i.e.,

something other than what the agency intended to specify). To identify exactly what

quality level the agency is currently specifying, the agency's expected pay curves

should be utilized. The expected pay curve is a graphic representation of an acceptance

plan that shows the relation between the actual quality of a lot and its expected pay.(5)

That quality level (on an expected pay curve), for which the agency is willing to pay 100
percent of the contractor-submitted bid price, should be interpreted as the currently

specified quality level for each AQC. If the agency has not developed expected pay

curves, computer programs are currently available (such as R.M. Weed’s OCPLOT) to

assist the highway agency in their development.(10) If the agency acceptance plan

cannot easily be converted to an expected pay curve, it is suggested that the agency

develop a new acceptance plan so that the SHA can clearly determine the quality level

currently being specified. The new acceptance plan should, of course, consider the

typical quality levels being achieved by contractors in the State.

The agency-defined AQC target values are dependent on the chosen AQC

acceptance sampling and testing plan. The recommended AQC means and standard

deviations may change based on test type and number of replicate test results. For

example, if concrete strength were being measured using 28-day cylinder compressive

strengths, the AQC target values would be very different than those recommended for

the case where 28-day beams were being tested for flexural strength. It is important to

have knowledge of the proposed acceptance sampling and testing plan prior to

construction so that the appropriate AQC target values can be defined.

As stated previously, initially, the target means should be selected to be equal to the

AQC values for which the contractor would expect to receive 100 percent pay. Ideally,

these values should correspond to the values used for design purposes. Target

standard deviations should be determined by analyzing historical AQC data or by

referring to published estimates of standard deviations. (Typical AQC standard

deviations [based on measured field data] previously summarized for use with PRS are

presented in table 3.)(3) If the agency has a reasonable amount of good historical data

representative of an AQC, it is strongly recommended that the agency analyze these

data to determine appropriate AQC target means and standard deviations. The

following steps can be used to determine target values based on historical AQC

construction data:

1. Identify an AQC for which target values need to be determined (e.g., concrete

strength).

2. Identify the sampling and testing type to be used for accepting the AQC in the

field (e.g., cylinders from material taken from in front of the paver).

3. Identify historical projects that not only use the same sampling and testing types,

but are also believed to have been constructed with AQC quality matching that

desired by the agency.

4. Compute the sample mean and unbiased standard deviation using all of the

representative sample values for each project (note: a sample value is the mean

AQC value at a chosen location [i.e., a sample value could be the mean of

replicate test values]). Sample means are computed using equation 1.
Table 3. Summary of target within-lot standard deviations for PCC pavement acceptance quality c

Within-Lot Standard Deviation

Numbers of Replicates (n) 

Acceptance Quality Characteristic Sample Type n = 1 n = 2 n = 3 

3-day Cylinder 3.13 2.21 1.81 

3-day Core 2.10 1.48 1.21 

14-day Cylinder 3.37 2.38 1.95 28-day Cylinder 3.10 2.19 1.79 

Compressive Strength, MPa

28-day Core 2.63 1.86 1.52 

Splitting Tensile Strength, MPa 3-day Cylinder 0.55 0.39 0.32 

3-day Beam 0.41 0.29 0.24 

14-day Beam 0.43 0.30 0.25 28-day Beam 0.30 0.21 0.18 

Flexural Strength, MPa

Predicted 28-day 0.21 0.15 0.12 

Slab Thickness, mm Cores 8.0 5.7 4.6 

Radar 9.5 6.7 5.5 

Before Paver 0.75 0.53 0.43 

After Paver 0.78 0.55 0.45 

Air Content, %

Linear Traverse 1.90 1.34 1.10 

Profile Index—5.1-mm blanking

band 27.1 19.2 15.6 

Initial Smoothness, mm/km

Profile Index—0.0-mm blanking

band 49.9 35.3 28.8 

Below Dowels 1.06 0.75 0.61 

Above Dowels 1.16 0.82 0.67 

Percent Consolidation Around Dowels, %

Between Dowels 1.13 0.80 0.65 

40
n m

x

X

n

i

m

j

ij

∗ =

∑∑

= = 1 1 (1)

where:

X = The computed lot mean of n∗m AQC specimen test values.

ij x = Any of the n∗m (i = 1 to n, j = 1 to m) specimen test values.

n = Number of random sampling locations.

m = Number of replicate specimen values per sampling location.

Corrected unbiased sample standard deviations are computed using equation 2.

( )

n 1

X X

C

1

s

n

i 1

2

i

SD −

∑ −















 = = (2)

where:

s = The computed unbiased (corrected) standard deviation of

sample values determined at n random sampling locations.

CSD = Correction factor (based on a sample size on n sample

locations) used to obtain unbiased estimates of the actual lot

standard deviation, σ. Appropriate CSD values are

determined using table 4.

X i = Any of the representative sample values (either measured

directly from one test specimen, or computed as the mean of

m replicate test values) determined at n random sample

locations.

X = The computed lot "grand" mean of n AQC sample values.

n = Number of random sampling locations.

5. Analyze the computed project AQC unbiased standard deviations and use them

to identify appropriate AQC target standard deviations. (Note: The computed

sample means should be checked against the assumed target means.) The

computed data should give the agency knowledge about what type of quality

has been provided on similar paving projects by the contractors. It is up to the

agency to interpret these results and decide on appropriate AQC target means

and standard deviations that define the true quality desired. The target standard

deviation includes both testing and process or materials variation.
Table 4. Correction factors used to obtain unbiased estimates of the actual standard

deviation.

Number of Sample

Values, n

Correction

Factor, CSD

2 0.7979

3 0.8862

4 0.9213

5 0.9399

6 0.9515

7 0.9594

8 0.9650

9 0.9693

10 0.9726

30 0.9915

50 0.9949

Although historical data should ideally be used to determine appropriate AQC

target means and standard deviations, the initial recommendations for determining

these values are summarized in table 5.

PAGE 7—LIFE-CYCLE COST-RELATED MODULES

The life-cycle cost-related variables used in defining a specification are grouped into

two types of module documents—Maintenance and Rehabilitation Plan and Unit Costs

modules. Again, this organization not only simplifies the logic of the process, but it also

allows you to save and reuse these groups of variables, which, in turn, simplifies the

data entry process. An example of the Life-Cycle Cost-Related Modules dialog box is

presented in figure 22.

You can access existing modules by clicking on the appropriate list box and

highlighting the module name you wish to use. To make changes to a displayed

module, click the button associated with that module type. To create a

new module, click on the button. Whether you decide to edit an existing

module or create a new one, the data entry screens will be the same (only the displayed

input values will be different). The data entry procedures for each module type will be

discussed separately.

Maintenance and Rehabilitation Plan Module

The Maintenance and Rehabilitation Plan dialog box includes a Name input box and

four tabs titled Maintenance, Local Rehab, Global Rehab, and Description. By default, the
Table 5. Initial recommendations for determining AQC target means and standard devia

Acceptance Quality

Characteristics Initial Recommendations for Target Mean

Initial Recommendations 

Deviati

Concrete Strength The target mean should be interpreted from a developed

expected pay curve. This value should be equal to the currentagency mean strength input used in the pavement designprocedure (see note 1).

Slab Thickness The target mean should be interpreted from a developed

expected pay curve. This value should be equal to the currentagency design thickness determined from the pavement designprocedure (see note 2).

Entrained Air Content The target mean should be set equal to the current agencydesigned entrained air content. This AQC is only significant in

areas with significant freezing temperatures.

Initial Smoothness The target mean should be interpreted from a developed

expected pay curve (see note 3).

Percent ConsolidationAround Dowels

The target mean should be determined from testing conductedby the agency to determine typical levels achieved, or frompublished data.

These values should be bastesting data. If no historicaavailable, the values may inpublished data (see note 4). due to testing and to mater(see note 5).

Notes: 1The AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement Structures requires a flexural strength, third-point loading, 28 days curing (Mr).(6) I

selected for the AQC (such as 28-day cylinder compressive strength [f’c]), then a correlation using the project materials must bFor example, if the design input to AASHTO is 4.48 MPa flexural strength, and the correlation is f’c = (Mr/0.83035)2, then the c

would be based on a design compressive strength of 29.13 MPa. If strength at any other time than 28 days is desired for the Awith maturity must be established for the project materials.

2Most design procedures, such as the AASHTO design procedure, include a formal engineering reliability design provision. O

safety factors. Either of these approaches result in a slab design thickness that already includes a large safety factor or high dedesign slab thickness is the mean slab thickness that is desired in the field, not an arbitrarily increased value.

3The value specified here for the profile index (PI) or IRI should be related to the 100 percent payment level specified in the age

specification. The lower the PI specified, the higher the design initial serviceability.

4Recommended AQC standard deviations (originally presented in appendix D of the report titled Guide to Developing Performan

PCC Pavements, Volume III: Appendixes C Through F) are presented in table 3.(3)

5The standard deviation is highly dependent upon the number of replicate tests involved. For example, if the mean of two con

one batch of concrete) represents one test for a site, the standard deviation for this case will be less than for the case when only represent the site.

43
Figure 22. Life-Cycle Cost-Related Modules dialog box.

Maintenance tab is displayed first. An example of this dialog box, used to define a

Maintenance and Rehabilitation Plan module, is presented in figure 23.

You can change the name of the Maintenance and Rehabilitation Plan module by

entering a new name in the Name input box. The name you enter will show up as the

specification document name in the Modules tab of the Database Control dialog box.

Maintenance Tab

The Maintenance tab allows you to define the type, amount, and timing of routine

maintenance activities used in the computation of LCC’s. Three different types of

maintenance activities may be considered: transverse joint sealing, longitudinal joint

sealing, and transverse crack sealing. To select one or more of these maintenance

activities for inclusion in the M&R plan, click on the activity’s name or the

corresponding check box.

The details of the routine maintenance plan are determined by defining how often

the sealing crew will go to the field and what percentage of joints or cracks will be

sealed each time they go to the field. For example, if the agency typically seals 100
Figure 23. Maintenance tab in the Maintenance and Rehabilitation Plan Module dialog box.

percent of transverse joints every 3 years on a repetitive schedule, the transverse joint

sealing sentence should read “Seal 100% of transverse joints every 3 years.” You should

define each of these descriptive sentences carefully to match the routine maintenance

methods actually used by your agency.

Local Rehab Tab

The Local Rehab tab (displayed in figure 24) allows you to define the localized

rehabilitation plan in terms of a step-by-step prioritized procedure. Specifically, you

can:

• Specify and prioritize the types of localized rehabilitation to be applied in

response to the predicted pavement performance.

• Specify the trigger values used to determine when each rehabilitation activity is

to be applied.

• Define the conditions that trigger the first application of a global rehabilitation.
The complete list of localized rehabilitation steps is organized into a prioritized list in

the main scroll box of this data entry screen.

Figure 24. Local Rehab tab in the Maintenance and Rehabilitation Plan dialog box.

To create a new step in the prioritized list, first select the step in the list that you

would like the new step to follow. Next, click on the button. To change the

order of the steps at any time, use the and buttons. To delete a

step from the list, highlight it and click on the button.

Condition Definition of a Localized Rehabilitation Step

The details making up each step in the prioritized list are defined using the input

fields grouped at the bottom of the data entry screen. When an existing step is selected,

the input settings making up the step description are defined by making changes in

these input fields. Each step description is developed in the form of an If...then

statement (i.e., if a certain pavement condition is present, then do activity X).

The first of the three lines of inputs (the Condition Definition line, as shown in figure

24) is used to define a specific pavement condition. The first list box on the Condition

Condition

Definition

Activity

Definition

Step

Organization

Control
Definition line allows you to select a pavement performance-related condition to which

an action is to be applied. The list is mostly made up of predetermined “If” statements;

however, you can also select to apply rehabilitation activities every year by selecting

Always from the list, or at constant intervals (e.g., every 2 years) by selecting Every from

this list. The different mechanisms available for determining when localized

rehabilitation is applied are described below.

Applied at regular time intervals—If the agency is confident that it will apply a certain

type of localized rehabilitation activity at regular time intervals over the life of a

pavement, then select Every from the condition list. The second box in the

Condition Definition line then becomes the input box for the specific time interval.

For example, the Condition Definition line could read Every 3 years.

Based on individual sublot performance conditions—Using the PRS approach, the

performance of each sublot is expressed in terms of predicted distress indicators.

It is recommended that the timing of the first global rehabilitation for a lot be

based on the percentage of sublots determined to be failed.(1) It is recommended

that global rehabilitation is triggered when 10 to 30 percent of the sublots have

"failed." This will cause the variation of the AQC's to have a significant impact.

One method for determining if a particular sublot is failed is by comparing the

predicted distress indicator levels with user-defined trigger values. The

Condition Definition list box contains the following seven sublot pavement

performance conditions to which defined trigger six may be applied:

• If percent cracked slabs (cumulative) exceeds.... This condition triggers

on the cumulative percentage of cracked slabs (both fixed and unfixed).

• If percent cracked slabs (unfixed) exceeds.... This condition triggers on

only the unfixed percentage of cracked slabs (i.e., cumulative percentage

of cracked slabs minus the cumulative amount already fixed).

• If average transverse joint faulting exceeds....

• If percent spalled joints (cumulative) exceeds.... This condition triggers

on the cumulative percentage of spalled joints (both fixed and unfixed).

• If percent spalled joints (unfixed) exceeds.... Triggers on only the unfixed

percentage of spalled joints (i.e., cumulative percentage of spalled joints

minus the cumulative amount already fixed).

• If IRI is greater than....
If any of these seven items is selected, the user then enters the corresponding

trigger value in the second Condition Definition input box. The appropriate units

for the corresponding trigger values are the following:

• Percent cracked slabs—Default unit for this trigger value is “%.”

• Average transverse joint faulting—Acceptable metric abbreviations

include “cm” and the default units of “mm,” with the default English

values in terms of “in.”

• Percent spalled joints—Default unit for this trigger value is “%.”

• IRI—Metric values are expressed in terms of “mm/km,” while English

values are in terms of “in/mi.”

Based on the cumulative amount of applied localized rehabilitation for an individual sublot—

An individual sublot may also be considered failed if certain amounts of repairs

(localized rehabilitation) have been applied (e.g., the sublot is considered failed if

35 percent of the total slabs have been replaced). The Condition Definition list box

contains the following four sublot cumulative localized rehabilitation conditions

to which defined trigger values may be applied:

• If repaired joints per mile exceeds....

• If percent of repaired joints exceeds....

• If repaired slabs per mile exceeds....

• If percent of repaired slabs exceeds....

If any of these four items is selected, the second Condition Definition input box

becomes the input box for the corresponding trigger value. The appropriate

units for the corresponding trigger values are the following:

• Repaired joints per mile—This indicator is expressed as a number with no

dimensions.

• Percent of repaired joints—Default unit for this trigger value is “%”.

• Repaired slabs per mile—This indicator is expressed as a number with no

dimensions.

• Percent of repaired slabs—Default unit for this trigger value is “%”.

Based on the lot average of sublot performance conditions—If you do not want to use the

percentage of sublots failed approach for determining the timing of the first

global rehabilitation application, you can choose to base this event on the

average of the yearly predicted sublot distresses. In other words, at each year of
the analysis life, the individual sublot distresses are computed and then

averaged for the entire lot. These lot averages of yearly sublot distresses are then

compared with user-defined trigger values to determine the timing of the first

global rehabilitation application. The Condition Definition list box contains the

following lot average conditions to which defined trigger values may be applied:

• If lot average percent cracked slabs exceeds....

• If lot average transverse joint faulting exceeds....

• If lot average percent spalled joints exceeds....

• If lot average IRI is greater than....

If any of these items is selected, the second Condition Definition input box

becomes the input box for the corresponding trigger value. The appropriate

units for the corresponding trigger values are the following:

• Lot average percent cracked slabs—Default unit for this trigger value is

“%”.

• Lot average transverse joint faulting—Acceptable metric abbreviations

include “cm” and the default units of “mm,” whereas English values are

expressed in terms of “in.”

• Lot average percent spalled joints—Default unit for this trigger value is

“%.”

• Lot average IRI—Metric values are expressed in terms of “mm/km,”

while English values are in terms of “in/mi.”

The last input in the Condition Definition list box is If percent sublots failed

exceeds.... This allows you to use the percent sublots failed (PSF) condition that

will trigger the first application of a global rehabilitation. If this item is selected,

the user then enters the corresponding trigger value in the second condition

definition input box. The PSF trigger value is expressed in units of “%.”

Activity Definition of a Localized Rehabilitation Step

Once a specific condition is defined, you must determine what type of activity to

apply in response to it. The second line of input fields in the Localized Rehab data entry

tab (referred to as the Activity Definition line, as shown in figure 24) is used to define this

responsive activity. The available activity items are described below.

Do nothing—You have the option to select Do no rehab for this step from the activity

list. If this item is selected, the remaining input boxes making up the Activity

Definition line disappear.
Apply localized rehabilitation in response to individual sublot performance conditions—If

you have selected a condition item that defines a trigger on an individual sublot

performance condition (e.g., If percent cracked slabs exceeds 10%), then the

following localized rehabilitation-responsive activities are available:

• Do partial slab replacements to....

• Do full slab replacements to....

• Do full-depth repairs to....

• Do partial-depth repairs to....

If any of these four items is selected in the activity input list box, the second

input box will allow you to input a percentage of the cracked slabs or spalled

joints that will be replaced during the year. Those cracked slabs or spalled joints

that are not fixed during a particular year are carried over to the next year.

Note: The localized rehabilitation activities are limited to repairing cracked slabs

(transverse slab cracking) or spalled joints (transverse joint spalling). The effects

of transverse joint faulting and pavement smoothness (IRI) are addressed with

global rehabilitation.

Designate the sublot as failed—If the PSF method is being used to determine the timing

of the first global rehabilitation application, you need a method to designate the

sublot as failed. Therefore, in response to a defined set of individual sublot

performance conditions, or cumulative applied localized rehabilitation, you can

choose the consider the sublot failed activity item.

Apply a global rehabilitation scenario—You may choose to apply a global rehabilitation

in response to any of the available condition types. The activity list contains

three predefined global rehabilitation scenarios (these will be discussed under

the explanation of the Global Rehab tab). These correspond to the following three

choices contained in the activity input list:

• Begin global rehab scenario 1.

• Begin global rehab scenario 2.

• Begin global rehab scenario 3.

Step Organization Control

The third line of input fields in the Localized Rehab data entry tab (referred to as the

Step Organization Control input, as shown in figure 24) provides some additional control

for determining the behavior of the prioritized list. This list box contains the following

three inputs:

• Continue to the next step.
• Jump to step number.

• STOP for this year.

These determine what action is to be taken after the defined activity of a step is applied.

The default value for this input list box is Continue to the next step; however, the other

two options become very useful when organizing a complicated prioritized list.

Global Rehab Tab

The Global Rehab tab allows you to define up to three different global rehabilitation

scenarios. Each scenario includes the localized rehabilitation to be completed before the

first global rehabilitation application, as well as details of how global rehabilitations are

to be applied over the analysis period. An example of the Global Rehab tab is displayed

in figure 25.

Figure 25. Global Rehab tab in the Maintenance and Rehabilitation Plan dialog box.

The Global Rehab tab contains buttons that allow you to define up to three different

global rehabilitation scenarios. (Note: The input fields are identical within each of the

three scenario data entry screens.)
On the Global Rehab screen, the first area (titled Prior to First Global Rehabilitation

Application) allows you to define the types and amount of localized rehabilitation to be

completed prior to applying the first global rehabilitation. The localized rehabilitation

is limited to repairing transverse joints (from transverse joint spalling) or repairing

cracked slabs (from transverse slab cracking). You may first select which of these

localized rehabilitation types to apply (if any) by clicking on the corresponding check

box. If a localized rehabilitation type is selected for inclusion, you must enter the

percentage (between 0 and 100 percent) of spalled joints or cracked slabs you wish to

repair, then select the method to be used to repair them.

The second area on this screen (titled Global Rehabilitation Sequence) is used to define

the details of the global rehabilitation schedule making up the scenario. The scenario

allows you to define different global rehabilitations up until the fourth application. For

example, you could choose to apply diamond grinding for the first two scheduled

global rehabilitations and asphalt overlays for all subsequent applications. You must

also enter an assumed life for each chosen global rehabilitation (i.e., number of years

until next global rehabilitation is applied), as well as an assumed smoothness value in

terms of IRI at the start and end of the global rehabilitation’s life. The smoothness

during the defined rehabilitation life is assumed to decrease linearly from the chosen

starting smoothness value to the chosen ending smoothness value.

Description Tab

The Description tab contains a text box in which you may enter any detailed text

describing the defined Maintenance and Rehabilitation Plan module. Information entered

in this tab is not used in the simulation process, so it is completely optional. A blank

Description tab is illustrated in figure 26.
Figure 26. Description tab in the Maintenance and Rehabilitation Plan dialog box.

Saving or Exiting the Maintenance and Rehabilitation Plan Module Dialog Box

Once you are finished defining a Maintenance and Rehabilitation Plan module, click on

the button to save your named module. If you would like to exit the

Maintenance and Rehabilitation Plan dialog box without saving your changes, click on the

 button. Clicking either button will return you to the Life-Cycle Cost-Related

Modules dialog box.

Unit Costs Module

The Unit Costs dialog box includes a Name input box and three tabs titled

Maintenance, Rehabilitation, and Other. By default, the Maintenance tab is displayed first.

An example of the dialog box used to define a Unit Costs module (with the default

Maintenance tab displayed) is presented in figure 27.
Figure 27. Maintenance tab in the Define Unit Costs dialog box.

You may change the name of the Unit Costs module by entering a new name in the

Name input box. The name you enter will show up as the specification document name

in the Modules tab of the Database Control dialog box.

Maintenance Tab

The maintenance-related unit costs are defined in the Maintenance tab (shown in

figure 27) of the Define Unit Costs module dialog box. For each listed maintenance

activity, you must enter an appropriate unit cost in dollars and select the appropriate

unit from the corresponding list box. Inputs are only required for those maintenance

activities used in the defined M & R plan; those input fields not required are grayed.

Rehabilitation Tab

The localized and global rehabilitation-related unit costs are defined in the

Rehabilitation tab. An example of the Rehabilitation tab is shown in figure 28. For each

listed rehabilitation activity, you must input an appropriate unit cost in dollars and

select the appropriate unit from the corresponding list box. Inputs are only required for

those rehabilitation activities used in the defined M & R plan; those input fields not

required are grayed.
Figure 28. Rehabilitation tab in the Define Unit Costs dialog box.

Other Tab

The Other tab contains miscellaneous unit cost-related items required to compute

LCC’s. An example of the Other tab is shown in figure 29.
Figure 29. Other tab in the Define Unit Costs dialog box.

Annual Inflation and Interest Rates

Two important LCC-related inputs on in this tab include the interest and inflation

rates. These two values are used to calculate the discount rate used to determine

present worth LCC’s. The discount rate is estimated as the difference between the

interest and inflation rates, representing the real value of money over time. This

relationship is shown below in equation 3.

DISCOUNT = INTEREST – INFLATION (3)

where:

DISCOUNT = Estimated discount rate, percent.

INTEREST = Estimated interest rate, percent.

INFLATION = Estimated inflation rate, percent.

The interest rate, often referred to as the market interest rate, is associated with the

cost of borrowing money and represents the earning power of money.(11) The inflation

rate is typically defined as the rate of increase in the prices of goods and services

(construction of highways) and represents changes in the purchasing power of
money.(11) In 1997, FHWA recommended that LCC’s should be calculated using “a

reasonable discount rate that reflects historical trends over long periods of time.”(11)

Past research in the United States has revealed that the real long-term rate of return on

capital (i.e., the discount rate) has generally been between 3 and 5 percent.(11,12) It is

recommended that the agency select an appropriate discount rate value in this range.

Full- and Partial-Depth Repair Related Inputs

Three of the input boxes on the Other tab define the assumed widths used to

determine the pavement area replaced with a partial- or full-depth repair. Specifically,

the input boxes allow the user to define the assumed width of a full-depth repair of a

transverse joint, assumed width of a partial-depth repair of a transverse joint, or assumed width

of a partial slab replacement.

User Cost Related Inputs

The final inputs in the Other tab relate to the consideration of user costs in the lifecycle cost calculations. As described in a 1999 report by Hoerner and Darter, the

concept of basing the contractor pay adjustment on estimated future costs incurred by

pavement users has long been debated when discussing PRS.(1) User costs are defined

as pavement condition-related costs incurred by the users of the facility over the chosen

analysis period. In the current PRS approach, total annual user cost values are

computed as the sum of the following four user cost types defined by McFarland and

presented in a recent report discussing LCC’s:(11,13)

• Travel-time costs—motorist delay costs spurred by detours, work zones, or

closures associated with construction, rehabilitation, and maintenance activities.

These costs can be a major portion of total user costs. Rougher pavements can

reduce traffic speeds, representing another source of travel-time costs.

• Vehicle operating costs—costs associated with fuel and oil consumption, tire

wear, emissions, maintenance and repair, and depreciation. Like travel-time

costs, these costs make up a significant percentage of the total user costs.

• Accident costs—costs associated with accidents due to rough or slippery roads.

The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

(AASHTO) has subdivided accident costs into fatal accidents, nonfatal accidents,

and property damage.(6) These costs can be a significant portion of the total user

costs; however, they are very difficult to estimate because the value of a human

life and the cost of a debilitating injury are very controversial.

• Discomfort costs—costs associated with rough roads. This category is probably

the most difficult to estimate and generally contributes little to total user costs in
North America, particularly in light of the smoother pavements required for

heavily trafficked pavements.

Using user cost tables developed by McFarland, total annual user costs are

computed as a function of road type (e.g., two-lane-undivided, four or more lanesdivided), yearly traffic, and level of smoothness.(13) Because the inclusion of user costs

in the lot LCC’s used to compute PRS pay adjustments continues to be a controversial

issue, the current version of PaveSpec allows the user to include a percentage of the

estimated total user costs over the chosen analysis period. This specified user cost

percentage is defined as a number between 0 and 100 in the user cost percentage to include

input box.

If the agency does not believe that any user costs should influence the pay factor,

this percentage may be set to zero. However, if user costs are included, it is

recommended that the agency include a specific percentage that results in pay factors

with which the agency is comfortable. Typically, user cost percentages up to 5 percent

have resulted in reasonable pay factors. Larger percentages result in pay adjustments

that are quite high.

The second user cost related input box in the Other tab is the year to use for user cost

inflation. This box should be set equal to the year in which the project being considered

is to be built. The defined inflation rate is used to inflate McFarland's historical user

cost tables to the year defined in this input box.

 Detailed Description Box

The text box included in the Other tab allows you to enter text describing the defined

Unit Cost module. This field is optional.

Saving or Exiting the Define Unit Costs Module Dialog Box

Once you are finished making changes or defining a Unit Cost module, click on the

 button to save your named module. If you would like to exit the Unit Cost

dialog box without saving your changes, click on the button. Clicking

either button will return you to the Life-Cycle Cost-Related Modules dialog box.

PAGE 8—SIMULATION CONTROL

Details regarding the simulation process are defined on page 8 of the Specification

Wizard. The tab displayed when you first enter this page, titled Generic Settings,

contains all of the simulation parameters that do not change between a Level 1 and

Level 2 specification. The additional tabs depend on the AQC’s you selected to include

in the specification. Clicking on the appropriate AQC tab will bring up a data entry
screen used to define the Level 1 pay factor curves for that AQC. An example of the

Simulation Control dialog box is presented in figure 30.

Figure 30. Simulation Control dialog box.

Generic Settings Tab

The Generic Settings tab (displayed in figure 30) is made up of five different inputs

that define the simulation procedures used to develop Level 1 and Level 2

preconstruction output. First, you must define the number of lots used to simulate each

factorial point (500 is recommended as a minimum). If this value is set at 500, it means

that the as-designed LCC will be computed as the average of 500 simulated lot LCC’s.

For the Level 1 pay factor curves, each simulated point used to define each curve will

also be based on the average of 500 simulated lot LCC’s.

The second and third inputs in the Generic Settings tab define the minimum and

maximum number of sublots per lot to be considered in the simulations. These inputs

are required because an agency never knows ahead of time (i.e., before going out into

the field) how many sublots will make up the next lot. Since the number of sublots per

lot affects the computed pay factors, the program allows you to simulate the same

specification for different numbers of expected sublots per lot. The minimum and
maximum sublots selected in these inputs define the range over which preconstruction

output will be simulated. For example, if you select to simulate 1 to 4 sublots per lot,

different Level 1 pay factor curves will be developed for the cases of 1, 2, 3, and 4

sublots. For the Level 2 specification, four different as-designed LCC’s (representing 1,

2, 3, and 4 sublots) will be simulated.

The fourth input on this tab is the assumed contractor bid price used to compute the

Level 1 pay factors. It is recommended that this assumed price be an average contractor

bid price computed using historical agency bid price data. This input may be entered in

metric units of “$/m2” or English units of “$/yd2."

Finally, the last input defines the analysis life used for computing LCC’s. This is the

period of time over which future M & R costs are to be considered in the LCC analysis.

AQC-Related Tabs

The tabs for the included AQC’s are identical in layout and function. Each AQCrelated tab is provided to define the Level 1 pay factor curves (for the specific AQC) that

make up the Level 1 preconstruction output. An example of one of these tabs (Strength)

is presented in figure 31.

Figure 31. Example of an AQC-related tab within the Simulation Control dialog box.
Each AQC-related tab is used to define a factorial design of combinations of AQC

mean and standard deviation. The simulated pay factors are used to develop Level 1

pay factor curves. The AQC-related tab is divided into the following three areas:

• Means—Use these three input boxes to define the minimum and maximum mean

values, as well as the total number of mean values to be considered in the

factorial design. The total range identified by the selected minimum and

maximum values is divided equally based on the total number of means being

considered. (Note: The target mean will always be included as one of the

factorial’s means; therefore, it may be added as an extra mean value if needed.)

The Level 1 target mean is displayed for your convenience.

Standard Deviation (SD)—Use these three input boxes to define the minimum and

maximum standard deviation values, as well as the total number of standard

deviation values to be considered in the factorial design. A separate pay factor

curve (and corresponding equation) will be developed for each chosen standard

deviation value. Just as with the mean values, the total range identified by the

selected minimum and maximum standard deviation values is divided equally

based on the total number of standard deviations being considered. The target

standard deviation will always be included as one of the factorial’s standard

deviations; therefore, it may be added as an extra standard deviation value if

needed. The Level 1 target standard deviation is displayed for your convenience.

• Preview—The preview area shows a tabular interpretation of the factorial design

created by your choices of means and standard deviations. A pay factor will be

simulated for each combination of mean and standard deviation shown in this

preview box. Any changes made in the Means and Standard Deviation areas will

be reflected in the preview.

PAGE 9—BUILDING DOCUMENT AND PRECONSTRUCTION OUTPUT

The simulation of preconstruction output begins on page 9 of the Specification

Wizard. The Building Document and Preconstruction Output dialog box is provided as a

status window for this simulation process. An example of this dialog box is presented

in figure 32.

This dialog box is divided into two parts. The first part contains a list of the

different tasks being performed, including initializing (building) the specification

output document, conducting the as-designed simulations, conducting the simulations

defined in the AQC Level 1 factorials, and summarizing the simulated data. The

percentage completed is displayed beside each task description.
An Overall Completion Status bar is also included at the bottom of the dialog box.

This status bar shows the in-progress status of the number of lots and sublots being

predicted (simulated). When complete, the visual status bar will be replaced with a

Figure 32. Building Document and Preconstruction Output dialog box.

message that states, The document is up-to-date with your specification settings. If changes

are made in any previous step of the Specification Wizard after the simulation is

complete, the specification document will be resimulated when you get to this page. In

addition, you may manually resimulate the specification at any time by simply clicking

on the button.

PAGE 10—LEVEL 1 PRECONSTRUCTION OUTPUT CONTROL

After the specification has been simulated, the Level 1 Preconstruction Output Control

dialog box allows you to specify the Level 1 regression equations fit through the

simulated pay factor data. An example of this dialog box is presented in figure 33.

The View equations for list box contains a list of all the available simulated pay factor

charts. Each chart represents the simulated data for the combination of one AQC and

one number of sublots per lot. For example, if you selected all five AQC’s for inclusion
in the specification, and you chose to simulate Level 1 preconstruction output for four

different numbers of sublots per lot, then this list box will contain 5 * 4 = 20 Level 1 pay

factor charts. You may view any pay factor chart by selecting it from the View equations

for list box or by using the and buttons to scroll through the list.

Figure 33. Level 1 Preconstruction Output Control dialog box.

Each pay factor chart contains simulated data making up the pay factor curves, and

each pay factor curve is specific to one standard deviation. The area on the left side of

the Level 1 Preconstruction Output Control dialog box contains a number of different

input fields used to specify the pay factor curves and corresponding equations. You can

select a particular pay factor curve within the selected pay factor chart using the list box

below the View equations for box. This box contains a list of all available pay factor

curves by AQC standard deviation. This list is also color-coded to match the curves in

the displayed pay factor chart.

After you select a specific pay factor curve, you may use the remaining input fields

to define the regression equation representing this curve. The first step is to select the

regression equation form you would like to use. The program provides five different

equation forms: linear, second-order polynomial, third-order polynomial, exponential,
and logarithmic. An example of the chosen equation form is displayed below the Form

box.

By default, when you first select a different equation form, the displayed coefficients

are those automatically determined by the program’s regression analysis tool. The final

equation (including coefficients) will be displayed at the bottom of the dialog box. You

may also choose to change the equation coefficients. If you wish to reset the coefficients

to those determined automatically by PaveSpec, simply click on the

 button.

To avoid unwanted slope changes resulting from the determined regression

equation, you may use select different options in the Slope Control list box. Selecting the

Always ≥ 0 option will ensure that the pay factor curve determined from regression will

always have a slope greater than or equal to zero as AQC values increase. Conversely,

selecting the Always ≤ 0 option will ensure that the pay factor curve determined from

regression will always have a slope less than or equal to zero as AQC values increased.

Selecting the As-Determined option will keep the pay factor curve exactly as determined

from the regression equation. PaveSpec will use the selection made when determining

actual pay factors in the Use Specification part of the program.

Additional control over each defined pay factor equation is provided by the Min and

Max input boxes. These inputs are used to apply selected minimums and maximums,

respectively, to the current pay factor chart. To specify a minimum or maximum,

simply check the appropriate check box and enter the chosen limit value. PaveSpec will

use any selected pay factor minimums or maximums when determining actual pay

factors in the Use Specification part of the program.

It is recommended that you view each pay factor curve independently to make sure

you are content with the defined curve and corresponding equation. The Level 1

individual AQC pay factor equations defined in this dialog box will be used in the field

to compute Level 1 individual AQC contractor pay factors.

PAGE 11—LEVEL 1 COMPOSITE PAY FACTOR EQUATION DEFINITION

To compute an overall Level 1 lot pay factor, a Level 1 composite pay factor

equation needs to be defined as a function of the individual AQC Level 1 pay factors.

This dialog box allows you to define the actual composite pay factor equation to be

used in the computation of contractor pay factors. An example of this composite pay

factor-related dialog box is presented in figure 34.

First, you must choose the composite pay factor equation form from the provided

list box. Five different equation forms are provided: Simple Average, Weighted Average,

Product, Minimum, and Maximum. If Weighted Average is chosen as the equation form,

the individual weighting factors are entered in the provided input boxes. The final
defined Level 1 composite pay factor equation, used in the computation of actual

contractor pay factors, is then displayed toward the bottom of this dialog box.

Figure 34. Level 1 Composite Pay Factor Equation Definition dialog box.
CHAPTER 4: DISTRESS INDICATOR MODEL

MODIFICATION/CALIBRATION

PaveSpec 3.0 provides a user with two different methods for changing the default

distress indicator models. The first method allows the user to modify a distress indicator

model by changing any of its numerical coefficients (note: only the coefficients may be

changed; the model form cannot be altered). The second method allows the user to

calibrate a default model to a user-defined data set that reflects local conditions. This

chapter describes all aspects of the model modification/calibration section of the

program, including a description of the user interface and the specific procedures used

to adjust distress indicator models.

GLOBAL MODEL DEFINITIONS

To view complete lists of all of the modified/calibrated models included in a given

database, select Models from the Edit menu. This action will open the Global Model

Definitions dialog box, an example of which is presented in figure 35.

Figure 35. Example of the Global Model Definitions dialog box.

The Global Model Definitions dialog box is made up of four tabs, each associated with

a different distress indicator model. Within each tab, a list of all of the available defined

distress-specific models are displayed. (The list will always contain the Default model

as this model cannot be edited or deleted.) Within each list of model definitions, a

model that has been modified is indicated by an next to the model definition name,
whereas a model that has been calibrated is indicated by a . The user may define and

save as many different modified and calibrated model definitions as desired.

The buttons within the Global Model Definitions dialog box perform the following

functions:

Allows the user to edit the highlighted model definition.

Deletes the highlighted model definition.

Starts the interface that allows the user to modify (change model

coefficients) the highlighted model definition.

Starts the interface that allows the user to calibrate the highlighted model

definition (to a user-defined data set).

SELECTING MODEL DEFINITIONS TO BE USED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A

GIVEN SPECIFICATION

When developing a specification, the user must indicate which model definitions are

to be used when predicting pavement performance. The chosen model definitions can

greatly affect many aspects of the developed specification, including the pay factor

charts. To view the currently selected model definitions, click on the button

in the Definition of Pavement Performance dialog box (page 4 of the Specification Wizard).

This action will open the Specification Specific Model Definitions dialog box, an example of

which is presented as figure 36.

Figure 36. Example of the Specification Specific Model Definitions dialog box.

The Specification Specific Model Definitions dialog box shows all of the model

definitions that are currently selected for use in the development of the specification.

To use a different previously defined model definition, simply click on the appropriate
list box and select the desired name from the list. The selected model definition name

will then be displayed next to the associated model type. This dialog box also includes

the same edit, delete, and model customization buttons that are provided in the Global

Model Definitions dialog box.

PROCEDURE FOR MODIFYING A MODEL

To modify a model from the Global Model Definitions dialog box, highlight the name

of the model definition you want to modify and click on the button. To

modify a model from the Specification Specific Model Definitions dialog box, simply click

on the button associated with the model definition you wish to modify.

Either action will open a dialog box that will allow you to change any numerical

coefficients associated with the selected model type. The details of these model

modification procedures differ with distress indicator type. The different user

interfaces associated with modifying each of the four distress indicator model types are

discussed separately below.

Modifying the Transverse Joint Faulting Model

Choosing to modify the transverse joint faulting model will open the Modify Faulting

Model dialog box, shown in figure 37.

Figure 37. Example of the Modify Faulting Model dialog box.
Computing transverse joint faulting using the given model is a complex multi-step

procedure. However, only four of the many equations making up the transverse joint

faulting computational procedure can be altered by changing equation coefficients.

Details of these four equations are presented in table 6 and include a general description

of the equation, the equation's functional form, and a summary of the default

coefficients. For reference, table 7 includes definitions of the other variables included in

the four equations. A complete explanation of all of the detailed steps making up the

transverse joint faulting model computational procedure is contained in chapter 4 of

Volume I.(9)

The four tabs of the Modify Faulting Model dialog box contain groups of input boxes

for the coefficients associated with the respective modifiable equations in the transverse

joint faulting computational procedure. To change any available equation coefficient,

simply change the numerical value in the appropriate input box. Use the information

included in tables 6 and 7 to identify the appropriate input boxes.

After coefficient changes have been made, to name the current set of model

coefficients, type the desired model definition name in the Name of Modified Model input

box. To change all of the coefficients back to the default values, click on the 

button. To save the current modified model definition, click on the button.

To exit this dialog box without saving the current coefficient changes, click the

 button.

Modifying the Transverse Joint Spalling Model

Choosing to modify the transverse joint spalling model will open the Modify Spalling

Model dialog box (see figure 38).

Computing transverse joint spalling involves a two-step procedure. The first step

requires the computation of the site factor (SF) coefficient that represents the given

project. Second, the SF coefficient is used in the final spalling model in which the

cumulative spalling is predicted in terms of the percentage of medium- and highseverity spalled joints. Both of these equations are expressed visually in the Modify

Spalling Model dialog box. Table 8 includes definitions of the variables included in the

spalling equations. A detailed explanation of the transverse joint spalling model is

contained in chapter 6 of Volume I.(9)

To change any available equation coefficient, simply change the numerical value in

the appropriate input box. After coefficient changes have been made, to name the

current set of model coefficients, type the desired model definition name in the Name of

Modified Model input box. To change all of the coefficients back to the default values,

click on the button. To save the current modified model definition, click on

the button. To exit this dialog box without saving the current coefficient

changes, click the button.
Table 6. Explanation of equations in the transverse joint faulting model procedure that may b

User

Interface

Tab Name Model Step Description

Model

Procedure

Step Model Form

AGG* Nondimensional

aggregate interlockstiffness, AGG*

Step 2a



=

+

+

E

D

C

A

*EXP

B DOWELDIAM l JTSPACE AGG * * *

Note that "EXP(number)" function returns "e" (the base of thenatural logarithm) raised to the power of the number inparentheses.

AGG* (New) Relationship used to

adjust AGG* to accountfor the effects of percentconsolidation. If percentconsolidation is included,the AGG*(New) equation

(at right) is valid; else,AGG*(New) = AGG*

(computed in step 2a).

Step 2b [ ] log( )( ) * % 100 *( ) 10 + − = AGG CON AGG New

A 

Log(N) Equation used to predict

the allowable number ofESAL applications (N).

Step 4 ( ) ( )









+

+





−

+

=

−

+

2

1

DOWELDIA

* DOWELDIA *

Log DE*

*

DOWEL

* PERM *

Log( N ) Log EROD *

E

F

G

C

D

A

B

FAULT Final faulting equation

(used to compute actualfaulting values for boththe as-designed and asconstructed cases).

Step 5 FAULT DAMAGE * [ ] B

C* Days

D* PRECIP

A

=

+ 90

+ 

Note: The displayed "Model Procedure Step" refers to the specific step of the procedure outlined in chapter 4 of Volume I.(

69
Table 7. Transverse joint faulting model variables.

Variable Symbol Variable Explanation

AGG* Nondimensional aggregate interlock stiffness.

AGG*(New) Nondimensional aggregate interlock stiffness adjusted for the effects of percent

consolidation.

DAMAGE n/N

Days90 Number of days per year with the maximum temperature greater than 90°F (32°C).

DE Computed differential energy density, lbf/in.

DOWEL Presence of dowel bars (0 if no dowels, 1 if dowels are present).

DOWELDIA Dowel diameter, in.

EROD Base erodibility factor (number between 0.5 and 7.5).

FAULT Average transverse joint faulting in JPCP, in.

JTSPACE Slab length (transverse joint spacing), ft.

l Radius of relative stiffness, in.

n Actual number of applied cumulative ESAL's, millions.

Log(N) Log of allowable number of applied cumulative ESAL's, millions.

%CON Percent consolidation around dowels, % (number between 0 and 100).

PERM Base permeability (0 if not permeable, 1 if permeable).

PRECIP Average annual precipitation, in.

Figure 38. Example of the Modify Spalling Model dialog box.
Table 8. Transverse joint spalling model variables.

Variable Symbol Variable Explanation

AGE Pavement age, years.

AIR% PCC air content, percent (expressed as a value between 0 and 100).

SF Computed site factor coefficient that reflects many project specific variables.

f'c 28-day compressive strength, psi.

FTCYC Average annual number of air freeze-thaw cycles.

h_PCC PCC slab thickness, in.

%SPALLED Percentage of medium- and high-severity spalled joints (expressed as a value

between 0 and 100).

PREFORM Presence of a preformed joint seal (1 if preformed seal is present, 0 if other sealant

type or no sealant is present).

WC_Ratio Water/cement ratio for the PCC mix.

Modifying the Transverse Slab Cracking Model

Choosing to modify the transverse slab cracking model will open the Modify

Cracking Model dialog box. An example of the Modify Cracking Model dialog box is

shown in figure 39.

Figure 39. Example of the Modify Cracking Model dialog box.

The overall transverse joint cracking model consists of a complex multi-step

procedure. Only three of the many equations making up this procedure can be altered

by changing equation coefficients. The three tabs included in the Modify Cracking Model

dialog box are respectively dedicated to these models. Details of these equations are
presented in table 9 and include a general description of the equation, the equation's

functional form, and a summary of the default coefficients. For reference, table 10

includes definitions of the other variables included in the three equations. A complete

explanation of all of the detailed steps making up the transverse joint cracking model

computational procedure is contained in chapter 5 of Volume I.(9)

The three equation specific tabs in the Modify Cracking Model dialog box contain

groups of input boxes for the coefficients associated with the respective modifiable

equations in the transverse cracking computational procedure. To change any available

equation coefficient, simply change the numerical value in the appropriate input box.

Use the information included in tables 9 and 10 to identify the appropriate input boxes.

After coefficient changes have been made, to name the current set of model

coefficients, type the desired model definition name in the Name of Modified Model input

box. To change all of the coefficients back to the default values, click on the 

button. To save the current modified model definition, click on the button.

To exit this dialog box without saving the current coefficient changes, click the

 button.

Modifying the International Roughness Index (IRI) Model

Choosing to modify the IRI model will open the Modify IRI Model dialog box. An

example of this dialog box is shown in figure 40.

IRI is computed using a relatively simple equation that is mainly a function of other

distress indicators. This equation is expressed visually in the Modify IRI Model dialog

box. Note that the "INT(number)" function returns the integer portion of the computed

number in parentheses. Table 11 includes definitions of the variables included in the

IRI equation. A detailed explanation of the IRI model is contained in chapter 7 of

Volume I.(9) Note that the inputs required by the IRI model are expressed in metric

units.

To change any model coefficient, simply change the numerical value in the

appropriate input box. After coefficient changes have been made, to name the current

set of model coefficients, type the desired model definition name in the Name of Modified

Model input box. To change all of the coefficients back to the default values, click on the

 button. To save the current modified model definition, click on the

 button. To exit this dialog box without saving the current coefficient

changes, click the button.
Table 9. Explanation of equations in the transverse cracking model procedure that may be m

User Interface

Tab Name Model Step Description

Model

Procedure

Step Model Form

Curling

Temp Shift

Table of coefficients associatedwith determining thetemperature shift factor usedto compute the curling stresscoefficient.

Step 3.2 Climatic Zone A B

Wet-Freeze 373.0878 5.7342Wet-Nonfreeze 205.0892 6.2604Dry-Freeze 470.2991 6.7792

Dry-Nonfreeze 434.6146 7.6493

Any of these coefficients can be changed to better reflecproject's current conditions. Refer to chapter 5 of Volumregarding this model.(9)

Log(N) Equation used to predict the

allowable load repetitions (N).

Step 5 B

A 

 



=

MR

STRESS

_

COMB Log( N ) * 

%CRACKED Final cracking equation (used

to compute actual crackingvalues for both the as-designedand as-constructed cases).

—

B A* FD

%CRACKED

+

=

1

100 

Note: The displayed "Model Procedure Step" refers to the specific step of the procedure outlined in chapter 5 of 

Table 10. Transverse cracking model variables.

Variable Symbol Variable Explanation

Log(N) Log of allowable number of applied cumulative ESAL's, millions.

STRESS_COMB Combined load and temperature stresses (adjusted for the presence of the base

layer).

MR PCC modulus of rupture, psi.

FD Cumulative fatigue damage.

%CRACKED Percentage of cracked slabs (expressed as a value between 0 and 100).

73
Figure 40. Example of the Modify IRI Model dialog box.

Table 11. IRI model variables.

Variable Symbol Variable Explanation

AGE Pavement age, years.

TFAULT Total joint faulting cumulated per km, mm.

FI Freezing index, °C-days.

INIT_IRI Initial IRI (before the pavement is opened to traffic), m/km.

IRI International roughness index, m/km.

%CRACKED Percentage of cracked slabs (expressed as a value between 0 and 100).

%SPALLED Percentage of medium- and high-severity spalled joints (expressed as a

value between 0 and 100).

P_0.075 Percent subgrade material passing the 0.075-mm (#200) sieve (expressed as a

value between 0 and 100).

SITE Computed site factor coefficient that reflects many project-specific variables.

PROCEDURE FOR CALIBRATING A MODEL

To calibrate a model from the Global Model Definitions dialog box, highlight the name

of the model definition you want to modify and click on the button. To

calibrate a model from the Specification Specific Model Definitions dialog box, simply click

on the button associated with the model definition you wish to calibrate.

Either action will open a distress-specific model calibration dialog box that will allow

you to calibrate the selected model type. The function of these calibration dialog boxes
is similar for all distress types. An example of the Calibrate Faulting Model dialog box is

presented in figure 41.

Figure 41. Example of the Calibrate Faulting Model dialog box.

To calibrate an existing distress indicator model, the user must complete a general

three-step procedure to determine the appropriate calibration coefficients required in the

calibration equation. Each step of this procedure is briefly described in this section.

Where appropriate, the details of how to effectively use PaveSpec to aid in completing

each step are explained. More details on the theory behind the calibration procedure

are contained in chapter 9 of Volume I.(9)

Step 1: Compile Model Calibration Data Set

The calibration data set should contain actual measured distress indicator values (at

different points in time), as well as any related pavement design, climatic, and traffic

model inputs that are required by the distress model being calibrated. PaveSpec

provides a template that can be used to make sure the required data set is compiled in

the correct format. Clicking on the button will copy the

current model-specific template to the Clipboard within Microsoft Windows (see the

Microsoft Windows Help for a detailed explanation of the Clipboard). Next, open a

new worksheet in a spreadsheet software (e.g., Microsoft Excel), select the location

where you would like to paste the copied template, and use the spreadsheet commands

to paste the template into the worksheet.
The pasted template will contain a header row of variable names and units

associated with the inputs required by the specific model. Explanations of the specific

header names and their associated distress indicator models are included in table 12

(note: this table is organized alphabetically by header name). Finally, compile the

calibration data set by placing the appropriate input values in the rows below the

header row.

Step 2: Use PaveSpec to Calculate Predicted Distresses

After the calibration data set has been compiled, the data set must be imported into

PaveSpec so that distresses can be predicted using the model being calibrated. A

predicted distress value will be determined for each row of data in the calibration data

set.

Importing the calibration data set into PaveSpec is a two-step process. First, select

the entire calibration data set (including the row of header values) in your spreadsheet

program and copy the selected range to the clipboard. Return to PaveSpec and click on

the button. If the calibration data set has been compiled in

the correct format, a positive feedback message will be displayed. Conversely, any

errors found in the calibration data set will be indicated. Upon successfully processing

the data, PaveSpec will copy one column of predicted distresses back to the clipboard.

Paste these values into the appropriate worksheet.

Step 3: Conduct Regression Analysis to Determine Calibration Coefficients

Use a spreadsheet software package (e.g., Microsoft Excel) to conduct the required

linear regression of predicted values (determined from PaveSpec) versus actual values

(measured in the field). Determine the A and B calibration coefficients corresponding to

the linear regression equation shown as equation 4.

Predicted Values = A*(Actual Values) + B (4)

These calibration coefficients are then also used in the corresponding calibration

equation with the following form:

Calibrated Model = A*(Default Model) + B (5)

Upon determining the A and B calibration coefficients corresponding to a particular

calibration data set, enter these coefficients in the appropriate Calibration Coefficient

input boxes in the model-specific calibration dialog box. To save the current modified

model definition, click on the button. To exit this dialog box without saving

the current coefficient changes, click the button.
Table 12. Explanation of the template header names.

Header Name Variable Name

Associated

Model(s) Variable Explanation

Actual Cumulative ESAL's, millions n Faulting,

Cracking

Actual number of applied cumulative ESAL's, 

Age, years AGE Spalling, IRI Pavement age, years.

Air Content, % (0 to 100) AIR% Spalling PCC air content, percent (expressed as a value 

Annual Air Freeze-Thaw Cycles FTCYC Spalling Average annual number of air freeze-thaw cyc

Average Annual Precipitation, in PRECIP Faulting Average annual total precipitation, in.

Average Faulting per Joint, in FAULT IRI Average transverse joint faulting per joint, in.

Base Erodibility Factor EROD Faulting Base erodibility factor (number between 0.5 an

Base Modulus of Elasticity, psi E_BASE Cracking Base layer modulus of elasticity, psi.

Base Permeability (0 or 1) PERM Faulting Base permeability (0 if not permeable, 1 if perm

Base Thickness, in h_BASE Cracking Thickness of the base layer, in.

Climatic Zone (1, 2, 3, 4) — Cracking Climatic zone within the United States (where 

Nonfreeze = 2; Dry-Freeze = 3; Dry-Nonfreeze 

Days >90 °F Days90 Faulting Number of days per year with the maximum te

than 90°F (32°C).

Dowel Diameter, in DOWELDIA Faulting Dowel diameter, in.

Freezing Index, °F-days FI IRI Freezing index, °F-days.

Include Percent Consolidation (0 or 1) — Faulting Indicator of whether or not the computed fault

the measured percent consolidation around doconsolidation is considered, 0 if not considered

Initial IRI, in/mi INIT_IRI IRI Initial IRI—measured before opened to traffic, 

Joint Spacing, ft JTSPACE Faulting,

Cracking, IRI

Slab length (transverse joint spacing), ft.

Outside Shoulder Type (1, 2, 3) SHOULDER Cracking Outer shoulder type (1 = widened lane; 2 = tied 

other shoulder type [including AC and none]).

PCC 28-day Compressive Strength,

psi

f'c Spalling 28-day PCC compressive strength, psi.

PCC Modulus of Elasticity, psi E_PCC Faulting,

Cracking

PCC modulus of elasticity, psi.

PCC Modulus of Rupture, psi MR Cracking PCC modulus of rupture (third-point loading), 

77
Table 12. Explanation of the template header names (continued).

Header Name Variable Name

Associated

Model(s) Variable Explanation

PCC Slab Thickness, in h_PCC Faulting,

Spalling,Cracking

Thickness of the PCC slab, in.

PCC Water-to-Cement Ratio WC_Ratio Spalling Water-to-cement ratio of the PCC mix.

PCC/Base Interface (0 or 1) BOND_COND Cracking Interface condition between the PCC slab and t

bonded; 1 = unbonded).

Percent Consolidation, % (0 to 100) %CON Faulting Percent consolidation around dowels, % (expre

between 0 and 100; if percent consolidation is nvalue should be set equal to 100).

Percent Cracked Slabs, % (0 to 100) %CRACKED IRI Percentage of cracked slabs (value between 0 a

Percent Passing 0.075-mm Sieve (0 to

100)

P_0.075 IRI Percent subgrade material passing 0.075-mm (#

Percent Spalled Joints, % (0 to 100) %SPALLED IRI Percentage of medium- and high-severity spall

as a value between 0 and 100).

Presence of Dowels (0 or 1) DOWEL Faulting Presence of dowel bars (0 if no dowels, 1 if dow

Presence of LCB (0 or 1) LCB Faulting Presence of lean concrete base (1 if present, 0 if 

Presence of Preformed Compression

Seal (0 or 1)

PREFORM Spalling Presence of Preformed Compression Seal (0 if p

present, 0 if other sealant type or no sealant is p

Presence of Widened Lane (0 or 1) WIDENLANE Faulting Presence of a widened lane (1 if present, 0 if no

Static k-value, psi/in KVALUE Faulting,

Cracking

Static modulus of subgrade reaction, psi/in.

Tied PCC Shoulder Stress LTE, % (5 to

30)

STRESS_LTE Cracking Stress load transfer efficiency associated with a 

% (expressed as a value between 5 and 30). Noneeded when a tied PCC shoulder is present.

Widened Lane Amount, in ADDWIDTH Faulting Additional width provided by the widened lan

—indicates that there is no model variable name for this header
CHAPTER 5: USING A SPECIFICATION

After a specification has been defined, and the corresponding preconstruction

output has been generated, the specification may then be used to accept as-constructed

JPCP lots. This chapter describes all aspects of the Use Specification section of the

program, including entering actual AQC field data, generating and viewing PRS lot pay

factors and pay adjustments, and viewing project summary reports.

CREATING AND EDITING USE SPECIFICATION DOCUMENTS

Each Use Specification document is developed in reference to a previously simulated

specification. A new Use Specification document can be created using one of the

following three methods:

1. Select the Specification document of interest in the Specifications tab of the Database

Control dialog box, then select Use Specification from the File menu.

2. Select the Specification document of interest in the Specifications tab of the Database

Control dialog box, then click on the toolbar button.

3. Select a previously defined Use Specification document under the same

specification (contained in the Specifications tab of the Database Control dialog

box), then click on the button.

An existing Use Specification document can be edited using one of the following

methods:

1. Select the Use Specification document of interest in the Specifications tab of the

Database Control dialog box, then select Setup from the File menu.

2. Select the Use Specification document of interest in the Specifications tab of the

Database Control dialog box, then click on the toolbar button.

3. Select the Use Specification document of interest in the Specifications tab of the

Database Control dialog box, then click on the button.

USE SPECIFICATION MAIN SCREEN

When you create a new Use Specification document, the dialog box shown in figure

42 will appear. This dialog box consists of two parts: a Name input box and a project

summary area.
Figure 42. Example of the Use Specification document main screen.

You may change the name of the Use Specification document by entering a new name

in the Name input box. The name you enter will show up as the Use Specification

document name in the Specifications tab of the Database Control dialog box.

The project summary area contains general information about the user-defined asconstructed lots—lot number, paving date, starting and ending stations, computed lot

length, and the number of sublots contained in each lot. When you first begin to create

a new Use Specification document, this area will be blank (as shown in figure 43).

Finally, you must also enter the actual Contractor Unit Bid Price (note that a selected

average bid price was used to develop the specification) and final Lot Width to be used in

determining the actual contractor pay adjustments. Although the lot width is defined

in the specification development steps, the actual value used for computing pay

adjustments is required here to avoid any confusion.

Creating a New Lot

To define a new lot in an open Use Specification document, click on the 

button. This action will add a new lot to the end of the list in the project summary area.

Clicking on the button will also bring up the View/Edit Lot dialog box.
Editing an Existing Lot

To edit an existing lot, first select the lot in the project summary area, then click the

 button. This action will activate the View/Edit Lot dialog box. Doubleclicking on a lot description will also bring up the View/Edit Lot dialog box.

Deleting an Existing Lot

To delete an existing lot, first select the lot in the project summary area. Next, click

the button. This action will remove the selected lot from the list in the project

summary area.

ENTERING ACTUAL LOT INFORMATION

Actual AQC field data are entered into PaveSpec using the View/Edit Lot dialog box.

This dialog can contain up to three different tabs: Lot Information, Test Values (Level 1),

and Test Values (Level 2). The Test Values (Level 2) tab will only be available if you chose

to simulate a Level 1 and Level 2 specification at the same time. (Note: The input fields

under the Test Values (Level 1) and Test Values (Level 2) tabs are identical.) An example

of the View/Edit Lot dialog box is presented in figure 43.

Figure 43. Example of the View/Edit Lot dialog box.
General Lot Information

When you are creating or editing a lot, the general lot information is contained in the

Lot Information tab of the View/Edit Lot dialog box. The inputs defined within this tab

are used to describe the lot in the project summary area of the Use Specification

document main screen.

When you choose to create a new lot, the default lot Name will automatically be set

to the next consecutive lot number (i.e., if the previous new lot name was Lot 4, the next

new default lot Name will be Lot 5). You can rename the lots if you choose to do so.

The Start Station, End Station, and lot Length inputs all have default metric units of

“m” and default English units of “ft.” Note: For the Lot Length, you may toggle

between metric and English units using the “F2” key.

Enter the number of sublots expected to be included in the given lot into the Number

of sublots input box.

Actual AQC Test Value Data

Actual AQC specimen testing data are input for Level 1 and Level 2 specifications in

the Test Values (Level 1) and Test Values (Level 2) tabs, respectively. If you are creating a

new lot, the Test Values tabs will appear mostly blank, as shown in figure 44.

These tabs allow you to enter AQC specimen test data for all the user-chosen AQC’s.

Clicking on the buttons across the top of the data input screen (labeled by AQC name)

allows you to toggle between data input screens for each chosen AQC.

Prebuilding a Specimen List

As mentioned previously, when you are defining an actual lot for the first time, the

specimen list within each AQC data input screen will be blank. You can prebuild an

AQC specimen list that reflects your choices for the estimated number of sublots per lot

and the previously chosen AQC sampling and testing plan. For example, if you had

estimated four sublots per lot, and you defined your strength sampling plan to include

five strength samples (sampling locations) per sublot with two replicates per sampling

location, then the strength specimen list would be prebuilt to include 4 * 5 * 2 = 40

specimens.

To use the Prebuild List option, simply click on the button on the AQC

data input screen. Use the vertical scroll bar to view the complete list of specimens. An

example of a prebuilt list is shown in figure 45.
Figure 44. Example of a Samples tab in the View/Edit Lot dialog box.

Figure 45. Example of a prebuilt list in the View/Edit Lot dialog box.
When you use the Prebuild List command, PaveSpec assigns default specimen ID’s to

each of the AQC specimens. Each default ID is made up of the following parts:

• AQC Specimen Type Code—The first few characters of the default specimen ID

designate the AQC type (Strn = strength, Thk = thickness, Air = air content, Smth

= initial smoothness, and Cons = percent consolidation around dowels).

• Sublot Number—The number following the AQC specimen type code designates

the corresponding sublot (e.g., the sample ID of “Strn1a2” represents sublot 1).

• Sample Location—The letter following the AQC sublot number designates the

sample location within the sublot (e.g., the sample ID of “Strn1a2” represents

sample location “a” within sublot 1).

• Replicate Number—The last number in the default ID represents the specimen

replicate number at the chosen sample location (e.g., the sample ID of “Strn1a2”

represents replicate “2” at sample location “a”).

Adding a Specimen Test Value Manually

You may choose to input the AQC testing data information manually (one specimen

at a time). To insert one new AQC test value at the end of the current AQC specimen

list, click on the button on the chosen AQC data input screen. This

function can be used to create a new test value list or to add test values to an existing

list.

Deleting a Specimen Test Value

To delete an AQC specimen test value, first select the specimen by clicking on it in

the AQC specimen list. Then click the button.

Defining Test Specimen Characteristics

AQC specimen characteristics are defined using the input fields grouped into the

Test Value Information area of the AQC data input screens. To change the characteristics

defining an AQC specimen, first select the specimen from the AQC specimen list. The

currently defined specimen characteristics will be reflected in the data input fields in

the test value information area. The different AQC specimen characteristics are defined

below:

Test ID

The test ID is used to differentiate between specimens. It consists of any

combination of letters and numbers unique to one specimen.
Sublot

The Sublot input is used to define the sublot from which the current specimen was

taken. You may define the sublot in terms of any combination of numbers or letters.

Location

The Location input box is used to identify the location of the current specimen. This

input is typically defined as the longitudinal station number where the specimen was

taken; however, any appropriate description may be used to define the specimen

location.

Status

The Status list box identifies how the current specimen test value is to be used by

PaveSpec in the computation of the lot pay factor. The three different status types are

defined as follows:

• Open—This is the default status of any new test value. These test values will not

be used in the computation of the lot pay factor.

• Accept—Those test values that are assumed to be “good” test values (and,

therefore, chosen to be used for acceptance) should be changed to the Accept

status. Only those test values showing a status of Accept will be used by

PaveSpec in the computation of lot pay factors.

• Reject—Any test values that are chosen to be excluded from the acceptance

procedure shall be marked with a status of Reject. Rejected test values will not be

used in the computation of lot pay factors.

Test Value

The measured field test value for the current AQC specimen is input into the Test

Value box. Acceptable units for each AQC are as follows:

• Concrete Strength—Metric values are expressed in terms of “MPa,” while English

values are in terms of “psi.”

• Slab Thickness—Acceptable metric abbreviations include “mm” and the default

units of “cm,” whereas English values are expressed in terms of “in.”

• Air Content—Default units for this field are “%.”

• Initial Smoothness—Metric values are expressed in terms of “mm/km,” while

English values are in terms of “in/mi.”
• Percent Consolidation Around Dowels—Default units for this field are “%.”

Maturity

The Maturity input box is only available within the strength AQC data input screen,

and is only required when strength testing is conducted at less than 28 days of age.

When appropriate, the sample maturity at the time of testing may be recorded in this

input box. Metric values for the Maturity input box are “oC-hrs,” while English values

are expressed in terms of “oF-hrs.”

Comment

A text input box is provided to allow you to type a comment corresponding to a

particular specimen test value.

Exiting the View/Edit Lot Dialog Box

When you are finished defining AQC testing data for the current lot, click on the

 button to save your changes. If you would like to exit the View/Edit Lot

dialog box without saving your changes, click on the button. Clicking

either button will return you to the Use Specification document main window.

SAVING A USE SPECIFICATION DOCUMENT

Once you are finished making changes or defining a new Use Specification document,

click on the button to save your named document. If you would like to exit

the Use Specification document without saving your changes, click on the 

button. Clicking either button will return you to the PaveSpec main window.
CHAPTER 6: DRILL-DOWN DOCUMENTS

A developed Level 1 or Level 2 specification is typically based on thousands of

individually determined lot LCC’s, each of which is determined by simulating sublot

performance and estimating associated sublot LCC’s. Obviously, it would be nearly

impossible to present this immense amount of data in a comprehensible format, nor

would the typical user have an interest in such detail. For those users who do wish to

see the detailed lot or sublot performance or LCC information, the Drill-Down

document is provided.

As an example, let’s say that the user has chosen to define the as-designed LCC

based on the simulation of 500 lots. The user could then use the Drill-Down document

feature to look at the distresses and LCC’s that were simulated for sublot 2 in lot 421.

Such detailed investigations allow the user to really understand how the chosen

M & R plan is functioning, as well as to compare the types and magnitudes of the

different included LCC’s. This chapter describes all aspects of the Drill-Down document

program feature.

CREATING AND EDITING DRILL-DOWN DOCUMENTS

Each Drill-Down document is developed in reference to a previously simulated

specification. A new Drill-Down document may be created using one of the following

three methods:

1. Select the Specification document of interest in the Specifications tab of the

Database Control dialog box, then select Create Drill-Down Document from the File

menu.

2. Select the Specification document of interest in the Specifications tab of the Database

Control dialog box, then click on the toolbar button.

3. Select a previously defined Drill-Down document under the same specification

(contained in the Specifications tab of the Database Control dialog box), then click

on the button.

An existing Drill-Down document may be edited using one of the following

methods:

1. Select the Drill-Down document of interest in the Specifications tab of the Database

Control dialog box, then select Setup from the File menu.
2. Select the Drill-Down document of interest in the Specifications tab of the Database

Control dialog box, then click on the toolbar button.

3. Select the Drill-Down document of interest in the Specifications tab of the Database

Control dialog box, then click on the button.

DRILL-DOWN DOCUMENT MAIN SCREEN

When you create a new Drill-Down document, the pop-up dialog box shown in

figure 46 will appear. This dialog box consists of a Name input box, a series of controls

that allow you to select the simulation scenario of interest, and a summary area

showing a list of the simulated lots that make up the defined simulation scenario.

Details on how to use this dialog box are described in this section.

Figure 46. Example of the Use Specification document main screen.
Name Input Box

You may change the name of the Drill-Down document by entering a new name in

the Name input box. The name you enter will show up as the Drill-Down document

name in the Specifications tab of the Database Control dialog box.

Prediction Set List Box

Use the Prediction Set control as a first step toward selecting the set of simulated lots

that you would like to have displayed in the summary area. This list box will contain

one or more of the following:

• As-Designed Predictions (Level 1)—Those simulated lots used to determine the

Level 1 as-designed LCC.

• As-Designed Predictions (Level 2)—Those simulated lots used to determine the

Level 2 as-designed LCC.

• Flexural Strength Factorials—Those simulated lots used to determine each

simulated factorial point making up the Level 1 strength pay factor curves.

• Slab Thickness Factorials—Those simulated lots used to determine each simulated

factorial point making up the Level 1 slab thickness pay factor curves.

• Air Content Factorials—Those simulated lots used to determine each simulated

factorial point making up the Level 1 air content pay factor curves.

• Initial Smoothness Factorials—Those simulated lots used to determine each

simulated factorial point making up the Level 1 initial smoothness pay factor

curves.

• Percent Consolidation Around Dowels Factorials—Those simulated lots used to

determine each simulated factorial point making up the Level 1 percent

consolidation around dowels pay factor curves.

Number of Sublots List Box

If you have chosen to develop preconstruction output for different numbers of

sublots, the Number of Sublots list box will reflect that choice. Use this control to select

the particular number of sublots for which you would like to view data. The lot

information displayed in the summary area will, therefore, be specific to this selected

number of sublots.
Mean and Standard Deviation List Boxes

The last two controls used to determine what simulated lots will appear in the

summary area of the dialog box are the Mean and Standard Deviation list boxes. (Note:

These list boxes are only valid when viewing Level 1 factorial prediction sets.) Use

these controls to display the summary of lots simulated for a particular combination of

AQC mean and chosen standard deviation. A different set of simulated lots would exist

for each combination of prediction set, number of sublots, AQC mean, and AQC

standard deviation.

Generating the Drill-Down Document Output Report

To generate a drill-down document output report for one of the lots displayed in the

summary area, select the lot from the list by single-clicking with the mouse (the selected

lot will become highlighted) and hit the button. You may also generate this

output report by double-clicking on the appropriate lot. Either of these actions will

close the Drill-Down document main screen and return you to the Database Control

dialog box in the PaveSpec main window.

If you would like to exit the Drill-Down document without saving your changes,

click on the button. Clicking either button will return you to the Database

Control dialog box in the PaveSpec main window.

To view the output report associated with a saved Drill-Down document, either

select the document from the list (in the Database Control dialog box in the PaveSpec

main window) by single-clicking with the mouse and hitting the button, or

double-click on the appropriate document name in the list. The content of the DrillDown output report is described in more detail in chapter 9 of this appendix.
CHAPTER 7: SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS DOCUMENTS

After a Level 1 specification has been developed, agencies and contractors are both

interested in determining how the specification will function before it is actually used in

the field. PaveSpec has the ability to generate different sensitivity analysis documents

to investigate the behavior of a developed specification. Specifically, the Sensitivity

Analysis document allows the user to view the sensitivity of the pay factor or pay

adjustment with respect to changes in AQC means and standard deviations.

For investigating any given Level 1 specification, the following three types of

sensitivity analysis scenarios are available:

• Direct Settings Analyses—The user defines one AQC quality scenario (a distinct

combination of required AQC means and standard deviations) representing the

quality for one assumed as-constructed lot. The associated output report

provides details regarding the composite pay factor and pay adjustment

associated with the one defined AQC scenario.

• One-Dimensional Analyses—The user defines a series of AQC quality scenarios by

choosing to vary one of the required AQC means or standard deviations over a

selected range. For example, the user could choose to vary mean thickness

(keeping all other AQC means and standard deviations constant) and observe

the changes in composite pay factor or pay adjustment. The result is a onedimensional factorial design of AQC quality scenarios. The associated output

report provides details regarding the composite pay factor and pay adjustment

associated with each AQC scenario defined in the one-dimensional analysis.

• Two-Dimensional Analyses—The user defines a series of AQC quality scenarios by

varying two of the required AQC means or standard deviations at the same time.

For example, the user could choose to vary mean thickness and standard

deviation concurrently (keeping all other AQC means and standard deviations

constant) and observe the changes in composite pay factor or pay adjustment.

The result is a two-dimensional factorial design of AQC quality scenarios. The

associated output report provides details regarding the composite pay factor and

pay adjustment associated with each AQC scenario defined in the twodimensional analysis.

The details of creating and defining sensitivity analysis documents within PaveSpec are

discussed in the following sections.
CREATING AND EDITING SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS DOCUMENTS

Each Sensitivity Analysis document is developed in reference to a previously

simulated specification. A new Sensitivity Analysis document may be created using one

of the following three methods:

1. Select the Specification document of interest in the Specifications tab of the Database

Control dialog box, then select Create Sensitivity Analysis Document from the File

menu.

2. Select the Specification document of interest in the Specifications tab of the Database

Control dialog box, then click on the toolbar button.

3. Select a previously defined Sensitivity Analysis document under the same

specification (contained in the Specifications tab of the Database Control dialog

box), then click on the button.

An existing Sensitivity Analysis document may be edited using one of the following

methods:

1. Select the Sensitivity Analysis document of interest in the Specifications tab of the

Database Control dialog box, then select Setup from the File menu.

2. Select the Sensitivity Analysis document of interest in the Specifications tab of the

Database Control dialog box, then click on the toolbar button.

3. Select the Sensitivity Analysis document of interest in the Specifications tab of the

Database Control dialog box, then click on the button.

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS DOCUMENT MAIN SCREEN

When you create a new Sensitivity Analysis document, the pop-up dialog box shown

in figure 47 will appear. This box consists of a Name input box, a sensitivity analysis

Scenario Master List, and a Selected Scenario Information feedback area. Details regarding

the different parts making up this dialog box are described in this section.

Name Input Box

You may change the name of the Sensitivity Analysis document by entering a new

name in the Name input box. The name you enter will be saved and show up as the

Sensitivity Analysis document name in the Specifications tab of the Database Control dialog

box.
Figure 47. Example of the Sensitivity Analysis document main screen.

Scenario Master List

The Scenario Master List shows all of the currently defined sensitivity analysis

scenarios. The defined scenarios are organized hierarchically by scenario type in the

master list under the headings Direct Settings Analysis, One-Dimensional Analysis, and

Two-Dimensional Analysis. In addition, the scenario type is identified by different icons,

where indicates a Direct Settings Analysis, indicates a One-Dimensional Analysis,

and indicates a Two-Dimensional Analysis.

To create a new sensitivity analysis scenario, simply select the appropriate type

heading in the master list, and click on the button. To copy a currently

defined scenario, select the defined scenario you wish to copy, and click on the

 button. To edit a currently defined sensitivity analysis scenario, select the

defined scenario you wish to edit, and click on the button. Finally, to delete a

currently defined sensitivity analysis scenario from the master list, select the defined

scenario you wish to delete, and click on the button.
Selected Scenario Information Feedback Box

The Selected Scenario Information feedback box contains descriptive information about

the currently selected sensitivity analysis scenario. The information not only includes a

brief general description of the defined scenario, but also contains any user comments

defined during the scenario development process.

DEFINING A SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS SCENARIO

The procedures required when defining a sensitivity analysis scenario differ slightly

for each scenario type. The development of each of the three sensitivity analysis

document types is described separately in the following sections.

Defining a Direct Settings Analysis Scenario

When the user selects to define a new Direct Settings Analysis scenario in the

Sensitivity Analysis Document main screen, the Direct Settings Scenario dialog box is

opened. (This dialog box will also be opened when the user chooses to set up a

currently defined direct settings analysis scenario). An example of the Direct Settings

Scenario dialog box is displayed in figure 48.

Figure 48. Example of the Fixed AQC's tab in the Direct Settings Scenario dialog box.
The Direct Settings Scenario dialog box consists of a Scenario Name input box and

three different tabs used to define the current scenario. To customize the name of the

sensitivity analysis scenario, change the text in the Scenario Name input box. Details of

the three tabs included in the dialog box are described separately below.

Fixed AQC's Tab

The Fixed AQC's tab (shown in figure 48) contains a series of inputs used to define a

specific AQC quality scenario. First, the Number of Sublots list box contains the different

number of sublots for which pay factor curves were developed. Select an appropriate

number from the Number of Sublots list box that matches the hypothetical case you

would like to investigate.

To define a specific quality scenario, enter the chosen AQC mean and standard

deviation values into the appropriate input boxes. A pay factor and pay adjustment

associated with this quality scenario will then be computed and included in the output

report.

Output Control Tab

The controls on the Output Control tab determine what type of output will be

included in the output report. An example of this tab is shown in figure 49. The output

report will always contain the computed Level 1 Composite Pay Factor (i.e., the

corresponding check box on this tab will always be selected) associated with the

specified quality scenario. In addition, the user may also choose to compute the related

pay adjustment. To include the corresponding pay adjustment in the output report,

click on the Level 1 Pay Adjustment check box and input the appropriate assumed bid

price in the adjoining input box.

Comments Tab

The text input box in the Comments tab is provided to allow you to type comments

corresponding to the particular sensitivity analysis scenario. Any comments entered in

this text input box will be displayed in the Selected Scenario Information feedback box in

the Sensitivity Analysis Document main screen. An example of this tab is shown in figure

50.

Defining a One-Dimensional Analysis Scenario

When the user selects to define a new One-Dimensional Analysis scenario in the

Sensitivity Analysis Document main screen, the One-Dimensional Sensitivity Analysis

Scenario dialog box is opened. (This dialog box will also be opened when the user

chooses to set up a currently defined one-dimensional analysis scenario). An example

of the One-Dimensional Sensitivity Analysis Scenario dialog box is displayed in figure 51.
Figure 49. Example of the Output Control tab in the Direct Settings Scenario dialog box.

Figure 50. Example of the Comments tab in the Direct Settings Scenario dialog box.
Figure 51. Example of the One-Dimensional Sensitivity Analysis Scenario dialog box.

The One-Dimensional Sensitivity Analysis Scenario dialog box consists of a Scenario

Name input box and four different tabs used to define the current scenario. To

customize the name of the sensitivity analysis scenario, change the text in the Scenario

Name input box. Details of the four tabs included in the dialog box are described

separately below.

Variable AQC Tab

The Variable AQC tab (shown in figure 51) contains input controls that allow you to

not only select the one AQC variable you wish to vary, but also define an array of

values for that variable that will be used to define individual quality scenarios.

First, choose the AQC mean or standard deviation you wish to investigate by

selecting it from the Parameter to Vary list box. Next, specify the array of values for the

AQC being varied (used to define the individual quality scenarios) within the Parameter

Values input box. These values may be defined by using any of the following methods:

• Specified values—You may input specific values that you want to be included in

the array of parameter values. For example, entering "40; 50; 150" in the

Parameter Values input box would build an array of values containing 40, 50, and

150.
• Range of values—Instead of defining specific values, you may also choose to

define a range of values to be included in the array of parameter values. A range

of values is defined by identifying the lower and upper limits of the range, and a

step value to be used between the lower and upper limits. For example, if you

want to define a range in which lower limit = 100, upper limit = 300, and step

value = 50, you would enter "100 to 300 by 50" in the Parameter Values input box.

The resulting array of values would contain 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300.

• Combination of specific values and defined ranges—When defining the array of

parameter values, you may choose to include a combination of specific values

and defined ranges. For example, entering "40; 50; 150; 100 to 300 by 50" in the

Parameter Values input box would build an array of values containing 40, 50, 100,

150, 200, 250, and 300 (duplicates are ignored).

Fixed AQC's Tab

The Fixed AQC's tab contains a series of inputs used to define values for those AQC's

that will not be varied in the one-dimensional sensitivity analysis. The AQC values

defined on this tab will be held constant for each quality scenario investigated in the

sensitivity analysis. The look and function of this Fixed AQC's tab is identical to the

Fixed AQC's tab that is accessed in the Direct Settings Analysis scenario (an example of

this tab was previously illustrated in figure 48).

Output Control Tab

The controls on the Output Control tab determine what type of information will be

included in the output report. The output report will always contain the computed

Level 1 Composite Pay Factors associated with each defined quality scenario. In

addition, the user may also choose to compute the related pay adjustment. To include

the corresponding pay adjustment in the output report, click on the Level 1 Pay

Adjustment check box and enter the appropriate assumed bid price in the adjoining

input box. The look and function of this Output Control tab are identical to the Output

Control tab that is accessed in the Direct Settings Analysis scenario (an example of this tab

was previously illustrated in figure 49).

Comments Tab

The text input box in the Comments tab is provided to allow you to type comments

corresponding to the particular sensitivity analysis scenario. Any comments entered in

this text input box will be displayed in the Selected Scenario Information feedback box in

the Sensitivity Analysis Document main screen. The look and function of this Comments

tab is identical to the Comments tab that is accessed in the Direct Settings Analysis

scenario (an example of this tab was previously illustrated in figure 50).
Defining a Two-Dimensional Analysis Scenario

When the user selects to define a new Two-Dimensional Analysis scenario in the

Sensitivity Analysis Document main screen, the Two-Dimensional Sensitivity Analysis

Scenario dialog box is opened. (This dialog box will also be opened when the user

chooses to set up a currently defined two-dimensional analysis scenario). An example

of the Two-Dimensional Sensitivity Analysis Scenario dialog box is presented in figure 52.

Figure 52. Example of the Two-Dimensional Sensitivity Analysis Scenario dialog box.

The Two-Dimensional Sensitivity Analysis Scenario dialog box consists of a Scenario

Name input box and five different tabs used to define the current scenario. To

customize the name of the sensitivity analysis scenario, change the text in the Scenario

Name input box. Details of the five tabs included in the dialog box are described

separately below.

Variable AQC One and Variable AQC Two Tabs

Variable AQC One and Variable AQC Two are nearly identical tabs that contain input

controls that allow you to not only select the two AQC variables you wish to vary, but

also define the respective arrays of values for the two AQC variables being varied.

Individual quality scenarios are determined by taking all combinations of the values
defined within the two arrays. An example of the Variable AQC One tab is presented in

figure 52.

First, define the two AQC variables (means or standard deviations) you wish to vary

by selecting them from the Parameter to Vary list boxes contained in each tab. Next,

specify the associated array of values for each chosen AQC within the respective

Parameter Values input boxes. These values may be defined by defining specific values,

defining ranges of values, or by using a combination of specified values and defined

ranges. The details of each of these value defining methods are the same as those

described previously in the explanation of the Variable AQC Tab in the "Defining a OneDimensional Analysis Scenario" section.

Fixed AQC's Tab

The Fixed AQC's tab contains a series of inputs used to define values for those AQC's

that will not be varied in the two-dimensional sensitivity analysis. The AQC values

defined on this tab will be held constant for each quality scenario investigated in the

sensitivity analysis. The look and function of this Fixed AQC's tab are identical to the

Fixed AQC's tab that is accessed in the Direct Settings Analysis scenario (an example of

this tab was previously illustrated in figure 48).

Output Control Tab

The controls on the Output Control tab determine what type of output will be

included in the output report. The output report will always contain the computed

Level 1 Composite Pay Factors associated with each defined individual quality scenario.

In addition, the user may also choose to compute the related pay adjustment. To

include the corresponding pay adjustment in the output report, click on the Level 1 Pay

Adjustment check box and input the appropriate assumed bid price in the adjoining

input box. The look and function of this Output Control tab are identical to the Output

Control tab that is accessed in the Direct Settings Analysis scenario (an example of this tab

was previously illustrated in figure 49).

Comments Tab

The text input box in the Comments tab is provided to allow you to type comments

corresponding to the particular sensitivity analysis scenario. Any comments entered in

this text input box will be displayed in the Selected Scenario Information feedback box in

the Sensitivity Analysis Document main screen. The look and function of this Comments

tab are identical to the Comments tab that is accessed in the Direct Settings Analysis

scenario (an example of this tab was previously illustrated in figure 50).
GENERATING THE SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS DOCUMENT OUTPUT REPORT

The Sensitivity Analysis Document output report will automatically be generated and

displayed when you choose to save the current sensitivity analysis being defined. To

save the current sensitivity analysis document, simply click on the button in

the Sensitivity Analysis document main screen. The contents of the Sensitivity Analysis

Document output report are described in more detail in chapter 9 of this appendix.

If you would like to exit the Sensitivity Analysis document without saving your

changes, click on the button. Clicking either button will return you to the

Database Control dialog box in the PaveSpec main window.
CHAPTER 8: EXPECTED PAY DOCUMENTS

For any developed acceptance plan, it is always important to assess the risks of

using the plan to both the agency and the contractor. For the Level 1 specifications

developed using PaveSpec, one method of analyzing these risks is by developing

expected pay charts. Expected pay charts are graphical representations of an

acceptance plan that show the relation between the actual quality of a given lot and the

pay the contractor can expect to receive (on average) for submitted lots of a given

quality. The details of creating Expected Pay documents within PaveSpec are discussed

in the following sections.

CREATING AND EDITING EXPECTED PAY DOCUMENTS

Each Expected Pay document is developed in reference to a previously simulated

specification. A new Expected Pay document may be created using one of the following

three methods:

1. Select the Specification document of interest in the Specifications tab of the Database

Control dialog box, then select Create Expected Pay Document from the File menu.

2. Select the Specification document of interest in the Specifications tab of the Database

Control dialog box, then click on the toolbar button.

3. Select a previously defined Sensitivity Analysis document under the same

specification (contained in the Specifications tab of the Database Control dialog

box), then click on the button.

An existing Expected Pay document may be edited using one of the following

methods:

1. Select the Expected Pay document of interest in the Specifications tab of the

Database Control dialog box, then select Setup from the File menu.

2. Select the Expected Pay document of interest in the Specifications tab of the

Database Control dialog box, then click on the toolbar button.

3. Select the Expected Pay document of interest in the Specifications tab of the

Database Control dialog box, then click on the button.
EXPECTED PAY DOCUMENT MAIN SCREEN

When you create a new Expected Pay document, the Level 1 Expected Pay Chart

Development pop-up dialog box shown in figure 53 will appear. This dialog box consists

Figure 53. Example of the Level 1 Expected Pay Document dialog box.

of an EP Document Name (expected pay document name) input box, a Pay Factor

Acceptance Values input box, and an area in which an expected pay chart and its related

pay factor curve are both illustrated. Details regarding the different parts making up

this dialog box are described in this section.

EP Document Name Input Box

You may change the name of the current Expected Pay document by entering a new

name in the EP Document Name input box. The name you enter will be saved and

shown as the Expected Pay document name in the Specifications tab of the Database

Control dialog box.
Pay Factor Acceptance Values Input Box

Each individual expected pay curve corresponds to a specified pay factor acceptance

value (e.g., 90%, 100%, 110%). Specifically, an expected pay curve illustrates the

probability (at different AQC mean values) that the computed pay factor will be greater

than or equal to a corresponding pay factor acceptance value.

The specific pay factor acceptance values, for which you would like to construct

expected pay curves, are defined in the Pay Factor Acceptance Values input box. These

values may be defined by entering specific values (e.g., "80; 90; 100"), defining a range of

values (e.g., "80 to 110 by 5"), or a combination of specific values and defined ranges

(e.g., "70; 80; 85 to 105 by 5"). Note that semi-colons are required between all entries in

this input box.

Expected Pay Chart Display Area

The bottom portion of the Level 1 Expected Pay Chart Development dialog box contains

an area in which a selected expected pay chart and its corresponding pay factor chart

are displayed. The pay factor curves shown in the pay factor chart are those defined

during the specification development process. The expected pay curves on the

expected pay chart correspond to those values defined in the Pay Factor Acceptance

Values input box.

A different expected pay chart is constructed for every combination of AQC type,

number of sublots, and standard deviation used in the development of the specification.

Choose the specific expected pay chart you would like to view by selecting the

appropriate case from the Curve Explanation list box.

GENERATING THE EXPECTED PAY DOCUMENT OUTPUT REPORT

The Expected Pay Document output report will automatically be generated and

displayed when you choose to save the current Expected Pay document being defined.

To save the current Expected Pay document, simply click on the button in the

Level 1 Expected Pay Chart Development dialog box. The contents of the output report are

described in more detail in chapter 9 of this appendix.

If you would like to exit the Expected Pay document development process without

saving your changes, click on the button. Clicking either button will return

you to the Database Control dialog box in the PaveSpec main window.
CHAPTER 9: PaveSpec OUTPUT REPORTS

PaveSpec generates five different types of output reports depending on whether you

are developing a specification, using a specification, developing a drill-down document,

conducting a sensitivity analysis, or developing expected pay charts. The layout and

content of each of these output reports are described in detail in this chapter.

VIEWING OUTPUT REPORTS

You may view any output report by doing one of the following:

1. Select the document name in the Specifications tab of the Database Control dialog

box, then click on the button.

2. Use the mouse to double-click on the chosen document name.

An example of an output report window containing a Specification output document is

shown in figure 54.

Figure 54. Example of an output report window containing a Specification document.
LAYOUT OF THE OUTPUT REPORT WINDOW

Every output report window is divided into two parts: a visual outline on the left

and a document display area on the right. The visual outline is provided to show the

complete organization of the active output document. The visual outline may be

expanded or compressed by clicking on the boxes that contain plus (+) or minus (–)

signs. The document display area shows the contents of the report section that is

highlighted in the visual outline. To view a particular section of the output document,

simply use the mouse or up and down arrow keys to select the report section you wish

to view.

COPYING DATA FROM OUTPUT REPORTS

To copy data from an output report, select the section in the visual outline that you

wish to copy and select Copy Selected Page from the Edit menu. This action will copy the

highlighted section (including all subsections shown in the visual outline) to the

Windows clipboard. This copied section may then be pasted into another software

application using that software’s paste command.

PRINTING DATA FROM OUTPUT REPORTS

To print data from an output report, select the section in the visual outline that you

wish to print, and select Print from the File menu. This action will print the highlighted

section (including all subsections shown in the visual outline) to the selected printing

device.

CONTENTS OF THE SPECIFICATION OUTPUT REPORT

The specification output report is produced as a result of using the Specification

Wizard to develop a specification and generate preconstruction output. The

Specification output report is divided into two main sections: Specification Summary and

Preconstruction Output.

The Specification Summary provides a large amount of feedback to the user regarding

the inputs that were selected during the specification development process. Such items

include summaries of the project general information; project dimensions and lane

configuration; pavement design, design traffic, and climatic variable settings; definition

of pavement performance; AQC sampling and testing plan details; chosen target values;

defined M & R plan; and the defined unit costs. If this information differs between

Level 1 and Level 2 specifications, the details of both are included. Brief descriptions of

each subsection making up the Specification Summary part of the Specification output

report are presented in table 13.

The Preconstruction Output section describes all aspects of both Level 1 and Level 2

(if a Level 2 specification is developed) preconstruction output. Such output includes
Table 13. Descriptions of the document subsections making up the Specification

Summary part of the Specification output report.

Specification Output

Report Subsection Subsection Explanation

Project Information Summary of the general project definition information defined on page 1 of

the Specification Wizard (Basic Specification Information).

Project Dimensions and

Lane Configuration

Summary of the project layout information defined on page 2 of the

Specification Wizard (Dimensions and Lane Configuration).

Design-Related Modules

Pavement Design Summary of the specific design-related variables making up the selected

pavement design module defined on page 3 of the Specification Wizard

(Design-Related Modules).

Design Traffic Summary of the details defining the design traffic module defined on page 3

of the Specification Wizard (Design-Related Modules).

Climatic Variables Summary of the specific climatic variables making up the selected climatic

variables module defined on page 3 of the Specification Wizard (DesignRelated Modules).

Definition of Pavement

Performance and Selected

AQC’s

Summary of the chosen distress indicators and related AQC’s used to define

pavement performance within the developed specification. This information

is defined on page 4 of the Specification Wizard (Definition of Pavement

Performance).

AQC Sampling and Testing Plan

Concrete Strength Details of the Level 1 and Level 2 concrete strength sampling and testing

plans defined on page 5 of the Specification Wizard (AQC Sampling and

Testing).

Slab Thickness Details of the Level 1 and Level 2 slab thickness sampling and testing plans

defined on page 5 of the Specification Wizard (AQC Sampling and Testing).

Air Content Details of the Level 1 and Level 2 air content sampling and testing plans

defined on page 5 of the Specification Wizard (AQC Sampling and Testing).

Initial Smoothness Details of the Level 1 and Level 2 initial smoothness sampling and testing

plans defined on page 5 of the Specification Wizard (AQC Sampling and

Testing).

Percent Consolidation

Around Dowels

Details of the defined Level 1 and Level 2 percent consolidation around

dowels sampling and testing plans defined on page 5 of the Specification

Wizard (AQC Sampling and Testing).

Summary of Chosen

Target Values

Summary of the selected Level 1 and Level 2 AQC target values (means and

standard deviations) defined on page 6 of the Specification Wizard (AQC AsDesigned Target Value Definition).

Life-Cycle Cost-Related Modules

Maintenance and

Rehabilitation Plan

Summary of the details of the selected M & R plan module defined on page 7

of the Specification Wizard (Life-Cycle Cost-Related Modules).

Unit Costs Summary of the unit cost-related variables making up the selected unit costs

module defined on page 7 of the Specification Wizard (Life-Cycle CostRelated Modules).
details of the procedure used to determine the representative as-designed LCC (for both

Level 1 and Level 2 if appropriate); any Level 1 pay factor factorial tables; Level 1 pay

factor curves and corresponding pay factor equations; and a description of the defined

Level 1 composite pay factor equation. Brief descriptions of each subsection making up

the Preconstruction Output part of the specification output report are presented in table

14.

Table 14. Descriptions of the document subsections making up the Preconstruction

Output part of the specification output report.

Specification Output

Report Subsection Subsection Explanation

Level 1 Preconstruction Output

Level 1 As-Designed

Summary

A general summary of the procedure used to determine the representative

Level 1 as-designed LCC as well as output showing the computed LCC

means and standard deviations representative of each chosen number of

sublots.

Level 1 As-Designed

Simulation Details

A more detailed summary of the AQC samples and computed LCC’s for

each simulated lot used in the determination of the representative Level 1 asdesigned LCC.

Level 1 Factorial

Tables

Summary of the simulated individual AQC LCC’s and pay factors used in

the development of the Level 1 individual AQC pay factor charts. These

factorials reflect those defined for each AQC on page 8 of the Specification

Wizard (Simulation Control).

Level 1 Individual

AQC Pay Factor

Charts

Summary of the developed Level 1 individual AQC pay factor charts. Each

chart contains plots of the pay factor curve regression equations defined on

page 10 of the Specification Wizard (Defining Level 1 Pay Factor Equations).

Level 1 Individual

AQC Pay Factor

Equations

Summary of the developed Level 1 individual AQC pay factor regression

equations (corresponding to each pay factor curve). These regression

equations are those defined on page 10 of the Specification Wizard (Defining

Level 1 Pay Factor Equations).

Level 1 Composite Pay

Factor (CPF) Equation

Summary of the defined Level 1 composite pay factor equation defined on

page 11 of the Specification Wizard (Level 1 Composite Pay Factor Equation

Definition).

Level 2 Preconstruction Output

Level 2 As-Designed

Summary

A general summary of the procedure used to determine the representative

Level 2 as-designed LCC as well as output showing the computed LCC

means and standard deviations representative of each chosen number of

sublots.

Level 2 As-Designed

Simulation Details

A more detailed summary of the AQC samples and computed LCC’s for

each simulated lot used in the determination of the representative Level 2 asdesigned LCC.

CONTENTS OF THE USE SPECIFICATION OUTPUT REPORT

The Use Specification output report is produced as a result of entering data in a Use

Specification document. The main purpose of the Use Specification output report is to

provide a summary of the actual field samples, computed pay factors, and
corresponding contractor pay adjustments. Brief descriptions of each subsection

making up the use specification output report are presented in table 15.

Table 15. Descriptions of the document subsections making up the Use Specification

output report.

Use Specification Output

Report Subsection Subsection Explanation

How Pay Factors Are Determined

Sampling and Testing

Plan (Level 1 and 2)

Details of the Level 1 (and Level 2 if applicable) AQC sampling and testing

plans defined for use with the specification.

Level 1 Pay Factors Summary of the individual AQC pay factor equations used to compute

individual AQC as-constructed lot pay factors.

Calculating the Level 1

Composite Pay Factor

Summary of the method used to compute as-constructed lot composite pay

factors.

Sample Values (Level 1 and Level 2, if applicable)

Concrete Strength

Samples

Summary of the as-constructed concrete strength samples and

corresponding pay factors computed for each as-constructed lot.

Slab Thickness

Samples

Summary of the as-constructed slab thickness samples and corresponding

pay factors computed for each as-constructed lot.

Entrained Air Content

Samples

Summary of the as-constructed entrained air content samples and

corresponding pay factors computed for each as-constructed lot.

Initial Smoothness

Samples

Summary of the as-constructed initial smoothness samples and

corresponding pay factors computed for each as-constructed lot.

Percent Consolidation

Around Dowels

Samples

Summary of the as-constructed percent consolidation around dowels

samples and corresponding pay factors computed for each as-constructed

lot.

Project Pay Factor

Summary (Level 1 and

Level 2)

A complete summary of the Level 1 and Level 2 (if applicable) pay factors

(individual AQC and composite) and corresponding pay adjustments

computed for each as-constructed lot.

CONTENTS OF THE DRILL-DOWN DOCUMENT OUTPUT REPORT

The Drill-Down document output report is produced as a result of creating a DrillDown document. The Drill-Down document contains simulation details for a chosen

simulated lot (selected in the Drill-Down document main screen). The output report

contains an overall sampling and LCC summary for the lot, as well as detailed distress

and cost summaries for each of the sublots making up the lot. Brief descriptions of each

subsection within the Drill-Down document output report are presented in table 16.

CONTENTS OF THE SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS DOCUMENT OUTPUT REPORT

The Sensitivity Analysis document output report is produced as a result of defining

a Sensitivity Analysis document. The output report contains detailed summaries of the

analysis results for each of the sensitivity analysis scenarios defined in the document's

Scenario Master List. Brief descriptions of each subsection within the Sensitivity

Analysis document output report are presented in table 17.
Table 16. Descriptions of the document subsections making up the Drill-Down

document output report.

Drill-Down Document

Output Report Subsection Subsection Explanation

Lot Summary Summary of the AQC samples generated for the chosen simulated lot, as

well as an overall summary of the lot’s LCC’s.

Details of Sublot... The specific distress and cost details of each sublot within the chosen

simulated lot are provided in these subsections. The details of each included

sublot are presented independently in separate subdocuments of the output

report.

Table 17. Descriptions of the document subsections making up the Sensitivity Analysis

document output report.

Sensitivity Analysis

Document Output Report

Subsection Subsection Explanation

Sensitivity Analysis

Document Summary

Overall summary of the sensitivity analysis document. Specifically, this

page of the output report contains brief descriptions of each of the sensitivity

analysis scenarios outlined in the document's Scenario Master List.

Sensitivity Analysis

Scenario Details

The specific sensitivity analysis results (pay factors and pay adjustments

associated with each defined quality scenario) for each defined sensitivity

analysis scenario are provided in these subsections. The details of each

sensitivity analysis scenario are presented independently in separate

subdocuments of the output report.

CONTENTS OF THE EXPECTED PAY DOCUMENT OUTPUT REPORT

The Expected Pay document output report is produced as a result of defining an

Expected Pay document. The output report contains detailed summaries of all of the

specific expected pay charts defined in the expected pay document. Brief descriptions

of each subsection within the Expected Pay document output report are presented in

table 18.

Table 18. Descriptions of the document subsections making up the Expected Pay

document output report.

Expected Pay Document

Output Report Subsection Subsection Explanation

Expected Pay Document

Summary

Overall summary of the expected pay document. Specifically, this page of

the output report provides a summary of the details (AQC type, number of

sublots, and AQC standard deviation) that define each of the developed

expected pay charts.

Expected Pay Chart

Details

The specific details for each defined expected pay chart (specific to a unique

combination of AQC type, number of sublots, and AQC standard deviation)

are provided in these subsections. The details of each expected pay chart are

presented independently in separate subdocuments of the output report.
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