THI RD DI VI SI ON

M C FA DDEN, C. J.

, D OYLE, P. J.

, and HODGES, J.

N O T IC E : M otions for r e c ons i de r a tion m us t be

ph y sic a l ly r e ce iv ed i n our c le r k ’s offic e w ithin te n

da y s of the da te of de c is ion to be de e m ed tim e ly file d.

https ://w w w

. ga a ppe a ls .us /r ule s

D E A D LIN E S A R E N O LO N G E R TO LLE D IN T

H I S

C O U R T. A LL FILIN G S M U ST B E S U B M I TTE D WITH IN

TH E TIM E S S E T B Y

O U R C O U R T R U LE S

.

Septem ber 22, 2020



# I n th e Co u r t o f

A p p eals o f

G eo r g ia

A2 0 A1 20 4 . STATE v . DAVIS. HO-0 4 3 C

H O D G E S , J u d g e.

Po l i ce arres t ed Carl J e r o m e Dav i s aft er t wo i n d i v i d ual s were ro b b ed at

g u n p o i n t b y t hi ev es wh o d ro v e u p n ex t t o th em i n a w h i t e p i ck u p t ru ck

. Po l i ce

fo l l o w ed t h e t ra c k i n g i n f o rm at i o n fro m a v ict i m ’ s s t o l en cel l p h o n e t o Dav i s ’

n ei g h b o rh o o d

, wh ere t h ey l o cat ed h i m i n a wh i t e p i ck u p t ru ck p ark ed i n h i s d ri v eway

.

Po l i ce u l ti m at el y s ei zed a cel l p h o n e cas e, earb u d s

, an d a h an d g un

. Dav i s m o v ed to

s u p p res s t h e ev i den ce o b tai n ed ag ai n s t h i m o n t h e g ro u n d s t hat i t res u l t ed fro m an

i l leg al s earch an d s ei zu re. Th e t ri al co u rt g ran t ed hi s m o t io n

, an d t h e S t a t e n o w

ap p eal s

, co n t en d i n g t h at (1 ) t h e p o l i ce were au th o ri zed t o b e o n Dav i s ’ pro p ert y wh en

t h e search o ccu rred ; (2 ) t h e t ri al co u rt erred i n fi n d i n g t h at D av i s h ad a reas o n ab l e

ex p ect at i o n o f p ri v acy

wh en i n h i s t ru ck i n h i s d ri v eway ; (3 ) t h e t ri al co urt erred i nfi nd i ng t h at th e t ru ck was s earch ed wh i l e s t i l l in t h e d ri v eway o f Dav i s ’ h o m e; an d

(4 ) p o rt i o n s of t h e t ri al co u rt ’ s fi n d i n gs o f fact are n o t s u pp o rt ed b y t h e reco rd

. Fo r

t h e fo l lo wi n g reas o ns , we affi rm

.

At t h e o u ts et

, we a c k n o w l ed g e t h e s t an dard of rev i ew wh i ch g o v ern s t h i s

ap p eal :

W h en t h e fact s m at eri al t o a m o t i o n t o s u p p res s are di s p ut ed

, i t g en eral l y

i s fo r th e t ri al ju d g e t o res o l v e t h o s e d i s p u t es an d d et erm i n e t h e m at eri al

fact s

. Th i s p ri n ci p l e i s a s et t l ed o n e, an d [t h e Su p rem e Co u rt of Geo rg i a]

h as i d en ti fi ed t h ree co ro l l ari es o f t h e p ri n ci p le, wh i ch l i m i t t he s co p e o f

rev i ew i n ap p eal s fro m a g ran t o r d en i a l o f a m o t i o n t o s u p p res s i n

wh i ch t h e t ri al co u rt h as m ad e ex p res s fi n di n g s o f d i s p u t ed fact s

. Fi rs t

,

an ap p el l at e co u rt g en eral l y m u s t accep t t h o s e fi n d i n g s u nl es s t h ey are

cl earl y erro neo u s

. Seco n d

, an ap p el l at e co u rt m u s t co n s t r u e th e

ev i d en t i ary reco rd i n t h e l i g h t m o s t fav orab l e t o t h e fact u al fi n d i n g s an d

ju d g m en t of t h e t ri al co u rt

. An d t h i rd

, an ap p el l at e co u rt g en eral l y m u s t

l i m i t i t s co n s id erat i o n of t h e d i s p ut ed fact s t o t h o s e ex p res s l y fo u n d b y

t h e t ri al co u rt

.

(Ci t at i o n s an d fo o t n ot es o m i t t ed .) Hu gh es v. S t a t e

, 2 9 6 Ga. 7 4 4

, 7 46 (1 ) (7 7 0 SE2 d

6 3 6 ) (2 01 5 ). “ H o w ev er, w h ere

. . . an i s s u e t u rn s o n t h e q u es t i o n o f wh et h er a t ri al

co u rt co m m i t t ed an erro r o f l aw i n g ran t i n g a m o t io n t o su p p res s

, we ap p l y a d e n o v o

s t an d ard o f rev iew. Th e ap p el l at e co u rt o wes n o deferen ce t o t h e t ri al co urt ’ s

2co n cl u s i o n s o f law.” (Ci t at i o n an d p u n ct u at i o n o m i t t ed .) S t a t e v. Cr i swel l

, 3 2 7 Ga.

Ap p . 3 7 7 (7 5 9 SE2 d 2 55 ) (2 0 1 4 ).

Here, t h e t ri al co u rt m ad e t h e fo l l o wi n g fact u al fi n d in g s aft er an ev i d en ti ary

h eari n g :

On J an u ary

3 0

, 2 0 1 9 , at ap p ro x i m at el y 1 2: 2 0 a.m

., t h e Dek al b Co u n t y

Po l i ce w ere cal l ed to t h e B P St at i o n at 3 56 8 Mem o ri al Dri ve i n

referen ce t o an arm ed ro bb ery t h at h ad j u s t o ccu rred acro s s t h e s t reet at

3 5 5 3 M em o ri al Dri v e. A c c or ding t o t h e v ict i m s

, an u n k no wn i n d i v i d u al

,

d ri v in g a wh i t e Fo rd F-1 5 0 t ru ck

, p ul l ed u p t o wh ere t h ey were p ark ed

i n fro n t o f res tau ran t o n M em o ri al Dri v e. An u n kn o wn m al e g ot o u t o f

t h e b ack p as s en g er s eat

, cam e o v er t o t h ei r car, an d r o b b e d t h em at

g u n p o i n t an d t o o k a w al let an d i t s co n t en t s, Ap p l e h ead p h on es

, a g o l d

n eck l ace, an d a cel l p h o ne. Aft er t ak i n g t h es e i t em s

, t h e i n d i v i d u al g o t

b ack i nt o t h e rear p as s en g er s i d e o f t h e t ru ck an d t he u n kn o wn d ri ver o f

t h e t ru ck l eft t he s cen e. Th e v i ct i m s cal l e d 9 1 1 an d Offi cer W ad e [ 1 ] o f

t h e Dek al b Co un t y Po l i ce Dep art m en t w as t h e fi rs t offi cer t o arri v e o n

t h e scen e. Aft er i n t er v i ewi n g t h e v i ct i m s

, w h o were on l y ab l e t o

d es cri b e t h e s u s p ect as b l ack m al e 5 ’ 9 ”, 1 7 0 1 bs

., w eari n g a b l ack co at

,

b l ack p an t s

, b l ack h at

, an d t an b o o ts wh o g o t i n t o a w h i t e t ru ck

, th e

o ffi cer d eci d ed t o a t t e m

p t t o fi n d t h e lo cat i on o f t h e v i ct i m ’ s p h o ne

1 Th e reco rd d em o ns t rat es t h at t h e t ri al co u rt cl earl y erred i n i d en ti fy i n g Offi cer

W ad e as t h e o ri gi n al res p o nd i n g o ffi cer, as i t was a d i fferen t o ffi cer, Offi cer J o n es

. Th i s d is crep an cy

i s i m m at eri al

.

3t h ro ug h t h e “ Fi n d M y Ph o n e” ap p wh i ch u s es th e i nt ern al GPS o f a cel l

p h o n e t o p i n po i n t t he g en eral wh ereab ou t s o f t h at cel l p h o n e.

O v e r a n h o u r aft er t h e “ Fi n d M y Ph on e” ap p was t u rn ed o n

, t h e ap p

s h o wed t h e v i ct i m ’ s cel l p h o n e “ pi n g i n g ” i n t h e area of M em o ri al Dri ve

an d Cart er Ro ad

. Un i t s b eg an ci rcu l at i n g aro u n d t h at v ici n i t y

. An o ffi cer

d ro v e d o wn M on t erey Dri v e, wh i ch i s a res i d en t ial st reet i n t h is area an d

o b s erv ed a wh i te t ru ck back e d i n t o t h e d ri veway o f a res id en ce at [a

s p eci f i c ad dres s o n M o n t erey Dri v e]

. T he wh i t e tru ck i s o wn ed b y

[Dav i s ] an d [t h at h o u s e o n ] M o n t erey Dri v e i s h i s res i d en ce. Th e “ Fi n d

M y Ph o n e” ap p d id no t sh o w t h e v ict i m ’ s p h on e “ p i n g i n g ” at [ D a v i s ’

h o u s e ], b ut o n l y i n t h e area. Th e v i ct i m ’ s cel l p h o n e was l o cat ed th e

fo l l o wi ng d ay

at [a n earb y

h o u se] , n o t [Dav i s ’ h ou s e]

.

W h en t h e o ffi cer ob s erv ed t h i s wh i t e t ru ck

, h e s t o p p ed an d p ark ed h i s

p at ro l car o n M o n t erey Dri v e, a p u b l i c s t reet

. Th e o ffi cer t es t i fi ed t hat

h e co u l d n o t t el l i f t h ere was an y o n e i n t h e t ru ck u n t i l h e w as s t an d i n g

i n t h e d ri v eway o f [Dav i s ’ h ou s e]

. On ce th e o ffi cer wal k ed o n t o th e

d ri v eway

, h e co ul d n o t i d en t i fy wh o was i n th e t ru ck o r ev en h o w m an y

p eo p l e were in s id e t h e t ru ck

. He d i d n o t ap pro ach t h e t ru ck an d as k t o

s p eak wi t h t h e i n d i v i d u al s i n s i d e, b u t ju s t g rab b ed [Dav i s ] fro m t h e fro n t

d ri v er s eat o f th e t ru ck

, det ai n ed h i m

, an d p l aced h im i n t h e b ack o f h i s

p at ro l car.

Th e t ri al co u rt fu rt h er fo u n d t h at n ei t h er v i ct im was ab l e t o i den t i fy Dav i s wh en

b ro u gh t t o h i s h o m e fo r a s h o w u p

, an d t h at p o l i ce u l t i m at el y l o cat ed a cel l p h o n e

4cas e, earb u d s

, an d a h an d g u n i n t h e t ru ck

. 2 Th e t ri al co u rt fo u nd th at

, f o l l o wi n g

q u es ti o n i n g wh i l e d et ai n ed an d wi t h o u t t h e ben efi t o f Mi r an d a warn i n g s

, Dav i s

ad m i t t ed t h e g un fo u n d i n t he t ru ck b el o n g ed t o h i m

.

Dav i s was i n d ict ed fo r t wo co u n t s each o f arm ed ro b b ery

, ag g rav at ed as s au l t

,

an d p o s s es s i o n o f a fi rearm d u ri n g t he co m m i s si on of a fel o n y

. Dav i s m o v ed to

s u p p res s t h e ev i d en ce ag ai n s t h i m

, wh i ch t h e t ri al co u rt g ran t ed on t h e b as es t h at t h e

p o l i ce d id n o t hav e reas o nab l e s u s p i ci o n t o en t er Dav i s ’ p ro p ert y

, Dav i s h ad a

reas on ab l e ex p ect at i on of p ri v acy i n h i s t ru c k i n h i s d ri v eway at th e t i m e p o l i ce

s earch ed h i s t ru ck

, an d no ex i g en t ci rcu m s t an ces ex i s t ed t o ju s ti fy t h e warran t l es s

s earch . Th e St at e ap p eal ed

.

1

. Th e St at e arg ues t h at t h e t ri al co u rt erred i n fi n d i n g t h at D av i s h ad a

reas on ab l e ex p ect at i on o f p ri v acy i n h i s t ru ck

i n h i s d ri veway

. W e d i s ag ree.

“ Th e Fo u rt h Am en d m en t p ro t ect s t he ri g h t o f t h e p eo pl e t o b e s ecu re i n t h ei r

p ers o n s

, h o u s es

, p ap ers

, an d effect s ag ai n s t u n reas o n ab l e s earch es an d s e i z u res .”

Un i ted S t a t es v. H

en s l ey

, 4 6 9 U. S. 22 1

, 2 2 6 (II) (1 0 5 S C t 6 7 5

, 8 3 LEd 2 d 6 0 4 )

2 W e n o t e th a t t h e reco rd co n t ai n s n o ev i d en ce, an d t h e t ri al co u rt m ad e n o

fi nd i ng s

, co n cern i n g t h e l ay o u t o f Dav i s ’ s p ro pert y an d t h e l o cat i on o f t he d ri v eway

rel at i v e to t h e fro n t do o r o f Dav i s ’ h o m e. Fo r t he reas o ns d i s cu ss ed m o re fu l l y h erei n,

t h e ab s en ce o f t h i s ev i d en ce i s n o t p ro bl em a t i c b ecau s e i t i s un n eces sary fo r t h e

res o l ut i o n o f t h e l eg al i s s ues i n t h i s cas e.

5(1 9 8 5). “ Th e Am en d m en t es t ab l i s h es a si m p l e b as el i n e

, o n e t h at fo r m u ch o f o u r

h i s t o ry fo rm ed t he ex cl u si v e bas i s fo r i t s p ro t ect i o n s: W hen t h e Go v ern m en t o b t ai n s

i n fo rm at i o n by p h y s i cal l y i n t ru d i n g o n p ers o n s

, h ou s es

, pap ers

, o r effect s

, a ‘ s earch ’

wi t h i n th e o ri g i n a l m ean i ng o f t h e Fo u rt h Am en d m en t h as u n d o u b t ed l y o ccu rred .”

(Ci t at i o n s an d pu n ct u at i o n om i t t ed .) Fl o r i da v. Ja r d in es

, 5 6 9 U. S. 1

, 5 (II) (1 3 3 SCt

1 4 0 9 , 1 8 5 LEd 2 d 4 9 5 ) (2 0 1 3 ).

[W ] h en i t co m es t o t h e Fo u rt h Am en dm en t

, t he ho m e i s f i r s t am o n g

eq u al s

. At t h e Am en d m en t ’ s v e r y c o re s t an d s t h e ri g h t o f a m an t o

ret rea t in t o h i s o w n h o m e an d t h ere b e free fro m u n reas o n ab l e

g o v ern m en t al i n t ru s i o n

. Th i s ri g ht wo u l d be o f l i t t l e p r a ct ical val u e i f

t h e St at e’ s ag en t s co u l d s t an d i n a ho m e’ s p o rch o r s i d e g ard en an d t rawl

fo r ev i d en ce wi t h i m

p u n i t y ; t h e ri g h t to r e t r e a t wo u l d b e s i gn i fi can t l y

d i m i n i s h ed i f t h e p o l ice co u l d en ter a m an ’ s p ro p ert y t o o b s erv e h i s

rep o se fro m ju s t o u t s id e t h e fro n t wi n do w. W e t h erefo re reg ard t h e area

i m m ed i at el y s u rro u nd i n g an d as s o ci at ed wi t h t h e h o m e— wh at [Un i ted

St at es S u p r e m e Co u rt ] cas es cal l t h e cu rt i l ag e— as p art o f th e h o m e

i t sel f fo r Fo u rt h Am en d m en t p u rp o ses

. Th at p ri n ci p l e h as an ci en t an d

d u rab l e ro o t s

.

(Ci t at i o n s an d p u n ct uat i o n o m i t t ed .) Id

. at 6 ( I I ) (A). “ ‘ Cu rt i l ag e’ h as b een d efi n ed

as t h e y ard s an d g ro u n d s o f a p art i cu l ar ad d res s

, i ts g ard en s

, b arn s

, an d b ui l d i n g s .”

(Ci t at i o n an d p u n ct u at i o n o m i tt ed .) L a n d er s v. St a t e

, 2 5 0 Ga. 8 0 8

, 8 0 9 (3 0 1 SE2 d

66 3 3 ) (1 9 8 3 ). “ Th i s area aro un d t h e h o m e i s i n ti m at e l y l i n k ed t o t he h o m e, b o th

p h y s i cal l y an d p s y ch o l o gi cal l y

, an d i s wh ere p ri v acy ex p ect at io n s are m o s t

h ei g h t en ed .” (Ci t at i o n an d p u n ct u at i o n o m i tt ed

. ) Ja r d i n es , 5 69 U. S. at 6 (II) (A).

Th e St at e ju s t i fi es th e p o l i ce o ffi cers ’ in t ru s i o n o n t o Dav i s ’ d ri v eway o n t h e

g ro u nd t h at o ffi cers h ad a p art i cu l ari zed an d o b ject i v e s us p ici o n t h at Dav i s

co m m i t t ed a cri m e i n l i g h t o f t h e fact t hat h i s t ru ck m at ch ed t h e d es cri pt i o n g i v en by

t h e v i ct i m s an d was i n t h e v i ci ni t y o f t h e s t o l en cel l p h o n e p i n gs

.

Un d er t he Fo u rt h Am en d m en t

, t h ere are t h ree t i ers of p o li ce-ci t izen

e n c o u n t e r s : a f

i r s t

- t i e r e n c o u n t e r i n v o l v e s o n l y v o l u n t a r y

co m m u n i cat io ns bet ween p o l i c e a n d ci t i zen s wi t h o u t an y co erci o n o r

d et en t i o n b y l aw en fo rcem en t ; a s eco n d -t i er en co un t er i n vo l v es a b ri ef

d et en t i o n o f a ci t i zen by p o l i ce t o i n ves t i g at e t he p o s s i b i l it y t h at a cri m e

h as b een o r i s b ei ng co m m i t t ed ; a n d a t h i rd -t i er en co u n t er i s an arres t

an d m u s t b e s u p p o rt ed b y

p ro b ab l e cau s e.

(Ci t at i o n o m i t t ed .) S t a t e v. Pr es t o n

, 34 8 Ga. Ap p

. 6 6 2

, 6 6 4 (8 2 4 SE2 d 5 8 2 ) (2 0 1 9 ).

To m eet t h e reas o n ab le s u s p i ci o n s t an d ard fo r co n d u ct i n g a seco n d -t i er

i n v es t i gat o ry d e ten t i o n, t h e p o l i ce m u s t h av e, u n der t he t o tal i t y o f th e

ci rcu m s t an ces

, a part i cu l ari zed an d o b ject i v e bas i s fo r s u s p e c t i n g t hat

a p ers on i s i n v o l v ed in cri m i n al act iv i t y . Th i s s u s pi ci o n n eed no t m eet

t h e s t an dard of p ro b ab le cau s e, bu t m u s t b e m o re t h an m ere cap ri ce o r

a h u n ch o r an i n cl i n at i o n

.

7(Ci t at i o n s an d p u n ct u at i o n o m i t t ed .) Id . at 6 6 4 -6 65

.

Th e St at e co n ced es t h at t h e o ffi cer’ s i n t eract i o n wi t h Dav i s was n o t a v o l u n t ary

fi rs t -t i er en co u n t er, g iv en t hat t h e o ffi cer i m m ed iat el y fo rci b l y rem o v ed Dav i s fro m

h i s car an d det ai n ed h i m

. W e n eed n o t d eci d e, h o we v e r

, wh et h er p o l i ce h ad t h e

req u i s i t e reas o nab l e s us p i ci o n t o i n i t i at e a s eco n d

- t i er en co u n t er wi t h Dav i s

. Th i s

Co u rt has p rev i o u s ly reco g n i zed t h e reas o nab l e ex pect at i o n o f p ri v acy o n e h as i n h i s

d ri v eway

, wh i ch i s p art o f t he cu rt i l ag e o f h i s h o m e. S ta t e v. O’Br ya n t

, 2 1 9 Ga. Ap p.

8 6 2

, 8 64 ( 4 6 7 S E 2 d 3 4 2) (1 9 9 6 ); see al s o S t a t e v. Vi cker s

, 3 3 9 Ga. Ap p

. 2 7 2

, 2 7 4

(7 9 3 SE2 d 1 67 ) (2 0 1 6 ) (p hy s ical p reced en t on l y ). Th u s

, “ ev en i f t h e o ffi cers h ad [t h e

h ei g h t en ed s t an d ard of] p ro b ab le cau s e t o i n v es t i g at e a cri m e, t h e Fo u rt h Am en d m en t

p ro h ib i t ed th em fro m en t eri n g [Dav i s ’ ] h om e o r i t s cu r t i l a g e wi t h o u t a warran t ab s en t

co n sen t or a sh o wi ng o f ex i g en t ci rcu m s t an ces

. ” 3 (Em p h as i s s up p l i e d

. ) Ki r

s ch e v.

3 A l th o u g h t h e St at e m ak es p as s in g referen ce t o ex i g en t ci rcu m s t an ces i n i t s

b ri ef o n ap p eal

, t h e St at e di d n o t arg u e or at t em p t t o ju st ify t h e o ffi cers ’ co nd u ct o n

t h e bas i s t h at t h ey were pres en t ed w i t h ex i g en t c i r c u m st an ces

. Th u s, an y s u ch

arg u m en t h as b een w ai ved

. See S i l ver Pi geo n Pr o per t i es

, LLC v. Fi ckl in g & Co

. , 3 1 6

Ga. Ap p

. 1 6 7

, 1 70 (1 ) (b ), n

. 1 0 (7 2 8 SE2 d 8 0 1 ) (2 0 1 2 ) (“ G en eral l y

, an arg u m en t n ot

rai s ed i n t h e t ri al co u rt i s wai v ed an d can no t b e rai s ed fo r th e fi rs t t i m e o n ap p eal .”)

(ci t at i o n an d p u nct u at io n o m i t ted ).

8S t a t e

, 2 7 1 Ga. A p p

. 7 2 9

, 7 31 (6 1 1 SE2 d 64 ) (2 0 0 5). In d eed

, as o u r Un i t ed St at es

Su p rem e Co u rt h as recen t l y h el d

,

i t i s a s et t l ed ru l e t h at w arran t l es s arres t s i n p u b l i c p l aces are v al i d

, b ut

,

ab s en t an ot h er ex cep t i o n s u ch as ex i g en t ci rcu m s t an c e s

, o ffi cers m ay

n o t en t er a h om e t o m ak e an arres t wi t h o u t a warran t, even wh en th ey

h a ve pr ob a b l e ca u s e

. Th at i s b ecau s e b ei n g arres t ed i n t h e h o m e

i n v o l v es n o t on l y t h e in v as i o n at t en d an t t o al l arres t s b u t al so an

i n v as i o n of t h e s an ct i t y o f t h e h o m e. Li k ewi se, search in g a v eh i c l e

p ark ed i n t h e cu rt i lag e in v o l v es n ot o n l y t h e i n v as i o n o f t h e Fo u rt h

A m e n d m en t i n t eres t i n th e v eh i cl e b u t al s o an i nv as i on o f th e sa n c t i t y

o f t h e cu r ti l a g e.

(Em p h as i s s u p pl i ed .) Co l li n s v. Vi r g i ni a

, — U. S.

— (1 3 8 SCt 1 6 6 3

, 16 7 2 (II) (B)

(2 ), 2 0 1 LEd 2 d 9) (2 0 18 ) (h ol di n g th at a m o t o rcy cl e p ark ed i n t h e d ri v eway b eh i n d

a wal l o n d efen d an t ’ s p ro p ert y was i m p erm i s s i b l y s earch ed ).

Th e St at e co rrect ly i d en t i fi es t h at t h e pro h i bi t i o n ag ai n s t s uch en try i n t o t h e

cu rt i lag e o f a h o m e “ i s s u b je c t t o t h e ex cep t i o n t h at an y v i s i t o r, i n cl ud i n g a p o l i ce

o ffi cer, m ay en t er th e cu rt i l ag e o f a h o u s e wh en t h at v i s i t o r t ak es t h e s am e ro u t e as

wo u l d an y g u es t

, d el i v ery m an

, p o s tal em p l o y ee, o r o t h er cal l er.” (Ci tat i on o m i t t ed .)

Cr i s wel l

, 3 2 7 G a. Ap p. at 3 8 0 (1 ). Th e cas es w h ere t h i s ex cep t i o n h as b een

reco g n ized , h o wev er, i n vo l v e fi rs t -t ier en co u n t ers wh ere p o l i ce s eek t o “ kn o ck an d

9t al k ” wi th t h e res i den t o f a h o m e. Th e St at e h as n o t ci t ed an y cas es wh i ch p erm i t t ed

an o ffi cer t o t rav ers e t h e d ri v eway o f a h o m e fo r t h e p u rp os e o f i n it i at i n g a s eco n d

t i er en co u n t er an d d et en ti o n

.

In d eed

, p erm i tt i ng s u ch b eh av i o r b y p o l i ce o ffi cers wo u l d no t b e in k eep i n g

wi t h t h e ju s t i fi cat i o n fo r t h e ex cep t i o n

, wh i ch i s a reco g ni t i o n o f t h e i m p li ci t l i cen s e

g ran t ed t o s o ci et y t o ap p ro ach o u r h o m es to co m m u n icat e wi t h u s

. Th e Un i ted St at es

Su p rem e Co u rt ex p o u n d ed o n t h i s co n cep t b y s t at i n g t h at

[a] l i cen s e m ay b e im pl i ed fro m t h e hab i t s o f t h e c o u n try

,

n o t w i t h s t an d in g t h e st ri ct ru le o f t h e En g l i s h co m m o n l aw as t o en t ry

u p o n a cl o se. W e h av e acco rd i n g ly reco g n ized t hat t h e k n o ck er o n t he

fro n t d o o r i s treat ed a s a n i n v i t at i o n o r l icen s e t o at t em p t an en try

, ju s t i fy i n g i ng res s t o t h e h o m e b y s o l ici t ors

, h awk ers an d p ed d lers o f al l

k i n d s

. Th is i mp l i ci t l i cen s e t yp i ca l l y p er m i t s t he vi s i to r to a

p p r o a ch th e

h o me by t he f

r on t p a t h

, kn o ck p r o mp t ly, wa i t b r i ef l y t o b e r ecei ved

, a n d

t h en (a b s en t i n vi ta t i o n t o l i n g er l o n g er ) l ea ve. C o m

p l y i n g wi t h th e

t erm s o f t h at t rad i t i o nal i n v i t at i o n do es no t req u i re fi n e-g rai n ed l eg al

k n o w l ed g e; it i s g en eral l y m an ag ed wi t h o u t i n ci d en t b y t h e Nat i o n ’ s

Gi rl Sco u ts an d t ri ck -o r-t reat ers . Th u s , a p ol i ce o ffi cer n o t arm ed wi t h

a warran t m ay ap p ro ach a h o m e an d kn o ck

, preci sel y b ecau se t h at i s n o

m o re t han an y

p ri vat e ci t i zen m i g ht d o

.

(Ci t at i o n an d p u n ct u at io n

, an d fo o t n o t e o m it t ed ; em p h as i s s u p p l i ed .) Ja r d i n es

, 5 6 9

U. S. at 8 (II) (B).

10W h en p ol ice en g ag e i n b eh av io r wh i ch i s b ey o n d wh at an y p ri v at e ci ti zen m ay

d o

, t h e b as i s fo r t hi s ex cep ti o n ev ap o rat es

. In Ja r d i n es

, t h e U n i t e d St at es Su p rem e

Co u rt fo u n d t h i s ex cep t i o n in ap p l i cab l e wh en o ffi cers b ro ug h t a t rai n ed d ru g can i n e

o n t h e d efen d an t’ s fro nt p o rch t o s n i ff fo r d ru g s . As t h at co urt ex p l ai n ed

,

i n t ro d u ci n g a t rai n ed p o li ce d o g t o ex p lo re th e area aro un d t h e h o m e i n

h o p es o f d i s co v eri n g i n cri m i n at i n g ev id en ce i s s o m et hi ng el s e. T h ere i s

n o cu st o m ary in v i t at io n t o d o t h at

. An i n v i t at io n t o en g ag e i n can in e

fo ren s i c i n v es t i gat i o n as s u red l y d o es n o t i nh ere in t h e v e r y a c t o f

h an g i n g a k n o ck er. To fi n d a v i s i t o r k no ck in g o n t h e d oo r i s ro u t in e

(ev en i f s o m et i m es u n w el co m e); t o s p o t t h at sam e v i s i t or ex p l o ri n g th e

fro n t p a t h wi t h a m et al d et ect o r, o r m arch i n g h i s b l o o dh o un d i n t o th e

g ard en b efo re s ay i n g h el l o an d as ki n g p erm i s s i o n, wo u l d i n sp i re m o s t

o f u s t o

— w e l l

, cal l t h e p o li ce. Th e s co pe o f a l i cen s e— ex p res s o r

i m p l i ed

— i s l i m i t ed n o t o n l y to a p art i cu l ar area b u t al s o to a s p e c i f i c

p u rp o s e.

. . . Here, t h e b ack g ro u n d so ci a l n o r m s t h at i nv i t e a v i si t or t o

t h e fro n t d oo r d o n ot i n v i t e h i m t h ere t o co n d u ct a s earch

.

( F o o t n ot es om i t t ed ; em

ph as i s i n o ri gi n al .) Id

. at 9 (II) (B). Li k ewi s e, h ere, t h e

b ack gro un d s o ci al n o rm s wh i ch wo u l d h av e p erm i t t ed p o l i ce t o t rav ers e Dav i s ’

d ri v eway t o k n o ck o n hi s d o or d i d n o t perm it t h em t o t rav ers e h i s d ri v eway f o r t h e

p u rp os e o f fo rci bl y

rem ov i n g h i m

fro m h i s t ru ck t o d et ai n h i m

.

11Si m

p l y st at ed

, t h e po l i ce were n o t l eg al l y p res en t o n Dav i s’ d ri v eway at t h e

t i m e h e was d et ai n ed

. Th e o ffi cers were no t au t h o ri zed t o en t er t h e cu rt i l ag e o f Dav i s ’

h o m e fo r t h e p urp os e o f i n i t i at in g a s eco nd -t i er en co u n t er ab s en t an ex cep t i o n t o t h e

warran t req u i rem en t

. Acco rd i ng l y

, b ecau s e al l o f t h e ev i d en ce a g ai n s t D av i s was

o b t ai n ed as a res u l t o f an u nl awfu l s ear c h a n d s e i zu re, t he t ri al co u rt d id n o t err in

s u p p res s i n g it

. See, e.g

., W o n g S u n v. Un i t ed S t a t es

, 3 71 U. S. 4 7 1

, 4 8 4 (II) (8 3 SCt

4 0 7 , 9 LEd 2 d 44 1 ) (1 9 6 3 ) (“ [E] v i d en ce s ei zed d u ri n g an u n l awfu l s earch co u l d n ot

co n st i t u t e p ro o f ag ai n s t t h e v i ct i m o f t h e s earc h

. T he e xc lusiona ry p ro hi b it i on ex t en d s

a s wel l to t h e i n d i rect as t h e d irect p ro d uct s of s u ch in v as io n s

. ”) (ci t at i o n a n d

p u n ct u at i o n o m it t ed ).

2

. In l i g h t o f o u r h ol di n g i n Di v i s i o n 1

, w e n e e d n o t ad d res s t h e St at e’ s

rem ai n i n g en um erat i o n s o f erro r.

Ju d g men t a f f i r m ed . McFa d

d en , C. J., a nd

Do yl e, P. J., co n cu r

.

12