THE LITERATURE OF

AERONAUTICS, ASTRONAUTICS, AND

AIR POWER

Richard P Hallion

Air Force Flight Test Center

OFFICE OF AIR FORCE HISTORY

UNITED STATES AIR FORCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 1984

r ~ ~
THE LITERATURE OF

AERONAUTICS, ASTRONAUTICS, AND

AIR POWER

Richard P. Hallion

Air Force Flight Test Center

THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINED

BLANK PAGES THAT HAVE

BEEN DELETED

OFFICE OF AIR FORCE HISTORY

UNITED STATES AIR FORCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 1984 c900O e%003L4
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Hallion, Richard.

The Literature of Aeronautics, Astronautics, and Air Power.

(USAF warrior studies)

1. Aeronautics. Military-Bibliography. 2. Air powcr-Bihliography. 3. Astronautics. Military-Bibliography. 1. United States. Air Forcec. Offie of Air Force History. If. Title.

Z6724.A25H34 1984 (UG63Oi 016.3584 84-2322

ISBN 0-912799-14-5

Project Warrior Studies are published by the Office of Air Force History.

The author is responsible for the scholarly judgments expressed herein, and

his views should not be construed to be the official position of the United

States Air Force or the Department of Defense.

For sale by the Supernftendent of Documents. U.S. Goverrnmen Printing Office

Washington. D.C. 20402

iv
USAF WARRIOR STUDIES

Richard H. Kohn and Joseph P. Harahan

General Editors
Foreword

The publication of The Literature of Aeronautics, Astronautics, and

Air Power is part of a continuing series of historical studies from the Office

of Air Force History in support of Project Warrior.

Project Warrior seeks to create and maintain within the Air Force an

environment where Air Force people at all levels can learn from the past

and apply the warfighting experiences of past generations to the present.

When General Lew Allen, Jr. initiated this project in 1982, he called for the

"continuing study of military history, combat leadership, the principles of

war and, particularly, the applications of air power." All of us in the Air

Force community can benefit from such study and reflection. The challenges of today and the future demand no less.

CHARLES A. GABRIEL, General, USAF

Chief of Staff

v
The Author

RICHARD P. HALLION is the Center Historian at the Air Force Flight

Test Center, Edwards AFB, California. He received his Ph.D. in History

from the University of Maryland in 1975. From 1974-1980, he served as

the Curator of Science and Technology and subsequently as Curator of

Space Science and Exploration at the National Air and Space Museum,

Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. In those same years he was an

Associate Professor of History at the University of Maryland and a Visiting

Fellow at Yale University. Dr. Hallion is the author of numerous works in

aerospace history, including Supersonic Flight: Breaking the Sound Barrier and Beyond (New York: Macmillan Co, 1972); Legacy of Flight: The

Guggenheim Contribution to American Aviation (Seattle: University of

Washington Press, 1977); Test Pilots: The Frontiersmen of Flight (Garden

City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co, 1981); Rise of the Fighters: Air Combat in

World War I (Annapolis: Nautical and Aviation Publishing Co, 1984); On

the Frontier: Flight Research at Dryden, 1946-1981 (Washington: NASA,

1984). In addition, he edited The Wright Brothers: Heirs of Prometheus

(Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1978), and with Tom Crouch,

Apollo: Ten Years Since Tranquillity Base (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979).

vi
United States Air Force

Historical Advisory Committee

(As of October 1, 1984)

Lt. Gen. Thomas C. Richards, Dr. Alfred E Hurley (Chairman)

USAF Brig. Gen., USAF, Retired

Commander, Air University North Texas State University

Mr. DeWitt S. Copp Dr. Haskell M. Monroe, Jr.

The Voice of America University of Texas at El Paso

Dr. Philip A. Crowl Gen. Bryce Poe, II,

Annapolis, Maryland USAF, Retired

Alexandria, Virginia

Dr. Warren W. Hassler, Jr. Lt. Gen. Winfield W. Scott, Jr.,

Pennsylvania State University USAF

Superintendent, USAF Academy

Brig. Gen. Harris B. Hull, Mr. Eugene R. Sullivan

USAF, Retired The General Counsel, USAF

National Aeronautics and Space

Administration

vii
Contents

Forew ord ............................................. v

Introduction ........................................... xi

General Reference Sources ............................. 1

The Prehistory of Flight, Antiquity to 1783 ............... 9

The Era of Discovery, 1783-1903 ....................... 10

The Development of Practical Airplanes, 1903-1918 ........ 12

The Rise of Air Transportation and Professionalism,

19 18-1936 ........................................ 16

The Ascendency of the Propeller-Driven Airplane,

1936-1945 ........................................ 24

The Turbojet Revolution and the Supersonic

Breakthrough, 1945-1957 ............................ 33

The Space Age and the Maturation of Aeronautics,

1957-1982 ........................................ 39

Index .............................................. .. 53

ix
Introduction

Since its inception in 1982, Project Warrior has revived interest inside

the Air Force in using history to sharpen professional knowledge of air

power. Project Warrior has also expanded interest in the heritage of the U.S.

Air Force in peace and in war. The bibliographical essay published here as

The Literature of Aeronautics, Astronautics, and Air Power is meant to

provide readers with a guide to the vast collections of books and articles

available today in libraries and from publishers.

It was written originally in early 1982 by Dr. Richard P. Hallion as a

Project Warrior monograph at the Air Force Systems Command's Edwards

Flight Test Center, California. Drawing on his experience as an author, a

curator at the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum,

and as a history professor at the University of Maryland, Dr. Hallion

recognized the need of scientists and engineers for a guide to the research

and technical literature on the history of aeronautics and astronautics.

Publication here of a revised, reorganized, and expanded version reflects

our belief that what was so valuable to the flight test community will, in

different form, be of similar use to the rest of the Air Force, to civilian

scholars, and to aviation enthusiasts generally.

Dr. Hallion's essay, while revised in size, scope, and emphasis, retains

the flavor of its original purpose and reflects the author's interests, background, and professional judgments. In part, the essay also reflects suggestions made by the editors, especially on the growth and development of air

power in the twentieth century.

The publishing of this work in book form was made possible by

several individuals in the Office of Air Force History. Joseph P. Harahan

served as general manuscript editor, checking virtually every citation in the

text. Richard H. Kohn interweaved some titles on air power from an earlier

bibliographic effort of his own. Herman Wolk and Colonel John E Shiner,

USAF, critiqued the essay and provided excellent advice at critical points.

R. H. K.

J. P. H.

xi
THE LITERATURE OF AERONAUTICS,

ASTRONAUTICS, AND AIR POWER

General Reference Sources

There are relatively few works that explicitly treat the history of

aviation with a view to tracing how the craft of aerospace technology

emerged. The history of technology within aviation history is an area that

is, by and large, wide-open for serious historical investigation. Currently,

there is no one single overall survey of the history of aeronautics and

astronautics that can be considered definitive. Roger E. Bilstein, Flight in

America, 1900-1983: From the Wright Brothers to the Astronauts (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984) represents one effort to fill

this need. The best reference is a series of essays edited by Eugene M.

Emme, Two Hundred Years of Flight in America: A Bicentennial Survey

(San Diego, Calif.: American Astronautical Society, 1977). This book is

very useful both as an introductory reader and as a text in aerospace history

courses. John D. Anderson, Introduction to Flight: Its Engineering and

History (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1978) is a noteworthy blending of

introductory engineering theory and historical interpretation. Ronald Miller and David Sawers, The Technical Development of Modern Aviation

(New York: Praeger, 1970) is a good reference on the development of air

transport technology, though less satisfactory on the high technology of

advanced military systems. J. L. Nayler and Ernest Ower, Aviation: Its

1
LITERATURE

Technical Development (London: Peter Owen, Vision Press, 1965) is a

generally useful introduction to the history of aerospace technology. Oliver

Stewart, Aviation: The Creative Ideas (New York: Praeger, 1966) is a

thoughtful and well-written series of essays on one man's perspective on the

history of aviation, but readers are cautioned that his chapter on the Wrights

and Clement Ader (a French pioneer) is dangerously misleading. Ader did

not, as Stewart claims, understand aeronautical concepts anywhere near the

depth of the Wrights. Richard P. Hallion, "The Rise of Air and Space," in

Astronautics and Aeronautics, 19, No. 5, (May 198 1) furnishes an introductory overview to the general history of aeronautics and astronautics.

The field of aerodynamics is one that requires a good historical survey

bringing it up to date. Theodore von Karman's, Aerodynamics (New York:

McGraw-Hill, 1963), a collection of six lectures he presented at Cornell

University in 1953, is still the best introduction to the history of aerodynamics. A highly technical and exhaustive survey of aerodynamics

history through 1930 is an essay by R. Giacomelli and E. Pistolesi in

William F. Durand's series, Aerodynamic Theory: A General Review of

Progress, Vol 1, (New York: Dover Publications, 1963). This series,

incidentally, has itself taken on major importance to the understanding of

the evolution of aerospace technology. The Dayton-Cincinnati Section of

the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (the national professional organization of aerospace engineers, scientists, and technologists) has issued two compilations of papers relating to the technical

development of aviation. Though the papers vary in quality, the works are

very useful as references: Jay D. Pinson, compiler, Diamond Jubilee of

Powered Flight: The Evolution of A ircraft Design (Dayton: AIAA, 1978),

and The Evolution of Aircraft Wing Design (Dayton: AIAA, 1980). Both

works resulted from historical symposia.

The International Academy of Astronautics of the International Astronautical Federation has sponsored an annual historical symposium since

1967; the papers presented at these symposia have been from a truly

international body of pioneers and distinguished historians, and, as such,

2
GENERAL REFERENCE

are an invaluable compilation of source material on the early history of

astronautics. The 1967-1972, inclusive, symposia proceedings have been

published in the volumes Frederick C. Durant and George S. James, eds,

First Steps Towards Space (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press,

1974), and R. Cargill Hall, ed, Essays on the History of Rocketry and

Astronautics: Proceedings of the Third Through the Sixth History Symposia

of the International Academy of Astronautics, Vols I, II, (Washington:

NASA, 1977). Future volumes will treat subsequent symposia.

The industrial and "think tank" perspectives on aeronautical and

astronautical development are ones that have traditionally been slighted.

Two uncritical but nevertheless valuable looks at aerospace from the

corporate and laboratory environment are William A. Schoneberger, et al,

Seven Decades of Progress: A Heritage of Aircraft Turbine Technology

(Fallbrook, Calif.: Aero Publishers, 1979), which examines the gas turbine

work of General Electric, and Everett T. Welmers, et al, The Aerospace

Corporation-Its Work: 1960-1980 (Los Angeles, Calif.: Aerospace Corporation, 1980), which is a history of the role one major American aerospace think tank has played in recent aerospace development.

One of the most significant international organizations in the development of aviation technology was the National Advisory Committee for

Aeronautics (1915-1958), the predecessor of the present-day National

Aeronautics and Space Administration. The NACA and its operations are

rich subjects for historical research, although an administrative and organizational study by Professor Alex Roland of Duke University is forthcoming. George W. Gray, Frontiers of Flight: The Story of NACA Research

(New York: Knopf, 1948) was an early attempt to discuss the work of the

NACA, and, though flawed by a generally uncritical tone, the book is very

valuable. Frank W. Anderson, Orders of Magnitude: A History of NACA

and NASA, 1915-1980 (Washington: NASA, 1981) provides a good introductory look at the two agencies. Jerome Hunsaker, "Forty Years of

Aeronautical Research," in the Smithsonian Report for 1955 (Washington:

Smithsonian Institution Press, 1956) gives a good overall survey of the

3
LITERATURE

agency's work during the greater part of its existence by one of its last

chairmen. John Becker. The High-Speed Frontier: Case Histories of Four

NACA Programs, 1920-1950 (Washington: NASA, 1980) is an excellent

engineering memoir and critical analysis by a former senior NACA-NASA

engineer and administrator. Donald D. Baals and William R. Corliss, Wind

Tunnels of NASA (Washington: NASA, 1981) is an excellent survey of the

development of the wind tunnel in the United States and its contributions to

aerospace technology. David A. Anderton, Sixty Years of Aeronautical

Research: 1917-1977 (Washington: NASA, 1978) is a good introduction

to the research activities of NASA's Langley Research Center, the first and

most important of the aeronautical laboratories.

There have been many attempts to collect and publish essays and

articles dealing with aviation. Of these various collections, four deserve

special mention: Eugene M. Emme, The Ihmpact of Air Power: National

Security and World Politics (Princeton, N.J.: D. Van Nostrand, 1959) is an

excellent compilation of source documents and articles; John F Loosbrock

and Richard M. Skinner, The Wil Blue: The Storv qofAmericaan Airpower

(New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1961) is an excellent and informative

anthology tracing the development of flight; Joseph B. Roberts and Paul L.

Briand, eds, The Sound of Wings: Reading for the Air Age (New York:

Henry Holt and Co, 1957) includes a number of essays and works that

relate aviation to social and cultural perspectives, and finally, Alfred F

Hurley and Robert C. Ehrhart, eds. Air Power and Waftrire: The Proceedings of the 8th Military History Symposium, United States Air Force

AcademY, 18-20 October 1978 (Washington: Office of Air Force History

and USAF Academy. 1979) contains excellent recent scholarship and

analysis by both scholars and airpower participants.

Chronology can be said to be the framework of history. Fortunately for

those interested in the history of aviation there have already been some well

executed chronologies tracing the development of flight. A very useful

introductory chronology can be found in the first volume of Michael J. H.

Taylor. et al, Jane's EncYclopedia of Aviation, 5 vols (London: Jane's

4
GENERAL REFERENCE

Publishing Company, 1980), though, it must be noted, neither the chronology nor the subjects covered are treated as exhaustively as the title of this

five-volume series suggests. A truly significant chronological effort has

been that of the NASA History Office, with a series of NASA-sponsored

publications that have presented a detailed, world-wide chronology of

flight ranging from 1915 through 1976. The first of these is Eugene M.

Emme's Aeronautics and Astronautics: An American Chronology of Science and Technology in the Exploration of Space, 1915-1960 (Washington:

NASA, 1961). Two subsequent chronologies, Aeronautical and Astronautical Events of 1961 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1962),

and Aeronautical and Astronautical Events of 1962 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1963), were published as NASA reports to the U.S.

House of Representatives' Committee on Science and Astronautics. Since

then, the NASA History Office has issued an annual Astronautics and

Aeronautics (Washington: NASA, 1964-present) volume, which includes

a detailed, annotated international chronology of events relevant to the

history of aerospace. Welman A. Shrader, Fifty Years of Flight: A Chronicle of the Aviation Industry in America, 1903-1953 (Cleveland: Eaton,

1953), while dated, is an excellent reference. L. G. S. Payne, Air Dates

(New York: Praeger, 1957) treats European, especially British, aviation.

Roger Pineau's exhibit catalog, Ballooning, 1782-1972 (Washington:

Smithsonian Institution Press, 1972), prepared for the opening of an

exhibition gallery at the Smithsonian Institution, contains an excellent

chronology of lighter-than-air flight. Arnold E. Briddon, et al, FAA Historical Fact Book: A Chronology, 1926-1971 (Washington: Department of

Transportation, 1974) is a reliable and very complete chronology of matters

relating to American civil aviation. Clarke Van Vleet and William J.

Armstrong, United States Naval Aviation, 1910-1980 (Washington: Naval

Air Systems Command, 1981) have written the definitive chronology on

American naval aviation. The U.S. Air Force, A Chronology of American

Aerospace Events (Washington: Office of Information Services, 1959) is a

good source of early Air Force and other American aeronautical information. Supplements have been issued periodically by the Air Force Office of

Public Affairs, Washington, D.C. Kit C. Carter and Robert Mueller, The

5
LITERATURE

ArmY A ir Forces in World War 11: Combat Chronology, 1941-1945 (Washington: Office of Air Force History, 1973) is, as the title implies, an

exhaustive chronological accounting of the day-to-day activities of the AAF

at war. Finally, the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics has

supported an extensive chronological effort by Frank H. Winter of the

National Air and Space Museum, in conjunction with Richard P. Hallion

and Frank Robert Van Der Linden. Each month, in the AIAA journal

Astronautics and Aeronautics, the AIAA publishes a column entitled "Out

of the Past." treating events that occurred in aviation and aerospace 25, 50,

and 100 years previously. This column has been appearing regularly since

1972, and is especially valuable because it references its entries to applicable sources.

Oddly, there have been very few biographical guides to the individuals who have made aviation what it is today. Howard S. Wolko, In the

Cause of Flight: Technologists of Aeronautics and Astronautics (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1981) is an excellent reference, with

short biographical sketches and lengthy and incisive surveys of the various

fields within aviation technology, together with their "players." Shirley

Thomas, Men of Space, 8 vols (Philadelphia: Chilton, 1960-) is a useful

guide to the pioneers of the space age, written in a breezy, anecdotal style.

Aside from these, however, one must look to contemporary reference

sources and to the few published biographies of specific individuals cited

earlier. G. Edward Pendray, The Guggenheim Medalists: Architects of the

Age of Flight (New York: The Guggenheim Medal Board of Award of the

United Engineering Trustees, Inc, 1964) is a handy reference to some of the

key technologists, scientists, practitioners, and managers of aviation's

early days, who received the prestigious Daniel Guggenheim Medal for

great achievement in the cause of flight. Three "Who's Who" books are

especially good references: Lester D. Gardner, Who's Who in American

Aeronautics (Los Angeles: Floyd Clymer Publications, 1925, reissued,

1974), also called The Blue Book of American Airmen; the Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration, Who's Who in Aviation,

1942-43 (New York: Ziff-Davis Publishing Co, 1942); and Wayne W.

Parrish, Who's Who in World Aviation, 1955 (Washington: American Avia6
GENERAL REFERENCE

tion Publication, 1955). The National Aeronautical Institute, Who's Who in

Aviation and Aerospace (Boston: National Aeronautical Institute, 1983) is

a voluminous recent guide to individuals working in the field, many of

whom started their careers in the mid-to-late 1940s. Finally, one useful

reference that can contribute to knowledge of distinguished individuals

who worked within the aerospace profession is by the National Air and

Space Museum Library, International Handbook ofAerospace Awards and

Trophies (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1978), prepared under the direction of Catherine D. Scott.

So-called "coffee table" books often can be a surprisingly good source

of both information and visual references. They must be used with care,

however, for a number exist that are misleading or incorrect. Three are

considered especially reliable and useful: Charles H. Gibbs-Smith, Flight

Through the Ages (New York: Crowell, 1974) combines chronology with

excellent illustrations to provide the reader with a thorough and accurate

account of aviation history; John W. R. Taylor and Kenneth Munson,

History of Aviation (New York: Putnam, 1978); and The Lore of Flight

(Gothenburg, Sweden: Tre Tryckare Cagner & Co, 1970), which is an

excellent introduction into the functional uses of aircraft and spacecraft, as

well as their history. As mentioned earlier, there still is no single reference

or group of references that, in a concise form, furnishes a useful overview

of the history of aeronautics and astronautics. Time-Life Books' Epic of

Flight series, cited where appropriate throughout this essay, constitutes a

good attempt at such a work, but still does not address post-1945 aviation in

detail.

The actual flight vehicles of aerospace history have held a fascination

for writers for years, and the literature on individual airplanes is so

voluminous as to actually clutter the field. Jane's All the World's Aircraft

(London: Jane's Publishing Co, 1909-present) has long been the standard

yearly reference on aircraft development; some issues, such as its 1919 and

1945 issues, are classic references. Later (post-1945) editions of Jane's

offer considerably more detail than earlier ones. Two other Jane's publica7
LITERATURE

tions, one by Horace F King and John W. R. Taylor, Jane's 100 Significant

Aircraft, 1909-1969 (London: Jane's Publishing Co, 1969), and the previously mentioned five-volume Jane's Encyclopedia ofAviation are significant. The latter work, despite its title, is really a guide to the world's air

forces, airlines, and the various aircraft built by nations through the years.

It is, unfortunately, flawed by minor errors of fact and interpretation, and

thus must be used with caution. John W. R. Taylor, Combat Aircraft of the

World (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1969) is a comprehensive introduction to the combat aircraft produced firom 1909 through the late 1960s,

and is very useful. Ray Wagner, American Combat Planes, 3rd revised

edition (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1982) is an excellent introduction

to the American perspective of military aircraft development. An authoritative reference work is F. Gordon Swanborough and Peter M.

Bowers, United States Militar'v Aircraft Since 1909 (London: Putnam,

1971). Claudia Oakes, Aircraft of the National Air and Space Museum

(Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1981) is an excellent guide to

the holdings of the Smithsonian Institution, one of the world's great aircraft

collections, and contains excellent aircraft "biographies" written by the

NASM's curatorial staff. A special mention must be made of the Putnam

Aeronautical Books series published since the early 1960s by Putnam &

Company, Ltd, 9 Bow Street, London, England. This series consists of

individual volumes, often running to many hundreds of pages on aircraft

developed by specific manufacturers, such as McDonnell-Douglas and

Bristol. The books are heavily illustrated with photographs and drawings,

and contain much useful information on the growth of the world aircraft

industry. The Profile Publication series (London: Hills and Lacy,

1965-1975), a collection of over 250 heavily illustrated pamphlets on

individual aircraft types (such as the Fokker D-VII or the Douglas DC-3),

is an excellent detailed source of information on particular aircraft. Each

pamphlet was written by an authority on the particular aircraft. This series

was issued in several volumes in the United States by Doubleday & Co,

and, though now long out of print. is still available as a library reference.

Finally, Bill Gunston's The World's Greatest Airplanes: The Story of the

Men Who Built Themn and How They Came to Be (New York: ElsevierDutton Publishing Co, 1980) is a good popular introduction told with style

8
PREHISTORY OF FLIGHT

and with a goodly number of anecdotes about the world's great aircraft

companies, and how they evolved.

A number of specialized guides to research in aerospace history have

been produced through the years, in addition to such well-known general

guides as the Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature. The following

bibliographical sources are all recommended for their completeness and

excellence: Samuel Duncan Miller, compiler, An Aerospace Bibliography

(Washington: Office of Air Force History, 1978); Mary Ann Cresswell and

Carl Berger, compilers, United States Air Force History: An Annotated

Bibliography (Washington: Office of Air Force History, 1971); Katherine

Murphy Dickson, compiler, History of Aeronautics and Astronautics: A

Preliminary Bibliography (Washington: NASA, 1968); Alex Roland, A

Guide to Research in NASA History (Washington: NASA, 1983); Jacob

Neufeld, compiler, United States Air Force History: A Guide to Monographic Literature, 1943-1974 (Washington: Office of Air Force History,

1977); Lawrence J. Paszek, compiler, United States Air Force History: A

Guide to Documentary Sources (Washington: Office of Air Force History,

1973), the latter containing an excellent guide to the holdings of the Library

of Congress, the National Archives, and the USAF Historical Research

Center; and, finally, John J. Looney, compiler, Bibliography of Space

Books and Articles from non-Aerospace Journals, 1957-1977 (Washington: NASA, 1979).

The Prehistory of Flight, Antiquity to 1783

Practical aviation as it is known today began with the first balloon

flights of the Montgolfier brothers and J. A. C. Charles in the year 1783.

The social impact of these flights was considerable; it was reflected in art,

literature, and interior design. "Balloonmania" resulted in references to

1783 as the "Year of Miracles," and the appearance of balloon prints,

chandeliers, chairs, and the like. For the first time, humanity was able to

9
LITERATURE

view the earth from the air. However, the accomplishment of practical flight

in 1783 must not disguise the fact that flight had been one of the strongest of

human aspirations, dating to antiquity and ancient myths. The single best

reference work on early precursors of flight is Clive Hart, The Dream of

Flight: Aeronautics from Classical Times to the Renaissance (New York:

Winchester Press, 1972), a remarkable compilation of material including

extensive citations from primary source documents, A standard reference

on the history of aviation is Charles Gibbs-Smith, The Aeroplane: An

Historical Survey of Its Origins and Development (London: Her Majesty's

Stationary Office, 1960), and his later revised edition, Aviation: An Historical Survey from its Origins to the End ?f World War II (London: Her

Majesty's Stationary Office, 1970). Until his death in 1981, Gibbs-Smith

was the doyen of aeronautical historians and the recognized authority on

aviation before the Wright's first flight. Two intriguing studies of specific

uses of aeronautics and attempts to fly in medieval times are Lynn White's

"Eilmer of Malmesbury: An Eleventh Century Aviator," Technology and

Culture, 19, No. 2 (Spring 1961) and "Medieval Uses of Air," Scientific

American, 223, No. 12 (August, 1970). The history of ballooning has not

received the attention that it's due. Two new works, however, Tom D.

Crouch's, The Eagle Aloft: Two Centuries of the Balloon in America

(Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. 1983), and Charles S.

Gillispie's, The Montgolfier Brothers (Princeton: Princeton University

Press, 1983), will fill this gap. Two other references are: The Romance of

Ballooning: The Story of the Ear'v Aeronauts (New York: The Viking

Press, 1971), and Donald Dale Jackson, The Aeronauts (Alexandria, Va.:

Time-Life Books, 1980).

The Era of Discovery, 1783-1903

During the nineteenth century, a technological base was established

that enabled the development of the first heavier-than-air flying machines.

This work began with the theoretical and practical experiments and studies

of Sir George Cayley. continued through such individuals as Stringfellow

10
ERA OF DISCOVERY

and Henson, and concluded with the epochal work of Otto Lilienthal and

the Wrights. Along the way, an interesting mix of successful and unsuccessful practitioners advanced the understanding of what was needed to

produce actual airplanes. Again, much of the most significant historical

writing in this field has come from the pen of Charles Gibbs-Smith, notably

his The Invention of the Aeroplane, 1799-1909 (London: Faber & Faber,

1965), and his encyclopedic A Directory and Nomenclature of the First

Aeroplanes, 1809-1909 (London: Her Majesty's Stationary Office, 1966),

a particularly useful illustrated guide to the aircraft and attempted aircraft

of that period. Tom D. Crouch, A Dream of Wings: Americans and the

Airplane, 1875-1905 (New York: W. W. Norton & Co, 1981) thoroughly

examines the American aeronautical community, with insightful analysis

of such figures as Octave Chanute, Samuel Langley, and the Wright

brothers. Chanute's own Progress in Flying Machines (New York: Forney,

1894) remains a valuable reference to the climate of aeronautical opinion in

the 1890s, as does Jeremiah Milbank, The First Century of Flight in

America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1943). The latter was the

first scholarly examination of the early history of aviation and flight

attempts in the United States. A recent work by Joseph J. Corn, The Winged

Gospel: America's Romance with Aviation, 1900-1950 (New York: Oxford

University Press, 1983) provides a social history of aviation.

Marvin McFarland's impressive two-volume The Papers of Wilbur

and Orville Wright (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co, 1953) constitutes

an indispensible reference on the thoughts and activities of the two brothers

from Dayton, Ohio. Fred Kelly's excellent though dated biography, The

Wright Brothers (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1943) has now been supplanted by Harry Combs' masterful Kill Devil Hill: Discovering the Secret

of the Wright Brothers (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1979). Combs' work

goes far in demythologizing the Wrights and correctly portraying them as

intuitive engineers who carefully plotted and organized their progression

from the drawing board to the sands of Kitty Hawk. Richard Hallion, ed,

The Wright Brothers: Heirs of Prometheus (Washington: Smithsonian

Institution Press, 1978) is a collection of essays from experts who have

studied the work of the Wrights and its impact upon society. This volume

11
LITERATURE

also contains Orville Wright's own account of the brothers' preparations for

flight, and is a useful introduction to the Wrights and their accomplishments. A colorful and reliable history of efforts leading to the Wrights'

triumph at Kitty Hawk is by Valerie Moolman, The Road to Kitty Hawk

(Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books, 1980). This book, part of the TimeLife Epic of Flight series, is, like most of the works in the series, replete

with numerous photographs and drawings and a heavily anecdotal text,

being particularly suited to those needing a readable and popular introduction to the subject.

The Development of Practical Airplanes, 1903-1918

The time period running from the Wrights through the First World War

was a particularly challenging and fruitful time in aeronautics. Critical

advances were made in aerodynamics, propulsion, structures, and controls

technology, enabling a four-fold increase in aircraft flight speeds. By the

end of the First World War, aircraft design technology had advanced to the

point where operators could confidently plan long-range flights across the

North Atlantic and through Southeast Asia to Australia. The airplane had

proven itself a major military weapon, forcing military planners to rethink

strategy and tactics in light of its capabilities. Charles Gibbs-Smith, The

Rebirth of European Aviation. 1902-1908 (London: Her Majesty's Stationary Office, 1974) offers a clear analysis of the Wrights' impact upon a

European aeronautical community suddenly shocked into awareness of its

technological inferiority. Several useful popular accounts of aviation's

pioneering days exist, notably, Walter T. Bonney, The Heritage of Kitty

Hawk (New York: Norton. 1962); Henry Serrano Villard, Contact: The

Story of the Earhv Birds (New York: Crowell, 1968); and Sherwood Harris,

The First to Flh: Aviation's Pioneer Days (New York: Simon & Schuster,

1970). Sir Geoffrey de Havilland's reissued autobiography, Sky Fever

(Shrewsbury, England: Airlife Publications, 1979), offers an often amusing

and informative look at the trials and tribulations of an early British aircraft

builder and pilot. Constance Babington-Smith's Testing Time: The Story of

12
PRACTICAL AIRPLANES

British Test Pilots and Their Aircraft (New York: Harper & Brothers,

1961), is an excellent reference to the pioneer days of flight in Great

Britain. Harald Penrose, a noted British test pilot, has written a good, if

controversial, history tracing pre-Great War aviation in Great Britain,

British Aviation: The Pioneer Years, 1903-1914 (London: Putnam, 1967).

Cecil R. Roseberry, Glenn Curtiss: Pioneer of Flight (Garden City, N.Y.:

Doubleday & Co, 1972) is the standard biography of this important

American pioneer, who was the Wrights' chief rival in the early days. Louis

S. Casey's recent Curtiss: The Hammondsport Era, 1907-1915 (New

York: Crown Publishers, 1981) and Peter M. Bowers, Curtiss Aircraft:

1907-1947 (London: Putnam, 1979) offer surprisingly detailed and accurate information on the aircraft themselves.

Owen S. Lieberg, The First Air Race: The International Competition

at Reims, 1909 (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co, 1974) is a popularly

written and informative account of the first great air meet, enabling critical

comparisons of technological approaches to be made. Tom D. Crouch,

Bleriot XI: The Story of a Classic Aircraft (Washington: Smithsonian

Institution Press, 1982) is a valuable account of the work of French pioneer

Louis Bleriot, developer of one of early aviation's most significant flying

vehicles. Interestingly, Allen Wheeler, Building Aeroplanes for "Those

Magnificent Men" (London: G. T. Foulis & Co, 1965) wrote an account of

constructing flying replicas for the film Those Magnificent Men in Their

Flying Machines. It is one of the best sources of information on the design,

construction techniques, flying, and handling qualities of early airplanes.

The actual pioneers of the early days have not received the biographical

treatment that is their due, though Claudia Oakes, United States Women in

Aviation Through World War I (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press,

1978) and Howard S. Wolko, In the Cause of Flight: Technologists of

Aeronautics and Astronautics, cited previously, are useful steps towards

remedying this situation. Overall, Curtis Prendegast, The First Aviators

(Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books, 1980), part of the Time-Life series, is

a reliable and well-written popular introduction to the people of the period.

The First World War in the air has been the subject of so many works

that it is virtually impossible to discuss all of them in a coherent essay.

13
LITERATURE

Military development before the war was marked by lethargy inspired by

official military reluctance to sanction creation of air arms. American

developments are covered in Juliette A. Hennessey, The United States

ArmnyAirArm, April 1861 to April 1917, USAF Historical Studies, No. 98

(Maxwell AFB, Ala: Air University, 1958). Charles DeForest Chandler

and Frank P. Lahm, How Our Army Grew Wings: Airmen and Aircraft

Before 1914 (New York: The Ronald Press Company, 1943) is part history,

part memoir by two pioneers in American military aviation. Once war

broke out, however, expansion was rapid if often haphazard. Again, a good

popular reference is Ezra Bowen, Knights of the Air (Alexandria, Va.:

Time-Life Books, 1980).

Readers desiring more comprehensive and in-depth coverage are

encouraged to examine the following works. George van Deurs, a pioneering Navy pilot, has examined that service's introduction to the airplane in

Wings for the Fleet: A Narrative of Naval Aviation's EarlY Development,

1910-1916 (Annapolis, Md.: U.S. Naval Institute Press, 1966). Peter B.

Mersky, U.S. Marine Corps Aviation 1912 to the Present (Annapolis:

Nautical and Aviation Publishing Company of America, 1983) details the

long sweep of Marine Corps aviation. Henry "Hap" Arnold's autobiographical Global Mission (New York: Harper & Row, 1949) offers

comparable insight into the early years of U.S. Army Aviation; for more

information, readers should consult Alfred Goldberg, et al, A History of the

United States Air Force, 1907-1957 (Princeton: D. Van Nostrand Co,

1957). The British six-volume official history by Walter Raleigh and Henry

A. Jones, The War in the Air, 6 vols (London: Oxford University Press and

Clarendon Press, 1922-37) offers an in-depth look at the air war over the

Western Front from an Allied perspective. Andrew Boyle, Trenchard: Man

of Vision (London: Collins, 1962) is a penetrating and sympathetic study of

a key advocate of airpower. Two "before and after" studies on early attempts

to undertake strategic air operations by Imperial Germany are Douglas

Robinson, The Zeppelin in Combat: A History' of the German Naval Airship

Division, 1912-1918 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1980) and

Raymond H. Fredette. The Sk'y on Fire: The First Battle of Britain,

1917-1918, and the Birth ?f the RoYal Air Force (New York: Holt, Rinehart

14
PRACTICAL AIRPLANES

& Winston, 1966), paperback edition (New York: Harcourt Brace and

Jovanovich, 1976). An excellent overview is by John H. Morrow, German

Airpower in World War I (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1982).

America's wartime aeronautical effort was marked by political scandal and mismanagement at home and dedicated professionalism and heroism abroad. Definitive studies of the home front and combat front are by I.

B. Holley, Ideas and Weapons: Exploitation of the Aerial Weapon by the

United States during World War I: A Study in the Relationship of Technological Advance, Military Doctrine, and the Development of Weapons

(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1953), reprinted (Washington: Office

of Air Force History, 1984), and James J. Hudson, Hostile Skies: A Combat

History of the American Air Service in World War I (Syracuse: Syracuse

University, 1968). Essential documents can be found in Maurer Maurer, ed,

The U.S. Air Service in World War I, 4 vols .(Washington: Office of Air

Force History, 1978-1979). A new work by Richard P. Hallion, Rise of the

Fighters: Air Combat in World War I (Annapolis: Nautical and Aviation

Publishing Co, 1984) examines the development of combat aircraft from a

new perspective. Pilot accounts from all sides abound. Among the best are:

Cecil Lewis, Sagittarius Rising (Harrisburg: Stackpole Books, 1963);

Ernst Udet, Ace of the Iron Cross (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1970);

and Eddie Rickenbacker, Fighting the Flying Circus (Garden City, N.Y.:

Doubleday, 1965). Denis Winter, The First of the Few: Fighter Pilots of the

First World War (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1983) uses mostly

British sources to provide a penetrating analysis of the pilots and air-to-air

combat experiences of the war. Works dealing with the aircraft of the First

World War are almost too numerous to mention. Kenneth Munson, Aircraft

of World War I (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1968) is a reliable and well

illustrated introductory guide to the frail machines that fought between

1914-1918. John Cuneo's impressive two-volume Winged Mars (Harrisburg: Military Service Publishing Co, 1945) is a thorough and incisive

examination of the emergence of a military aviation consciousness in the

opening years of the First World War. Overall, the best survey histories of

the rise of military air power are by Robin Higham, Air Power: A Concise

History (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1972) and Basil Collier, A History

of Air Power (New York: Macmillan, 1974).

15
LITERATURE

The Rise of Air Transportation and Professionalization, 1918-1936

The interwar years through the mid-I 930s were a particularly critical

time for aeronautics. It was in this decade that the first practical air transport

aircraft were developed, leading to the emergence of widespread air passenger and freight service. Also, military airpower doctrine was refined,

and the roles and missions of military aircraft types more closely defined.

The basic technology of flight underwent a revolution, with the development of powerful piston engines, efficient wing shapes, a variety of

specialized devices for improved aerodynamic performance, the emergence of the monoplane (one-wing) configuration, and the appearance of

the all-metal airplane. The profession of aerospace engineer also underwent a significant upgrading in skill level and training with the appearance

of schools and departments of aerospace engineering, usually drawing

upon the field of mechanical engineering and fluid mechanics for their

technical and scientific background. An excellent introduction to this

period can be found in Roger E. Bilstein, Flight Patterns: Trends in

American Aviation 1918-1929 (Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia Press,

1983).

By the beginning of 1919, the technology of aircraft and airships was

advanced enough to permit the undertaking of long distance transoceanic

flights. A good introduction to long distance aviation is David Nevin, The

Pathfinders (Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books, 1980) which covers the

pioneering efforts of such individuals as Alcock and Brown, Lindbergh,

Wiley Post, and Howard Hughes. This excellent book is complemented by

six others in the Time-Life series that also treat important themes of the

interwar years: Douglas Botting, The Giant Airships (Alexandria, Va.:

Time-Life Books, 1980); Paul O'Neil, Barnstormners and Speed Kings

(Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books, 1981); Oliver E. Allen, The Airline

Builders (Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books, 1981); David Nevin, Architects of Air Power (Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books, 1981); and Donald

Dale Jackson, Flying the Mail (Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books, 1982).

All are written in anecdotal fashion, and profusely illustrated. The U.S.

16
AIR TRANSPORTATION

Navy's pioneering transatlantic flight of 1919 using the NC-4 flying boat is

treated by Richard K. Smith, First Across (Annapolis: U.S. Naval Institute

Press, 1973). The epochal transatlantic, transpacific, and arctic flights of

the 1920s are the subject of a large body of literature. Of special value are:

Joseph Hamlen, Flight Fever (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co, 1971);

Edward Jablonski, Atlantic Fever (New York: The Macmillan Co, 1972);

Jack Huttig, 1927: Summer of Eagles (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1979); and

John Grierson, Challenge to the Poles: Highlights of Arctic and Antarctic

Aviation (London: G. T. Foulis & Co, 1964), the definitive work by a wellknown pioneering British pilot.

Charles A. Lindbergh and his solo flight across the North Atlantic in

May 1927 inspired countless journalists and writers to write about the

lanky airman. Unfortunately, most have written in a sensationalist fashion,

ignoring the careful and methodical planning that went into the flight. Tom

D. Crouch, ed, Charles A. Lindbergh: An American Life (Washington:

Smithsonian Institution Press, 1977), a series of essays by experts in the

field, has an excellent introduction to Lindbergh, his accomplishments,

and the political controversy that surrounded him later in life. Lindbergh

has been the subject of three general biographies: Kenneth Davis, The

Hero: Charles A. Lindbergh and the American Dream (Garden City, N.Y.

Doubleday & Co, 1959); Walter S. Ross, The Last Hero: Charles A.

Lindbergh (New York: Harper & Row, 1968); and Leonard Mosley,

Lindbergh: A Biography (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co, 1976).

Davis and Ross are still the best; Lindbergh preferred the Ross work.

Additionally, Wayne S. Cole, Charles A. Lindbergh and the Battle Against

American Intervention in World War II (New York: Harcourt Brace

Jovanovich, 1974) is the most reliable and authoritative study on

Lindbergh's controversial political stand in the years before Pearl Harbor.

Lindbergh himself was the author of numerous books and articles during

his life, and these offer a rich treasury of materials on his life and wide

breadth of interests. Especially recommended are: We (New York: Putnam,

1927), his account of the Paris flight written just after his return; The Spirit

of St. Louis (New York: Scribner, 1953), and Autobiography of Values (New

York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1978), the latter published following his

17
LITERATURE

death in 1974. Donald E. Keyhoe's Flying with Lindbergh (New York: G.

P. Putnam & Sons, 1928) offers an interesting view of Lindbergh during his

1927 flight around the United States at the behest of the Daniel Guggenheim Fund.

Again, there are numerous pilot accounts from the 1920s and 1930s

that give the feeling of what it was like to fly in what some writers have

referred to as "aviation's Golden Age." Three of the best are: Frank

Courtney, The Eighth Sea (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co, 1972),

Alan Wheeler, Flying between the Wars (Oxfordshire: G. T. Foulis & Co,

1972), and Sir Gordon Taylor. The Ski Beyond (Boston: Houghton Mifflin

Co, 1963). Other autobiographies treat the development of aviation technology and airlines, as do a few selected biographies. Especially recommended are: F R. "Rod" Banks, I Kept No Diary (Shrewsbury, England:

Airlife Publications, 1978), which offers much useful information on

engine development; Juan de la Cierva and Don Rose, Wings q01Tomorrow:

The Story of the Autogiro (New York: Brewer, Warren & Putnam, 1931),

about the predecessor of the helicopter; Nevil Shute Norway. Slide Rule:

The Autobiography of an Engineer (New York: William Morrow & Co,

1954), an impressive memoir by an excellent aeronautical engineer best

known for his novels written under the pen name Nevil Shute; J. E.

Morpurgo, Barnes Wallis. A Biography (New York: St. Martin's Press,

1972), about a legendary British aircraft designer and engineer; Ralph A.

O'Neill., A Dream qf Eagles (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co, 1973), a

memoir of an early airline entrepreneur; Robert Daley, An American Saga.

Juan Trippe and His Pan Am Empire (New York: Random House, 1980),

about the founder of Pan Am Airlines, balancing Matthew Josephson's

earlier Empire of the Air: Juan Trippe and the Strugglef!or World Airwi'ays

(New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co, 1943), reprinted (New York: Arno

Press, 1972); Dean Smith. BY the Seat of Mv Pants (Boston: Little, Brown,

and Company, 1961), a memoir of the early days of flying the mail; Lowell

Thomas and Edward Jablonski, Doolittle: A Biography (Garden City,

N.Y.: Doubleday & Co, 1976), the best biographical study of pioneer

aviator and test pilot James H. "Jimmy" Doolittle; and. finally, Igor

Sikorsky, The Story qf the Winged-S (New York: Dodd. Mead & Co, 1958),

18
AIR TRANSPORTATION

which details this Russian-American pioneer's work with flying boats.

Sikorsky's work in the 1920s and 1930s, as well as his subsequent development of the helicopter, is examined in detail in Frank Delear, Igor Sikorsky:

His Three Careers in Aviation (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1976).

Warren R. Young, The Helicopters (Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books,

1982) is also an informative account of the "chopper's" development and

subsequent service.

Significantly, the 1920s were a time in which the profession of

aeronautical engineering advanced rapidly. Critical to this development

were the activities of the Daniel Guggenheim Fund for the Promotion of

Aeronautics (1926-1930), a remarkable philanthropic activity that endowed schools of aeronautical engineering across the United States, established

aeronautical research facilities dealing with safety in aviation and so-called

"blind" flying, and helped create a "Model Air Line" run by Western Air

Express between Los Angeles and San Francisco. Guggenheim activities

have been examined by Richard P. Hallion in Legacy of Flight: The

Guggenheim Contribution to American Aviation (Seattle: University of

Washington Press, 1977). Theodore von Karman's memoir, written with

Lee Edson, The Wind and Beyond: Theodore von Karman, Pioneer in

Aviation and Pathfinder in Space (Boston: Little, Brown, and Co, 1967),

provides an interesting personal account of one key individual's role in

advancing aerospace engineering and education during the early years of

aviation. Von Karman, the foremost aeronautical scientist of his time,

immigrated to the United States to escape the increasingly anti-intellectual

climate of Germany on the eve of Hitler's rise to power, and became director

of the Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory at the California Institute of

Technology. The transfer of the European laboratory tradition in aeronautical research and the role von Karman played are the subjects of Paul A.

Hanle's Bringing Aerodynamics to America (Cambridge: MIT Press,

1982).

The 1920s and 1930s were marked by the emergence of practical air

transportation. By the mid-1930s the first airplane capable of making a

19
LITERATURE

profit simply by flying passengers. the Douglas DC-3, was in large- scale

production. The emergence of air transportation was inextricably linked to

such other developments as air regulation and the growth of the air mail

service. Ronald E. G. Davies, A History qfthe World's Airlines (New York:

AMS Press, 1983) is a useful introduction. W. David Lewis and Wesley P.

Newton, Delta: The History of an Airline (Athens, Ga.: University of

Georgia Press, 1979) is a thorough and incisive examination of how one

small crop-dusting company blossomed into one of America's most successful and influential air carriers, Robert J. Serling, a popular writer on

airline and air transportation matters, has prepared several generally useful

airline histories, especially From the Captain to the Colonel: An Informal

History of Eastern Airlines (New York: Dial Press, 1980), and The Only

Wav to Flv: The Story of Western Airlines (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday,

1976). William M. Leary. The Dragon's Wings (Athens, Ga.: University of

Georgia Press, 1976) is an excellent monographic study on the evolution of

civil aviation in China. Wesley P. Newton, The Perilous Sky: U.S. Aviation

Diplomacyv and Latin America, 1919-1931 (Miami: University of Miami

Press, 1978), is a definitive examination of civil aviation expansion into

Latin America and the often complex arrangements that had to be worked

out. Henry Ladd Smith, Airways Abroad: The Story of American World Air

Routes (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1950), and Carl Solberg,

Conquest of the Skies: A History o?" Commercial Aviation in America

(Boston: Little. Brown, and Co, 1979) are excellent references as well as

introductory guides. George E. Hopkins, The Airline Pilots. A Study in

Elite Unionization (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971) is a

unique work that concentrates on the creation of the Air Line Pilots

Association. Finally, Ernest K. Gann. Fate is the Hunter (New York:

Simon & Schuster. 1961 ) is an excellent and evocative memoir of flying in

the early days of American civil aviation by a well-known airman and

novelist. Jean Potter, The Flying North (New York: The Macmillan Co,

1947) details the experiences of bush flying in Alaska in the 1930s.

Peter W. Brooks' classic study, The Modern Airliner: Its Origins and

Development (London: Putnam, 1961) is still the best survey of the growth

of air transport technology and the driving factors of airline operating

20
AIR TRANSPORTATION

economics. The historical series of the Federal Aviation Administration is a

particularly valuable source of information on American civil aviation.

Pertinent volumes include: Nick A. Komons, Bonfires to Beacons (Washington: Federal Aviation Administration, 1978); John R. M. Wilson, Turbulence Aloft (Washington: Federal Aviation Administration, 1979); Stuart

1. Rochester, Takeoff at Mid-Century (Washington: Federal Aviation Administration, 1976); and Richard J. Kent Jr., Safe, Separated, and Soaring

(Washington: Federal Aviation Administration, 1980). The best singlevolume work is Donald Whitnah's excellent and insightful Safer Skyways:

Federal Control of Aviation, 1926-66 (Iowa City, Iowa: Iowa University

Press, 1966). The impact of the growing science of meteorology was

crucial to early commercial aviation, and Whitnah's one-volume A History

of the U.S. Weather Bureau (Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press,

1961) traces the important links that developed between the meteorological

and aviation communities, links which mutually stimulated the development of both. Henry Ladd Smith, Airways: The History of Commercial

Aviation in the United States (New York: Knopf, 1942) is a dated but still

very useful study. Ronald E. Miller and David Sawers, The Technical

Development of Modern Aviation (New York: Praeger, 1970) is a work that

concentrates heavily on the growth of commercial aircraft technology and

the economics of operating passenger aircraft.

Equally useful for understanding the technological climate from

which the transport aircraft of the 1920s and 1930s sprang is Thomas

Foxworth, The Speed Seekers (New York: Doubleday & Co, 1976) the

definitive history of air racing during the 1920s and 1930s. Elsbeth E.

Freudenthal, The Aviation Business: From Kitty Hawk to Wall Street (New

York: Vanguard, 1940) is an informative and highly critical study of the

growth of the aircraft manufacturing and air transport industry. Monte

Duane Wright, Most Probable Position: A History of Aerial Navigation to

1941 (Lawrence, Kans.: University Press of Kansas, 1972) is an in-depth

study of the development of air navigation instruments and techniques. It

was, of course, from the air mail era that commercial aviation blossomed,

and, interestingly, the air mail period is one that has received too little

detailed attention. Aside from Jackson's Time-Life book mentioned earlier,

21
LITERATURE

a useful single-volume treatment is Donald B. Holmes, Airmai: An

Illustrated History, 1793-1981 (New York: Clarkson & Potter, 1981),

which is heavily illustrated and of special value to anyone interested in

philately. Both supplant Page Schamburger's earlier and now dated Tracks

Across the Skv: The Story of the Pioneers of the U.S. Air Mail (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1964). Harold Mansfield's, Vision: A Saga of the Sky

(New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1956) amply chronicles the early

history of Boeing, developers of the first "modern" transport-the Model

247 of 1933. Finally, two works specifically examine the greatest and most

influential of all airliners, the Douglas DC-3: Douglas J. Ingell's, exhaustive The Plane That Changed The World: A Biography of the DC-3

(Fallbrook, Calif.: Aero Publishers, 1966), and Carroll V. Glines' and

Wendell F Moseley's, more popularly written, The DC-3: The Story of a

Fabulous Airplane (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1966).

The 1920s and 1930s were a time during which the gas- filled dirigible

airship reigned supreme until a series of weather-related accidents,

culminating in the Hindenburg holocaust, shattered forever the vision of

long-range freight and passenger-carrying airships. The romance of the

airship, a holdover from previous fascination with the balloon, has led to

these craft being the subject of numerous popular works. Aside from Tom

Crouch's new book mentioned previously, the best sources of airship

history are: Douglas H. Robinson, Giants in the Sky: A History of the Rigid

Airship (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1973); Richard K.

Smith, The Airships Akron and Macon (Annapolis: U.S. Naval Institute

Press, 1965); Basil Collier, The Airship.- A History (New York: G. P.

Putnam's Sons, 1974); John Toland, Ships in the Sky (New York: Holt,

1957); Robin Higham, The British Rigid Airship, 1908-1931 (London: G.

T. Foulis & Co, 1961); Joseph Gordon Vaeth, Graf Zeppelin: The Adventures of an Aerial Globetrotter (New York: Harper & Bros, 1958); and

James Leasor, The Millionth Chance. The Story of the R-101 (London:

Hamish Hamilton, 1957).

During the 1930s, the pace of aeronautical technology accelerated

rapidly. This challenged such areas as aerospace medicine, propulsion

22
AIR TRANSPORTATION

systems, and safety during high altitude flight. Douglas Robinson, The

Dangerous Sky: A History of Aviation Medicine (Seattle: University of

Washington Press, 1973) is an excellent survey of the development of a very

important field by an author who is himself a flight physician. Robert

Schlaifer's exhaustive and lengthy Development of Aircraft Engines

(Boston: Harvard University Press, 1950) and S. D. Heron's Development

of Aviation Fuels (Boston: Harvard University Press, 1950) remain the

standard reference on aero propulsion; readers desiring a briefer and less

extensive introduction should consult C. Fayette Taylor, Aircraft Propulsion (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1971), part of the

Smithsonian Annals of Flight series. Another volume in this series is by

Stanley R. Mohler and Bobby H. Johnson, Wiley Post, his Winnie May, and

the World's First Pressure Suit (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press,

1971), a thorough and informative account of the activities of a noted

pioneer long-distance aviator and his important research on the problems of

high-altitude flight.

The development of military aviation in the 1920s and 1930s was

marked by the emergence of doctrines emphasizing long-range strategic air

power, tactical aviation, and naval aviation. The seeds for the employment

of air power in the Second World War were planted and nurtured during the

1920s. Two useful introductions to the military aviation issues of the

interwar years are Nevin's Time-Life book Architects of Air Power cited

earlier, and Sir Arthur Hezlet's excellent survey of naval aviation, Aircraft

and Sea Power (New York: Stein and Day, 1970). The evolution of the

aircraft carrier as a capital ship has been examined in detail by Charles M.

Melhorn in Two Block Fox: The Rise of the Aircraft Carrier, 1911-1929

(Annapolis: U.S. Naval Institute Press, 1974). The major event affecting

public perceptions of air power in the United States during the 1920s was

the court-martial of Billy Mitchell, an outspoken and often incautiously

intemperate airpower zealot. Mitchell has been the subject of numerous

articles and works, but Alfred E Hurley, Billy Mitchell: Crusader for Air

Power (New York: Franklin Watts, 1964), new edition (Bloomington, Ind.:

Indiana University Press, 1975) remains the most reliable source for

information on this controversial figure. Mitchell was surrounded by a

23
LITERATURE

coterie of bright, ambitious, and dedicated junior officers who did much to

advance the cause of a separate and independent air arm that eventually

came to fruition with the creation of the United States Air Force in 1947.

The contribution of one pioneer, not particularly friendly to Mitchell, is

covered in John E. Shiner's penetrating Foulois and the U.S. Army Air

Corps, 1 931-1 935 (Washington: Office of Air Force History, 1983). The

interwar years and nmany of these men are the subject of a major study by

DeWitt S. Copp, A Few Great Captains: The Men and Events that Shap~ed

the Development of US. A ir Power (Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday, 1980)

sponsored by the Air Force Historical Foundation.

The aircraft of the interwar years have been the subject of numerous

studies and monographs. The best general introductory source for material

on specific aircraft types is Macmillan's Pocket Encyclopedia of World

Aircraft in Color series, including Kenneth G. Munson's Airliners Between

the Wars 1919-1939 (New York: Macmillan, 1972), Fighters Between the

War.s 1919-1 939 (New York: Macmillan, 197Q), Bombers Between the

Wars 1919-1 939 (New York: Macmillan, 1970). and Flying Boats and

Seaplanes Since 1910. (New York: Macmillan, 1971 ). In addition, Lennart

Ege, Balloons and Airships 1783-1973, (London: Macmillan, 1973) and

Lord Ventry and Eugene Kolesnik, Jane's Pocket Book of Airships (New

York: Collier Books, 1977), are useful pocket guides to airships.

The Ascendency of the Propeller-Driven Airplane, 1936-1945

From the late 1 930s through 1945, aviation underwent many profound

changes, in part because of the demands of wartime activities and requirements. Chief among these changes were the turbojet revolution, which

reached its fulfillment after 1945, and the conscious recognition that the

world would never quite be the same as a result of blending advanced longrange aircraft with the capabilities of modern military weapons, especially

the atomic bomb. By 1945, propeller-driven long-range aircraft were flying

across the world's oceans to deliver cargo and to attack targets. Yet, such

24
PROPELLER-DRIVEN AIRPLANE

was the pace of aeronautical development that their technology was already

obsolescent in the face of the turbojet revolution. Truly, by the end of 1945,

the dominance of the propeller-driven airplane had already begun to decline; by 1958, with the arrival of the first practical intercontinental jet

transports, it would be totally swept away from the mainstream of longrange air operations.

World War 1I proved a tremendous "forcing function" in the evolution

of military and civil aviation. In many respects, however, this was more

evolutionary than revolutionary, in that the scope of wartime activities had

more or less been determined by the respective development of aviation in

the major combatant nations during the 1920s and 1930s.

Literally thousands of volumes have been written on the impact of air

power upon the Second World War. R. J. Overy, The Air War, 1939-1945

(New York: Stein and Day, 1980) offers excellent coverage and insights,

including a revealing examination on aircraft production. The Higham and

Hezlett works cited previously examine facets of the employment of air

power during the war, and are the best introductory references to the

subject. Additionally, there has been a sizable body of official histories

dealing either exclusively or in part with the war in the air. The standard

American reference on the war in the air is Wesley Frank Craven and James

Lea Cate, eds, The Army Air Forces in World War H, 7 Vols (Chicago:

University of Chicago Press, 1948-1958), reprint edition (Washington:

Office of Air Force History, 1984). The U.S. Navy and Marine Corps story

is told by Samuel Eliot Morison, History of United States Naval Operations

in World War II, 15 vols, (Boston: Little, Brown and Company,

1947-1962), and Robert L. Sherrod, History of United States Marine

Corps Aviation in World War Two (San Rafael, Calif.: Presidio Press,

1980). Haywood S. Hansell, Jr., The Air Plan that Defeated Hitler (Atlanta: Printed by Higgins-McArthur/Logino & Porter, Inc., 1972), reprinted

(New York: Arno Press, 1980) is part memoir, part analytical history by

one of the great Air Force planners; the study covers prewar events as well

as planning and strategic operations in the war against Germany.

25
LITERATURE

One very significant study of the military aircraft procurement process is I. B. Holley. But'ing Aircraft: Materiel Procurement for the Artny

Air Forces (United States Army in World War II, Special Studies) (Washington: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army,

1964). part of the official United States Armv in World War H series.

Benjamin S. Kelsey, The Dragon's Teeth (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982) is an important memoir and historical analysis of the

problems affecting military procurement in America during the 1920s and

1930s. Clark G. Reynolds, The Fast Carriers: The Forging of an Air Navy

(New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co, 1968) is a brilliant, incisive history of

American carrier operations during the Second World War. Readers desiring a less exhaustive, more popular, and heavily illustrated introductory

work are referred to Reynolds' The Carrier War (Alexandria, Va.: TimeLife Books, 1982) a volume in the previously mentioned Time-Life Epic of

Flight series. A. D. Turnbull and C. L. Lord, History of U.S. Naval

Aviation (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1949) contains much useful

information, and Theodore Roscoe, On the Seas and ln the Skies: A History

of the U.S. Navy's Air Power (New York: Hawthorn Books, 1970) is also a

lively account.

U.S. Army Air Forces' operations have been the subject of numerous

popular works. However, they are often characterized by a "gee whiz"

approach to the subject that obscures, or even supplants, more serious

interpretations and discussions. Readers thus should choose very carefully

among available sources, being especially cautious when dealing with

books written immediately after the war and even into the 1950s and early

1960s. One major study that furnishes useful insights on the U.S. Army Air

Forces is by DeWitt S. Copp, Forged in Fire: Strategy and Decisions in the

Air War Over Europe, 1940-1945 (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co,

1982).

Nothing was as symbolic of the role air power played in the Second

World War as the massive Anglo-American bombing raids launched

against Axis targets. There is a wealth of literature on this subject, but

26
PROPELLER-DRIVEN AIRPLANE

again, readers have to choose with caution. Noble Frankland, The Bombing

Offensive Against Germany (London: Faber & Faber, 1965) is an excellent

introduction. Lee B. Kennett, A History of Strategic Bombing (New York:

Charles Scribner's Sons, 1982) is a concise, scholarly study that places the

World War II experience in the broad perspective of previous efforts to

harness aviation to war. Max Hasting's Bomber Command (New York: The

Dial Press, 1979) offers a clear and often disturbing insight into the

evolution of British bombing policy and operational techniques. Roger A.

Freeman, The Mighty Eighth (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co, 1970)

is an encyclopedic history of the Eighth Air Force, the U.S. Army Air

Forces' principal striking arm in the war against Nazi Germany. Two of the

key air offensives of the war were raids on Schweinfurt, Germany, a center

of ball-bearing production, and on the Ploesti, Rumania oilfields. Martin

Caidin, Black Thursday (New York: Dutton, 1960) is an excellent account

of the planning and execution of the costly Schweinfurt strike, and Ploesti

has been the subject of two excellent works: Leon Wolff, Low-Level

Mission (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co, 1957), and the definitive

Ploesti: The Great Ground-Air Battle of ] August 1943 (New York: Random House, 1962) by James Dugan and Carroll Stewart. James M. Merrill,

Target Tokyo: The Halsey-Doolittle Raid (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1964)

provides a good account of this interesting joint air-naval strike against the

Japanese mainland in April 1942. Carroll V. Glines, Doolittle's Tokyo

Raiders (Princeton, N.J.: D. Van Nostrand, 1964) and his later, Four Came

Home (Princeton, N.J.: D. Van Nostrand, 1966), provide the recollections

and impressions of those who actually flew on the raid, including those who

were imprisoned by the Japanese. Curtis E. LeMay and MacKinlay Kantor,

Mission With LeMay: My Story (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co,

1965) is an interesting memoir of a major figure in American airpower, and

has much useful information on LeMay's role in both European and Pacific

strategic bomber operations. Allen Andrews, The Air Marshals: The Air

War in Western Europe (New York: W. W. Morrow and Co, 1970) is a good

introduction to the personalities who were responsible for both Allied and

Axis conduct of the air war. A book which focuses on American operations

and the role of one key individual is Thomas Coffey, Hap: The Story of the

U.S. Air Force and the Man Who Built It: General Henry H. "Hap" Arnold

(New York: The Viking Press, 1982). David Maclsaac's Strategic Bombing

27
LITERATURE

in Worml War 1I." The Story t(?ftie United States Strategic Bombing Survey

(New York: Garland Publishing, 1976) recounts how the survey was

organized and accomplished. Finally, Fletcher Knebel and Charles W.

Bailey, No High Ground (New York: Harper, 1960) is an excellent account

of the first atomic bomb strikes at Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

The war in the Pacific, while not as extensively treated as the war in

Europe. has, nevertheless, been the subject of a number of works. George

C. Kenney, General Kennev Reports: A Personal HistoiY (f the Pacific War

(New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1949) covers the Southwest Pacific

Theater with thoroughness and insight. Edwards Park, Nanette (New York:

W. W. Norton, 1977) is an evocative and highly personal account of a

fighter pilot's combat tour in New Guinea, and ranks among the finest pilot

memoirs of the war. Charles A. Lindbergh, The Wartime Journals (f

Charles A. Lindbergh (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1970) is a

major source for this controversial airman's views and interpretations of

wartime events, including excellent sections on his wartime service in the

Southwest Pacific. Claire Lee Chennault, Way (vqfa Fighter: The Memoirs of

Claire Lee Chennault (New York: Putnam, 1949), edited by Robert Hotz, is

a useful memoir on the famed leader of the "Flying Tiger" volunteers who

flew for China. Thomas G. Miller, The Cactus Air Force (New York:

Harper and Row, 1969) is an excellent account of Allied air operations over

the Solomon Islands in 1942-1943. The Japanese side of the air war has

been well treated by surviving airmen and military historians. Especially

recommended are the following: Masatake Okumiya and Jrio Horikoshi

with Martin Caidin, Zero (New York: Dutton. 1956): Saburo Sakai with

Martin Caidin and Fred Saito, Samurai (New York: Dutton, 1957), a pilot

memoir by Japan's top-scoring surviving fighter ace: Mitsuo Fuchida and

Masatake Okumiya. Midway: The Battle that Doomed Japan (Annapolis:

U.S. Naval Institute Press, 1955): and Rikihei Inoguchi and Tadashi

Nakajima, with Roger Pineau. The Divine Wind." Japan's Kamikaze Force

in World War Il (Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 1958), an insightful

account of the origins and employment of the Kamikaze against Allied

fleets. Finally, Wilbur H. Morrison. Point of No Return: The Story (?f the

20th AirForce (New York: Times Books, 1979) has a popularly written and

reliable account of the bombing offensive that destroyed Japan.

28
PROPELLER-DRIVEN AIRPLANE

One of the critical periods of the war was the Battle of Britain in 1940,

which resulted in a clear British victory and the thwarting of Hitler's plans

for an invasion of the British Isles. The literature and pilot memoirs on both

sides of this conflict are extensive. Derek Wood and Derek Dempster, The

Narrow Margin (London: Hutchinson, 1961) is the standard historical

account. Peter Townsend's later, Duel of Eagles (New York: Simon and

Schuster, 1970) is a masterful blend of memoir and history. Francis K.

Mason's encyclopedic Battle Over Britain (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday

& Co, 1970) is the best source for statistical data, as well as giving a blowby-blow daily account of the struggle. The depth of Mason's research is

remarkable.

The various air forces of the Second World War combatants have been

treated in detail, especially that of Nazi Germany. Three useful introductory works on the combatant air forces are volumes in the Time-Life series:

Ralph Barker, The RAF at War (Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books, 1981);

Time-Life eds, The Luftwaffe (Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books, 1982);

and Russell Miller, The Soviet Air Force (Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life

Books, 1983). The Soviet Air Force has already been the subject of several

popular works. Alexander Boyd, The Soviet Air Force since 1918 (New

York: Stein and Day, 1977) is an excellent survey history, as is Kenneth R.

Whiting, Soviet Air Power, 1917-1978 (Maxwell AFB: Air University

Press, 1979); Ray Wagner and Leland Fetzer, The SovietAir Force in World

World II: The Official History (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co, 1973)

is a faithful translation of the Soviet official history published by the

Ministry of Defense, Moscow, and thus contains many of the quaint quasijudgmental vagaries of the original. Von Hardesty, Red Phoenix: The Rise

of Soviet Air Power, 1941-45 (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press,

1982) is a definitive history of Soviet Air Force operations during the

Second World War.

Denis Richard's and Hilary St. George Saunders' three-volume The

Royal Air Force, 1939-1945, rev ed (London: Her Majesty's Stationary

Office, 1974-1975) is the general official British history. British airmen

29
LITERATURE

have written dozens, if not hundreds, of memoirs which, for the most part,

are well-written and highly informative. The strategic war waged by the

RAF is covered in the excellent official history by Sir Charles K. Webster

and Noble Frankland, The Strategic Air Offensive Against Germany,

1939-1945, 4 Vols (London: Her Majesty's Stationary Office, 1961).

The Luftwaffe has continued to fascinate popular writers and historians through the years. Two "insider" accounts that avoid many of the selfserving generalizations used in other memoirs of the Nazi era are: Adolf

Galland, The First and the Last (London: Fontana, 1970) by the former

chief of German fighter forces; and Werner Baumbach, The Life and Death

of the Luftwaffe (New York: Coward-McCann, 1960), written by the former

chief of Germany's Bomber Command. David Irving, The Rise and Fall of

the Luftwaffe: The Life of Field Marshal Erhard Milch (Boston: Little,

Brown & Co, 1974) is a provocative, absorbing, and insightful examination of the Luftwaffe from the perspective of its chief architect. Finally, W.

H. Tantum, IV and E. J. Hoffschmidt, The Rise and Fall of the Luftwaffe

1933-1945, (Old Greenwich, Conn.: WE, Inc, 1969) provides an excellent

summary history of that ineptly led and confused organization. Smaller air

forces have not received their fair due, though Jerzy Cynk, Histor' of the

Polish Air Force, 1918-1968 (Reading, U.K.: Osprey Publishing, 1972) is

an exception, and a study that could serve as a model for others to follow.

One of the truly significant aspects of aviation from 1936 through

1945 was the development of global air transport networks. While the

Allied nations had a keen awareness of the importance of air transport, the

Axis nations did not: Germany. for example, ignored military air transportation, with the loss of Stalingrad offering clear evidence of this critical

weakness in Nazi strategic doctrine. Some good works exist on Allied air

transport operations. Oliver LaFarge, The Eagle in the Egg (Boston:

Houghton, 1949) is a popular and reliable history of the U.S. Army Air

Forces Air Transport Command written shortly after the war. William H.

Tunner, the wartime manager of America's famed "Hump" aerial supply

route to China, has written an excellent memoir of his work and the lessons

30
PROPELLER-DRIVEN AIRPLANE

learned from the Hump (lessons subsequently applied during the Berlin

Airlift after the war), Over the Hump (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce,

1964).

Various works have been written on specific aspects of aeronautics

during the Second World War. David Irving, The Mare's Nest: The German

Secret Weapons Campaign and British Countermeasures (London:

William Kimber, 1964) is an excellent study of the development of German

"robot" weapons, the V-1 "buzz bomb" cruise missile and the V-2 ballistic

missile. R.V. Jones, The Wizard War: British Scientific Intelligence,

1939-1945 (New York: Coward, McCann and Geoghegan, 1978) while a

memoir is the most complete description to date of the scientific duel in the

air war between the British and the Germans. It is likely this book will

become a classic. Brian Johnson, The Secret War (New York: Methuen,

1978) is a good introduction to the wartime scientific research of both the

Allies and Axis, most of which was related to aviation. Leslie Simon,

German Research in World War II, An Analysis of the Conduct of Research

(New York: J. Wiley & Sons, 1947) is the standard reference on Nazi

Germany's scientific war, and James Phinney Baxter, III, Scientists Against

Time (Boston: Little, Brown and Co, 1946), reprinted (Boston: MIT Press,

1968) is an excellent study of the workings of the wartime Office of

Scientific Research and Development, which conducted numerous aviation-related programs. Constance Babington-Smith, Evidence in Camera:

The Story of Photographic Intelligence in World War 1I (London: Chatto

and Windus, 1958) is a remarkably complete survey of wartime work by an

individual who was herself a distinguished practitioner. Glenn Infield,

Unarmed and Unafraid (New York: Macmillan Co, 1970) is an anecdotal

survey history of aerial reconnaissance, with much useful material on the

Second World War.

A potpourri of other works have been published. Perry McCoy Smith,

The Air Force Plans for Peace, 1943-1945 (Baltimore, Md.: Johns

Hopkins University Press, 1970) is an excellent administrative history of

how the Air Force began adapting for its postwar roles even as fighting was

31
LITERATURE

still underway. Sally Van Wagenen Keil, Those Wondeiful Women in their

Flying Machines (New York: Rawson & Wade, 1979) is a witty and

informative history of the wartime Women's Air Force Service Pilots

(WASPs) program. Alan Osur, Blacks in the Army Air Forces During

World War II (Washington: Office of Air Force History, 1977) is an

excellent official study of how the U.S. Army Air Forces utilized black

troops and flight crews, often confronting problems of basic prejudice in

the process. A good popular source is Charles E. Francis, The Tuskegee

Airmen: The Story of the Negro in the U.S. Air Force (Boston: Bruce

Humphries, 1955). Richard C. Lukas, Eagles East: The Army Air Forces

and the Soviet Union, 1941-1945 (Tallahassee, Fla.: Florida State University Press, 1970) is a thorough study of the important aerial lend-lease

activity between the United States and the Soviet Union.

Readers interested in the work of aircraft designers during this time

period will find a surprising amount of literature on the subject. The

following works are highly recommended, and reflect the international

character of aviation: Edward H. Heinemann and Rosario Rausa, Ed

Heinemnann: Combat Aircraft Designer (Annapolis: U.S. Naval Institute

Press. 1980), a memoir by the designer of a series of important American

attack airplanes; Jrio Horikoshi, Eagles of Mitsubishi: The Story qf the Zero

Fighter (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1981), by the designer of

Japan's famed wartime fighter; Alexander Lippisch, The Delta Wing:

History and Development (Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press,

1981), by a noted German aircraft designer; Heinz Conradis, Design for

Flight: The Kurt Tank Story (London: MacDonald, 1960), about the designer of Germany's Focke-Wulf aircraft; Ernst Heinkel, Stormy Life (New

York: Dutton, 1956), a memoir about the German aircraft industry in the

interwar years; and Alexander Yakovlev, Notes of an Aircraft Designer

(New York: Arno Press, 1972), which sheds some useful light on Soviet

wartime design. Two other important works that involve British wartime

aeronautical and defense research are Ronald W. Clark's biography, Tizard

(Cambridge: MIT Press, 1965) and C. P. Snow's well-known Science and

Government (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1961). Both are insightful commentaries on the conduct of science and technology in wartime

32
TURBOJET REVOLUTION

Great Britain, and both offer a detailed perspective on the famous conflict

between Sir Henry Tizard and Lord Cherwell.

As with other aspects of aviation history, the aircraft of the combatant

powers have received coverage bordering on the repetitive and excessive.

Kenneth Munson, Bombers, Patrol, and Transport Aircraft, 1939-1945

(New York: Macmillan, 1969) and Fighters, Attack, and Training Aircraft,

1939--]945 (New York: Macmillan, 1969) are reliable and informative.

William Green is a well-known author of definitive reference works on

World War II, and two of his best are the republished Famous Fighters of

the Second World War (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co, 1975) and

Famous Bombers of the Second World War (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday

& Co, 1976). Many other more specialized works, most of which deal with

a single aircraft or "family" of aircraft also exist but are beyond the scope of

this introduction to the field.

The Tbrbojet Revolution and the Supersonic Breakthrough,

1945-1957

Between 1945 and 1957, the scope of aviation changed radically.

During this time period, civil long-range aviation became the dominant

form of domestic and international passenger transportation, surpassing the

accumulated accomplishments of a century of railroad and motor vessel

transportation. Flight speeds quadrupled due to the development of refined

high-speed aerodynamics and advanced propulsion by jet and rocket engines. The turbojet revolution permitted developing highly efficient highspeed aircraft; the attainment of flight faster than sound-supersonic

flight-opened up a whole new range of speeds and altitudes to be

explored.

The major technical development influencing the course of postwar

aviation was the appearance of the gas turbine (turbojet) engine. It was

33
LITERATURE

largely the product of a few farsighted inventors who worked outside the

mainstream of contemporary propulsion research and development. Only

later was gas turbine technology seized upon by a propulsion industry

previously totally committed to the piston engine and propeller. The early

jet era is one that has not been as thoroughly examined as it should be.

Nevertheless, a number of useful books are available for researchers.

Schlaifer and Heron's previously cited Development of Aircraft Engines

and Fuels is excellent for the development of the jet engine in Britain,

Germany, and the United States. Edward Constant, The Origins of the

Turbojet Revolution (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980) is a

detailed examination of the actual evolutionary process that led to the jet

engine. Sir Frank Whittle, Jet: The Story of a Pioneer (New York: Philosophical Library, 1954) is an autobiography which tells the trials and

tribulations of how "The Father of the Jet Engine" went about winning

support and actually designing and building the then radical powerplant.

John Grierson's rare but fascinating Jet Flight (London: Sampson Low,

Marston & Co, Ltd, 1946) combines history and autobiography to trace the

story of the jet engine and important wartime development work. Also

Walter J. Boyne and Donald S. Lopez, The Jet Age: Forty Years of Jet

Aviation (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979) is a useful

introductory reader, as is E. T. Wooldridge, Jet Aviation: Threshold to a

New Era (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1981). Grover

Heiman's anecdotal Jet Pioneers (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce,

1963) is a good, readable popular reference. William Green and Roy

Cross, The Jet Aircraft of the World (Garden City, N.Y.: Hanover House,

1955) remains the best single reference work on the wide range of experimental aircraft built during the first fifteen years of jet flight.

The supersonic breakthrough constituted the most important development in aeronautics since the time of the Wrights' first flights, yet it has only

been the subject of two books. Richard P. Hallion, Supersonic Flight:

Breaking the Sound Barrier and Beyond (New York: Macmillan Co, 1972)

discusses the problem of supersonic flight and how a specialized research

aircraft program was established to confront it. Charles Burnet, Three

Centuries to Concorde (London: Mechanical Engineering Publications

34
TURBOJET REVOLUTION

Ltd, 1979) is equally thorough in examining British efforts to achieve flight

faster than sound. The individuals most responsible for ensuring that

reliable data on supersonic flight would be acquired were a group of highly

skilled test and research pilots.

Test flying and flight research have often been the subject of misinterpretation and sensationalism. Only two books have been written that

attempt to analyze the role of test pilots and their contributions to aerospace

development: the previously cited Testing Time by Constance BabingtonSmith, and Richard P. Hallion, Test Pilots: The Frontiersmen of Flight

(Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co, 1981). In addition, an institutional

history of a NASA Research Center, Richard P: Hallion's, On the Frontier:

Flight Research atDryden 1946-1981 (Washington: NASA, 1984) reveals

the complexity of making technological choices.

The test pilots who flew these early supersonic experimental aircraft

have left a number of interesting memoirs, most of the "as told to" variety.

The following can all be recommended: Roland Beamont, Testing Years

(London: Ian Allan, 1980); William Bridgeman and Jacqueline Hazard,

The Lonely Sky (New York: Henry Holt & Co, 1955); Eric Brown, Wings

on My Sleeve (Shrewsbury, England: Airlife Publications, 1978); A. Scott

Crossfield and Clay Blair, Always Another Dawn (Cleveland: World Publishing Co, 1960); Neville Duke and Alan W. Mitchell, Test Pilot (London:

A. Wingate, 1953); Jay Miller, The X-Planes: X-1 toX-29 (Marine-on-St.

Croix: Specialty Press, 1983); Frank K. Everest and John Guenther, The

Fastest Man Alive (New York: Dutton, 1958); James J. Haggerty, First of

the Spacemen (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1960), a biography of

Iven C. Kincheloe; Tony Le Vier and John Guenther, Pilot (New York:

Harper & Row, 1954); Mike Lithgow, Mach One (New York: Allan

Wingate, 1954); William Lundgren, Across the High Frontier (New York:

Morrow, 1955), a biography of Charles E. Yeager; and Peter Twiss, Faster

Than the Sun (London: MacDonald, 1963). Tom Wolfe's readable The

Right Stuff (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1979) is humorous and

enjoyable, but flawed by errors of fact and interpretation. Though not

35
LITERATURE

strictly about flight testing, Jacqueline Cochran, The Stars at Noon

(Boston: Little, Brown. 1954) is an interesting memoir by the first American woman to fly faster than sound. Finally, while written for a young

adult audience, Don Dwiggins, Flying the Frontiers of Space (New York:

Dodd. Mead & Co. 1982) is a useful introductory overview of flight

research from the first supersonic flights to the Space Shuttle.

An excellent survey of air power in the post-war years is Air Power in

the NuclearAge by M.J. Armitage and R.A. Mason (Urbana: University of

Illinois Press, 1983). General William W. Momyer discusses American

events in Airpower in Three Wars (Washington: Department of the Air

Force., 1978). One of the first major demonstrations of air power in that era

was the Berlin Airlift, where Allied air transports resupplied the city of

Berlin in the face of a Soviet blockade. Walter P. Davison, The Berlin

Blockade: A Study in Cold War Politics (Princeton: Princeton University

Press, 1958) is the definitive treatment of this subject. The "Cold War"

quickly turned hot in Asia, as war broke out in Korea and Indochina.

Robert Frank Futrell, The United States Air Force in Korea, 1950-1953

(New York: Duell. Sloan and Pearce, 1961), revised edition (Washington:

Office of Air Force History, 1983), is a brilliant synthesis of politics,

technology, and combat history. Malcolm W. Cagle and Frank A. Manson,

The Sea War in Korea (Annapolis: U.S. Naval Institute Press, 1957) is

equally excellent on the naval aviation side. Bernard Fall, Hell in a Very

Small Place: The Siege of Dien Bien Phei (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1967)

is a thorough account of how not to run a military campaign, and how

military air power proved incapable of breaking an increasing stranglehold.

(It is interesting to compare this work with Bernard Nalty's account of the

siege of Khe Sanh cited in the next section; at Khe Sanh, air power proved

decisive).

The Air Force itself underwent a variety of technological, administrative. strategic, and tactical changes during the period from 1945

through 1957. Alfred Goldberg's previously cited A History of the United

States Air Force offers a reliable account of key developments in this time

36
TURBOJET REVOLUTION

period as does such a popular study as Carroll V. Glines, The Compact

History of the United States Air Force (New York: Hawthorn Books, 1963).

Robert Frank Futrell, Ideas, Concepts, Doctrine: A History of Basic

Thinking in the United States Air Force, 1907-1964, (Maxwell AFB, Ala.:

Air University, 1971) is an indispensible reference for anyone following

the administrative and doctrinal history of the Air Force and American air

power. Herman Wolk, Organizing the Postwar Air Force, 1943-1947

(Washington: Office of Air Force History, 1984) explains the emergence of

the independent service. Thomas A. Sturm, The USAF Scientific Advisory

Board: Its First Twenty Years, 1944-1964 (Washington: USAF Historical

Division Liaison Office, 1967) is an informative tracing of efforts to

integrate scientific advising into the Air Force planning process. It complements Nick A. Komons, Science and the Air Force: A History of the Air

Force Office of Scientific Research (Arlington, Va.: Office of Aerospace

Research, 1966). The breadth of both of these fine books takes them into the

middle 1960s. Alan L. Gropman, The Air Force Integrates, 1945-1964

(Washington: Office of Air Force History, 1978) is an excellent account of

how the Air Force came to grips with the desegregation and integration

drive of the 1950s and 1960s. During this time, the aircraft flown by the Air

Force were also changing rapidly; Marcelle Size Knaack's Post World War

II Fighters, 1945-1973 (Washington: Office of Air Force History, 1978),

the first of the multivolume Encyclopedia of U.S. Air Force Aircraft and

Missile Systems being prepared by the Office of Air Force History, is an

excellent and authoritative guide to a class of aircraft that were the first to

exploit the lessons learned from the turbojet revolution and the supersonic

breakthrough.

As with other aspects of aviation history, the aircraft of the 1945-1957

time period have been the subject of a variety of popular works. Again, the

best introductory source works are: Kenneth G. Munson's, Airliners Since

1946 (New York: Macmillan, 1972), and Private Aircraft, Business and

General Purpose, Since 1946 (New York: Macmillan, 1967); John R. and

Michael J. H. Taylor's, Jane's Pocket Book of Commercial Transport

Aircraft (New York: Macmillan, 1974), Jane's Pocket Book of Military

Transport and Training Aircraft (New York: Macmillan, 1974), and Jane's

37
LITERATURE

Pocket Book of Major Combat Aircraft (New York: Macmillan, 1973). An

excellent guide to Soviet aircraft of the postwar period is William Green

and Gordon Swanborough, The Observer's Soviet Aircraft Director3' (New

York: Frederick Warne & Co, Inc, 1975).

True vertical flight via helicopters was first achieved shortly before the

Second World War, but it was not until the postwar years that the helicopter

came of age, especially for search and rescue operations. The history of the

helicopter is another subject that deserves greater attention; helicopter-like

toys had appeared as early as the Renaissance. H. F Gregory, Anything a

Horse Can Do: The Story of the Helicopter (New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1944) is an entertaining and informative history of helicopters during

the formative years of vertical flight. Paul Lambermont and Anthony Pirie,

Helicopters & Autogyros of the World, rev ed (New York: A. S. Barnes &

Co, 1970) is the definitive reference guide to rotorcraft through the years,

though Kenneth G. Munson, Helicopters and Other Rotorcraft Since 1907

(New York: Macmillan, 1969) is a colorful and useful introductory work.

The worldwide aerospace industry underwent profound changes in the

years after 1945, taking on characteristics both multinational and conglomerate. Oddly, a single good reference work on the growth of the

aerospace industry remains to be written, though some attempts have

resulted in generally useful references. The following offer useful information on American and foreign aerospace industry developments: William

G. Cunningham, The Aircraft Industry: A Study in Industrial Location

(Los Angeles: Morrison, 1951); John B. Rae, Climb to Greatness: The

American Aircraft Industr, 1920-1960 (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1968);

Charles D. Bright, The Jet Makers: The Aerospace Industly: An Anthology

(Cambridge: MIT Press, 1968); Almarin Phillips, Technology and Market

Structure: A Study of the Aircraft IndustryN (Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath

& Co, 1971 ); E. T. Wooldridge, Winged Wonders: The Stor3y of the Flying

Wings (Washington: Smithsonian Institute Press, 1983); and Herman 0.

Stekler, The Structure and Peiformance of the Aerospace Industry

(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1965). Derek Wood's Project

38
SPACE AGE

Cancelled (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1975), while suffering from a

sometimes sensationalist approach, is a generally useful account of the near

collapse of Britain's aircraft industry from mismanagement and misdirection in the late 1940s and 1950s.

One interesting and controversial aspect of post-1945 aerospace research was the employment of many scientists and engineers who had

previously served the Third Reich. Clarence Lasby, Project Paperclip

(New York: Athenaeum, 1971) traces these individuals and how they came

to work for the United States. Alexander Yakovlev, Fifty Years of Soviet

Aircraft Construction (Washington: NASA/National Science Foundation/

Israel Program for Scientific Translations, 1970), while often bland, is

nevertheless informative on the emergence of the Soviet aircraft industry.

A more useful but less official tracing of the Soviet aircraft industry is

Heinz J. Nowarra and G. R. Duval, Russian Civil and Military Aircraft,

1884-1969 (London: Fountain Press, 1971). Two books prepared during

this time period are particularly valuable: Jerome Hunsaker, Aeronautics at

Mid-Century (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1952), by the chairman

of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, the predecessor of

today's NASA, and William E Ogburn, The Social Effects of Aviation (New

York: Houghton Mifflin, 1946), the latter one of the first major attempts at

technological and social forecasting.

The Space Age and the Maturation of Aeronautics, 1957-1982

The launching of Sputnik I in October 1957 had a profound impact

upon American society. As a result of this event, American education was

totally revamped, the NACA was replaced by the NASA, and a "space

race" began between the United States and the Soviet Union. Competition

and rivalry in science and technology was accompanied by big power

rivalry for influence among the Third World nations. Traditional animosities flared into war in the Middle East and Southeast Asia. Aviation

and aerospace development played crucial roles in all of these conflicts.

39
LITERATURE

Aeronautics since 1957 has not been the subject of too many substantial works; rather, developments in this time period have been examined in

periodical literature. Three of the best periodical sources for information on

aviation since 1957 have been McGraw-Hill's journal Aviation Week and

Space Technology (New York: McGraw-Hill, weekly); Astronautics and

Aeronautics, the professional journal of The American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (New York: American Institute of Aeronautics and

Astronautics, monthly); and Flight International (London: IPC Transport

Press, Ltd, weekly), good for the European perspective. Many of the major

aerospace development programs of the 1960s and 1970s were marked by

controversy.

Aside from a welter of sensationalist works written from staunchly

partisan viewpoints, there has been a dearth of really incisive studies on

this time period. Three very useful works, treating respectively civilian and

military aeronautics, are: Kenneth Owen, Concorde: New Shape in the Sky

(London: Jane's Publishing Co, 1982), about the controversial AngloFrench Supersonic Transport Aircraft (SST); Mel Horwitch, Clipped

Wings: The American SST Conflict (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1982); and

Robert F Coulam, Illusions of Choice: Robert McNamara, The F-Il1,

and the Problem of Weapons Acqusition Reform (Princeton: Princeton

University Press, 1977), a painstaking work which replaces Robert J. Art's

earlier and flawed The TFX Decision: McNamara and the Military (Boston:

Little, Brown, 1968).

The controversy over such programs as the F-I 11 and the C-5

highlight the problems of weapons acquisition in an era of expensive high

technology requiring lengthy periods of development. J. Ronald Fox,

Arming America: How the U.S. Buys Weapons (Cambridge: Harvard

University Press, 1974), and Jacques S. Gansler, The Defense Industry

(Cambridge: MIT Press, 1980) furnish thorough analyses of the aerospace

industry and national defense procurement. Merton J. Peck and Frederick

M. Scherer, The Weapons Acquisition Process (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1962) offers a definitive and highly detailed examination of

40
SPACE AGE

the actual procedural stages of weapons evolution. Thomas A. Marschak,

The Role of Project Histories in the Study of R & D (Santa Monica, Calif.:

The RAND Corporation, 1965) is a useful examination of selected key

defense programs involving missiles, aircraft, engines, and radar systems

and the lessons that their development histories offer to defense planners.

Arnold S. Levine, Managing NASA in the Apollo Era (Washington:

NASA, 1982) is an excellent examination of the management of largescale, time-critical technological programs, and the complexities of running such programs in an intensive political environment. Two complementary studies use early ballistic missile development to draw large

lessons about how the United States procures weapons systems. Michael

H. Armacost, The Politics of Weapons Innovation: The Thor-Jupiter Controversy (New York: Columbia University Press, 1969) examines early

medium-range missile development and the interservice problems of competition and collaboration. Edmund Beard, Developing the ICBM: A Study

in Bureaucratic Policies (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976)

concentrates on the early years of intercontinental ballistic missile development and the evolution of postwar Air Force missile doctrine.

The following three books offer occasionally sharp criticism of the

defense acquisition process and the spread of advanced weapons technology: Robert Gilpin, American Scientists and Nuclear Policy (Princeton:

Princeton University Press, 1962); Ralph E. Lapp, Arms Beyond Doubt:

The Tyranny of Weapons Technology (New York: Cowles Book Co, 1970);

and Ralph E. Lapp, The Weapons Culture (New York: W. W. Norton,

1968). Bernard Brodie, Strategy in the Missile Age (Princeton: Princeton

University Press, 1959), while dated, offers useful insights into the relationship between doctrine, changing technology, and the complexities of

weapons choice. Robert S. McNamara's provocative The Essence of Security: Reflections in Office (New York: Harper & Row, 1968) is a good

introduction to the views of this highly controversial Secretary of Defense

at a critical time in American military affairs. Finally, Norman R. Augustine, Augustine's Laws and Major System Development Programs (New

York: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1982) is an

essential reference to the often perplexing problems confronting defense

41
LITERATURE

planners. Written in a humorous and ironic style in the form of "laws," this

book, by a former undersecretary of the Army and president of a major

aerospace corporation, is a provocative and insightful analysis of the

problems of weapons system procurement and the management of research

and development.

The protracted war in Southeast Asia spawned volumes of popular

studies of the bombing campaigns, air fighting, aircraft, and personalities

involved. Much of this was of a "buff" nature, particularly the great body of

literature concerning individual aircraft types. Nevertheless, as with other

aspects of the conflict, there have been some useful studies produced,

although the Vietnam era is clearly one that requires a well-integrated

military, social, and political history volume of the kind the late Bernard B.

Fall so eloquently produced on France's earlier experience in Indochina.

The Office of Air Force History currently has a multivolume series,

The United States Air Force in Southeast Asia in preparation, the first

volume of which, Robert F Futrell and Martin Blumenson, The Advisory,

Years to 1965 (Washington: Office of Air Force History, 1981), has established the style, tone, and theme for the remainder of the series. An earlier,

and essentially photographic history of Air Force involvement, Carl

Berger, et al, The United States Air Force In Southeast Asia, 1961-1973

(Washington: Office of Air Force History, 1977), is a useful introduction to

the subject. Earl H. Tilford, Search and Rescue in Southeast Asia,

1961-1975 (Washington: Office of Air Force History, 1980), covers the allimportant effort to rescue downed aircrew and other personnel from hostile

territory. Roger P. Fox, Air Base Defense in the Republic of Vietnam,

1961-1973 (Washington: Office of Air Force History, 1979) is almost a

manual for the subject as well as a history of the U.S. experience. Bernard

C. Nalty, Air Power and the Fight for Khe Sanh (Washington: Office of Air

Force History, 1973), is an excellent analysis of a critical seige in which air

power proved decisively important. William A. Buckingham, Operation

Ranch Hand: The Air Force and Herbicides in Southeast Asia, 1961-1971

(Washington: Office of Air Force History, 1982), is an analysis of this often

42
SPACE AGE

controversial program. Jack S. Ballard, Development and Employment of

Fixed-Wing Gunships, 1962-1972 (Washington: Office of Air Force History, 1982), discusses the evolution of one of the war's most distinctive and

innovative weapons. Ray L. Bowers, TacticalAirlift (Washington: Office of

Air Force History, 1983) covers the Southeast Asia war comprehensively in

that crucial mission area.

The USAF Air War College Airpower Research Institute, USAF

Southeast Asia Monograph Series offers more specialized and detailed

analysis of specific campaigns, activities, and problems. Of special value

are the following works: A. J. C. Lavelle, ed, The Tale of Two Bridges and

The Battle for the Skies Over North Vietnam, Vols 1 & 2, USAF Southeast

Asia Monograph Series (Washington: Government Printing Office, n.d.);

A. J. C. Lavelle, ed, The Vietnamese Air Force, 1951-1975, An Analysis of

its Role in Combat and Fourteen Hours at Koh Trang, Vol 3, USAF

Southeast Asia Monograph Series (Washington: Government Printing Office, n.d.); A. J. C. Lavelle, ed, Last Flight From Saigon, Vol 4, USAF

Southeast Asia Monograph Series (Washington: Government Printing Office, n.d.); Alan L. Gropman, Airpower and the Airlift Evacuation of Kham

Duc, Vol 5, USAF Southeast Asia Monograph Series (Maxwell AFB, Ala.:

Airpower Research Institute, 1979); James R. McCarthy, George B. Allison, and Robert E. Rayfield, Linebacker H: A View from the Rock, Vol 6,

USAF Southeast Asia Monograph Series (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Airpower

Research Institute, 1979); and, finally, Donald K. Schneider, Air Force

Heroes in Vietnam, Vol 7, USAF Southeast Asia Monograph Series (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Airpower Research Institute, 1979). Two other specialized

studies deserve mention: John J. Tolson's Airmobility, 1961-1971 (U.S.

Army Vietnam Studies) (Washington: Department of the Army, 1973); and

Robert Frank Futrell, et al, Aces and Aerial Victories: The United States

Air Force in Southeast Asia, 1965-1973 (Washington: Office of Air Force

History, 1976), on the air combat over North Vietnam from 1965 through

1973.

One of the more significant technological developments of the Vietnam era was the emergence and employment of precision-guided "smart"

43
LITERATURE

weaponry, and the use of unmanned remotely piloted vehicle (RPV) technology to undertake a variety of hazardous missions at minimal cost and

risk to human lives. As a result of the Vietnam experience, and subsequent

lessons learned from other conflicts, the RPV occupies a secure place as a

tool in the military arsenals of many nations. Arthur Reed, Brassev's

Unmanned Aircraft (London: Brassey's Publishers Ltd, 1979) is a wellwritten reference on the development, current status, and projected future

uses of military remotely piloted vehicles, popularly but often mistakenly

called "drones." William Wagner, Lightning Bugs and Other Reconnaissance Drones (Fallbrook, Calif.: Aero Publishers, Inc, 1982) is a generally

useful and anecdotal account of the Ryan Corporation's highly successful

Firebee family of RPVs and their use in Southeast Asia, but it is marred by

a lack of sources and a narrow internalist perspective. John W. R. Taylor

and Kenneth G. Munson, Jane's Pocket Book qtRemotely Piloted Vehicles

(New York: Collier Books, 1977) is an excellent reference to the various

RPVs that have been developed, as well as a useful guide to their early

history. Finally. Roger A. Beaumont, "Rapiers Versus Clubs: The Fitful

History of 'Smart Bombs,'" Journal ofthe Royal United Services Institute

126, No. 3 (Sep 1981) is an excellent reference for the history of precision

guided weaponry and its influence on tactics and doctrine.

The war in Southeast Asia and various small "brushfire" conflicts have

also been the subject of some popular studies, memoirs, and the like. One

very useful reference is the Senator Mike Gravel edition of the so-called

"Pentagon Papers", first illegally released by antiwar activist Daniel

Ellsberg. entitled The Pentagon Papers. The D(Inse Department HistorY

of United States Decisionmaking on Vietnam (Boston: Beacon Press,

1971), a five-volume work. Jack Broughton, Thud Ridge (Philadelphia:

Lippincott, 1969) is a lively and excellent memoir by a combat pilot who is

bitter over American bombing policy in the early years of the air war "up

North." Robinson Risner, The Passing of the Night: MY Seven Years as a

Prisoner of the North Vietnamese (New York: Random House, 1974) is an

unforgettable and moving memoir of a POW's struggle to survive. Benjamin Schemmer. The Raid (New York: Harper, 1976) is a thorough

account of the ill-fated attempt to rescue POWs believed held in the Son Tay

44
SPACE AGE

prison camp outside Hanoi. Finally, Bernard C. Nalty, George M. Watson,

and Jacob Neufeld, An Illustrated Guide to the Air War Over Vietnam:

Aircraft of the Southeast Asia Conflict (New York: Arco/Salamander, 1981)

is a useful and reliable guide to the equipment flown by both sides of that

long war. Sterling Seagrave, Soldiers of Fortune (Alexandria, Va.: TimeLife Books, 1981) is an informative and lively account of how aerial

mercenaries have influenced small wars through the years. Christopher

Robbins, Air America (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1979) offers the

reader a good behind-the-scenes look at a little-known government-sponsored air transport operation.

Unrelated to warfare and mercenary flying, but having many of the

same "roughing it" aspects, is Arctic bush flying in Alaska and Canada.

This is a subject rich in anecdotes and worthy of detailed treatment;

Harmon Helmericks, The Last of the Bush Pilots (New York: Knopf, 1970)

is a good introduction.

To the public, the greatest expression of aeronautics and astronautics

in the 1960s and 1970s was found in the space programs of the United

States and the Soviet Union. While not vast, a respectable body of literature

concerned with manned and unmanned spaceflights already exists. Very

few of the influential early theoreticians and pioneers have been the subject

of biographies. A notable exception is Robert Goddard, an American

physicist who launched the drive towards space with his firing of the

world's first liquid fuel rocket in 1926. Milton Lehman, This High Man

(New York: Farrar, Straus, 1963) is a thoughtful and sympathetic biography

of Goddard which examines the occasionally mystical and secretive nature

of this somewhat tragic figure. Goddard's own papers are available in the

three-volume The Papers of Robert H. Goddard (New York: McGraw-Hill,

1970), edited by his widow Esther C. Goddard and rocket pioneer G.

Edward Pendray. For other sources on the early days of rocketry, interested

readers are advised to consult the following: Wernher von Braun and

Frederick I. Ordway, History of Rocketry and Space Travel, 3rd rev ed

(New York: Crowell, 1975), which features an excellent bibliography;

45
LITERATURE

David Baker, The Rocket: The History and Development of Rocket &

Missile Technology (New York: Crown, 1978); Kenneth Gatland, et al, The

Illustrated Encyclopedia of Space Technology (New York: Harmony,

1981); Eugene M. Emme, The History of Rocket Technology: Essays on

Research, Development, and Utilit ' (Detroit: Wayne State University

Press, 1964), an excellent introduction to the "hard technology" side of

rocket-propelled space research; and, finally, Willy Ley, Rockets, Missiles,

andMen in Space (New York: The Viking Press, 1968), which is still quite

useful despite the fact that it first appeared in 1944.

The growth of manned spaceflight reached such major proportions

during the 1960s and 1970s that, understandably, social scientists attempted to place its development in the context of other developments in the

history of technology. This led to a notable series of essays edited by Bruce

Mazlish, The Railroad and the Space Program: An Exploration in Historical Analogy (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1965).

The international aspects of space-involving the rights of nations,

the conduct of international affairs, and joint exploration and utilization of

space-are receiving increasing attention. A useful introductory study on

this important subject is Arnold W. Frutkin's International Cooperation in

Space (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1965), an examination of the

various considerations that can influence the conduct of technology and

science on a global scale. George S. Robinson, Living in Outer Space

(Washington: Public Affairs Press, 1975) offers the legal perspective on

spaceflight.

The history of rocketry can be arranged to reflect four major periods:

the early years through mid-1957; Sputnik and its aftermath through the

first utilization of space- the "heroic era" of manned spaceflight through the

landing of Apollo 11 on the moon; and, finally, the post-Apollo years.

The early years of rocketry were most notable for the work of Goddard

in America, and the German rocketeers in Nazi Germany. The best work on

46
SPACE AGE

Nazi Germany's rocketry efforts is Frederick I. Ordway and Mitchell R.

Sharpe, The Rocket Team (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1979). A

slightly different but no less valuable perspective is that of David Irving's

aforementioned The Mare's Nest. R. F. Pocock, German Guided Missiles

of the Second World War (New York: Arco, 1967) is a well written technical

reference to the specific weapon systems developed at Peenemunde and

other German test sites.

Early postwar American work is also discussed in Ordway and

Sharpe, The Rocket Team. Milton Rosen, The Viking Rocket Story (New

York: Harper, 1955) is a classic and gracefully written saga of the first

indigenous American upper atmospheric sounding rocket. The first American satellite effort, the Vanguard project, is thoroughly examined by

Constance McLaughlin Green and Milton Lomask, Vanguard: A History

(Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1971), including the shattering impact Sputnik had upon American science and the Vanguard effort.

James R. Killian, Dwight D. Eisenhower's "Missile Czar," has amply

captured the turbulence of the post-Sputnik era in his memoir Sputnik,

Scientists, and Eisenhower: A Memoir of the First Special Assistant to the

President for Science and Technology (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1977). For

years the late Charles S. Sheldon of the Library of Congress maintained

meticulous records on the Soviet space program. His United States and

Soviet Progress in Space (Washington: Library of Congress, 1978) is a

good overview of Soviet efforts. Two good popular accounts are Nicholas

Daniloff, The Kremlin and the Cosmos (New York: Knopf, 1972) and

James E. Oberg's more recent and contemporary Red Star in Orbit (New

York: Random House, 1981). One of the aspects of spaceflight has been

remote sensing for defense and space science purposes. Philip J. Klass,

Secret Sentries in Space (New York: Random House, 1971) while dated, is

a good popular account of the development of reconnaissance satellites and

their impact upon international affairs. Merton E. Davies and Bruce C.

Murray, The View From Space: Photographic Exploration of the Planets

(New York: Columbia University Press, 1971) and Frederick I. Ordway,

Pictorial Guide to Planet Earth (New York: Crowell, 1975) are good

references on what has been accomplished in terms of peaceful applications

47
LITERATURE

of remote sensing. Leonard Jaffe, Communications in Space (New York:

Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1966), while dated, is a useful introduction to

the technology and history of communications satellite technology. A very

different-and valuable-kind of work is Alfred Bester's The Life and

Death of a Satellite (Boston: Little, Brown, 1966) which treats the whole

problem of how key individuals work together-sometimes at the expense

of their health-to develop a successful space program.

The Science Policy Research Division of the Library of Congress,

Congressional Research Service has issued an excellent and exhaustive

reference on the entire United States civilian space effort since 1958,

United States Civilian Space Programs, 1958-1978 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1981), the first volume of a projected series of reports

prepared for the Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications of the

U.S. House of Representatives' Committee on Science and Technology.

Finally, Ken Hechler, Toward the Endless Frontier: History? of the Committee on Science and Technology 1959-1979 (Washington: U.S. Congress,

House of Representatives, 1980), offers the perspective of space decisionmaking from a long-standing member of this critical House Committee.

The "heroic era" of manned spaceflight has been admirably treated by

a series of NASA-sponsored histories that are primarily project-oriented,

but which also include social, political, and economic factors. Prior to the

onset of the Space Shuttle Program, the American manned spaceflight

effort involved Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, Skylab. and the Apollo-Soyuz

test project, the latter a joint United States-Soviet Union mission. The

following works are especially recommended to the interested reader:

Lloyd S. Swenson, James M. Grimwood, and Charles C. Alexander, This

New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury (Washington: NASA, 1966):

Barton C. Hacker and James M. Grimwood, On the Shoulders of Titans: A

History of Project Gemini (Washington: NASA, 1977): R. Cargill Hall,

Lunar Impact: A History of Project Ranger (Washington: NASA. 1981):

Courtney G. Brooks. James M. Grimwood. and Lloyd S. Swenson.

Chariots.for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft (Washington:

48
SPACE AGE

NASA, 1979); and Edward C. Ezell and Linda N. Ezell, The Partnership:

A History of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (Washington: NASA, 1978).

John Logsdon's The Decision to Go to the Moon (Cambridge: MIT

Press, 1970) constitutes an insightful and important reference on the

political environment surrounding the decision to undertake the Apollo

lunar landing effort. A handy reference and introduction to the Apollo

program and its social, political, technological, and scientific significance

is Richard P. Hallion and Tom D. Crouch, eds, Apollo: Ten Years Since

Tranquillity Base (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979), a

series of essays by authorities in various fields ranging from rocket technology to space art and lunar geology. Also useful are two works: Kerry

Joels, Apollo to the Moon: A Dream of Centuries (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982), prepared as a Smithsonian exhibit gallery

guide, and "The Moon Landing and Its Aftermath," printed in a special

issue of the Michigan Quarterly Review, 18, No. 2 (Spring 1979). Henry S.

E Cooper, 13: The Flight That Failed (New York: Dial Press, 1973) is a

gripping account of the Apollo mission that nearly failed disastrously and

tragically in space, but which was rescued by creative decisionmaking and

professional excellence. The scientific harvest gleaned from Apollo and

especially the Apollo-Soyuz mission is the subject of Farouk El-Baz's

Astronaut Observations from the Apollo-Soyuz Mission (Washington:

Smithsonian Institution Press, 1977), which offers the reader a good insight

into the potentiality of remote sensing. Two noted artists, H. Lester Cooke

and James D. Dean, who were administrators of NASA's art program in

which leading artists were invited to record their impressions of the space

program, have collected a reflective and stimulating visual record of the

American space effort in Eyewitness to Space: Paintings and Drawings

Related to the Apollo Mission to the Moon (New York: Abrams, 1971).

Spaceflight has so far produced few good commentaries, but three are

recommended. Norman Mailer, Of a Fire on the Moon (Boston: Little,

Brown, 1970) discusses what Apollo meant to Mailer and the so-called

"Aquarius Generation." Tom Wolfe, The Right Stuff, previously cited,

49
LITERATURE

examines the world of the test pilot and astronaut, and the occasional

tensions therein. Michael Collins, Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut's Journeys (New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1974) is a humorous, thoughtful,

and lively recollection of the Gemini and Apollo programs and a host of

other things, by the former command module pilot of Apollo 11. It is

among the finest aviation memoirs written to date.

There is, of course, a very large body of literature that may be termed

"space futurism." Much of this speculation falls between factual extrapolation from today's technology and outright science fiction. One glimpse that

promises to be a landmark book in the literature of space utilization is

physicist Gerard K. O'Neill's The High Frontier: Human Colonies in

Space (New York: William Morrow, 1977) which postulates a future of

high technology and cost-effective space colonies orbiting the earth, a

vision that is hotly debated by technologists, scientists, enthusiasts, and

social commentators.

Several surveys and reference works concerned with spaceflight

should be mentioned. The Congressional Research Service of the Library

of Congress issued Astronauts and Cosmonauts: Biographical and Statistical Data, rev ed, (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1978),

which is the single best source of biographical information on Soviet,

Soviet bloc, and American space explorers. Lynne C. Murphy, Rockets,

Missiles, and Spacecraft of the National Air and Space Museum (Washington: Smithsonian Institution. Press, 1976) is a useful introductory guide

to the space holdings of the Smithsonian Institution. Kenneth Gatland,

Manned Spacecraft (New York: Macmillan, 1976) and Missiles and Rockets (New York: Macmillan, 1975) are useful guides to the hardware of the

space age, as are Reginald Turnill's The Observer's Book of Unmanned

Spaceflight (New York: Frederick Warne and Co, Inc, 1974) and The

Observer's Book of Manned Spaceflight (New York: Frederick Warne and

Co, 1975). J. C. D. Blaine, The End of an Era in Space Exploration: From

International Rivalry to International Cooperation (San Diego, Calif.:

American Astronautical Society, 1976) and Frederick C. Durant, a series of

50
SPACE AGE

edited essays, Between Sputnik and the Shuttle: New Perspectives on

American Astronautics (San Diego, Calif.: American Astronautical Society, 1981), are volumes in the historical series of the American Astronautical Society, offering tentative interpretations on what the space program has meant to the United States and the Soviet Union. Paul A. Hanle

and Von Del Chamberlin, Space Science Comes of Age (Washington:

Smithsonian Institution Press, 1981), a series of edited essays, offers a

quick perspective of the scientific impact of unmanned space exploration.

Clearly, however, the field of space exploration is one that will continue to

require incisive study and research.

51
Index

Ace of the Iron Cross: 15 military use of: 12, 13-16, 23-24, 25-31,

Aces and Aerial Victories: The United States Air 33, 42-44

Force in Southeast Asia, 1965-1973: 43 reference guides to: 4-5, 7-8, 15, 24, 33,

Across the High Frontier: 35 37-38, 44, 45

Ader, Clement: 2 unmanned: 31, 41-44, 50-51

Advisory Years to 1965, The: 42 Aircraft carriers: 23, 25, 26, 36

Aerodynamic Theory: A General Review of Pro- Aircraft types (see also Airships; Helicopters)

gress: 2 Bleriot XI: 13

Aerodynamics: 2 Boeing Model 247: 22

Aerodynamics and aeronautics: 1-7, 9, 12, 15, C-5: 40

16, 18-19, 23, 25, 32 Concorde: 34, 40

Aeronautical and Astronautical Events of1961:5 D-VII: 8

Aeronautical and Astronautical Events of 1962:5 DC-3: 8, 20, 22

Aeronautics and Astronautics: An American F-111: 40

Chronology of Science and Technology in the Focke-Wulfe: 32

Exploration of Space, 1915-1960: 5 Fokker: 8

Aeronautics at Mid-Century: 39 NC-4: 17

Aeronauts, The: 10 SST: 34, 40

Aeronautical laboratories: 4, 19, 35 X-1: 35

Aeroplane: An Historical Survey of Its Origins X-29: 35

and Development, The: 10 Zero: 28, 32

Aerospace (see also Aircraft, Space) Airc

industry, growth of: 3, 38-39, 40-41, 46, raft Industry: A Study in Industrial Location,

47-48, 50 The: 38

medicine: 22-23 Aircraft and Sea Power: 23

research and development: 1-5, 7, 9, 16, Aircraft of the NationalAir and Space Museum: 8

18-19, 31,32-33, 33-36,39-41,43-44, Aircraft Propulsion: 23

45-46, 46-48 Aircraft of World War 1: 15

Aerospace Bibliography, An: 9 Air forces, reference guides to: 7-8. See also

Aerospace Corporation-Its Work: 1960-1980, specific air force

The: 3 Air Force Heroes in Vietnam: 43

Air America: 45 Air Force Historical Foundation: 24

Air Base Defense in the Republic of Vietnam, Air Force Integrates, 1945-1964, The: 37

1961-1973: 42 Air Force Plans for Peace, The: 31

Aircraft Airlift: 31, 36, 43

collections: 8 Airline Builders, The: 16-17

design and manufacture of: 8-9, 12-13, 21, Airline Pilots:.A Study in Elite Unionization, The:

25, 32-33, 39. See also specific designer, 20

specific manufacturer Air Line Pilots Association: 20

development of: 4-5, 7-8, 10-13, 15, 16, Airliners Between the Wars, 1919-1939: 24

18, 19, 20-21. See also Aerodynamics Airliners Since 1946: 37

and aeronautics; Aerospace; Propulsion Airlines: 8, 16-17, 18, 19, 20-21, 40

experimental: 10-12, 12-13, 16, 18, 32, Airmail: 20-22

34-35 Airmail: An Illustrated History, 1793-1981: 22

53
INDEX

Air Marshals: The Air War in Western Europe. Arming America: How tli' U.S. Buys Weapons:

The: 27 40

Airinobility. 1961-1971: 43 Armitage. M.J.: 36

Air Plan That Defeated Hitler, The: 25 Armny Air Forces in World War II. The: 25

Airpower: 4. 14-16. 17. 23-24. 25-30. 36-37. Army Air Forces inl World War I1: Combat Chro42-44. See also Space nologv. 1941-1945. Thei: 6

Air Power: A Concise History: 15-16 Arnold. Henry "Hlap": 14. 27

Airpower and the Airlift Evacuation of Kham Art Robert S.: 40

Duc: 43 Due: 43Astronaut Observations froin thet Alpollo-Soyulz

Air Power and the Fight for Khe Sanh: 42 Astronu Ot

Air Power and Warfare: The Proceedings ef thie Mission: 49

8th MilitarY Histor3" S)vntpositaum. United States Astronautics: 2.3. 4.5.7. 9. 13.35.39. 40. 41.

Air Force Academy, 18-20 October 1978: 4 45-51

Air Power in thie Nuclear Age: 36 Astronautics and Aeronautics, AIAA: 6. 40

Airpower in Three Wars: 36 Astronautics and Aeronautics, NASA: 5

Air racing: 13. 21 Astronauts and Cosinotnuts: Biographical and

Airships: 9-10. 14. 16, 22, 24. 25 Statistical Data: 50

Airship: A History, The: 22 Atlantic. flights over the: 12. 16. 17, 17-18, 22

Airships Akron and Macon, The: 22 Atlantic Fever: 17

Air-to-air combat: 15 Atomic bomb: 24. 28

Air traffic control: 21 Augustinc. Norman R.: 41

Air transport: 16. 20-22. 30-31. 36. 37, 45 Augustine's Laws and Major Systeot DevelopAir Transport Command: 30-31 ,nert Prograins: 41

Air War. 1939-1945, The: 25 Australia: 12

Ainvays: The History" of Commercial Aviation tin Aiutobiographi of Values: 18

the United States: 21 Autogiro. See Helicopter

Airways Abroad: The Story of Americant Wlor Aviation: An Historical Survey Fromn its Origins

Air Routes: 20 to the End of World Wair I1: 10

Akron: 22 Aviation: Its Technical Developmentt: 1-2

Alexander. Charles C.: 48 Aviation: Tiht, Creative Ideas: 2

Allen. Oliver E.: 16 Aviation Business: Front Kitty Hawk to Wall

Allison. George B.: 43 Street. The: 21

Alwavs Another Dawn: 35 Aviation Week & Space Technology: 40

American Astronautical Society: 51

American Combat Planes: 8 Baals. Donald D.: 4

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astro- Babington-Smith. Constance: 12. 31. 35

nautics. The: 2. 6. 40 Bailey. Charles W.: 28

American Saga: Juan Trippe and His Pan Ain Baker. David: 46

Empire. An: 18 Ballard. Jack S.: 43

American Scientists and Nuclear Policy: 41 Ballooning. 1782-1972: 5

Anderson. Frank W.: 3 Balloonmania: 9

Anderson. John D.: I Balloons. See Airships

Anderton. David A.: 4 Balloons and Airships. 1783-1973: 24

Andrews. Allen: 27 Banks. F R. "Rod": 18

Antarctic aviation: 17 Barker. Ralph: 29

Anything a Horse Can Do: The StorY (!f the He/i- Barnes Wallis: A Biography: 18

copter: 38 Barnstormners and Speed Kings: 16

Apollo: 41. 46. 48. 49. 49-50 Battle for the Skies Over North Vietnaam. Tihte: 43

Apollo: Teni Years Since Tranquility Base: 49 Battle of Britain: 29

Apollo to the Moon: A Dream of Centuries: 49 Battle Over Britain: 29

Apollo-Soyuz: 48. 49 Baurnbach. Werner: 30

Architects of Air Power: 17 Baxter. James Phinney. Ill: 31

Arctic aviation: 17. 20. 45 Beaumont. Roger A.: 44

Arms Beyond Douhi: Tihte Tranny of lWeapons Beaumont. Roland: 35

Technology: 41 Beard. Edmund: 41

Armacost. Michael H.: 41 Becker. John: 4

54
INDEX

Berger, Carl: 9, 42 Brooks, Peter W.: 20

Berlin Airlift: 31, 36 Broughton, Jack: 44

Berlin Blockade: A Study in Cold War Politics. Brown, Eric: 35

The. 36 Buckingham, William A.: 42

Bester, Alfred: 48 Building Aeroplanes for "Those Magnificent

Between Sputnik and the Shuttle: Nevv Perspec- Men": 13

tives on American Astronautics: 51 Burnet, Charles: 34

Bibliography of Space Books and Articles from Bush flying: 20, 45

non-Aerospace Journals, 1957-1977: 9 Buying Aircraft: Materiel Procurement for the

Billy Mitchell: Crusader for Air Power: 23 Army Air Forces: 26

Bilstein, Roger E.: 1, 16 AY ai orces: 26

Black Thursday: 27 By the Seat of My Pants: 18

Blacks in the military: 32, 37

Blacks in the Army Air Forces During World War Cactus Air Force, The: 28. See also Wars

H: 32 Cagle, Malcolm W.: 36

Blaine, J. C. D.: 50 Caidin, Martin: 27, 28

Blair, Clay: 35 California Institute of Technology: 19

Bleriot, Louis: 13 Carrier War, The: 26

Bleriot XI: The Story of a Classic Aircraft: 13 Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut's Journeys: 50

Blimp. See Airships Carter, Kit C.: 5

"Blind" flying: 19 Casey, Louis S.: 13

Blumenson, Martin: 42 Cate, James Lea: 25

Boeing Aircraft Co.: 22 Cayley, Sir George: 10

Bomber aircraft. See Aircraft Challenge to the Poles: Highlights of Arctic and

Bomber Command: 27 Antarctic Aviation: 17

Bombers Between the Wars, 1919-1939: 24 Chamberlain. Von Del: 51

Bombers, Patrol, and Transport Aircraft, Chandler, Charles DeForest: 14

1939-1945: 33 Chanute, Octave: 11

Bombing Offensive Against German v, The: 27 Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar

Bombing raids and policy: 14, 25, 26-28, 30, 42, Spacecraft: 48

44 Charles A. Lindbergh: An American Life: 17

Bonfires to Beacons: 21 Charles A. Lindbergh and the Battle Against

Bonney, Walter T.: 12 American Intervention in World War 11: 17

Botting, Douglas: 16 Charles, J.A.C.: 9

Bowen, Ezra: 14 Chennault, Claire Lee: 28

Bowers, Peter M.: 8,13 Cherwell. Lord: 33

Bowers, Ray L.: 43 China: 20, 28, 31

Boyd, Alexander: 29 Chronologies: 4-6

Boyle, Andrew: 14 Cierva, Juan de la: 18

Boyne, Walter J.: 34 Civil aviation: 8, 16-17, 18, 19, 20-21, 33, 40,

Brassev's Unmanned Aircraft: 44 45

Braun, Wemher von: 45 Clark, Ronald W.: 32

Briand, Paul L.: 4 Climb to Greatness: The American Aircraft InBriddon, Arnold E.: 5 dustrY: 1920-1960: 38

Bridgeman, William: 35 Clipped Wings: The American SST Conflict: 40

Bright, Charles D.: 38 Cochran, Jacqueline: 36

Bringing Aerodynamics to America: 19 Coffey, Thomas: 27

Bristol Aeronautical Corp.: 8 Cole, Wayne S.: 17

British aviation: 5, 10, 10-11, 12-13, 17-18, Collier, Basil: 16

20-21. 22, 32-33, 34-35, 35, 38-39, 40. See Collins, Michael: 50

also Royal Air Force; Royal Navy; Wars Combat aircraft. See Aircraft. Aircraft types

British Aviation: The Pioneer Years: 13 Combat Aircraft (?f the World: 8

British Isles: 29 Combs, Harry: II

British Rigid Airship, 1980-1931, The: 22 Commercial aviation: 8. 16-17, 18, 19, 20-21,

Brodie, Bernard: 41 33, 40, 45

Brooks, Courtney G.: 48 Communications in Space: 48

55
INDEX

Compact History (f the United States Air Force. Delear. Frank: 19

The.: 37 Delta: The Histor' q(ftan Airline: 20

Concorde: New Shape in the Sk': 40 Delta Wing: HistorY" and Development. The: 32

Congressional Research Service. L.C.: 48. 50 Dcmpstcr. Derek: 29

Conquest of the Skies: A Histor" of Commnercial Design for Flight: The Kurt Tank Stoar: 32

Aviation in America: 20 Dcurs. George van: 14

Conradis. Heinz: 32 Developing the ICBM: A Study in Bureaucratic

Constant. Edward: 34 Policies: 41

Contact: The Staor of the Far/" Birds:" 12 Development and Employmtient of Fixed-tWing

Cooke. Lester H.: 49 G(oships. 1962-1972: 43

Cooper. Henry S.: 47 Development ofAircraft Engines: 23

Copp. DeWitt S.: 24, 26 Development ofAircraft lEngines and Fuels: 34

Corliss. William R.: 4 Developmlent of Aviation Fuels: 23

Corn. Joseph J_: I I Dianlond Jubilee j'( Flight: Tilh Evolution ofAirCraven. Wesley Frank: 25 craflt Design.: 2

Coulam. Robert F.: 40 Dickson. Katherine Murphy: 9

Courtney. Frank: 18 Dicn Bien Phu: 36

Cresswell. Mary Ann: 9 Director" an1d Nomenclature "?f the First AeroCrop dusting: 20 planles. 1809-1909. A: I I

Cross. Roy: 34 Dirigible: 22. See also airships

Crossfield. A. Scott: 35 Divine Wind:. Jap/lnl's Kamnika:e Force in World

Crouch. Tom D.: 10. II. 13. 17. 49 War II. Tile: 28

Cuneo. John: 15 Doolittle: A Biograplhy: 18

Cunnineham. William G.: 38 Doolittle. James H. "'Jimmy": 18. 27

Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Co.: 13. See also Doolittlehs Tokyo Raiders: 27

NC-4 Douglas Aircraft Corp.: 8. 20. 22

Curtiss Aircraft: 1907-1945: 13 Dragon's Teeth. Tile: 26

Curtiss: The Hamnlond.sport Era. 1907-1915:13 Dragon's VWings. The: 2(1

Curtiss. Glenn H.: 13 Dreaol qf'Eagles. A: 18

Cynk. Jerzy: 30 1lrea' q" ofFlight: Aeronautics fr'om Classical

Times to the Renlaissance, Tile: 10

DC-3: 8. 20. 22 Dreai of Wings: Americans and tit, Airplane.

DC-3: Tile Staol" ofa Fobulous Airpolae. Tilet: 22 1875-1905. A: I I

Daley. Robert: 18 Drones. See relmotcly piloted vehicles

Dangerous Sky: A HistorY a/Aviation Medicile. Drvden Research Center: 35

Tile: 23 Duel ?f Eagles: 29

Daniel Guggenheirn Aeronautical Laboratory. D)ugan. Janmes: 27

California Institute of Technology: 19 Duke. Neville: 35

Daniel Guggenheirn Fund: 18 Durand. William F: 2

Daniel Guegenheim Fund for the Promotion of Durant. Frederick C.- 3. 50

Aeronautics. 1926-1930: 19 Duval. G.R.: 39

Daniel Guggenheim Medal: 6 Dswiggins. Don: 36

Daniloff. Nicholas: 47

Davies. Merton E.: 47 Eagle A l!oIf 7Tio Centuries of thie Balloon ill

Davies. Ronald E.G.: 20 America. Tile: 10

Davis. Kenneth: 17 Eagles East: Tile Armt Air Fotces and til(' Societ

Davison. Walter P.: 36 Union, 1941-1945." 32

Dayton. Ohio: I I Eagle in tilt, Egg. Tile: 30

Dayton-Cincinnati Section. American Institute of Eagles of" Mitsubishi: Till' Story of? the Zero

Aeronautics and Astronautics: 2 Iichiter: 32

Dean. James D.: 49 Eastern Airlines: 20

Decision to Go to thiet Moon. Tite: 49 Ed Heinellann: Comhat Aircraft Designer: 32

Defense IndustlY. Tile: 40 Edson. Lee: 19

Defense programs: 40. 41 Ege. Lennart: 24

de Havilland. Sir Geoffrey: 12 Ehrhart. Robert C.: 4

56
INDEX

Eighth Air Force: 27 Fighter aircraft. See Aircraft; Aircraft types

Eighth Sea, The: 18 Fighters, Attack, and Training Aircraft,

"Eilmer of Malmesbury: An Eleventh Century 1939-1945: 33

Aviator," Technology and Culture: 10 Fighters Between the Wars, 1919-1939: 24

Eisenhower, Dwight D.: 47 Fighting the Flying Circus: 15

EI-Baz, Farouk: 49 Firebee: 44

Emme, Eugene: 1, 4, 5, 46 First Across: 17

Empire of the Air. Juan Trippe and the Struggle First Air Race: The International Competition at

E ire ofl te Air: Juan TReims, 1909, The: 13 First Aviators, The: 13

Encyclopedia of U.S. AirForceAircraftandMis- First Century of Flight in America, The: 11

sile Systems: 37 First of the Fei': Fighter Pilots of the First World

End of an Era in Space Exploration: From Inter- War, The: 15

national Rivalry to International Cooperation: First to Fly: Aviation's Pioneer Days, The: 12

50 First and the Last, The: 30

Engines and propulsion: 1-2, 3, 16, 23, 24-25, First of the Spacemen: 35

33-36, 45-46, 46-47, 50 First Steps Towards Space: 3

England, aviation in. See British aviation; Royal Flight in America, 1900-1983: From the Wright

Air Force; Royal Navy Brothers to the Astronauts: I

Essays on the History of Rocketry and Astro- Flight Fever: 17

nautics: Proceedings of the Third Through the Flight International: 40

Sixth History Symposia of the International Flight Patterns: Trends in American Aviation,

Academy of Astronautics: 3 1918-1929: 16

Essence of Security: Reflections in Office, The: 41 Flight Through the Ages: 7

European Aviation: 2, 12-13, 19, 40. See also Flying between the Wars: 18

British aviation Flying boats: 17, 19, 24

Everest, Frank K.: 35 Flying Boats and Seaplanes Since 1910: 24

Evidence in Camera: The Story of Photographic Flying North, The: 20

Intelligence in World War 11: 31 Flying the Frontiers of Space: 36

Evolution of Aircraft Wing Design, The: 2 Flying Tigers: 28

Experimental aircraft: 10-12, 12-13, 16, 18, 32, Flying with Lindbergh: 18

34-35. See also Aircraft; Engines and Forged in Fire: Strategy andDecisions in the Air

propulsion War Over Europe: 26

Eyewitness to Space: Paintings and Drawings "Forty Years of Aeronautical Research,"

Related to the Apollo Mission to the Moon: 49 Smithsonian Report for 1955: 3

Ezell, Edward C.: 49 Foulois, Benjamin D.: 24

Ezell, Linda W.: 49 Foulois and the U.S. Army Air Corps,

1931-1935: 24

FAA Historical Fact Book: A Chronology, Four Came Home: 27

1929-1971: 5 Fourteen Hours at Koh Trang: 43

Fall, Bernard B.: 36, 42 France. See French aviation

Famous Bombers of the Second World War: 33 Francis, Charles E.: 32

Famous Fighters of the Second World War: 33 Frankland, Noble: 27

Fate is the Hunter: 20 Fredette, Raymond H.: 14

Fast Carriers: The Forging of an Air Navy, The: Freeman, Roger A.: 27

26 French aviation: 2, 13, 36, 42. See also Wars

Faster Than the Sun: 35 Freudenthal, Elsbeth E.: 21

Fastest Man Alive, The: 35 From the Captain to the Colonel: An Informal

Federal Aviation Administration: 5, 21 History of Eastern Airlines: 20

Fetzer, Leland: 29 Frontiers of Flight: The Story ofNACA Research:

Few Great Captains: The Men and Events that 3

Shaped the Development of U.S. Air Power, A: Frutkin, Arnold W.: 46

24 Fox, J. Ronald: 40

Fifty Years of Flight: A Chronicle of the Aviation Fox, Roger P.: 42

Industry in America, 1903-1953: 5 Foxworth, Thomas: 19

Fifty Years of Soviet Aircraft Construction: 39 Fuchida, Mitsuo: 28

57
INDEX

Futrell, Robert F: 36, 37, 42. 43

Hacker, Barton C.: 48

Galland. Adolf: 30 Haggerty, James J.: 35

Gann. Ernest K.: 20 Hall. R. Cargill: 3, 48

Gansler. Jacques S.: 40 Hallion, Richard P.: 2.6. II, 15, 19, 34, 35, 49

Gardner, Lester D.: 6 Halsey, William F.: 27

Gas turbine engine: 3, 33-34. See also Engines Hamlen. Joseph: 17

and propulsion: Turbojet Hanle, Paul A.: 19, 51

Gatland, Kenneth: 46. 50 Hansell, Haywood S., Jr.: 25

Gemini: 48. 50 Hap: The Story of the U.S. Air Force and the Man

General Electric: 3 Who Built It: General Henry H. "Hap" ArGeneral Kenney Reports: A Personal History of nold: 27

the Pacific War: 28 Hardesty, Von: 29

German Airpower in World War I: 15 Hasting. Max: 27

German Guided Missiles of the Second War War: Harris, Sherwood: 12

47 de Havilland, Sir Geoffrey: 12

German Research in World WarI!, AniAnalysis of Hart, Clive: 10

the Conduct of Research: 31 Hazard. Jacqueline: 35

Germany: 27. See also Bombing raids and policy: Hechler, Ken: 48

Wars Heiman, Grover: 34

aviation in: 19, 22, 38 Heinemann. Edward H.: 32

military aviation in: 14, 15, 29, 30 Helicopters, The: 19

weapons development and rocketry in: 31, Helicopters: 18, 19, 38

45. R.:47 Helicopters and Other Rotorcraft Since 1907: 38

Giacomelli. R.: 2 Hell ina VerySmiallPlace: The Siege ofDienBien

Giant Airships, The: 16 Phu: 36

Giants in the Sky: A History of the Rigid Airship: Helmericks. Harmon: 45

22 Hennessey. Juliette A.: 14

Gibbs-Smith. Charles H.: 7, 10. I1, 12 Henson, William S.: I I

Gillispie. Charles S.: 10 Herbicides: 42

Gilpin. Robert: 41 Heritage of Kitty Hawk, The: 12

Glenn Curtiss: Pioneer of Flight: 13 Hero: Charles H. Lindbergh and the American

Glines, Carrol V.: 22. 27, 37 Dream,. The: 17

Goddard. Esther C.: 45 Heron, S.D.: 23, 34

Goddard. Robert: 45 Hezlct, Sir Arthur: 23. 25

Goldberg. Alfred: 14, 36 High altitude flight: 23. See also Aerospace:

"Golden Age" of aviation: 18 Aircraft

Graf Zeppelin: The Adventures of An Aerial High Frontier: Human Colonies in Space, The:

Globetrotter: 22 50

Gravel, Mike: 44 High Man, This: 45

Gray, George W.: 3 High-Speed Frontier: Case Histories of Four

Great Britain, aviation in. See British aviation: NACA Programs, 1920-1950. The: 4

Royal Air Force: Royal Navy Higham, Robin: 15, 22. 25

Green. Constance McLaughlin: 47 Hindenburg.- 22

Green, William: 33. 34, 38 Hiroshima: 28

Gregory, H. E: 38 History of Aeronautics and Astronautics: A PreGrierson. John: 17, 34 limninary Bibliography: 9

Grimwood, James M.: 48 History of Air Power, A: 16

Gropman. Alan L.: 37, 43 History of Aviation: 7

Guenther. John: 35 History of the Polish Air Force, 1918-1968: 30

Guggenheim Medalists: Architects of the Age of History of Rocket Technology: Essays on ReFlight, The: 6 search, Development, and Utilit;, The: 46

Guide to Research in NASA HistorY. A: 9 History of Rocketry and Space Travel: 45

Gunston. Bill: 8 History of Strategic Bombing, A: 27

58
INDEX

History of the United States Air Force, A: 36 International Cooperation in Space: 46

History of the United States Air Force, International Handbook of Aerospace Awards

1907-1957, A: 14 and Trophies: 7

History of United States Marine CorpsAviation in Interservice rivalries: 41

World War Two: 25 Introduction to Flight: Its Engineering and HistoHistory of U.S. Naval Aviation: 26 rv: I

History of United States Naval Operations in Invention of the Aeroplane, 1799-1909, The: II

World War 11: 25 Irving, David: 30, 31, 47

History of the U.S. Weather Bureau, A: 21

History of the World's Airlines, A: 20 Jablonski, Edward: 17, 18

Hitler, Adolf: 19, 25, 29 Jackson, Donald Dale: 17

Hoffschmidt, E.J.: 30 Jaffe, Leonard: 48

Holley, I.B.: 15, 26 James, George S.: 3

Holmes, Donald B.: 22 Jane's All the World's Aircraft: 7

Hopkins, George E.: 20 Jane's Encyclopeida of Aviation: 4-5

Horikoshi, Jrio: 28, 32 Jane's 100 Significant Aircraft, 1909-1969: 8

Horwitch, Mel: 40 Jane's Pocket Book qf Airships: 24

Hostile Skies: A Combat History of the American Jane's Pocket Book of Commercial Transport AirAir Service in World War 1:15 craft: 37

Hotz, Robert: 28 Jane's Pocket Book of Major Combat Aircraft:

How OurArmy Grew Wings: Airmen andAircraft 37-38

Before 1914: 14 Jane's Pocket Book of Military Transport and

Hudson, James J.: 15 Training Aircraft: 37

Hughes, Howard: 16 Jane's Pocket Book of Remotely Piloted Vehicles:

"Hump," aerial supply over the: 31 44

Hunsaker, Jerome: 3, 39 Japan: 27 See also Bombing raids and policy;

Hurley, Alfred E: 4, 23 Wars

Huttig, Jack: 17 military aviation in: 28-29, 32.

Jet: The Story of a Pioneer: 34

I Kept No Diary: 18 Jet Age: Forty Years of Jet Aviation, The: 34

Ideas, Concepts, Doctrine: A History of Basic Jet Aircraft of the World, The: 34

Thinking in the United States Air Force, Jet Aviation: Threshold to a New Era: 34

1907-1964: 37 Jet Flight: 34

Ideas and Weapons: Exploitation of the Aerial Jet Makers: The Aerospace Industry: An AnWeapon by the United States during World War thology, The: 38

I: A Study' in the Relationship of Technological Jet Pioneers: 34

Advance, Military Doctrine, and the Develop- Jet propulsion: 24. 25, 33-34. See also Engines

ment of Weapons: 15 and propulsion

Igor Sikorsky: His Three Careers in Aviation: 19 Joels, Kerry: 49

Illusions of Choice: Robert McNamara, the Johnson, Bobby H.: 23

F-Ill and the Problem of Weapons Acquisi- Johnson, Brian: 31

tion Reform: 40 Jones, Henry A.: 14

Illustrated Encyclopedia of Space TechnologY, Jones, R. V.: 31

The: 46 Josephson, Matthew: 18

Illustrated Guide to the Air War Over Vietnam:

Aircraft of the Southeast Asia Conflict, An: 45 Kamikaze: 28

Impact ofAirPower: NationalSecurity and World Kantor, MacKinlay: 27

Politics, The: 4 Karman, Theodore von: 2, 19

In the Cause of Flight: Technologists of Aero- Keil, Sally Van Wagenen: 32

nautics and Astronautics: 6, 13 Kelly, Fred: 11

Indochina: 42. See also Wars Kelsey, Benjamin S.: 26

Infield, Glenn: 31 Kennett, Lee B.: 27

Ingell, Douglas J.: 22 Kenney, George C.: 28

Inogouchi, Rikihei: 28 Kent, Richard J., Jr.: 21

Intelligence: 31. See also Reconnaissance Keyhoe, Donald E.: 18

59
INDEX

Kham Duc: 43 Lithgow, Mike: 35

Khe Sanh: 36. 42 Living in Outer Space: 46

Kill Devil Hill: Discovering the Secret of the Logsdon,John: 49

Wright Brothers: I I Lomask, Milton: 47

Killian, James R.: 47 Lonely Sky, The: 35

Kincheloe. Iven C.: 35 Long-range flights: 12. See also Transoceanic

King. Horace F: 8 flight

Kitty Hawk: II, 12. See also Wright, Wilbur and Looney. John J.: 9

Orville Loosbrock, John F: 4

Klass, Philip J.: 47 Lopez, Donald S.: 34

Knaack. Marcelle Size: 37 Lord, C. L.: 26

Knebel. Fletcher: 28 Lore of Flight, The: 7

Knights of the Air: 14 Low-Level Mission: 27

Koh Trang: 43 Luftwaffe: 29

Kolesnik, Eugene: 24 Luftwaffe. See Germany: Wars

Komons, Nick A.: 21. 37 Lukas. Richard C.: 32

Korea: 36 Lunar Impact: A History of Project Ranger: 48

Kremlin and the Cosmos. The: 47 Lundgren. William: 35

Labor union: 20 Mach One: 35

LaFarge. Oliver: 30 Maclsaac. David: 28

Lahm. Frank P.: 14 Macon: 22

Lambermont. Paul: 38 Mail Carriers. See Airmail

Langley. Samuel: II Mailer. Norman: 49

Lapp, Ralph E.: 41 Managing NASA in the Apollo Era: 41

Lasby, Clarence: 39 Manned Spacecraft: 50

Last Flight From Saigon: 43 Mansfield. Harold: 22

Last Hero: Charles A. Lindbergh, The: 17 Manson, Frank A.: 36

Last of the Bush Pilots, The: 45 Mare's Nest: The German Secret Weapons CamLavelle, A. J. C.: 43 paign atnd British Countermeasures, The: 31,

Leary, William M.: 20 47

Leasor. James: 22 Marschak. Thomas A.: 41

Legacy of Flight: The Guggenheimn Contribution Mason. Francis K.: 29

to American Aviation: 19 Mason. R.A.: 36

Lehman. Milton: 45 Maurer, Maurer: 15

LeMay. Curtis E.: 27 Mazlish. Bruce: 46

Lend-lease: 32 McCarthy. James R.: 43

Le Vier. Tony: 35 McDonnell-Douglas Corp.: 8

Levine. Arnold S.: 41 Mclarland, Marvin: I I

Lewis. Cecil: 15 McNamara. Robert S.: 41

Lewis. W. David: 20 "Medieval Uses of Air." Scientific American: 10

Ley, Willy: 46 Melhorn, Charles M,: 23

Library of Congress: 9. 48. 50 Men of Space: 6

Liebcrg. Owen S.: 13 Mercenaries: 45

Life and Death of the Luftwafffe. The: 30 Mercury: 48

Life and Death of a Satellite. The: 48 Merrill, James M.: 27

Lightning Bugs and Other Reconnaissance Mersky, Peter B.: 14

Drones: 44 Meteorology: 21

Lilienthal. Otto: II Midway: The Battle that Doomed Japan: 28

Lindbergh. Charles A.: 16. 17-18. 28 Mighty Eighth. The: 27

Lindbergh: A Biography: 17 Milbank. Jeremiah: II

Linebacker I.: A View Fromn the Rock: 43 Milch. Field Marshal Erhard: 30

Lippisch, Alexander: 32 Military procurement: 26. 40-42

Liquid fuel rocket: 45. See also Engines and Miller. Jay: 35

propulsion: Rocketry Miller. Ronald E.: 1. 21

60
INDEX

Miller, Russell: 29 New Guinea: 28

Miller, Samuel Duncan: 9 New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury, This:

Miller, Thomas G.: 28 48

Millionth Chance: The Story of the R-101, The: Newton, Wesley P.: 20

22 No High Ground: 28

Missile development: 41 North Atlantic: 12, 17

Missile doctrine: 41 North Vietnam: 43

Missiles and Rockets: 50 Notes of an Aircraft Designer: 32

Mission with LeMay: My Story: 27 Nowarra, Heinz J.: 39

Mitchell, Alan W.: 35 Norway, Nevil Shute: 18

Mitchell, William "Billy": 23 Neufeld, Jacob: 9, 45

Mitsubishi: 32

Modern Airliner: Its Origins and Development, Oakes, Claudia: 8, 13

The: 20 Oberg, James E.: 47

Mohler, Stanley R.: 23 Observer's Book of Manned Spaceflight, The: 50

Momyer, William W.: 36 Observer's Book of Unmanned Spaceflight, The:

Monoplane: 16. See also aircraft 50

Montgolfier Brothers, The: 10 Observer's Soviet Aircraft, The: 38

Montgolfier brothers: 9, 10 Of A Fire on the Moon: 49

Moolman, Valerie: 12 Ogburn, William F: 39

"The Moon Landing and Its Aftermath," Michi- Okumiya, Masatake: 28

gan Quarterly Review: 44 On the Frontier: Flight Research at Dryden,

Morison, Samuel Eliot: 25 1946-1981: 35

Morpurgo, J.E.: 18 OntheSeasandIn theSkies:AHistoryofthe U.S.

Morrison, Wilbur H.: 28 Navy's Air Power: 26

Morrow, John H.: 15 On the Shoulders of Titans: A History of Project

Moseley, Wendell E: 22 Gemini: 48

Mosley, Leonard: 17 O'Neil, Paul: 16

MostProbablePosition:AHistoryofAerialNavi- O'Neill, Gerard K.: 50

gation to 1941: 21 O'Neill, Ralph A.: 18

Mueller, Robert: 5 Only Way to Fly: The Story of Western Airlines,

Munson, Kenneth: 7, 15, 24, 33, 37, 38, 44 The: 20

Murphy, Lynne C.: 50 Operation Ranch Hand: The Air Force and HerMurray, Bruce C.: 47 bicides in Southeast Asia, 1961-1971: 42

Orders of Magnitude: A History of NACA and

NC-4: 17 NASA, 1915-1980: 3

Nagasaki: 28 Ordway, Frederick I.: 45, 47

Nakajima, Tadashi: 28 Organizing the Postwar Air Force, 1943-1947:

Nalty, Bernard C.: 36, 42, 45 37

Nanette: 28 Origins of the Turbojet Revolution, The: 34

Narrow Margin, The: 29 Osur, Alan: 32

National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics "Out of the Past," Astronautics andAeronautics:

(NACA): 3-4, 39. See also National Aero- 6

nautics and Space Administration Over the Hump: 30-31

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Overy, R.J.: 25

(NASA): 3-4, 5, 9, 39, 41,49. See also Rock- Owen, Kenneth: 40

etry, Space Ower, Ernest: 1

National Aeronautical Institute: 7

National Air and Space Museum Library: 7, 8 Pacific, flights across the: 16, 17

National Archives and Records Service: 9 Pan American World Airways: 18

Naval aviation: 14, 17, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 36 Papers of Robert Goddard, The: 45

Navigation: 21 Papers of Wilbur and Orville Wright, The: 11

Nayler, J.L.: 1 Paris: 18

Nazi Germany. See Germany Park, Edwards: 28

Nevin, David: 16, 17, 23 Parrish, Wayne W.: 6

61
INDEX

Partnership: A Historv of fi't Apollo-Soyaz Test Rae. John B.: 38

Project: 49 RAE See Royal Air Force

Passing of the Night: Mv Seven Years as a Pris- RAF at War. The: 29

oner (?f the North Vietnamese. The: 44 Raid. The: 44

P'aszek. Lawrence J.: 9 Railroad and the Space Program: An Exploration

Patlhfinders. The: 16 in Historical Analogy. The: 45

Payne. L.G.S.: 5 Raleigh. Walter: 14

Pearl Harbor: 17 Ranger Project: 48

Peck. Merton J.: 40 "Rapiers Versus Clubs: The Fitful History of Peenemunde: 47 *Smart Bombs'." Journal of the Royal United

PenendEdward: 47 Services Institute: 44

Pendray. Edward: 45 Rausa. Rosario: 32

Penrose. Harald: 13 Rayfield. Robert E.: 43

Pentagon Papers: The Def'nse Department His- Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature: 9

tor'% of Decisioninaking On Vietnam, The: 44 Rebirth o(f LEropean Aviation, 1902-1908, Tile:

Perilous Sky': U.S. Aviation Diplomac* and Latin 12

America. 1919-1931. Tile: 20 Reconnaissance: 31. 44. 47-48

Phillips. Alnmarin: 38 Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power.

Pictorial Guide to Planet Earth: 47 1941-45: 29

Pilot: 35 Red Star in Orbit: 47

Pineau. Roger: 5. 28 Reed. Arthur: 44

Pinson. Jay D.: 2 Reims: 13

Pirie. Anthony: 38 Remotely piloted vehicles: 31, 43-44. See also

Pistolesi. E.: 2 Rocketry

Plane that Changed tile World: A Biography (f Remote sensing: 49

tile DC-3. Tile: 22 Reynolds. Clark G.: 26

Ploesti. Rumania: 27 Richards, Denis: 29

Ploesti: Tile Great Ground-Air Battle of I August Rickenbacker. Eddie: 15

1943: 27 Right Stuff. Tile: 35. 49

Pocket Enclvclopedia (;f World Aircraft in Color: "The Rise of Air and Space." Astronautics antd

24 Aeronautics: 2

Pocock. R.E: 47 Rise an1d ltial of the Luftlaffte. 1933-1945, Tile:

Point of No Return: The Story f?/ thit 20th Airt 3(1

Force: 28-29 Rise (aId Iail of the Luftwaffte: Tile Lift' of Field

Polar aviation: 17. 20. 45 Marshal Erhard Miuch. The: 30

Polish air force: 30 Rise of tfitt Fighters: Air Combat ill World War I:

Politics of Weapolns Innovation: The Thor-Jupiter 15

Conltraversv. Tihe: 41 Risner, Robinson: 44

Post. Wiley: 16 Road to Kittv Hawk. The: 12

Post World War 11 Fighters. 1945-1973: 37 Roberts. Joseph B.: 4

Potter. Jean: 20 Robbins, Christopher: 45

Precision guided weaponry: 31. 43-44. See also Robinson. Douglas H.: 14. 22, 23

Rocketry Robinson, George S.: 46

Prendegast. Curtis: 13 "Robot" weapons: 31. 43-44. See also Rocketry

Prisoners of war: 27. 44-45. Rochester, Stuart 1.: 21

Private A ircraft. Business and General Purpose. Rocket: The History and Development of Rocket

Sitce 1946: 37 & Missile Technology. Tihe: 46

Procurement: 26. 40-42 Rocket Team. The: 47

Progress in Flying Machines: II Rocketry: 31. 45-47. See also Precision guided

Project Cancelled: 38-39 weaponry

Project Paperclip: 39 Rockets. Missiles. attl Men in Space: 46

Propulsion: 1-2. 3. 16. 23. 24-25. 33-36. Rockets. Missiles. antd Spacecraft of the National

45-46. 46-47. 50. Air and Space Museum: 50

Putnatn Aeronautical Books series: 8 Roland. Alex: 9

Rolt of Project Histories in tile Study of R&D.

R-I1I: 22 The: 41

62
INDEX

Romance of Ballooning: The Story of the Early Sikorsky, Igor: 19

Aeronauts, The: 10 Sikorsky Aircraft Co.: 19

Roscoe, Theodore: 26 Simon, Leslie: 31

Rose, Don: 18 Sixty Years of Aeronautical Research:

Rosen, Milton: 47 1917-1977: 4

Ross, Walter S.: 17 Skinner, Richard M.: 4

Royal Air Force: 14-15, 26-27, 29-30, 31. See Sky Beyond, The: 18

also British Aviation; Wars Sky Fever: 12

Royal Air Force, 1939-1945, The." 29 Sky on Fire: The First Battle of Britain, "a A1917-1918, and the Birth of the Royal Air

Royal Navy: 23. See also British Aviation; Wars Force, The: 14

Russia. See Soviet Union Skylab: 48

Russian Civil and Military Aircraft. 1884-1969: Slide Rule: The Autobiography of an Engineer:

39 18

Ryan Corporation: 44 Smith, Dean: 18

Smith, Henry Ladd: 20, 21

Safe, Separated, and Soaring: 21 Smith, Perry McCoy: 31

Safer Skyways: Federal Control of Aviation, Smith, Richard K.: 17, 22

1926-66: 21 Smithsonian Institution: 5, 8, 50

Sagittarius Rising: 15 Snow, C. P.: 32

Saigon: 43 Social effects of aviation: 4, 11, 13, 32, 36, 39

Saito, Fred: 28 Social Effects of Aviation, The: 39

Sakai, Saburo: 28 Solberg, Carl: 20

Samurai: 28 Soldiers of Fortune: 45

Satellites: 47-48 Solomon Islands: 28

Saunders, Hilary St. George: 29 Sound of Wings: Reading to the Age, The: 4

Sawers, David: 1, 21 Southeast Asia: 12, 42-45. See also Wars

Schamburger, Page: 22 Southwest Pacific Theater: 28

Schemmer, Benjamin: 44 Soviet Air Force, The: 29

Scherer, Frederick M.: 40 Soviet Air Force since 1918, The: 29

Schlaifer, Robert: 23, 34 Soviet Air Force in World War II: The Official

Schneider, Donald K.: 43 History, The: 29

Schonenberger, William A.: 5 Soviet Air Power, 1917-1918: 29

Schweinfurt, Germany: 27 Soviet Union (see also Space; Wars)

Science and Astronautics, Committee on: 5 Air Force: 29, 32, 38, 39

Science and Government: 32-33 Aviation in: 32, 38, 39.

Science and the Air Force: A History of the Air Space: 2, 36

Force Office of Scientific Research: 37 craft: 7, 48, 50

Scientific Research and Development, Office of: defense: 47-48

31 futurism: 50

Scientists Against Time: 31 international aspects of: 5, 46

Scott. Catherine D.: 7 manned flight: 46

Sea War in Korea, The: 36 pioneers of: 6

Seagrave, Sterling: 45 programs: 45-50, 50-51

Search and Rescue in Southeast Asia, race: 39

1961-1975: 42 shuttle program: 36, 48

Secret Sentries in Space: 47 Soviet Union in: 45, 47, 48-49, 49, 51

Serling, Robert J.: 20 United States in: 45-46, 46, 47-50, 50-51

Seven Decades of Progress: A Heritage of Air- Space Science Comes of Age: 51

craft Turbine Technology: 3 Speed Seekers, The: 21

Sharpe, Mitchell R.: 47 Spirit of St. Louis, The: 18

Sheldon, Charles S.: 47 Sputnik: 39, 47

Sherrod, Robert L.: 25 Sputnik, Scientists, and Eisenhower: A Memoir of

Shiner. John F: 24 the First Special Assistant to the President for

Ships in the Sky: 22 Science and Technology: 47

Shute, Neville: 18 Stalingrad: 30

63
INDEX

Stars at Noon, The: 36 Thomas, Shirley: 6

Stekler, Herman 0.: 38 Three Centuries to Concorde: 34

Stewart, Carroll: 27 Thud Ridge: 44

Stewart. Oliver: 2 Tilford, Earl H.: 42

Stormy Life: 32 Tizard: 32

Story of the Winged-S, The: 19 Tizard, Sir Henry: 32-33

Strategic bombing. See Bombing raids and policy Tokyo: 27

Strategic Air Offensive Against Germany, Toland, John: 22

1939-1945, The: 30 Tolson, John J.: 43

Strategic Bombing in World War It: The Story of Toward the Endless Frontier: History of the Cornthe United States Strategic Bombing Survey: mittee on Science and Technology, 1959-1979:

28 48

Strategy in the Missile Age: 41 Townsend, Peter: 29

Stringfellow, John: 10 Tracks Across the Sky: The Story of the Pioneers

Structure and Performance of the Aerospace In- of the U.S. Air Mail: 22

dustry, The: 38 Transoceanic flight: 12, 16-18, 22

Sturm, Thomas A.: 37 Trenchard, Hugh: 14

Subcommittee on Space and Science Applica- Trenchard: Man of Vision: 14

tions of the U.S. House of Representatives Trippe, Juan: 18

Committee on Science and Technology: 48 Tunner, William H.: 31

1927: Summer of Eagles: 17 Turbojet: 24, 25, 33, 37. See also Engines and

Supersonic flight: 33, 34, 35-36, 37. See also propulsion

Engines and propulsion Turbulence Aloft: 21

Supersonic Flight: Breaking the Sound Barrier Turnbull, A. D.: 26

and Beyond: 34 Tumrill, Reginald: 50

Supersonic Transport Aircraft (SST): 40 Tuskegee Airmen: The Story of the Negro in the

Swanborough, F. Gordon: 8, 38 U.S. Air Force, The: 32

Swenson, Lloyd S.: 48 Twentieth Air Force: 28-29. See also Wars

Twiss, Peter: 35

Tactical Airlift: 43 Two Block Fox: The Rise of the Aircraft Carrier,

Takeoff at Mid-Century: 21 1911-1929: 23

Tale of Two Bridges, The: 43 Two Hundred Years ofFlight in America:A BicenTank. Kurt: 32 tennial Survey: 1

Tantum, W. H., IV: 30

Target Tokyo: The Halsey-Doolittle Raid: 27 Udet, Ernst, 15

Taylor, C. Fayette: 23 Unarmed and Unafraid: 31

Taylor, Sir Gordon: 18 U.S. Air Force

Taylor, John W. R.: 7, 8, 37, 44 creation of: 24, 37

Taylor, Michael J. H.: 4, 37 integration of: 32, 37

Technical Development of Modern Aviation, The: post-World War II role: 32, 36, 42, 43. See

1, 21 also US Army Air Forces; Wars

Technology and Market Structure: A Study of the US Air Force, A Chronology of American A eroAircraft Industry: 38 space Events, The: 5

Test flights: 12-13, 35 United States Air Force, Historical Research

Test Pilot: 35 Center: 9

Test Pilots, the Frontiersmen of Flight: 35 United States Air Force History: An Annotated

Testing Time: 35 Bibliography: 9

Testing Time: The Story of British Test Pilots and United States Air Force History: A Guide to DocTheir Aircraft: 12-13 umentarv Sources: 9

Testing Years: 35 United States Air Force History: A Guide to

TFX Decision: McNamara and the Military, The: Monographic Literature: 9

40 United States Air Force in Korea, 1950-1953,

"The Hump": 31 The: 36

13: The Flight That Failed: 49 USAF Scientific Advisory Board: Its First Twenty

Thomas, Lowell: 18 Years, 1944-1964, The: 37

64
INDEX

USAF Southeast Asia Monograph Series: 42-43 Way of a Fighter: The Memoirs of Claire Lee

United States Air Force in Southeast Asia, Chennault: 28

1961-1973, The: 42 We: 18

United States Air Force, Office of Air Force His- Weapons: 24

tory: 42 Weapons acquisition: 40. See also Procurement

U.S. Air Service in World War I, The: 15 Weapons Acquisition Process, The: 40

United States Army Air Arm, The: 14 Weapons Culture, The: 41

United States Army Air Forces: 16, 17, 23, 24, Weather Bureau, U.S.: 21

32, 36, 42, 43. See also U.S. Air Force; Wars Webster, Sir Charles K.: 30

United States Civilian Space Programs, Welmers, Everett T.: 3

1958-1978: 48 Western Air Express: 19

U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Western Airlines: 20

Science and Astronautics: 5 Wheeler, Allen: 13, 18

United States Marine Corps: 14, 25 White, Lynn: 10

U.S. Marine Corps Aviation 1912 to the Present: Whiting, Kenneth R.: 29

14 Whitnah, Donald: 21

United States Military Aircraft Since 1909: 9 Whittle, Sir Frank: 34

United States Naval Aviation, 1910-1980: 5 Who's Who in American Aeronautics: 6

United States Navy: 14, 17, 23, 25, 26, 36 Who's Who in Aviation, 1942-43: 6

United States and Soviet Progress in Space: 47 Who's Who in Aviation and Aerospace: 7

U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey: 28 Who's Who on World Aviation, 1955: 6

U.S. Weather Bureau: 21 Wild Blue: The Story ofAmerican Airpower, The:

United States Women in Aviation Through World 4

War 1: 13 Wiley Post, His Winnie May, and the World's First

Pressure Suit: 23

Wilson, John R. M.: 21

V-1, "buzz bomb" cruise missile: 31 Wind and Beyond: Theodore von Karman, Pi- V-2 ballistic missile: 31 oneer in Aviation and Pathfinder in Space, The:

Vaeth, Joseph Gordon: 22 19

Van Der Linden, Frank Robert: 6 Wind tunnel: 4

Vanguard project: 47 Wind Tunnels of NASA: 4

Vanguard: A History: 47 Winged Gospel: America's Romance with AviaVentry, Lord: 24 tion, 1900-1950, The: 11

Vietnamese Air Force: 43. See also Wars Winged Mars: 15

Vietnamese Air Force, 1951-1975, An Analysis Winged Wonders: The Story of the Flying Wings:

of its Role in Combat, The: 43 38

Vietnam War. See Wars in Southeast Asia Wings for the Fleet: A Narrative of Naval AviaView From Space: Photographic Exploration of tion's Early Development, 1910-1916: 14

the Planets, The: 47 Wings on My Sleeve: 35

Viking project: 47 Wings of Tomorrow: The Story ofthe Autogiro: 18

Viking Rocket Story, The: 47 Winnie May: 23 Villard, Henry Serrano: 12 Winter, Denis: 15

Vision: A Saga of the Sky: 22 Winter, Frank H.: 6

Wizard War: British Scientific Intelligence,

Wagner, Ray: 8, 29 1939-1945, The: 31

Wagner, William: 44 Wolfe, Tom: 35, 49

War in the Air, The: 14 Wolff, Leon: 27

Wars Wolk, Herman: 37

World War I: 13-16, Wolko, Howard S.: 6, 13

World War II: 5-6, 10, 17, 25-33, 47 Women in aviation: 13, 22, 36

Korean: 36, Women's Air Force Service Pilots: 32

in Southeast Asia: 36, 42-45 Wonderful Women in their Flying Machines,

Wartime Journals of Charles A. Lindbergh, The: Those: 32

28 Wood, Derek: 29, 38

Watson, George M.: 45 Wooldridge, E.T.: 34, 38

65
INDEX

Morld's Greatest Airplanes: The Story of the Men X-I to X-29. The: 35

Who Built Them and How The" Came To Be.

The: 8 Yakovlev, Alexander: 32. 39

World War 1. See Wars Ycager, Charles E.: 35

World War 11. See Wars Young. Warren R.: 19

Wright Brothers. The: II

Wright Brothers: Heirs of Prometheus, The: I I Zeppelin: 14. 22. See also Airships

Wright. Monte Duane: 21 Zeppelin in Combat: A History of the German

Wright. Wilbur and Orville: 1, 2. II. 11-12. 34 Naval Airship Division. 191"9-1918, The: 14

Writer's Program of the Work Projects Admin- Zero: 28, 32

istration: 6 Zero: 28

66