IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT JACKSON

Assigned on Briefs November 2, 2010

STATE OF TENNESSEE v. PRINCE ADAMS

Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County

No. 06-06987 James M. Lammey, Jr., Judge

No. W2009-01492-CCA-R3-CD - Filed September 21, 2011

The defendant, Prince Adams, was convicted by a Shelby County jury of premeditated

first degree murder and subsequently sentenced to life in the Tennessee Department of

Correction. He now appeals his conviction, presenting five issues for our review: (1)

whether the evidence is sufficient to support the conviction; (2) whether the trial court

properly allowed into evidence photographs of the victim (a) while she was alive and (b)

of her body at the crime scene; (3) whether the court properly denied the defendant’s

motion in limine with regard to the admission of his prior domestic violence charge; (4)

whether the defendant is entitled to a new trial because an alternate juror left a note

expressing his position with regard to the defendant’s guilt, which was found by the jury

foreperson prior to jury deliberations; and (5) whether the court correctly denied the

defendant’s request for a special jury instruction on diminished capacity. Following

review of the record, we find no issue that would entitle the defendant to relief. As such,

the conviction and sentence are affirmed.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court Affirmed

JOHN EVERETT WILLIAMS, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which JOSEPH M.

TIPTON, P.J., and JERRY L. SMITH, J., joined.

Brett Stein and Larry Diamond, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellant, Prince Adams.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Cameron L. Hyder, Assistant

Attorney General; William L. Gibbons, District Attorney General; and Patience Branham

and David Zak, Assistant District Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

OPINION

Procedural History
The defendant’s conviction in this case arose from the killing of his girlfriend,

Ohdra Flowers. The victim was last seen alive by family and friends late on April 16, or

in the very early morning hours of April 17, 2006. Later in the day on April 17, 2006, a

police officer was called to the scene of a minor car accident involving the defendant

driving a car, later identified as the victim’s. The defendant appeared incoherent and

unstable on his feet. In response to the officer’s questions regarding alcohol, the

defendant responded that he had taken Ambien, a sleep aid medication. Because of the

defendant’s condition, the officer did not feel that it was safe to conduct field sobriety

tests. Instead, he issued the defendant a misdemeanor citation and called an ambulance to

take the defendant to the hospital. In checking the car the defendant had been driving, the

officer noticed blood on the seat. When asked, the defendant told the officer that he had

been in a fight with his girlfriend’s boyfriend and had “cut him.” No further investigation

was done on the blood at that time, and the car was impounded.

On April 18, the defendant telephoned his cousin, Andre Smith, and asked him to

visit him at a motel. The defendant explained that he and the victim had been fighting

about their relationship and that he had some audio tapes he wanted Mr. Smith to pick up.

Mr. Smith was unable to go to the motel but told the defendant to leave the tapes at his

house. However, after he finished work that day, Mr. Smith returned to his car and found

a bag containing the audio tapes. After listening to the tape that had his name on it, Mr.

Smith began trying to locate the defendant. He eventually received another call from the

defendant, asking him to come to a motel and pick him up. He did so. When Mr. Smith

arrived, he found the defendant in the presence of police officers, who explained that they

had finished questioning the defendant and that he was presently free to go. It was later

ascertained that the defendant had paid for his motel stay in cash, which he had taken

from the victim’s bank account using her ATM card.

Mr. Smith attempted to take the defendant to his father’s house, but no one was at

the home at the time. The defendant, who had begun to cry, got out of the car and began

to walk down the street in a hurried manner. Mr. Smith went after the defendant and

attempted to bring him back to the car. The defendant kept repeating that he wanted to go

see the victim and was generally acting confused.

Eventually, the defendant related to Mr. Smith that he had recently become

concerned that the victim was cheating on him. On Sunday, April 16, he contacted the

victim, and she took him to his mother’s residence. He told Mr. Smith that he remained

at his mother’s house for several hours and took two Ambien pills during this time. Later

in the evening, the victim came to take him home. The defendant told Mr. Smith that,

during the ride, a confrontation occurred when the victim admitted, rather bluntly, that

she was cheating on him. The defendant also claimed that the victim stated that she was

not going to help him with an apartment that he was supposed to move into a few days

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later. The defendant claimed that he became upset, grabbed a pocket knife, and used it to

kill the victim.

During this recitation to Mr. Smith, the defendant became hysterical and said that

he wanted to see the victim. Mr. Smith was finally able to ascertain that the victim was

located in the park and promised to take the defendant there to see the victim’s body if the

defendant would turn himself in to the police afterward. The defendant agreed. They

then drove to the park and, after a few moments of searching, found the victim’s body.

Despite Mr. Smith’s pleas to the contrary, the defendant went to the victim’s body, saying

that he wanted to straighten her disheveled clothes before she was seen. The defendant

also removed the knife from the victim’s body. The defendant eventually removed his

own shirt, placed a photo of the victim over his chest, and appeared as if he was going to

stab himself.

When the defendant failed to heed Mr. Smith’s pleas to stop and turn himself in,

Mr. Smith called 9-1-1. When the authorities arrived on the scene, they found the

defendant crying as he stood over the victim’s body. He informed the authorities that he

wanted to kill himself just like he had killed her. The defendant again made motions like

he was stabbing himself and did, in fact, inflict some superficial wounds. He was taken

into custody by police and transported to the police station.

The defendant was interviewed by detectives and gave a statement to them. He

said that he and the victim had been driving around when she disclosed that she was

having an affair. According to the statement, the defendant became angry and kicked her

out of the vehicle. He initially stated that he blacked out and could not remember what

occurred afterward. However, during a second interview with the authorities, the

defendant stated that he had stabbed the victim after she acknowledged her affair.

Nonetheless, he maintained that, afterward, he blocked the entire incident from his mind.

Forensic testing later confirmed that the victim’s blood was in the car and on the knife.

An autopsy determined that the cause of death was the victim’s stab wounds, numbering

more than thirty, several of which would have been singularly fatal.

Based on this information, the defendant was indicted by a Shelby County grand

jury for first degree premeditated murder. A jury trial was subsequently held. At trial,

the defendant proceeded under the theory that he could not have formed premeditation

based upon his reaction to Ambien. In support of that defense, he called three doctors to

testify at trial. Dr. Lipman testified with regard to the general effects that Ambien had

been known to have on people. Dr. Curso testified that the defendant was an abuser of

Ambien and was particularly vulnerable to its effects. Dr. Angelillo testified that he had

treated the defendant and, while he did not consider him to be psychotic, he did consider

him to be “seriously disturbed.” However, the jury rejected the defense and found the

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defendant guilty as charged. He was subsequently sentenced to life imprisonment.

Following the denial of his motion for new trial, the defendant filed the instant timely

appeal.

Analysis

On appeal, the defendant has raised multiple issues for our review: (1) whether the

evidence presented was sufficient to support the conviction; (2) whether the court

properly admitted photographs at trial of the victim (a) while she was alive and (b) at the

crime scene; (3) whether the court properly denied the motion in limine with regard to the

admission of a tape containing the defendant’s statement about a prior domestic violence

charge; (4) whether the defendant is entitled to a new trial on the basis that a juror

received a written communication from a dismissed alternate juror indicating that the

alternates thought the defendant was guilty; and (5) whether the trial court properly

denied the request for a special jury instruction on diminished capacity. The State asserts

that no issue presented entitles the defendant to relief. Following review, we agree.

I. Sufficiency of the Evidence

First, the defendant contends that the evidence presented at trial was not sufficient

to support his conviction for first degree premeditated murder. He challenges only the

element of premeditation, acknowledging that the “only issue before the jury was whether

or not the defendant killed the victim unlawfully, intentionally and with the requisite

premeditation necessary to constitute first degree murder.” The defendant contends that,

based upon the facts and circumstances presented, the record establishes that he “was

incapable of forming the necessary intent of premeditation.” He contends he should have

been found guilty of the lesser offenses of second degree murder or voluntary

manslaughter because the State failed to establish that he “was sufficiently free from

excitement and passion as to be capable of premeditation” at the time of the murder.

When an accused challenges the sufficiency of the convicting evidence, the

standard of review is “whether, after reviewing the evidence in the light most favorable to

the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the

crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)

(emphasis in original); State v. Goodwin, 143 S.W.3d 771, 775 (Tenn. 2004); see also

Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e). “[T]he State is entitled to the strongest legitimate view of the

evidence and to all reasonable and legitimate inferences that may be drawn therefrom.”

State v. Smith, 24 S.W.3d 274, 279 (Tenn. 2000). Questions involving the credibility of

witnesses, the weight and value of the evidence, as well as all factual issues raised by the

evidence are resolved by the trier of fact, and an appellate court does not reweigh or reevaluate the evidence. State v. Evans, 108 S.W.3d 231, 236 (Tenn. 2003).

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A jury verdict approved by the trial court accredits the State’s witnesses and

resolves all conflicts in the evidence in favor of the State. State v. Grace, 493 S.W.2d

474, 476 (Tenn. 1973). “Because a verdict of guilt removes the presumption of

innocence and imposes a presumption of guilt, the burden shifts to the defendant upon

conviction to show why the evidence is insufficient to support the verdict.” State v.

Thacker, 164 S.W.3d 208, 221 (Tenn. 2005). These rules are applicable to findings of

guilt predicated upon the direct evidence, circumstantial evidence, or a combination of

both. State v. Pendergrass, 13 S.W.3d 389, 392-93 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1999).

Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-13-202(a)(1) provides that “[f]irst degree

murder is . . . [a] premeditated and intentional killing of another.” T.C.A. § 39-13-

202(a)(1) (2006). An intentional killing requires that the person have the conscious

objective or desire to cause the death of the victim. State v. Quincy DeAngelo Gardner,

No. M2007-01081-CCA-R3-CD (Tenn. Crim. App. at Nashville, Jun. 10, 2008).

“‘[P]remeditation’ is an act done after the exercise of reflection and judgment.”

T.C.A. § 39-13-202(d). The element of premeditation is a question of fact to be resolved

by the jury and may be established by proof of the circumstances surrounding the killing.

State v. Suttles, 30 S.W.3d 252, 261 (Tenn. 2000). Proof of premeditation is inherently

circumstantial. The trier of fact cannot speculate what was in the killer’s mind, so the

existence of premeditation must be determined from the defendant’s conduct in light of

the circumstances surrounding the crime. State v. Johnny Wright, No. 01C01-9503-CC00093 (Tenn. Crim. App. at Nashville, Jan. 5, 1996). Thus, in evaluating the sufficiency

of proof of premeditation, the appellate court looks to the circumstances surrounding the

killing. State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 660 (Tenn. 1997). Such circumstances may

include “the use of a deadly weapon upon an unarmed victim; the particular cruelty of the

killing; declarations by the defendant of an intent to kill; evidence of procurement of a

weapon; preparations before the killing for concealment of the crime, and calmness

immediately after the killing.” State v. Leach, 36 S.W.3d 88, 96 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2000)

(citing Bland, 958 S.W.2d at 660). However, while relevant to review, the list of

enumerated factors is not exhaustive. State v. Davidson, 121 S.W.3d 600, 615 (Tenn.

2003). Further, there is no required amount of time that must elapse between the

formation of the intention to kill and the actual killing so as to establish premeditation.

Cagle v. State, 507 S.W.2d 121, 129 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1971). Additionally, a

defendant’s failure to render aid to the victim is an additional circumstance probative of

premeditation. State v. Lewis, 36 S.W.3d 88, 96 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2000).

As noted, the only element challenged by the defendant is that of premeditation.

There is no dispute that the defendant did, in fact, kill the victim, as he admitted to that

fact and proceeded under that theory at trial. With regard to the defendant’s challenge to

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premeditation, although no clear argument is made, we assume that his contention that the

“State failed to prove he was sufficiently free from excitement and passion” is based upon

his ingestion of and reaction to Ambien. However, these contentions, along with the

testimony of three doctors to support them, were put before the jury at trial. The

defendant’s theory was obviously rejected in light of their verdict. We will not review the

weight of the evidence assigned by the jury.

Our review reveals sufficient evidence to establish the element of premeditation.

Several of the enumerated factors which support a finding of premeditation are found in

this case. Here, the defendant viciously attacked the unarmed victim while in the car.

Although not entirely clear how the events unfolded, he stabbed her more than thirty

times before he disposed of her body in a park. This supports a finding of a particularly

cruel killing. Moreover, this court has held that stabbing wounds are more consistent

with premeditation than other types of wounds because the act of stabbing, by its very

nature, requires more effort, time, and intimate contact than does simply pulling the

trigger of a gun. See State v. Jason Christopher Underwood, No. M2006-01826-CCAR3-CD (Tenn. Crim. App. at Nashville, Dec. 10, 2008); see also State v. Keough, 18

S.W.3d 175, 181 (Tenn. 2000) (finding sufficient evidence of premeditation from the

brutal nature of the stabbing). The defendant is not entitled to relief on this issue.

II. Admission of Photographs

Next, the defendant contends that the trial court erred in allowing into evidence a

photograph of the victim while she was alive and photographs of the body found at the

crime scene. The admissibility of photographs is governed by Tennessee Rules of

Evidence 401 and 403. State v. Banks, 564 S.W.2d 947 (Tenn. 1978). The evidence must

be relevant, and its probative value must outweigh any prejudicial effect. Tenn. R. Evid.

403. The decision to admit the photographs rests within the sound discretion of the trial

court and will not be reversed absent a clear showing of an abuse of that discretion. State

v. Dickerson, 885 S.W.2d 90, 92 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993). To be admissible, a

photograph must be relevant to some issue at trial, and the danger of unfair prejudice,

confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury must not substantially outweigh its

probative value. Tenn. R. Evid. 403. The term “unfair prejudice” has been defined as

“[a]n undue tendency to suggest decision on an improper basis, commonly, though not

necessarily, an emotional one.” Banks, 564 S.W.2d at 951.

In deciding whether to admit photographs, the trial court must consider the

question of fact that the jury will have to consider in determining the accused’s guilt, as

well as other evidence that has been introduced during the course of the trial. State v.

Williamson, 919 S.W.2d 69, 78 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995). Photographs are not

necessarily rendered inadmissible because they are cumulative of other evidence or

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because descriptive words could be used. Collins v. State, 506 S.W.2d 179, 185 (Tenn.

Crim. App. 1973). However, photographs must be relevant to prove some part of the

prosecution’s case and must not be admitted solely to inflame the jury and prejudice them

against the defendant. Banks, 564 S.W.2d at 951.

A. Photograph of the Victim While Alive

First, the defendant challenges the trial court’s decision to admit a photograph of

the victim taken prior to the crime, asserting that it was error because the photograph may

have caused the jury to convict the defendant based on emotion rather than fact.

According to the defendant, the admission of this photograph caused “this picture [to

become] stuck in the minds of the jury which could have had the effect of influencing

their decision of how they viewed the proof.”

Our courts have repeatedly cautioned trial judges to give careful consideration to

the issue of relevancy before admitting photographs of a victim taken prior to the crime.

Such photos are often of tenuous relevancy. See State v. Dicks, 615 S.W.2d 126, 128

(Tenn. 1981) (“[I]t would have been better had the ‘before’ picture of [the victim] been

excluded since it added little or nothing to the sum total of knowledge of the jury.”); State

v. Young, 196 S.W.3d 85, 106 (Tenn. 2006) (holding that the relevancy of pictures taken

of the murder victim in her childhood was “only slight”). Likewise, when trial judges are

conducting a Rule 403 analysis, they should carefully consider whether such pictures will

unduly arouse the passions of a jury. See Young, 196 S.W.3d at 106 (emphasizing that

photographs of an adult murder victim taken in her childhood “ha[ve] the distinct

probability of appealing to the emotions of the jury”). It is well-established that pictures

of a murder victim depicting the victim’s life prior to the crime should be excluded where

their “primary purpose . . . is to elicit emotions of bias, sympathy, hatred, contempt,

retribution, or horror.” Id. (internal quotations omitted).

Here, the trial court admitted a photograph of the victim depicting her while still

living a customary life on the grounds that it was relevant to show the existence of a lifein-being. It is clear that the photographs taken of the victim at the crime scene amply

sufficed to prove her existence. The issue of the victim’s life or existence was not a

matter of dispute at trial. Consequently, the trial judge’s reliance on the purported need to

establish the existence of the murder victim’s life to support his conclusion that the

photograph at issue was relevant was misplaced, and the decision to admit the photograph

constituted error.

Indeed, the State in its brief does not mount a serious effort to defend the trial

judge’s determination that the photograph of the victim taken while alive was relevant to

any significant issue of dispute at the trial. Rather, the State asserts that this court should

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find any error that may have occurred harmless in light of the overwhelming evidence

against the defendant. See, e.g., Young, 196 S.W.3d at 106-07 (upholding conviction

despite error in admitting photographs of victim while alive because “the trial court’s

error . . . was harmless”); Dicks, 615 S.W.2d at 128 (finding no prejudicial error in the

admission of such photographs); State v. Richardson, 697 S.W.2d 594, 596-97 (Tenn.

Crim. App. 1985) (“As to the photographs of [the victim taken before and after the

offense], we find no prejudicial error in their admission.”). We agree that the evidence

against this defendant is overwhelming, and in light of Young, Dicks, and Richardson, we

conclude that the admission of this particular photograph in this particular case

constituted harmless error. However, we feel compelled to again caution against the

admission of such minimally relevant photographs, which have the potential to undermine

and place in jeopardy the outcome of the entire judicial proceedings. Moreover, although

the various cases have viewed admission of such a picture as harmless error, “it is

inappropriate for the appellate courts to preside over the creation of a body of ‘harmless

error law.’” State v. Gorman, 628 S.W.2d 739, 740 (Tenn. 1982). “At some point, the

need to preserve the integrity of the judicial process will require that the continued

practice not be subject to the harmless error rule.” State v. Richardson, 995 S.W.2d 119,

127 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1998).

B. Admission of Crime Scene Photographs

The defendant also challenges the trial court’s decision to admit into evidence

photographs of the victim’s body taken while at the crime scene. He contends that the

photographs were inflammatory and prejudicial in light of the fact that the defendant

admitted that he committed the murder. He asserts that “the pictures introduced by the

State [were] totally irrelevant, inflammatory and prejudicial because the probative value

would not clearly be outweighed by the prejudicial effect.” The State disagrees.

Generally, “photographs of the corpse are admissible in murder prosecutions if

they are relevant to the issues on trial, notwithstanding their gruesome and horrifying

character.” Banks, 564 S.W.2d at 950-51. Moreover, our supreme court has held that

photographs may be introduced in order to illustrate testimony. State v. Stephenson, 878

S.W.2d 530, 542 (Tenn. 1994). Additionally, it has previously been held that

photographs, even graphic ones, are admissible to show violence or the nature of the

injuries sustained. State v. Pappas, 754 S.W.2d 620, 624 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987).

Review of the record again reveals no abuse of discretion in the admission of these

photographs. As argued by the State, the trial court found that the photographs were

relevant to show the vantage point from which the victim’s body was discovered, to show

the extent of the injuries, to illustrate the testimony of the medical examiner, to establish

the length of time the body remained undiscovered, and to show the defendant’s intent

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and state of mind. We agree. Moreover, the court carefully considered the prejudicial

effect of each photograph prior to allowing its admission. The court found that all but

two of the photographs, those that showed no visible wounds, were in no way unfairly

prejudicial. With regard to the two more graphic photos, the court concluded that they

were “not humanized to the extent that it would be unduly graphic because no facial

expression is seen.” Again, we cannot conclude that the court abused its discretion in

weighing the relevance of the photographs against any prejudice which they caused. As

such, the defendant has failed to carry his burden of showing entitlement to relief on this

issue.

III. Motion In Limine Regarding a Prior Domestic Assault Charge

Next, the defendant contends that the trial court erred by denying his motion in

limine to exclude a tape recording made by the defendant and given to Mr. Smith in

which the defendant related the facts and circumstances surrounding his involvement in

the murder. The basis of the motion was that, on the tape, the defendant went into detail

regarding a prior domestic violence charge to which he pled guilty and received

probation.

The admissibility, relevancy, and competency of evidence are matters entrusted to

the sound discretion of the trial court, and this court must review the trial court’s

evidentiary rulings for an abuse of discretion. State v. DuBose, 953 S.W.2d 649, 652

(Tenn. 1997). Tennessee Rule of Evidence 401 states that “‘[r]elevant evidence’ is

evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to

the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without

the evidence.” Rule 402 states that “[a]ll relevant evidence is admissible except as

provided by the Constitution of the United States, the Constitution of Tennessee, these

rules, or other rules of law generally applicable in the courts of Tennessee. Evidence

which is not relevant is not admissible.” Tenn. R. Evid. 401, 402.

Additionally, Tennessee Rule of Evidence 404(a) states that “[e]vidence of a

person’s character or a trait of character is not admissible for the purpose of proving

action in conformity with the character or trait on a particular occasion, except [that the

accused may introduce evidence] of a pertinent character trait.” Tenn. R. Evid. 404(a)(1).

Rule 404(b) states that “[e]vidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to

prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity with the character

trait” but that this evidence may be used for other purposes. The rule lists four

requirements that must be satisfied before a court determines admissibility:

(1) [t]he court upon request must hold a hearing outside the jury’s presence;

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(2) [t]he court must determine that a material issue exists other than conduct

conforming with a character trait and must upon request state on the

record the material issue, the ruling, and the reasons for admitting the

evidence;

(3) [t]he court must find proof of the other crime, wrong, or act to be clear

and convincing; and

(4) [t]he court must exclude the evidence if its probative value is

outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.

Tenn. R. Evid. 404(b).

Again, this court reviews a trial court’s ruling on evidentiary matters under Rule

404(b), using an abuse of discretion standard provided that the trial court has substantially

complied with the procedural prerequisites of the rule. DuBose, 953 S.W.2d at 652. If

the court did not substantially comply with the procedure, its decision is not entitled to

deference by the appellate court. Id. at 653. While evidence of a prior crime, wrong, or

act is not admissible to prove that a defendant had the propensity or disposition to commit

the crime, it may be relevant and admissible to prove issues such as identity, intent,

motive, opportunity, or absence of mistake or accident. State v. Shropshire, 45 S.W.3d

64, 75 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2000). Where the trial court has been called to pass upon the

admissibility of evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts under Rule 404(b), its

determination is entitled to deference when it has substantially complied with the

procedural requisites of Rule 404(b). Thacker, 164 S.W.3d at 240.

Initially, we note that the record reflects that the trial court complied with the

procedure required by the rules of evidence, and, thus, its ruling is entitled to deference.

During the jury out hearing, the trial court found that a material issue existed other than

conduct conforming with a character trait, as the comments made on the tape went

directly to the defendant’s state of mind. The court, while noting that the quality of the

tape made it hard to tell exactly what was described by the defendant, found that there

were no statements made on the tape describing events which rose to the level of major

violence where someone was killed. The court further found that the evidence was clear

and convincing with regard to the defendant’s prior act, as it was admitted and described

in his own words. The court reiterated that the information was relevant and probative of

the defendant’s state of mind at the time of the crime as the defendant’s whole theory of

the case centered on his state of mind. In addition, the court specifically found that the

statement on the tape regarding the prior events was not prejudicial, stating that there is so

much probative value and so little danger of unfair prejudice because the intent and the

state of mind is what this case is about.

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The defendant acknowledges that the trial court complied with the procedure laid

out in the rules and appears to challenge only the trial court’s ruling that the evidence was

more probative than prejudicial. The defendant, while agreeing with the trial court that

the evidence was probative with regard to the defendant’s state of mind, contends that the

record supports a finding that it was “unduly prejudicial” as reflected by the question

asked by the jury during deliberations. He stated:

The point is that this question is proof that the jury was having trouble on

the only issue that it was to decide which was the [defendant’s] state of

mind at the time of the homicide. Therefore, any type of proof, especially a

charge of domestic assault, in the context of this case could have been the

key factor in which caused the jury to reach a verdict of murder in the first

degree rather than a lesser included charge of homicide.

Our review of the record leads us to conclude that the trial court did not abuse its

discretion in allowing the tape into evidence. As stated by the trial court, the evidence

was highly probative as the defendant’s whole theory involved his state of mind at the

time of the crime, i.e., that he did not kill the victim with premeditation. Moreover, we

cannot conclude that the record establishes a particularly strong risk of prejudicial effect.

The length and descriptions given by the defendant were not particularly detailed, and the

quality of the tape was poor. Moreover, nothing described on the tape was equivalent to

the crime in the instant trial. As such, we simply cannot conclude that the trial court

abused its discretion; therefore, the defendant is entitled to no relief.

IV. Written Communication to Juror

Next, the defendant asserts that he is entitled to a new trial because the jury

foreperson received a note that was improper extrinsic contact. The defendant claims that

this type of error is presumed to be prejudicial. We agree but conclude that the State

made a showing that was sufficient to overcome this presumption. Consequently, the

defendant is not entitled to relief.

There generally appears to be no dispute regarding the facts on which the

defendant’s challenge is based. The evidence reflects that the jury foreperson in this case

returned to his motel room after the dismissal of the alternates and found a note that had

been left by his former roommate, one of the alternate jurors. The note indicated that his

former roommate and the other alternate juror thought that the defendant was guilty of

first degree murder. With the exception of this note, none of the jurors had any

discussions with regard to the defendant’s guilt. The foreperson did not mention the note

to the other jurors or to anyone else prior to or during the jury’s deliberations. The note’s

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existence only came to light when the foreperson “just mentioned it in passing” to the

trial judge after the case was complete.

At a hearing on his motion for new trial, the defendant called the jury foreperson

as a witness, and he testified to the facts generally described above. Over the defendant’s

objection, the foreperson also testified that the note he found had no impact on his

verdict. The trial judge subsequently held that there was no likelihood that the note had

“actually affected deliberations” and denied the defendant’s claim.

The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I, section IX

of the Tennessee Constitution guarantee a criminal defendant the right to a trial “by an

impartial jury.” When a juror’s impartiality is called into question, the defendant initially

“bears the burden of providing a prima facie case of bias or partiality.” State v. Akins,

867 S.W.2d 350, 355 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993). When the defendant’s claim of bias

relates to some improper extrinsic contact that occurred during the jury’s deliberations,

the defendant must first adduce prima facie evidence that the extrinsic contact occurred

and that the contact exposed the jury to some improper influence or extraneous

information that was prejudicial in nature. Once “it has been shown that a juror was

exposed to extraneous prejudicial information or subjected to improper influence, a

rebuttable presumption of prejudice arises, and the burden shifts to the State to explain

the conduct or demonstrate that it was harmless.” Walsh v. State, 166 S.W.3d 641, 647

(Tenn. 2005). However, both the defendant’s ability to make a prima facie case and the

State’s ability to rebut it are limited in some important respects by Tennessee Rule of

Evidence 606(b). See id. at 646-47.

Tennessee Rule of Evidence 606(b), which was adopted with modest changes from

Federal Rule of Evidence 606(b), was intended to codify certain common law principles

designed to protect the fundamental integrity of the jury’s deliberative process. It

provides:

Upon an inquiry into the validity of a verdict or indictment, a juror

may not testify as to any matter or statement occurring during the course of

the jury’s deliberations or to the effect of anything upon any juror’s mind or

emotions as influencing that juror to assent to or dissent from the verdict or

indictment or concerning the juror’s mental processes, except that a juror

may testify on the question of whether extraneous prejudicial information

was improperly brought to the jury’s attention, whether any outside

influence was improperly brought to bear upon any juror, or whether the

jurors agreed in advance to be bound by a quotient or gambling verdict

without further discussion. . . .

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The rule was intended to encourage “full and frank discussion in the privacy of the

jury room and protect[] jurors from harassment by the losing party who might seek to

impeach the verdict.” Walsh, 166 S.W.3d at 646. When applied in the context of a

defendant’s claim of juror bias stemming from an improper prejudicial extrinsic

influence, however, our courts have construed the rule to apply not only to the losing

defendant but also to the State. In some instances, Rule 606(b) curtails the State’s ability

to rebut the presumption of prejudice that attaches once a defendant has established that a

juror was exposed to extraneous prejudicial information or subjected to an improper

influence. This outcome, while modestly counterintuitive in light of Rule 606(b)’s

second rationale, necessarily flowed from the Tennessee Supreme Court’s decision in

Walsh, which seemingly gave primacy to the need to protect a jury’s deliberative

processes against intrusion – even one by the State made in an effort to defend the jury’s

verdict against an attack by a losing party.

In Walsh, the court confronted a claim concerning a jury’s subjection to an

improper external influence that was not entirely dissimilar to the case at bar. The

defendant in that case had been found guilty after a jury trial of aggravated sexual battery.

At some point during the jury’s deliberations, a court officer entered the jury room and

was informed by a juror that the jury could not reach a verdict. Upon hearing this, the

officer made a statement to the effect that “you have to” and left the room. Prior to this

extrinsic contact, one juror had been the lone dissenting vote for not guilty. Thereafter,

the defendant was unanimously convicted. At a subsequent hearing to address the

defendant’s challenge to the verdict, the former holdout juror testified to the facts

described above but was further asked whether the communication was the basis for her

change in vote or the basis of her verdict, and she testified that it was not. Reviewing this

evidence, the trial court found that while an improper communication had occurred, the

State had rebutted the resulting presumption of prejudice by establishing through the

juror’s direct testimony that the improper extrinsic influence had not affected the verdict.

This court affirmed but was reversed by the Tennessee Supreme Court, which

concluded that the trial court had erred and violated Rule 606(b) by allowing the witness

to testify regarding the subjective effect of the extrinsic contact on the verdict. Id. at 646,

649. In so doing, the Walsh court noted that, pursuant to Rule 606(b), a juror is not

permitted to testify about anything occurring during deliberations, including the juror’s

own internal thoughts, motivations, or emotions. Id. at 647. The court observed that the

rule contains three exceptions permitting a juror to give such testimony and that two of

these explicit exceptions specifically encompass situations involving “extraneous

prejudicial information” and “outside influence.” Id. Rather than allowing these

exceptions to permit extensive questioning of a former juror into the jury’s deliberative

process for purposes of more or less fully resolving these claims, as some courts had done

previously, the Walsh court construed them in the more narrow fashion utilized by the

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Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals. Id. at 649 (citing, e.g., Haugh v. Jones & Laughlin

Steel Corp., 949 F.2d 914, 918 (7th Cir. 1991)). According to the Walsh court, the proper

procedure for a judge to follow under Rule 606(b) when analyzing a claim of juror bias

based on the receipt of extrinsic prejudicial information or improper influence is:

to limit the question asked the jurors to whether the communication was

made and what it contained, and then, having determined that the

communication took place and what exactly was said, to determine –

without asking the jurors anything further and emphatically without asking

them what role the communication played in their thoughts or discussions –

whether there is a reasonable possibility that the communication altered

their verdict.

Id. (quoting Haugh, 949 F.2d at 917).

The defendant asserts that, based upon this language of Walsh, the trial court

erroneously failed to grant a new trial because the court relied upon testimony given by

the foreperson to the effect that the communication did not influence his verdict.

However, we disagree and hold that the trial court did not rely on any improper testimony

in reaching its decision.

We reiterate that when the court below held a hearing on the defendant’s claim, it

should have followed the Tennessee Supreme Court’s clear instruction in Walsh. Once

questioning had established that an extrinsic contact had occurred and fully revealed the

precise content of that contact, all questioning of the juror concerning the jury’s

deliberations should have ceased entirely. See id. at 649 (trial judges must resolve issue

“without asking the jurors anything further” concerning their deliberative process). The

court below, however, declined to require the prosecutor to end this particular line of

questioning at the appropriate point and permitted some additional questions to be asked

that should not have been asked.

A close review of the record in this case reveals that, while the trial court did allow

the witness to testify concerning some improper topics, the court did not rely on the

content of this testimony in reaching its ruling. Rather, the trial court permitted the

State’s questioning of the foreperson to continue beyond the limits authorized by Walsh

under the mistaken premise that the court needed to do so as something akin to an “offer

of proof,” i.e., something that was necessary for purposes of allowing the State to develop

its record. The court went on to explain that “if there [are] parts of this information that I

can’t consider, then I won’t.”

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After hearing all of the evidence, the court found that the defendant had

established that an improper communication had occurred and that the burden had shifted

to the State to rebut the ensuing presumption of prejudice. In ruling that the State had met

this burden, the trial court explained:

Ms. Wilde, the court reporter here has looked up the case – they

began deliberations on Thursday afternoon – whatever week this was. They

adjourned for the day at 6:48 – that was on Thursday. So, they did

deliberate for almost three hours; and that’s when this – they went back to

the hotel room. And on Friday morning, the deliberations continued. So,

they did deliberate for three hours before being let go for the day. So, now

the question in my mind is, did this enter into the deliberations. I see no – I

see no other proof that it actually affected deliberations.

[Number One], when he received this note, he did not – they were

not in deliberations. They were ordered not to deliberate. He was in his

hotel room, and they didn’t begin redeliberating until the next morning. So,

this communication, if you want to talk semantics – if you want to get real

picky about it – which apparently they want us to – it did not occur during

deliberations, period.

So, the next day, without having shown this note to anyone else,

deliberations resumed; and it wasn’t until after the jury verdict was returned

that he shared the information contained in the note with the other jurors.

I see no proof that this affected it in any way. The rebuttable

presumption, I think it’s rebuttable by the mere fact that it did not actually

come in. None of the other jurors heard this or saw it or knew about it. So,

if, in fact, he had brought it to the deliberations the next day and said, “Oh,

by the way, these guys, they think he’s guilty, so, therefore, we ought to

vote” – it didn’t affect it one way or another. I may be wrong, but the way I

look at it, it did not enter deliberations. He had the benefit, as a juror, to sit

there and talk about the facts of the case with the other jurors, whereas the

alternates did not; and that’s the reason why we all know that any lawyer

never talks to the alternates because they usually get it wrong because they

don’t have the benefit of deliberating with the other jurors.

Conspicuously absent from the trial judge’s reasoning is any reference to any of

the foreperson’s testimony regarding the jury’s deliberative process. Based upon this

record, we conclude that the trial court reached its decision that the defendant was not

prejudiced by the communication without, in any way, considering the foreperson’s

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specific testimony that the communication did not affect the verdict and, therefore, did

not rely on any information forbidden by Walsh.

The reasons given by the trial court to support its conclusion that the State carried

its burden in rebutting the presumed prejudice which accompanies improper extrinsic

communications focused on the fact that only the foreperson knew of the existence and

content of the note, and the fact that he never told anyone made it clear that the content of

the note never entered into the jury deliberation process. It is true that the entire venire

was not tainted with the knowledge of what the vote of the two alternates would have

been, but the foreperson was. So we must determine on this record whether there is a

reasonable possibility that the note altered the foreperson’s verdict. We note, as did the

trial court, that the court properly charged the jury in this case, and juries are presumed to

follow their charge. See State v. Banks, 271 S.W.3d 90, 134 (Tenn. 2008). The

foreperson is selected by the members of the jury and shall preside over the deliberations.

T.P.I. - Crim. 43.05 (10th ed. 2006). This foreperson, alone, received the note and never

told any other juror. This foreperson had the benefit of the jury’s deliberations. We

presume this foreperson followed his charge.

In this case, the weight of the evidence alone would appear to be highly relevant

to any analysis of the State’s rebuttal case. The evidence against this defendant was

overwhelming; the defendant himself confessed to the crime. Thus, the existing great

weight of the evidence against this defendant suffices to rebut the presumption of

prejudice that attached when the defendant established his prima facie case and rendered

the improper extrinsic contact at issue nonprejudicial. We can discern nothing else in the

record that indicates there was a reasonable possibility that this communication altered

the foreman’s verdict or the jury’s verdict. As such, the defendant is not entitled to relief.

V. Jury Instruction Request

Finally, the defendant contends that the trial court erred in denying his request for

a jury instruction on diminished capacity, although we are somewhat unclear as to the

defendant’s reasoning behind his argument. The entire argument contained in the brief is

as follows:

After both sides rested [their] proof in chief, the jury was excused

and a discussion was held as to the appropriate jury instructions. In

addition, the Court denied the defendant’s special request [number one] for

a jury instruction on diminished capacity. The Court was of the opinion

that the term “mental condition” was appropriate and that the words

“diminished capacity” would not be appropriate. Therefore defendant’s

special request was denied by the Judge.

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For all of the above reasons [the defendant] respectfully moves that the

Court erred in denying defendant’s special request. (State v. Hall, 958

S.W.2d 679 ([Tenn.] 1997).

From this, we can only assume that the defendant, on appeal, is relying only on State v.

Hall as a reiteration of his argument made to the trial court. We review accordingly.

A defendant has a “constitutional right to a correct and complete charge of the

law.” State v. Teel, 793 S.W.2d 236, 249 (Tenn. 1990). In determining whether jury

instructions are erroneous, this court must review the charge in its entirety and invalidate

the charge only if, when read as a whole, it fails to fairly submit the legal issues or

misleads the jury as to the applicable law. State v. Vann, 976 S.W.2d 93, 101 (Tenn.

1998). Special instructions are given “to supply an omission or correct a mistake made in

the general charge, to present a material question not treated in the general charge, or to

limit, extend, eliminate, or more accurately define a proposition already submitted to the

jury.” State v. Cozart, 54 S.W.3d 242, 245 (Tenn. 2001).

In requesting this special instruction, as noted, the defendant relied upon language

in State v. Hall. The issue in Hall was whether expert testimony was admissible to

demonstrate that the accused “lack[ed] the capacity, because of mental disease or defect,

to form the requisite culpable mental state to commit the offense charged.” Hall, 958

S.W.2d at 689. In holding that such evidence is admissible, the court emphasized,

however, that the proof “must demonstrate that the defendant’s inability to form the

requisite culpable mental state was the product of mental disease or defect, not just a

particular emotional state or mental condition.” Id. at 690.

In the instant case, the defendant requested that the jury be charged with a special

jury instruction on diminished capacity. “It is well settled that diminished capacity is not

a defense capable of excusing or defeating a criminal charge in Tennessee.” State v.

Grose, 982 S.W.2d 349, 353 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997). Diminished capacity can,

however, be introduced to lessen an offense when it serves to negate mens rea. Phipps,

883 S.W.2d at 148. Evidence of an accused’s mental state at the time of the commission

of the crime is admissible to negate elements of specific intent, including premeditation

and deliberation in a first degree murder case. Id. at 149. The defendant in this case was

entitled to and did introduce evidence of his diminished mental abilities. He did this

through presentation of the experts regarding his ingestion of Ambien and his alleged

vulnerability to the drug.

In denying the defendant’s special request, the trial court reviewed and evaluated

the proof which was presented, including the testimony of the three experts called by the

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defense. The court found that none of the proof presented established that the defendant

was suffering from a mental disease or defect. Rather, the proof simply established that

he was “vulnerable” with regard to the enhanced effects of Ambien. The trial counsel

concluded that the special instruction on diminished capacity was not necessary in this

case and that the pattern instruction was sufficient.

Following review, we find no error. The trial court properly reviewed the

evidence in making its determination. The jury was instructed on the proper mens rea

necessary to find the defendant guilty of first degree murder, including an instruction that

they were to consider all evidence presented with regard to the defendant’s ability to form

the requisite intent. Having concluded that the jury was properly instructed, it follows

that the defendant is entitled to no relief on this issue.

CONCLUSION

Based upon the foregoing, the judgment of conviction and sentence in this case are

affirmed.

_________________________________

JOHN EVERETT WILLIAMS, JUDGE

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