T HE N ATIONAL B ROADBAND 

R ESEARCH A GENDA

K EY P RIORITIES F O R

BROADBAND RESEARCH AND D ATA

Report prepared by

National Telecommunications and Information Administration

National Science Foundation

January 2017 
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National Broadband Research Agenda i

Table of Contents

Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................. 1

I. Introduction to the National Broadband Research Agenda ............................................................ 3

I.A Background ....................................................................................................................................... 3

I.A.1 Broadband Opportunity Council and its Report to the President..................................... 3

I.A.2 Objectives and Potential Benefits ..................................................................................... 3

I.B Scope of the Agenda ......................................................................................................................... 4

I.B.1 Stakeholder Input on the Agenda ..................................................................................... 4

I.B.2 Key Subject Areas.............................................................................................................. 5

I.B.3 Framework Used to Prioritize Research Areas and Data Requirements...........................6

II. Key Findings Regarding NBRA Priorities ......................................................................................... 7

II.A Broadband Technology ..................................................................................................................... 7

II.A.1 Emerging Broadband Infrastructure and Systems ............................................................ 7

II.A.2 Broadband Infrastructure Resilience and Public Safety .................................................... 8

II.A.3 Next‐Generation Architectures....................................................................................... 10

II.A.4 Security and Privacy......................................................................................................... 11

II.B Broadband Deployment and Infrastructure ................................................................................... 12

II.B.1 Broadband Availability Data: Technologies, Speeds, and Providers...............................13

II.B.2 Low‐Cost Solutions.......................................................................................................... 14

II.B.3 Financing Approaches for Challenging Business Cases ................................................... 15

II.B.4 Public‐Private Partnerships ............................................................................................. 16

II.B.5 Market Entry and Expansion Barriers.............................................................................. 17

II.C Broadband Adoption and Digital Inclusion ..................................................................................... 18

II.C.1 Datasets on Broadband Adoption ................................................................................... 18

II.C.2 Privacy and Security Challenges to Adoption and Meaningful Usage.............................19

II.C.3 Impacts of Pricing: Key Research and Data Requirements.............................................. 20

II.C.4 Meaningful Usage and Digital Inclusion .......................................................................... 21

II.C.5 Enterprise/Small Business: Access, Adoption, and Socioeconomic Impact....................22

II.C.6 Internet Access for Prisoners: Opportunities to Reduce Recidivism While Managing

Security Risks................................................................................................................... 23

II.C.7 Vulnerable Population Segments.................................................................................... 25

II.D Socioeconomic Impacts of Broadband ........................................................................................... 27

II.D.1 Economic Impacts............................................................................................................ 28

II.D.2 Broadband and Education ............................................................................................... 29

II.D.3 Broadband and Workforce Development ....................................................................... 30

II.D.4 Broadband and Healthcare.............................................................................................. 31

II.D.5 Other Impacts.................................................................................................................. 32

III. Federal Support Opportunities and Next Steps............................................................................. 35

III.A Opportunities for Continued Federal Engagement ........................................................................ 35

III.A.1 Evaluating Policy and Program Impact............................................................................ 35

III.A.2 Standardizing Terminology.............................................................................................. 36

III.A.3 Sharing Federal Broadband Data and Research.............................................................. 37
Table of Contents

ii National Broadband Research Agenda   

III.A.4 Sharing Proprietary Data ................................................................................................. 38

III.A.5 Fostering Increased Collaboration throughout the Research Community .....................38

III.B Moving Forward via NITRD ............................................................................................................. 39

Appendixes........................................................................................................................................ 41

A. List of Respondents to the Request for Comments ............................................................................. 41

B. List of Acronyms ................................................................................................................................... 43
National Broadband Research Agenda 1

Executive Summary  

The Information and Communications Technology (ICT) sector has been fertile ground for interdisciplinary

research and data collection, management, and analysis. The industry’s sheer size, rapid pace of

technological innovation, complex regulatory frameworks, and essential roles in personal and business

communications have attracted and benefitted from active participation from the research community

across various disciplines, including technology, the social and economic sciences, and public policy.

Over the last decade, broadband connectivity (or high‐speed Internet) has evolved into a critical enabler

for myriad applications now integral to the personal and professional lives of Americans. Broadband has

become vital to almost every segment of the Nation’s economic and social fabric.1 The ICT industry

accounts for $1 trillion of U.S. Gross Domestic Product, or 7 percent of the Nation’s economy.2 The

broadband marketplace has undergone major transformation at all levels. The following statistics

illustrate just some of the progress achieved thus far, from various perspectives.  

 Service Providers: U.S. Internet service providers (ISPs) invested $78 billion of capital expenditures

in 2014, and the industry has invested $1.5 trillion since 1996.3 The U.S. median broadband

speed jumped fourfold between 2011 and 2015, standing at 39 megabits per second (Mbps) in

September 2015.4 A variety of public‐private partnership models have emerged. Over 50

communities across 19 states have publicly owned networks offering at least 1 Gigabit services.5

  

 Government: The benchmark set by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for

broadband download speeds has increased by a factor of more than six since 2010, from 4 Mbps

to 25 Mbps.6 Beneficiaries of the FCC’s Lifeline program stood at 13.4 million in 2014, nearly

doubling since 2008.7 The National Telecommunications and Information Administration’s

(NTIA’s) Broadband Technology Opportunities Program launched the single largest U.S. public

investment program for middle‐mile networks, investing over $3.5 billion that led to the

deployment and upgrade of more than 117,000 network miles.8

  

                                                            

1 Council of Economic Advisers. 2016. Issue Brief: The Digital Divide and Economic Benefits of Broadband Access;

available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/page/files/20160308_broadband_cea_issue_brief.pdf.   2 Telecommunications Industry Association. 2015. TIA Policy Innovation Agenda, “Research and Development”;

available at http://www.tiaonline.org/policy/innovation‐agenda#R&D. 3 US Telecom. 2016. “Broadband Investment”; available at http://www.ustelecom.org/broadband‐

industry/broadband‐industry‐stats/investment. 4 FCC. 2016. Measuring Broadband America, A Report on Consumer Fixed Broadband Performance in the United

States; available at https://www.fcc.gov/reports‐research/reports/measuring‐broadband‐america/measuring‐

fixed‐broadband‐report‐2016.   5 ILSR. N.d. Community Network Map; available at https://muninetworks.org/communitymap. 6 FCC. Sixth Broadband Deployment Report (2010) and 2016 Broadband Progress Report (2016); both available at

https://www.fcc.gov/reports‐research/reports/broadband‐progress‐reports.   7 FCC. 2015. Universal Service Monitoring Report; available at https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch

/DOC‐337019A1.pdf. This Federal program to subsidize telephone services for low‐income households expanded in

2016 to include subsidies for wireline and wireless broadband. 8 NTIA. 2016. "Broadband Technology Opportunities Program (BTOP) Quarterly Program Status Report”, pp. 1–2;

available at https://www.ntia.doc.gov/files/ntia/publications/ntia_btop_28th_qtrly_report_09.12.16.pdf.
Executive Summary

2 National Broadband Research Agenda   

 End Users: About 53 percent of Americans owned a smartphone in 2015, compared to 27

percent in 2011.9

  

Despite these transformations, 10 percent of Americans lack access to the FCC’s prescribed benchmark

speeds for broadband of 25 Mbps download and 3 Mbps upload (25/3 Mbps). This divide is more

pronounced in rural and Tribal areas, where 39 percent and 41 percent lack such access, respectively.10

Fewer than 40 percent of Americans have more than one choice of Internet Service Provider. Although

over half of Americans own a smartphone, approximately 20 percent of online households rely on

mobile data plans alone to go online from home.11 Over 40 percent of schools, representing nearly half

of the nation’s students, lack the connectivity to meet the Commission’s short‐term goal of 100 Mbps

per 1,000 students/staff.12  

The Broadband Opportunity Council noted in its 2015 report that research across broadband

deployment, adoption, and competition has not kept pace with the massive digital changes that have

come to permeate our economy and society.13 One of the report’s four overarching recommendations

was to improve data collection, analysis, and research on broadband. Included in the report was a

commitment by NTIA and the National Science Foundation (NSF) to lead the development of a National

Broadband Research Agenda (NBRA or Agenda) to address these topics comprehensively. NSF and NTIA

engaged the Federal Networking and Information Technology Research and Development (NITRD)

Program to assist; the NITRD National Coordination Office established a task force co‐chaired by NTIA,

NSF, and the U.S. Department of Education (ED) to facilitate the process of gathering Federal agency

input in the development of the NBRA. Proposed research and data topics in the Agenda reflect broad

input from academia, the public, and Federal staff.

This Agenda provides a synthesis of stakeholder input and a conceptual framework for potential research

proposals and data requirements in four key areas related to U.S. R&D in broadband: technology,

deployment, adoption, and socioeconomic impacts. It also provides a number of opportunities for

Federal support. The NBRA task force is optimistic that findings from these proposed research topics will

support the continued dynamic growth of the ICT sector and identify effective strategies to address

remaining disparities in broadband access, adoption, and choice in the United States.  

                                                            

9 NTIA. 2016. “Digital Nation Data Explorer”, Internet‐Enabled Mobile Phone Use, Total US; available at

https://ntia.doc.gov/data/digital‐nation‐data‐explorer#sel=mobilePhoneUser&demo=&pc=prop&disp=chart.   10 FCC. 2016. 2016 Broadband Progress Report; available at https://www.fcc.gov/reports‐

research/reports/broadband‐progress‐reports/2016‐broadband‐progress‐report. 11 G. McHenry (NTIA). 2016. “Evolving Technologies Change the Nature of Internet Use” (blog); available at

https://ntia.doc.gov/blog/2016/evolving‐technologies‐change‐nature‐internet‐use. 12 FCC. 2016. 2016 Broadband Progress Report. 13 Broadband Opportunity Council. 2015 (August 20). Broadband Opportunity Council Report and Recommendations;

available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/broadband_opportunity_council_report_final.pdf.  
National Broadband Research Agenda 3

I. Introduction to the National Broadband Research Agenda

I.A Background

I.A.1 Broadband Opportunity Council and its Report to the President  

A March 2015 Presidential Memorandum ("Memorandum") titled, “Expanding Broadband Deployment

and Adoption by Addressing Regulatory Barriers and Encouraging Investment and Training” stated,

“Access to high‐speed broadband is no longer a luxury; it is a necessity for American families,

businesses, and consumers. Affordable, reliable access to high‐speed broadband is critical to U.S.

economic growth and competitiveness.”14

The Memorandum created the Broadband Opportunity Council ("Council") and tasked it to produce

recommendations to increase broadband deployment, competition, and adoption through executive

actions within the scope of Federal programs, missions, and budgets. In August 2015, the Council

published its Broadband Opportunity Council Report and Recommendations ("Report") in response to

the Memorandum. One of the Report’s four overarching recommendations was to improve data

collection, analysis, and research on broadband. This report noted that “research on broadband

deployment, competition, and adoption has not kept pace with the massive digital changes that

permeate our economy and society.” It also found the need for more granular data regarding broadband

connectivity and usage as they impact stakeholders and their missions, and the need to leverage

opportunities for greater interagency collaboration in data collection and analysis efforts.15

Also as part of the Council’s response to the mandate of the Memorandum, NTIA and NSF committed to

lead the development of a national research agenda focused on broadband. Through the NITRD

Program, many Federal agencies have participated in this effort, as reflected throughout this document.  

I.A.2 Objectives and Potential Benefits  

Objectives

The National Broadband Research Agenda ("NBRA" or "Agenda") aims to present an overall framework

for future broadband research that includes identifying (a) promising research areas; (b) requirements

for data collection and sharing; (c) opportunities for better alignment and coordination across Federal

and external stakeholders; and (d) potential Federal actions (e.g., funding strategies, policy

development, and programs) to enhance data collection and research.

                                                            

14 President Obama. 2015 (March 23). “Memorandum on Expanding Broadband Deployment and Adoption by

Addressing Regulatory Barriers and Encouraging Investment and Training”; available at

https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/DCPD‐201500195/pdf/DCPD‐201500195.pdf 15 Broadband Opportunity Council. 2015 (August 20). Broadband Opportunity Council Report and Recommendations;

available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/broadband_opportunity_council_report_final.pdf
I. Introduction to the National Broadband Research Agenda

4 National Broadband Research Agenda   

Potential Benefits

The Agenda provides foundational research questions and data requirements that are intended to help

overcome the systemic disparities in broadband access, adoption, and choices that exist within the

United States. In particular, the Agenda aims to identify efforts that will be essential to tackle the most

vexing challenges and the key opportunities that remain in removing impediments to broadband access

and adoption. The Agenda will support:  

 Identification of key research topics: The Agenda helps clarify the critical open questions so as

to enable members of the research community—across academia, government, industry, and

nonprofits—to prioritize their resources and activities in research and data collection.

 Expanded data collection: The Agenda identifies data gaps arising from the lack of collection

and/or sharing. It creates mechanisms for receiving input from key stakeholders to identify new

opportunities to collect information (e.g., through existing survey vehicles). Industry members

can identify opportunities to share data in ways that do not undermine competitive positioning

and enable firms to benefit from key findings.

 Increased collaboration: The outreach process used to gather input from stakeholders fostered

useful discussions and should support continued conversations and exchanges of ideas, needs,

and opportunities to move forward.  

 Strategic planning: The Agenda can help Federal agencies, contingent upon resources, to

formulate strategies and initiatives moving forward, by identifying new opportunities for data

collection, sharing, research funding, and collaboration, or by refocusing existing efforts.  

I.B Scope of the Agenda

I.B.1 Stakeholder Input on the Agenda  

A key factor in the development of this Agenda was obtaining robust input from a broad set of

stakeholders—including academia, commercial entities, nonprofits, the general public, and Federal

agency staff—by means of the fora described below. The stakeholders who participated in any of these

fora are labeled as “participants” in this document. The Agenda constitutes a compilation of research

topics offered by all participants.  

“Broadband 2021” National Workshop and Report  

Following the Council’s report, NSF funded the Institute for Information Policy (IIP) at the Pennsylvania

State University to organize a national workshop to bring together leading academic scholars and other

experts to begin to define a national agenda for broadband research.16 Participants at the June 2016

“Broadband 2021” workshop were drawn primarily from academia, complemented by representatives

from government agencies, civil society organizations, and foundations. This workshop centered on

three tracks of discussion, including advanced broadband technology, adoption and usage, and

socioeconomic impact.  

                                                            

16 See details of the “Broadband 2021” workshop at https://broadband.ist.psu.edu/.
I.B Scope of the Agenda

National Broadband Research Agenda 5

Request for Public Comments

On September 9, 2016, NTIA and NSF issued a public Request for Comments (RFC)17 to inform the

development of the Agenda. The RFC received 49 comments from a broad range of stakeholders

(Appendix A). Through this RFC, NTIA and NSF sought recommendations, best practices, and solutions to

current challenges with regard to promising research and analytical methodologies; effective

approaches for data collection and sharing; opportunities for better alignment and coordination for

these research efforts across all Federal and external stakeholders; funding strategies with suggestions

for prioritization and public‐private resource sharing; and possible changes to Federal policies and

programs that could enhance broadband research.  

Interagency NBRA Task Force  

The National Coordination Office for the NITRD program,18 in collaboration with NSF and NTIA,

established a task force to facilitate the development and writing of the NBRA. The NBRA Task Force

reports to the NITRD Large‐Scale Networking Interagency Working Group, which supports the

coordination of Federal investments in networking R&D. The NBRA Task Force is co‐chaired by

representatives from NTIA, NSF, and ED. The task force organized a workshop in October 2016 as a

forum for agency discussion and identification of critical data, research needs, research opportunities,

and key implementation enablers for broadband, such as policy challenges, funding requirements, and

coordination opportunities.

I.B.2 Key Subject Areas  

The proposed NBRA research topics are divided into four categories, which are detailed in Section II:  

 Broadband technology: This category encompasses technical issues related to broadband

networks, including architecture, software and hardware elements, and transmission

technologies. It also includes technical elements related to applications and devices.  

 Broadband deployment: This category covers subjects related to the planning, deployment, and

sustainability of broadband infrastructure. It also includes data and other information, such as

mapping, regarding broadband availability.  

 Broadband adoption and digital inclusion: This category covers challenges and opportunities to

foster adoption and meaningful usage of broadband by all types of customers, including

residential, business, and community institution patrons.  

 Socioeconomic impacts of broadband: This category addresses the impacts of broadband on

economic and social outcomes. Economic impacts include microeconomic‐based indicators at

the firm level such as enterprise productivity, competitiveness, financial performance, and

quality and efficient delivery of services. Macroeconomic‐based indicators include such factors

as GDP, employment, and wages. Social dimensions importantly include such dynamics as

impacts of broadband availability and use on education, healthcare, workforce preparedness, and

access to government services.

                                                            

17 NTIA. 2016. “Request for Comments National Broadband Research Agenda”; available at

https://www.ntia.doc.gov/request‐comments‐national‐broadband‐research‐agenda.   18 NITRD is a Subcommittee of the National Science and Technology Council’s Committee on Technology.
I. Introduction to the National Broadband Research Agenda

6 National Broadband Research Agenda   

Many broadband research topics intersect multiple areas; cross‐cutting topics are included in the

socioeconomic impacts section.

Opportunities for further Federal engagement are discussed in Section III. This includes potential

actions that Federal agencies could consider to advance the Agenda, pending availability of resources.  

Types of Ideas and Suggestions  

The topics proposed in Sections II and III generally reflect one or more of three types of suggestions:  

 Relevant research questions;

 Opportunities for data collection and sharing; and/or

 Potential action items for Federal agency support to enable the research and data proposals,

such as funding strategies, coordination, or changes to Federal policies and programs to

facilitate data collection and research.

Working Definitions

The phrase “broadband research” may have various meanings to different stakeholders. For purposes of

being inclusive, a strict interpretation is not offered; nevertheless, the following considerations offer

some context.

 Broadband: The research and data requirements should be about high‐speed access, not simply

connectivity. The Agenda applies the FCC’s current benchmark for broadband, which is defined

as speeds not less than 25 Mbps download and 3 Mbps upload.

 Research: For this document, the term research includes fact‐finding and analysis activities that

can be used to solve challenges and identify opportunities to foster any of the following: advanced

technology development; upgrades and deployments of infrastructure to support the escalating

thresholds of speed required by residents, businesses, and community institutions; promotion

of competition and choice; and support for adoption, inclusion, and meaningful usage.  

I.B.3 Framework Used to Prioritize Research Areas and Data Requirements  

A national broadband research agenda, by definition, can reflect a vast breadth and depth of research

topics; therefore, some level of prioritization is necessary to manage the scope of the discussion. The

specific findings and recommendations are intended to reflect the following factors:  

1. Stakeholder Input: The Agenda reflects a synthesis of the inputs from stakeholders as described

in Section I.B.1 above;  

2. Relevance: The Agenda reflects topics specifically related to research, analysis, and data; and  

3. Impact: Recommendations reflect a well‐defined opportunity, need, or benefit, specifically that

the recommendations can help foster competition, innovation, access, adoption, digital

inclusion, and the other broad objectives specified in the Council report.  

Importantly, this Agenda offers the research community ample room for further prioritization of

research topics.
National Broadband Research Agenda 7

II. Key Findings Regarding NBRA Priorities  

Participant inputs (Section I.B.1) towards the development of the Agenda resulted in a broad number of

research topics and data requirements; these are reflected in the discussions and charts below in the

categories of Broadband Technology, Deployment and Infrastructure, Adoption and Digital Inclusion,

and Socioeconomic Impacts.

II.A Broadband Technology  

The broadband technology landscape continues to reflect rapid innovation and advancement in

platforms, networks, devices, services, and applications. The technical R&D proposals covered in this

section are in the areas of emerging broadband infrastructure and systems, broadband infrastructure

resilience and public safety, next‐generation architectures, and security and privacy. These are neither

independent from each other nor completely separate from the other main topics of adoption,

deployment, and socioeconomic impacts. For example, architecture intersects security as well as

deployment and resilience. Alternatively, strategies for improvement of "quality of experience" (a topic

of current academic research) might be classified as either technology‐based or adoption‐based.  

II.A.1 Emerging Broadband Infrastructure and Systems

As noted in the “Broadband 2021” report: "Research on broadband technologies typically addresses

technical design and how design choices affect capabilities such as the ability to support high data rates,

superior user experiences, rapid mobility, or strong security. While technical capabilities are important,

more research is needed to understand the evolving engineering‐economics of broadband systems as

new technologies are deployed."19 Many of the inputs represented in this topic area dealt with wireless

technology as a means to lower the cost of deployment, particularly in underserved rural and/or remote

areas. Specific technologies called out include millimeter‐wave, massive multiple‐input–multiple‐output

(MIMO), hybrid free space optical and RF (radio frequency) systems, and dynamic spectrum allocation.

The “Broadband 2021” report also pointed out that some of the most important wireless research and

experimentation is highly interdisciplinary, involving a complex interplay among advanced wireless

technology, economic incentives, and spectrum policy and regulations.

Key Topics: Emerging

Infrastructure & Systems   Agenda Items

Emerging Technologies    What emerging last‐ and middle‐mile solutions (e.g., dynamic spectrum

sharing, power‐line communication, drone‐based wireless) offer the

most promise for reducing the cost of offering broadband services,

particularly in low‐density, rural, and disadvantaged areas?

                                                            

19 Institute for Information Policy, Pennsylvania State University. 2016 (July 25). Broadband 2021: Report of the

Interdisciplinary Workshop on the Development of a National Broadband Research Agenda, p. 8; available at

http://comm.psu.edu/assets/uploads/Broadband_2021.pdf.
II. Key Findings Regarding NBRA Priorities

8 National Broadband Research Agenda   

 What wireless technologies, such as millimeter‐wave and massive

MIMO, will enable access networks to handle much larger numbers of

devices per unit area, for example, through densely‐packed small cells?

 What advantages do free space optical, hybrid optical‐RF, and satellite

technologies offer in terms ofscalability and cost, and in which contexts?

Spectrum Utilization    How can current spectrum allocations be used more efficiently in

various regions and environments, and which currently underused

bands can be better utilized?  

 What techniques can create appropriate incentives for efficient use of

spectrum by both the public and private sectors?

 What techniques can enable sharing of a given spectrum block (e.g.,

3.4–3.6 GHz), while providing seamless data rates of up to 1 Gbps?

Efficiency Drivers    What cost‐effective hardware (i.e., integrated circuit) technologies are

needed for long‐term scalability?  

 What innovative technologies can make broadband infrastructure, and

the end‐user devices, more energy‐efficient?  

 How can technologies be combined to form heterogeneous edge

networks that allow network resource usage to be continuously

optimized based on application needs, to deliver better user

experience at a lower cost of investment?

 What factors should be considered in engineering‐economic models of

broadband systems based on novel technologies, especially models

used to quantify and compare the benefits of different technologies?

Measurement and

Monitoring

 What technologies and infrastructures are needed to provide an

accurate picture of spectrum usage at timescales ranging from

milliseconds to months?

 How can monitoring technologies and infrastructures enable more

effective spectrum sharing techniques and enforcement of spectrum

allocation policies?

Quality of Experience  How can users' overall quality of experience be quantified and

measured objectively?

 What parameters, both technical (e.g., latency, availability, capacity)

and nontechnical, affect users' satisfaction with their service

experience?

 How does users’ satisfaction with quality of experience vary across

regions, applications, and demographics?

II.A.2 Broadband Infrastructure Resilience and Public Safety

Resilience refers to the ability of broadband services to survive, respond to, and recover from adverse

events including natural disasters, congestion events, and malicious attacks. Especially during and

immediately after a disaster, society depends on reliable access to a wide range of broadband systems,

including the Internet, cellular networks, 911 systems, communications systems used by first

responders, national security/emergency preparedness systems that support broadcasting and

emergency alerts, and broadband systems embedded in critical infrastructure such as the electric power
II.A Broadband Technology

National Broadband Research Agenda 9

grid. As infrastructures become more interdependent, assuring continuity of this access becomes a

greater challenge. Research in this topic is of importance to the Federal government and myriad

partners and stakeholders, including those in State, Territorial, Tribal, and small community localities.  

Key Topics: Infrastructure

Resilience & Public Safety   Agenda Items

Measuring and

Quantifying Resilience  

 How should infrastructure resilience be quantified?  

 How can resilience be measured or estimated, both at time of design

and in situ for deployed systems?

 Using such measures, how resilient are today's deployed broadband

systems?

 How does resilience vary across regions and service areas (e.g., cities

vs. Tribal lands)?

Key Threats and Risks    What are the major threats to broadband infrastructure (e.g., RF

jamming, distributed denial of service (DDoS), spoofing, and event‐

generated congestion)? Which are the most urgent?

 What best practices can be employed to counter each of these major

threats?  

 Whatsectors or types of networks are most vulnerable to these threats?

How can we identify at‐risk networks and quantify their levels of risk?

 How will the introduction of new technologies affect the resilience of

the network, especially emergency communications, in times of

network stress?

 How can the security and control of the broadband infrastructure

supply chain (whether domestic or offshore) be assured?

Public Policy  What should be the national goals regarding infrastructure resiliency?

 What are the roles of government (Federal, State, local) and industry?  

 What collaboration and partnership opportunities can best bridge the

expertise and resources needed across government and industry?  

 Should the government require a minimum standard of resiliency from

commercial service providers?  

 What incentives do public and private sector operators of broadband

systems have to improve resilience, and how might changes in

technology, business practices, or public policy affect incentives?

Emergency Preparedness  How effectively do present and future emergency communication

systems serve special‐needs populations, such as individuals with

disabilities, non‐English speakers, and the elderly?

 How can emergency preparedness and national security broadband

communications be secured and prioritized in emerging wireless

broadband infrastructures (e.g., 5th generation ["5G"] wireless systems)

during emergencies?

Strategic and Technology

Planning  

 What technical approaches can improve the resilience of existing

infrastructure in a cost‐effective way, and how do they compare across

all dimensions of interest?
II. Key Findings Regarding NBRA Priorities

10 National Broadband Research Agenda   

 How can new deployments be designed to be more resilient?  

 How can advanced wireless technologies (Section II.A.1) support

location services for next‐generation 911 (NG‐911), to ensure callers

can be located when reporting an emergency, especially in rural, Tribal,

and other underserved areas?

II.A.3 Next‐Generation Architectures  

Architecture refers to the totality of functions needed to provide end‐to‐end broadband services and

applications, and how they are organized. This includes not only the design of hardware, software, and

protocol standards for carrying bits, but also toolkits and libraries to support applications development,

business models (e.g., flat‐rate/unlimited access, versus usage caps, versus entirely usage‐based payment

plans), and implementation techniques such as software‐defined networking. Although the current state

of the system is fairly homogeneous above the access channel and thus well known—essentially all of

the network uses the same suite of protocols: Internet Protocol (IP), Transmission Control Protocol (TCP),

User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)—the burgeoning prevalence of

mobile devices, coupled with the trend to connect an ever‐increasing number and variety of "things" to

the network, brings new challenges with respect to scalability, management, and affordability.

Key Topics: Next‐

Generation Architectures Agenda Items

Emerging Network

Technologies: Value and

Impact Measurement  

 How can "wireless middle" architectures (e.g., drone‐based backhaul)

reduce cost of deployment, especially in areas of low user density?

 How are emerging software‐centric broadband networking

technologies, such as software‐defined networking (SDN) and network

function virtualization (NFV), likely to be deployed in broadband

infrastructure? How will such techniques influence the interactions

among the players across the end‐to‐end broadband ecosystem?  

 Can such techniques provide new incentives or lower costs for

broadband deployment?

 What effects will transition to next‐generation protocols (including

Version 6 of the Internet Protocol) in various parts of the infrastructure

have on the end‐to‐end quality of experience of users?

Business Models    Can new service models (for example, information‐centric networking)

facilitate, expedite, or enhance the development of applications that

are both more usable and more secure?

 Would other business models (for example, unbundled access channels

and Internet service) provide better security, greater flexibility, and

more incentives for innovation?

Edge Models    What technical approaches would be most effective for migration and

multihoming (i.e., allowing devices to rapidly switch between providers

or technologies) of hosts or computer networks to more than one

network in order to increase reliability, performance, or cost savings?

 What are the costs, benefits, and risks of empowering end‐user devices

to migrate, multihome, and/or switch between access technologies?
II.A Broadband Technology

National Broadband Research Agenda 11

 How would migration and multihoming affect competition, investment,

and innovation?  

 What are the impacts of multihoming and usability for underserved

communities?

 How do current pricing schemes affect the development and use of

novel edge technologies and multihoming? What pricing schemes

might incentivize more efficient or effective network development?

II.A.4 Security and Privacy

As more and more personal, business, and government activities depend on digital connectivity, the

security and privacy characteristics of broadband applications and infrastructure become more and

more critical. Indeed, concerns over security and privacy may cause some people to limit their use of the

network and cause others to avoid it entirely. This aspect is covered in more detail in Section II.C.2.

Unfortunately, the protocols on which the Internet has been built over the last three decades were, with

few exceptions, not designed with security and privacy in mind, and it has proven very difficult to

retrofit these properties. The problem is complex and the issues are systemic. They range from the

insecurity of devices such as those marketed for the "Internet of Things,” to the lack of incentives for

either vendors or users to improve security, to the fundamental tension between accountability (which

requires robust, unforgeable identities) and privacy (which requires ambiguity with respect to identity),

to the inability of even technically savvy users to determine whether their home networks are secure.

The topics described below align with recent Federal strategic plans for cybersecurity and privacy.20

Key Topics: Security and

Privacy   Agenda Items

Measuring Privacy and

Trust  

 How can privacy, trust, and security in a networked environment be

conceptualized and measured; how well do systems now in use perform?  

 How can we quantify and measure the effect of component usability

on overall security?

Role of Technology in

Privacy and Trust

 What best practices or minimum standards of protection should be

adopted in certain environments (e.g., home networks) to improve

security of the overall broadband system? How might such practices be

encouraged or enforced?

 What technical changes will help to increase the trust users place in

broadband communications systems, devices, and applications,

especially in underserved and disadvantaged communities?  

 Could changes in technical standards, business practices, or public

policies increase incentives to make systems more trustworthy?  

                                                            

20 See the 2016 Federal Cybersecurity Research and Development Strategic Plan, available at

https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/whitehouse.gov/files/documents/2016_Federal_Cybersecurity_Research_and

_Development_Stratgeic_Plan.pdf; and 2016 National Privacy Research Strategy, available at

https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/nprs_nstc_review_final.pdf.  
II. Key Findings Regarding NBRA Priorities

12 National Broadband Research Agenda   

Role of Policy    What government‐wide and individual agency standards, protocols,

policies, and incentives can improve the security and trustworthiness of

the system? For example, what policies might Tribal governments

adopt to improve trust in broadband and enable better communication

within Tribal communities?

 How can we simplify privacy and security policy reporting and increase

user knowledge and comprehension of such policies?

II.B Broadband Deployment and Infrastructure

The size and scale of U.S. broadband infrastructure has advanced considerably over the last decade

through vigorous investments from the private sector and government financial assistance programs;

technology advancements across wireline and wireless systems (e.g., Data over Cable Service Interface

Specification—DOCSIS 3.1—and 4G Long Term Evolution—4G LTE); measures to address entry and

expansion barriers; and increased private and public collaboration.  

However, approximately 10 percent of Americans lack access to fixed services that deliver the FCC’s

prescribed benchmark for minimum broadband (25/3 Mbps download/upload).21 The rural divide is

more pronounced, because 39 percent of rural households lack such access, compared to 4 percent of

urban households. An even more profound statistic is that 20 percent of rural Americans lack access

even to the FCC’s prior minimum benchmark of 4/1 Mbps, and 33 percent lack access to the 10/1 Mbps

speeds required by the FCC’s Connect America Fund. Choices are limited even when broadband services

are available. Fewer than 40 percent of Americans have more than one choice of broadband service

provider. Moreover, four in 10 Americans live in areas where very‐high‐speed broadband service—

100 Mbps or greater—is completely unavailable. About 41 percent of Americans living on Tribal lands

lack access to 25/3 Mbps broadband; of those who live in rural Tribal lands, fully 68 percent lack access.

The gaps also pertain to community institutions, where broadband is a key enabler for their missions. For

example, approximately 19 percent of schools lack the speed connectivity to address the Commission’s

short‐term goal of 100 Mbps per 1,000 students and staff.  

The themes under this category include research and data that can help inform and foster actions to

drive greater deployment and choice and that assess or predict the potential impacts of related policies.

Key topics include:  

 Broadband availability data: The collection and sharing of data regarding the availability of

broadband technologies, speeds, and providers;

 Low‐cost solutions: Low‐cost technology solutions that can significantly lower upfront capital

costs and/or recurring operating expenses;

 Financing programs and solutions: Sources of financing that involve lower borrowing costs

and/or longer payback periods, and government programs that can help attract private

investment by addressing key business case risk;

                                                            

21 All statistics in this paragraph are from FCC. 2016. 2016 Broadband Progress Report; available at

https://www.fcc.gov/reports‐research/reports/broadband‐progress‐reports/2016‐broadband‐progress‐report2016.  
II.B Broadband Deployment and Infrastructure

National Broadband Research Agenda 13

 Business models and public–private partnerships: Opportunities for public and commercial

stakeholders to share risks, rewards, and responsibilities across the ownership, planning,

deployment, and operations of a broadband network; and  

 Market expansion and/or entry barriers: Best practices and strategies to overcome critical

obstacles that increase the time and costs for incumbents to expand their networks, and/or

prevent a potential new provider from entering a new market.  

II.B.1 Broadband Availability Data: Technologies, Speeds, and Providers  

Granular data regarding availability of broadband technologies, speeds, and service providers play a

critical role across a wide spectrum of broadband research and analysis requirements, as noted below.

FCC 477 Data. The FCC collects broadband speed data at the census block level as part of its “Form 477”

reporting requirement for all facilities‐based service providers for schools, libraries, community centers,

and others. The FCC collects and publishes this broadband deployment data twice each year.22

National Broadband Map. NTIA and the FCC launched the National Broadband Map

(http://www.broadbandmap.gov) in 2011 and updated it biannually through 2014. The map depicts

broadband availability by technology, maximum advertised speeds, and provider names. The data sets

used to populate the National Broadband Map were collected by the 56 states and territories funded by

grants through NTIA's State Broadband Initiative. The program posted its final data update in March

2015. NTIA subsequently transitioned the map to the FCC. The FCC has not yet updated the National

Broadband Map due to budgetary constraints, but it does have much of the data necessary to do so

through its Form 477 data program.

Census Data. The U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey (ACS) provides another major data

source regarding household access to the Internet. It has the advantage of a large sample size of

3.5 million housing units each year. ACS surveys have sampled computer and Internet use annually since

2013, providing data on the scope and geographic coverage of Internet access. The ACS data is

complemented by information from the Current Population Survey (CPS) Computer and Internet Use

Supplement. While the CPS is smaller in size than the ACS, it provides essential detail on how people use

the Internet and for what purposes, as discussed in Section II.C.1. Participants submitted a variety of

research and data requirements for broadband availability, as follows.

Key Topics: Broadband

Availability Data Agenda Items

National Broadband Map    Many stakeholders requested that the FCC should update the National

Broadband Map with the FCC 477 data. If the FCC does not update the

map, what alternative approaches and business models should be

considered so a trusted third party (private, nonprofit, or academic)

publishes and updates the map?  

 Would a mapping interface help service providers decrease the

number of filing errors in their 477 data submissions, because

                                                            

22 FCC Form 477 data collection Information is available at https://www.fcc.gov/general/form‐477‐ resources‐filers.
II. Key Findings Regarding NBRA Priorities

14 National Broadband Research Agenda   

availability data could be visualized? Would a map offer a more

effective way to see incremental changes over reporting periods?  

Key Limitations Regarding

FCC 477 Data  

 How can the FCC address the issue that data reporting at the level of

large census blocks may overstate availability or quality when

broadband technologies or speeds are not uniform throughout the

block (e.g., break large census blocks into smaller subsets)?  

Data Regarding Backbone

and Middle‐Mile

Networks

 What critical research areas could be pursued with data regarding

locations and speeds of backbone and middle‐mile network facilities?

What specific data would be useful regarding such facilities?  

 How should such information be collected (e.g., point‐to‐point

community spans)?  

 What are the key challenges and concerns with the government

requiring the filing of such information from backbone and middle‐mile

service providers? How can these concerns be addressed?  

II.B.2 Low‐Cost Solutions  

The capital‐intensive nature of building broadband infrastructure has complicated the development of

business cases that earn a positive return on investment and are sustainable. The challenges are of

paramount importance to rural communities, where low population densities prevent the high upfront

costs from being scaled across a wide subscriber base. Thus, research into low‐cost strategies—both

capital and operating cost strategies—continues to warrant significant attention. Key research and data

opportunities are delineated below.

Key Topics: Low‐Cost

Solutions Agenda Items

Low Cost Technologies    What factors (public policy, business arrangements, etc.) can

substantially impact the technical design to enable significant capital

and operating cost efficiency?  

Upgrades to Existing

Infrastructure

 What emerging technologies can significantly improve speeds over

legacy copper‐based facilities?  

 How can the trade‐offs be quantified when service providers upgrade

rural networks to meet minimum broadband speed thresholds,

considering that these improved speeds may likely fall below future

increases in the benchmarks?  

Government Sponsorship

and Funding of Low‐Cost

Solutions  

 Given the variety of federally sponsored research programslooking into

advanced wireless and wireline networking solutions, are there specific

topics that warrant greater attention to help foster low‐cost solutions?  

Opportunities to Lower

Operating Expenses  

 What are the biggest opportunities to significantly lower network

operating costs (e.g., power, maintenance, upgrades)?

 How can advances in solar energy be further incorporated into

broadband technology networks to reduce energy costs and increase

environmental sustainability, and into advanced networks to areas

where power limitations previously thwarted deployment?  
II.B Broadband Deployment and Infrastructure

National Broadband Research Agenda 15

II.B.3 Financing Approaches for Challenging Business Cases  

The sources of investment capital, and the associated terms and conditions, have a significant impact on

broadband deployment. They affect the cost of capital and the time horizon for achieving key financial

targets. Collectively, they influence feasibility for a business plan and may stymie abilities to raise financing

for low‐density, unserved, and underserved communities. They also influence business model types,

including such elements as technology, ownership structure, partnership structure, roles for public‐

private collaboration, services, pricing, prelaunch threshold requirements, and overall sustainability.  

The research and data on cheaper types of capital warrant greater attention. For example, whereas the

interest rates on municipal bonds and government‐provided loans are generally lower than the interest

rates on commercial bonds and loans, securing such financing can still be a roadblock for deployment.

Tax credits for infrastructure investments can help elevate the returns and may provide enough

incentive to attract private capital. Government subsidy and grant programs reduce risks and may help

incentivize private capital to enter the market; more data on such impacts are desired. Key research and

data requirements on financing are delineated below.

Key Topics: Financing Agenda Items

Municipal Bond Financing    Given that many communities may lack a credit rating, or lack the

experience and understanding to raise municipal bonds (e.g., general‐

obligation or tax‐based bonds), what best practices and strategies can

help communities and financial institutions foster greater bond activity?  

 What local, State, and Federal government policies can support and

foster such financing?  

Tax Credit Programs    What are the key metrics regarding the role of New Market Tax

Credits on broadband deployment to date (e.g., capital dollars, miles

deployed, technology, locations, or expansion)?  

 How have credit‐supported networks contributed to economic

development?  

FCC Healthcare Connect

Fund  

 What new data metrics should the FCC consider collecting from

beneficiaries of the Healthcare Connect Fund regarding services and

applications used by healthcare providers and patients and their

impact on a variety of metrics used to measure patient outcomes?  

E‐Rate Programs    What new data metrics should the FCC consider collecting from schools

receiving E‐Rate support (for discounts to assist U.S. schools and

libraries to obtain affordable telecommunications and Internet access)

regarding a host of critical data points, including teacher use of online

content, student use of Internet‐based courses, connection speeds,

and impacts on student performance?  

Infrastructure Bank  What are best practices regarding the creation of an infrastructure

bank with regard to broadband deployment, e.g., eligibility, funding

criteria, and financing parameters?  
II. Key Findings Regarding NBRA Priorities

16 National Broadband Research Agenda   

II.B.4 Public‐Private Partnerships  

Public‐private partnership (PPP) models aim to reduce a variety of financial and operating risks in order

to attract private partners. A wide variety of PPP arrangements have been used to bring broadband to

unserved and underserved communities. These models recognize the unique strengths and resources of

the commercial sector, public entities, nonprofits, and community leaders. These partnerships vary with

regard to network ownership and financing, but also in the roles they play with regard to construction,

operations, marketing, and overall sustainability.  

Analysts across the stakeholder spectrum have studied and written much about the variety of PPP

business models, best practices, key risks, overall impacts, etc.23 Their benefits and limitations are,

nevertheless, widely debated. The discussions regarding the development of a national infrastructure

bank will invite further debate regarding the key merits, limitations, and risks of PPPs.  

Key Topics: Public‐Private

Partnerships Agenda Items

Performance

Measurement and Impact

Evaluation  

 How can government agencies that support PPPs measure the return

on their financial investment and/or other contributed resources?

What methodologies can be applied, given the variety of PPP models

(e.g., subsidy contribution, joint‐ownership and operated, concession,

management contract, etc.)?  

 Given the financial assistance provided by local, State and Federal

government programs in funding various PPPs, what data should be

collected to better understand the value of PPP models?  

Information Sharing    How can public sector entities more effectively share the details of

their sponsored PPP arrangements with the research community?

 What specific data points are most valuable to the research

community?  

Demand Aggregation  What are the best practices to foster demand aggregation and

therefore contribute to the economic feasibility of a business case in

unserved and/or underserved communities?  

 Given the movement by many communities to plan and deploy a range

of “Smart City” solutions, how can these initiatives encourage the

deployment of advanced networks that serve the broader community?  

Best Practices from Other

Industries  

 Given that other sectors (e.g., transportation, energy) have a longer

track record in PPP deployment, what best practices can be applied to

the broadband sector?  

 What performance metrics, research methodologies, impact/outcome

frameworks, etc., are relevant to the broadband PPP landscape?  

                                                            

23 P. Lucey and C. Mitchell. 2016. Successful Strategies for Broadband Public‐Private Partnerships (Minneapolis, MN:

Institute for Local Self‐Reliance); available at https://ilsr.org/wp‐content/uploads/downloads/2016/08/PPP‐Report‐

2016‐1.pdf. Also, World Bank Group, 2014. Public‐Private Partnerships Reference Guide: Version 2.0; available at

http://ppp.worldbank.org/public‐private‐partnership/library/public‐private‐partnerships‐reference‐guide‐version‐20.  
II.B Broadband Deployment and Infrastructure

National Broadband Research Agenda 17

Emerging Models for

Public–Private

Collaboration on Smart

City Solutions  

 What are some best practices and frameworks regarding how the

broadband‐enabled “Smart City” solutions and strategies can attract

additional resources and capital from private and public entities for

electrical grid platforms, lighting, video surveillance, traffic analytics,

parking, environmental sensing, etc.?  

II.B.5 Market Entry and Expansion Barriers  

A variety of market entry and/or expansion barriers to broadband deployment prevent new broadband

providers from competing or incumbents from expanding and upgrading their facilities. These barriers

include regulatory (e.g., permits), competitive (e.g., pole attachments), economic (e.g., unprofitable

business cases), and capital challenges (e.g., access to low‐cost financing). Although these have been

studied and policies and programs have targeted many of these barriers, these challenges continue to

warrant further research, especially to provide case studies that illustrate specific community‐based

challenges and customized solutions.  

Key Topics: Barriers to

Market Entry & Expansion   Agenda Items

Regulatory Barriers

and/or Opportunities

 What best practices have State and local governments used to highlight

the inventory of utility poles, conduit, and utility lines (e.g., water, gas,

electric), and to provide access to such facilities?  

 What key factors have led State and local governments to modify local

laws or ordinances to accommodate enhanced broadband

infrastructure?  

 What strategies have been used effectively by State and local

governments to promote “dig once” practices?

Competitive Barriers    What impacts do vertical consolidations between middle‐mile and last‐

mile providers have on competition for broadband services?  

 What emerging practices by incumbent broadband providers may be

considered anticompetitive?  

Business Case and/or

Economic Barriers

 What are best practices for demand aggregation?  

 How have open access requirements for last‐mile networks fared at

stimulating competition by non‐facility‐based owners?  

 What specific terms and conditions can make open access

requirements more conducive to competition?  

 Although much research has been performed on price elasticity and

broadband adoption, how do these findings apply as advanced speeds

are launched or as new usages such as “over‐the‐top” video become

increasingly widespread?  

Financial Capital Barriers    What are the critical barriers to private investment capital?

 What policy changes can be made to Federal loan programs (e.g.,

USDA’s Rural Utilities Service programs) to further foster broadband

deployment in unserved and underserved areas?  
II. Key Findings Regarding NBRA Priorities

18 National Broadband Research Agenda   

II.C Broadband Adoption and Digital Inclusion  

Approximately 33 million U.S. households, or 27 percent, had not adopted residential broadband

Internet service as of July 2015; even more significant, 20 percent of all U.S. households were offline

entirely, lacking a single member using the Internet from any location.24 The lack of adoption is most

pronounced in rural communities and low‐income population segments. For example, 69 percent of

rural residents used the Internet compared to 75 percent of urban residents. Nationally, Americans with

family incomes between $75,000 and $99,999 per year adopted the Internet at an 83 percent rate,

compared to 70 percent of those in the $25,000 to $49,999 income range.25 These disparities were even

higher among low‐income rural residents. Overall, vulnerable population segments (see Section II.C.7)

continue to have lower rates of adoption and use of Internet‐based services and applications.  

The lack of good data on adoption and usage by business segments, especially small businesses, warrants

additional data gathering and analysis, given the increasing importance of enterprise applications that

drive productivity and performance. The key themes in research proposals and needed data sets vis‐à‐vis

broadband adoption are wide‐ranging: (1) adoption and usage data for population segments such as

households, businesses, and vulnerable populations; (2) privacy and security challenges to adoption and

meaningful usage; (3) impacts of pricing on adoption and usage; (4) impediments and opportunities to

foster meaningful usage and digital inclusion; (5) enterprise and small business access and adoption, and

resulting socioeconomic impact; (6) expansion of broadband to select prison populations; and

(7) vulnerable population segments, especially individuals with disabilities and seniors.

II.C.1 Datasets on Broadband Adoption

Participants requested that the Agenda continue to build upon existing data collection efforts regarding

adoption and usage.

Current Population Survey (CPS). The major national source of data on Internet usage and devices comes

from the U.S. Census Bureau’s Current Population Survey. NTIA sponsors the CPS Computer and Internet

Use Supplement as the basis for its Digital Nation series of reports to understand the factors driving

American usage of the Internet, as well barriers to usage.26 The most recent survey (July 2015) asked 50

questions about technologies, devices, locations, online activities, and reasons for not adopting. It also

gathered data on privacy and security concerns. The CPS sample size of roughly 53,000 households

allows NTIA to break out results by demographics like age, race, income, and education, as well as by

state of residence. The next survey is slated for November 2017.  

Data Central. In 2015, NTIA launched its Data Central website (https://ntia.doc.gov/data) to allow the

public access to data sets on computer and Internet use. During the first year alone, Data Central

                                                            

24 M. Lewis. 2016 (Sept. 28). “Digitally Unconnected in the U.S.: Who’s Not Online and Why?” (blog); available at

https://www.ntia.doc.gov/blog/2016/digitally‐unconnected‐us‐who‐s‐not‐online‐and‐why.   25 E. Carlson and J. Goss. 2016. “The State of the Urban/Rural Digital Divide” (blog); available at

https://www.ntia.doc.gov/blog/2016/state‐urbanrural‐digital‐divide.   26 NTIA. N.d. “Data Central” (Digital Nation Blog); available at https://www.ntia.doc.gov/category/data‐central. The

Census Bureau has periodically asked questions about computer use in the CPS since 1984 and about Internet

access since 1997. NTIA began sponsoring a full CPS Supplement in 1994.
II.C Broadband Adoption and Digital Inclusion

National Broadband Research Agenda 19

accounted for over 48,000 page views, and users viewed NTIA’s Data Explorer visualization tool nearly

4,000 times. NTIA publishes full datasets along with technical documentation and sample code in its

Research Center, enabling outside researchers to easily get started using NTIA data in their own studies.  

Potential Census Project. There is little research directly comparing deployment data collected from

Internet service providers (ISPs) to adoption data from household surveys. Merged datasets would enable

evaluation of strengths and weaknesses of adoption data and validation of the data collected as part of

the U.S. Census Bureau’s ACS surveys. Also, Federal data is available on both deployment and adoption

that can be used for comparison research. One project proposed by Census (subject to the availability of

funding) would merge publicly available FCC 477 data and internal ACS data at the block level using

detailed geographic identifiers on both files. This would allow expanded assessment and validation of

the ACS data, potential mitigation of errors and weaknesses in the ACS, and generation of a more reliable

picture of the socioeconomic correlates of Internet availability and use than are currently possible.

Key Topics: Datasets on

Adoption Agenda Items

CPS Computer and

Internet Use Supplement

– Data Requirements  

 Consider approaches to build upon the existing robust data collection

efforts on adoption and usage.

 Determine the extent to which households report (in the American

Community Survey) paying for Internet services not actually available in

their areas, including overall service and specific types of service (i.e.,

fixed broadband, mobile broadband, and satellite).

Research Methodologies    Find opportunities to conduct longitudinal research that follows

individuals’ adoption and usage on broadband technology, which can

clarify the factors underlying broadband adoption and usage—

including proximity to broadband infrastructure, socioeconomic status,

personal interests, and life circumstances.

II.C.2 Privacy and Security Challenges to Adoption and Meaningful Usage

The increasing frequency of large data breaches has elevated issues of online trust and privacy. The

hesitancy to trust data to third parties can lead to what could be described as a self‐imposed digital

divide, where individuals purposefully abstain or reduce participation in broadband activities due to their

distrusts. The negative impacts of this situation can be as detrimental in all socioeconomic sectors as

individuals not having access to broadband. Additional measures are needed to improve trust and

enforce concerns of individual privacy. (See also Section II.A.4 for Technology aspects of this issue.)

Key Topics: Privacy and

Security Challenges Agenda Items

Deterrence to Adoption

and Usage  

 To what extent do perceived and actual threats to privacy and cyber

security deter adoption of broadband?

 What types of applications are less used by those worried about

privacy and cybersecurity risks?  

 Which population segments are most impacted by such risks?  
II. Key Findings Regarding NBRA Priorities

20 National Broadband Research Agenda   

 How can their impact on broadband usage be measured and

quantified?  

Education and Awareness  What are the best practices to help the different segments of end‐users

understand and manage these risks related to privacy and security?  

 Which adoption programs may constitute informative case studies on

such best practices?  

 What are the most effective means of consumer education on privacy

and security for various user populations?

II.C.3 Impacts of Pricing: Key Research and Data Requirements  

Broadband pricing influences many of the research themes in the Agenda. Although pricing is not a

singular determinant, pricing when combined with other variables can help inform researchers in their

evaluation and analyses of competitiveness, adoption barriers, business cases for deployment, public

policy impact, etc.  

Participants acknowledged the complexity of collecting and analyzing pricing data. Internet services fees

are often masked due to bundled service packages, special fees (e.g., activation and equipment fees),

upfront and/or recurring discounts, and special costs such as data overages. Stakeholder input indicated

that having granular pricing data would enable researchers to study and analyze the impact of pricing on

many themes noted in the Agenda.  

Key Topics: Impacts of

Pricing Agenda Items

Pricing Data  How should those Federal agencies with financial assistance programs

(e.g., FCC, RUS) leverage their rolesto collect pricing and marketing data?  

Price Elasticity of

Broadband Service

Demand  

 What is the price elasticity of demand across various customer

segments with lower adoption rates, e.g., low‐income, rural, Tribal,

people with disabilities, and seniors?  

 How does the price elasticity of demand change across adopters as

Internet speed tiers increase?  

 How will price elasticity change as new services and applications are

increasingly adopted, such as “over the top” video?  

 While affordability ranks as a top adoption barrier, what price point

would be affordable and drive adoption for various segments of low

adopters?  

 For price‐sensitive customers, to what extent is price an issue relative

to service plans with potential variances (e.g., data overage charges,

periodic price hikes)?  

Middle‐Mile Pricing and

Impact on Last‐Mile  

 How do the various pricing strategies, contract terms, and service

offerings set by middle‐mile network providers (e.g., indefeasible rights

of use [IRUs] for dark fiber, trade‐offs between recurring and

nonrecurring charges) impact the cost structure, pricing policies, and

overall marketing strategy of last‐mile providers?
II.C Broadband Adoption and Digital Inclusion

National Broadband Research Agenda 21

Marketing Strategies &

Impact on Adoption

 How do data caps impact adoption for both fixed and mobile networks?

 How do “zero‐rating” plans impact broadband adoption and usage?  

Price Assistance

Programs

 How effective is the FCC Lifeline program in fostering long‐term

broadband adoption?  

 To what extent do such programs foster greater adoption when

blended with other initiatives to foster adoption (e.g., digital literacy,

application training, etc.)?

II.C.4 Meaningful Usage and Digital Inclusion  

Research on the digital divide has historically centered on lack of access and adoption. As progress

continues on those fronts, an emerging area of research is the evaluation and measurement of whether

end‐users are taking advantage of the applications and services enabled by high‐speed Internet.

Meaningful usage is influenced by many factors that promote initial adoption, including digital literacy,

accessibility to devices, and awareness. The disparities in meaningful usage and digital inclusion

constitute a type of digital divide that is not binary in nature—i.e., the choices are not simply adoption

versus non‐adoption. The “Broadband 2021” report noted that research on meaningful use requires rich

data on the actual contexts of use and understanding of the user experience.  

The most recent FCC Measuring Broadband America report illustrates another dimension of the digital

divide between low bandwidth vs. high bandwidth customers.27 Specifically, customers purchasing

download speeds between 15 Mbps to 50 Mbps were more likely to have migrated toward higher

service tiers than customers purchasing plans for less than 15 Mbps—offered mostly by digital

subscriber line (DSL) services—where only a few percent migrated within the following year to a service

tier with a higher download speed.  

Key Topics: Meaningful

Usage and Digital Inclusion Agenda Items

Best Practices to Foster

Meaningful Usage

 How can we best quantify “meaningful use” of the Internet in terms of

online behavior and/or outcomes?

 What best practices have proven to drive meaningful usage in various

end‐user groups, especially vulnerable populations with lower

adoption rates?  

 Given that meaningful usage is driven by many factors, which vary

across not just end‐user segments but individuals, what best practices

can be taken to create a “menu” of strategies to foster meaningful

usage? What factors must be known about the end‐user in order to

develop the most appropriate “menu”?

                                                            

27 FCC. 2016. “Measuring Broadband America 2016 Fixed Broadband Report”; available at

https://www.fcc.gov/reports‐research/reports/measuring‐broadband‐america/measuring‐fixed‐broadband‐report‐

2016.  
II. Key Findings Regarding NBRA Priorities

22 National Broadband Research Agenda   

Mobile Subscription

Services and Meaningful

Usage

 To what extent do Americans with smartphones who do not use fixed

home Internet access services at home not take full advantage of

available services and experiences due to concerns about coverage,

reliability, ease of use, subscription pricing, data usage caps, relatively

lower speeds, etc.  

 What percentage of first‐time broadband adopters is relying on mobile

services exclusively for broadband access?  

 Given continuing enhancements in the capabilities of mobile devices

(smartphones, tablets), what frameworks and methodologies can be

applied to evaluate whether mobile service constitutes a substitute for

rather than a complement to fixed broadband services, especially

across different user segments?  

Demographic

Perspectives  

 In what ways do racial and ethnic differences and cultures of use

distinguish how people use broadband information resources?  

 What data‐driven efforts should be created to address digital inequality

that is responsive and locally relevant to the children and families who

face these challenges?

User Experience    What are some best practices that can foster collaboration between

private‐sector entities—such as ISPs, device manufacturers, and

application developers—that have vast knowledge about the user

experience, and nonprofits, academia, and the government that have

programs to encourage meaningful usage?  

 What are the critical factors affecting user experience for users who

exhibit relatively low usage?  

Role of Community

Anchor Institutions (CAIs)

 What are the best practices and challenges regarding how community

anchor institutions, such as schools, libraries, health providers,

community centers, public housing, and public media, can promote

meaningful usage?  

II.C.5 Enterprise/Small Business: Access, Adoption, and Socioeconomic Impact  

High‐speed Internet services and applications play a critical role in helping businesses reach their highest

potential to perform, compete, and earn. Goals for businesses that use online applications include

increasing sales efficiency, reaching target markets, expanding geographic reach, reducing operating

costs, and enhancing the brand. Unfortunately, many businesses lack access to, or cannot afford, the

advanced speeds required by a host of bandwidth‐intensive applications, such as cloud storage

solutions. Many others, especially small businesses, fail to take full advantage of network applications,

thus putting them at a competitive disadvantage. One report found that smaller businesses are less

likely than larger ones to fully understand the benefits of the Internet.28  

                                                            

28 M. Curri. 2015 (Nov.‐Dec.). “Small Businesses and the Digital Divide”, Broadband Communities; available at

http://www.bbcmag.com/2015mags/Nov_Dec/BBC_Nov15_SmallBusinesses.pdf.  
II.C Broadband Adoption and Digital Inclusion

National Broadband Research Agenda 23

The FCC Form 477 data requires facilities‐based providers to report maximum advertised speeds for each

technology to all end‐user locations, including businesses. The data and research gaps pertain to questions

about barriers and drivers regarding adoption and meaningful usage, the latter being defined as taking

full advantage of the benefits of Internet applications. These challenges are particularly relevant to small

businesses, which generated 60 percent of new jobs in the economic recovery, mid‐2009 to mid‐2013.29

Key Topics: Business

Customers   Agenda Items

Availability    As more businesses use specialized services (e.g., managed services

and dedicated links), what indicators other than speed and technology

should the FCC consider collecting for the business customer segment?  

Adoption and Digital

Inclusion  

 What are the key adoption barriers for business customers, including

the small business segment?  

 What are the critical barriers and opportunities impacting meaningful

usage?

 Given the highly diverse range of small businesses (e.g., industry, size),

what specific types of research and data gathering should be prioritized

that can provide insight across this variety of small businesses?  

Data and Measurement    How can meaningful usage and digital inclusion be measured for the

business segment?

 What data should be collected routinely, including by the Bureau of

Labor Statistics?

II.C.6 Internet Access for Prisoners: Opportunities to Reduce Recidivism While Managing

Security Risks  

The benefits and risks of providing Internet access to segments of the incarcerated population warrants

greater research and data collection. Over 95 percent of all State prisoners who leave prison are released

back into their communities.30 According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, about two‐thirds and three‐

quarters of released prisoners are re‐arrested within three and five years of release, respectively.31 Most

released prisoners struggle to support themselves, due to challenges in finding employment and

acquiring skills and education. Employability is difficult due to the stigma of having a criminal conviction,

coupled with a dearth of educational credentialing, as 40 percent of prison and jail inmates lack a high

school diploma. Mental illness and substance abuse (both before prison entry and after release) further

contribute to unemployment and difficulties in community reentry.  

                                                            

29 U.S. Small Business Administration Office of Advocacy, N.d. “Frequently Asked Questions”; available at

https://sba.gov/sites/default/files/FAQ_March_2014_0.pdf.   30 Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). (Accessed December 2015). “Reentry Trends in the United States”; available at

http://www.bjs.gov/content/reentry/reentry.cfm.   31 BJS. 2014. “Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 30 States in 2005: Patterns from 2005 to 2010 – Update”;

available at http://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=4986.  
II. Key Findings Regarding NBRA Priorities

24 National Broadband Research Agenda   

Broadband technology and its applications offer great potential to help address these difficulties. For

example, online courses, e‐healthcare applications, self‐help and faith‐based websites, and controlled

social media applications may play critical roles in personal and professional development as well as

employment. Moreover, Internet access can help increase knowledge about and competency in this

critical technology, which can further improve transition to life in the community. Very few states offer

Internet access to inmates, and this access is controlled for the few that do. These limitations are based

on prisoner risk level (e.g., minimum‐security inmates); release time (e.g., close proximity to release

date); and/or access function (e.g., job search).  

The answers to the following research questions can help guide policymakers, corrections professionals,

technologists, academics, and other stakeholders to understand the benefits and risks of making

Internet access a component of a prisoner’s rehabilitation program.  

Key Topics: Access by

Prison Populations Agenda Items

Broadband Availability    What number and percentage of Federal and State prisons have access

to broadband networks?  

 How many Federal and State prisons are located in unserved and

underserved areas? What other impediments prevent prisons from

having high‐speed Internet access?  

Broadband Usage by

Prisoners  

 How many State and Federal prisons offer Internet access to their

inmate populations?

 What are the advantages and disadvantages of providing such access?  

 Do offense level, time until release, or other variables dictate

participation in Internet based programming (e.g., nonviolent

offenders, close proximity to release date)?

 Which applications have been or are being used, especially in terms of

education, workforce preparation, healthcare, social media,

communication, faith/motivation, etc.?  

 Are these the same tools used in community‐based programs? Are

there data sharing agreements between facility‐ and community‐based

providers?

 What are the key barriers to adoption of relevant applications (e.g.,

digital literacy, relevance, cost, security); how can these barriers be

addressed?

Security and Safety    What are the risks in having prisoners engage in controlled access to

relevant online applications?  

 What technology solutions are available to limit access to banned uses

(e.g., communication with other prisons or the public, accessing

inappropriate content, etc.)?  

 Which of these security and safety risks can be solved by technology?

Prison management practices? Other strategies?  

 How can prison management work with technology vendors and

service providers to address these issues? How can prison and
II.C Broadband Adoption and Digital Inclusion

National Broadband Research Agenda 25

correctional management work with facility staff to address these

issues? What training is needed?

 Should any specific segments of the prison population be denied

Internet access completely? If so, why?  

Impact Evaluation

(Economic, Social,

Personal)

 Which specific applications offer the greatest value to prisoners for

their post‐prison lives? What applications can allow for developing or

joining longitudinal tracking systems to follow up on incarcerated

individuals returning to the community?

 What has been the impact to those prisoners who have had meaningful

usage of the Internet with regard to key indicators, including

employment, workforce reentry, education achievement, family and

community engagement, and social assimilation?  

 How can such applications impact recidivism?

II.C.7 Vulnerable Population Segments

Stakeholder input on vulnerable population segments was focused on people with disabilities and the

senior population. Other vulnerable population segments include low‐income, rural, and nonfluent‐

English‐speaking individuals.

People with Disabilities  

As of 2010, over 57 million Americans lived with disabilities.32 This number is likely to grow rapidly as the

baby boomer generation ages. Statistics about broadband use by persons with disabilities are

incomplete and merit further research, given indications that this group lags behind the population as a

whole in terms of access and usage.33   Research has focused both on impediments to Internet and

computer usage for persons with disabilities, and on opportunities arising from technology solutions,

awareness, and training. Benefits of broadband to this population include greatly improved voice‐

command capabilities in devices and better employment opportunities; challenges include the extra

costs for screen readers and other assistive technologies.  

Higher speeds at affordable price points can foster greater innovation in the development of assistive

applications. Many such applications work better with higher speeds, such as streaming video or text‐

reading applications. Video‐relay services, which require high‐speed Internet to run, allow people who

are deaf to have phone conversations in sign language by means of an in‐person or online interpreter.

Moreover, online education and telemedicine offer significant benefits to individuals with disabilities.  

                                                            

32 M. W. Brault. 2012. Americans with Disabilities: 2010. Current Population Reports P70‐131 (Washington, DC:

Census Bureau); available at http://www.census.gov/prod/2012pubs/p70‐131.pdf; Also, NTIA. 2016. “Digital

Nation Data Explorer” (Disability Status); available at  https://ntia.doc.gov/data/digital‐nation‐data‐

explorer#sel=internetUser&demo=disability&pc=prop&disp=chart. 33 Communications Workers of America. (Accessed Dec. 2016). “High‐Speed Internet and People with Disabilities”;

available at http://files.cwa‐union.org/speedmatters/FactSheets/SpeedMatters_Disabilities.pdf?nocdn=1; also,

E. Lyle. 2010. A Giant Leap & A Big Deal: Delivering on the Promise of Equal Access to Broadband for People with

Disabilities (Washington, DC: FCC, OBI Working Paper Series No. 2), p. 6; available at

https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DOC‐297713A1.pdf.
II. Key Findings Regarding NBRA Priorities

26 National Broadband Research Agenda   

Participants suggested several areas of research to better understand the experiences of persons with

disabilities regarding broadband access and usage, as delineated below.  

Key Topics: People with

Disabilities Agenda Items

Adoption and Usage    What are the challenges with regard to adoption and meaningful usage

for the different segments of people with disabilities? (Note: The U.S.

Census Bureau categorizes disabilities into six groups of challenges:

sensory, physical, mental, self‐care, go‐outside‐the‐home, and

employment)?34  

 What are the best practices for fostering and sustaining adoption and

meaningful usage?  

 Despite many case studies in this area, what specific areas need to be

developed regarding challenges, solutions, and impacts?  

Technology    Which areas of technology development are lagging with regard to the

development of innovative solutions for disabled individuals (e.g., new

user interfaces and applications)?

 Could new design principles and toolkits help developers create edge

devices with interfaces that better meet the needs of individuals with

disabilities?

 What particular disabilities require greater research into the dynamics

of broadband adoption and usage, or create opportunities to develop

new technologies and applications?  

Public Safety  How effectively do today’s emergency communications systems meet

the needs of individuals with disabilities, seniors, or low English

proficiency?

 How can current communications systems be improved to better meet

these needs? What are the costs, benefits, and tradeoffs of doing so?

 What new and emerging technical approaches could lead to better

emergency communications for these populations in the long term?

 What incentives can be provided to service providers to deploy the

most cost‐effective approaches to meeting the needs of persons with

disabilities or low English proficiency for emergency communications?

Seniors

Seniors represent the largest and fastest‐growing segment of the U.S. population, and the broadband

adoption rates for this cohort are among the lowest. Just 53 percent of people ages 65 and older used the

Internet at home in 2015.35 Adoption rates fall dramatically in higher‐age segments of the senior

population. Recent work suggests that concerns about privacy and confidentiality may be significant

                                                            

34 U.S. Census Bureau. (Accessed January 2017). American Community Survey, “History”; available at

http://www.census.gov/people/disability/methodology/acs.html.   35 NTIA. 2016. “Digital Nation Data Explorer”; available at https://ntia.doc.gov/data/digital‐nation‐data‐

explorer#sel=homeInternetUser&demo=age&pc=prop&disp=chart.
II.C Broadband Adoption and Digital Inclusion

National Broadband Research Agenda 27

barriers to adoption and use of technology by these populations. Some surveys have shown that seniors

are more concerned about these issues than younger age groups, although they also seem to be less

informed about how best to safeguard their privacy.  

Key Topics: Seniors   Agenda Items

Adoption and Usage    What are the challenges with regard to adoption and meaningful usage

for different age segments of the senior population?  

 What best practices have proven to drive sustainable adoption and

meaningful usage by seniors in different age segments?  

Technology  Which areas of technology development are lagging with regard to the

development of innovative solutions for seniors (e.g., new user

interfaces and applications)?

 Could new design principles and toolkits help developers create devices

(e.g., home routers, tablets) with more user‐friendly interfaces for

seniors?  

 What models of technology adoption and usage can be applied to

seniors, given the unique circumstances that apply to elderly

populations?  

Impact    How have healthcare applications that are used by seniors impacted

outcomes related to their health?

 How have social media tools used by seniors impacted outcomes

related to family and community engagement?  

 What areas warrant greater evaluation of usage and impact?  

II.D Socioeconomic Impacts of Broadband

The socioeconomic impacts of broadband on society are multilayered and complex. Research into the

positive and negative social and economic effects of broadband on various populations is needed to

improve existing public policies and design possible interventions. As noted in the “Broadband 2021”

report, systemic data is needed, both quantitative and qualitative. Key research themes across subtopics

include:

 Establish consistent or generally accepted models and methodologies for assessing economic

and social impacts;

 Identify the roles of anchor institutions and community organizations in supporting long‐term

social and economic development goals through their broadband adoption and utilization

programs;

 Research and document the social and economic benefits of targeted broadband adoption efforts;

 Study the impact of broadband on employment, productivity, and wages, not just on GDP growth;

 Research the socioeconomic opportunities and barriers for underserved and rural populations; and

 Study the social and economic impacts of Federal programs seeking to foster broadband access,

adoption, or competition.
II. Key Findings Regarding NBRA Priorities

28 National Broadband Research Agenda   

II.D.1 Economic Impacts

The national and local economic impacts of information and communication technologies have been a

long‐standing focus for researchers. The rapid rise in broadband access and adoption, and innovation

across devices and applications, have been evaluated at many levels, including (a) macroeconomic impacts

of broadband on GDP growth, productivity, employment, etc.; (b) microeconomic impacts at the firm

level with regard to productivity, efficiency, competitiveness, innovation, growth, etc.; (c) consumer‐

level impacts with regard to individual productivity, employment standing, and consumer surplus;

(d) capital investment impacts on direct, indirect, and induced jobs; and (e) spillover effects, including

negative consequences from disruptions such as unemployment (e.g., due to outsourcing, productivity),

disadvantages for unserved communities, and others. These studies have used a combination of

econometric analyses and case studies. The collective findings generally support the view that

broadband has a significant economic impact.36  

The next wave of economic research will need to reflect situational factors such as technology

advancements, innovations across application and device layers, applications, and the increasing digital

divide in terms of both access and adoption of these higher speeds across all user levels—households,

firms, and community institutions. McKinsey notes that the potential annual economic impact of the

Internet of Things (IoT) sector could range from $3.9 trillion to $11.1 trillion globally by 2025,37 and

many IoT‐related applications (e.g., smart cities, smart homes) already are in the early stages of

development.

Key Topics: Economic

Impacts   Agenda Items

Higher Speeds    What is the incremental economic value as both supply and demand of

high‐speed Internet jumps to higher speeds (e.g., 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps,

and beyond)?

 How can the economic impact of innovations enabled by advanced

speeds (e.g., 1 Gbps for firms and community institutions, 100 Mbps

for households) be measured?

Internet of Things    What data are required to measure the economic impacts of the

Internet of Things (IoT) sector?  

 Given that many IoT applications are dependent upon large data sets,

what actions can governmentstake to addresssecurity and privacy risks?  

 What standards regarding enablement of interoperability of IoT devices

and systems are required, and how can the government support

standards development?  

                                                            

36 ITU. 2012. The Impact of Broadband on the Economy: Research to Date and Policy Issues; available at

https://www.itu.int/ITU‐D/treg/broadband/ITU‐BB‐Reports_Impact‐of‐Broadband‐on‐the‐Economy.pdf.   37 McKinsey Global Institute. 2015. The Internet of Things: Mapping the Value Beyond the Hype; available at

http://www.mckinsey.com/business‐functions/digital‐mckinsey/our‐insights/the‐internet‐of‐things‐the‐value‐of‐

digitizing‐the‐physical‐world.  
II.D Socioeconomic Impacts of Broadband

National Broadband Research Agenda 29

Data Requirements  Given that many economic impacts of capital investments have taken

place over a lengthy timeframe, how can governments play a more

effective role in collecting and sharing time‐series data, especially from

Federal investment programs?

Community Assessment    Study local and regional effects of broadband access and adoption not

solely with reference to a given community, but also with reference to

neighboring communities, to ensure measurement of actual economic

growth rather than economic migration.

II.D.2 Broadband and Education

Although K‐12 educational institutions have made great progress in the past few years with regard to

broadband connectivity, there is still considerable work to be done to ensure equitable access. The

modernization of the FCC’s Universal Service Program for Schools and Libraries (known as E‐Rate)38

prioritizes broadband connectivity to and through school buildings and is a valuable funding source for

many schools and local educational agencies (LEAs). However, there are still schools that do not meet

the FCC’s minimum short‐term bandwidth recommendations of 100 Mbps per 1000 students, especially

in rural areas and on Tribal lands.39  

Educational institutions have a key role to play in developing the digital literacy skills needed for

workforce and college success. The benefits of a digitally literate population are diverse and cross‐

cutting on both the individual and societal levels. Business development, employment, healthcare,

criminal justice, and social work are just a few of the many areas impacted. The NBRA, therefore,

emphasizes research on the impact of broadband in poor and traditionally underserved communities

and on identifying best practices for ensuring digital equity.

There is very little research data about the ways in which robust connectivity, well‐implemented

instructional technology initiatives, and at‐home student connectivity directly impact academic

achievement and workforce preparedness. Additional research is needed to better guide government

agencies in providing technical assistance and support to schools and school districts and to help

evaluate the effectiveness of initiatives related to education technology.

Federal funding for education technology and broadband research will be key to the successful

evaluation and implementation of existing and future education‐technology‐related programs. This will

enable the government to provide technical assistance, highlight best practices, and target

communication strategies to assist schools and LEAs. As part of these processes:

 Data should be collected and shared publicly and across agencies;

 Data collection on implementation and intervention evaluations should be built into the design

of agency programs to develop evidence‐based policy and future program planning;

                                                            

38 FCC. (Accessed Dec. 2016). “Universal Service Program for Schools and Libraries (E‐Rate)”; available at

https://www.fcc.gov/general/universal‐service‐program‐schools‐and‐libraries‐e‐rate.   39 FCC. 2016 (Jan. 29). 2016 Broadband Progress Report (GN Docket No. 15‐191) and references therein; available

at https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC‐16‐6A1.pdf.  
II. Key Findings Regarding NBRA Priorities

30 National Broadband Research Agenda   

 Funding agencies should help support the costs of making datasets available to the broader

research community; and

 Methods to promote sharing of the FCC’s E‐Rate data with researchers, policymakers, and other

key influencers should be identified.

Key Topics: Education Agenda Items

Broadband Access  Do broadband speeds in classrooms match expectations, or do internal

(e.g., within a school building) infrastructure challenges impede

broadband performance?  

 Why don’t some eligible schools and LEAs apply for E‐Rate funding?

What technical assistance and support will encourage them to apply?  

 What strategies have schools in underserved areas used to acquire

broadband access (community/municipal partnerships, cutting‐edge

technologies, self‐provisioning, etc.), and how can these be scaled?  

Broadband Usage  How is broadband connectivity being used in schools? Are students

learning how to use technology as a tool to engage in productive

lifelong learning, or are they simply consuming passive content?  

 What technologies are deployed in classrooms; how are they used?  

 How does broadband access impact student learning outcomes,

graduation rates, and student engagement in the learning process?

Broadband Technical

Assistance

 What technical assistance do schools and LEAs need to bring adequate

broadband connectivity to school buildings, especially in rural, Tribal,

and underserved areas?  

 How can schools and LEAs ensure that this connectivity is best

leveraged to enhance academic performance and develop the digital

literacy skills needed for workforce and college success?  

Home Broadband for

Students

 How does access to broadband at home affect academic performance?  

 In what ways does having school‐age children motivate families to

engage in meaningful adoption of broadband, and how can schools

facilitate this?

 How are schools partnering with government agencies, nonprofits, and

anchor institutions such as libraries to help address the “homework

gap” between students who have and don’t have Internet access?  

Schools as Anchor

Institutions

 What is the role of schools in promoting Internet access throughout the

community? What are best practices for schools seeking to leverage

their broadband connectivity to assist the broader community?

 How can government best promote and support the further adoption

of broadband for the purposes of enhancing teaching and learning?  

II.D.3 Broadband and Workforce Development  

The public workforce development system in the United States is highly decentralized, with the decision‐

making for infrastructure‐related investments largely determined by business‐led Workforce Development

Boards and management of individual Department of Labor American Job Centers (AJCs, also known as
II.D Socioeconomic Impacts of Broadband

National Broadband Research Agenda 31

One‐Stop Career Centers) that provide resource rooms for job seekers. Information regarding the

“technical scaffolding” provided for these resource rooms by the funding agencies of the Workforce

Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA)—DOL, ED, HUD, HHS, and USDA—is limited and anecdotal.  

The Department of Labor targets annual funding under WIOA to Native American organizations across

the United States to prepare both adults and young people to successfully enter the labor market. The

presence (and speed) of Internet access on Tribal lands can be a significant factor in ensuring that this

population has equity in accessing employment and educational services.  

Broadband research will help inform the ability of Federal funders to share information and impact the

technology‐based delivery of educational services and content, especially in AJC resource rooms and

distance learning centers.  

Key Topics: Workforce

Development   Agenda Items

Broadband Access    What percentage of the 2,400 AJCs currently have access to broadband

networks?  

 Is there “rough equivalence” between urban and rural jobs centers in

terms of broadband access?  

 What is the broadband penetration for the workforce development

organizations that serve the Native American population?

Broadband Emphasis  Are there significant differences in the “emphasis” provided by

individual States in their local planning guidance regarding the value of

increased technology and broadband deployment in the jobs centers?

Broadband Usage and

Digital Literacy

 What patterns of usage are common in American Jobs Centers and

Tribal organizations (i.e., data similar to that collected in NTIA and

Census Bureau surveys)?  

 To what extent do AJCs and local programs provide resources and

curricula aimed at improving digital literacy?  To what extent are they

successful?

 How does broadband access impact the availability and success of

adult digital literacy initiatives?

 What broadband‐related Federal reporting under WIOA will provide

information on credentials and certificates that are obtained by

program participants?

Broadband Use by

Prisoners and Former

Inmates (see also Section

II.C.6)

 How does broadband availability in One‐Stop Career Centers located in

prisons assist men and women who will soon be released in preparing

for the local labor markets to which they return?

II.D.4 Broadband and Healthcare  

Broadband has drastically changed the way patients consume and access health information and

services, with an unprecedented amount of health information available to consumers online and the

advent of telemedicine and electronic health records allowing for a significant expansion of care.
II. Key Findings Regarding NBRA Priorities

32 National Broadband Research Agenda   

Healthcare and telemedicine are increasingly important to various American demographics, including

rural residents and retiring baby boomers whose healthcare needs may be already unmet and/or are

increasing. The ability of broadband to assist in both healthcare diagnostics and delivery holds significant

promise for improvement in this realm. All stakeholders can benefit from additional research into the

salutary impacts of broadband on healthcare, especially in rural, remote, and other underserved

communities.

In an August 2016 report to Congress on E‐health and Telemedicine, the U.S. Department of Health and

Human Services noted that payment reform, state licensure barriers, and the lack of ubiquitous high‐

speed broadband in rural areas are barriers to the growth of telemedicine. Healthcare consumers and

providers would benefit from research in these areas, as well as into issues related to privacy and

security standards. An additional area of research that would benefit residents of Tribal lands are the

geographical, funding, and administrative challenges that make it difficult for telecommunications

companies to build broadband infrastructure on Tribal lands.  

Key Topics:  

Healthcare Agenda Items

Broadband Usage  How do health institutions use broadband networks? What are their

broadband needs?

 What are the security and interoperability requirements specific to

health settings, including the relevant privacy policies now in place, and

how can key data points and tracking opportunities be identified in

terms of performance?

Health Outcomes  What are broadband's impacts on health outcomes? Do they differ

across demographics, regions, or other factors?

 How does broadband impact individuals’ access to health services,

especially in rural areas?  

 How can connectivity lead to better health outcomes while driving

down health‐related costs for municipalities or other payers?

Telemedicine  What are the impacts of broadband on telemedicine, especially in

rural areas? What are the potential costs and cost savings, both for

the patient and the health institution (e.g., travel)? How can

telemedicine improve access to digital health services such as remote

patient monitoring?

 How can targeted policymaking and public‐private partnerships be

used to facilitate the deployment of broadband to unserved areas of

the country and to educate consumers about telemedicine?

II.D.5 Other Impacts

The “Broadband 2021” report noted that in order for individuals, communities, and businesses to

integrate, utilize, and benefit from broadband availability, service, support, and digital literacy,
II.D Socioeconomic Impacts of Broadband

National Broadband Research Agenda 33

education must parallel broadband deployment.40 Capacity building around broadband uptake and

utilization is not the responsibility of any single entity; rather, a community‐based approach that

involves a cross‐section of governmental and community organizations working together is better

positioned for success. Therefore, cross‐disciplinary research, particularly across the fields of education,

social work, community health, workforce development, local government, and library and information

science, is needed to better understand and address the financial, social, and institutional barriers to

broadband adoption and usage.  

Key Topics: Other

Impacts Agenda Items

Civic Engagement  What are the effects of broadband on citizen empowerment and the

political process?

 What applications related to civic engagement have been widely used,

and what have been the impacts?  

 How does broadband availability impact knowledge and uptake of

government services, such as housing assistance, Federal benefits, the

USDA Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) program,

Social Security, and unemployment? Can the government collect and

disseminate better data for online adoption or enrollment in

government services?

 What are the effects of broadband on providers of nonprofit and public

services (e.g., libraries) and their clients?

 What opportunities exist to improve economic outputs and access to

social and public service with improved connections for all?

Digital Literacy  What are the core competencies that comprise basic digital literacy?

 What are the characteristics of and pedagogical approaches behind

successful digital literacy programs? How is this success measured?

 What are the social and cultural impediments to fostering meaningful

digital usage by underserved communities; how can they be overcome?

 What are the causal links between digital inclusion and improved social

outcomes, including educational attainment, social mobility, and

financial literacy?

 How do digital skill gaps impact employability? Are students leaving

school with the digital literacy skills needed for workforce success?

How does this impact business growth?

Social Impacts  What are the social and economic effects of broadband access on

individuals, families, organizations, and communities (including Tribal

nations)? What are the impacts of exclusion?

 How do broadband access and use patterns influence opportunities for

social mobility?  

                                                            

40 Institute for Information Policy, Pennsylvania State University. 2016 (July 25). Broadband 2021: Report of the

Interdisciplinary Workshop on the Development of a National Broadband Research Agenda, p. 7; available at

http://comm.psu.edu/assets/uploads/Broadband_2021.pdf.
II. Key Findings Regarding NBRA Priorities

34 National Broadband Research Agenda   

 What demographic factors contribute to the digital divide, especially

among different racial and ethnic groups?

 What opportunities would become available for individuals,

organizations, and communities (including Tribal nations) if they had

access to broadband or had better connectivity?

Employment  What are the effects of broadband on employment?

 What are the effects of broadband on productivity?

 How does the educational level of a market influence broadband‐

induced productivity changes?

 What are the effects of broadband access on income?

 What opportunities would become available for individuals,

organizations, and communities if they had access to different, better

connectivity?

Community Anchor

Institutions

 How does broadband access impact providers of nonprofit and public

services (e.g., libraries) and their clients?

 Agencies should fund cross‐disciplinary research, particularly across the

fields of education, social work, community health, and library and

information science, to deepen understanding of the non‐price barriers

to broadband adoption and usage.

 How can community anchor institutions such as libraries, schools, and

health providers be leveraged to bring broadband access to

underserved areas and increase community uptake of digital services?  

Negative Consequences

of Broadband  

 How can outcomes associated with not having broadband access be

assessed?

 What are the actual and potential negative impacts of broadband (e.g.,

entertainment, political fragmentation, radicalization, information

security breaches, and privacy violations)? Are any specific actual or

potential impacts more likely to affect specific populations?  

 How do societal expectations of universal broadband access negatively

impact low‐income families (e.g., electronic‐only forms being required

for employment and other social assistance and college financial aid)?  
National Broadband Research Agenda 35

III. Federal Support Opportunities and Next Steps

III.A Opportunities for Continued Federal Engagement

III.A.1 Evaluating Policy and Program Impact  

All levels of government—Federal, State, and local—have been active in developing policies and programs

to foster broadband access, adoption, and competition over the past decade and beyond. Federal

investments alone have led to the deployment and upgrade of more than 117,000 network‐miles since

2009.41 The FCC created the Connect America Fund42 to reform and modernize the universal service and

intercarrier compensation programs and target the subsidies to capital investment in faster networks

rather than support operating expenses of legacy networks. In addition, in March 2016, the FCC

modernized the Lifeline subsidy program to include wireline and wireless broadband services.43 In July

2015, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development started ConnectHome,44 which is a

public‐private partnership to expand broadband to hundreds of thousands of low‐income households.  

Evaluation of the effectiveness of the various programs is crucial for all stakeholders to make the best

use of their resources.  Moreover, the research community has an interest in evaluating policies and

programs across various dimensions. In the near term, evaluation involves the examination of program

implementation, such as the resources, processes, and procedures used to execute the initiative. In the

long term, evaluation involves the measurement of impacts and outcomes of particular policies or

programs, where the analysis looks at changes relative to not having the particular policies or programs.

For example, NTIA reserved a portion of funds from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of

2009 Broadband Technology Opportunities Program (BTOP) to hire a third‐party research firm to

evaluate the impact of the BTOP program and how goals were met.  

The robust level of public activity promoting equality of broadband access has raised a number of

questions and research opportunities, especially in these areas: measuring effectiveness of policies and

programs, downstream impacts of government involvement on private sector investment, and

opportunities for the research community to contribute and share findings with policymakers before

programs are scaled up.  

                                                            

41 NTIA. 2016. "Broadband Technology Opportunities Program (BTOP) Quarterly Program Status Report”, pp. 1–2;

available at https://www.ntia.doc.gov/files/ntia/publications/ntia_btop_30th_qtrly_report.pdf. 42 FCC Wireline Competition Bureau. 2012. “FCC Launches Connect America Fund” (blog); available at

https://www.fcc.gov/news‐events/blog/2012/04/25/fcc‐launches‐connect‐america‐fund, and 2016. Public Notice

of Support Amounts Offered to Rate‐Of‐Return Carriers to Expand Rural Broadband (WC Docket No. 10‐90);

available at https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA‐16‐869A1_Rcd.pdf.   43 FCC. 2016. “Lifeline Support for Affordable Communications”; available at

https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/lifeline‐support‐affordable‐communications.   44 EveryoneOn. 2015. “ConnectHome”; available at http://everyoneon.org/connecthome/.  
III. Federal Support Opportunities and Next Steps

36 National Broadband Research Agenda   

Key Topics: Evaluating

Policy & Program Impact Agenda Items

Measuring Policy and

Program Effectiveness  

 Should Federal investment programs specifically delineate measurable

objectives and outcomes?  

 If so, what are the key metrics that should be monitored for subsidy

programs? Loan programs?  

 Should Federal broadband investment programs reserve some funding

for independent firms to conduct research and analysis regarding

impacts and outcomes, similar to NTIA’s BTOP Program?  

 How can the research community be more involved in developing case

study‐based research regarding the outcomes of Federal investment

policies and programs?  

 Given the long‐term nature of capital investment, what is a fair length

of time that should be allowed before meaningful analysis is done on

impacts and outcomes?  

Downstream Impacts of

Investment Programs  

 What are the major unintended consequences of government financial

assistance programs that target unserved and underserved areas?  

 Under what circumstances can such programs stifle, freeze, or

encourage private sector investment?  

Collaboration with

Research Community

 What are best practices regarding how such programs can be designed

and tested before expanding their adoption?  

 How can government agencies be more responsive in collecting and

sharing data with the research community? How can the research

community be more responsive with regard to providing data

requirements, sharing methodologies, and sharing findings?  

III.A.2 Standardizing Terminology  

The rapid changes in the technology sector often imply that “working” or “official” definitions may lose

relevance over time. For example, the FCC has quadrupled its benchmark for minimum broadband

speeds, raising it from 4/1 Mbps to 25/3 Mbps for download‐upload between 2008 and 2015.  

“Adoption” has generally meant a binary categorization of whether someone is using the Internet or

not. Other terms such as “meaningful usage” and “digital inclusion” represent concepts or frameworks.

Some terms such as “unserved” or “underserved” have tight definitions but are not applied consistently.

Achieving interagency consensus on terminology can be useful, particularly as it relates to data

collection and reporting.  

Key Topics: Standardizing

Terminology Agenda Items

Impact of Definition

Variance

 Which commonly used terms across the broadband landscape have the

most variation in meaning?  

 How do such variations adversely impact, or benefit, the research

community?  
III.A Opportunities for Continued Federal Engagement

National Broadband Research Agenda 37

 Which, if any, of these terms require standardization of their meaning?

 Which terms are best suited to be regarded as concepts and

frameworks? If so, would these concepts and frameworks benefit from

having greater consensus with regard to their meaning?  

Role of Government    What should the role of the Federal government be in fostering

standardization of terms for those that would most benefit from

uniformity?

 What are the benefits and limitations of having uniform definitions of

commonly used terms across Federal programs?  

Affordability  The World Bank defines “affordable” broadband as being a percentage

of income. Should there be a minimum index for affordability?  

III.A.3 Sharing Federal Broadband Data and Research  

Stakeholder input to the Agenda discussed both the challenges and the opportunities of having effective

and efficient access to federally collected data. Participants noted that, in general, the default option

should always be making any nonproprietary data open, transparent, and easily accessible. A particular

challenge they noted is data sets marked as proprietary or confidential. Limiting access to existing data

that are available is an obstacle to more fine‐grained analyses that could be overcome in creative ways,

e.g., by creating data enclaves to allow sharing of sensitive data within a closed community of researchers.

One specific opportunity has been the creation of centralized data portals. The Data.gov portal has

provided new emphasis on sharing of government data. Moreover, several Federal agencies (e.g., FCC,

RUS, NTIA, HUD, and NSF) have separate robust portals with granular information about their own

policies, beneficiaries, reports, data, etc. These resources can empower individual researchers and

institutions. Some stakeholders suggested that a centralized portal for all federally sponsored research and

data collected as related to broadband could be useful. Relevant questions are specified below.  

Key Topics: Centralized

Data Portals   Agenda Items

Proprietary Data

Collected by Federal

Government

 Should the government provide a list of all the data sets that are kept

confidential?  

 How can the government create data enclaves that allow sharing of

sensitive data within a closed community of researchers?  

Publicly Available

Datasets

 What are the challenges of accessing publicly available datasets? How

could these challenges be addressed?  

 What mechanisms might improve data sharing and use of government

data by individuals and other organizations, commercial and

noncommercial?

 How can government‐maintained (Federal, State, or local) datasets be

made more broadly available and comparable?

 Federal agencies with funding programs should consider identifying

approaches to develop a centralized database that reflects the

inventory of all network assets built via Federal funds.
III. Federal Support Opportunities and Next Steps

38 National Broadband Research Agenda   

Best Practices    What are the advantages and disadvantages of having one particular

agency create a portal that houses all broadband data collected, or at

least links to them?  

 Should there be designated funding for data collection and sharing in

Federal program budgets?  

 What are the various Federal, State, or local agency models for

educating and diffusing technologies and data?  

 How do alternative research network models compare in terms of data

sharing, undertaking research, and communicating with policy

communities?

III.A.4 Sharing Proprietary Data  

A great deal of data collection and research takes place within private entities, where the findings can

lead to competitive advantages with regard to better technology, products and services, marketing

practices, etc. However, these data also can be relevant to helping answer key questions that are

unrelated to competitive position or strategy. For example, “Broadband 2021” participants noted that

data from social media companies (e.g., Facebook and Twitter) potentially contain information on mobile

broadband coverage and usage and the quality and frequency of mobile broadband access nationwide.

They suggested that there may be opportunities to fold these private data into secure databases that

could be accessed and used by researchers seeking to study these trends.  

Key Topics: Sharing

Proprietary Data   Agenda Items

Critical Proprietary Data

Sets  

 What private data sets could significantly assist the research

community in helping answer many of the research questions or

address the data requirements listed in the Agenda?  

Strategies and Best

Practices  

 What creative means can the government use to support sharing of

sensitive data within a closed community of researchers?

 What best practices have been employed by private firms and the

research community to facilitate data sharing and analysis without

revealing or impacting the competitive positions of firms agreeing to

provide such data?  

III.A.5 Fostering Increased Collaboration throughout the Research Community

A key purpose of the Agenda, and the process used to develop it, is to foster collaboration across the

research community. A common theme in this Agenda is that many of the research questions and data

sets cascade across technology, deployment, adoption, and impact. The “Broadband 2021” report noted

that attendees were almost “unanimous in voicing the need for interdisciplinary research.” They cited

that most spectrum research and experimentation require intertwining findings across technology,

economic incentives, spectrum policy, and regulation.  Thus, a key aspect is to encourage the

convergence across broadband services and technologies and more clearly identify the challenges that

remain in terms of access, adoption, and inclusion. Moreover, much of this Agenda can be acted upon
III.A Opportunities for Continued Federal Engagement

National Broadband Research Agenda 39

by non‐Federal actors, i.e., academic and industry researchers, private foundations, etc.; their

participation and follow‐up will be crucial in the prioritization, planning, and enactment of effective

research and data gathering proposals.  

Key Topics: Fostering

Collaboration Across

Agencies and Disciplines

Agenda Items

Intra‐Agency

Collaboration  

 What best practices can Federal agencies pursue to foster internal

collaboration among all the agencies that work on broadband

programs and policies?  

External Collaboration

with Federal Government  

 What best practices can Federal agencies pursue to foster collaboration

with the research community?  

 How can major policies and programs be designed in greater

collaboration with the research community?  

Community of

Researchers

 What strategies can foster a national network community for

broadband scholars?  

Fostering

Interdisciplinary Research

 How can existing federally funded research programs foster

interdisciplinary collaboration?  

 What policies and programs can the Federal government pursue to

promote interdisciplinary research among external stakeholders?  

 What best practices are used by Federal agencies to foster

interdisciplinary research outside ICT that could be extended to ICT?

III.B Moving Forward via NITRD

The NITRD Program, comprising more than 20 U.S. government departments, agencies, and offices,

enables coordination of Federal plans and programs in support of networking and information

technology (IT) research and development. Chartered by the High Performance Computing Act of 1991

as amended through P.L. 114–329, enacted January 6, 2017,45 NITRD promotes this coordination of

networking and IT R&D to support the mission requirements of the participating agencies and to assure

the continuing U.S. technological leadership to meet the needs of the Nation’s research, societal, and

commercial sectors. As noted In Section I.B, NITRD established a task force comprising NITRD members

and other Federal departments, agencies, and offices to lead the development of this Agenda. Further

coordination by these same agencies is needed to support the implementation of this Agenda. In this

regard, the NITRD task force is expected to continue leading development of the Agenda, reporting to

the NITRD Large Scale Networking (LSN) Interagency Working Group (IWG).

                                                            

45 NITRD, 2017. “Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Modernization Act of 2016”

(Public Law 114‐329, SEC. 105); available at https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th‐congress/senate‐

bill/3084/text#toc‐idB56FB943F79348E9AEE03036E5C90675.  
III. Federal Support Opportunities and Next Steps

40 National Broadband Research Agenda   

In preparing this Agenda, the NITRD task force sought to synthesize and catalog inputs from academia,

the public, and Federal staff about key research challenges and opportunities for broadband. Going

forward, Federal agencies can support this Agenda through a number of actions, such as the following:  

 Expanding collaboration and community: Foster cross‐sector (government, academia, and

industry) discussions to catalyze new collaborations and grow capacity in the research

community to address the broadband research challenges outlined in this Agenda;  

 Inventorying existing data: Invite agencies to consider whether they have existing data that can

support the broadband research questions; continue efforts to create an inventory of all

broadband data collected by Federal agencies;  

 Expanding reporting: Invite agencies to consider whether existing data collection and reporting

efforts can be expanded to address data requirements; and

 Improving interagency collaboration: Through the NITRD NBRA task force, enable greater

interagency collaboration about Federal agencies’ programs and associated milestones.  
National Broadband Research Agenda 41

Appendixes  

A. List of Respondents to the Request for Comments

Submitting Individual or Entity Entity Type

American Planning Association Nonprofit/Trade Association

Anonymous Individual

Artschwager, Eva Individual

Barbara Bush Foundation for Family Literacy and Digital Promise Nonprofit/Foundation

Benton Foundation Nonprofit/Foundation

Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society, Harvard University Nonprofit/IHE

City of Chicago City Government

City of Seattle City Government

Competitive Carriers Association Nonprofit/Trade Association

Connected Nation, Inc. Nonprofit/Foundation

Connecting For Good Nonprofit

Consortium for School Networking, and State Educational

Technology Directors Association*

Nonprofit/Consortium

CTIA Nonprofit/Trade Association

EveryoneOn Nonprofit

Extension Service Partnership Nonprofit/IHE

Fiber to the Home Council Nonprofit

Georgia Institute of Technology Nonprofit/IHE

Gepper, Jeffrey, and Lucchesi, Juliana* Individual

Gonzales, Amy Individual

Greenlining Institute Nonprofit

Gusman, Joe Individual

Information Technology and Innovation Foundation Nonprofit/Foundation

Kennedy, Deborah Individual

The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights Nonprofit/Coalition

Lone Eagle Consulting For profit

Mandelbaum, Richard Individual

McDonough, Carol Individual

Measurement Lab (M‐Lab) Consortium

Mobile Beacon For profit
Appendix A. List of Respondents to the Request for Comments

42 National Broadband Research Agenda   

Submitting Individual or Entity Entity Type

National Digital Inclusion Alliance (NDIA) Nonprofit Coalition

North Carolina Broadband Infrastructure Office State Government

NTCA–The Rural Broadband Association Nonprofit/Trade Association

Office of Adult Education, City of Philadelphia City Government

Partnership for Progress on the Digital Divide Nonprofit/Consortium

ProLiteracy Nonprofit

Reder, Stephen Individual

Rosen, David Individual

Sandia National Laboratories Federal Laboratory

Schools, Health & Libraries Broadband Coalition; Consortium for

School Networking; Education Networks of America; OneNet*

Nonprofit/Consortium

TechFreedom Nonprofit

Technology Policy Institute Nonprofit

TW Individual

United States Telecom Association Nonprofit/Trade Association

University of Missouri Geographic Resources Center Nonprofit/IHE

Utah Governor's Office of Economic Development State Government

Wireless Infrastructure Association Nonprofit/Trade Association

* Single responses to the RFC by two or more parties.
National Broadband Research Agenda 43

B. List of Acronyms

ACS   American Community Survey (FCC)

AJC American Job Center

ARRA American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009

BJS Bureau of Justice Statistics

BOC Broadband Opportunity Council

Broadband 2021 Workshop and final report of the July 2015 Interdisciplinary Workshop on the

Development of a National Broadband Research Agenda, sponsored by The

Pennsylvania State University Institute for Information Policy

BTOP   Broadband Technology Opportunities Program (NTIA)

CPS Current Population Survey

DHS OEC   Department of Homeland Security Office of Emergency Communications  

DOL Department of Labor

DSL Digital subscriber line

ED Department of Education

FCC Federal Communications Commission

HHS Department of Health and Human Services  

HUD Department of Housing and Urban Development  

ICT   Information, Communications, and Technology sector

IIP Institute for Information Policy (Penn State University)

IT Information technology

LEA   Local educational agencies  

LTE (Wireless)

MIMO   Multiple‐input–multiple‐output  

NBRA or Agenda National Broadband Research Agenda

NFV   Network function virtualization  

NITRD National Networking and Information Technology Research and Development

Program (of the NSTC Committee on Technology, NITRD Subcommittee)

NSF National Science Foundation

NSTC National Science and Technology Council

NTIA National Telecommunications and Information Association (DOC)

OMB Office of Management and Budget

PPP Public‐private partnership  
Appendix B. List of Acronyms

44 National Broadband Research Agenda   

RERC   Rehabilitation Engineering Research Center

RF Radio frequency

RFC Request for Comments

RUS Rural Utilities Service (USDA)

SDN   Software‐defined networking  

SHLB Schools, Health & Libraries Broadband Coalition

SNAP Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (USDA)

TIA Telecommunications Industry Association

USAC   Universal Service Administration Company (FCC E‐rate program manager)

USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture

VRS Video relay services

WIOA   Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act