Palaeocopid and Podocopid Ostracoda from the 

Lexington Limestone and Clays Ferry Formation 

(Middle and Upper Ordovician) of Central Kent~cky 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1066-H 

Prepared in cooperation with the 

Commonwealth of Kentucky, 

University of Kentucky, 

Kentucky Geological Survey 

Palaeocopid and Podocopid Ostracoda from the 

Lexington Limestone and Clays Ferry Formation 

(Middle and Upper Ordovician) of Central Kentucky 

By S.M. WARSHAUER and JEAN M. BERDAN 

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY 

OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES 

Edited by jOHN POJETA, jR. 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1066-H 

Prepared in cof!peration with the 

Commonwealth of Kentucky, 

University of Kentu~ky, 

Kentucky Geological Survey 

Descriptions an:d illustrations of 

54 ostracode taxa, ~·ncluding 

5 new generq and 18 new species, 

with discussions of their 

paleoecologic and stratigraphic 

significance 

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON:1982 
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

JAMES G. WATT, Secretary 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

Dallas L. Peck, Director 

Library of Congress catalog-card No. 82-600570 

For sale by the Distribution Branch, U.S. Geological Survey, 

604 South Pickett Street, Alexandria, VA 22304 
CONTENTS 

Page Page 

Abstract -------------------------------------------- H1 Systematic Paleontology-Continued 

Introduction ----------------------------------------- 1 Order Palaeocopida-Continued 

Acknowledgements -------------------------------- 2 

Previous work ---------------------------------------- 2 

Age and correlation ----------------------------------- 4 

Paleoecology ----------------------------------------- 5 

Genus Saccelatia Kay, 1940 ---------------------- H51 

Genus Anisocyamus Martinsson, 1960 ______________ 52 

Genus Leperditella Ulrich, 1894 ------------------- 52 

Genus Byrsolopsina Swain and Cornell, 1961________ 54 

Genus Schmidtella Ulrich, 1892 ------------------- 54 

List of localities --------------------------------------- 14 Genus Easchmidtella Schallreuter, 1967 ------------ 56 

Systematic paleontology-------------------------------- 19 GenusLaccoprimita Ulrich and Bassler, 1923 ________ 57 

Order Palaeocopida -------------------------------- 19 Genus Milleratia Swartz, 1936 -------------------- 61 

Genus Quasibollia n. gen ------------------------- 19 Genus Uninodobolba n. gen ----------------------- 62 

Genus Warthinia Spivey, 1939-------------------- 23 Genus Ectoprimitia Boucek, 1936 ----------------- 62 

Genus Parenthatia Kay, 1940 --------------------- 26 Genus Ningulella n. gen ------------------------- 63 

Genus Gephyropsis n. gen ------------------------ 27 Genus Pseudoprimitiella Warshauer, 1981 __________ 64 

Genus Jonesella Ulrich, 1890 --------------------- 27 Genus Bolbopisthia Guber and Jaanusson, 1964 ______ 65 

Genus Ballardina Harris, 1957 ------------------- 28 Genus A mericoncha Schallreuter, 1968 _____________ 66 

Genus Ctenobolbina Ulrich, 1890 ------------------ 29 Genus Cryptophyllus Levinson, 1951_______________ 67 

Genus Ceratopsis Ulrich, 1894 -------------------- 32 Order Podocopida ---------------------------------- 68 

Genus Dicranella Ulrich, 1894 -------------------- 45 Genus Phelobythocypris n. gen -------------------- 68 

Genus Eurychilina Ulrich, 1889 ------------------- 46 Genus Shenandoia Kraft, 1962 -------------------- 69 

Genus Cystomatochilina Jaanusson, 1957 ___________ 46 Genus Elliptocyprites Swain, 1962----------------- 70 

Genus Platybolbina (Rimabolbina) Schallreuter, 1969 _ 47 Genus Silenis Neckaja, 1958 ---------------------- 70 

Genus Hesperidella Opik, 1937-------------------- 48 Genus Krausella Ulrich, 1894 --------------------- 71 

Genus Oepikella Thorslund, 1940 ---"--------------- 49 Genus Pseudorayella Neckaja, 1960 ---------------- 71 

Genus Macronotella Ulrich, 1894 ------------------ 49 Genus Reversocypris P~ibyl, 1955 ----------------- 71 

Genus Aparchites Jones, 1889 -------------------- 49 References cited -------------------------------------- 72 

Genus Brevidorsa Neckaja, 1973 ------------------ 50 Index ----------------------------------------------- 77 

ILLUSTRATIONS 

PLATE 1. Quasibollia and Warthinia. 

2. Parenthatia and Warthinia. 

3. Ballardina, Gephyropsis, and Jonesella. 

4. Ctenobolbina. 

5. Ceratopsis and Hastatellina?. 

6, 7. Ceratopsis. 

8. Ceratopsis? and Ceratopsis. 

[Plates follow index] 

9. Hesperidella?, Dicranella, Dicranella?, Platybolbina (Rimabolbina), Apatochilina, Cystomatochilina, Eurychilina. 

10. Macronotella?, Saccelatia, Hyperchilarina, Oepikella, "Aparchites," Brevidorsa. 

11. Leperditella?, Anisocyamus, Anisocyamus?, and Leperditella 

12. Byrsolopsina?, Easchmidtella, and Schmidtella. 

13. Laccoprimitia. 

14. Milleratia, Laccoprimitia, Ectoprimitia?, and Uninodobolba. 

15. Ningulella and Pseudoprimitiella?. 

16. Bolbopisthia and Cystomatochilina. 

17. Cryptophyllus, Eridoconcha, and A mericoncha. 

18. Shenandoia?, Elliptocyprites, Phelobythocypris, and Silenis. 

19. Reversocypris?, Pseudorayella, and Krausella. 

III 
IV CONTENTS 

Page 

FIGURE 1. Generalized map of central Kentucky showing Ordovician ostracode localities used in this study--------------------

2. Q-mode dendrogram showing the relationship of the 44 quantitatively defined collections to one another-------------

H3 

9 

3-10. Histogram of common genera in: 

3. Cluster A ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4. Cluster B -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5. Cluster C ~----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6. Cluster D -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7. Cluster E -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

8. Cluster F -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

9. Cluster G -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

10. Cluster H ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11. Histogram of the single collection in outlier I--------------------------------------------------------------

12-20. Size-dispersion diagrams for specimens of: 

12. Quasibollia persulcata -------------------------------------------------------------------------

13. VVarthinia nodosa ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

14. Ballardina millersburgia ----------------------------------------------------------------------

15. Ctenobolbina ventrispinifera --------------------------------------------------------------------

16. Ceratopsis intermedia, paralectotypes ------------------------------------------------------------

~~: g:~~~~~:~: ~~~~~~ah~~~~-=============================================================== 19. Ceratopsis intermedia and Ceratopsis asymmetrica -------------------------------------------------

20. Laccoprimitia cryptomorphologica --------------------------------------------------------------

TABLES 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

15 

16 

17 

22 

25 

30 

32 

37 

38 

42 

43 

60 

Page 

TABLE 1. Ostracode taxa described in this paper and the stratigraphic units and the collections in which they occur------------------ H6 

2. Lithologies of the ostracode-bearing stratigraphic units included in this study---------------------------------------- 8 

3. Measurements of 17 specimens of Quasibollia persulcata -------------------------------------------------------- 21 

4. Statistical summary of measurements for Quasibollia persulcata -------------------------------------------------- 22 

5. Measurements of 48 specimens of VVarthinia nodosa ------------------------------------------------------------ 24 

6. Statistical summary of measurements for VVarthinia nodosa ----------------------------------------------------- 25 

7-9. Measurements of: 

7. Sixteen specimens of Parenthatia sadievillensis --------------------------------------------------------- 26 

8. Eleven specimens of Jonesella gonyloba ---------------------------------------------------------------- 28 

9. Thirteen specimens of Ballardina millersburgia -------------------------------------------------------- 29 

10. Statistical summary of measurements for Ballardina millersburgia ----------------------------------------------- 29 

11. Measurements of 4 7 carapaces of Ctenobolbina ventrispinifera ---------------------------------------------------- 31 

12. Statistical summary of measurements for Ctenobolbina ventrispinifera --------------------------------------------- 31 

13. Statistical summary of measurements for the lectotype and paralectotypes of Ceratopsis intermedia --------------------- 36 

14. Measurements of 22 unfigured hypotypes of Ceratopsis intermedia ------------------------------------------------ 37 

15. Statistical summary of measurements for Ceratopsis intermedia -------------------------------------------------- 37 

16. Measurements of 83 specimens of Ceratopsis asymmetrica ------------------------------------------------------- 40 

17. Statistical summary of measurements for Ceratopsis asymmetrica ------------------------------------------------ 41 

18-22. Measurements of: 

18. Six specimens of Brevidorsa strodescreekensis ----------------------------~----------------------------- 50 

19. Three specimens of Leperditella sp. aff. L. tumida ------------------------------------------------------- 52 

20. Eight specimens of Schmidtella brevis----------------------------------------------------------------- 55 

21. Twenty specimens of Laccoprimitia rudis ------------------------------------------------------------- 58 

22. Sixty-four specimens of Laccoprimitia cryptomorphologica ----------------------------------------------- 59 

23. Statistical summary of measurements for Laccoprimitia cryptomorphologica ---------------------------------------- 60 

24-26. Measurements of: 

24. Four specimens of Laccoprimitia claysferryensis -------------------------------------------------------- 61 

25. Twenty-six specimens of Americoncha dubia ----------------------------------------------------------- 66 

26. Eight specimens of Phelobythocypris cylindrica --------------------------------------------------------- 69 
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES 

PALAEOCOPID AND PODOCOPID OSTRACODA FROM THE 

LEXINGTON LIMESTONE AND CLAYS FERRY FORMATION 

(MIDDLE AND UPPER ORDOVICIAN) OF CENTRAL KENTUCKY 

By S. M. WARSHAUER 1 and jEAN M. BERDAN 

ABSTRACT 

The Middle through lower Upper Ordovician Lexington Limestone 

and lower part of the Clays Ferry Formation contain an abundant and 

diversified ostracode fauna. More than 10,000 specimens belonging to 

39 genera and 53 species have been found in 73 collections made by 

members of the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Kentucky Geological Survey between 1961 and 1970. Five of the genera 

and 17 of the species are new. New taxa include the genera Gephyropsis, Ningulella, Phelobythocypris, Quasibollia, and Uninodobolba and 

the following species: Americoncha dubia, Ballardina millersburgia, 

Brevidorsa strodescreekensis, Ceratopsis asymmetrica, C. fimbriata, 

Ctenobolbina ventrispinifera, Cystomatochilina reticulotiara, 

Easchmidtella sinuidorsata, Gephyropsis trachyreticulata, Jonesella 

gonyloba, Laccoprimitia claysferryensis, L. cryptomorphologica, 

Leperditella? perplexa, Ningulella paupera, Parenthatia sadievillensis, Silenis kentuckyensis, and Uninodobolba franklinensis. In addition, a new species, Quasibollia copelandi, is described from the Middle Ordovician of Ontario. The type specimens of ostracodes previously 

described from these formations but not represented in the recent collections are redescribed and refigured. The genus Warthinia Spivey, 

1939, is reinstated for Ordovician bolliids with two to four nodes, and 

the genus Ceratopsis Ulrich, 1894, is reviewed with new figures of all 

known North American species of the genus. 

Forty-four collections included enough specimens to warrant quantitative analysis. The temporal and spatial distribution of the genera 

were defined by using Q-mode cluster analysis based on Sorensen's 

quantified coefficient of association. The resulting phenogram indicated the existence of eight clusters; these clusters were characterized by calculation of constancy and fidelity measures for each of the 

variables. Generic diversity, compound generic diversity, and 

lithologic associations were scanned in an attempt to delineate the 

paleoecologic regime of each cluster. In general, a trend can be seen in 

which the higher diversity Phelobythocypris-dominated clusters are 

found in the muddier rocks and less diverse, highly Ceratopsisdominated clusters in the predominantly carbonate members. An exception to this generalization is found in the limestones of the Strodes 

Creek Member of the Lexington Limestone which has the highest 

ostracode diversity. However, the Strodes CreeR is found entirely 

within the confines of the muddy Millersburg Member of the Lexington and is believed to represent a similar environment. Diversity 

differences in these ostracode associations are thought to be controlled 

mainly by substrate and kinetic energy level. We suggest that the 

associations may represent ecologically controlled ostracode 

assemblages. 

'West Virginia University, Morgantown, W.Va. 

INTRODUCTION 

This paper is one of a series describing various 

elements of the Ordovician fauna of Kentucky; it is 

based upon collections made during the course of a program to map the geology of the State, conducted by the 

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the 

Kentucky Geological Survey. The collections were not 

made specifically for ostracodes but for megafossils such 

as brachiopods and, especially, silicified pelecypods; the 

ostracodes, therefore, are byproducts and may represent biased samples. Many of the specimens are silicified 

and were picked from .residues after the limestone had 

been dissolved by hydrochloric or acetic acid. For all collections, 25 pounds were dissolved in acetic acid. This 

process may also have introduced a bias, as in some collections the ostracodes are represented by phosphatic 

steinkerns although the megafossils are silicified. This 

suggests that in some collections ostracodes may have 

been present but were not replaced by silica, and hence 

are not recorded. Some specimens are calcareous and 

were picked from samples of washed shale; a few were 

extracted from bioclastic limestone with a vibrograver 

and a needle. In all, 73 collections from 22 localities 

yielded the more than 10,000 ostracode specimens that 

formed the basis of this paper. Although the samples 

may be biased, as indicated above, and although further 

collecting would probably add more taxa than are 

described here, we believe that the number of collections 

studied is sufficient to give a fairly accurate picture of 

the character of the ostracode fauna of the Lexington 

Limestone and lower part of the Clays Ferry Formation. 

In addition to these recent collections by members of 

the U.S. Geological Survey, the type collection in the 

U.S. National Museum of Natural History contains 

many specimens described from the Ordovician of Kentucky between 1890 and 1920. Not all the taxa 

represented by these specimens have been found in our 

collections; however, we have refigured the types where 

H1 
H2 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES 

available and pertinent because many of the original illustrations are line drawings that do not represent the 

described taxon accurately. As many of the early species 

have later been made the type species of genera, we 

hope that these figures will help to clarify the concept of 

some of these taxa and will give a more comprehensive 

view of the ostracodes of the Lexington Limestone and 

lower part of the Clays Ferry Formation. 

The more recent collections were mostly made from 

measured sections described by Cressman (1973) and 

Pojeta (1979). The localities of these collections are 

shown on figure 1. Locality data for the older collections 

are usually generalized, and the stratigraphic terminology has changed as a result of recent work; 

however, we can identify most of the horizons from 

which the specimens were obtained. 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

We thank Frederick J. Collier, of the U.S. National 

Museum of Natural History; Joseph H. Peck, of the 

Museum of Paleontology, University of California, 

Berkeley; and Murray J. Copeland, of the Geological 

Survey of Canada, for permission to borrow and 

photograph type specimens. In addition, thanks are 

hereby extended to the staff at West Virginia University, whose help was indispensable. Robert Wallace and 

Ronald Gervason, in particular, of the Department of 

Geology and Geography, helped in measuring the 

specimens and in preparing the statistical analysis. 

PREVIOUS WORK 

The highly fossiliferous Ordovician strata of Cincinnati, Ohio, and adjacent parts of Kentucky attracted 

some of the first American paleontologists; consequently, many of the more common genera and species of this 

area were described before the end of the 19th century. 

Emmons (1855, p. 218-219) included ostracodes from 

this region as "characteristic American fossils" in his 

textbook on American geology, and S. A. Miller, in a 

series of papers from 187 4 to 1897 (see Bassler and 

Kellett, 1934, p. 126, for complete list), described or 

discussed ostracodes together with other elements of 

the fauna. Most of the species were from the Cincinnatian Provincial Series and represent horizons younger 

than those discussed in this paper, but many of the 

genera for which they have become the type species also 

occur in older rocks; for example, Beyrichia ciliata Emmons, 1855, and Beyrichia chambersi Miller, 1874, the 

type species of Ctenobolbina Ulrich, 1890, and Ceratopsis Ulrich, 1894, respectively, are from the Kope Formation, but representatives of these genera are common in 

the underlying Lexington Limestone. 

I11 1879, E. 0. Ulrich described four species from the 

vicinity of Covington, Ky., of which two (Leperditia 

crepiformis and Beyrichia persulcata) appear to have 

come from the Point Pleasant Tongue of the Clays Ferry 

Formation and the other two (Leperditia unicornis and 

L. bivertex) probably came from either the Point Pleasant or the Kope Formation (Edenian). Later, Ulrich 

(1890) described additional species from the Ordovician 

of Kentucky, of which four (Primitia nitida, P.? 

sculptilis, P. centralis, P. perminima) are palaecopids 

from beds that would now be considered part of the Lexington Limestone (P. nitida and P.? sculptilis) or from 

either the Point Pleasant or the lowermost part of the 

Kope (P. centralis and P. perminima). In 1894, Ulrich 

(1897) named one species, Ceratopsis intermedia, the 

types of which come from the Point Pleasant. Bassler 

and Kellett (1934, p. 52) listed 14 species of ostracodes 

from the "Trenton," or Middle Ordovician, of Kentucky, 

of which half are leperditicopids and are not discussed in 

this paper. 

Little detailed taxonomic work has been published on 

the Ordovician ostracodes from Kentucky since the 

beginning of the century, although th~ generic 

assignments of many species have been changed. Eleven 

genera have type species from the upper Middle and 

lowermost Upper Ordovician (Edenian) rocks of the 

State and immediately adjacent parts of Ohio, but of 

these, five are from the High Bridge Group, which 

underlies the Lexington Limestone and is not within the 

scope of this report. Two of the remaining six genera, 

Laccoprimitia Ulrich and Bassler, 1923 (type species, 

Primitia centralis Ulrich, 1890), and Pseudulrichia 

Schmidt, 1941 (type species, Leperditia bivertex Ulrich, 

1879), are based on specimens from either the Point 

Pleasant Tongue of the Clays Ferry Formation or the 

Kope Formation at Covington, Ky.; the other four 

genera, Ceratopsis Ulrich, 1894, Ctenobolbina Ulrich, 

1890, Jonesella Ulrich, 1890, and Warthinia Spivey, 

1939, are based on species from the Edenian Kope Formation at Cincinnati, Ohio, or Covington, Ky., but also 

occur in the Lexington and the Clays Ferry. Warshauer 

(1975) redescribed the type species of Ceratopsis, C. 

chambersi (Miller, 187 4) from the Kope Formation of 

southwestern Ohio and northern Kentucky. 

The massive character of much of the Lexington 

Limestone probably accounts for the small number of 

species described from it previously, as tne more ornate 

ostracodes are extremely difficult to extract unbroken 

from this type of rock, whereas the calcareous shales of 

the Clays Ferry and Kope Formations are more suitable 

for mechanical preparation. When the U.S. Geological 

Survey in cooperation with the Kentucky Geological 

Survey began mapping the entire State in 1961, many 
OSTRACODA, LEXINGTON LIMESTONE, CLAYS FERRY FORMATION, KENTUCKY 

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FIGURE 1.-Generalized map of central Kentucky, by county, showing Ordovician ostracode localities (numbered circles) used in this study. 

Index map shows location of study area (shaded). 
H4 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES 

samples of Lexington Limestone were prepared 

chemically for the first time, and the residues from these 

samples contained many silicifie<;i ostracodes. Berdan 

(1970) gave a preliminary report on the character of the 

ostracode assemblages in the Lexington, and Cressman 

(1973) published lists of the ostracodes showing their 

stratigraphic occurrence. This paper provides descriptions and illustrations of the palaeocopid and podocopid 

ostracodes from these collections for the first time. 

AGE AND CORRELATION 

Pojeta (1979) summarized the evidence for the age of 

the Lexington Limestone and Clays Ferry Formation 

and concluded that the Lexington ranges in age from 

Kirkfieldian to Edenian (late Middle Ordovician to early 

Late Ordovician) and that the Clays Ferry ranges from 

Shermanian to Edenian (late Middle Qrdovician to early 

Late Ordovician). In places, the Point Pleasant Tongue 

of the Clays Ferry crosses the Middle-Late Ordovician 

boundary (Pojeta, 1979; Sweet, 1979). The lower part of 

the Lexington (Curdsville Limestone Member) has been 

correlated with the upper part (Ion Dolomite Member) of 

the Decorah Formation of Minnesota by Cooper (1956), 

using brachiopods, and by Sweet and Bergstrom (1976), 

using conodonts, although Karklins (oral commun., 

1977), on the basis of bryozoans, considers that Decorah 

equivalents also may be included in the younger Grier 

Limestone Member of the Lexington. Sweet and 

Bergstrom (1976, p. 133) correlated the remainder of 

the Lexington and the lower part of the Point Pleasant 

Tongue with the "Cummingsville Formation" and the 

upper part of the Point Pleasant with the "Prosser Formation," both of the "Galena Group" in Minnesota. In addition, Sweet and Bergstrom (1976, p. 133) indicated 

correlation of the Lexington-Point Pleasant with the upper part of the "Corbin Ranch" and lower part of the 

"Viola Formations" of south-central Oklahoma; the 

"Hermitage, Cannon, Bigby," and lower part of the 

"Catheys Formations" of central Tennessee; the "Kings 

Falls, Sugar River," and lower part of the "Denley Formations" of New York; and the upper part of the "Nealmont, Salona, and Coburn Formations" of central Pennsylvania. 

The ostracode faunas from the formations correlated 

with the Lexington Limestone and Clays Ferry Formation in Oklahoma, Tennessee, New York, and Pennsylvania are poorly known. Harris (1957, p. 272) listed 

eight species that he had described from the Corbin 

Ranch Formation of south-central Oklahoma; five of 

these are species of one genus, Leperditella Ulrich, 

1894, and none of the eight species has been found in 

Kentucky. As far as we know, no ostracodes have been 

described from the Viola Limestone. In Tennessee, 

Bassler and Kellett (1934, p. 52) listed 16 species from 

the Hermitage, Cannon, and Catheys Limestones, of 

which nine are leperditicopids and beyond the scope of 

this report. Of the remaining seven, two, Ceratopsis intermedia Ulrich, 1894, and Phelobythocypris cylindrica 

(Hall, 1871), are abundant throughout the Lexington 

Limestone and Clays Ferry Formation; two, 

Ctenobolbina ciliata parva Kirk, 1928, and Bolbopisthia 

reticulata (Kirk, 1928), are closely related to forms from 

the Lexington and the Clays Ferry; three, Bolbopisthia 

progressa (Kirk, 1928), Eurychilina reticulata Ulrich, 

1889, and Glymmatobolbina praenuntia (Ulrich and 

Bassler, 1908) have not yet been found in Kentucky. The 

ostracodes from. formations equivalent to the Lexington 

and the Clays Ferry in New York are in need of revision. 

Bassler and Kellett (1934, p. 51-53) listed taxa from the 

"Trenton" and "Eden" of New York; most of these were 

described more than 50 years ago and have not been 

studied since. As yet, no ostracodes have been reported 

from beds correlated with the Lexington and the Clays 

Ferry from Pennsylvania. 

In contrast, ostracodes from the Decorah, "Cummingsville, and Prosser" of Minnesota and adjacent 

States are relatively well known. Ulrich (1894, see 1897) 

described many of the ostracodes from the Decorah 

("Trenton shales") and the "Cummingsville" and the 

"Prosser" ("Galena shales"), and further descriptions of 

Decorah ostracodes have been provided by Kay (1934, 

1940) and Swain, Cornell, and Hansen (1961). Copeland 

(1965, 1971, 1974, 1977a, b) has documented the occurrence of elements of the Decorah ostracode assemblage 

in areas of Canada as · widely separated as the 

southeastern District of Franklin, southwestern District 

of Mackenzie, western Newfoundland, and southern Ontario. Under the circumstances, it is unfortunate that we 

have only four collections that yielded ostracodes from 

the Curdsville Limestone Member of the Lexington 

Limestone, the lowest member of the formation and 

presumably the equivalent of the Decorah. Three of 

these collections have yielded only a few species, most of 

which are long ranging, but one (USGS colin. 5083-CO), 

from the lowest foot of the Curdsville, contains 10 taxa 

that are similar to or are the same as those in the 

Decorah fauna. These include Eurychilina subradiata 

Ulrich, 1890, Hesperidella? initialis (Ulrich, 1894), 

Dicranella? sp. aff. D.? marginata Ulrich, 1894, and an 

"Aparchites" sp. belonging to the group of "Aparchites" 

fimbriatus (Ulrich, 1892). None of these 10 taxa has 

been found in overlying members of the Lexington 

Limestone or in the Clays Ferry Formation. 

Ostracodes from the "Cummingsville" ·and the "Prosser" have not been as thoroughly studied as those from 

the Decorah. However, Bassler and Kellett (1934, p. 51) 

listed 16 species from the "Prosser," which at that time 
OSTRACODA, LEXINGTON LIMESTONE, CLAYS FERRY FORMATION, KENTUCKY H5 

would have included the "Cummingsville." An emended 

and updated version of their list follows: Bollia subaequata Ulrich, 1894, Bollia unguloidea Ulrich, 1894, Byrsolopsina? uphami (Ulrich, 1894), Ceratopsis chambersi 

(Miller, 187 4), Ctenobolbina? obliqua Ulrich, 1894, 

Eurychilina ventrosa Ulrich, 1894, Halliella labiosa 

Ulrich, 1894, J onesella? obscura Ulrich, 1894, 

Macrocyproides trentonensis (Ulrich, 1894), Maratia 

micula (Ulrich, 1894), Phelobythocypris cylindrica (Hall, 

1871), Punctaparchites rugosus (Jones, 1858), Punctaparchites rugosus arctus (Ulrich, 1894), Schmidtella 

affinis Ulrich, 1894, Schmidtella incompta subaequalis 

Ulrich, 1894, Tetradella lunatifera Ulrich, 1894. The 

presence of Ceratopsis chambersi in the "Prosser" has 

not been verified; Ulrich (1894, see 1897, p. 677) mentioned that he had not found it in any part of the 

"Galena." In addition to the taxa listed above, a collection from the "Prosser" south of Fountain, Minn. (USGS 

4029-CO), contains Eoaquapulex socialis (Levinson, 

1961), Brevidorsa sp., Krausella sp., and 

Macrocyproides sp. Although the 19 taxa cited here probably represent only a small part of the "Cummings ville" 

and the "Prosser" ostracode fauna, they also probably 

represent the more abundant species. There are few 

taxa in common with the post-Curdsville ostracode 

assemblages of the Lexington Limestone and the Clays 

Ferry Formation. 

The ostracodes from the Lexington Limestone and the 

Clays Ferry Formation described in this paper are listed 

in table 1; the members and collections in which they occur are shown in approximate stratigraphic order. 

Because of the intertonguing of facies in the Lexington, 

the exact stratigraphic position of the taxa cannot be 

shown on a table of this type. However, it is apparent 

that three species, Warthinia nodosa (Ulrich, 1890), 

Ceratopsis asymmetrica n. sp., and Phelobythocypris 

cylindrica (Hall, 1871) range throughout the entire 

interval under consideration, and several others range 

from the Grier Limestone Member through the 

highest beds. 

To summarize, ostracodes from the Curdsville 

Limestone Member are similar to those of the Decorah 

Formation of Minnesota and Iowa, but those from 

younger members of the Lexington and from the Clays 

Ferry do. not greatly resemble ostracodes from 

equivalent formations in Minnesota. In particular, two 

of the more distinctive Middle and Late Ordovician 

genera, Eurychilina Ulrich, 1889, and Tetradella 

Ulrich, 1890, are lacking in the post-Curdsville Lexington, although, as noted by Ulrich (1890, p. 114), 

Tetradella is present both above and below this interval 

in Kentucky. Cressman (1973, p. 55-57, pl. 11) suggested the presence of an embayment of deeper water 

between central Kentucky and Minnesota during Lexington time; whether this embayment or some other 

ecologic factor affected the ostracodes is not known. As 

'might be expected, the post-Curdsville ostracode 

assemblage is most similar to that described from the 

Cannon and Catheys Limestones from nearby central 

Tennessee. 

PALEOECOLOGY 

Stratigraphic framework. -Contemporary stratigraphic analysis of the Lexington Limestone has been 

dealt with by several authors (Black, Cressman, and 

MacQuown, 1965; Cressman, 1973; Black and Cuppels, 

.1973; Pojeta, 1979) who have divided the unit into 11 

lithostratigraphically defined members. As shown by 

Cressman (1973), the members formed under the myriad 

of different environmental conditions associated with 

carbonate-bank deposition and now form a complex 

facies mosaic. Ostracodes have been recovered from 

eight of the members, representing a wide spectrum of 

Lexington lithologies and, therefore, a correspondingly 

wide range of depositional environments. In addition, 

the lower part of the Clays Ferry Formation, the only 

part included in this study, has been shown to be a temporal equivalent of the upper part of the Lexington 

Limestone (Weir and Greene, 1965; Cressman, 1973; 

Pojeta, 1979) and thus adds to the environmental 

heterogeneity of the studied interval. This lower part of 

the Clays Ferry is distinguished as the Point Pleasant 

Tongue in northern Kentucky (Swadley, Luft, and Gibbons, 1975). A summary of the lithologies for each of the 

stratigraphic units containing ostracodes can be found 

in table 2. 

Method of analysis.- Direct analysis of the speciesdistribution data was deemed impossible because of 

variable preservation, many specimens being either 

phosphatic steinkerns or badly fragmented or crushed, 

which severely hindered sample comparisons. This problem was mitigated, however, by use of the generic-level 

data matrix, as all specimens could confidently be placed 

in a category of this breadth. Of the 73 USGS collections 

studied, only 44 contained a sufficient number of 

specimens ·to warrant quantitative analysis. 

Multivariate numerical analysis of the quantitative 

generic-level ostracode data (relative percentages of 27 

genera of ostracodes in 44 collections) was then initiated 

by use of Q-mode cluster analysis. This method of 

analysis was chosen as it is nonparametric; that is, the 

samples do not have to be random or normally 

distributed, statistical criteria not met by the present 

collections. Additionally, cluster analysis has been fairly 

commonly used in geologic research (Kaesler, 1966; 

Maddocks, 1966; Bonham-Carter, 1967; Valentine and 

Peddicord, 1967; Mello and Buzas, 1968; Hazel, 1970, 

1971; MacDonald, 1975; Smosna and Warshauer, 1978; 
H6 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES 

TABLE 1. -Ostracode taxa described in this paper and the 

[Members of the Lexington Limestone are in approximate stratigraphic order. Collection numbers followed by -CO are USGS collections; 

COLLECTIONS 

LEXINGTON LIMESTONE 

Curdsville 

Limestone 

Member 

Logan a Grier Limestone Member Per.N(eville Ls Tanglewood ember 

OSTRACODES 

0 ooo 0 oou I I I I 

~ §~ ~ o.t:> o.t:> o.t:> o.t:> 

Em·ychilina sub'radiatn Ulrich, I890'-L---------+--! 

Hesperidella? initialis (Ulrich, I894) .

2 Dicmnella? sp. aff. D.'! ma'l'ginata, Uh·ich, 1894 1 

Saccelatia sp. 1 

Muc·1·onotella? sp. 1 

Schmidtella umbonata Ulrich, 1894 1 

C1'yptophyllus sp. 1 

Ectoprimitia? sp. 1 

Oepikella sp. ---------------lf--1 

"A7Xt1'chites" sp. 1 

By1·solopsina? sp. --------------+--+-+-' 

Member 

0 0 0 

00 0000 uo OJ UJOO J,O J~ JoJJ, C\1~ 00,..., m;::t-t- e.c>oo 0,..., :?.:o~~ ,...,00 

o.r:>O 0"<1' 

I Macedonia 

Bed Salvisa Bed 

Limestone 

Member 

00 00 oo 00 00000 ou 00 00 0 00000 

.htlc:r.A.J. J,~ 00 00 0 0~~00 o ..... t:hd, .h tl .h ~?-'4~0'"JO 

,...,,...,~C\lM MM "<!' M tlC\lM~,_l. ~ 00 ,...,M,..., M e,o ,..., ,..., e,o L55~85 .......... :?.:f' o ..... ~ 

~ "<1',...,,...,00 oo o.t:>e.c> e.o t-OOt-tJonesellu gonyloba n. sp. 13 -+--+--+-? 

E lliptocyjJ'I'ites sp. I 1--+---1--+-'-+-1--+-+-+-+-+-2 -+-+---+-+-l-t---4---1f--:l--f--!--+-----1-+---l-l-t-+--+-

Phelubythocypris cyli·n(h·ica (Hall, 1871) i-1-~-2 ! ~ 56 52-1-f-~-~ -1--1 30+-+----+-1---83-1-2()-12-15 

Cemtopsisctsymmet'l'ica n. sp. 1 1 3G1f-f--~-7-3 27343.'i9\3f=F209 19I?-I--I-+--i-----lf--l---2-t-4-l-()-

~~~;:~~~~~if~,1~~~osa (Ulrich, I890) 1[~ ; i I J 1 ~I I I I I I l ()!-+-+-+-( 

Ce'l'atopsis intennedia Ulrich, 1894 ° d-- 3 863 35965- -56 -1-?--G 15-f-7 y-+-+-4---1fCtenobolbina ·vent1·ispini;(era. n. sp. 2 -4 1 :3-~ 

Quasi bollia pennlcata (Ulrich, 1879) 5 -I 3 H-

? sp. 'f T I ! ILepe1'dUella sp. aff L. htntida Ulr~h, 1892 ----I----4-+-+-~-1---+~-~-+~~~-+-+--11-1--I-~~~--~~-~-~~~--~-~--.4 ILuccoprintitia rudis (Ulrich, I8q0) -~~-~-~~~~~~~I--~~-+-+--+-~~+-~~~-T+-+~~--1~~3~~~~~-~~~~~~~~~~~()J~~~~­

Ectop1~»~tia? sp. cf E.? dinzh,uca1~na Kraft, 19()2 ~~~-+-~+-l---+~~-+~+~~~-+~~1~-+---+---+-1-~----1-:l---ll--+-+-+~----1~+-~i-i-~+--+­

Ningulella paupenr. n. sp.------~-~--+---+~~---1--~--1--+--~~1--+-+-+-+~~-+-1 

Lacco]n-imitia centmlis (Ulrich, 1890) ·-~------l-~~l--l--l--+---l---+-~-~--+-~--+~~~~~+++~-+-t~-~~--1--+-+-+--~-!---+-+-+---l-!­

MU~'I'atia pernrininza (Ulrich, 1890) ---~--~~~--l--l-+~~-+-+--~~-+-~-+-+~~~+-+-~++~-+--+~~~~+-+-+---+---1--~~~-+---1-

Bolbopisthia sculptilis (Ulrich, 1890) -----~~~-+-~~~---11--~+-~-~++~-+~---1f-l-t-~~+~--+--t---+-~l-2-1 

Platybol~nn (Rinzabol~na)nitida (Ulrich, 1890)~~-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3 

Parenthatia sadievillensis 11. sp.----~---ll--~-+-+-~-ll--+~-~-+~~~-+-+-11-l--+-+-+-+~---t-+-+--lf--l~t----t--t--I5 -+~~---41-

Americoncha dubia n. sp. 2-+~~__;1-

Uninodobolba franklinensis n. sp.-~~-~--+---l--+-+-+-+~~-ll--+-~--1-ll-l--+-~+~~-+-+---l-1---+~--t-++~-~-+-t---t-t--lf-t-+­

Gephy'l'opsis tmchyreticnla ta n. sp. ---~-~-l----+-~~-l--1---~+--+-~+-+-+-++~~--1__;1--il--l-+-~-+-+--+--+-+-+-~-+-~-~+-+-+-+-+­

Ba,lla,nlinu ·i'nillersburgia n. sp.-~--~-~-+--~l-~+~~+--~-+----+--+-+-+---+~l-!--+-+-l--l--l--+--l---+--l---l--I-4~~--~-+--+-~+--+-+­

Ceratopsis .f'i'lnbriata n. sp. -----------~-~~-l--l--l--~-+-+---1--+-+--+-+~-ll-~-l-+-+++-+--~+-~-+-+-+---~---l--~~-+-+---lLeperdite/la? perplex a 11. sp. -~~-------l----~~~-l-·-~-+-+--+·-++-+--+--t--1-t--+-~++~-+--+~-~-+-+-+---~---l--~~-+-+-+ 

Sch·midtella brevis Ulrich, 1894 -~-~---~~--11--l-+-+-~--+--+~-t-+-+-+-+--1-ll-+-~+++~-+--~~-~-+-~+---+-il---t--t--+-t-iEaschm.idtella sinuidorsata n. sp. -------~--1-+-++-~~-+--+-~-~-+-+-+--11-l--+-~+++-+-+--~~-~-+-t--t---~--ll---+-+-t-t-ir 

Laccopri.m.itio cry ptmnorphologico n. sp. ----+---l--+--+-+-+--1--l--~-l-~--l-ll-+-+-+~~-+-+-f--ll--~-+--+-++~---+-+-~-t-t--lf-I--+­

Dicmnella sp. 

Cystonw tochilin(t reticulotiam n. sp. -----~t---1-+-+-+--t--+-+--+-+-+-+-+--t--l-+-+-+-+++-+--++-+-t-t-+---+-t-~++-+-t-+ 

B1·evidorsu strodescreekensis n. sp. ----~--1----+~~__;~-+--~+--+~~+-~++-+-+--t-ll-l--l--~+-~+-+--+--+-+-f---~~~-+-+-+-+-+­

Leperditella? sp. cf. L. '? canalis Ulrich, 1894 ---l---~-l---1,..._+--+·--~+-+--+--+-+-+-+-++-+--t-!-IHI-+-+---t-+--t--+-+-+-~-t-+--+-+-+-++ 

Shenandoia? sp. 

Sileusis keutuckyensis n. sp. 

Kmusella sp. 

P seudorayella sp. aff. P. o ua I is N eckaja, 19()0 ---1---·-+-+-+--+---1----+--t--ll---+-l---1--1,.-+-+-+~+~~~--1---+-+--+-+++~--+-~--+-+-t~t-tReversocypris? sp. 

Ce1utop~s ~han~er~ (Miller, I874) -----~-+--+~~-!--+--t-+--+--t-+-+-+-~+-+-+--t-!--t-+-+---11-t--~-+-+-+---li-+-~t-t-+-~+ 

? sp. 

Anisocyam.us? sp.-------~------l-~--+-l~l-~-1---~+--+~~+++-+-+-f--li-!-+-+-++~-+--t-~+--t-t-i,..._-~t--t-~--t-+-++-tLaccoprim.ilia cia JJ.~f'erryens is n. sp .----~--+---~+-+--+--t-+~-ll-+--~--!l-l--+-+--++~-+-+-+-+-l--+---f-11--i__;~~-+---J-+---t-t-t-+-+ 

Pseudopnuntwlla? sp. ----~---------'---...L--'--'~'----. ..L _ _l__! __ t___l _ _j__!_jt__.L_.J_..L_L-L-L-L--l.--..JL-_ _J_--I._......!._...L-...L--1-----L-.!..--_.J._.J.--1-1--.l-
Devils 

Hollow 

Vlember 

OSTRACODA, LEXINGTON LIMESTONE, CLAYS FERRY FORMATION, KENTUCKY 

stratigraphic units and the collections in which they occur 

all others are USNM collections. Numbers opposite taxa represent the number of specimens recovered from each collection] 

COLLECTIONS 

LEXINGTON LIMESTONE 

Millersburg Member Strodes Creek 

Member 

Point Pleasant 

Tongue 

CLAYS FERRY FORMATION 

H7 
H8 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES 

TABLE 2.-Lithologies of the ostracode-bearing stratigraphic units included in this study 

Formation Member Lithology 

Lexington ____ Curdsville Lime- calcarenite and calcirudite with 

Clays Ferry __ _ 

stone 

Devils Hollow _ 

Grier Limestone 

Logana ______ _ 

Millersburg __ _ 

Perryville Limestone (Salvisa 

Bed) 

Strodes Creek _ 

Tanglewood 

Limestone 

some calcisiltite and 

fossiliferous limestone. 

unsorted gastropod biosparrudites and leperditicopid 

calcilutites. 

nodular fossiliferous limestone, 

poorly sorted. 

interbedded calcisiltite and shale 

(50 percent), some brachiopod 

coquina. 

nodular bedded fossiliferous 

limestone and shale (33 percent). 

calcilutite. 

lime mudstone. 

bioclastic calcarenite. 

interbedded limestone and shale 

(40-70 percent). 

Warshauer and Smosna, 1977) and is generally easy to 

understand (Sneath and Sokal, 1973). 

Similarities were calculated by use of Sorensen's coefficient, a quantified similarity coefficient previously 

used for ecologic and paleoecologic studies (Bray and 

Curtis, 1957; Park, 1968, 1974; Gevirtz and others, 

1971; Gevirtz, 19742) that lacks the problems inherent 

with distance functions (Sepkoski, 1974). Below is an example, taken from Gevirtz (19742), of the calculation of 

Sorensen's coefficient using an arbitrary data set for 

two samples. X .. and X1 are values (percentages) for the 

variables in the two samples being compared. W is the 

summation of the minimum values: 

Computation of2WI(A +B), Sorensen's coefficient 

x xj 

10 

5 

5 

1 

W=5+1+10+4+2+3+25+5 

+5+5=65 

W=E min (XXJ 25 10 

2W = 130.0 

A= 100.0 

B= 100.0 

5 

A=EX 2 

3 

B=EXj 30 

5 

10 

5 

4 

20 

10 

25 

10 

5 

10 

2WIA +B= 130/200 or 0.65, Similar. 

1.00-0.65 = 0.35, Dissimilar. 

The data set was unstandardized in order to weigh the 

variables by magnitude. This step was felt to be imperative, as magnitude is most certainly a direct result 

2 Gevirtz, J. L., 197 4, Describing the natural environment for capability assessment, in An ap· 

proach to natural environment analysis: Houston, Tex., Rice Center for Community Design 

and Research, unpublished report, p. 20-45. 

of the environmental conditions that we wish to 

delineate. Clustering was accomplished by use of the 

unweighed pair-group method with arithmetic averages, 

as this algorithm generally engenders the least distortion to the resulting phenogram (Farris, 1969; Hazel, 

1970). 

Clusters generated by the aforementioned method 

were then characterized by the construction of average 

collections for each of the clusters (fig. 2-11). Addi-

. tionally, constancy (C) and fidelity (F) values were 

calculated for each of the variables in each of the 

clusters. 

Constancy: C =percent occurrence of a variable within a cluster. 

Fidelity: F.. P, X 10, J.l p 

E P, i= 1 

Where: j =the variable (j =a, b, c, . . . . , n); 

P, =the percent occurrence of a variable within cluster i 

(i= 1,2,3, 0 0 0 'p). 

Constancy and fidelity are measurements that originally 

were devised by Hazel (1970, 1977) for biostratigraphic 

studies but that subsequently have been demonstrated 

to be equally useful in paleoecology (Warshauer and 

Smosna, 1977). Simply stated, constancy is the percent 

occurrence of a variable in a cluster, and fidelity is a 

measure of how restricted a variable is to a cluster. 

Simple generic diversity and compound generic diversity, the Shannon-Weaver diversity function (Pielou, 

1966 a, b), were also calculated for each of the collec-

·tions. 

Generic Diversity 

Simple: 

G =number of genera in sample. 

Compound: 

G 

H(G)= - E p, In p., 

i= 1 

where i =the proportion of the ith genus. 

Mean values for both diversity measures were then 

calculated to help characterize the clusters, as trends in 
USGS 

Cluster colin. no. 

5015 

7461 

7079 

A 7054 

7071 

1115 

7454 

7456 

7046 

7047 

1117 

7039 

7041 

7055 

7061 

8 7040 

7043 

7060 

7068 

7056 

7050 

7059 

7312 

c 7325 

7053 

7318 

7455 

D 1132 

7462 

7467 

E 7471 

7468 

4879 

4880 

F 5086 

5089 

1629 

4191 

7472 

G 7477 

6945 

H 7459 

7478 

I 5899 

OSTRACODA, LEXINGTON LIMESTONE, CLAYS FERRY FORMATION, KENTUCKY H9 

. SORENSON'S COEFFICIENT 

FIGURE 2. -Q-mode dendrogram showing the relationship of the 44 quantitatively defined collections to one another. The four-digit numbers to 

the left of the dendrogram are USGS collection numbers and are all followed by -CO (for example, 5015-CO). All collection numbers beginning with 1 are preceded by D (for example D1115-CO). 
H10 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES 

Average percent occurrence 

1. Phelobythocypris 

2. Ceratopsis 

3. Laccoprimitia 

4. Schmidtella 

5. Ctenobo/bina 

6. Warthinia 

7. Ouasibollia 

8. Leperditel/a 

9. Others 

N=8 

X H (G) = 1 .205 

0 

D C=8; F=1 

DC= 4; F= 1 

D C= 6; F= 2 

0 C= 6; F= 2 

0 C= 6; F= 2 

0 C= 4; F= 1 

D 

X G = 6.250 

50 100 

C=10;f":;:1 

C = 10; F= 1 

FIGURE 3.- Histogram of common genera in cluster A (see fig. 2). C, constancy; F, fidelity; N, number of collections in the cluster; XH(G), mean 

compound generic diversity; XG, mean simple generic diversity. 

these values have been shown to be powerful tools in 

both ecologic and paleoecologic studies (Buzas and Gibson, 1969; Johnson, 1970; Donahue and Rollins, 1974). 

Lithologic associations were then scanned in an attempt 

to better understand the relationship between the taxa 

and different rock types. 

Results.- Perusal of the phenogram (fig. 2) shows that 

it is composed of eight fairly well-defined clusters, A-H, 

and one sample that is not closely related to any other, 

outlier I. Examination of the average collections for the 

clusters (figs. 3-11) disclosed several interesting relationships. First, clusters A-E are strongly dominated by 

phelobythocyprids in combination with either Warthinia, Laccoprimitia, Cterwbolbina, or Ceratopsis. 

Clusters F-H, on the other hand, are strongly 

dominated by Ceratopsis. Second, clusters A-E are 

more highly diverse (both G and H(G)) than are clusters 

F-H. Third, the lithologic associations of the clusters indicate that clusters A-E are from the predominantly 

muddy rocks, 75 percent of the collections in these 

clusters coming from shales within the Millersburg 

Member of the Lexington or from the Clays Ferry For-
OSTRACODA, LEXINGTON LIMESTONE, CLAYS FERRY FORMATION, KENTUCKY 

Average percent occurrence 

Hll 

0 50 100 

1. Phe/obythocypris I C= 10; F= 1 

2. Laccoprimitia D C=9;F=2 

3. Ctenobolbina D C= 7; F= 2 

4. Ceratopsis D c= 9; F= 1 

5. Schmidtella D C = 4; F = 1 

6. Leperditella D C= 6; F= 2 

7. Warthinia ~ C= 4; F= 1 

8. Others D 

N=14 X G = 5.786 

X H(G) = 0.813 

FIGURE 4.- Histogram of common genera in cluster B (see fig. 2). C, constancy; F, fidelity; N, number of collections in the cluster; XH(G), 

mean compound generic diversity; XG, mean simple generic diversity. 

mation. The few exceptional collections included in, 

these clusters that came from the carbonate members of 

the Lexington, such as the Tanglewood, Grier, and Perryville Limestone Members, may represent mixing of· 

faunas by currents or, in the fine-grained Perryville, 

may represent an environment similar to that of the 

shales. A major exception is in the most diverse of the 

clusters, cluster C, as three of the four collections in that 

cluster are from the limy Strodes Creek Member. 

However, the Strodes Creek is a lime mudstone and occurs completely within the confines of the muddy 

Millersburg. We therefore believe that the Strodes 

Creek most probably represents an environment very· 

similar to that in the Millersburg and does not really constitute an exception. 

Clusters F-H, on the other hand, are from carbonate 

units, 73 percent of them coming from limy members of 

the Lexington. The remaining collections in clusters 

F-H were recovered from limestone layers within 

predominantly shale members. 

Outlier I represents the only analyzed collection from 

the Curdsville Limestone Member and indicates a 

marked faunal difference between the Curdsville and 

the other Lexington members. 

Perusal of the constancy and fidelity values shows that 

while constancy values are generally high, fidelity 

values are, for the most part, low. This indicates that 

very few of the genera are restricted to only one cluster. 

Conclusions.- The clusters represent quantitatively 

defined ostracode associations that may reflect living 
H12 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES 

Average percent occurrence 

I I I 

0 50 100 

1. Phelobythocypris C=10;F=1 

2. Ctenobolbina C = 10; F= 3 

3. Schmidtella C= 8; F= 3 

4. Brevidorsa D C = 5; F = 1 0 

5. Pseudorayel/a D C= 8; F= 10 

6. Ningulella D C= 5; F = 6 

7. Ceratopsis D C= 8; F= 1 

8. Reversocypris? D C= 3; F= 10 

9. Cystomatochi/ina ~ C= 8; F= 10 

10. Silenis ~ C= 3; F= 8 

11. Ouasibo//ia ~ C= 5; F= 1 

12. Others D 

N=4 X G = 8.250 

X H(G) = 1.514 

·FIGURE 5.-Histogram of common genera in cluster C (see fig. 2). C, constancy; F, fidelity; N, number of collections in the cluster; XH(G), 

mean compound generic diversity; XG, mean simple generic diversity. 
OSTRACODA, LEXINGTON LIMESTONE, CLAYS FERRY FORMATION, KENTUCKY H13 

Average percent occurrence 

I I 

0 50 100 

1. Laccoprimitia C= 10; F= 2 

C=10;F=1 2. Phe/obythocypris I 

------------------------~ 

3. Ceratopsis D C = 1 O; F = 1 

4. Ouasibollia 0 c = 7; F = 2 

5. Ballard ina ~ C= 3; F = 6 

6. Others D 

N=3 X G = 5.667 

X H(G) = 1.026 

FIGURE 6.- Histogram of common genera in cluster D (see fig. 2). C, constancy; F, fidelity; N, number of collections in the cluster; XH(G), mean 

compound generic diversity; XG, mean simple generic diversity. 

assemblages. However, biases introduced into the collections due to differing modes of preservation (see introduction) may have altered the true bioassociational 

relationships. Tentatively, however, we interpret the 

clusters to be relicts of ecologically controlled 

assemblages. It will suffice to say that clusters A-E 

represent ostracode assemblages of high to moderate 

diversity that preferred a muddy substrate and its corresponding low kinetic energy. Clusters F-H, on the 

other hand, represent ostracode assemblages of low to 

moderate diversity that preferred carbonate substrates 

and moderate to high kinetic energy. 

As leperditicopid ostracodes are not discussed in this 

paper, one probable ostracode assemblage was not included in the above cluster analysis. The calcilutite of 

the Devils Hollow Member of the Lexington was noted 

by Cressman (1973, p. 41) as containing ostracodes, 

primarily leperditicopids, as shown on table 2. Other 

Devils Hollow ostracodes (table 1) are represented by 

only two taxa. The Salvisa Bed of the Perryville is also 

calcilutite and also contains leperditicopids, but few 

other forms. These assemblages dominated by leperditicopids may represent a very shallow lagoonal community. 

In general, the specific composition of the mosaic of 

ostracode assemblages in the members of the Lexington 

Limestone changes only gradually upward through the 

lower part of the Clays Ferry Formation; some species 

range throughout this stratigraphic interval and continue into the overlying Kope Formation. The most 

distinct ostracode assemblage is that in the lowermost 

part of the Curdsville Limestone Member, which has 

only one species that also occurs in the assemblages in 

the overlying beds. Cressman (1973, p. 14) considered 

that much of the lower part of the Curdsville was 

deposited in a high-energy environment; however, the 

Tanglewood Limestone Member was also deposited in a 

high-energy environment (Cressman, 1973, p. 31) but 

has only one species in common with the lower part of 

the Curdsville. The differences between the ostracode 
H14 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES 

Average percent occurrence 

I I I 

0 50 100 

1. Warthinia C= 10; F= 3 

2. Phe/obythocypris C= 10; F= 1 

3. Laccoprimitia I C=10;F=2 

4. Americoncha D C=10;F=8 

5. Parenthatia D c = 7; F= 10 

6. Ceratopsis D C= 7; F= 1 

7. Leperditella ~ C= 7; F= 2 

8. Ouasibollia ~ C= 10; F= 3 

9. Schmidtella ~ c= 7; F= 2 

10. Others I 

N=3 X G = 8.0 

X H(G) = 1.446 

FIGURE 7.- Histogram of common genera in cluster E (see fig. 2). C, constancy; F, fidelity; N, number of collections in the cluster; XH(G), 

mean compound generic diversity; XG, mean simple generic diversity. 

assemblage of the lower part of the Curdsville and the 

assemblages of younger members are therefore probably due to age rather than to depositional environment. 

LIST OF LOCALITIES 

All the following fossil localities are in central Kentucky 

and are shown in figure 1. Millimeter coordinates given 

as used by Pojeta (1979, p. 19). 

Locality 1. -Gratz A, 1. 7 mile east-southeast of Gratz, 

on Kentucky Route 355, Gratz 7.5-minute quadrangle, 

Owen County (section 62 of Cressman, 1973). Coordinates: base of section at 280 mm east, 416 mtn north. 

Five collections were made in the Lexington Limestone: 

USGS D1295-CO, 40 ft below the top of the Grier 

Limestone Member; USGS D1301-CO, 20ft below the 

top of the Grier Limestone Member; USGS D1309-CO, 

8 ft below the top of the upper tongue of the Grier 

Limestone Member; USGS D1310-CO, 2 ft below the 
OSTRACODA, LEXINGTON LIMESTONE, CLAYS FERRY FORMATION, KENTUCKY 

Average percent occurrence 

H15 

I I I I 

0 50 100 

1. Ceratopsis C=10;F=1 

2. Others 

N=6 X G= 1.333 

X H(G) = 0.012 

FIGURE 8.- Histogram of common genera in cluster F (see fig. 2). C, constancy; F, fidelity; N, number of collections in the cluster; XH(G), 

mean compound generic diversity; XG, mean simple generic diversity. 

Average percent occurrence 

I I I I I 

0 50 100 

1. Ceratopsis C=10;F=1 

2. Phelobythocypris ~L--------' C=10;F=1 

3. Laccoprimitia 0 C = 7; F = 1 

4. Schmidtella 0 C = 3; F = 1 

5. Others I 

N=3 X G =4 

X H(G) = 0.696 

FIGURE 9.- Histogram of common genera in cluster G (see fig. 2). C, constancy; F, fidelity; N, number of collections in the cluster; XH(G), mean 

compound generic diversity; XG, mean simple generic diversity. 

top of the upper tongue of the Grier Limestone Member; 

USGS D1312-CO, from the Millersburg Member, 6 ft 

below the Lexington-Clays Ferry contact. 

Locality 2.- Switzer A, roadcuts on Kentucky Route 

35, south side of Elkhorn crossing; outcrops are continuous along road for 0.8 mile; Switzer 7.5-minute 

Quadrangle, Franklin County (section 61 of Cressman, 

1973). Coordinates: base of section at 115 mm east, 281 

mm north. Six collections were made in the Lexington 

Limestone. All the footage notations refer to the 

distances that the collections were made above the base 

of the section: USGS D1106-CO, Grier Limestone 

Member, 7 ft; USGS D1115-CO, Grier Limestone 

Member, 65 ft; USGS D1117-CO, Grier Limestone 
H16 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES 

Average percent occurrence 

I I I 

0 50 100 

1. Ceratopsis C= 10; F= 1 

2. Laccoprimitia; ..... ________ ___,J C = 1 0; F = 2 

3: Phelobythocypris D C = 1 O; F = 1 

4: Anisocyamus ? D C= 5; F= 10 

5: Others ~ 

N=2 X G = 4.5 

X H(G) = 1.012 

FIGURE 10.-Histogram of common genera in cluster H (see fig. 2). C, constancy; F, fidelity; N, number of collections in the cluster; XH(G), mean 

compound generic diversity; XG, mean simple generic diversity. 

Member, 75 ft; USGS D1122-CO, Tanglewood 

Limestone Member, 108-110 ft; USGS 1129-CO, 

Millersburg Member, 163 ft; USGS D1132-CO, 

Tanglewood Limestone Member, 183ft. 

Locality 3.-Sadieville A, roadcuts on 1-75, northbound lane, south side of Big Eagle Creek, Sadieville 7. 5 

minute Quadrangle, Scott County (section 179 of 

Cressman, 1973). Coordinates: base of section about 181 

mm east, 108 mm north. One sample, USGS 5183-CO, 

was collected from the Clays Ferry Formation, 4 ft 

above the base of the lower tongue. 

Locality 4.- Sadieville C, roadcuts just west of 

Sadieville on the road between Sadieville and Church in 

the Wildwood, Sadieville 7.5-minute Quadrangle, Scott 

County (section 192 of Cressman, 1973). Coordinates: 

base of section at 295 mm east, 63 mm north. Eighteen 

collections were made in both the Lexington Limestone 

and Clays Ferry Formation. All the footage notations 

refer to distance above base of section: USGS 7 450-CO, 

Clays Ferry Formation, 5 ft; USGS 7452-CO, Clays 

Ferry Formation, 10 ft; USGS 7454-CO, Lexington 

Limestone, Millersburg Member, 20ft; USGS 7455-CO, 

Lexington Limestone, Miller burg Member, 22 ft; USGS 

7 456-CO, Lexington Limestone, Millersburg Member, 

30 ft; USGS 7457-CO, Lexington Limestone, 

Millersburg Member, 32ft; USGS 7458-CO, Clays Ferry 

Formation, 35 ft; USGS 7 459~CO, Clays Ferry Formation, 50ft; USGS 7460-CO, Clays Ferry Formation, 55 

ft; USGS 7 461-CO, Clays Ferry Formation, 50-55 ft; 

USGS 7462-CO, Clays Ferry Formation, 57 ft; USGS 

7 467 -CO, Lexington Limestone, Tanglewood 

Limestone Member, 77 ft; USGS 7 468-CO, Clays Ferry 

Formation, 82ft; USGS 7471-CO, Clays Ferry Formation, 97ft; USGS 7472-CO, Clays Ferry Formation, 100 

ft; USGS 7475-CO, Clays Ferry Formation, 115 ft; 

USGS 7477-CO, Clays Ferry Formation, 142 ft; USGS 

7478-CO, Clays Ferry Formation, 145-148 ft. 

Locality 5.-Devils Hollow Road, road cuts along 

Devils Hollow Road, 0. 7 miles south of Buttimer Hill, 

Frankfort West 7 .5-minute Quadrangle, Franklin County. Coordinates: 411 mm east, 318 mm north. One sample, USGS 5093-CO, was collected from float in the Lexington Limestone, Grier Limestone Member, Macedonia 

Bed. 

Locality 6.- Frankfort East A, roadcuts on 1-64, just 

east of the Kentucky River Bridge, Frankfort East 

7.5-minute Quadrangle, Franklin County (section 86 of 

Cressman, 1973). Three samples were collected from the 

Lexington Limestone: USGS 5089-CO (coordinates: 97 

mm east, 173 mm north), from the top of the Macedonia 
OSTRACODA, LEXINGTON LIMESTONE, CLAYS FERRY FORMATION, KENTUCKY 

Average percent occurrence 

H17 

0 50 100 

1. Warthinia 

2. Jonesella !...__ _______ ___, F=10 

3. Ceratopsisl .... -------...J 

4. Ostracoda, indet. D F= 10 

5. Phe/obythocypris D 

6. Leperditella ? 0 

N= 1 G=6 

H (G)= 1.441 

FIGURE 11.- Histogram of the single collection in outlier I (see fig. 2). F, fidelity; H(G), compound generic diversity; G, simple generic diversity. 

Bed of the Grier Limestone Member; USGS D1196-CO 

(coordinates: base of section at 88 mm east, 164 mm 

north), from 0.5 ft below the top of the Logana Member; 

D1207-CO (coordinates: base of collected section 

at 112.5 mm east, 188 mm north), from the Devils 

Hollow Member. 

Locality 7.- Tyrone C, outcrop on south side of 

railroad spur, 0.5 mile northeast of crossing of U.S. 62 

and Kentucky River, Tyrone 7.5-minute Quadrangle, 

Woodford County (section 174 of Cressman, 1973). 

Coordinates: base of section 108 mm east, 197 mm 

north. Two collections were made, one, USGS 5083-CO, 

from the lowest foot of the Curdsville Limestone 

Member, and one, USGS 5086-CO, from the Logana 

Member of the Lexington Limestone, 18-20 ft above the 

base of the Logana. 

Locality 8.- Keene A, first outcrop southeast of crossing of Kentucky Route 33 and Clear Creek, Keene 

7.5-minute Quadrangle, Woodford County. Coordinates: 

base of section at 21 mm east, 326 mm north. One sample, USGS 5022-CO, was collected from float in the 

lower 22 ft of the Curdsville Limestone Member of the 

Lexington Limestone. 

Locality 9.- Nicholasville I (Denny core). One sample, 

USGS 5899-CO, obtained from the Curdsville 

Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone, 184.4 

ft below the top of the core, contained a poorly preserved phosphatic ostracode fauna; Nicholasville 

7.5-minute Quadrangle, Jessamine County (section 152 

of Cressman, 1973). Coordinates: 241 mm east, 185 mm 

north. 

Locality 10.- Hickman Creek, roadcuts on Kentucky 

Route 169, just west of the crossing of Hickman Creek, 

Nicholasville 7 .5-minute Quadrangle, Jessamine County. Coordinates: 398 mm east, 81 mm north. One poor 

collection, USGS 5101-CO, was obtained from the lower 

part of the Curdsville Limestone Member, Lexington 

Limestone. 

Locality 11.-Daniel Boone Y.M.C.A. Camp. Section 

is an abandoned railroad bed near the top of the bluff on 

the north side of the Kentucky River, west of the ferry 

crossing at Tate Creek Road, Valley View 7 .5-minute 

Quadrangle, Jessamine County. Coordinates: 151 mm 
H18 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES 

east, 432 mm north. One collection, USGS 5096-CO, 

was obtained from the Grier Limestone Member of the 

Lexington Limestone. 

Locality 12.-Valley View B (Hunters Ferry Road), 

roadcuts along Hunters Ferry Road, 0.85 mile northeast .. 

of Trinity Church, Valley View 7.5-minute Quadrangle, 

Jessamine County (section 34, Cressman, 1973). Coordinates: 54 mm east, 262 mm north. One collection, 

USGS 4191-CO, was obtained from the Grier Limestone 

Member of the Lexington Limestone, 68.7 ft below the 

top of the formation. 

Locality 13.-Valley View C (Antioch Church Road), 

roadcuts between Trinity Church and Antioch Church, 1 

mile southwest of the northern termination of Kentucky 

Route 595 at the Kentucky River, Valley View 

7.5-minute Quadrangle, Jessamine County (section 180 

of Cressman, 1973). Coordinates: base of section at 19 

mm east, 176 mm north. Three ostracode-bearing 

samples were recovered from the Grier Limestone 

Member of the Lexington Limestone: USGS 4876-CO, 

31 ft above the base of the section; USGS 4879-CO, 

38-41 ft above base; USGS 4880-CO, 44ft. above base. 

Another collection, D1629-CO, was collected at this 

locality from an unknown interval. 

Locality i4.-Clays Ferry type section, supplement; 

outcrops along old road to lower Clays Ferry Bridge (see 

Weir and Greene, 1965, p. B3, for a detailed map of the 

section), Ford 7.5-minute Quadrangle, Madison County. 

Coordinates: base of section at 132 mm east, 31 mm 

north. Three ostracode-bearing collections were obtained from the Clays Ferry Formation at this locality: 

USGS D1169-CO, 8 ft above the contact with the 

underlying Tanglewood Limestone Member of.the Lexington Limestone; USGS D1170-CO, 10 ft above the 

contact; USGS D1171-CO, 15 ft above the contact. 

Locality 15.-Ford-Boonesboro Road, outcrops along 

the Ford-Boonesboro Road, on the east side of the Kentucky River, 0.55 mile south of the Memorial Bridge 

crossing, opposite Boonesboro Beach, Ford 7.5-minute 

Quadrangle, Clark County. Coordinates: 414 mm east, 

112 mm north. One ostracode-bearing sample, USGS 

6945-CO, was collected from the Clays Ferry Formation 

at this locality; the collection was obtained 17 ft above 

the top of the Tanglewood Limestone Member of the 

Lexington Limestone. 

Locality 16. -Dry Fork Road (Winchester A); road cuts 

along Dry Fork Road, 0.7 mile southeast of the intersection of Dry Fork Road and Kentucky Route 97 4 (Muddy 

Creek Road), Winchester 7.5-minute Quadrangle, Clark 

County (section 1004 of Cressman, 1973). Coordinates: 

base of section at 394 mm east, 268 mm north. Twenty 

collections were made in the Lexington Limestone and 

Clays Ferry Formation. The footage notations are indicative of the distance above the 823-ft benchmark that 

each sample was collected: USGS 7039-CO, Lexington 

Limestone, Millersburg Member, 3ft; USGS 7040-CO, 

Lexington Limestone, Millersburg Member, 4 ft; USGS 

7041-CO, Lexington Limestone, Millersburg Member, 5 

ft; USGS 7079-CO, Lexington Limestone, Millersburg 

Member, 6-9ft; USGS 7043-CO, Clays Ferry Formation, tongue within Millersburg Member of Lexington 

Limestone, 10ft; USGS 7045-CO, Clays Ferry Formation, tongue within Millersburg, 15ft; USGS 7046-CO, 

Clays Ferry Formation, tongue within Millersburg, 18 

ft; USGS 7047-CO, Lexington Limestone, Millersburg 

Member, 21ft; USGS 7050-CO, Lexington Limestone, 

Millersburg Member, 27ft; USGS 7053-CO, Lexington 

Limestone, Millersburg Member, 31ft; USGS 7054-CO, 

Lexington Limestone, Millersburg Member, 32 ft; 

USGS 7055-CO, Lexington Limestone, Millersburg 

Member, 35ft; USGS 7056-CO, Lexington Limestone, 

Millersburg Member, 36ft; USGS 7059-CO, Lexington 

Limestone, Millersburg Member, 42ft; USGS 7060-CO, 

Lexington Limestone, Millersburg Member, 45 ft; 

USGS 7061-CO, Lexington Limestone, Millersburg 

Member, 46ft; USGS 7062-CO, Lexington Limestone, 

tongue of the Tanglewood Limestone Member, 50 ft; 

USGS 7068-CO, Lexington Limestone, Millersburg 

Member, 63ft; USGS 7071-CO, Lexington Limestone, 

tongue of the Tanglewood Limestone Member, 6~ ft; 

USGS 7072-CO, Lexington Limestone, Millersburg 

Member, 71ft. 

Locality 17.-Kentucky Route 89, roadcuts along Kentucky Route 89, southeast of Winchester, Winchester 

7.5-minute Quadrangle, Clark County. Coordinates: 413 

mm east, 497 mm north. One ostracode-bearing collection (collection C of Black and Cuppels, 1973, p. C9), 

USGS 7312-CO, was obtained from the highest part of 

the Strodes Creek Member of the Lexington Limestone. 

Locality 18.-Winchester reference section B, Maple 

Street (see Black and Cuppels, 1973, p. C13). Coordinates: base ofsection at 268 mm east, 567 mm north. 

Roadcuts on Maple Street (U.S. Route 227) on the northern outskirts of Winchester, Winchester 7 .5-minute 

Quadrangle, Clark County. One ostracode-rich sample, 

USGS 7318-CO, was obtained from the Strodes Creek 

Member of the Lexington Limestone, 10 ft above the 

base of the section. 

Locality 19.-U.S. Route 227, roadcuts on U.S. Route 

227 just north of I-64; Austerlitz 7.5-minute 

Quadrangle, Clark County (collection 0 of Black and 

Cuppels, 1973, p. C10). Coordinates: 266 mm east, 93 

mm north. USGS 7325-CO was collected from the 

Strodes Creek Member of the Lexington Limestone. 

Locality 20.-Bryantsville B (MacQuown BB), 0.15 

miles east of Balls Branch, Bryantsville 7 .5-minute 

Quadrangle, Boyle County. Coordinates: 7 4 mm east, 35 

mm north. One ostracode collection, USGS 6137-CO, 

was recovered from the Salvisa Bed of the Perryville 
OSTRACODA, LEXINGTON LIMESTONE, CLAYS FERRY FORMATION, KENTUCKY H19 

Limestone Member, Lexington Limestone, 8 ft above 

the Perryville-Tanglewood contact. 

Locality 21.-Perryville North, quarry off U.S. Route 

68, 1 mile north of the junction with U.S. Route '150, 

Perryville 7 .5-minute Quadrangle, Boyle County (section 30A of Cressman, 1973). Coordinates: 217 mm east, 

176 mm north. One ostracode collection, USGS 

6915-CO, was obtained from the basal2 ft of the Salvisa 

Bed of the Perryville Limestone Member, Lexington 

Limestone, 42 ft above the contact with the underlying 

Tanglewood Limestone Member, of the Lexington. 

Locality 22.- Perryville South, quarry 0.4 miles south 

of Perryville, on east side of the Chaplin River, Perryville Quadrangle, Boyle County (section 30B of 

Cressman, 1973). Coordinates: 191 mm east, '92 mm 

north. One collection, USGS 5015-CO, was obtained 

from the Salvisa Bed of the Perryville Limestone 

Member, Lexington Limestone, 5 ft above the base 

of the member. 

SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY 

Suprageneric classification of the Class Ostracoda is 

based largely on the "Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology- Part Q, Arthropoda 3" edited by Moore (1961), 

with some modifications from Henningsmoen (1965). 

The terms used for morphologic features are also based 

on the "Treatise" and Henningsmoen. The synonymies 

presented in this study include mostly those references 

that add information, whether written or visual, to our 

understanding of. the species. This fact is important, as 

much of the previous literature consists only of 

restatements of the original descriptions and (or) 

figures. For synonymies that include all earlier works, 

see Bassler and Kellett (1934). 

Wherever sufficient height/length data are available 

to describe growth mathmetically, it is defined by using 

the allometric equation y =ax b. In all instances correlation coefficients (r, calculated by using a least-squares 

fit) were higher for the allometric equation than for corresponding linear-regression models, y = c + dx. 

Although the exponential values for the calculated 

allometric equations always approached unity, they 

never were equal to unity, indicating a degree of curvilinear growth. 

Occurrence data for forms reported from outside the 

central Kentucky and Cincinnati areas are based almost 

entirely on literature reports. A cursory examination of 

some of the specimens reportedly conspecific with the 

Kentucky material, both old and new, has shown them 

to differ on at least a specific level. Therefore, many of 

the occurences reported in the systematic section for 

areas other than Kentucky are of doubtful validity. Occurence data for the new material are given for formation, member, and USGS collection number. The 

number in parenthesis next to each USGS collection 

number shows the number of specimens of that particular species in the sample. 

Abbreviations used for institutions from which collection or specimen numbers are cited are as follows: 

Geological Survey of Canada, GSC; Field Museum of 

Natural History, Chicago, UC; Museum of Paleontology, 

University of California, Berkeley, UCMP; U.S. 

Geological Survey, USGS; U.S. National Museum of 

Natural History, USNM; Yale Peabody Museum, YPM. 

All the new type specimens are deposited in the USNM 

unless otherwise indicated. The nontype material is in 

the collection of the USGS. 

Class OSTRACODA Latreille, 1804 

Order PALAEOCOPIDA Henningsmoen, 1953 

Suborder BEYRICHICOPINA Scott, 1961 

Superfamily DREPANELLACEA Ulrich and Bassler, 1923 

Family BOLLIIDAE Bou~ek, 1936 

Genus QUASIBOLLIA n. gen. 

Type species. -Beyrichia persulcata Ulrich, 1879. 

Species included.-Bollia ridicula Keenan, 1951. 

Quasibollia copelandi, n.sp. 

Diagnosis.- Small, subquadrate bolliids having L1 and 

L4 merged with velar ridge and L3 separated into lobe 

and dorsal knob by deep horizontal furrow. L2 may or 

may not be constricted, and bolliid U-shaped connecting· 

lobe may overhang velar ridge ventromedially. Small 

node may be present behind velar ridge at anterodorsal 

corner. 

Discussion. -The new genus Quasibollia may be 

distinguished from Bollia s.s. by the distinct horizontal 

furrow dividing L3 together with its subquadrate 

outline. The type species of Bollia, B. bicollina Jones 

and Roll, 1886 (see Guber, 1968; Melville, 1970) lacks the 

furrow on L3 and is more semicircular in lateral outline. 

Although some Devonian species of Bollia, such B. 

americana zygocornis Swartz, 1936, B. diceratina 

Swartz and Swain, 1941, B. disjuncta Kesling and 

Kilgore, 1952, B. hindei Jones, 1890, and B. obesa 

Ulrich, 1891, also have a constriction or horizontal 

sulcus on L3, these species characteristically have a 

semicircular lateral outline. 

Ulrich (1894, see 1897, p. 668-669) listed all the species 

that he then considered to belong in the genus Bollia 

and grouped them in three sections; he placed Bollia 

. bicollina in his first section and Bollia unguloidea 

Ulrich, 1894, B. regularis (Emmons, 1855), and B. persulcata as Ordovician representatives of his third section. Kesling and Hussey (1953, p. 85-86) placed B. 

regularis in their new genus Quadrijugator, which 
H20 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES 

differs from Quasibollia in having regular and undivided 

lobes. The type specimen of B. unguloidea is apparently 

lost; Bassler and Kellett (1934, p. 220) did not list a 

USNM number for it, and Berdan has been unable to 

find it in the collections of the USNM. However, Ulrich 

(1894, see 1897, pl. 46, figs. 23-25) illustrated his species 

with a divided L3; this species may also belong in· 

Quasibollia. 

The generic name is based on the Latin word "quasi," 

meaning "simulating," combined with Bollia; the 

gender is feminine. 

Geologic range.- Middle and Upper Ordovician 

(Kirkfieldian (?) to Richmondian Stages) of the central 

interior of North America. 

Quasibollia persulcata (Ulrich, 1879) 

Plate 1, figures 2, 4-10 

1879. Beyrichia persulcata Ulrich, p. 12, pl. 7, fig. 6. 

1890. Beyrichia buchiana? Jones, p. 16, pl. 3, fig. 25 (not Beyrichia 

buchiana Jones, 1855). 

1890. Bollia persulcata (Ulrich). Ulrich, p. 116, text-fig. 3a-d. 

1908. Bollia persulcata (Ulrich). Ulrich and Bassler, p. 288. 

1951. Bollia persulcata (Ulrich). Keenan, p. 564, pl. 78, figs. 2, 3. 

1965. not Bollia persulcata (Ulrich). Copeland, p. 8, pl. 11, figs. 9, 11. 

Diagnosis.-L2 slightly constricted, about same width 

as anterior part of velar ridge. No anterodorsal node. 

Velar ridge reduced ventrally. 

Description. -Lateral outline nearly amplete, valves 

equal in size and subrectangular in lateral view. 

Greatest height from hingeline to ventral margin is just 

anterior to L2, greatest length at midheight, and 

greatest width at the middle of L3. Hingeline straight, 

approximately 90 percent of greatest length. Anterior 

margin strongly convex; ventral margin may be slightly 

concave or straight and is subparallel to dorsal margin; 

posterior margin is weakly convex and subperpendicular. Anterior cardinal angle obtuse, posterior cardinal angle acute. 

Prominent velar ridge parallels marginal rim around 

anterior and posterior parts of free margins, and curves 

admarginally on ventral part of valves so that it almost 

merges with marginal rim. In lateral view, wide anterior 

and posterior segments of velar ridge conceal marginal 

rim and are separated from it by narrow canaliculus, 

which is nearly lacking midventrally. L2 is variable and 

may be straight, medianly inflated, or medianly constricted. L3 slightly longer than L2 and has dorsal third 

separated into hemispherical to suboblong knob by deep 

furrow. Dorsal parts of both lobes project above 

hingeline; ventrally they are united to form U-shaped 

structure, which is constricted ventrally and may 

obscure velar ridge and marginal rim in lateral view. S2 

is deep and long, extending almost to ventral margin. 

Internally, velar ridge appears as two deep grooves, 

one anterior and other posterior, with no ventral connection. L2 and L3 also appear as deep grooves which 

are not connected ventrally and which are separated by 

long high ridge of S2. Dorsal knob of L3 reflected internally as deep wide pit. Small pit, with no apparent external reflection, is just posterior of anterodorsal corner 

and is clearly defined on many phosphatic molds as small 

node. 

Surface of valves ranges from smooth to finely 

granulose. Hingement appears to be simple. 

Measurements. -The lectotype (USNM 41524a) is 

0.577 mm long and 0.325 mm high. Another paralectotype right valve (USNM 41524e) is also 0.577 mm long 

and 0.325 mm high. The only paralecototype left valve 

(USNM 41524d) is 0.550 mm long and 0.325 mm high. 

Table 3 gives measurements of two figured and 15 unfigur~d hypotypes and table 4 provides a statistical 

summary of the measurements. 

Ontogeny. -Most of the 69 specimens from the Lexington Limestone and Clays Ferry Formation are too 

poorly preserved to measure accurately; however, a 

scatter diagram (fig. 12) showing the length plotted 

against the height for 17 specimens from two 

stratigraphically adjacent collections suggests that 

three, and possibly four, growth stages may be recognized. The smallest specimen (USNM 239961; pl.1, fig. 

9), which represents either the adult-2 (A-2) or adult-3 

growth stages, .differs from the adults in having L2 

divided into two parts by a horizontal furrow, so that it 

. resembles L3. In addition, the ventral part of the 

U-shaped structure is narrow and does not extend to the 

ventral border as it does in the adults. The division of 

both lobes gives the valve the appearance of having four 

large nodes, of which the most conspicuous is the 

posterodorsal node also present in the adults. Although 

this smallest specimen appears to be quite different 

from the adults, the intervening growth stages seem to 

have a morphology intermediate between it and the 

adults. 

Growth of this species, as defined by the allometric 

equation, height=0.574, length= 1.081, approaches 

linearity which is readily evident by noting the closeness 

of the exponential value to unity. A least-square fit of 

the calculated equation to the points indicates a high 

degree of correlation, r= 0.996. 

Discussion. -The type lot of Quasibollia persulcata 

consists of six specimens glued to a strip of cardboard on 

which is written "Bollia persulcata Ulrich, Eden 

gr.-Lower division, Covington, Ky., Holotype 41,524." 

As Ulrich's original drawing does not show which 

specimen he considered the holotype, the specimens 

have been lettered a-f, and the well-preserved right 
OSTRACODA, LEXINGTON LIMESTONE, CLAYS FERRY FORMATION, KENTUCKY H21 

valve in the upper left corner of the strip, USNM 

41524a, is here designated the lectotype (pl. 1, fig. 2); remaining specimens, USNM 41524b-f, become paralectotypes. 

Quasibollia persulcata most closely resembles Q. 

ridicula (Keenan, 1951) from the Upper Ordovician Maquoketa Shale of Missouri (pl. 1, fig. 3), from which it differs, as noted by Keenan (1951, p. 569), in lacking a 

small anterodorsal node. Furthermore, the velar ridge 

and the lobes of Q. ridicula are higher and narrower 

than are the same structures of Q. persulcata. Like Q. 

persulcata, juvenile specimens of Q. ridicula also have 

both lobes divided (Keenan, 1951, pl. 79, fig. 37). 

Copeland (1965, p. 8, pl. 11, figs. 9, 11) discussed and 

illustrated two specimens, which he assigned to Bollia 

persulcata (Ulrich), from Middle Ordovician beds in the 

Lake Timiskaming area, Ontario. These specimens 

resemble juvenile in stars of Q. persulcata and Q. 

ridicula in having both lobes subdivided by horizontal 

furrows, but their size is comparable with that of the 

adult-1 instar of Q. persulcata, and they have an external anterodorsal node. They are here considered to 

belong to a new species of Quasibollia. 

The shell of Q. persulcata is relatively thick in relation 

to the small size of the adult ostracode. As noted in the 

description of the species, the small anterodorsal node 

characteristic of Q. ridicula and the Ontario specimens 

is not visible externally on Q. persulcata but is 

represented by a pit on the inside of the shell, which appears as a node on phosphatic steinkerns (pl. 1, figs. 6, 

10). In addition, L1 seems more constricted internally. 

Although Keenan (1951, p. 569, pl. 78, figs. 2, 3) did 

not redescribe Q. persulcata, he illustrated one adult and 

one juvenile specimen from the base of the Edenian at 

Cincinnati; these were the first published photographs 

of the species. 

Types.- Lectotype, USNM 41524a; paralectotypes, 

USNM 41524b-f; figured hypotypes, USNM 239961, 

239963, 239965, 239966, 271012, 271013; unfigured 

hypotypes, USNM 239962 (7 specimens), 239964 (8 

specimens). 

Occurrence.-The lectotype and paralectotypes of 

Quasibollia persulcata came from the "Eden gr., Lower 

division, Covington, Ky.," according to the label with 

USNM 41524, or from what is now the Kope Formation. 

The hypotypes discussed in this paper occur in both the 

Lexington Limestone (Grier, Millersburg, Strodes 

Creek and Tanglewood) and the Clays Ferry Formation. 

Thus, on the basis of the material described here, the 

species occurs in rocks of Shermanian (late Middle Ordovician) and Edenian (early Late Ordovician) age. A 

total of 69 specimens was obtained from the following 

six USGS localities and 19 collections: Ford-Boonesboro 

Road, 6945-CO (3); Dryfork Road, 7043-CO (5), 

7045-CO (1), 7046-CO (1), 7047-CO (2), 7079-CO (4); 

Kentucky Route 89, 7312-CO (1); U.S. Route 227, 

7325-CO (2); Sadieville C, 7454-CO (14), 7455-CO (11), 

7456-CO (3), 7461-CO (1), 7462-CO (4), 7467-CO (3), 

7468-CO (1), 7471-CO (6), 7478-CO (1); Switzer A, 

D1115-CO (5), D1117-CO (1). 

This species has also been reported from the 

Maysvillian and Richmondian (Late Ordovician) of the 

Cincinnati area (Bassler, 1915; Bassler and Kellett, 

1934; Keenan, 1951). 

Quasibollia copelandi n. sp. 

Plate 1, figure 1 

1965. Bollia persulcata (Ulrich). Copeland, p. 8, pl. 11, figs. 9, 11. 

Diagnosis. -Quasibollia having both lobes divided by 

horizontal furrows in adult instar. Small anterodorsal 

node present. 

Description.-Lateral outline amplete; dorsal margin 

straight, anterior margin smoothly curved, ventral 

margin slightly concave mid ventrally, and posterior 

TABLE 3. -Measurements (in mm) of 17 specimens ofQuasibollia persulcatafrom the Millersburg Member of the Lexington Limestone 

Type USNM USGS Valve Length Height Hingeline No. colin. No. 

1 Figured hypotype -------------------------- 239961 7454-CO right _________ 0.340 0.176 0.277 

2 U nfigured hypo type ------------------------ 239962 7454-CO _____ do ______ .434 .239 .365 

3 _____ do --------------------------------- 239962 7454-CO _____ do ______ .454 .227 .384 

4 _____ do --------------------------------- 239962 7454-CO _____ do ______ .507 .268 .447 

5 _____ do --------------------------------- 239962 7454-CO left_ __________ .403 .208 .340 

6 _____ do --------------------------------- 239962 7454-CO right _________ .466 .268 .390 

7 _____ do --------------------------------- 239962 7454-CO _____ do ______ .416 .224 .321 

8 _____ do --------------------------------- 239962 7454-CO left_ __________ .473 .271 .410 

9 Figured hypotype -------------------------- 239963 7455-CO right _________ .548 .299 .485 

10 U nfigured hypo type ------------------------ 239964 7455-CO left_ __________ .498 .274 .403 

11 _____ do --------------------------------- 239964 7455-CO _____ do ______ .537 .293 .435 

12 _____ do --------------------------------- 239964 7455-CO _____ do ______ .517 .306 .441 

13 _____ do --------------------------------- 239964 7455-CO _____ do ______ .567 .302 .435 

14 _____ do --------------------------------- 239964 7455-CO _____ do ______ .529 .293 .441 

15 _____ do --------------------------------- 239964 7455-CO right _________ .592 .323 .504 

16 _____ do --------------------------------- 239964 7455-CO _____ do ______ .548 .290 .498 

17 _____ do --------------------------------- 239964 7455-CO left_ __________ .523 .272 .441 
H22 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES 

TABLE 4. -Statistical summary of measurements (in mm) for 

Quasibollia persulcatafrom USGS colln. No. 7454-CO and 7455-CO 

Ins tar No. of Length Height 

specimens Mean Minimum Maximum Mean Minimum Maximum 

Adult 7 0.548 0.517 0.592 0.301 0.290 0.323 A-1 5 .493 .466 .523 .270 .268 .274 A-2 4 .427 .403 .454 .224 .208 .239 A-3 1 .176 .340 

margin gently curved. Greatest height through L2 and 

greatest length slightly above midheight. Anterior cardinal angle obtuse and posterior cardinal angle approximately 90°. Velar ridge high and parallels free margin 

anteriorly and posteriorly, obscuring it in lateral view; 

ventrally very low and almost merges with free margin. 

S1 and S2 of about equal width, S3 wider than either. L2 

divided at about two-thirds of its height by posteriorly 

slanting furrow; L3 also divided by posteriorly slanting 

furrow, its dorsal third forms bulbous knob that protrudes above hingeline. Both lobes connected ventrally 

by low obscure U-shaped yoke. Small node in anterodorsal corner. Surface of both lobes and sulci appears to be 

smooth. Hingement and interior were not observed. 

Measurements. -The holotype is 0.525 mm long anc 

0.300 mm high. The paratype also is 0.525 mm long anc 

0.300 mm high. 

Discussion. -As noted under the discussion of Q. per· 

sulcata, Q. copelandi differs from other species of the 

genus in having L3 divided into two nodes so that the 

valves appear quadrinodose in the adult and subadult instars. It also differs in having the ventral connection 

between L2 and L3less well developed than either of the 

other species. In addition, it may be distinguished from 

Q. persulcata by the presence of the well-defined small 

node in the anterodorsal corner. Although juvenile 

specimens of Q. persulcdta and Q. ridicula have the 

same characters as Q. copelandi, we consider the 

presence of these characters in the subadult and adult 

instars together with its somewhat greater age 

(Wildernessian, according to Copeland, 1965, p. 1-3) as 

evidence that Q. copelandi is a valid species. The succession of Q. copelandi with divided L2 in the Wildernessian, Q. persulcata with constricted L2 in the Barneveldian and Edenian, and Q. ridicula (pl. 1, fig. 3) with undivided L2 in the Richmondian suggests the possibility 

0.33 r------~~-----.....,,r-------r-,----~,-----.....,lr--0--------, 

CJ) 

0:: 

w 

Iw 

~ 

::::J 

....J 

~ 

z 

t-=' 

::I: 

(.9 

w 

::I: 

0.30-

0.27 -

0.24 1-

0.21 -

Ouasibollia persulcata (Ulrich) 

Height=0.574 mm 

Length= 1.081 mm 

f=0.966 

• • 

A-2 

0.18 t-A A-3 

' " " 

0 

• 

0 

6 

0 - 0 0 

" 0 Adult 

" " 0 ' -

A-1 

-

USNM No . 

A 239961 

6 239963 -

• 239962 

0 239964 

-

0.15~----------~'----------~~----------~~----------~~----------~~--------~ 0.338 0.388 0.438 0.488 0.538 0.588 0.638 

LENGTH, IN MILLIMETERS 

FIGURE 12.-Size-dispersion diagram for 17 specimens of Quasibollia persulcata from the Millersburg Member of the Lexington Limestone at 

Sadieville. See table 3 for the USGS collection numbers. 
OSTRACODA, LEXINGTON LIMESTONE, CLAYS FERRY FORMATION, KENTUCKY H23 

of a phylogenetic trend toward uniting the nodes of L2 

in the genus Quasibollia, but as yet there is not enough 

evidence to confirm this. 

The species is named in honor of Dr. Murray J. 

Copeland of the Geological Survey of Canada, who 

loaned us his specimens and suggested that we base a 

new species on them. 

Types.- Holotype, GSC 10784a; para type, GSC 10784. 

Occurrence.- Bucke Formation, gray shale, 1963 

borehole near southwest shore of Wabi Point, Harris 

Township, Ontario; depth 660-663 ft (Copeland, 1965, p. 

8). 

Quasibollia? sp. 

Plate 1, figure 11 

Discussion.- Four incomplete phosphatic molds are 

questionably assigned to Quasibollia because of general 

similarities in lobation. The specimens are amplete in 

lateral outline and have four lobes, one elongated 

perpendicular to the dorsal margin in the anterodorsal 

third of the valve, one elongated parallel to the 

anteroventral margin, one elongated parallel to the dorsal margin in the posterodorsal quadrant, and one curved posteroventral lobe with a carinate crest. A velar 

ridge is apparently present around the free margin. 

These specimens bear some resemblance to the type 

species of Eohollina Harris, 1957, E. irregularis 

(Spivey, 1939), but this species lacks a separate 

anteroventrallobe (Spivey, 1939, pl. 21, fig. 1). The two 

anterior lobes separated by a posteroventrally slanted 

sulcus is more suggestive of Quasibollia copelandi n. sp. 

but as internal molds of Quasibollia do not reflect accurately the appearance of the exterior of the valves, 

these specimens cannot be assigned unequivocally to a 

genus until more and better material is found. Two 

specimens were measured; the figured specimen is 0.512 

mm long and 0.245 mm high, and a small specimen is 

0.315 mm long and 0.183 mm high. 

Types- Figured specimen, USNM 240016; unfigured 

measured specimen, USNM 240017. 

Occurrence.- The specimens are from the Lexington 

Limestone (Grier and Tanglewood) and the Clays Ferry 

Formation. They are at two USGS localities and in three 

collections: Ford-Boonesboro Road, 6945-CO (1); 

Switzer A, D1115-CO (2), D1132-CO (1). 

Genus WARTHINIA Spivey, 1939 

Type species. - Primitia nodosa Ulrich, 1890, by 

original designation (Spivey, 1939, p. 167). 

Species included. -Kiesowia verrucosa Kay, 1940, of 

Keenan, 1951. 

Kiesowia binoda Keenan, 1951. 

K iesowia insolens Keenan, 1951. 

Ulrichia saccula Burr and Swain, 

1965. 

Revised diagnosis.- Palaeocopid ostracodes having 

two, three, or four nodes, of which two are along 

hingeline. Posterior dorsal node larger than anterior 

dorsal node and may be spinose. Additional nodes, if 

present, anterior and anteroventral in position. Low 

velar ridge parallels free margin. Valve surface, including the nodes, finely reticulated. 

Discussion. -The above rediagnosis differs from the 

original diagnosis of Spivey (1939, p. 167) by including 

species having only two nodes, such as W arthinia 

binoda (Keenan, 1951). Scott and Wainwright (in 

Moore, 1961) placed Warthinia questionably into 

synonymy with the Devonian genus Ulrichia Jones, 

1890, which also is binodose. However, in Ulrichia, the 

two nodes are nearly equal in size, whereas in Warthinia the posterior node is distinctly larger than the 

others. In addition, the nodes of Warthinia tend to be 

reticulate, unlike those of Ulrichia, and the velar ridge 

is less well developed in W arthinia. For these reasons, 

we are reinstating the generic name W arthinia, as suggested by Guber (1963), to include hi- to quadrinodose 

finely reticulate bolliids having large posterior nodes. 

The anterior-posterior orientation used in this paper is 

reversed from that previortsly used by other authors for 

Warthinia. It is based on the location of S2 and the inclination of the spines and pointed nodes (Triebel, 1941, 

p. 334-353). The quadrindose forms found in the present 

study are the first ones to be discussed since Ulrich 

(1890) described them in his original study. 

Geologic range.- Middle and Upper Ordovician 

(Kirkfieldian (?) to Richmondian Stages) of east-central 

North America. 

Warthinia nodosa (Ulrich, 1890) 

Plate 1, figures 12-21; plate 2, figures 9-11 

1890. Primitia nodosa Ulrich, p. 134, pl. 10, figs. 11 a-b, 12 a-b. 

1891. Ulrichia nodosa (Ulrich). Ulrich, p. 203. 

1939. Warthinia nodosa (Ulrich). Spivey, p. 167, pl. 21, figs. 3-6. 

1941. Ulrichia nodosa nodosa (Ulrich). Schmidt, p. 57. 

1941. Ulrichia nodosa paupera (Ulrich). Schmidt, p. 57, pl. 4, figs, 

30-31. 

1951. Kiesowia nodosa (Ulrich). Keenan, p. 569, pl. 78, fig. 6. 

1965. ?Ulrichia nodosa (Ulrich). Burr and Swain, p. 14, pl. 4, 

figs. 2a-b, 3. 

1970. Ulrichia nodosa (Ulrich). Copeland, p. 18, pl. 4, figs. 3, 4. 

Diagnosis.- Finely reticulate Warthinia having wellformed ventral lobe connecting three and sometimes 

four nodes; nodes extremely variable and may be 

spinose, conical, or rounded. 

Description.-Lateral outline amplete, semicircular 

valves, subequal in size. Left valve slightly larger than 

right valve (see fig. 13). Greatest height usually at midlength and rarely anterior or posterior to midlength. 

Greatest length dorsal to midheight and greatest 

thickness ventral to midheight. Dorsal margin straight 
H24 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES 

to slightly convex, approximately 80 percent of greatest 

length. Ventral margin convex and grades laterally into 

convex anterior and posterior margins. Posterior 

margin more bluntly convex than anterior. Cardinal 

angles obtuse and subequal. 

Well-developed velar ridge parallels marginal rim 

around entire free margin. Velar ridge and marginal rim 

coalesce at anterodorsal and posterodorsal corners. 

Wide shallow canaliculus with weakly developed 

longitudinal striae between velar ridge and marginal 

rim; canaliculus well developed around entire contact 

margin. Three, and sometimes four nodes on lateral surface of valves. Largest node is posterodorsal and varies 

from low and rounded to elongate and pointed. When 

pointed, nodes are posteriorly inclined. Anterodorsal 

node smaller than the posterodorsal. Anteroventral 

node slightly larger than anterodorsal. Anterodorsal 

and anteroventral nodes not as variable in shape as 

posterodorsal node. Fourth node, when present, is along 

the ventral border, almost directly underneath 

anterodorsal node. All nodes ventrally connected by low 

swelling of lateral valve surface. S2 moderately deep, 

short, and located between anterodorsal and 

posterodorsal nodes. Nodes, connecting lobe, and velar 

ridge internally reflected as corresponding depressions. 

S2 reflected as a prominence. Exterior surface of valves 

finely reticulate. Reticulation well developed on nodes 

but absent from velar ridge. Dorsum slightly epicline. 

Right valve overreaches left valve at cardinal corners. 

No hinge structure observed. 

Measurements.- See table 5 for the measurements of 

48 specimens of W. nodosa from Sadieville. Table 6 is a 

statistical summary of the measurements. 

TABLE 5. -Measurements (in mm) of 1,.8 specimens ofWarthinia nodosa 

from USGS colln. No. 71,.68-CO, from the Clays Ferry Formation 

[Specimens 1, USNM 239967; Specimen 2, USNM 239968; Specimens 4-48, USNM 239974] 

USNM Posterior 

No. Valve Length- Height node 

Figured hypotypes 

1 ______ 239967 Left --------- 0.340 0.202 Spinose. 2 ______ 239968 ____ do ------- .410 . 246 Do . 

Unfigured hypotypes 3 ______ 239974 Right -------- .422 .245 Pointed. 4 ______ 239974 Left --------- .460 .285 Do. 5 ______ 239974 ____ do _______ .435 .278 Do. 6 ______ 239974 ____ do _______ .417 .253 Spinose. 

7------ 239974 ____ do ------- .422 .265 Pointed. 8 ______ 239974 ____ do ------- .416 .265 Do. 9 ______ 239974 Right -------- .504 .316 Rounded. 10 ______ 239974 Left --------- .410 .259 Pointed. 11 ______ 239974 ____ do _______ .510 .315 Rounded. 12 ______ 239974 Right -------- .466 .290 Pointed. 

13 ______ 239974 ____ do ------- .467 .278 Rounded. 14 ______ 239974 Left --------- .406 .252 Pointed. 15 ______ 239974 ____ do ------- .447 .277 Rounded. 16 ______ 239974 Right -------- .461 .285 Do. 17 ______ 239974 Left --------- .460 .278 Do. 18 ______ 239974 ----do ------""'" .485 .277 Spinose. 

TABLE 5.-Measurements (in mr;t) of 1,.8 specimens ofWarthinia nodosa 

from USGS colln. No. 71,.68-CO, from the Clays Ferry Formation-Continued 

USNM Posterior No. Valve Length Height node 

U nfigured hypotypes-Continued 

19 ______ 239974 Right -------- .460 . 296 Do . 20 ______ 239974 ____ do _______ .479 .284 Pointed . 21 ______ 239974 ____ do _______ .391 . 239 Spinose . 22 ______ 239974 Left --------- .479 .309 Pointed . 23 ______ 239974 Right -------- . 469 .293 Do . 24 ______ 239974 Left --------- .416 .261 Spinose . 

25 ______ 239974 Right -------- . 510 .312 Rounded . 26 ______ 239974 ____ do _______ .479 .296 Spinose. 27 ______ 239974 ____ do _______ .466 .280 Rounded . 28 ______ 239974 ____ do ------- .411 .277 Pointed . 29 ______ 239974 ____ do _______ .466 .302 Do . 30 ______ 239974 ____ do _______ .419 .258 Spinose. 

31 ______ 239974 Left --------- . 447 .278 Rounded . 32 ______ 239974 ____ do _______ .447 .290 Pointed . 33 ______ 239974 ____ do ------- .430 .302 Rounded . 34 ______ 239974 Right -------- .425 .265 Spinose . 35 ______ 239974 ____ do ------- . 378 .233 Pointed . 36 ______ 239974 Left --------- .479 .290 Do . 

37 ______ 239974 Right -------- .466 .287 Do . 38 ______ 239974 ____ do _______ .485 .309 Do . 39 ______ 239974 ____ do _______ . 398 .246 Spinose . 40 ______ 239974 Left --------- .466 .284 Pointed . 41 ______ 239974 Right -------- .467 . 284 Do . 42 ______ 239974 ____ do _______ .435 .279 Do . 

43 ______ 239974 ____ do _______ . 442 .284 Broken . 44 ______ 239974 Left --------- .423 .253 Pointed. 45 ______ 239974 Right -------- .479 .299 Rounded. 46 ______ 239974 Left --------- .405 .246 Spinose . 47 ______ 239974 ____ do _______ .437 .277 Pointed . 48 ______ 239974 ____ do _______ .435 . 271 Do . 

Ontogeny. -The size-dispersion diagram (fig. 13) 

shows not only changes in absolute and relative size but 

also an ontogenetic change in valve morphology. The 

smallest instar yet recovered (adult-5? (A-5?); USNM 

239967, pl. 2, fig. 9) has a relatively large horn-shaped 

posterodorsal node (the distal end of the node is broken 

on the only specimen), a rudimentary velar ridge, and a 

restriction of the reticulation to an area on the lateral 

surface ventral to the midheight. Some reticulation may 

also be present on the anterodorsal and the horn-shaped 

posterodorsal node. In the next growth stage, adult-4, 

the velar ridge is more strongly defined and the distal 

end of the horn-shaped posterodorsal node is spinose . 

During the rest of ontogeny, the velar ridge becomes increasingly well defined and the number of spinose individuals composing the populations decreases. 

However, many of the adult and larger preadult 

specimens have pointed or conical posterodorsal nodes. 

A complete gradation exists from hemispherical and 

rounded to pointed and conical. Additionally, the 

posterodorsal nodes of the adult and larger preadult 

specimens are smaller and not as horn shaped as the 

earlier stages. These observations are consistent with 
OSTRACODA, LEXINGTON LIMESTONE, CLAYS FERRY FORMATION, KENTUCKY H25 

TABLE 6.-Statistical summary of measurements (in mm) for 

Warthinia nodosa from USGS colln. No. 7468-CO, from the Clays 

Ferry Formation 

lnstar No. of Length Height 

specimens Mean Minimum Maximum Mean Minimum Maximum 

Adult 3 0.508 0.504 0.510 0.314 0.312 0.316 

A-1 19 .470 .460 .485 .290 .277 .309 

A-2 10 .440 .435 .447 .278 .265 .290 

A-3 13 .417 .405 .430 .296 .246 .302 

A-4 3 .389 .378 .398 .239 .233 .246 

A-'! I .340 .202 

those made by Guber (1963, p. 46), who found that 

among 500 Richmondian (late Late Ordovician) 

specimens studied, only the preadult individuals had 

spinose nodes. 

Because of the discrepancy in the dimensions of the 

right and left valves, the allometric equation was 

calculated for the entire population and then for each of 

the valves separately. In all valves, the results were extremely similar and growth approached linearity. The 

allometric equation for the left valves is height= 0.627, 

length= 1.012, r= 0.904. 

Discussion.- Warthinia nodosa closely resembles 

several species of W arthinia from the Maquoketa Shale 

of Missouri.' However, W. verrucosa (Kay, 1940, of 

Keenan, 1951) differs from W. nodosa by having a more 

prominent punctate velar ridge and a sharp, posteriorly 

directed spine on the anterodorsal node of the adults; W. 

insolens (Keenan, 1951) differs by having a large spinose 

posterodorsal node in adults; and W. binoda (Keenan, 

1951) differs by having the anteroventral node suppressed or lacking in adults. Warthinia saccula (Burr 

0.320 I ! I 

Warthinia nodosa (Ulrich) 

0.295 - Height=0.627 mm (/) 

0::: 

w Length=1.012 mm 1-

w r=0.904 

~ _J 0.270 1-

= 

and Swain, 1965) from the Maquoketa of Iowa is very 

similar to W. nodosa but is more coarsely punctate, and 

the posterodorsal node of adults is large, elliptical, and 

nonspinose. A single pyritized specimen of Warthinia 

recovered from USGS colin. 7468-CO resembled illustrations of W. saccula given by Burr and Swain (1965) 

because of the coarseness of preservation;·unfortunately, the extremely delicate valve was inadvertently 

destroyed in an attempt to clean it. The figures of W. 

nodosa shown by Burr and Swain (1965) are at too low a 

magnification to be sure of the specific identification but 

seem to resemble W. binoda more than W. nodosa. This 

reference is therefore questioned in our synonymy. The 

holotype and only specimen (Kay, 1940, p. 260) of 

Kiesowia verrucosa Kay, 1940, from the Ion Dolomite 

Member of the Decorah Formation in Minnesota has not 

been seen by us; it is not certain from Kay's description 

. and figures (Kay, 1940, pl. 32, figs. 39, 40) whether this 

specimen is conspecific with those identified by Keenan 

(1951, p. 569-570) as K. verrucosa, which are here 

transferred to Warthinia. 

\ 

Schmidt (1941) erected two subspecies for Warthinia 

nodosa, Warthinia nodosa paupera (Schmidt, 1941) and 

W arthinia nodosa nodosa (Ulrich, 1890). The former 

subspecies was initiated for the typical three-node form 

and the latter, for the four-node variant described by 

Ulrich (1890) and illustrated in this report. In populations that include the quadrinodose variants (only two 

collections, USGS colln. 7 4 71-CO and 7 468-CO), a complete morphologic gradation exists between those 

I I 

. \ • ~ 0 \ 0 • \ Adult 

\ • I 

• - 0 \ • 0 

• ce I • \o A-1 •o 8 • • 0 

\ 0 \ - ~ 0 oe \ ~ \ 0 o. 

\ USNM No. 

.\ ~6 0 0 A-2 

1-' ... 239967 

I 0.245 - • 

(.9 \ \ 6 239968 - • w \ \• A-3 I 

\ 239974 

0.220 1- \ A-4 • Right valve - o Left valve 

• A-5? 

0.195 I I I I I I 

0.320 0.352 0.384 0.416 0.448 0;480 0.512 0.544 

LENGTH, IN MILLIMETERS 

FIGURE 13.- Size-dispersion diagram for 48 specimens of Warthinia nodosa from the Clays Ferry Formation at Sadieville. All specimens are 

· from USGS 7468-CO. 
H26 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES 

specimens having three nodes and those having four. 

Therefore, the two forms cannot be separated as 

distinct taxa. Variable noding in the Holocene cytherid 

ostracode, Cyprideis torosa (Jones, 1850), has been 

demonstrated by several investigators (Kilenyi, 1972; 

Vesper, 1975) and is thought to be induced by reductions 

in salinity. A similar ecologic mechanism may be responsible for the variation in number of nodes observed in 

W arthinia nodosa. 

Types.- Lectotype, USNM 41552a (pl. 1, figs. 13-15); 

paralectotype, USNM 41552b; figured hypotypes, 

USNM 239967, 239968, 239969, 239972, 239973, 

271014; unfigured hypotypes, USNM 239970, 239971, 

239974 (46 specimens). 

Occurrence. - W arthinia nodosa was found in both the 

Lexington Limestone (Millersburg, Curdsville, 

Tanglewood, and Grier) and the Clays Ferry Formation, 

in rocks of Kirkfieldian to Edenian Age. 

Four hundred and sixty-nine specimens were recovered from the following five USGS localities and 19 collections: Nicholasville 1, 5899-CO (15); Dry Fork Road, 

7039-CO (1), 7040-CO (2), 7041-CO (2), 7043-CO (3), 

7056-CO (2), 7071-CO (2), 7079-CO (1); Sadieville C, 

7454-CO (37), 7455-CO (10), 7456-CO (2), 7461-CO (1), 

7467-CO (62), 7468-CO (75), 7471-CO (249), 7472-CO 

(1), 7478-CO (2); Switzer A, D1117-CO (1); Gratz A, 

D1312-CO (1). 

This species has also been reported from the Edenian 

through Richmondian of the Cincinnati area (Bassler 

and Kellett, 1934), the Upper Ordovician English Head 

and Vaureal Formations of Anticosti Island, Quebec, 

Canada (Bassler, 1927; Copeland, 1970), the Richmondian Maquoketa Shale of Iowa (Spivey, 1939) and the Middle Ordovician Dubuque Formation of Minnesota (Burr 

and Swain, 1965). 

Genus PARENTHATIA Kay, 1940 

Type species. -Moorea punctata Ulrich, 1894 

Parenthatia sadievillensis n. sp. 

Plate 2, figures 2-8 

Diagnosis. -Parenthatia with ridge surrounding entire lateral surface of valve; area inside ridge, with exception of poorly defined, subcentral raised area, is 

coarsely punctate. · 

Description. -Valves amplete, elongate-suboval in 

lateral view and apparently equal in size. Greatest 

length at midheight and greatest height posterior of 

midlength. Hingeline straight, approximately 70 percent of greatest length, in lateral view partly concealed 

by dorsal part of surrounding ridge. Ventral margin 

broadly convex, grades into convex anterior and 

posterior margins. Anterior margin more sharply 

rounded than posterior. Cardinal angles obtuse and 

subequal, anterior more sharply defined than posterior. 

Well-formed ridge completely surrounds lateral surface 

of valve. On anterior and anterodorsal border, surrounding ridge extremely wide, grades into free margin. On 

other borders, ridge is narrower and, with exception of 

dorsal border, is separated from slightly outflaring free 

margin by channel which is narrow on ventral and wide 

on posterior border. Surface of posterior channel 

covered by fine irregular ridges. Slight, poorly defined 

indentation on dorsal part of ridge, approximately 28 

percent of distance from anterodorsal cardinal angle, 

may represent S2. 

Central part of valves, with exception of poorly defined elongate subcentral area, depressed below crest of 

surrounding ridge. Surface of depressed area coarsely 

punctate; raised central swelling not punctate. Neither 

hingement nor sexual dimorphism observed. 

Measurements. -The length and height of the holotype 

and 15 para types are given in millimeters in table 7. 

TABLE 7.-Measurements (in mm) of 16 specimens of Parenthatia 

sadievillensisfrom USGS colln. No. 7467-CO, TanglewoodLimestone 

Member of Lexington Limestone 

[Specimen 1, USNM 240035; specimens 2-16, USNM 240036] 

Valve Length Height 

Holotype 

1___________ Left______________ 0.428 0.277 

Para types 

2 ___________ _ ____ do __________ _ 3 ___________ _ ____ do __________ _ 

4 ___________ _ ____ do __________ _ 

5 ___________ _ ____ do __________ _ 

6 ___________ Right_ ___________ _ 7 ________________ do __________ _ 

8 ___________ Left _____________ _ 

9 ___________ Right_ ___________ _ 

10 ___________ Left _____________ _ 11 ________________ do __________ _ 

12 ___________ Right ____________ _ 

13 ___________ Left _____________ _ 14 ________________ do __________ _ 

15 ________________ do __________ _ 

16 ___________ _ ____ do __________ _ 

0.447 

.457 

.398 

.441 

.428 

.423 

.449 

.425 

.410 

.428 

.466 

.378 

.391 

.378 

.416 

0.302 

.290 

.246 

.296 

.291 

.280 

.265 

.255 

.252 

.290 

.284 

.243 

.221 

.279 

.258 

Discussion. - Parenthatia sadievillensis differs from 

other described species of the genus by having a strongly defined ridge surrounding the entire lateral valve surface and an elongate central swelling. The lectotype of 

P. punctata (Ulrich, 1894), here designated as USNM 

41684a (pl. 2, fig. 1), lacks the central swelling and the 

ridge on the dorsal margin; on P. camerata Kay, i940, 

the swelling is lacking and the ridge is not well defined 

and is punctate. Parenthatia reticulata :[3lumenstengel, 

1965, also lacks the central swelling, although the ridge 

encircles the valve. The specific name is derived from 

the type locality, Sadieville, Ky. 

Types. -Holotype, an adult left valve, USNM 240035 

(pl. 2, fig. 2); figured paratypes, USNM 271016-271018; 

unfigured paratypes, 13 specimens on one slide, USNM 

240036. 
OSTRACODA, LEXINGTON LIMESTONE, CLAYS FERRY FORMATION, KENTUCKY H27 

Occurrence. -The holotype and 15 paratypes were 

found in USGS colin. 7467-CO, from the Tanglewood 

Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone, 77 ft 

above the base of the Sadieville C section, Scott County, 

Ky. One specimen.(USNM 271018) is from USGS colin. 

7 468-CO from the Clays Ferry Formation in the 

Sadieville C section. This species is not known to occurelsewhere. 

Genus GEPHYROPSIS n. gen. 

Type species. -Gephyropsis trachyreticulata n. sp. 

Species included. -Only the type species. 

Diagnosis.- Preplete, subelliptical palaeocope with 

well-developed rim surrounding entire lateral surface of 

valve, with exception of anterodorsal sag. Large 

sigmoidal lobe on middorsal part of valve merges with 

dorsal part of surrounding rim. Two poorly defined 

nodes, one dorsal and one ventral, on posterolateral surface of valve. 

Discussion. - Gephyropsis is tentatively placed in the 

Bolliidae because of the occurrence of a marginal rim 

and nodes, particularly if the bulbous dorsal part of the 

sigmoidal lobe is viewed as an anterodorsal node. When 

interpreted in the manner, Gephyropsis has a general 

similarity to a trinodose W arthinia, although the 

anterior-posterior orientation is reversed. The reticulation on the nodes of both these genera adds to the 

resemblance. However, although the two genera may be 

related, the preplete outline and sigmoidal lobe of 

Gephyropsis are unlike the corresponding features in 

Warthinia. 

The generic name is derived from the Greek 

"gephyra," meaning ''bridge," and the suffix "-opsis," 

meaning "having the appearance of, like," in reference 

to the bridgelike manner in which the sigmoidal lobes of 

the opposing valves abut against each other dorsally. 

The gender is feminine. 

Geologic range.- As yet, this genus is known only from 

the lower Upper Ordovician (Edenian) of Kentucky. 

Gephyropsis trachyreticulata n. sp. 

Plate 3, figures 8-12 

Diagnosis.- As for genus. 

Description. -Valves preplete, equal in size and 

subelliptical in lateral view. Greatest length at 

midheight and greatest height in anterior 25 percent of 

valve. Dorsal margin basically straight but appears indented in anterior 40 percent of valve so that anterior 

part is inclined toward posterior. Dorsal margin approximately 70 percent of greatest length and slightly 

epicline, hingeline being incised along its center. Ventral margin convex with strong posterior upswing. 

Anterior margin broadly convex, posterior margin 

sharply convex. Cardinal angles obtuse and subequal. 

Well-developed ridge circumscribes entire lateral surface of valves; on free margin, ridge is velar in position 

and is separated from poorly developed marginal ridge 

by narrow shallow canaliculus. Poorly developed 

marginal ridge and well~developed velar ridge parallel 

around the entire free margin. Dorsally, surrounding 

ridge parallel to hingeline, including indented part. 

Lateral surface of valves deeply impressed below surrounding ridge, with exception of sigmoidal lobe and 

two nodes. Sigmoidal lobe middorsal in position and 

merges posteriorly with surrounding ridge; its dorsal 

part is somewhat bulbous. Sigmoidal lobes of opposing 

valves abut dorsally to form a bridgelike structure in 

dorsal view. Two wide, poorly defined nodes on 

posterolateral surface. Nodes vertically aligned, one being dorsal and one ventral. Nodes and dorsal part of 

sigmoidal lobe coarsely reticulate. Hingement, internal 

reflection of morphology, and location of S2 not known. 

Measurements. -The holotype and only specimen, a 

carapace, is 0.438 mm long, 0.268 mm high, and has a 

hingeline 0.315 mm long. 

Discussion. -As noted in the discussion of the genus, 

G. trachyreticulata resembles a small, misshapened 

W arthinia, and as only one specimen has been found, 

this was at first considered a possibility. However, the 

sigmoidal lobe of Gephyropsis cannot be derived from 

any of the nodes of Warthinia by deformation and, 

although poorly preserved, its preplete outline appears 

to be original and not due to distortion. The indentation 

-of the hingeline, however, may not be a natural feature. 

We do not know whether the one small specimen is an 

adult or juvenile instar, but it is so dissimilar to 

previously described palaeocopes that its inclusion in an 

established species as an instar or sexual dimorph is extremely unlikely. Further knowledge of this species 

must wait upon the discovery of additional specimens. 

The specific name is derived from the Greek "trachy," 

meaning "rough," referring to the coarse reticulation of 

the nodes and sigmoidal lobe. 

Types.- Holotype, a complete carapace, USNM 

239975. 

Occurrence. -Millersburg Member of the Lexington 

Limestone, USGS colin. 7454-CO, 20ft above the base 

of the Sadieville C section (Edenian), Scott County, Ky. 

Family RICHINIDAE Scott, 1961 

Genus JONESELLA Ulrich, 1890 

Type species. -Leperditia crepiformis Ulrich, 1879. 

Jonesella gonyloba n. sp. 

Plate 3, figures 13-15 

Diagnosis. - Amplete palaeocopids with two large 

mammelose nodes on the anterodorsal and mid-dorsal 
H28 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES 

valve surfaces and large geniculate lobe anterior and 

ventral of nodes. No velar structures present. 

Description. -Valves amplete and subovate in lateral 

view. Greatest height at midlength and greatest length 

just dorsal to midheight. Dorsum straight, approximately 60 percent of greatest length. Ventral margin broadly 

convex, grades into convex anterior and posterior 

margins. Anterior margin slightly more broadly rounded than posterior. Cardinal angles sharply defined, obtuse, and subequal. Two large oblong nodes along dorsal 

margin. Larger node anterior and smaller just posterior 

of midlength; · S2 is between nodes. Low geniculate lobe 

in anterior part of valve surface, gently rounded in cross 

section, and anterior to and ventral of nodes. Lobe 

starts in anterodorsal corner, parallels anterior margin 

of anterior node, and bends sharply beneath it until it 

points directly posteriorly, terminating beneath S2 in 

subtriangular swelling, apex of triangle pointing dorsally. Nodes, location of S2, and lobe are internally 

reflected as inverse features. Hingement not observed. 

Material. -19 specimens: the holotype, 13 paratypes, 

and 5 assorted fragments. 

Measurements.- The dimensions of the 11 measurable 

specimens are shown in table 8. 

TABLE 8. -Measurements (in mm) of 11 specimens of Jonesella gonyloba 

[Specimen I, USNM 239981, USGS colin. No. 01196-CO from the Logana Member of Lex· 

ington Limestone; specimens 2-11, USNM 239982, USGS colin. No. 5899-CO from the 

Curd~ville Member of the Lexington Limestone] 

Valve Length Height Hingeline Comments 

Holotype 

Right ___ 0.714 0.498 0.432 Calcareous valve. 

Unfigured paratypes 

2 Left ____ 0.572 0.364 0.286 Phosphatic filling. 

3 Right ___ .533 .364 . 260 Do . 

4 Left ____ .533 .377 . 273 Do . 

5 ____ do - .507 .338 . 260 Do . 

6 Right ___ .520 .338 . 260 Do . 

7 ____ do - .520 .364 . 247 Do . 

8 Left ____ .624 .390 . 325 Do . 

9 ____ do .598 .390 . 364 Do . 

10 Right ___ .507 .325 . 299 Do . 

11 ____ do - .559 .351 . 273 Do . 

Discussion. -Poor preservation has severely hindered 

the study of this new species. Of 16 specimens, only two 

are calcareous valves. The rest are phosphatic internal 

casts reflecting various parts of the morphology. The 

casts do indicate, however, that the two nodes and 

geniculate lobe are internally reflected. 

Jonesella gonyloba greatly resembles J. crepidiformis 

(Ulrich, 1879), the type species of Jonesella, with the 

ventral part" of the "U-shaped" lobe moved anteriorly. 

This shift in a part of the "jonesellid" lobe causes this 

species to show a great affinity to members of the 

Richinidae, an early and middle Paleozoic family consisting of rimless subovate forms that have two dorsomedian nodes. For this reason, Jonesella, considered 

as of uncertain familial affinities in the ".Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology" (Moore, 1961, p. Q132), is here 

provisionally placed in the Richinidae. The specific name 

is derived from the Greek "gony" meaning "knee" with 

reference to the knee-shaped lobe on the anterolateral 

surface of the valves.· 

Types.- Holotype, a right valve, USNM 239981; unfigured para types, USNM 239982 (13. specimens on one 

slide). . . 

Occurrence.- The holotype of J. gonyloba is from 0.5 ft 

below the top of the Logan~ Member of the Lexington 

Limestone, Frankfort East-A section, ·Franklin County, 

Ky., USGS colln. D1196-CO. The 13 paratypes are from 

the top of the Curdsville Limestone Member of the Lexington, Nicholasville 1 section (Denny core), USGS 

colln. 5899-CO. This species occurs in rocks of Kirkfieldian to Shermanian Age. 

Family uncertain 

Genus BALLARDINA Harris, 1957 

Type species. -Ballardina concentrica Harris, 1957. 

Ballardina millersburgia n. sp. 

Plate 3, figures 2-7 

Diagnosis. -Central part of domicilium depressed; 

dorsum inflated with indistinct sulcus in anterior half 

and poorly defined node beneath sulcus in elongate 

subcentral depression. 

Description. -Lateral outline subelliptical, slightly 

postplete. Anterior and posterior margins smoothly 

curved, ventral margin gently curved, dorsal margin 

·slightly sinuous. Hingeline straight, about 70 percent of 

greatest length, concealed in lateral view by inflated 

dorsum. Greatest length at or below midpoint of valve, 

greatest height posterior of midlength. Cardinal angles 

well defined, obtuse, anterior angle greater than 

posterior. Subcentral part of domicilium an elongate 

depression in which, just anterior of midlength, is poorly 

defined node. Depression bordered ventrally by broad 

ridge which curves dorsally at both ends of valve to 

merge with inflated dorsum. Dorsum divided by indistinct, short shallow sulcus above node; posterior part 

of dorsum higher and wider than anterior part. Velar 

ridge distinct, extends from anterior to posterior cardinal angles, widest ventrally. Poorly defined marginal 

rim merges with velar ridge at cardinal angles. Subvelar 

field plane or very weakly channelled. Valve surface apparently finely granulose. Hingement apparently simple 

tongue and groove. Shell thick, external morphology not 

clearly reflected internally. Dimorphism not seen. 
OSTRACODA, LEXINGTO~ LIMESTONE, CLAYS FERRY FORMATION, KENTUCKY H29 

Measurements. -Table 9 shows the measurements of 

the holotype and 12 paratypes; a statistical summary of 

these measurements is given in table 10. 

TABLE 9. -Measurements (in mm) of 13 specimens of Ballardina 

millersburgia from the Millersburg Member of the Lexington Limestone 

USNM USGS Valve Length Height Hingeline No. colin. No. 

Holotype 

1 239983 7 455-CO Left _______ 0.648 0.425 0.490 

Figured paratype 

2 239984 7 455-CO Right ------ 0.662 0.432 0.439 

Unfigured paratypes 

3 239985 7 455-CO Right ______ 0.663 0.454 0.482 

4 239985 7 455-CO Left _______ .623 .410 .425 

5 239985 7 455-CO _____ do ___ .564 .360 .396 

6 239985 7455-CO _____ do ___ .684 .446 .490 

7 239985 7 455-CO Right ______ .562 .367 .374 

8 239985 7 455-=co Left _______ .570 .374 (1) 

9 239985 7 455-CO Right ______ .614 .403 .443 

10 239987 7 454-CO ____ ..:do ___ .612 .418 .425 

11 239987 7 454-CO Left _______ .600 .410 .439 

12 239986 7 456-CO Right ______ .678 .446 .504 

13 239986 7456-CO _____ do ___ .499 .353 .353 

1 Measurement not obtainable, because of a broken anterior cardinal corner. 

Ontogeny. -The lack of sufficient material makes the 

acquisition of reliable ontogenetic data extremely difficult. However, the smallest specimen yet recovered, an 

adult-3 (A-3) (fig. 14), has several interesting features, 

namely, a very poorly defined central depression and 

lack of a node. In addition, the velar ridge and the sulcus 

are poorly defined. Although these subdued features 

might be due to poor preservation of this specimen, the 

remaining two instars, adult-2 and adult-1, show a 

steady increase in the development of the central 

depression, node, sulcus, and velar ridge until the adult 

condition is attained. 

According to the high exponential value for the 

allometric equations: height= 0.631; length= 0.896; 

growth approaches linearity. High correlation, r= 0.955, 

indicates a strong relationship between the points and 

the equation. 

Discussion. -Harris (1957, p. 224) proposed the genus 

Ballardina for small ostracodes that have an inflated 

dorsum, a relatively long, straight hinge, and a small 

anterocentral node defined dorsally and posteriorly by a 

crescentic sulcus that may be enlarged posteriorly 

beneath the thickened dorsum; he designated B. concentrica Harris, 1957 from the Joins and Oil Creek Formations of Oklahoma as the type species of his new genus. 

Ballardina millersburgia most closely resembles the 

holotype of B. concentrica (MCZ 4619; pl. 3, fig. 1), but, 

B. concentrica has a wider velar ridge, which is 

restricted in the posterior part of the valve, and a narrower ridge beneath the central depression. The other 

TABLE 10.-Statistical summary of measurements (in mm)for Ballardina millersburgiafrom USGS colln. Nos. 7454-CO, 7455-CO, and 

7456-CO from the Millersburg Member of the Lexington Limestone 

Ins tar N Length Height 

Mean Minimum Maximum Mean Minimum Maximum 

Adult 5 0.667 0.648 0.684 0.441 0.425 0.454 A-1 4 .614 .606 .623 .410 .903 .418 A-2 3 .565 .562 .569 .367 .367 .374 

A-3 ------- 1 .499 .353 

species in the genus, B. minuta Harris, 1957, and B. 

simplex Harris, 1957, lack the elongate central depression found in B. millersburgia and B. concentrica. 

The specific name of Ballardina millersburgia is derived from the Millersburg Member of the Lexington 

Limestone, its only known occurrence. 

Types. -Holotype, an adult? left valve, USNM 239983, 

from the Millersburg Member of the Lexington 

Limestone, 22 feet above the base of the Sadieville C 

section, Scott County, Ky. (USGS colln.7455-CO). 

Figured paratypes, USNM 239984, 271019, 271020; unfigured para types, USNM 239985 (7. specimens, USGS 

colin. 7 455-CO), USNM 239986 (2 specimens, USGS 

colin. 7 456-CO), USNM 239987 (2 specimens, USGS colln. 7454-CO). 

Occurrence. -15 specimens were found in the 

Millersburg Member (Edenian) of the Lexington 

Limestone in an interval 20 to 30ft above the base of the 

Sadieville C section, from the following USGS collection: 7454-CO (2); 7455-CO (11); 7456-CO (2). 

Superfamily HOLLINACEA Swartz, 1936 

Family TETRADELLIDAE Swartz, 1936 

Subfamily GLOSSOMORPHITINAE Hessland, 1954 

Genus CTENOBOLBINA Ulrich, 1890 

Type species. -Beyrichia ciliata Emmons, 1855. 

Ctenobolbina ventrispinifera n. sp. 

Plate 4, figures 1-14 

Diagnosis. -Ctenobolbina with two well developed 

sulci, S2 and S3, S1 being represented by shallow reentrant on posterodorsal surface of L1; short spine on L4 

of the adults near· ventral border. Infravelar antral 

dimorphism present; heteromorphs have wide, deep 

subvelar channel, and adult tecnomorphs have shallow, 

narrow channel. Preadult tecnomorphic valves 

bispinose, one spine middorsal and one midventral. 

Description. -Valves amplete to slightly preplete in 

lateral view, equal in size and subrectangular. Greatest 

height just anterior of S2 and greatest length just dorsal 

to midheight. Greatest width coincident with midheight 

of L3. Dorsum· straight, approximately 75 percent of 

greatest length and slightly epicline. Ventral margin 

broadly convex. Anterior and posterior margins both 
H30 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES 

0.474 ~----,-----T-----,------T-----r--------, 

0.454 - Ballardina millersburgia n. sp. • - Height=0.631 mm C) • Length=0.896 mm 

r=0.955 

0.434 1- \ - CJ) \ b. 

0::: 

w \ • Iw \ Adult? ~ 0 

....J 0.414 1- \ ~ 0 • \ - ~ \ ~ \ • 

I-' \ I 0.394 (!) - \ w A-1 - I \ 

\ 

\ USNM No. 

0.374- \ • A 239983 - \ • b. 239984 

\ 

\ • A-2 • 239985 

0.354 ~ \ () 239986 - 0 239987 

A-3 

0.334 I I I I I 

0.475 0.511 0.547 0.583 0.619 0.655 0.691 

LENGTH, IN MILLIMETERS 

FIGURE 14.-Size-dispersion diagram for 13 specimens of Ballardina millersburgia from the Millersburg Member of the Lexington Limestone at 

Sadieville. See table 9 for the USGS collection numbers. 

convex, anterior being more broadly rounded than 

posterior. Cardinal angles both obtuse, anterior being 

greater and more sharply defined than posterior. 

L1 bulbous and subrounded; shallow reentrant on 

posterodorsal part of Ll represents an incipient Sl. L2 

. very poorly developed small lobate extension of Ll. Ll 

and L2 separated from L3 by wide, long, deeply impressed and curving S2, concave toward anterior and 

flaring dorsally. L3long and prominent, separated from 

L4 by narrow, shallow S3. S3 restricted to mid part of 

valve and does not extend to hinge line. L4 extremely 

wide and has short spine near its base. All three major 

lobes connected by poorly defined ventral connecting 

lobe. Surface of lobes and sulci coarsely papillose, with 

exception of S2, which is smooth. In adult tecnomorphs, 

narrow, concave velar frill extends from ventral portion 

of anterior margin across adventral surface to ventral 

part of posterior margin; subvelar field is narrow 

canaliculus · between inner side of frill and row of 

marginal spines. In heteromorphs,· frill wide, cQnvex 

with anterior frill funnel on midanterior margin. Velar 

frill higher on valve flank in heteromorph than in tecnomorph. Heteromorphic infravelar antrum deep, long, 

and wide; outer antral fence consists of inner surface of 

velar frill and inner antral fence consists of marginal 

ridge with superimposed spines. Most specimens 

carapaces; hingement not determined. 

Measurements. -Table 11 gives the measurements of 

4 7 specimens from the Dry Fork Road section, and table 

12 is a statistical summary of the measurements. 

Ontogeny. -Because of the poor preservation of the 

specimens, a complete understanding of the smaller 

preadult stages is difficult. However, the size-dispersion 

diagram (fig. 15) shows seven growth stages, the adult 

through adult-6 (A-6). The smallest specimen (A-6) appears to be unisulcate (S2) and is subelliptical in lateral 

outline, the greatest height being. anterior and the area 

posterior of S2, poorly developed. Two spines are pres-
OSTRACODA, LEXINGTON LIMESTONE, CLAYS FERRY FORMATION, KENTUCKY H31 

TABLE 11. -Measurements (in mm) of 47 carapaces (with the exception 

of USNM 239978, a left valve) of Ctenobolbina ventrispinifera from 

USGS colln. No. 7053-CO, Millersburg Member of Lexington Limestone 

[Specimen 1, USNM 239976; Specimen 2, USNM 239977; Specimen 3, USNM 239978; 

Specimen 4, USNM 239979; Specimens 5-47, USNM 239980] 

Length Height Hingeline Comment 

Holotype 

1 1.079 0.689 0.806 Adult tecnomorph. 

Figured paratypes 

2 1.118 0.690 0.845 Adult heteromorph. 

3 1.170 .598 .936 Do. 

4 . 689 .403 .572 Bispinose . 

Unfigured paratypes 

5 0.858 0.494 0.689 Bispinose. 

6 . 745 .429 .624 Do. 

7 .962 .533 . 728 Do . 

8 .845 .455 .689 Do. 

9 .832 .455 .650 Do. 

10 1.079 .663 .858 Adult tecnomorph. 

11 .845 .520 .715 Bispinose. 

12 .806 .468 .546 Do. 

13 .728 .416 .650 Do. 

14 .650 .364 .520 Do. 

15 .624 .351 .520 Do. 

16 .754 .430 .507 Do. 

17 . 611 .390 .507 Do . 18 .429 .247 .377 Do. 

19 .715 .416 .598 Do. 

20 .702 .429 .585 Do. 

21 .936 .455 .728 Do. 

22 1.118 .585 .806 Adult tecnomorph. 

23 .910 .546 .741 Bispinose. 

24 1.027 .572 .832 ·Do. 

25 . 793 .442 .624 Do . 26 .845 .455 .728 Do. 

27 . 988 .585 .845 Do.· 

28 1.040 .585 .845 Do. 

29 .793 .494 .533 Do. 

30 .832 .455 .650 Do. 

31 1.079 .585 .845 Bispinose. 

32 1.157 .650 .845 Adult heteromorph. 

33 .. 988 .520 .780 Bispinose. 

34 .871 .494 .741 Do. 

35 .988 .533 .780 Do. 

36 .728 .429 . 611 Do . 37 . 871 .494 . 715 Do . 

38 .715 .429 .572 Do. 

39 .702 .416 .585 Do. 

40 .637 .377 .546 Do. 

41 .546 .325 .481 Do. 

42 . 650 .364 .572 Do. 

43 .559 .312 .481 Do. 

44 .897 . 494 .689 Do . 45 .897 .559 .728 Do. 

46 . 884 .481 .715 Do. 

47 .559 .312 .494 Do. 

ent on each valve; one ventral and the other middorsal. 

The spines on the already well-developed lobe that is to 

become L3 are posteriorly directed. There is a slight 

marginal rim, but the marginal spines are not distinct. 

TABLE 12. -Statistical summary of measurements (in mm) for 

Ctenobolbina ventrispinifera from_ USGS colln. No. 7053-CO, 

Millersburg Member of Lexington Limestone 

Instar No. of Length Height 

specimens Mean Minimum Maximum Mean Minimum Maximum 

Adult 6 1.120 1.079 1.170 0.639 0.585 0.689 

A-1 9 .950 .897 1.079 .553 .920 .585 

A-2 ------- 14 .851 .793 .936 .475 .442 .520 A-3 _______ 9 .721 .689 .754 .422 .403 .430 

A-4 5 .634 .611 .650 .369 .351 .390 

A-5 ------- 3 .555 .546 .559 .316 .312 .325 

A-6? 1 .429 .247 

In the next two instars, A-5 and A-4, 81 becomes evident on the posterodorsal surface of L1, and distinct 

spines appear along the contact margin. In all other 

ways, the specimens resemble A-6 . 

83 first starts to develop in A-3 (USNM 239979, pl. 4, 

figs. 9, 10), although it is not very well formed. In addition to the development of 83, the posterior part of the 

valve begins to elongate, and the lateral outline starts to 

change from subelliptical to subrectangular. 

Throughout the rest of the ontogeny, the A-2 through 

A-1 (USNM 271023, pl. 4, fig. 5), the degree of impression of 83 and the elongation of the valve progressively 

increase. The addition ofvelar structures and the loss of 

the dorsal spines, however, do not take place until the 

adult stage is attained (USNM 239976-239978, pl. 4, 

figs. 6-8, 11-14). Therefore, only the preadult stages 

are bispinose. 

Growth, as defined by the allometric equation 

height= 0.562, length= 0.931, approaches linearity. The 

points closely correlate with the equation, with an r 

value of 0.967 . 

Discussion. -As is clearly evident from the illustrations (pl. 4, figs. 8-10, 12-14), the specimens of C. ventrispinijera have been greatly damaged by the growth 

of pyrite crystals. This damage has obliterated some 

features and has introduced uncertainty ·into the interpretation of others, most notably the incipient Sl. 

However, the presence of this poorly defined structure 

on most of the specimens was felt to outweigh the effects of poor preservation . 

Ctenobolbina ventrispinijera most closely resembles 

the type species of Ctenobolbina, C. ciliata (Emmons, 

1855). The major difference is the occurrence of a short 

spine on the ventral part of L4 of C. ventrispinifera . 

Some specimens of C. ciliata from the Edenian of the 

·Cincinnati area also have a short spine or spine base, but 

on C. ciliata, the spine is only on L3 and never on L4 . 

Ctenobolbina ciliata parva Kirk, 1928, from the Catheys 

Limestone of Tennessee also has a spine on L3 rather 

than on L4. 

Preadult specimens of C. ventrispinifera closely 

resemble the holotype of C. bispinosa Ulrich, 1890. 

However, if C. bispinosa is a juvenile instar of another 
H32 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES 

0.7 I I I 

I Adult • I 

0 

Ctenobolbina ventrispinifera " 6 () 

n. sp. " A-1 

Height=0.562 mm 0.6 -

" • Length=0.931 mm • • • \.0 -

CJ) 

0: r=0.967 , .. w A-2 • • • I- " w • • ~ 0.5 ,_ • .... \. 

::::i " USNM No. -

= " ~ A-3 • • 239976 

,. •• • ~ :·n ' " 6 239977 

I-' 0.4 

A-4 " 0 " I - • 239978 

... " -

S2 

w A-5 " . \. 0 239979 

I 

• \. " 239980 

" • " 0.3 - A-6 

" \. • Bispinose tecnomorph _ 

\. o Adult tecnomorph 

• \. () Heteromorph 

0.2 I I I I I 

0.36 0.52 0.68 0.84 1.00 1.16 1.32 

LENGTH. IN MILLIMETERS 

FIGURE 15.-Size-dispersion diagram for 4 7 specimens of Ctenobolbina ventrispinifera from the Millersburg Member of the Lexington Limestone 

at Dry Fork Road. All specimens are from USGS 7053-CO. 

species of Ctenobolbina, that species is most probably C. 

ciliata or C. alata Ulrich, 1890, as these taxa occur 

together (Bassler and Kellett, 1934). 

The genus Ctenobolbina is here included in the subfamily Glossomorphitinae, as suggested by Schallreuter 

(1966b, p. 854.) 

. The specific name of C. ventrispinifera refers to the 

posteroventral spines found on all adult specimens. 

Types.- Holotype, an adult tecnomorphic carapace, 

USNM 239976;· figured paratypes, USNM 

239977-239979, 271021-271023; unfigured paratypes, 

USNM 239980 (57 specimens on one slide). All types are 

from the Millersburg Member (Edenian) of the Lexington Limestone, Dry Fork Road section, 31 feet above 

the 823-ft bench mark, Clark County, Ky., USGS colin. 

7053-CO. 

Occurrence.- Two hundred and sixty-eight specimens 

were recovered fr<;>m the following eight stratigraphic 

sections and 24 USGS collections: Ford-Boonesboro 

Road, 6945-CO (1); Dry Fork Road, 7039-CO (5), 

7041-CO (4), 7047-CO (1), 7050-CO (7), 7053-CO (167), 

7054-CO (13), 7055-CO (10), 7056-CO (5), 7059-CO (5), 

7060-CO (2), 70tH -CO (2), 7062-CO (3), 7068-CO (5), 

7071-CO (2), 7079-CO (1); Kentucky Route 89, 7312-CO 

(8); Winchester Reference Section B, 7318-CO (4); U.S. 

Route 227, 7325-CO (12); Sadieville C, 7456-CO (3), 

7460-CO (1), 7462-CO (1); Switzer A, D1115-CO (2); 

Gratz A, D1301-CO (4). 

Ctenobolbina ventrispinifera occurs in the Lexington 

Limestone (Grier, Tanglewood, Millersburg, and 

Strodes Creek) and in the Clays Ferry Formation; it is 

Shermanian and Edenian in age. It is not known outside 

the stratigraphic units reported here. 

Subfamily uncertain 

Genus CERA TO PSIS Ulrich, 1894 

1890. Ceratella Ulrich, p. 113, nomen nudum [not Ceratella Gray, 

1869]. 

1894. Ceratopsis Ulrich, p. 675-676. 

1908. Ceratopsis Ulrich. Ulrich and Bassler, p. 308. 

1909. Ceratopsis Ulrich. Bonnema, p. 39. 

1915. Ceratopsis Ulrich. Bassler, p. 198. 

1934. Ceratopsis Ulrich. Bassler and Kellett, p. 242 (see for a complete synonymy prior to 1934). 

1934. Ceratopsis Ulrich. Kay, p. 340. 

1937. Ceratopsis Ulrich. Opik, p. 25. 

1941. Ceratopsis Ulrich. Schmidt, p. 44-46. 

1949. Ceratopsis Ulrich. Hessland, p. ~29-331. 
OSTRACODA, LEXINGTON LIMESTONE, CLAYS FERRY FORMATION, KENTUCKY H33 

'1951. Ceratopsis Ulrich. Kesling, p. 108. 

1953a. Ceratopsis Ulrich. Henningsmoen, p. 216. 

1961. Ceratopsis Ulrich. Moore, ed., p. Q151-Q152. 

1975. Ceratopsis Ulrich. Warshauer, p. 443-445. 

Type species. -Beyrichia chambersi Miller, 1874, by 

original designation, Ulrich, 1894, p. 676. 

Species included. -Ceratopsis asymmetrica n. sp. 

Ceratopsis brittanica Sp-

. jeldnaes, 1963. 

Beyrichia (Ceratopsis) duftonensis Reed, 1910. 

Ceratopsis fimbriata n. sp. 

Ceratopsis intermedia Ulrich, 

1894. 

Beyrichia oculifer Hall, 1871. 

Beyrichia quadrifida Jones, 

1891. 

Ceratopsis chambersi var. 

robusta Ulrich, 1894. 

Diagnosis.- "A subquadrate quadrilobed palaeocopid 

with L1 modified into a dorsally directed fimbriate 

spine; infravelar antral dimorphism present, tecnomorph with a narrow concave frill, heteromorphs 

with a wide convex frill." (Warshauer, 1975, p. 445). 

Discussion.-As currently understood, the genus 

Ceratopsis comprises preplete quadrilobate palaeocopid 

ostracodes with velar dimorphism, and with L1 modified 

into a fimbriate spine (speral process of Jaanusson, 

1957, p. 190), which is free-standing and projects above 

the hingeline in lateral view. These criteria exclude from 

the genus all but the nine species listed above of the approximately 20 species that at one time or another have 

been classified as Ceratopsis. 

The inclusion of Ceratopsis in the subfamily 

Ctenonotellinae of the Ctenonotellidae by Warshauer 

(1975, p. 445) was done on the belief that the 

lateromarginal flange on adult specimens of the type 

species, C. chambersi (Miller, 1874), was not a true 

histium. However, examination of all other members of 

the genus shows this interpretation to be erroneous, as 

histial structures occur in each of them. As a result of 

this examination, the "lateromarginal flange" is now 

reinterpreted as a subdued histial structure, which 

necessitates the removal of Ceratopsis from the Ctenonotellidae. 

Recently, Schallreuter (1966b) and Jaanusson (1966) 

independently published taxonomic revisions of the 

family Tetradellidae. Each author established subfamilial classifications completely unlike that of the 

other. We feel, therefore, that the subfamilial classification of the tetradellids is still in a state of flux, and we do 

not wish to use either of the 1966 classifications. As further refinement of the family is beyond the scope of the 

present study, it will suffice to say that Ceratopsis, 

because of its velar dimorphism, histial structures, and 

quadrilobate valves is a member of the family 

Tetradellidae. 

Since its original description, the number of species included in Ceratopsis has waxed and waned. Ulrich (1894, 

see 1897, p. 675-676) characterized his new genus as 

having a fimbriate postdorsal (now considered 

anterodorsal) process and included the following species 

in Ceratopsis: Beyrichia chambersi Miller, 1874 (the 

type species); Beyrichia hastata Barrande, 1872; 

Ceratopsis intermedia Ulrich, 1894; Beyrichia oculifera 

Hall, 1871; and Ceratopsis chambersi var. robusta 

Ulrich, 1894. Ulrich here introduced the binomen C. 

oculifera for Hall's species, which Hall (1871, p. 28) had 

spelled without the final "a." Later, Ulrich and Bassler 

(1908, p. 308) added Beyrichia (Ctenobolbina) rostrata 

Krause, 1892, and Beyrichia quadrifida Jones, 1891, to 

the species included in Ceratopsis without essentially 

changing the description of the genus. Bonnema (1909, 

p. 39-42) suggested that the fimbriate process was 

anterior rather than posterior in position and added 

Ceratopsis schmidti Bonnema, 1909, and Ctenobolbina 

rostrata var. cornuta Krause, 1896, to the genus. Reed 

(1910, p. 217-218) described Beyrichia (Ceratopsis) duftonensis, a species that has been overlooked by most 

later workers. 

Kay (1934, p. 340-341) considered the specimens from 

the Decorah Shale of Minnesota described as C. 

chambersi (Miller, 1874) by Ulrich (1894, see 1897) to be 

misidentified and referred them to C. quadrifida (Jones, 

~.891) but did not describe any new species of Ceratopsis. 

Opik (1937, p. 25-28), working with Ordovician 

ostracodes from Estonia, added the following new 

species to Ceratopsis: C. platyceras Opik, 1937; C. perpunctata Opik, 1937; and C. perpunctata prominens 

Opik, 1937. He also included Ctenobolbina rostrata cornuta Krause 1896, as did Bonnema, but he considered 

Bonnema's species Ceratopsis schmidti to be a junior 

synonym of Beyrichia obliquejugata Fr. Schmidt, 1858. 

Opik (1937, p. 25) also noted that the Estonian species 

showed velar dimorphism, unlike the American species, 

which at that time were not known to be dimorphic. 

Schmidt (1941, p. 44-46) critically reviewed Kay's 

assignment of Ulrich's specimens of C. chambersi to C. 

quadrifida, considered that Beyrichia rostrata Krause 

belonged to Tetradella rather than Ceratopsis, and suggested that C. duftonensis Reed might be synonymous 

with C. obliquejugata Schmidt. He also (Schmidt, 1941, 

·p. 47-48) redescribed Ceratopsis hastata (Barrande, 

1872). 

Until 1949, species had been added to the genus 

Ceratopsis, but in that year, Hessland (1949, p. 

295-297), noting that some of the species included in 

Ceratopsis have an adnate bulb on L1 rather than a free-
H34 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES 

standing spine, proposed the new genus Glossopsis, in 

which he included Ceratopsis schmidti Bonnema, 1909, 

Ceratopsis bocki Opik, 1935, Ceratopsis perpunctata 

Opik, 1937, and questionably Beyrichia obliquejugata 

Fr. Schmidt, 1858, as well as 10 new species. Hessland 

(1949, p. 329-337) also rediagnosed and discussed 

Ceratopsis and described one new species, C. gran-

. dispinosa Hessland, 1949. Then Henningsmoen (1953a, 

p. 204-205) made the genus Sigmoopsis, with Ceratopsis 

platyceras Opik, 1937, as type species, for species with a 

sigmoidal S2, sausagelike L3, and a carinal ( = histial) 

structure showing dimorphism. In addition to the type 

species, Henningsmoen (1953a, p. 205) included in 

Sigmoopsis the following species previously assigned to 

Ceratopsis: Beyrichia obliquejugata Schmidt, 1858; 

Ceratopsis perpuncta [sic] Opik, 1937; C. perpuncta [sic] 

prominens Opik, 1937; Beyrichia (Ctenobolbina) rostrata 

Krause, 1892; Ctenobolbina rostrata cornuta Krause, 

1896; and Ceratopsis schmidti Bonnema, 1909. In 

discussing Ceratopsis, Henningsmoen (1953a, p. 216) 

predicted that dimorphism, if found, would be in the 

velar structure. ~arv (1959, p. 141) included Ceratopsis 

regalis Neckaja, 1950, in his new genus Pseudotallinnella, and Jaanussop (1957, p. 385) placed Ceratopsis 

bicornis Neckaja, 1953, in Polyceratella Opik, 1937. 

Thus, by 1959, most European species assigned to 

Ceratopsis had been placed in other genera. 

Most recently, Pribyl (1975, p. 12-14) has proposed 

the new genus Hastatellina, with the type species 

Beyrichia hastata Barrande, 1872, for bisulcate species 

with a distinct speral process and a weak velum in tecnomorphs but a histium in heteromorphs. Pribyl (1975, 

p. 14) included in Hastatellina the following species: 

Ceratopsis grandispinosa Hessland, 1949; Hastatellina 

posthastata Pribyl, 1975 ( = Ceratopsis hastata Schmidt, 

1941 non Beyrichia hastata Barrande, 1872); and H. 

normandiensis Pribyl, 1975. With reservations, Pribyl 

(1975, p. 14) also questionably included Ctenobolbina 

rostrata cornuta Krause, 1896, and Ceratopsis 

humilinoda Kay, 1940. Also recently, Warshauer (1975, 

p. 443-455) has redescribed the type species of Ceratopsis, C. chambersi (Miller, 1874), and demonstrated that 

the genus has velar dimorphism, as predicted by Henningsmoen (1953a, p.216). Warshauer (1975, p. 446-449) 

showed that juvenile specimens of C. chambersi (A-5) 

are trilobate rather than quadrilobate and that adult, 

specimens develop a histial structure (termed 

·lateromarginal bend by him). This suggests a close relationship between the type species of Ceratopsis and 

Hastatellina as described by Pribyl. 

Pribyl (1975, p. 14) presumably considered Ceratopsis 

humilinoda Kay, 1940, as a possible Hastatellina 

because Kay (1940, p. 257) described his species as being 

bisulcate. We have not seen Kay's single type specimen; 

however, its small size (length 0.41 mm) suggests that it 

is a juvenile individual. The bisulcate (trilobate) tecnomorphs of C. chambersi described by Warshauer 

(1975, p. 448-449) are slightly larger; therefore, C. 

humilinoda may be a young molt of a described 

trisulcate species. Until the species is restudied, C. 

humilinoda should be considered a nomen dubium. 

One specfes- that probably should be assigned to 

Hastatellina rather than Ceratopsis is C. trilobis 

Keenan, 1951. According to Keenan (1951, p. 572, pl. 

79, figs. 42-44), his species is trilobate, with a narrow 

velum and a fimbriate anterodorsal spine (posterodorsal 

by Keenan's orientation), but Keenan does not indicate 

the presence of a histial structure or lateromarginal 

bend. Topotype specimens deposited by Keenan in the 

U.S. National Museum of Natural History (USNM 

113455) also show no evidence of a histial structure, considered diagnostic of Hastatellina by Pnbyl (1975, p. 

12). However, of the three type specimens illustrated by 

Keenan, two are immature individuals, and the holotype 

(Keenan, 1951, pl. 79, fig. 42) appears to be 1.5 mm long 

and also may not be an adult. Most of the topotypes in 

the U.S. National Museum are also immature 

specimens; the largest (pl. 5, fig. 18) which lacks the 

speral process, is 1.3 mm long. Thus, it is possible that 

no adult specimens have yet been found, so pending further collection and study of topotype material, this 

species is regarded as Hastatellina? trilobis (Keenan, 

1951). -

Henningsmoen (1953b, p. 42-43) tentatively placed his 

species C.? stoermeri in Ceratopsis but noted that it 

might be related to his new genus and species Piretopsis 

donsi Henningsmoen, 1953. From his description and illustrations (Henningsmoen, 1953b, pl. 1, fig. 6, pl. 2, fig. 

6), this species appears to be more closely related to 

Piretopsis than Ceratopsis and might be cited as 

Piretopsis? stoermeri (Henningsmoen, 1953). 

Of the nine species here considered to belong in 

Ceratopsis, two, C. brittanica Spjeldnaes, 1963, and C. · 

duftonensis Reed, 1910, occur in Great Britain; the 

others are North American. The two British species 

both have the fimbriate speral process of Ceratopsis, 

and resemble each other in having a sharp or carinate 

ventral connecting (histial) lobe. However, Spjeldnaes 

(1963, pl. 36, fig. 7) and Siveter (1978, pl. 1, figs. 5, 6) 

show C. britannica to have a palmate speral process 

which is fimbriate only on the palmate part, whereas C. 

duftonensis is shown by Siveter (1978, pl. 3, figs. 1, 2) to 

be fimbriate on the shaft of the speral process nearly to 

L2. 

Of the five previously described North American 

species here considered to belong to Ceratopsis, the type 

specimens of four are figured on plate 5. The species 

omitted is C. chambersi (Miller, 1874), the type species 
OSTRACODA, LEXINGTON LIMESTONE, CLAYS FERRY FORMATION, KENTUCKY H35 

of Ceratopsis, which has recently been redescribed by 

Warshauer (1975). Although the type specimen of C. 

chambersi has not been located (Warshauer, 1975, p. 

449-450), the material studied by Warshauer (1975, p. 

444) came from the same area and stratigraphic horizon 

as Miller's type and is believed to be representative of 

this species. As noted by Hessland (1949, p. 329), 

Ceratopsis intermedia Ulrich, 1894, was inadequately 

described and never illustrated. However, Ulrich's syntypes (USNM 41500) are in the U.S. National Museum of 

Natural History; some of these specimens are illustrated 

on plate 5, and a revised description based on the type 

collection and abundant new material is given later in 

this paper. A few comments on the type specimens of 

the other species follow below. 

The holotype of Ceratopsis oculifera (Hall, 1871) is 

deposited at the University of California, Berkeley 

(UCMP 595/33255). It is on a slab of argillaceous 

limestone 7.17 em long and 3.24 em wide. The type 

specimen is indicated by a white paper triangle and by 

an arrow inked on the surface of the slab and is 

numbered 595 on two green paper labels and 33255 

in ink on the slab. According to Peck (Peck and 

McFarland, 1954; Peck, written commun., 1976) the 

number 595 is Whitfield's original number, and 33255 is 

the type number of the Museum of Paleontology, 

University of California, Berkeley. The holotype (pl. 5, 

fig. 1) is an immature tecnomorphic left valve, 1.02 mm 

long and 0.57 mm high, which differs from the original 

figures of Hall (1871, pl. 8, figs. 9, 10) in having a longer, 

more elliptical speral process that is not completely encircled by the fimbria. In addition to the holotype, the 

surface of the slab bears several other specimens of C. 

oculifera, of which six have been removed from the slab 

by Berdan; four of these are illustrated on plate 5, figs. 

2-5. The smallest of these, a tecnomorphic right valve, is 

0.85 mm long and 0.57 mm high; the largest, also a tecnomorphic right valve, is 1. 75 mm long and 1.05 mm 

high. The height was measured from the hingeline to the 

edge of the velum through S2. No definitely heteromorphic specimens were found in the type collection. 

Hall (1871, p. 28) stated that his specimens of Ceratopsis oculifera came from "the Hudson-river shales at Cincinnati, Ohio." Fossils associated with C. oculifera on the 

type slab include brachiopods (Zygospira sp. ), trilobite 

fragments, crinoid columnals, and bryozoan fragments. 

The bryozoans include specimens that Olgerts Karklins 

(oral commun., 1976) has identified as Batostomella sp., 

which he considers indicative of the Maysvillian Stage, 

and probably from the top of the Fairview or the base of 

the Bull Fork Formation. This agrees with the 

statements by Bassler (1915, p. 199) and Bassler and 

Kellett (1934, p. 243) that C. oculifera is Maysvillian in 

age. 

The holotype (GSC 17707) of Ceratopsis quadrifida 

(Jones, 1891) is deposited in the collections of the 

Geolgical Survey of Canada (Bolton, 1966, p. 96). M. J. 

Copeland (oral commun., 1975) commented that the type 

was poorly preserved and difficult to use for comparative purposes but kindly provided a photograph of 

the specimen (pl. 5, fig. 19). The original illustrations of 

Jones (1891, pl. 11, figs. 9a, 9b) show that the speral 

process was already broken at the time the species was 

described; the lack of this diagnostic feature presumably 

led Bassler and Kellett (1934, p. 243) to query the 

assignment of C. quadrifida to Ceratopsis. However, the 

configuration of the lobes, especially that of L2, is 

typical of Ceratopsis, although fuller understanding of 

the species must await collection and study of topotype 

material to determine the form of the speral process. 

Specimens identified as C. quadrifida from 

southwestern District of Mackenzie, Northwest Territories, Canada, by Copeland (1974, p. 20, pl. 4, fig. 10, 

pl. 6, figs. 1, 2, pl. 7, figs. 1-3) appear to have a relatively wide ventral lobe ana variable speral process; they 

also show velar dimorphism. 

The species Ceratopsis robusta (Ulrich, 1894) was 

described by Ulrich (1894, see 1897, p. 677) as coming 

from "the upper part of the Hudson River shales near 

Spring Valley, Minnesota, and [it] occurs abundantly in 

the upper beds of the Cincinnati group at Waynesville 

and Oxford, Ohio, Richmond and Versailles, Indiana, 

and many other localities in these states." The holotype 

of C. robusta (USNM 41, 335) is labeled as "RichmondNear Spring Valley, Minn.," and is presumably from the 

Maquoketa Shale. As suggested by Warshauer (1975, p. 

451), there is some question whether the Ceratopsis 

from the Richmondian of Ohio and Indiana is conspecific 

with C. robusta; specimens identified as C. robusta in an 

unnumbered collection from Waynesville, Ohio, in the 

U.S. National Museum of Natural History appear to lack 

the distinct lateromarginal bend of the type. The 

holotype of C. robusta (pl. 5, figs. 13-17) is, as shown by 

Ulrich (1894, see 1897, p. 677, fig. 50) a tecnomorphic 

carapace w.ith the speral process of the left valve broken 

at the base. The speral process of the right valve was 

partly embedded in matrix, so that the fimbria and the 

complete shape of the process were hidden; Berdan extracted the specimen for photography but has 

recemented it to the matrix by means of gum tragacanth 

which is soluble in water, so that it now appears in its 

original condition. The specimen is 1.82 mm long and 

1.10 mm high, which is within the size range of adult instars of other species of Ceratopsis. Further evaluation 

of the specific characters of C. robusta must await the 

study of topotype material to determine the range of 

variation in this species. 

In addition to C. chambersi, three other species of 
H36 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES 

Ceratopsis, C. fimbriata n. sp., C. intermedia Ulrich, 

1894, and C. quadrifida (Jones) of Copeland (1974, pl. 4, 

fig. 10) show velar dimorphism. Velar dimorphism probably will also be found in other species of Ceratopsis 

when further study has been made. As noted by Warshauer (1975, p. 452), heteromorphs of Ceratopsis are 

rare, which may explain why the genus had been considered nondimorphic. In particular, the wide 

heteromorphic velum may be lost by accidents of preservation, as it tends to break concentrically away from the 

part of the velum nearest the valves. 

The function of the fimbriate speral process of 

Ceratopsis remains uncertain. Hall (1871, p. 28) considered the speral process of C. oculifera to represent an 

eye, a concept implicitly rejected by Ulrich (1890, p. 

112-114), who oriented this species with the spine in a 

posterior position. In any case, the inclusion of C. 

. oculifera in the same genus with C. chambersi, the long 

spinous speral process of which is difficult to interpret 

as an eye, has led most workers to abandon Hall's conclusion. The speral process is hollow, but its shell, except 

along the fimbria, is thicker than much of the rest of the 

valve; consequently, isolated processes are often found 

that have no valve attached. To judge from silicified, 

pyritized, and thin sections of calcareous specimens of 

C. intermedia, the spinelets along the fimbria are hollow 

at the base but do not appear to have a lumen extending 

throughout their length and are solid distally. If comfirmed, this observation tends to exclude the possibility 

that the speral process was a tactile sensory organ. 

The anterodorsal position of the speral process makes 

its use as a stabilizer seem unlikely. The lack of 

strengthening structural elements on either the inside 

or the outside of the valves and the tendency of the process to be broken from the valve suggests that it was not 

used as a ram, or as any form of support, if, for example, 

the ostracode lay on its back and fed by agitating the 

water with its appendages to· produce a flow of water 

and food between the valves. Conceivably, the fimbria 

on the speral process could have been used to clean the 

setae on the antennules, although this does not seem 

very probable. R. H. Benson (oral commun., 1976) has 

suggested that the process could have been sensitive to 

sound or vibration and might have functioned as an ear 

rather than an eye. Possibly it was a recoguition symbol, 

or, alternatively, it may have served no useful purpose. 

Whether or not the speral process had a function, at 

least it was not a liability to the animal, as Ceratopsis 

ranges from the Middle through the Upper Ordovician 

and may be extremely abundant within its geographic 

range. 

Geologic range. -Middle and Upper Ordovician 

(Rocklandian(?) to Richmondian) of eastern North 

America; Middle and Upper Ordovician (Llandeilian to 

Longvillian, Caradocian) of Great Britain. 

Ceratopsis intermedia Ulrich, 1894 

Plate 5, figures 6-12; plate 6, figures 4, 7-10; plate 7, figures 6-9, 17; 

plate 8, figures 6, 7 

1894. Ceratopsis intermedia Ulrich, p. 676. 

1908. Ceratopsis intermedia Ulrich. Ulrich and Bassler, p. 308. 

1915. Ceratopsis intermedia Ulrich. Bassler, p. 99. 

1934. Ceratopsis intermedia Ulrich. Bassler and Kellett, p. 243. 

1949. Ceratopsis intermedia Ulrich. Hessland, p. 329. 

Diagnosis.- Ceratopsis with erect, ovate, palmate 

speral process which is flat to concave anteriorly, fimbria extending to base of process. Antrum of equal width 

on both valves, wide and deep. 

Description.- Lateral outline preplete, anterior 

margin curved, ventral margin gently curved, posterior 

margin slightly curved. Hingeline long and straight; 

greatest length below hingeline. L1 developed as erect 

palmate speral process which protrudes over hingeline 

in lateral view, flat to slightly concave on anterior face, 

fimbriate from top to base along lateral edge, fimbria 

curves slightly posteriorly. Base of process robust. L2 

small, sigmoidal, distinctly separated from speral process, ends dorsally in small knob above midheight of valve 

and below hingeline. L3 straight to slightly concave 

anteriorly, weakly claviform, protrudes above hingeline 

in lateral view. L4 flattened at hingeline, concave 

anteriorly, curves ventrally into ventral histial lobe 

which connects all four lobes. Sulci wider than lobes, 

deep, subtriangular in outline. Velum widest anteroventrally, extends from anterior cardinal angle to 

posteroventral margin and may be slightly flattened 

marginally in adult tecnomorphs; velum of heteromorphs wide, curved inward toward contact margins 

and truncated abruptly posteriorly. Subvelar antrum 

wide, of equal width on both valves. Shell surface 

smooth. 

Measurements. -The lectotype is a tecnomorphic right 

valve, which is 1.70 mm long and 1.00 mm high. Figure 

16 shows dimensions of 25 paralectotypes, and table 13 

gives a statistical summary of the measurements. 

Figure 17 and table 14 give the measurements of 22 unfigured hypotypes, and table 15 gives a statistical summary. 

TABLE 13. -Statistical summary of measurements (in mm) for the lectotype and paralectotypes ofCeratopsis intermedia 

In star No. of ·Length Height 

specimens Mean Minimum Maximum Mean Minimum Maximum 

Adult tee nomorph ___ 1.70 1.60 1.80 0.99 0.95 1.05 

Adult heteromorph ___ 1.95 1.30 

A-1 1.49 1.45 1.53 .86 .83 .90 

A-2 1.36 1.30 1.40 .80 .75 .85 A-3 _______ 1.25 .70 
1.4 

1.3 

1.2 

en 

0:: 

w 1.1 Iw 

~ 

:::::i 1.0 ::::! 

~ 

z 

0.9 

I-' 

I 

(.!J 

w 0.8 

I 

0.7 

OSTRACODA, LEXINGTON LIMESTONE, CLAYS FERRY FORMATION, KENTUCKY 

Ceratopsis intermedia (Ulrich) 

Lectotype and paralectotypes, USNM No. 41500 

_. Lectotype, right valve 

o Heteromorph, left valve 

• Right valve 

o Left valve 

" 

" " .. 

0 

0 • " 0 

" "-..• ~ 

" • " ' 00 

' d- c. " Adult 

" 0 '-·· " ' o•• "'.O ' .. " ' A-1 

'\ ' " ' 0 ' A-2 ' ' ·"'-

A-3 " " " 

1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 

LENGTH, IN MILLIMETERS 

H37 

D 

1.9 2.0 

FIGURE 16.- Size-dispersion diagram for 25 paralectotypes of Ceratopsis intermedia from the Point Pleasant Tongue of the Clays Ferry Formation, Banklick Creek, Covington, USNM colin. 41500. 

TABLE 14.-Measurements (in mm) of 22 unfigured hypotypes of 

Ceratopsis intermedia (USNM 239993) from USGS colln. No. 

1,.191-CO, from the Grier Limestone Member of the Lexington 

Limestone 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

Valve Instar 

Left----------- A-2 ____ _ 

Right ---------- Adult ___ _ _____ do _______ _ ___ do __ _ 

_____ do _______ A-2 

Left ----------- A -1 _____ do _______ A-1 

Right---------- A-2 _____ do _______ A-2 

Left ___________ A-1 

Right ---------- A-2 Left ___________ Adult ___ _ 

_____ do _______ A-2 

Right---------- A-1 _____ do _______ A -1 

_:_ ___ do _______ A-1 

Left ----------- A -3 _____ do _______ A-2 

____ ..:do _______ A-2 

Right---------- A-4 

Left----------- A-2 

Right __________ A-1 _____ do _______ A-3 

Length 

1.340 

1.640 

1.680 

1.360 

1.500 

1.520 

1,380 

1.400 

1.440 

1.380 

1.600 

1.400 

1.500 

1.500 

1.500 

1.280 

1.320 

1.402 

1.180 

1.342 

1.420 

1.262 

Height 

0.800 

.920 

.960 

.820 

.860 

.900 

.820 

.760 

.860' 

.860 

.920 

.820 

.820 

1.000 

.900 

.740 

.782 

.760 

. 680 

.780 

.900 

.740 

Hingeline 

1.100 

1.320 

1.140 

1.100 

1.140 

1.260 

1.160 

1.080 

1.140 

1.140 

1.180 

1.180 

1.200 

1.180 

1.200 

.860 

1.100 

1.140 

1.100 

1.240 

1.040 

TABLE 15. -Statistical summary of measurements (in mm) for 

Ceratopsis intermedia 

Ins tar 

Adult 

A-I 

A-2 

A-3 

A-4 

No. of 

specimens Mean 

3 

7 

9 

2 

I 

1.640 

1.483 

I.369 

1.270 

l.l80 

Length 

Minimum Maximum Mean 

1.600 

I.420 

1.320 

I.262 

. 1.680 

1.520 

I.402 

1.280 

0.933 

.890 

.800 

.740 

.680 

Height 

Minimum Maximum 

0.920 

.820 

.760 

.740 

0.960 

1.000 

.860 

.740 

Ontogeny.-With the exception of the expected 

changes in absolute size (figs. 16, 17), this species shows 

an amazing consistency in morphologic features from 

one instar to the next. The only trend to be delineated 

from the limited growth data at hand involved the 

relative dimensions of the speral process. In the 

youngest stage adults-4 (A-4) yet recovered that can be 

assigned to C. intermedia, the process is r~latively long, 

narrow, and does not have the palmate shape of that of 

the adult. It resembles, m a general manner, the 

elongate type of speral process possessed by adults of C . 

chambersi, the type species of the genus. Throughout 

ontogeny, the process becomes increasingly shorter, 

wider, and palmate, although, in any population of adult 
H38 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY 9F KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES 

1.08r-----------_,,------------T------------r-----------,------------~----------~ 

1.00 - Ceratopsis intermedia (Ulrich) 0 - Height=0.596 mm \ 

Length=0.957 mm \ 0 

Cf) r=0.861 \ a: 0.92 r- • w Adult \ 0 - I- • 0 w • ~ \ \ ::::i 

~ 0 \ • • ~ 0.84 

~ - \ - 0 0 • 0 

t-' \ 

A-1 

I \ • ~ • • w \ 

I 0.76 r- \ ~ 

\ -

\ 0. 

\ \ A-2 

\ \ • Left valve 

0.68 0 o Right valve 

\ -

\ A-3 

A-4 

0.60 I I I I I 

1.18 1.28 1.38 1.48 1.58 1.68 1.78 

LENGTH, IN MILLIMETERS 

FIGURE 17.- Size-dispersion diagram for 22 hypotypes of Ceratopsis intermedia from the Grier Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone 

at Hunters Ferry Road (Valley View B). All ~pecimens are from USGS 4191-CO; USNM 239993. 

specimens the morphology of the process can be quite 

variable. 

One collection from the Clays Ferry Formation (USGS 

colin. 6945-CO) contains small trilobate specimens of 

Ceratopsis that are 0.45 mm or less long and 0.25 mm or 

less high. Adults of both C. intermedia and the new 

species C. asymmetrica occur in this collection, and 

these specimens are too undifferentiated to assign to 

either species. The· smallest specimens probably represent instars A-5 or A-6; here a suite of small individuals is illustrated (pl. 7, figs. 1-5) because it shows 

that other species of Ceratopsis besides C. chamber_si are 

trilobate in very small instars. 

The relative growth of C. intermedia, as defined by 

the allometric equation, is height=0.596, length=0.957. 

The data points correlate fairly well to this, r= 0.86L 

Discussion.- As noted by Hessland (1949, p. 329), 

Ulrich never illustrated Ceratopsis intermedia. Ulrich 

(1894; see 1897, p. 676) described the species as follows: 

"A new species, which I propose to call C. intermedia, 

occurs at the base of the Cincinnati formation near Covington, Kentucky. In this the process forms a curved 

spine on which the fimbria is arranged in a semicircular 

manner, the effect being very nearly intermediate between that exhibited in C. chambersi and C. oculifera." 

As a result of this curtailed description, no specimens 

were identified as C. intermedia between 1894 and approximately 1970, although the species was referred to 

in general discussions and lists as indicated in the 

synonymy. During the late 1960's when the U.S. 

Geological Survey began a project of restudying the Ordovician faunas of Kentucky, large numbers of Ceratopsis were found in collections from that State. Berdan 

(1970), having access to Ulrich's types in the U.S. National Museum of Natural History, was able to identify 

many of these with_C. intermedia, so that this name has 

since appeared in faunal lists on maps and in bulletins 

connected with this project. Ulrich's type collection 

(USNM 41500) is here redescribed and specimens from 

it are illustrated (pl. 5, figs. 6-12) in order to provide a 

basis for these identifications. 

The type collection of Ceratopsis intermedia u 1rich, 

1894, consists of nine small slabs or chips of slightly 

calcareous clay shale and one box containing a single 

right valve mounted on a piece of cardboard. The slabs 

are in a cardboard tray that has two labels. One of these 
OSTRACODA, LEXINGTON LIMESTONE, CLAYS FERRY FORMATION, KENTUCKY H39 

is a USNM label with the number 41;500 and a green 1 Ulrich called the Trenton. Group, the source of the types 

diamond and a printed identification, "E. 0. Ulrich of C. intermedia. Swadley, Luft, anq Gibbons (1975, p. 

Coll."; this label reads "Cotypes Ceratopsis intermedia 

Ulrich, Mohawkian (Trenton), Bank Lick Creek near 

Covington, Ky." in a handwriting that is either Ulrich's 

or Bassler's, and opposite the printed line "identified by" 

are the initials E.O.U. The other label is a small piece of 

paper that reads "Types, Ceratopsis intermedia Ulrich, 

Trenton gr.-Bank Lick creek near Covington, Ky." and 

is apparently in the same handwriting. Two of the slabs 

are numbered 41,499 in India ink and 81 in red ink; these 

are somewhat thicker than the other slabs, do not have 

many well-preserved ostracode specimens, and perhaps 

should not be considered part of the type lot. One slab is 

unnumbered; the other slabs are all numbered 41,500 in 

India ink, but three of them are numbered 80 in red ink, 

and two are numbered 78 in red ink. Seven specimens 

have been removed by Berdan from the largest slab 

numbered 78, and one specimen has been removed from 

the smallest slab numbered 80, for photographic purposes (pl. 5, figs. 6-11); these specimens are now 

mounted on slides. In addition, 30 specimens on the 

largest slab numbered 80 have been numbered and circled in India ink. Twenty-six of these specimens have 

been measured as shown on fig. 16. Specimens of 

Ceratopsis are abundant and oriented at random on the 

slabs numbered 7S and 80; they are associated with 

fragments of brachiopods and trilobites. 

The box contains a piece of cardboard with one right 

valve mounted on a green background superimposed on 

a black background. Written on the cardboard is the 

following: "41,500, Ceratopsis intermedia Ulrich, Trenton gr., Bank Lick Creek near Covington, Ky.," in the 

same handwriting as is on the labels in the tray. This 

single specimen may have been selected by Ulrich as the 

type, but there is no indication in the labeling that it has 

any more taxonomic standing than do the specimens on 

the slabs, and it is here considered a paralectotype. Only 

one heteromorphic specimen was found in the type lot; 

this is on the smallest slab labeled 78 in red; unfortunately, it shows only the interior of the valve, the exterior being embedded in matrix. Because of this, it has 

not been chosen a's the lectotype, although the 

heteromorphic velum is well displayed (pl. 5, fig. 12). 

On contemporary maps (Luft, 1971), the name of 

Banklick Creek is spelled as one word, rather than two 

as on Ulrich's labels. This creek flows through the 

southern parts of the Covington and Newport 

7112-minute Quadrangles, Ky., and joins the Licking 

River just south of Covington. The Point Pleasant 

Tongue of the Clays Ferry Formation crops out on 

Banklick Creek and in tributary gullies for about half a 

mile upstream from the mouth of the creek (Luft, 1971; 

Gibbons, 1973); it presumably represents the beds that 

A30) have correlated the Point Pleasant Tongue with 

the upper part of the Lexington Limestone of central 

Kentucky. 

Ceratopsis intermedia differs from both C. robusta 

and C. chambersi in having a palmate rather than 

spinelike speral process, deeper and wider sulci, and 

more emaciated lobes. It is much closer to C. oculifera, 

which also has emaciated lobes and a palmate speral 

process. However, although the fimbria of C. oculifera 

does not completely encircle the speral process as shown 

by Hall (1871, pl. 8, fig. 9), the ventral edge curves 

anteriorly and the anterior face of the speral process is 

subcircular, whereas in C. intermedia, the fimbria is 

reflected posteriorly and the speral process is more 

elongate (pl. 5, figs. 1, 6). Furthermore, L2 of C. 

oculifera is less well developed and closer to the speral 

process than is that of C. intermedia. As C. intermedia 

is characteristic of the Lexington Limestone and 

equivalent formations and as C. oculifera occurs in the 

top of the Fairview or base of the Bull Fork, the two 

species are here considered distinct. · 

The speral process of C. quadrifida is broken (Jones, 

1891, fig. 9a) so that it is difficult to compare this species 

with other species of Ceratopsis. However, L2 of C. 

quadrifida, which is also broken at its dorsal end, appears to have been larger and to have had a. more 

distinct dorsal knob than that of C. intermedia or any of 

the other described species of Ceratopsis (pl. 5, fig. 19). 

The carinate ventral lobe of both C. duftonensis and C. 

brittanica distinguishes them from C. intermedia. The 

differences between C. intermedia, C. fimbriata n. sp., 

and C. asymmetrica n. sp. will be discussed under the 

latter two species. 

Types.- Lectotype, a tecnomorphic . right valve, 

USNM 41500A; paralectotypes, USNM 41500B-G; 

measured paralectotypes on slab, USNM 41500, 

specimens 1-4, 6-9, 11-15, 17, 18, 23, 24, 26, 28, 29; 

figured hypotypes, USNM 239991, 239992, 239994, 

271029-271031, 271036; measured hypotypes, USNM 

239993 (22 specimens on one slide). 

Occurrence. - Ceratopsis intermedia occurs in both the 

Lexington Limestone (Grier, Perryville, Tanglewood, 

and Millersburg) and the Clays Ferry Formation and 

ranges in age from Kirkfieldian to early Edenian. A 

total·of 1,463 more or less complete specimens, along 

with a plethora of fragments, was recovered from the 

following 10 localities and 21 USGS collec~ions: Hun.ters 

Ferry Road, 4191-CO (56); Antioch Church Road, 

4876-CO (3), 4879-CO (863), 4880-CO (65), D1629-CO 

(359); Perryville South, 5015-CO (too fragmental for accurate count); Frankfort East, · 5089-CO (15); Devils 

Hollow Road,. 5093-CO (6); Daniel Boone Y.M.C.A. 
H40 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES 

Camp, 5096-CO (4); Ford-Boonesboro Road, 6945-CO 

(too fragmental for accurate count); Dry Fork Road, 

7039-CO (2), 7079-CO (1); Sadieville C, 7454-CO (33), 

7455-CO (13), 7456-CO (22), 7458-CO (1), 7459-CO 

(10), 7462-CO (2), 7467-CO (2); Gratz A, D1301-CO (1), 

D1309-CO (5). As noted above, Ulrich's original type 

collection apparently came from beds now ·considered 

the Point Pleasant Tongue of the Clays Ferry Formation. 

In addition to its occurrence in the Lexington and the 

Clays Ferry, C. intermedia is also known from the lower 

part of the Upper Ordovician (Edenian) Kope Formation 

of the Cincinnati area (Warshauer, 1975). 

Ceratopsis asymmetrica n. sp. 

Plate 6, figures 1-3, 5, 6; plate 7, figures 10-12; plate 8, fig. 8. 

Diagnosis.-Ceratopsis with sub triangular speral 

process obliquely oriented to lateral surface of valve; 

fimbria extends to base of process. Subvelar area 

shallow and wider on right valve than left. 

Description. -Lateral outline subelliptical, slightly 

preplete. Valves equal in size, although left valves seem 

to be more variable than right valves. Greatest length 

slightly dorsal of midheight; greatest height slightly 

anterior of midlength. Greatest width, exclusive of 

speral process, coincident with central part of histium. 

Hingeline straight and approximately 80 percent of 

greatest length. Ventral margin strongly convex and 

grades into convex anterior and posterior margins. 

Anterior more bluntly rounded than posterior. Cardinal 

angles obtuse and subequal. Velar frill well developed 

and present on anterior and ventral parts of valve but 

lacking on posterior. Velar frill and poorly defined 

marginal rim are subparallel around most of free margin 

but coalesce at anterodorsal cardinal angle and approximately at midheight of posterior margin. In lateral . 

view, marginal rim is concealed by velar ·frill around 

anterior, ventral, and posteroventral parts of free 

margin, but not posterodorsally. Subvelar field consists 

of flattened areas that slope inward from distal edge of 

velar rim to marginal rim and are not impressed to form 

a canaliculus as in other species of the genus. Subvelar 

area of right valve is considerably wider than that of left 

valve. Because of widening of right infravelar area, 

distal margin of velar frill flares outward mid ventrally. 

L1 prominent, modified into flattened subtriangular 

speral process, which is obliquely oriented to lateral surface of valve. Process rimmed by fimbria that extends to 

base. Distally, speral process pointed and directed 

posterodorsally. L2 short, inclined posteriorly and does 

not reach dorsal margin. Dorsal part of L2 is 

subhemispherical node, which is separated from wide 

ventral part by poorly defined sag in lobe. L2 separated 

from L1 by narrow, deeply incised S1 and from L3 by 

wide deep S2. L3 long, narrow, concave anteriorly, and 

extends slightly above dorsal margin. S3 wide, flares 

dorsally. L4 wide, not well defined, grades into posterior 

and posterodorsal margins. All lobes connected ventrally by lateral connecting lobe, which is ro-unded ventrally 

and represents subdued histial structure. Histial connecting lobe parallel to velar frill, merges into lateral 

valve surface posteroventrally. No hingement or sexual 

dimorphism observed. 

Measurements.- Measurements of the holotype and 82 

paratypes are given in table 16. A statistical summary of 

the measurements is given in table 17. 

TABLE 16. -Measurements (in mm) of83 specimens ofCeratopsis asymmetrica from the Grier Limestone Member of the Lexington 

Limestone 

[Specimen 1, USNM 239988, USGS colin. No. 4879-CO; specimens 2-83, USNM 239990, 

USGS colin. No. 4191-CO] 

Valve Length Height 

Holotype 

1 Left ------------ 1.683 0.986 

Paratypes 

2 Left 1.140 0.680 

3 _____ d~-========= 1.680 .980 

4 Right ----------- 1.320 .780 

5 _____ do _________ 1.480 .900 

6 Left ------------ 1.680 1.000 

7 _____ do _________ 1.440 .820 

8 _____ do _________ 1.140 .700 

9 Right ----------- 1.420 .820 

10 Left ------------ 1.322 .780 

11 Right ----------- 1.780 1.000 

12 _____ do _________ 1.340 .780 

13 Left ------------ 1.540 .900 

14 Right ----------- 1.380 .840 

15 Left ------------ 1.682 .980 

16 Right ----------- 1.380 .780 

17 _____ do _________ 1.440 .840 

18 _____ do _________ 1.760 .960 

19 Left ------------ 1.600 .940 

20 _____ do _________ 1.580 .940 

21 _____ do _________ 1.260 .760 

22 Right ----------- 1.280 .760 

23 ______ do ________ 1.060 .600 

24 Left ------------ 1.020 .620 

25 _____ do _________ 1.100 .620 

26 _____ do _________ 1.020 .600 

27 Right ----------- 1.500 .840 

28 Left ------------ 1.542 .900 

29 Right ----------- 1.260 .720 

30 Left ------------ 1.220 .720 

31 Right ----------- 1.560 .940 

32 _____ do _________ 1.060 .620 

33 Left ------------ 1.102 .620 

34 Right ----------- 1.440 .980 

35 Left ------------ 1.602 .940 

36 _____ do _________ 1.300 .800 

p7 Right ----------- 1.640 .940 

38 _____ do _________ 1.342 .800 

39 Left ------------ 1.362 .820 

40 _____ do _________ .880 .520 
OSTRACODA, LEXINGTON LIMESTONE, CLAYS FERRY FORMATION, KENTUCKY . H41 

TABLE 16.-Measurements (in mm) of 83 specimens ofCeratopsis asymmetrica from the Grier Limestone Member of the Lexington 

Limestone-Continued 

Valve Length Height 

Para types-Continued 

41 Right ----------- 1.282 .760 

42 _____ do _________ 1.160 .700 

43 _____ do _________ .820 .480 

44 Left ------------ 1.200 .720 

45 Right ----------- 1.280 .780 

46 Left ------------ 1.320 .760 

47 Right ----------- 1.580 .860 

48 _____ do _________ 1.420 .860 

49 Left ------------ .980 .580 

50 Right ----------- 1.260 .780 

51 Left ------------ 1.120 .700 

52 _____ do _________ 1.420 .880 

53 _____ do _________ 1.400 .860 

54 Right ----------- 1.142 .700 

55 Left ------------ 1.200 .700 

56 _____ do _________ 1.460 .880 

57 _____ do --------- 1.442 .860 

58 Right ----------- 1.022 .620 

59 _____ do _________ 1.360 .800 

60 __ do ____________ 1.140 .640 

61 Left ------------ 1.360 .760 

62 Right ----------- 1.600 . 942 

63 Left ------------ 1.480 .840. 

64 Right ----------- 1.200 .760 

65 Left ------------ 1.680 .982 

66 Right ___________ 1.240' .820 

67 _____ do _________ 1.320 . 800 

68 Left ------------ 1.440 .842 

69 Right ----------- 1.160 .680 

70 _____ do _________ 1.220 .700 

71 Left ------------ .940 .540 

72 Right ___________ 1.020 .580 

73 Left ------------ 1.382 .820 

74 Right ----------- 1.180 .720 

75 Left ------------ 1.280 .762 

76 Right ___________ .982 .620 

77 Left ------------ .980 .620 

78 Right ----------- 1.340 .820 

79 _____ do _________ 1.060 .. 640 

80 _____ do _________ 1.040 .620 

81 _____ do _________ 1.260 .740 

82 _____ do _________ 1.282 .740 

83 _____ do _________ 1.000 .620 

Ontogeny. -The size-dispersion diagram (fig. 18) 

shows the existence of seven growth stages, the adult 

through the adult-6 (A-6). Discrimination of the instar 

clusters was greatly enhanced by the separate plotting 

of right and left valves, the right valves providing the 

better defined ontogenetic series. Morphologic changes 

during ontogeny, with the exception of the expected 

changes in absolute size, are restricted to changes in 

shape of the lateral valve outline, the velar frill, and the 

speral process. In the smallest instar, A-6, the valve is 

strongly preplete but nevertheless has the four lobes of 

TABLE 17. -Statistical summary of measurements (in mm) for 

Ceratopsis asymmetrica 

In star No. of Length Height 

specimens Mean Minimum Maximum Mean Minimum Maximum 

Adult 6 1.710 1.680 1.780 0.984 0.960 1.000 

A-1 9 1.580 1.540 . 1.640 .922 .860 .940 

A-2 16 1.430 1.380 1.520 .854 .820 .980 

A-3 20 1.310 1.260 1.361 .775 .720 .820 

A-4 13 1.180 1.140 1.240 .710 .640 .820 

A-5 15 1.038 .980 1.120 .619 .580 .780 

A-6 3 .880 .820 .940 .510 .480 .540 

the adult. L3, however, does not extend above the hinge 

line. The speral process is relatively thinner and narrower, looking like that of the adults of Ceratopsis 

chambersi. In addition, although the velar frill is present, it is not as relatively wide as in the adult. Morphologic characters of the A-5, A-4 (USNM 271032, pl. 

7, fig. 10), and A-3 instars are intermediate between 

those of the A-6 instar and the adult and reflect a steady 

ontogenetic change; the outl1ne of the valves changes 

from strongly preplete to nearly subquadrate, the speral 

process changes from long and narrow to short and subtriangular, the dorsal part of L3 extends above the 

hingeline, and the velar frill becomes relatively wider . 

Essentially adult morphology is present in the adult-1. 

Growth is curvilinear, height=0.596, length=0.974, 

and the data points correlate closely to the equation, 

r=0.987 . 

Discussion. - Ceratopsis asymmetrica closely resembles C. intermedia, with which it is associated in 

most collections, but differs mainly in the asymmetrical 

development of the subvelar field. A difference also exists in the form of the speral process, the process of C. 

asymmetrica being subtriangular and inclined obliquely 

to the lateral surface of the valve. In C. intermedia, on 

the other hand, the process is palmate and faces 

anteriorly. However, such a wide range in variation exists in both the shape and the orientation of the speral 

process of both species that it is sometimes difficult to 

differentiate the taxa on the basis of this character . 

alone. The shape of the subvelar field, on the other hand, 

seems to be invariate as a specific character. The species 

are so similar that initially we thought that perhaps C. 

intermedia and C. asymmetrica were dimorphs of one 

another, C. intermedia being the heteromorph and the 

infravelar antrum being a dimorphic character. 

However, when we plotted the height and length of the 

two species (separated on the basis of subvel~r field morphology) from the same collection (fig. 19), we could see 

that they had distinct juvenile stages. Subsequently, 

true heteromorphs of C. intermedia were discovered, 

with velar dimorphism as described by Warshauer 

(1975) for C. chambersi. 

The subhemispherical dorsal node of L2 of C. asymmetrica is commonly broken. This node may represent 
H42 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES 

1.1~--------~l-----------~,----------~~--------~,-----------.-,---------. 

1.01-

0.9 rCeratopsis asymmetrica n. sp. 

Height=0.596 mm 

Length= 0.974 mm 

r= 0.987 

0 

\ oeoe 

\ L 

o\ 

\ 

\ 

0 -

0 

Adult 

-

CfJ 

a: 

w 

1-

w 

0\ .. . . \ , \ eo • \o \ o ~ eo 

0 0\ •• 0. A-1 

~ 0.8~ 

::i 

\ eo oo\ - _J o\ ~~ ~•o\ ~ 

A-2 

~ 

I-~ 0.71-

::c 

S2 

w 

::c 

0.6~ 

0.51-

• 

0 

\ \

0 0 

oee o \ ••co eo \ 

eo 

\ 0 \ 0 

\ «:>oeooo • \ A-4 

\. 

. \ 

A-6 

• 0 

0 

A-5 

A-3 

• Left valve 

o Right valve 

-

-

-

0.4L------------L------------~-----------L------------~----------~~--------~ I I I I I 

0.75 0.95 1.15 1.35 1.55 1.75 1.95 

LENGTH, IN MILLIMETERS 

FIGURE 18.- Size-dispersion diagram for 82 specimens of Ceratopsis asymmetrica from the Grier Limestone Member of the Lexington 

Limestone at Hunters Ferry Road (Valley View B). Specimens are from USGS 4191-CO; USNM 239990. 

an eye spot, breakage being due thin, light-transmitting 

calcite. 

The specific name asymmetrica refers to the unequal 

nature of the infravelar area on the opposite valves of a 

single carapace (pl. 6, fig. 1, 5). 

Types.- Holotype, a silicified tecnomorphic left valve, 

USNM 239988, from the Lexington Limestone, 

Millersburg Member, Valley View C (Antioch Church 

Road), 38-41 ft above base of section, USGS colin. 

4879-CO. Figured paratypes, USNM 239989, 

271032-271034; unfigured paratypes, USNM 239990 

(82 specimens on two slides). 

Occurrence. -Ceratopsis asymmetrica occurs in both 

the Lexington Limestone (Curdsville, Logana, Grier, 

Tanglewood, Perryville, and Millersburg) and the Clays 

Ferry Formation, including the Point Pleasant Tongue; 

it ranges in age from Kirkfieldian to early Edenian. A 

total of 3,662 specimens, plus numerous fragments, 

were collected from the following 14 USGS localities 

and 28 collections: Hunters Ferry Road, 4191-CO (209); 

Antioch Church Road, 4876-CO (3), 4879-CO (2734), 

4880-CO (73), D1629-CO (359); Perryville South, 

5015-CO (present, but too fragmental to count); Tyrone 

C, 5086-CO (36); Frankfort East A, 5089-CO (16), 

D1196-CO (11); Devils Hollow Road, 5093-CO (10); 

Daniel Boone Y.M.C.A. Camp, 5096-CO (8); Hickman 

Creek, 5101-CO (1); Ford-Boonesboro Road, 6945-CO 

(too fragmental for accurate count); Dry Fork Road, 

7039-CO (4), 7041-CO (too fragmental for accurate 

count), 7043-CO (too fragmental for accurate count), 

7071-CO (6); Sadieville C, .7454-CO (59), 7455-CO (35), 

7456-CO (36), 7458-CO (6), 7459-CO (12), 7461-CO 

(24), 7467-CO (2); Switzer A, D1106-CO (7); Clays Ferry 

type section, D1169-CO (3), D1170-CO (4); Gratz A, 

'D1312-CO (4). 

As presently understood, C. asymmetrica does not occur in any rocks other than those reported here. 
OSTRACODA, LEXINGTON LIMESTONE, CLAYS FERRY FORMATION, KENTUCKY H43 

1.1 r-----.,-----.--,----.,-----.--,-----r,--------. 

CJ) 

a: 

w 

1-

w 

1.0-

0.9~ 

Ceratopsis intermedia o 

( and 

Ceratopsis asymmetrica • 

• 

oe eoe 

• I 

• • c«:.:> •• 

0 I. • -

..... 0 • 

0 0 

-

0 • •• 0 

~ 0.8~ ~ ·~oee - .....J .. ~ . 

• ..... 00 

~ 

~ 

~' 0.7·~ 

~ w 

I 

0.6-

0.5~ 

• • 

• 

• 

. 

--·-

: . 

••o 

• 

eooe 

• -

-

-

0.4~----------i~----------~I ________ _.....JI~ ________ _.....JI~--------~~----------~ 

0.75 0.95 1.15 1.35 1.55 1.75 1.95 

LENGTH, IN MILLIMETERS 

FIGURE 19. -Joint size-dispersion diagram for the specimens of Ceratopsis intermedia and C. asymmetrica plotted in figures 17 and 18. USGS 

colin. No. 4191-CO. 

Ceratopsis fimbriata n. sp. 

Plate 7, figures 13-15 

Diagnosis. -Ceratopsis with elongate, subtriangular 

speral process that is prolonged ventrally and reflexed 

to join with connecting lobe. Process does not extend far 

above dorsal margin, and its distal edge is fimbriate 

along entire length. Velar frill of both tecnomorphs and 

heteromorphs extends to posterodorsal cardinal angle 

as velar ridge. 

Description.-Valves subelliptical in lateral view, 

slightly preplete. Greatest length slightly dorsal of 

midheight, greatest height slightly anterior of 

midlength. Greatest width, exclusive of speral process, 

coincident with central part of histial connecting lobe. 

Hingeline straight and approximately 82 percent of 

greatest length. Ventral margin convex and grades into 

convex anterior and posterior margins. Anterior margin 

more convex than posterior. Cardinal angles obtuse and 

subequal. Velar frill of tecnomorph well developed, concave away from free margin, and ·extends completely 

around free margin but as sharp velar bend posterodorsally, better defined anteriorly and ventrally. Velar 

structure and subdued marginal rim subparallel and 

distinct around entire free margin. Marginal rim poorly 

developed on posterodorsal margin, concealed in lateral 

view by velar frill on anterior and ventral margins. 

Subvelar field poorly known. 

Ll prominent, modified into elongate, subtriangular' 

speral process extending. to histial connecting lobe and 

curved posteriorly; dorsal end pointed, directed 

posterodorsally, does not extend far above hingeline. 

Well-developed fimbria along entire distal edge of speral 

process. L2 short, inclined posterodorsally, does not extend to dorsal margin. L2 divided into two unequal 

parts; dorsal part small, subhemispherical, separated 

from ventral part by weak sag; ventral part elongate., 
H44 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES 

inflated, and. separated from histial connecting lobe by 

narrow sag. L2 separated from L1 by relatively narrow, 

deeply incised S1; from L3, by wide, deep, subtriangular 

S2. L3 long, narrow, extends to dorsal margin in tecnomorphs and slightly above dorsal margin in 

heteromorph, curved, with concave side facing anteriorly. S3 wide, subtriangular, flaring dorsally. L4 wide, not 

as well defined as other lobes, grades into posterodorsal 

margin. All lobes connected ventrally by histial connecting lobe, which is parallel to velar ridge and merges into 

lateral valve surface posteroventrally. Ventral part of 

connecting lobe subrounded and sags ventrally; lobe 

becomes extremely narrow just anterior of junction· with 

L2. Hingement not observed. 

Velar frill of heteromorph wider than tecnomorphic 

frill and curved in toward free margin; anterior part of 

frill finely reticulate, ventral and posteroventral parts 

radially striate. 

Measurements. -The holotype, a heteromorphic right 

valve, is 1. 776 mm long and 1.008 mm high, exclusive of 

the speral process. A para type tecnomorphic left valve is 

1.488 mm long and 0.864 mm high. Another paratype, 

an immature left valve, is 0.936 mm long and 0.528 mm 

high. Other specimens were too fragmentary to 

measure. 

Discussion. -The holotype and both para types are 

pyritized, and the approximately 15 other more or less 

complete specimens on which the description is based 

are either pyritized or coarsely recrystallized. The 

pyritized specimens are fragile, and on some specimens 

the outermost surface of the valve may not be preserved. The reticulate surface of the anterior part of the 

velum of the holotype is believed to represent the 

original outer surface, but the radially striate part of the 

velum may be a subinternal mold. Too few complete 

valves are available to study the ontogeny of this species 

in detail. However, the few juveniles that can be 

recognized, the most complete being USNM 240003 (pl. 

7, fig. 14), show a trend common to the ontogeny of 

other species of the genus; the speral process of the 

juveniles is relatively longer and projects higher above 

the hingeline than it does in the adult. The largest tecnomorph (USNM 240001, pl. 7, fig. 13) differs from the 

adult heteromorph in that L3 does not extend above the 

hingeline in lateral view. However, we do not know 

whether this is a dimorphic difference or whether it is 

ontogenetic, as this specimen may represent the A-1 instar rather than the adult. 

Ceratopsis fimbriata differs from other species of the 

genus in the development of the velar structure, which 

extends around the entire free market rather than ending below the posterodorsal cardinal angle as in the 

other species. In addition, the long recurved speral 

process of C. fimbriata is unlike those of other species .. 

Ceratopsis duftonensis (Reed, 1910), as illustrated by 

Siveter (1978, pl. 3, figs. 1, 2), resembles C.fimbriata in 

having the fimbria extending down the shaft of the 

speral process but the speral process of C. duftonensis is 

palmate rather than lanceolate as in C. jimbriata. The 

specific namefimbriata refers to the well-developed fimbria (fringe) on the speral process. 

Types.- Holotype, a heteromorphic right valve, 

USNM 240002 (pl. 7, fig. 15) from the Millersburg 

Member of the Lexington Limestone, Dry Fork Road 

section, USGS colin. 7079-CO. Figured paratypes, 

USNM 240001 and 240003, both from the Clays Ferry 

Formation, Ford-Boonesboro Road section, USGS colin. 

6945-CO. 

Occurrence.- Eighteen ~ore or less complete specimens and numerous fragments were collected from the 

Millersburg Member of the Lexington Limestone and 

from the Clays Ferry Formation, from the following 

three localities and nine USGS collections, all of Edenian Age: Ford-Boonesboro Road, 6945-CO (2 and many 

fragments); Dry Fork Road, 7039-CO (5), 7041-CO 

(3-5), 7043-CO (too fragmental for accurate count), 

7054-CO (1), 7059-CO (1), 7079-CO (1 and fragments); 

Sadieville C, 7454-CO (1), 7455-CO (5). This species is 

not yet known to occur anywhere else. 

Ceratopsis chambersi (Miller, 1874) 

Plate 7, figure 16; plate 8, figure 5 

1874b. Beyrichia chambersi Miller, p. 234, text-fig. 27. 

1875. not Beyrichia chambersi Miller. Hall and Whitfield, p. 

104, pl. 4, figs. 11-12. 

1890. Tetradella chambersi (Miller). Ulrich, p. 112. 

1894. not Ceratopsis chambersi (Miller). Ulrich, p. 676, pl. 46, figs. 

19-22. 

1934. Ceratopsis chambersi (Miller). Bassler and Kellett, p. 242 (see for 

additional references). 

1951. Ceratopsis chambersi (Miller). Keenan, p. 564, pl. 78, fig. 7. 

1975. Ceratopsis chambersi (Miller). Warshauer, p. 445-452, pis. 1-3. 

Discussion. -A revised systematic description and 

discussion has been given by Warshauer (1975) and will 

not be repeated here. With the exception of a slight 

variation in the shape of the speral process shown by 

some of the specimens, the material herein referred to 

C. chambersi agrees closely with that illustrated by Warshauer (1975, pls. 1-3). The variants that have a subtriangular process might possibly represent a different 

species; however, as all other morphologic characters 

resemble C. chambersi, these variants are felt to represent that taxon. 

As most of the specimens examined during this investigation were incomplete, no biometric studies were 

attempted. A nearly complete adult tecnomorph (USNM 

240004; pl. 7, fig. 16) was measured: length, 1.58 mm; 

height, 1.01 mm; length of hingeline, 1.32 mm. 
OSTRACODA, LEXINGTON LIMESTONE, CLAYS FERRY FORMATION, KENTUCKY H45 

Types.- Figured hypotypes, USNM 240004, 240005. 

Occurrence.- Specimens of C. chambersi were found 

only in the Clays Ferry Formation at one stratigraphic 

section, Sadieville C. At this locality, 162 specimens 

were recovered from five USGS collections, all of Edenian Age: 7471-CO (18), 7472-CO (19), 7475-CO (2, 

spines only), 7477-CO (65 valve fragments and spines), 

7 4 78-CO (58). 

Ceratopsis? sp. 

Plate 8, figures 1-4 

Discussion. -Four incomplete specimens of a 

quadrilobate ostracode generally resembling Ceratopsis 

have been found in the Clays Ferry Formation. Three of 

the specimens are broken anterodorsally, so it is not 

possible to determine whether or not a speral process 

was present. One specimen (USNM 240020, pl. 8, figs. 

2-4) has a stump that may be a process base. Although 

the 'lobation of these specimens is similar to that of 

Ceratopsis, they differ from other species of the genus in 

that the histial and velar structures, which are distinct 

on the posteroventral surface, merge together to form a 

single ridge ventrally and anteroventrally. A wide deep 

channel occupies the area between this ridge and the 

valve margin. These characters, together with the 

uncertainty regarding the speral process, suggest a 

possible relationship to northwestern European genera 

such as Polyceratella Opik, 1937, and Pseudotallinnella 

Sarv, 1959. Pending the discovery of better preserved 

specimens, the generic assignment of the Kentucky 

material is queried. 

Measurements.-One of the figured specimens, USNM 

240020, is 2.050 mm long and approximately (owing to, 

breakage) 1.161 mm high. 

Types.- Figured specimens, USNM 240020, 271035. 

Occurrence.- Specimens were found in two samples 

from the Clays Ferry Formation (Edenian) at the 

Sadieville C section: USGS collns. 7472-CO (1), 

7 4 77 -CO (3). 

Family uncertain 

Genus DICRANELLA Ulrich, 1894 

Type species. - Dicranella bicornis Ulrich, 1894. 

Dicranella sp. 

Plate 9, figure 4 

Discussion. -A broken fragment with the characteristic dorsally directed horns and velum of Dicranella 

Ulrich, 1894, is illustrated here to document the occu~­

rence of this genus in the Lexington Limestone. The 

specimen is far too poorly preserved to assign to a 

species or to measure. 

Types.- Figured specimen USNM 271039. 

Occurrence. -The fragmentary specimen was found in 

the Millersburg Member of the Lexington Limestone 

(Edenian), Dry Fork Road section, USGS colin. 

· 70.41-CO. 

Dicranella? sp. a££. D.? marginata Ulrich, 1894 

Plate 9, figure 6 

1894. Dicranella marginata Ulrich, p. 666, pl. 44, figs. 27, 28. 

1934. Dicranella marginata Ulrich. Bassler and Kellett, p. 286 (see for 

earlier references). 

1940. Dicranella marginata Ulrich. Kay, p. 260-261, pl. 33, fig. 4. 

1965. Dicranella marginata Ulrich. Copeland, p. 49-50, pl. 11, fig. 15. 

Description. -Lateral outline preplete; dorsal margin 

straight, anterior margin nearly straight, curving into 

smoothly curved ventral margin, posterior margin 

straight in ventral part but abruptly curved above 

midheight. Anterior cardinal angle nearly 90°, posterior 

cardinal angle obtuse. L1 flattened; S1 shallow, narrow, 

in dorsal half of valve; L2 distinct subovate knob which 

does not reach dorsal margin; S2 deep, curved anteriorly, extends to midheight of valve; L3 projects laterally, 

does not project above dorsal margin, bounde_d 

posteriorly by hemisulcus which merges into -posterior 

flattened part of valve. Velar ridge narrow, thick, with 

fine carina parallel with edge, extends to posterior 

quarter of valve, conceals contact margin in lateral 

view. Antrum narrow, widening posteriorly. Anteroventral and dorsal part of valve pustulose, remainder of 

valve finely granulose to smooth. Dorsal plica borders 

distinct narrow dorsum. Dimorphism not observed. 

Measurements. -The figured specimen is 1.625 mm 

long and 1.050 mm high (including the velar ridge). 

Discussion.-The above description is based on one 

well-preserved left valve, which is presumed to be a tecnomorph. It differs from forms previously assigned to 

Dicranella marginata Ulrich, 1894, in having L3 extended laterally rather than dorsally and set distinctly 

below the hingeline in lateral view; the holotype of D.? 

marginata (USNM 41368, pl. 9, fig. 5) shows L3 protruding above the hingeline. Specimens of Dicranella? 

marginata of Kay (1940, pl. 33, fig. 4) and of Copeland 

(1965, pl. 11, fig. 15) also show L3 somewhat below the 

hingeline, but not as far below as the specimen from 

Kentucky. All specimens assigned to D.? marginata differ from Dicranella bicornis Ulrich, 1894, the type 

species of the genus, and other species of Dicranella 

such as D. macrocarinatd Harris, 1931, and D. fragilis 

Harris, 1957, in having L2 a subovate knob rather than 

an extended spine. This difference suggests that D.? · 

marginata may belong in some genus other than 

Dicranella, as proposed by Schallreuter (1966b, p. 855), 

and the generic assignment of this species has therefore 

·been queried. Unfortunately, the material at hand is not 
H46 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES 

adequate to determine the amount of variation at the 

generic level in Dicranella. 

Types.- Figured specimen USNM 271040. 

Occurrence.- One left valve and a partial external impression have been found in the lowest foot of the Curdsville Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone, 

Tyrone C section, USGS colin. 5083-CO. 

Superfamily EURYCHILINACEA Ulrich and Bassler, 1923 

Family EURYCHILINIDAE Ulrich and Bassler, 1923 

Genus EURYCHILINA Ulrich, 1889 

Type species. -Eurychilina reticulata Ulrich, 1889. 

Eurychilina subradiata Ulrich, 1890 

Plate 9, figures '15-17 

1890. Eurychilina subradiata Ulrich, p. 126, pl. 9, figs. la-c, 2a-c. 

1894. Eurychilina subradiata Ulrich. Ulrich, p. 661-662, pl. 44, figs. 

3, 4, 4a. 

1908. Eurychilina subradiata Ulrich. Ulrich and Bassler, p. 2.99, 

fig. 49. 

1912. Eurychilina subradiata Ulrich. Ruedemann, pl. 9, fig. 16. 

1915. Eurychilina subradiata Ulrich. Bassler, p. 517. 

1926. Eurychilina subradiata Ulrich. Butts, p. 124, pl. 30, fig. 5. 

1932. Eurychilina subradiata Ulrich. Bassler, pl. 10, fig. 14. 

1934. Eurychilina subradiata Ulrich. Bassler and Kellett, p. 316. 

1940. Eurychilina subradiata Ulrich. Kay, p. 250-251, pl. 31, fig. 5. 

1957. Eurychilina suhradiata Ulrich. Harris, p. 233-234, pl. 7, figs. 

12a-c, 14a-c. 

1960a. Eurychilina subradiata Ulrich. Kesling, p. 356-357, ,Pl. 4, 

fig. 3. 

1961. Eurychilina subradiata Ulrich. Swain, Cornell, and Hansen, 

p. 349. 

1965. Eurychilina suhradiata Ulrich. Copeland, p. 13, pl. 4, figs. 6-13, 

pl. 10, figs. 15-17. 

1971. Eurychilina suhradiata Ulrich. Copeland, pl. 23, figs. 29-31. 

1974. Eurychilina subradiata Ulrich. Copeland, p. 18. 

1977a. Eurychilina subradiata Ulrich. Copeland, p. 80-81, pl. 2, figs. 

4, 9, pl. 3, fig. 6. 

Discussion. -Only one broken right valve of this 

species has been found in our collections from Kentucky; 

however it shows the characteristic angulated velum, 

zygal arch, and cristate dorsum of Eurychilina 

subradiata Ulrich, 1890, although it seems to be more 

coarsely punctate than the syntypes (USNM 41613; 

41614, pl. 9, fig. 17; topotype, USNM 41614a, pl. 9, fig. 

16). As suggested .by the lengthy synonymy, E. 

subradiata has been reported from New York to Minnesota and Oklahoma, and from the District of Franklin 

in the Northest Territories of Canada to Alabama. This 

geographically widespread taxon may include more than 

one species; Copeland (1974, p. "18) has recognized a 

related form, Eurychilina prairiensis Copeland, 1974, 

which also has an angulated velum, but examination of 

all specimens identified as E. subradiata is beyond the 

scope of this paper. Measurements are not given for the 

specimen from the Lexington Limestone because it is incomplete at the posterior end. 

Types.- Hypotype, USNM 271041. 

Occurrence. -The single specimen of E. subradiata 

from the Lexington Limestone is from the lowest foot of 

the Curdsville Limestone Member (Kirkfieldian), Tyrone 

C section, USGS colin. 5083-CO. 

Family CHILOBOLBINIDAE Jaanusson, 1957 

. Genus CYSTOMATOCHILINA Jaanusson, 1957 

Type species. -Primitia (Ulrichia?).umbonata Krause, 

1892. 

Cystomatochilina reticu1otiara n. sp. 

Plate 9, figures 10-14, 18; plate 16, figure 9 

Diagnosis.- Small Cystornatochilina with short 

subcentral S2 ending ventrally in poorly defined smooth 

muscle spot, L2 low, subhemispherical. Surface coarsely 

reticulate; L2 covered with wide pits. Anterodorsal part 

of valve slightly inflated. 

Description.- Domicilium amplete, semicircular in 

lateral outline. Greatest height at midlength, greatest 

length just dorsal of midheight, and greatest width 

through apex of L2. Dorsal margin straight, ventral 

margin broadly curved and grades into more sharply 

curved, subequal, anterior and posterior margins. Cardinal angles of domicilium not well defined, but apparently obtuse and subequal. S2 short, extending 25 

percent of distance to ventral border, shallow, fairly 

wide and subcentrally located, ending in smooth, poorly 

defined muscle spot. L2 (preadductorial node) 

anteroventral of S2. Posterior half of domicilium more 

inflated than anterior, anterodorsal area of domicilum 

also inflated. 

Lateral surface of valve reticulate, except for L2 

(preadductorial node), which has wide well-defined pits. 

Other similar pits scattered on valve surface. Velum 

wide, concave, extends around entire free margin to 

both cardinal angles, where it is narrower. Surface of 

velum radially striate, striations less prominent near 

cardinal angles. Radial striations crossed by fine subparallel concentri~ striations which also extend to cardinal angles. Small nodes present at junction of 

domicilium and velum along ventral and posteroventral 

borders of domicilium, lacking along anterodorsal and 

posterodorsal borders. Nodes approximately aligned 

with ridges between radial striations. 

Heteromorph, subvelar field and hingement not yet 

known. 

Measurements. -The holotype (USNM 240027) is 

0.590 mm long and 0.410 mm high. The other specimens 

were too incomplete to measure accurately. 

Discussion.-Cystomatochilina reticulotiara most 

closely resembles C. matura Schallreuter, 1965, which 

also has a reticulate surface ornament, but differs in 

having a less distinct preadductorial node and less acute 
OSTRACODA, LEXINGTON LIMESTONE, CLAYS FERRY FORMATION, KENTUCKY H47 

cardinal angles (Schallreuter, 1965, pL 9, figs. 2, 3). It Genus PLATYBOLBINA Henningsmoen, 1953 

differs from other species of Cystomatochilina such as Subgenus RIMABOLBINA Schallreuter, 1969 

C. umbonata (Krause, 1892), C. tiara (Henningsmoen, Type species.-Platybolbina (Rimabolbina) 

1954), C. tiara densistriata (Henningsmoen, 1954), and Schallreuter, 1964. 

rima 

C. permira Abushik, 1960, in its reticulate rather than 

pustulose ornamentation. 

Jaanusson (1957, p. 254, 255) noted that the type 

species of Cystomatochilina, C. umbonata (Krause, 

1892), has an indistinct adductorial pit illustrated by 

Triebel (1941, pl. 4, fig. 42), which is better developed in 

C. tiara (see Henningsmoen, 1954, pl. 4, figs. 4-9). 

Schallreuter (1975, p. 153) discussed the absence of a pit 

in his species C. matura but implied that the lack of this 

character was not of generic importance and considered 

C. permira Abushik, 1960, as a morphologic link between the species that have a well-developed adductorial 

node and those having a less distinct node but a more 

distinct sulcus. To date, C. reticulotiara is the only 

reported species of the Baltoscandian genus 

Cystomatochilina from North America. 

The radial striations on the velum mark the position of 

internal partitions (pl. 9, fig. 14). The curious nodes on 

the ventral part of the domicilium may have served in 

some capacity to strengthen the valve at the junction of 

the domicilium and the velum. A wide velum, such as 

that of C. reticulotiara, may have induced much stress 

along this junction, causing it to be a zone of weakness. 

The added calcite of the nodes may have functioned as 

either a strengthening buttress or some sort of tensionreduction device. Likewise, the reticulation, especially 

in the inflated posterior part of the domicilium, has the 

appearance of a geodesic dome, a type of structure 

known for its light weight and extreme strength. For 

further discussions of structural adaptions in ostracode 

shells, see the informative papers of Benson (1970, 

1975). 

This species is exceedingly rare: only four tecnomorphic valves were found, two of which are either partly or 

completely exfoliated. All the specimens are small and 

embedded in limestone. The specific name refers to the 

well-developed reticulation found on the valve surface 

and to the tiaralike nature of the velum. 

Types.- Holotype, USNM 240027, from the Strodes 

Creek Member of the Lexington Limestone, 10ft above 

the base of Winchester B section, USGS colin. 7318-CO. 

Paratypes, USNM 240028, 240029, 240030. 

Occurrence. -C. reticulotiara has been found only in 

the Strodes Creek Member (Edenian) of the Lexington 

Limestone, at the following three localities and three 

USGS collections: Kentucky Route 89, 7312-CO (2); 

Winchester Reference Section B, 7318-CO (1); U.S. 

Route 227, 7325-CO (1). 

Platybolbina (Rimabolbina) nitida (Ulrich, 1890) 

Plate 9, figures 7, 8 

1890. Primitia nitida Ulrich, p. 135, pl. 8, fig. 7. 

1895. not Primitia nitida (Roemer). Jones, p. 62, pl. 7, figs. 1, 2. 

1915. Primitia nitida Ulrich. Bassler, p. 1032. 

1934. Primitia nitida Ulrich. Bassler and Kellett, p. 451. 

Diagnosis.-Platybolbina (Rimabolbina) with. dropshaped muscle spot, poorly defined sulcus extending 

dorsally from muscle spot, anterodorsal and posterodorsal parts of valve plicate, ornamentation finely 

granulose. 

Description.-Lateral outline slightly preplete, dorsal 

margin straight to slightly sinuous, anterior and 

posterior margins curved, ventral margin gently curved. 

Anterodorsal and posterodorsal parts of valve inflated 

into almost cuspate plica, which is nearly obsolete middorsally. Muscle spot drop-shaped, with distinct pit, 

situated about two-thirds of distance below dorsal 

margin to ventral margin, weak sulcus extending 

toward but not reaching dorsal margin. Anterior and 

posterior cardinal angles nearly 90°. Surface except for 

muscle spot finely granulose or finely reticulate. Velum 

radially striate, relatively narrow and apparently complete from anterior to posterior cardinal angles, not 

restricted. Dimorph, subvelar field, and hingement not 

known. 

Measurements.-The holotype is 1.15 mm long and 

0.65 mm high, including the velum. The figured 

topotype is 1.10 mm long and 0.60 mm high, including 

the velum. 

Discussion. -This species most closely resembles 

Platybolbina (Rimabolbina) chalazia (Kesling, 1960) but 

appears to have finer ornamentation and a more pronounced sulcus. Platybolbina (Rimabolbina) omphalota 

(Kesling, 1960) differs in having a more pronounced dorsal plica and coarser ornamentation. Platybolbina 

(Rimabolbina) rima Schallreuter, 1964, is coarsely 

reticulate and appears to lack a distinct dorsal plica 

(Schallreuter, 1964, pl. 9, fig. 1). 

Kesling (1960b, p. 368-369) provided a table showing 

the characters of the species of Platybolbina described 

up to that time, from which it appears that the European species of this genus either lack or have only a 

weakly developed dorsal plica, whereas in most of the 

North American species this feature is fairly well 

developed. Schallreuter (1969, p. 877) based his 

subgenera on the character of the muscle spot, velum, 
H48 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES 

and ornamentation and did not discuss the presence or 1928. Kloedenia initialis (Ulrich). Kirk, p. 420. 

absence of a dorsal plica and the subcuspate anterodor- 1934. Kloedenia initialis (Ulrich). Bassler and Kellett, p. 362. 

sal and posterodorsal areas on the North American 1940. ?Parabolbina staufferi Kay, p. 256, pl. 32, figs. 25-27. 

species. The genus Apatochilina Ulrich and Bassler Diagnosis.- Dorsal plica low, velum abruptly con1923, appears to have the inflated subcuspat~ stricted posteriorly, low node at posterodorsal end of 

anterodorsal and posterodorsal areas, and also has a S2. complete velum and a subcentral muscle spot. Unfor- Descriptio:".- Lateral outline approximately amplete; 

tunately, the holotype (USNM 41624) of A. obesa dorsal ma~gin straight, anterior margin rounded, ven-

(Ulrich, 1890) is not well preserved, and its surface ap- tral margin more gently curved, posterior margin irp~a~s to be corroded (pl. 9, fig. 9); the muscle spot is only regularly curved. L1 flattened, separated from ovate, 

distmct when the specimen is wetted. However, when knoblike L2 by hemisulcus Sl. S2 deep, curved anteriorbetter preserved topotype material of Apatochilina is ly, extends more than half height of domicilium. L3 infound, some of the North American species now re- flated ventrally, broad dorsally, with low inconspicuous 

ferred to Platybolbina probably will have to be assigned: node near dorsal end of S2. Striated velum extends from 

to Apatochilina. ante:ior cardinal angle to posteroventral part of valve 

The holotype of P. (R.) nitida (pl. 9, fig. 7) is ~he.re it is abruptly constricted. Dorsal plica most 

calc~reous and is on a chip of dark-gray limestone ap- distmct on L3, less conspicuous anteriorly; anterodorsal 

proximately 3 em long and 1.5 em wide. At least two ad- corner of velum may protrude above dorsal margin. 

ditional specimens of P. (R.) nitida (pl. 9, fig. 8) and Shell surface granulose. 

many leperditellid ostracodes are on the same chip. The Measurements. -The holotype, USNM 41666, is 0.650 

label attached to the chip reads as follows: "Primitia mm long and 0.450 mm high. A hypotype right valve, 

nitida ~lrich, Trenton, up., near Paris, Ky." According USNM 271038, is 0.725 mm long and 0.525 mm high. A 

to Ulnch (1890, p. 135-136) "The specimens are con- hypotype left valve, USNM 271037, is 0.750 mm long 

tained in a dark fragment of limestone which was used and 0.537 mm high. 

for ballast by the Kentucky Central Railroad. As near 1 Discussion.- Unfortunately, the holotype of Beyrichia 

can learn, the material was derived from Upper Trenton initialis Ulrich, 1894, is poorly preserved; it is a crushed 

strata near Paris, Ky." Bassler (1915, p. 1032) and and somewhat abraded right valve compressed on the 

Bassler and Kellett.( 1934, p. 451) listed the species as surface of a bryozoan. The velum is narrow and the 

from "Trenton (Perryville): Paris, Ky." If Ulrich was cor- specimen may be a tecnomorph, although the narrow 

rect in his assumption that the railroad ballast came velum may be due to poor preservation. However, we 

from the vicinity of, Paris, it almost certainly represents. believe it to be conspecific with two heteromorphic? 

so~e part of the Lexington Limestone, as no other rock valves from Kentucky that have wide incurved vela, and 

smtable for ballast is exposed in that area (Outerbridge, much of the foregoing description has been based on 

1974). Although we have found no other specimens ofP. these hypotypes. Kesling, Hall, and Melik (1962) de-

(~.) nitida in the collections from the Lexington scribed two species that they assigned to 

Limestone that we have studied, the species is rede- Hesperidella-H. michiganensis Kesling, Hall, and 

scribed and refigured here to complete the Lexington Melik, 1962, and Hesperidella sp. Neither these, nor 

ostracode fauna. Hesperidella? initialis have the distinct characteristic 

Types.- Holotype, USNM 41334; figured topotype, crista outlining the posterior side of S2 that is found in 

USNM 41334a. H. esthonica __ (Bonnema, 1909), the type species of 

Occurrence.- Probably from the Lexington Limestone Hesperidella Opik, 1937. Jaanusson (1957, p. 327) connear Paris, Ky. sidered the crista diagnostic of the genus, as did Kesling, Hall, and Melik (1962, p. 209), although this feature 

?Family PIRETELLIDAE Opik, 1937 

Genus HESPERIDELLA Opik, 1937 

Type species. -Primitia estonica Bonnema, 1909. 

Hesperidella? initialis (Ulrich, 1894) 

Plate·9, figur~s 1-3 

1894. Beyrichia initialis Ulrich, p. 658, pl. 43, figs. 82, 83. 

1908. Kloedenia initialis (Ulrich). Ulrich and Bassler, p. 301, pl. 38, 

figs. 12, 13. 

1910. Kloedenia initialis (Ulrich). Grabau and Shimer, p. 355, text 

fig. 1663, e, f. 

1915. Kloedenia initialis (Ulrich). Bassler, p. 685. 

appears obsolete on the Michigan forms. Until more and 

better material of H.? initial is can be studied it seems 

desirable to query the generic assignment of this 

species. Hesperidella? initialis differs from the species 

from Michigan in having the velum more sharply· 

restricted posteriorly and in having no crista; the dorsal 

plica is also less well developed. Parabolbina staufferi 

Kay, 1940, may be synonymous with H.? initialis, as 

both come from the Decorah Shale of Minnesota, but we 

have not seen the types of P. staufferi and Kay's figures 

(Kay, 1940, pl. 32, figs. 25-27), although suggestive, are 

not conclusive. 
OSTRACODA, LEXINGTON LIMESTONE, CLAYS FERRY FORMATION, KENTUCKY H49 

Types.-Holotype, USNM 41666; figured hypotypes, 

USNM 271037, 271038. 

Occurrence.- According to Ulrich (1894, see 1897, p. 

658), Hesperidella? initialis comes from "Middle third of 

the Trenton shales, Minneapolis, Minnesota." The label 

with the holotype specifies the "Rhinidictya bed." In current stratigraphic terminology, both these statements 

refer to the Guttenberg Limestone Member of the 

Decorah Shale. The two hypotypes were found in the 

lowest foot of the Curdsville Limestone Member 

(Kirkfieldian) of the Lexington Limestone, Tyrone C 

section, USGS colin. 5083-CO. 

Superfamily OEPIKELLACEA Jaanusson, 1957 

Family OEPIKELLIDAE Jaanusson, 1957 

Genus OEPIKELLA Thorslund, 1940 

Type species. -Oepikella tvaerensis Thorslund, 1940. 

Oepikella sp. 

Plate 10, figure 6 

Description.-Lateral outline subelliptical, slightly · 

preplete; dorsal margin gently arched, anterior margin 

smoothly curved, rounding into gently curved ventral 

margin, posterior margin more sharply curved than 

anterior. Hingeline incised, obtuse cardinal angles 

somewhat flattened and set off from domicilium. 

Greatest length at or above midheight, greatest height 

through midlength, greatest width posterior to and 

slightly ventral of midpoint of valve. Obscure oval muscle spot in center of valve. Velar bend around free 

margin distinctly separated from domicilium by shallow 

groove. Shell surface smooth. 

Measurements. -The single specimen is 1.900 mm 

long and 1.387 mm high. 

Discussion.-This tecnomorphic ·right valve is most 

similar to Oepikella labrosa Copeland, 1965, but appears 

to have more distinct cardinal angles and to be relatively 

less elongate. However, whether or not this taxon falls 

within the range of variation of 0 . . labrosa cannot be 

determined without additional material. The presence of 

distinct cardinal angles and absence of marginal spines 

indicates that this specimen belongs in Oepikella 

Thorslund, 1940, rather than Eoaquapulex Levinson, 

1968 (described as Diplopsis Levinson, 1961). 

Types.- Figured specimen USNM 271044. 

Occurrence.-The single valve was found in the lowest 

foot of the Curdsville Limestone Member (Kirkfieldian) 

of the Lexington Limestone, Tyrone C section, USGS 

colin. 5083-CO. 

Genus MACRONOTELLA Ulrich, 1894 

Type species. -Macronetella scofieldi Ulrich, 1894 

Macronotella? sp. 

Plate 10, figure 1 

Description.-Lateral outline amplete; hingeline long, 

straight, anterior and posterior margins nearly equally 

curved, ventral margin evenly and deeply curved. Cardinal angles distinct, on flattened triangular areas which 

extend ventrally as narrow rim for about half height of 

valve; no marginal structures seen on ventral part of 

valve. Central valve surface has large, widely spaced 

punctae, marginal valve surface smooth. 

Measurements. -The figured specimen is 0. 775 mm 

long and 0.537 mm high. 

Discussion. -This single. specimen is questionably 

assigned to M acronotella Ulrich, 1894, because of its 

lateral outline and.coarse punctation. As.noted by Kesling and others (1960, p. 302-304), Macronotella 

scofieldi Ulrich, 1894, the type species of the genus, is 

dimorphic, .and the heteromorph has a striated velum;· 

other species should not be placed in Macronotella 

unless dimorphism can be demonstrated. The single 

valve from Kentucky is presumably a tecnomorph, and a 

positive generic assignment cannot be made until ·a 

heteromorph is found. The specimen differs from M. 

scofieldi in being more sparsely punctate. 

Types. -Figured specimen USNM 271042. 

Occurrence.-The only specimen found is from the 

lowest foot of the Curdsville Limestone Member 

(Kirkfieldian) of the Lexington Limestone, Tyrone C 

section, USGS colin .. 5083-CO. 

Superfamily APARCHITACEA Jones, 1901 

Family APARCHITIDAE Jones, 1901 

Genus APARCHITES Jones, 1889 

Type species. -Aparchites whiteavesi Jones, 1889. 

"Aparchites" sp. 

Plate 10, figure 7 

Description.-Lateral outline subelliptical, amplete; 

dorsal margin slightly sinuous, anterior and posterior 

margins smoothly curved, ventral margin very gently 

curved. Cardinal angles obtuse, hingeline slightly incised. Greatest length and height about at midpoint of 

valve, greatest width slightly posterior of midpoint. 

Valve surface smoothly curved in end view. Finely denticulate lateromarginal bend around free margin; denticles extend nearly to cardinal angles. Marginal surface 

plane. Shell smooth. 

Measurements. -The single valve is 1.950 mm long 

and 1.350 mm high. 
H50 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES 

Discussion. -This left valve belongs with the group of 

species typified by Aparchites? fimbriatus (Ulrich, 

1892), but it appears to have smaller and more closely 

spaced spinules than those of the holotype (USNM 

41834) of A.? fimbriatus, although it falls within ·the 

range of variation of the species, as illustrated by Swain, 

Cornell, and Hansen (1961, pl. 46, fig. 1). However, this 

single valve is considered inadequate for a definite 

specific identification. 

As noted by Swartz (1969, p. 1237, 1238), the holotype 

of A. whiteavesi, the type species of Aparchites Jones, 

1889, shows a marginal thickening of both valves where 

the shell is preserved, but it lacks any indication of fimbriate or spinose marginal structures on either valve. 

Swartz (1969, p. 1239), therefore, suggested that Aparchites fimbriatus (Ulrich, 1892) and related species such 

as A. parsispinosus Kraft, 1962, should be removed 

from Aparchites and tentatively proposed that they be··· 

assigned to Hyperchilarina Harris, 1957. However, as 

discussed below, the holotype of H. ovata Harris, 1957, 

the type species of Hyperchilarina, has a sinuous ventral overlap and is probably not congeneric with A. fimbriatus. The genus Bullatella Swain and Cornell, 1961, 

is fimbriate or has marginal structures on both valves 

and, in addition, it has a midventral swelling, unlike 

Aparchites fimbriatus, which is fimbriate only on the 

left valve and is evenly curved in end view. Because 

there is no described genus-in which the group of "Aparchites" fimbriatus can be placed, the generic name is 

given in quotes. 

Types.- Figured specimen USNM 271045. 

Occurrence.-The only specimen found was in the 

lowest foot of the Curdsville Limestone Member 

(Kirkfieldian) of the Lexington Limestone, Tyrone C 

section, USGS colin. 5083-CO. 

Genus BREVIDORSA Neckaja, 1973 

Type species. -Brevidorsa brevidorsata Neckaja, 

1973. 

Brevidorsa strodescreekensis n. sp. 

Plate 10, figures 8-15. 

Diagnosis. - Short hinged subcircular palaeocopes 

with "pillar structures" around free margin of smaller 

valve and fine punctae on the lateroventral slopes of 

both valves. 

Description. -Lateral outline amplete, subcircular, 

valves subequal. Greatest length at midheight, greatest 

height just anterior of midlength and greatest width 

subcentral. Lateral valve surface smoothly rounded. 

Right valve larger than left and overlaps it around entire free margin. Very low, poorly defined velar ridge 

parallels contact margin of right valve lateroventrally. 

Left valve overreaches right on dorsal margin, concealing hingeline in left-lateral view. Shallow marginal 

depression rims left valve around entire contact margin 

and contains fine radiating ribs ("pillar structures" of 

Schallreuter, 1973, p. 41). Lateroventral surface of both 

adult valves finely punctate. Punctae lacking from 

laterodorsal surface of valves from central area to dorsal margin. Hingeline straight and approximately 55 

percent of greatest length. Hingement not observed. 

Measurements.- The dimensions of five para types and 

the holotype are given on table 18. 

TABLE lB.-Measurements (in mm) of six specimens of Brevidorsa 

strodescreekensisfrom USGS colln. No. 7318-CO, from the Strodes 

Creek Member of the Lexington Limestone 

Type USNM No. Valve Length Height 

Holotype -------------- 240051 Left ---------- 1.193 0.935 Figured paratype _______ 240052 Right 1.156 .886 

-----do -------------- 240053 -----do ------- .910 .677 

Unfigured paratype _____ 240055 Left ---------- .923 .689 

-----do -------------- 240055 -----do ------- .984 .763 

-----do -------------- 240055 Right --------- 1.046 .713 

Discussion.- The description of Brevidorsa 

strodescreekensis is mostly based on nine complete 

calcareous carapaces; although other specimens were 

also examined, most were embedded in limestone matrix 

and were only of marginal use. 

Brevidorsa strodescreekensis most closely resembles 

four other species that also have pillar structures on the 

left valve; these are B. suborbicularis (Kraft, 1962) from 

the Middle Ordovician Edinburg Formation of Virginia; 

B. bella (Copeland, 1965) from the Middle Ordovician 

Bucke Formation of Ontario; and Brevidorsa sp. A and 

sp. B (Schallreuter, 1973) from the Ordovician of the 

Baltic area. B. strodescreekensis differs from B. suborbicularis in being less rounded in lateral view and having a relatively longer dorsal border; it differs from B. 

bella and Brevidorsa sp. B in being finely punctate. 

Brevidorsa sp. A of Schallreuter (1973, p. 45-46) is also 

punctate, but the overreach of the left valve over the 

right is apparently not as great as in B. strodescreekenS'/,S. 

The holotype of B. strodescreekensis has some additional shell material attached to the posteroventral 

border. This material may represent fragments of a ventral row of spines, or a velar structure formed by the fusion of such spines, as illustrated by Schallreuter (1973, 

fig. 5A). Additional specimens will be necessary before 

the character of this structure can be determined. 

Not enough specimens are available for an ontogenetic study, but apparently the younger ins tars lack 

punctae. No other ontogenetic trends were observed, 

except for a change in absolute size. 

Neckaja (1973, p. 17) proposed the genus Brevidorsa 

for subcircular ostracodes with a short straight 

hingeline and with the right valve overlapping the left 
OSTRACODA, LEXINGTON LIMESTONE, .CLAYS FERRY FORMATION, KENTUCKY H51 

around the free margins but the left valve overreaching 

the right dorsally. A few months earlier, Schallreuter 

(1973) had discussed the relationship between the 

genera Hyperchilarina Harris, 1957, and Aparchites 

Jones, 1889, and had included in Hyperchilarina several 

taxa that now appear to belong in Brevidorsa. 

Schallreuter (1973, p. 37) aptly commented on the difficulties of properly classifying smooth, essentially 

featureless ostracodes; among the more useful criteria 

for this purpose are the characters of the hingeline and 

free margin. Harris (1957, p. 143) considered that the 

diagnostic feature of his genus Hyperchilarina was that 

the larger valve overlapped the smaller around the entire free margin and overreached it dorsally; he also 

mentioned ''beading" along the ventral margin of the 

smaller valve. In addition, the holotype (MCZ 4511; this 

report, pl. 10, figs. 3-5) of H. ovata Harris, 1957, the 

type species of Hyperchilarina, has a sinuous contact 

margin, the larger valve extending in a slight lappet 

over the smaller. In contrast, the contact margin of 

Brevidorsa is straight. Swartz (1969) redescribed and 

refigured the holotype (GSC 3838) of Aparchites 

whiteavesi Jones, 1889, the type species of Aparchites; 

although this specimen is unfortunately a mostly exfoliated steinkern, it appears to have a channelled free 

margin on both valves. Further clarification of the 

diagnostic characters of Aparchites must await that 

study of topotype specimens, but it appears unlikely that 

this genus will preoccupy either Brevidorsa or Hyperchilarina. 

The genus Baltonotella Sarv, 1959, type species B. 

kuckersiana (Bonnema, 1909), appears to be quite 

similar to Brevidorsa. Sarv (1959, p. 161-162) considered some of the diagnostic characters of Baltonotella 

to be a coarsely punctate surface with a smooth central 

muscle scar and the left valve overlapping the right 

around the entire free margin. According to Sarv (oral 

commun., July 1979), Baltonotella lacks "pillar structures" on the left valve. Sarv did not discuss the 

character of the dorsal margin, but apparently the 

smaller valve does not overreach the larger as in 

Brevidorsa. 

Sethi (1979, p. 143) has considered Brevidorsa Neckaja, 1973 (type species Brevidorsa brevidorsata Neckaja, 

1973) to be a junior subjective synonym of Pseudoaparchites Krandijevsky, 1963 (type species Pseudoaparchites latus Krandijevsky, 1963), because Abushik (1971, 

p. 49) placed P. latus in synonymy with Leperditella 

gregaria Sarv, 1962, a species which Neckaja (1973, p. 

17) conditionally included in Brevidorsa. However, as 

noted by Abushik (1971, p. 10), Krandijevsky's description and illustrations of P. latus are inadequate. Krandijevsky (1963, p. 20-21) did not describe any features on 

P. latus that could be interpreted as "pillar structures," 

but these appear to be present on Leperditella gregaria, 

according to Sarv (1962, p. 132). Consequently, we are 

provisionally considering Brevidorsa Neckaja, 1973, a 

valid genus until Krandijevsky's type material has been 

redescribed and refigured. 

The specific name of Brevidorsa strodescreekensis is in 

reference to the restricted occurrence of this species in 

the Strodes Creek Member of the Lexington Limestone. 

Types. -Holotype, an adult carapace, USNM 240051, 

from USGS colln. 7318-CO, Strodes Creek Member of 

the Lexington, 10 ft above the base of Winchester 

Reference Section B. Figured paratypes, USNM 240052 

and 240053; unfigured paratypes, USNM 240054 and 

240055 (four carapaces on one slide), all from USGS 

colln. 7318-CO. 

Occurrence. -This species is to date restricted to the 

Strodes Creek Member (Edenian) of the Lexington 

Limestone at two localities. One collection, USGS 

7312-CO from Kentucky Route 89, contained four 

specimens. The other collection, USGS 7318-CO from 

Winchester Reference Section B, contained 21 

specimens. 

Genus SACCELATIA Kay, 1940 

Type species. -Aparchites arrectus Ulrich, 1894. 

Saccelatia sp. 

Plate 10, figure 2 

Description. -Lateral outline amplete to slightly 

postplete; hingeline long and straight, anterior margin 

curved, ventral margin gently curved, posterior margin 

more broadly curved than anterior. Anterior cardinal 

angle more obtuse than posterior. Hingeline shorter 

than greatest length. Greatest length above midheight, 

greatest height at midlength. Distinct lateromarginal 

bend obscures contact margin ventrally in lateral view, 

well developed anteroventrally and posteroventrally but 

merges into valve surface and converges with contact 

margin dorsally. Contact margin obscurely denticulate. 

Shell surface smooth. 

Measurements. -The figured specimen is 0.800 mm 

long and 0.500 mm high. 

Discussion. -Only one right valve of this taxon has 

been found, but the denticulate contact margin and 

lateromarginal bend suggest that it belongs in Saccelatia Kay, 1940. It differs from S. arrecta (Ulrich, 

1894) in having a more distinct lateromarginal bend; it 

differs from S. angularis (Ulrich, 1894) in having the 

bend obsolete dorsally. Saccelat·ia bullata Kay, 1940, S. 

cletijera Kay, 1940, and S. arcuamuralis Kay, 1940, all 

have flanges or nodes in the position of the 

lateromarginal bend, andS. buckensis Copeland, 1965, is 

punctate. 

Types. -Figured specimen USNM 271043. 
H52 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES 

Occurrence. -The single known specimen is from the 

lowest foot of the Curdsville Limestone Member 

(Kirkfieldian) of the Lexington Limestone, Tyrone C 

section, USGS colin. 5083-CO. 

Superfamily PRIMITIOPSACEA Swartz, 1936 

Family PRIMITIOPSIDAE Swartz, 1936 

Subfamily ANISOCYAMINAE Martinsson, 1960 

Genus ANISOCYAMUS Martinsson, 1960 

Type species. -Primitiopsis elegans Harris, 1957. 

Anisocyamus? sp. 

Plate 11, figures 7-9 

Description.-Lateral outline postplete, suhcuneate; 

hingeline straight, anterior margin strongly curved, 

ventral margin very gently curved, posterior margin 

nearly straight. Lateral surface nonsulcate but with 

posterior shoulder or bend parallel to posterior margin. 

Surface appears to be cparsely punctate. 

Measurements.- A figured specimen, USNM 240018, 

is 1.239 mm long and 0.734 mm high. 

Discussion.- Only three specimens were found, two of 

which, a right and a left valve, were picked from USGS 

colin. 7459-CO and are about the same size, so that only 

one individual may be represented. The posterior 

shoulder is reflected on the interior of the valve. The 

surface of both valves from USGS colin. 7 459-CO is corroded and pitted by impressions of cubic crystals, so that 

the original character of the ornamentation is difficult to 

determine, bqt the one right valve from USGS colin. 

7312-CO. is smooth. The only left valve is broken 

anteriorly and therefore could not be measured. 

These specimens most closely resemble A nisocyamus 

excavatus (Harris, 1957) from the Tulip Creek Formation of Oklahoma, except that they are larger and more 

elongate. Harris (1957, p. 204-205) did not indicate· 

whether he considered the holotype (MCZ 4595; this 

report, pl. 10, figs, 5, 6) of A. excavatus to be a tecnomorph or a heteromorph, and this question cannot be 

resolved until more specimens are found. The Kentucky 

specimens are questionably assigned to Anisocyamus 

because of their resemblance to A. excavatus and 

because their lateral outline generally resembles that of 

. species of Anisocyamus figured by Martinsson (1960), 

although A. excavatus may be a primitiopsid that does 

not belong in Anisocyamus. 

Types.-Figured specimens, USNM 240018, 271047. 

Occurrence.-Two specimens came from the Clays 

F.erry Formation (Edenian) at the Sadieville C locality, 

USGS colin. 7459-CO. One specimen is from the Strodes 

Creek Member (Edenian) of the Lexington Limestone at 

the Kentucky Route 89 locality, USGS colin. 7312-CO. 

Suborder KLOEDENELLOCOPINA Scott, 1961 

Superfamily LEPERDITELLACEA Ulrich and Bassler, 1906 

Family LEPERDITELLIDAE Ulrich and Bassler, 1906 

Genus LEPERDITELLA Ulrich, 1894 

Type species. - Leperditella rex Coryell and Schenck, 

1941. 

Leperditella sp. a££. L tumida (Ulrich, 1892) 

Plate 11, figure 10-14 

1892. Leperditia tumida Ulrich, p. 265, pl. 9, figs. 1-3. 

1894. Leperditella tumida (Ulrich). Ulrich, p. 636. 

1934. Leperditella tumida (Ulrich). Bassler and Kellett, p. 375, (see for 

complete synonymy to this date). 

1957. Leperditella tumida (Ulrich). Harris, p. 158, pl. 3, figs. lOa-lOb. 

Description.-Lateral outline postplete; dorsal outline 

slightly sinuous, anterior cardinal angle obtuse, anterior 

margin smoothly rounded, ventral margin broadly 

curved toward posterior, posterior margin more broadly 

curved than anterior, posterior cardinal angle rounded. 

Maximum length through midpoint of valve, maximum 

height in posterior third of valve, maximum width 

through or slightly behind midpoint of carapace. Left 

valve overlaps right ventrally, right valve slightly overreaches left dorsally. Hingeline weakly incised. Shell 

surface smooth. 

Measurements. -A figured carapace (USNM 271048) 

is 1.012 mm long, 0.825 mm high, and 0.575 mm wide.· 

The measurements of three other specimens are given in 

table 19. 

TABLE 19.-Measurements (in mm) of three specimens ojLeperditella 

sp. aff. L. tumida (Ulrich), from the Lexington Limestone 

Type USNM Nd.' USGS Length Height colin. No. 

U nfigured specimen _____ 240046 4i ~1-CO 1.082 0.750 

-----do -------------- 240047 7455·..:eo .922 .664 

-----do -------------- 240048 7071-CO .418 .295 

Discussion. -The specimens from the Lexington 

Limestone and Clays Ferry Formation are similar in 

lateral outline to the syntypes (USNM 41310) of Leperditella tumida (Ulrich, 1892), which are here illustrated 

for comparison (pl. 11, figs. 18, 19); they are also like the 

specimen (MCZ 4529) from the Corbin Ranch Formation 

of Oklahoma identified as L. tumida by Harris (1957, p . 

158-159, pl. 3, figs. lOa, b). However, they are less than 

half the size of these other specimens, and the 

anterodorsal leperitelloid "sag" is less well developed. 

Although closely related to L. tumida, the Lexington 

and Clays Ferry specimens may represent a new 

species, but unfortunately the preservation of the 

material at hand is too poor to determine whether or not 

this is true. In addition, one silicified left valve (USNM 
OSTRACODA, LEXINGTON LIMESTONE, CLAYS FERRY FORMATION, KENTUCKY H53 

240046) has two poorly defined punctate depressions on 

the dorsocentral valve surface and a very narrow 

marginal rim around the entire free margin. As yet, the 

taxonomic significance of these features is not certain 

because they may be due to the type of preservation. 

The internal mofd of an instar (USNM 240048) of this 

taxon shows a deep, long, narrow, centrally located 

groove which is not on the ex~erior of any of the other 

specimens and which may represent the impression· of 

an internal ridge used for muscle _at~a.chment. 

Types.- Figured specimens USNM 271049, 271050, 

and a corroded carapace, USNM 271048; unfigured 

specimens· USNM 240046-240048. 

Occurrence.- A total of 35 specimens was collected 

from the following five USGS localities and 13 collections of Kirkfieldian to Edenian Age: Valley View B 

(Hunters Ferry Road), Grier Limestone Member of Lexington Limestone, 4191-CO (1); Dry Fork .Road, 

Millersburg Member of the Lexington, 7040-CO (1), 

7041-CO (7), Clays Ferry Formation, 7043-CO (8) 

Millersburg Member of the Lexington, 7068-CO (2), 

Tanglewood Limestone Member of the Lexington, 

7071-CO (1); Sadieville C, Millersburg Member of the 

Lexington, 7 454-CO (5), 7 455-CO (1), Tanglewood 

Limestone Member of the Lexington, 7467-CO (4), 

Clays Ferry Formation, 7 4 71-CO (2); Clays Ferry Type 

Section, Supplement, Clays Ferry Formation, 

D1170-CO (1), D1171-CO (1); Gratz A, Grier Limestone 

Member of the Lexington, D1309-CO (1). 

Leperditella? perplexa n. sp. 

Plate 11, figure 1-'4 

Diagnosis.- Small, postplete leperditelloid ostracodes 

with weakly incised hingeline and little overlap around 

free margins. 

Description.-Lateral outline sub triangular; dorsal 

margin slightly sinuous, anterior margin sharply 

curved, ventral margin broadly and asymmetrically 

curved, posterior margin gently curved. Both cardinal 

angles obtuse. Greatest length at or slightly above midpoint of carapace, greatest height in posterior third and 

greatest width through midpoint of carapace. Shell surface smooth. Hingement and muscle scars not known. 

Measurements. -Holotype, a carapace, USNM 

271046; length, 1.050 mm, height, 0. 737 mm, width, 

0.500 mm. Paratype right valve, USNM 240045; length, 

0. 764 mm, height, 0.539 mm. 

Discussion.- The holotype and several other 

specimens of this species have the right valve overlapping the left around the free margins; however, one or 

two poorly preserved specimens, which appear to be 

conspecific with the holotype, have left-over-right 

overlap. Ulrich (1894, see 1897, p. 636) defined the 

genus Leperd"itella as having the left valve overlapping 

the right. The overlap around the free margins of L.? 

perplexa is so slight that the valves might have shifted 

position relative to each other after burial, but because 

of the doubt about the character of the overlap, this 

species is only questionably assigned to Leperditella. 

This species is superficially similar to Aparchites 

minutissimus var. trentonensis Ulrich, 1894, from the 

Decorah Shale of Minnesota. Swain, Cornell, and 

Hansen (1961, p. 371-372) have reversed the dorsalventral orientation of A. trentonensis and have placed 

the species in the genus Macrocypro.ides Spivey, 1939. 

The syntypes (USNM 41302) of M. trentonensis (Ulrich, 

1894) are both right valves from which the overlap and 

hingement cannot be determined, but other specimens 

from the Decorah indicate that the orientation of Swain, · 

Cornell, and Hansen is correct and that the species is 

properly assigned toM acrocyproides. However, the long 

straight margin of L.? perplexa is considered to be dorsal because there is no overlap along it and it is weakly 

incised; the species is consequently oriented as a 

palaeocope. . . 

Some unnumbered ·specimens in the U.S. National 

Museum of Natural History collections that were identified as "Aparchites minutissimus (Hall, 1872)" in 

Ulrich's handwriting, from the lower part of the Kope 

Formation at Cincinnati, Ohio, are very like L.? perplexa 

and may belong to this species. They are not assigned to 

Hall's species because Hall (1872, p. 231) described his 

Leperditia (Isochilina) minutissima as having the "Surface of valves smooth, rising into an obtusely pointed 

prominence at the anterior third of the length," whereas 

the surface of the specimens under discussion is relatively flat. 

Types. -Holotype, USNM 271046, from the 

Millersburg Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS. 

colln. 7043-CO; paratype, USNM 240045, from the 

Mill~rsburg Member of the Lexington, USGS colln. 

7039-CO. 

Occurrence. -Eight specimens of L.? perplexa have 

been recovered from the following two USGS localities 

and four collections of Edenian Age: Dry Fork Road section, Millersburg Member of Lexington Limestone, 

7039-~0 (4), Clays Ferry Formation, 7043-CO (1); 

Sadieville B section, Millersburg Member of the Lexington, 7 455-CO (2), Clays Ferry Formation, 7 4 71-CO 

(1). Possibly this species also ranges into the Kope Formation. 

Leperditella? sp. c£. L.? canalis Ulrich• 1894 

Plate 11, figure 17 

1894. Leperditella canalis Ulrich, p. 637, pl. 43, figs. 1-3. 

1934. Leperditella canalis Ulrich. Bassler and Kellett, p. 373 (see for 

complete synonymy to this date). 
H54 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES 

Description.- Lateral outline nearly amplete; dorsal 

margin straight, free margins smoothly rounded. 

Greatest length, height, and width through midpoint of 

valve. Cardinal angles obtuse. Ventral and end margins 

overhang contact margin in smooth curve, dorsum flattened. Shell surface smooth~ 

Measurements. -The figured specimen is 2.175 mm 

long and 1.600 mm high. 

Discussion. -This taxon is represented in our collections by one complete but broken valve and one incomplete valve; because of the almost amplete outline 

and lack of distinguishing features, it is not even certain 

whether the single complete specimen is a right or a left 

valve. The specimen most closely resembles Leperditella? canalis Ulrich, 1894 (USMN 41304; this report, 

pl. 11, figs. 15, 16) but differs in having a less distinct 

ventral overhang of the lateral surface and in lacking an 

incised hinge line. Both this taxon and L. canalis differ 

from typical species of Leperditella in lacking a welldeveloped anterodorsal "sag" and in the presence of the 

ventral overhang, but without additional material, they 

cannot definitely be assigned to any other genus. 

Types.- Figured specimen, USNM 271051. 

Occurrence.- Two specimens were found in the following USGS localities and collections of Edenian Age: 

Kentucky Route 89 section, Strodes Creek Member of 

Lexington Limestone, 7312-CO (1), U.S. Route 227 section, Strodes Creek Member of Lexington, 7325-CO (1). 

Genus BYRSOLOPSINA Swain and Cornell, 1961 

Type species. -Paraschmidtella planilateralis Kay, 

1940. 

Byrso1opsina? sp. 

Plate 12, figure 1 

Description.- Lateral outline subelliptical, amplete; 

dorsal margin nearly straight, anterior and posterior 

margins evenly curved, ventral margin gently curved. 

Greatest length, greatest height and greatest width 

about through midpoint of valve. Cardinal angles rounded, hinge apparently long. Low node, posterior to which 

are two shallow pits, in posteroventral quarter of valve. 

Valve surface coarsely punctate except around margins. 

Narrow marginal rim questionably present around ends 

and part of ventral margin. 

Measurements. -The single specimen is 0.473 mm 

long and 0.282 mm high. 

Discussion. -The above description is based on one 

poorly preserved phosphatic valve, which may be a 

subinternal mold. The specimen has been oriented and 

described as though it were a right valve, although the 

node and the two pits could be anterodorsal rather than 

posteroventral. However, these features may be artifacts of preservation and without significance. The 

marginal rim may also be an artifact of preservation. 

This specimen most closely resembles species of the 

genus Byrsolopsina Swain and Cornell, 1961, from the 

Decorah Shale of Minnesota, but although Byrsolopsina 

is coarsely punctate and has a similar outline, it lacks the 

node and pits of the Kentucky specimen. This specimen 

cannot be assigned unequivocally to a genus because of 

the poor preservation. 

Types.- Figured specimen ·usNM 240015. 

Occurrence. -The specimen is from the Curdsville 

Limestone Member (Kirkfieldian) of the Lexington 

Limestone, Nicholasville 1 (Denny Core), USGS colin. 

5899-CO. 

Genus SCHMIDTELLA Ulrich, 1892 

Type species. -Schmidtella crassimarginata Ulrich, 

1892. 

Discussion. -A thorough redescription of the genus 

Schmidtella is beyond the scope of this paper; however, 

because of a certain confusion in the literature concerning the characters and classification of this genus, it has 

seemed desirable to reillustrate the type specimens of S. 

crassimarginata Ulrich, 1892 (pl. 12, figs. 19, 20). 

Classed with the Leperditiidae by Ulrich (1894), 

Schmidtella was transferred to the family Aparchitidae 

by Ulrich and Bassler (1923, p. 296-297). Bassler and 

Kellett (1934) assigned Schmidtella to the family Leperditellidae, and this assignment was followed by Kay 

(1940), Keenan (1951), Harris (1957), Jaanusson (1957), 

Levinson (in Moore, 1961), Swain, Cornell, and Hansen 

(1961), Burr and Swain (1965), Copeland (1973, 1974) 

and questionably by Kraft (1962). However, Drake 

(1940) suggested in an abstract that Eridoconcha Ulrich 

and Bassler, 1923 was a "molting stage" of Schmidtella 

Ulrich, 1892. Levinson (1951, p. 558) and Keenan (1951, 

p. 563-564) referred to Drake's study and also considered Schmidtella closely related to, although not 

synonymous with, Eridoconcha. Consequently, Henningsmoen (1953a, p. 255-256) included Schmidtella in 

his ?Subfamily Eridoconchinae. Adamczak (1961, p. 

70-71) proposed a new suborder Eridostraca with two 

families, Eridoconchidae Henningsmoen, 1953, and 

Cryptophyllidae Adamczak, 1961; Schmidtella was 

placed in the latter. Rome and Goreux (1960, p. 192), 

however, had already noted that the evidence for the 

retention of molts in the genus Schmidtella was unsatisfactory and inconclusive. 

Neckaja (1966, p. 7-8) proposed the family 

Schmidtellidae and the subfamily Schmidtellinae, in 

which she included, in addition to Schmidtella, 

Paraschmidtella Swartz, 1936, Hemiaechminoides Morris and Hill, 1952, and possibly Aparchitellina Polenova, 

1955, Kayina Harris, 1957, and Bassleratia Kay, 1934; 

she did not indicate any relationship to Eridoconcha. 

Schallreuter (1968, p, 108-109), in discussing the tax-
OSTRACODA, LEXINGTON LIMESTONE, CLAYS FERRY FORMATION, KENTUCKY H55 

onomy of the .Eridostraca, included the Schmidtellidae 

and Schmidtella in this suborder, although he mentioned 

that typical species of Schmidtella showed no retention 

of molts except for a groove that he considered to be 

caused by the next youngest larval stage. 

As yet, no unequivocal evidence has been published 

that the retention of molt stages in Schmidtella is other 

than an occasional phenomenon, as documented for 

other unrelated ostracode genera (Martinsson, 1962, p. 

86) or that species in which the molt stages are persistently retained are properly assigned to Schmidtella. 

Furthermore, Schallreuter (1968, p. 106) considered the 

presence of a sulcus or a sulcament (Schallreuter, 1967, 

p. 626) characteristic of the Eridostraca; this feature is 

lacking in Schmidtella, as represented by the type 

species, S. crassimarginata Ulrich, 1892 (pl. 12, fig. 20). 

For these reasons, Schmidtella is considered unrelated 

to the Eridostraca and is retained· within the family 

Leperditellidae. The validity of the family 

Schmidtellidae Neckaja, 1966, must depend on further 

study of the genera composing this family. 

Schmidtella brevis Ulrich, 1894 

Plate 12, figs. 11-16 

1894. Schmidtella brevis Ulrich, p. 642, pl. 45, figs. 34; 35. 

1934. Schmidtella brevis Ulrich. Bassler and Kellett, p. 471 (see for 

synonymy to date). 

1940. Schmidtella brevis Ulrich. Kay, p. 241-242, pl. 29, figs. 7, 8. 

1957. not Schmidtella brevis Ulrich. Harris, p. 164-165, pl. 4, figs. 

lOa-c. 

1961. Schmidtella brevis Ulrich. Swain, Cornell, and Hansen, p. 360, 

pl. 48, figs. 5a, b. 

Description. -Lateral outline amplete, subovate; 

greatest height at midlength, greatest length ventral of 

midheight, and greatest width at umbo. Dorsum slightly 

epicline and umbonate, cardinal angles rounded. 

Hingeline less than half length of valve, short and 

straight. Shell surface smooth. Hingement tongue and 

groove. Muscle scars not observed. 

Measurements.- The length and height of eight specimens from USGS colln. 7455-CO are given in table 20. 

Discussion. -Some of the specimens here assigned to 

S. brevis Ulrich, 1894, are relatively more elongate than 

the holotype (USNM 41299; pl. 12, fig. 13), but because 

these longer forms appear to grade into the more typical 

shape of S. brevis in the same collection, all are considered to belong to this species. 

···Most of the specimens are disarticulated corroded 

valves; only five carapaces were recovered. Unfortunately, all the carapaces are slightly sheared, so that the 

nature of the overlap, degree of incision of the hinge, 

and true width of the carapace cannot be accurately 

determined. 

As noted by Ulrich (1894; see 1897, p. 642), 

Schmidtella brevis is similar to S. sublenticularis (Jones, 

1890) but differs from the hypotypes figured by 

TABLE 20. -Measurements (in mm) of eight specimens of Schmidtella 

brevisfrom USGS colln. No. 7455-CO,from the Millersburg Member 

of the Lexington Limestone 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

·6 

7 

8 

[Specimen 1, USNM 240025; specimens 2-8, USNM 240026] 

Length 

Figured hypotype 

0.639 

Unfigured hypotypes 

0.573 

.681 

.631 

.606 

.764 

.664 

.540 

Height 

0.465 

0.432 

.473 

.448 

.448 

.506 

.498 

.415 

Copeland (1973, pl. 6, figs. 21, 22, 28, 29) in having a. 

more gently curved ventral outline, the maximum 

length more ventrally located, and a more centrally 

located umbo. S. brevis differs from S. crassimarginata 

Ulrich, 1892, S. affinis Ulrich, 1894, and S. umbonata 

Ulrich, 1894, in lacking a flattened area along the ventral part of the free margin. The two specimens (MCZ 

4536, MCZ 4537) from the Tulip Creek Formation of 

Oklahoma assigned to S. brevis by Harris (1957, p. 

164-165) are both more strongly inflated than are. either 

the holotype of S. brevis or the specimens from Kentucky, and are considered to belong to another species. 

Types.- Holotype, USNM 41299; figured hypotypes, 

USNM 240025, 271053, 271054; unfigured hypotypes 

(eight specimens on one slide), USNM 240026. 

Occurrence.-The holotype is from the lower part of 

the Decorah Shale (Rocklandian) near Fountain, Minn.; 

specimens from Kentucky have been found in the Lexington Limestone (Millersburg and Strodes Creek) and 

the Clays Ferry Formation, all of Edenian Age. 

A total of 48 specimens was collected from the following five USGS localities and 13 collections: Dry Fork 

Road, 7043-CO (3), 7046-CO (1), 7054-CO (2); Kentucky 

Route 89, 7312-CO (1); U.S. Route 227, 7325-CO (2); 

Sadieville C, 7454-CO (9), 7455-CO (10), 7456-CO (2), 

7458-CO (1), 7468-CO (8), 7471-CO (4), 7477-CO (2); 

Clays Ferry Type Section, Supplement, D1171-CO (3). 

Schmidtella umbonata Ulrich, 1894 

Plate 12, figures 17, 18 

1894. Schmtdtella umbonata Ulrich, p. 641, pl. 45, figs. 36-38. 

1934. Schmidtella umbonata Ulrich. Bassler and Kellett, p. 472 (see for 

synonymy to date). 

1940. not Schmidtella umbonata Ulrich. Kay, p. 242, pl. 29, figs. 9-11. 

1961. not Schmidtella umbonata Ulrich. Swain, Cornell, and Hansen, 

_ p. 359, pl. 48, fig. 3, see Schallreuter, 1967, p. 626. 

Description. -Lateral outline subovate to subcircular; 

dorsal margin sharply curved to subangular, umbonate, 

anterior margin smoothly curved, ventral margin gently 
H56 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES 

curved, posterior margin smoothly curved. Hingeline 

straight, slightly more than half greatest length, incised 

below umbo. Greatest length slightly below midheight, 

greatest height at midlength, greatest width above 

midheight. Narrow flattened rim around free margin, 

best developed on anterior and posterior margins, may 

be .obsolete ventrally. Shell surface smooth. 

Measurements. -The lectotype, here designated as 

USNM 41301a, is 0.825 mm long and 0.575 mm high. A 

hypotype from Kentucky, USNM 271055, is 0.875 mm 

long and 0.700 mm high. 

Discussion. -One specimen (USNM 271055, pl. 12, fig. 

18) from the Lexington Limestone appears to fall within 

the range of variation of the type collection (USNM 

41301) of Schmidtella umbonata Ulrich, 1894. This 

specimen, a single left valve, is preserved in limestone 

and has the flattened rim only on the anterior and 

posterior margins. 

The type collection of S. umbonata consists of 11 

specimens giued to a strip of cardboard on which is written "Cotypes, 41,301-Schmidtella umbonata UlrichBlack River-Phylloporina bed, St. Paul, Minn." One of 

these is a specimen of Eridoconcha and does not belong 

with the other 10 specimens. In order to stabilize the 

binomen Schmidtella umbonata Ulrich, 1894, and to prevent the possibility of future confusion, a lectotype 

(USNM 41301a, pl. 12, fig. 17) is here designated from 

among the other 10 specimens. 

Kay (1940, p. 242) assigned forms to Schmidtella umbonata that he described as "having faint dorsally 

directed umbonal depression corresponding to internal 

partition frequently evidenced by translucent area from 

exterior." He did not describe any marginal rim, which 

Ulrich (1894; see 1897, p. 641) considered characteristic 

of S. umbonata. Swain, Cornell, and Hansen (1961, p. 

359) followed Kay's description and assigned specimens 

similar to his to S. umbonata. The lectotype and paralectotypes of S. umbonata appear to lack the structure 

(sulcament?) described by Kay but have the marginal 

rim mentioned by Ulrich. Probably the material described by Kay, as well as that of Swain, Cornell, and 

Hansen, as suggested by Schallreuter (1967, p. 626), 

belongs to a new species of Easchmidtella Schallreuter, 

1967. 

Types.- Lectotype, USNM 41301a; paralectotypes, 

USNM 41301 (except USNM 41301x); hypotype, USNM 

271055. 

Occurrence.- The lectotype and paralectotypes of 

Schmidtella umbonata are from the Ion Dolomite 

Member of the Decorah Formation at St. Paul, Minn. 

The figured hypotype is from the lowest foot of the 

Curdsville Limestone Member of the Lexington 

Limestone, Tyrone C section, USGS colin. 5083-CO. 

Genus EASCHMIDTELLA Schallreuter, 1967 

Type species. -Easchmidtella crassiumbonata 

Schallreuter, 1967. 

Easchmidtella sinuidorsata n. sp. 

Plate 12, figures 2-10 

Diagnosis. -Outline of dorsal margin sinuous in 

lateral view, umbo high, dorsum epicline, lateral outline 

postplete. 

Description.-Lateral outline subelliptical; anterior 

margin sharply curved, ventral margin smoothly 

curved, posterior margin broadly rounded, dorsal 

margin sinuous. Greatest height just posterior of 

midlength, greatest length dorsal of midheight, greatest 

width just posterior of midlength. Valves nearly equal, 

left valve overlaps right slightly around free margins. 

Ventral and anteroventral parts of both valves have 

distinct rounded right-angled bend, so that ventral surface of carapace is slightly flattened. Short straight 

hingeline incised, concealed by prominent broad umbo in 

lateral view. Narrow sulcament in dorsal half of valve 

visible on some translucent specimens. Details of hinge 

not known. Shell surface smooth. 

Measurements. -The holotype carapace is 0.925 mm 

long, 0.725 mm high, and 0.575 mm wide. A paratype 

carapace (USNM 240050) is 0.850 mm long, 0.650 mm 

high, and 0.525 mm wide. A slightly longer paratype 

carapace (USNM 240050a) is 0.875 mm long, 0.650 mm 

high, and 0.525 mm wide. All measured specimens are 

from USGS colin. 7312-CO. 

Discussion.- Although this species is more asymmetrical than most species assigned to Easchmidtella by 

Schallreuter (1967, p. 626), it is considered to belong to 

this genus because of its high umbones and the presence 

of a sulcament in each valve. Schallreuter (1967, p. 627) 

distinguished his genus Easchmidtella from Schmidtella 

Ulrich, 1892, on the basis of the admarginal groove, 

which is present in Schmidtella crassimarginata Ulrich, 

1892, but lacking in Easchmidtella. This character is 

here considered to be of specific rather than generic 

value, whereas the presence of a sulcament in Easchmidtella and its absence in Schmidtella s.s. is believed to 

be a more valid means of distinguishing the genera. 

The asymmetrical, almost leperditelloid lateral outline 

of Easchmidtella sinuidorsata is similar to that of 

Pullvillites? wabiensis Copeland, 1965, which also appears to have a sulcament. However, Copeland (1965, p. 

48) described his species as having a pronounced ventral 

overlap, unlike E. sinuidorsata. Schmidtella asymmetrica Harris, 1957, lacks the prominent umbo of E. 

sinuidorsata. The lateral outline of E. sinuidorsata 

distinguishes it from most species assigned to 

Easchmidtella or Schmidtella. 
OSTRACODA, LEXINGTON LIMESTONE, CLAYS FERRY FORMATION, KENTUCKY H57 

The specific name sinuidorsata refers to the sinuous 

outline of the dorsum in lateral view. 

Types.- Holotype, a complete carapace, USNM 

240049 from the Strodes Creek Member of the Lexington Limestone, Kentucky Route 89, USGS colin. 

7312-CO. Paratypes, USNM 240050, 240050a, also 

from USGS colin. 7312-CO, and USNM 271052, from 

USGS colin. 7325-CO. 

Occurrence.- This species is restricted to the Edenian 

Strodes Creek and Millersburg Members of the Lexington Limestone in the southeastern collecting area. 

The material studied consists of 68 specimens, some of 

which are not well preserved, from the following three 

USGS localities and eight collections: Dry Fork Road, 

7047-CO (4), 7050-CO (18), 7053-CO (8), 7054-CO (11), · 

7059-CO (6), 7060-CO (3); Kentucky Route 89, 7312-CO 

(10); U.S. Route 227, 7325-CO (8). 

Genus LACCOPRIMITIA Ulrich and Bassler, 1923 

Type species. -Primitia centralis Ulrich, 1890, by 

original designation (Ulrich and Bassler, 1923, p. 300). 

Species included. -Primitia rudis Ulrich, 1890. 

Milleratia shideleri Levinson, 

1951. 

Eridoconcha elegantula Keenan, 

1951. 

Laccoprimitia cryptomorphologica 

n. sp. 

Laccoprimitia claysferryensis n. 

sp. 

Revised diagnosis.- Palaeocope ostracodes with 

subcentral flattened node or boss in adductorial pit, inflated dorsum, and rounded bend above rimlike 

marginal structure. 

Discussion.- Ulrich and Bassler (1923, p. 300) 

diagnosed Laccoprimitia as having a single subcircular 

pit, a border around the free margin, and no nodes. The 

revised diagnosis given here, based on the . holotype 

(USNM 41337, pl. 14, fig. 8) of Laccoprimitia centralis, 

emphasizes additional characters such as the node that 

fills the central pit and the inflated dorsum, which were 

not mentioned by Ulrich and Bassler. Because these 

features were not included in the original diagnosis and 

were not shown on the original figure (Ulrich and 

Bassler, 1923, p. 298, text-fig. 15-4), some European 

species of Laccoprimitia probably belong to other 

genera, as suggested by Hessland (1949, p. 231). The 

genus Lacccoprimitia appears to be closely related to 

Milleratia Swartz, 1936. However, the type species of 

Milleratia, M. cincinnatiensis (Miller, 1875), has a deep 

lachryform median sulcus (pl. 14, fig. 6), whereas species 

of Laccoprimitia, if s~lcate, have a very narrow shallow 

sulcus. Species of Laccoprimitia are listed in Cressman 

(1973) as Milleratia. 

Geologic range;- Middle and Upper Ordovician 

(Shermanian-Richmondian) of east-central North 

America. 

Laccoprimitia centralis (Ulrich) 

Plate 14, figure 8 

1890. Primitia centralis Ulrich, p. 130-131, pl. 10, figs. 1, 2a-c. 

1893. Primitia centralis Ulrich. Jones, p. 291, pl. 12, figs. la-c. 

1915. Primitia centralis Ulrich. Bassler, p. 1029. · 

1923. Laccoprimitia (Primitia) centralis (Ulrich). Ulrich and Bassler, 

p. 299, 300, fig. 15-4. 

1924. Laccoprimitia centralis (Ulrich). Foerste, p. 254, pl. 45, fig. 3. 

1926. Primitia centralis Ulrich. Ruedemann, p. 138-139, pl. 23, fig. 7. 

1934. Laccoprimitia centralis (Ulrich). Bassler and Kellett, p. 372. 

1965. Laccoprimitia centralis (Ulrich). Burr and Swain, p. 7. 

Diagnosis. -Adductorial node small; weak sulcus extends dorsally from it. Velar bend obscure and rounded. 

Description. -Lateral outline subovate, postplete; in 

lateral view, dorsal margin slightly sinuous, anterior 

margin sharply curved, ventral margin gently curved, 

posterior margin broadly curved. Hingeline straight, incised, posterior part of valve inflated. Adductorial node 

small, lachriform, slightly anterior of midlength, surrounded by narrow sulcus, which extends dorsally as indistinct sag. Velar bend rounded and indistinct, does not 

conceal narrow marginal rim that extends from 

midheight on anterodorsal margin to posterior cardinal 

angle. Cardinal angles obtuse. Shell surface smooth. 

Measurements.- The holotype (USNM 41337) is 0.650 

mm long and 0.425 mm high, as measured by Berdan. 

Discussion. -The above revised description is based 

on the holotype (USNM 41337; pl. 14, fig. 8); the 

posterior extent of the marginal rim was seen on a 

topotype specimen on the same chip of rock as the 

holotype. The paratype specimen (USNM 41338) listed 

in Bassler and Kellett (1934, p. 372) has a deeper sulcus 

and may not be conspecific with the holotype. No 

specimens that can be unequivocally assigned to this 

species have been found in the USGS collections from 

the Lexington Limestone and the Clays Ferry Formation. Ulrich (1890, p. 130-131) stated that his species 

was "not uncommon in the Utica shales near low water 

mark in the Ohio River, in the vicinity of Cincinnati, 0.," 

which in current terminology would imply that it came 

from the Edenian Kope Formation. I:Iowever, the label 

with the holotype reads "Trenton gr., Ohio river bed, 

Covington, Ky.," in Ulrich's handwriting, which suggests that the specimen might have come from the Point 

Pleasant Tongue of the Clays Ferry Formation. Because 

of the possibility that it may be found in the Clays Ferry, 

and because it is the type species of Laccoprimitia, it 

has seemed desirable to include a description of L. central is in this paper. 
H58 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES 

Occurrence.- Either in the Point Pleasant Tongue 

(Shermanian) of the Clays Ferry Formation or in the 

Kope Formation (Edenian), bed of the Ohio River at 

Covington, Ky., and Cincinnati, Ohio. 

Laccoprimitia rudis (Ulric~) 

Plate 13, figures 1, 4; plate 14, figures 9-19 

1890. Primitia rudis Ulrich, p. 136, pl. 10, figs. 8a-c. 

1915. Primitia rudis Ulrich. Bassler, p. 1032. 

1926. Primitia rudis Ulrich. Ruedemann, p. 139, pl. 23, figs. 3-5. 

1934. Primitia rudis Ulrich. Bassler and Kellett, p. 454. 

Diagnosis.- Relatively elongate, narrow S2 bifurcating and surrounding large adductorial node. Velar 

bend poorly defined, rounded, bordered dorsally by indistinct, coarsely punctate groove. 

Description.- Lateral outline amplete to slightly 

postplete, subovate. Greatest height posterior to 

midlength, greatest length at midheight, greatest width 

posterior to midheight. Dorsal margin umbonate, concealing incised hingeline which is straight and approximately 60 percent of greatest length. Anterior margin 

subelliptical in outline, grades into broadly convex ventral margin, which in turn grades into broadly rounded 

posterior margin. Cardinal angles obtuse and poorly 

defined; anterior cardinal angle greater than posterior 

angle. Shallow S2 divides umbo into two lobes, of which 

posterior is wider and extends slightly higher above 

hingeline. S2 anterior of midlength, moderately deep, 

extends about 30 percent of distance to venter. Ventral 

part of S2 bifurcates and encircles large, subcentral, low 

adductorial node. 

Poorly defined, rounded velar bend subparallel to free 

margin, which flares out in marginal rim. In lateral 

view, marginal rim extends past velar bend on 

anteroventral, ventral, and posteroventral margins. 

Velar bend and marginal rim coalesce just ventral of 

anterior and posterior cardinal angles. Fairly deep wide 

channel between marginal rim and velar bend. Velar 

bend defined dorsally by indistinct, coarsely punctate 

groove, remainder of valve smooth or has scattered 

punctae. S2 and adductorial node reflected on interior of 

valve as inverse features. Hingement apparently weak 

groove in right valve into which edge of left valve fits. 

Measurements.- As measured by Berdan, the 

holotype (USNM 41345) is 0.850 mm long and 0.475 mm 

high. The measurements of 20 randomly picked (with 

the aid of a random number table) specimens from 

USGS colin. 7 468-CO are given in table 21. 

Discussion. -The elongate outline and coarsely punctate groove dorsal to the velar bend distinguish L. rudis 

from other species assigned to Laccoprimitia. The 

holotype of L. rudis (USNM 41345, pl. 14, fig 9), which 

is presumably from the Kope Formation, is in close 

agreement with many of the specimens from the LexTABLE 21. -Measurements (in mm) of20 randomly picked specimens of 

Laccoprimitia rudis (USNM Nos. 240013, 271059, 271060, and 

271062) from USGS colln. No. 7468-CO, from the Clays Ferry 

Formation 

Valve 

1 Left ----------------------- 2 _____ do --------------------

3 Right ---------------------- 4 _____ do --------------------

5 Left -----------------------

6 _____ do --------------------

7 Right ----------------------

8 Left -----------------------

9 Right ----------------------

10 Left -----------------------

11 Right ---------------------- 12 _____ do --------------------

13 -~---do -------------------- 14 _____ do --------------------

15 Left -----------------------

16 ~----do -------------------- 17 ----~do--------------------

18 _____ do --------------------

19 Right ---------------------- 20 _____ do ---------~----------

Length 

0.663 

.728 

.702 

.611 

.468 

.689 

.702 

.624 

.585 

.585 

.585 

.546 

.624 

.663 

.585 

.650 

.702 

.598 

.650 

.689 

Height 

0.416 

.507 

.468 

.416 

.312 

.429 

.494 

.403 

.429 

.403 

.429 

.403 

.429 

.442 

.416 

.377 

.468 

.403 

.429 

.468 

ington Limestone and the Clays Ferry Formation, 

although it is more umbonate. However, the population 

of L. rudis studied for this report is extremely variable 

in lateral outline, and the more inflated umbo of the type 

is not considered to be a specific difference. 

Ulrich (1890, p. 136) described Laccoprimitia rudis as 

having a "faintly defined tubercle or lobe" in front of the 

sulcus and between it and the dorsal margin. This 

feature does not appear to exist on the holotype. According to Ulrich (1890, p. 136), this species is rare in the 

shales of the "lower one hundred feet of the Cincinnati 

Group" at Covington, Ky., which suggests that the types 

came from the Kope Formation of current terminology. 

Ruedemann (1926, p. 139, pl. 23, figs. 3-5) described 

and figured specimens that he identified as "Primitia 

rudis" from his Whetstone Gulf Formation of New 

York; these specimens have not been seen by us, but the 

material (USNM 34536) mentioned by Ruedemann 

(1926, p. 139) as coming from near Rome, N.Y., is not 

identifiable. 

Types.- Holotype, USNM 41345; figured hypotypes, 

USNM 240010, 240011, 240012, 271059-271063; unfigured hypotypes (17 measured specimens) USNM 

240013. 

Occurrence.- In addition to its occurrence in the 

Edenian of the Cincinnati area (Ulrich, 1890; Warshauer, 1980) and reported presence in the Utica Shale 

of New York, this species has been found in the Lexington Limestone (Grier, Millersburg, and Tanglewood) 

and in the Clays Ferry Formation. It appears to range in 

age from Shermanian(?) to Edenian. 
OSTRACODA, LEXINGTON LIMESTONE, CLAYS FERRY FORMATION, KENTUCKY H59 

Approximately 4 70 specimens were recovered from 

the following four USGS localities and 20 collections: 

Clays Ferry Type Section, Supplement, D1169-CO (3), 

D1171-CO (2); Gratz A, D1309-CO (3); Dry Fork Road, 

, 7041-CO (4), .7045-CO (4), 7047-CO (6), 7050-CO (4), 

7055-CO (2), 7056-CO (3), 7059-CO (6), 7060-CO (3), 

7068-CO (9); Sadieville C, 7462-CO (118), 7467-CO (61), 

7468-CO (95), 7471-CO (67), 7472-CO (1), 7477-CO (4), 

7478-CO (41), 7454-CO (33). 

Laccoprimitia cryptomorphologica n. sp. 

Plate 13, figures 2, 3, 5, 6; plate 14, figures 20-27 

Diagnosis. -Characterized by extremely subtle 

development of S2, sulcal node, and velar bend. 

Description.- Lateral outline slightly postplete, 

subovate, valves equal in size. Dorsal margin somewhat 

umbonate, concealing hingeline, which is straight and 

approximately 60 percent of greatest length. Ventral 

margin broadly convex, grading into rounded anterior 

and bluntly rounded posterior margins. Greatest height 

posterior to midlength, greatest length slightly ventral 

to midheight, greatest width posterior to midlength. 

Cardinal angles obtuse and subequal; anterior angle less 

well defined than posterior. Dorsal umbo divided into 

two unequal lobes by shallow obscure 82; posterior lobe 

extends higher above hingeline than does anterior lobe. 

82 is slightly anterior of midlength, may grade ventrally 

into shallow subcircular depression or may end in very 

obscure adductorial node. Velar bend rounded, subdued, 

does not conceal marginal rim in lateral view, developed 

only parallel to ventral margin. Fairly wide channel between velar bend and marginal rim. Shell surface apparently smooth. Hingement apparently weakly 

developed tongue and groove. 

Measurements.- The length and height of the holotype 

and 63 paratypes are given in table 22. A statistical summary of the meaurements for each of the growth stages 

is shown in table 23. 

Ontogeny. -The plotting of a size-dispersion diagram 

(fig. 20) has led to the recognition of five growth stages, 

the adult through adult-4 (A-4). Unfortunately two of 

the instars, A-2 and A-3, are represented by only one 

specimen each and are therefore poorly understood. 

Delineation of the five stages was greatly enhanced by 

the separate plotting of left and right valves. Because of 

the conservative morphologic features shown by this 

species, ontogenetic changes are limited to the expected 

changes in absolute size, changes in valve shape, and 

changes in the development of the velar bend. In the 

smallest instar yet recovered, A-4, the shape of the 

valve is less umbonate· than in the adult, and the velar 

bend and 82 are nonexistent. In the A-1 stage, 

rudiments of the velar bend, S2, and the adductorial 

node are evident. The A-2 and A-3 instars, although 

poorly understood, seem to be intermediate in morphologic development between the A-1 and A-4 stages. 

TABLE 22. -Measurements (in mm) of 64 specimens of Laccoprimitia 

cryptomorphologica from USGS colln. No. 7455-CO, from the 

Millersburg Member of the Lexington Limestone 

[Specimens 1-4, respectively, USNM 239995-239998; specimens 5-64, USNM 239999) 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 

41 

42 

43 

44 

45 

46 

47 

48 

49 

50 

51 

52 

53 

54 

55 

56 

57 

58 

59 

60 

61 

62 

63 

64 

Valve Length Height 

Holotype 

Right ----------------------

Figured paratypes 

Right ----------------------

Left ----------------------- _____ do --------------------

Unfigured paratypes 

Right ---------------------- _____ do -------------------- Left ----------------------- Right ---------------------- Left ----------------------- _____ do --------------------

_____ do -------------------- _____ do -------------------- _____ do -------------------- Right ---------------------- Left ----------------------- Right ----------------------

Left ----------------------- _____ do -------------------- _____ do -------------------- Right ---------------------- _____ do -------------------- _____ do --------------------

_____ do -------------------- _____ do -------------------- _____ do -------------------- Left ----------------------- _____ do -------------------- _____ do --------------------

Right ---------------------- _____ do -------------------- _____ do -------------------- _____ do -------------------- _____ do -------------------- Left -----------------------

Right ---------------------- Left ----------------------- Right ---------------------- _____ do -------------------- _____ do -------------------- _____ do --------------------

Left ----------------------- _____ do -------------------- Right ---------------------- _____ do -------------------- Left ----------------------- Right ----------------------

_____ do -------------------- _____ do -------------------- Left ----------------------- _____ do -------------------- Right ---------------------- Left -----------------------

Right E~1ft_====================== ---------------------- _____ do -------------------- Left ----------------------- Right ----------------------

_____ do --------------------

Left kfi~t-====================== ----------------------- _____ do -------------------- Right ----------------------

0.813 

0.772 

.764 

.697 

0.784 

.797 

.674 

.755 

.759 

.726 

.714 

.739 

.708 

.776 

.693 

.569 

.747 

.757 

.708 

.714 

.706 

.772 

.797 

.652 

.681 

.809 

.448 

.393 

.715 

.739 

.631 

.672 

.739 

.618 

.739 

.706 

.502 

.764 

.696 

.664 

.813 

.830 

.764 

.695 

.724 

.390 

.427 

.436 

.375 

.399 

.384 

.386 

.398 

.390 

.366 

.399 

.365 

.342 

.382 

.390 

.390 

.333 

.416 

.415 

0.574 

0.519 

.519 

.419 

0.531 

.556 

.423 

.540 

.531 

.527 

.531 

.515 

.473 

.548 

.498 

.390 

.481 

.508 

.483 

.457 

.461 

.506 

.527 

.433 

.466 

.473 

.309 

.276 

.457 

.490 

.411 

.415 

.499 

.407 

.498 

.465 

.299 

.473 

.457 

.415 

.527 

.598 

.564 

.473 

.473 

.261 

.299 

.291 

.249 

.291 

.270 

.257 

.266 

.257 

.249 

.273 

.262 

.259 

.249 

.274 

.249 

.249 

.274 

.276 
H60 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES 

0.60~--------~,----------~.-----------,,-----------~.----------~.----------w •• o~----~--~ 

• • 

Laccoprimitia cryptomorphologica n. sp. Adult 0.52 1- Height=0.661 mm (f) 

cr. Length=0.964 mm w 

Iw f=0.985 

~ 0.44 1- .....J 

.....J 

~ 

~ 

I-' 0.36 1-

I "' <.!J 

jjj 

I o"- 0 • • "' 0.28 r- .oa eo 

• 0 00 " 0 •oe• 

A-4 

"' " 0 

"' • "' " "' " " A-2 

• 

A-3 

• 

• 0 0 

• •• 

A-1 

USNM No. 

A 239995 

6 239996 

• 239997 

D 239998 

239999 

• Right valve 

o Left valve 

-

-

-

-

0.20L---------~'----------~·----------~'--------~~._. __________ ._, __________ ~·----------

0.275 0.375 0.475 0.575 0.675 . 0.775 0.875 0.975 

LENGTH, IN MILLIMETERS 

FIGURE 20.- Size-dispersion diagram for 64 specimens of Laccoprimitia cryptomorphologica from the Millersburg Member of the Lexington 

Limestone at Sadieville. All specimens are from USGS 7 455-CO. 

TABLE 23. -Statistical summary of measurements (in mm) for Laccoprimitia cryptomorphologicafrom USGS colln. No. 7455-CO 

No. of Length Height In star specimens Mean Minimum Maximum Mean Minimum Maximum 

Adult ______ 22 0.773 0.726 0.880 0.523 0.473 0.598 

A-1 19 . 686 .618 .723 .453 .407 .498 

A-2 1 .569 .390 

A-3 ------- I .502 .299 

A-4 21 .392 .333 .448 .269 .249 .309 

Growth is curvilinear, height= 0.661, length= 0.964, 

and the data points correlate well with the equation 

r=0.985. 

Discussion.- The surface relief of Laccoprimitia cryptomorphologica is so subdued and poorly defined that at 

first glance the species appears almost like a 

Schmidtella except for the diagnostic marginal rim. Of 

other species of Laccoprimitia, it most closely 

resembles L. rudis (Ulrich, 1890), but it differs in having 

an even more .obscure development of typical Laccoprimitia morphology than does L. rudis. In general, 

L. cryptomorphologica appears nearly smooth, whereas 

L. rudis does not. 

Initially, the large hump on some of the specimens 

formed by the posterior part of the umbo was regarded 

as a possible dimorphic feature, as suggested by Levinson (1951, p. 559). However, further examination of L. 

cryptomorphologica indicated a gradation from 

specimens having a large hump to those having a 

smaller one, even in juvenile specimens. Consequently, 

this character is not considered to be dimorphic. . 

The shell surface of specimens of L. cryptomorphologica is generally corroded, which makes it difficult 

to determine the original ornamentation. Three 

specimens, one adult (USNM 239997, pl. 14, fig. 27) and 

two A-1 instars, have two subparallel horizontal 

grooves on the anterocentral part of the valves; these 

are probably artifacts of preservation . 

The specific name is from the Greek "kryptos," meaning "hidden," in reference to the obscure morphology of 

the lateral surface of the valve. 

Types.- Holotype, USNM 239995, an adult right valve 

from USGS colin. 7455-CO, Lexington Limestone, 

Millersburg Member, 22 ft above the base of Sadieville 

section C. Figured paratypes, USNM 239996-239998, 

USNM 271064, 271065; unfigured paratypes (60 

measured specimens on one slide) USNM 239999, from 

USGS colln. 7455-CO. 

Occurrence.-Laccoprimitia cryptomorphologica occurs in the Millersburg Member of the Lexington 

Limestone and in the Clays Ferry Formation, both of 

Edenian Age, but has not as yet been found in any other 

stratigraphic units. A total of 357 specimens has been 

recovered from the following two USGS localities and 

eight collections: Dry Fork Road, 7039-CO ( 4), 7043-CO 

(6), 7046-CO (1); Sadieville C, 7454-CO (111), 7455-CO 

(183), 7456-CO (36), 7459-CO (10), 7471-CO (6). 

Laccoprimitia claysferryensis n. sp. 

Plate 13, figures 7, 8; plate 14, figures 28-32 

Diagnosis.- Sulcus narrow but well defined, adductorial node and velar bend distinct. Velar bend delimited 

on domicilial side by distinct groove, bend may be wide 
OSTRACODA, LEXINGTON LIMESTONE, CLAYS FERRY FORMATION, KENTUCKY H61 

and inflated, with reduced or absent subvelar channel. 

Surface of larger valves may be sparsely pitted, 

especially on velar bend. 

Description.- Lateral outline nearly amplete and 

subovate. Greatest height posterior of midlength and· 

greatest length just ventral of midheight. Greatest · 

width posterodorsal. Dorsal margin umbonate, concealing slightly incised straight hingeline. Ventral margin 

broadly convex, grading into sharply curved anterior 

and broadly curved posterior margins. Cardinal angles 

obtuse, poorly defined. Umbo divided into two lobes by 

S2; posterior lobe wider and extends higher above 

hingeline than does anterior. S2 anterior of midlength, 

sharply defined, narrow, extends approximately 40 percent of distance from umbo to ventral margin and bifurcates ventrally to surround large, well-defined subcentral adductorial node. Velar bend inflated, wide, 

ridgelike, distinctly separated from lateral valve surface 

by narrow groove that extends from anterior to 

posterior cardinal angles. Marginal rim extends beyond 

velar bend in lateral view. Poorly defined channel may 

be present between ventral border of velar bend and 

marginal rim, or velar bend may be inflated so channel is 

absent. Valve surface, including velar bend, has widely 

spaced pits. Hingement and internal morphology not 

seen. 

Measurements. -All specimens are calcareous valves 

embedded in limestone chips; consequently, precise 

measurements are not possible. However, approximate 

measurements of the length and height of the holotype 

and three paratypes are given in table 24. 

Discussion.-Laccoprimitia claysferryensis differs 

from other species of Laccoprimitia by the inflated 

velar bend distinctly set off from the lateral surface of 

the valve by a narrow groove. This character may superficially resemble the grooves made by retention of molts 

in Conchoprimitia Opik, 1935, as discussed by Henningsmoen (1953a, p. 252-253) and Jaanusson (1957, p. 

416-417). However, there is no evidence for retention of 

molts in L. claysferryensis, and because other species of 

Laccoprimitia have similar but less well defined 

grooves, this feature is considered to be an extreme 

development of a character common in Laccoprimitia. 

The inflated velar bend is more conspicuous in larger 

specimens; in smaller specim~ns (pl. 14, fig. 30), the 

velar bend tends to be more like a ridge or flange. 

Whether this extreme inflation represents some form of 

sexual dimorphism or is an ontogenetic change is not 

possible to determine because only seven specimens of 

this species have been found. 

The specific name of the species refers to its occurrence in the Clays Ferry Formation at Clays Ferry, Ky. 

Types.- Holotype, USNM 240006, a left valve from 

the Clays Ferry Formation, 8 ft above the contact with 

TABLE 24. -Measurements (in mm) of four specimens ofLaccoprimitia 

claysferryensis from the Clays Ferry Formation 

Type 

Holotype ---------- Figured paratype __ _ _____ do __________ _ 

_____ do -----------

USNM 

No. 

240006 

240007 

240008 

240009 

USGS 

colin. No. 

D1169-CO 

Dl171-CO 

Dll70-CO 

Dl170-CO 

Length 

0.681 

.573 

. 515 

.647 

Height 

0.415 

.332 

Not measurable . 

.440 

the Tanglewood Limestone Member of the Lexington 

Limestone, Clays Ferry Type Section, Supplement, 

USGS colln. D1169-CO, Madison County, Ky. 

Paratypes, USNM 240007-240009, 271066. 

Occurrence.- This species occurs in the lower Clays 

Ferry Formation (Edenian) at the supplemental type 

section. Seven specimens have been found in the following three USGS collections: D1169-CO (1), D1170-CO 

(4), D1171-CO (2). It has not as yet been found 

elsewhere. 

Genus MILLERATIA Swartz, 1936 

Type species. -Beyrichia cincinnatiensis Miller, 1875. 

Milleratia perminima (Ulrich, 1890) 

Plate 14, figures 1-5 

1890. Primitia perminima Ulrich, p. 131, pl. 7, fig. 7. 

1934. Primitia perminima Ulrich. Bassler and Kellett, p. 452 (see for 

other references). 

Diagnosis.- Small, subovate, sulcus ending in distinct 

pit, no adductorial node. 

Description.- Lateral outline subovate, amplete, ventral margin smoothly curved, anterior and posterior 

margins more sharply curved, dorsal margin slightly 

sinuous. Hinge incised, cardinal angle obtuse. Sulcus 

narrow, ending in deep pit slightly above midlength. 

Valves inflated, marginal rim very narrow, velar bend 

inflated and rounded. Shell surface smooth. 

Measurements. -According to Berdan's measurements, the syntypes (USNM 41436) are 0.325 mm long 

and 0.225 mm high, and 0.337 mm long and 0.225 mm 

high, respectively. A figured hypotype (USNM 271056) 

is 0.350 mm long and 0.250 mm high. 

Discussion. -This · small species is assigned to 

Milleratia because of its distinct sulcus ending in a deep 

pit. Although Ulrich (1890, p. 131) stated that it occurs 

with Laccoprimitia centralis (Ulrich, 1890), M. perminima is not considered a juvenile of that species 

because immature ins tars of Laccoprimitia have the adductorial node and weak sulcus characteristic of adults, 

and where the ontogeny is known, as in L. cryptomorphologica n. sp., these features are even less well 

developed in juveniles. Because of its small size, M. perminima might be a juvenile of some larger species of 

Milleratia, but as yet no larger species has been found 

associated with it. Provisionally, therefore, the syntypes 
H62 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES 

and hypotypes of Milleratia perminima are considered 

as adult specimens. 

Although Bassler and Kellett (1934, p. 452) cited 

USNM 41436 as belonging to the holotype, this number 

refers to two specimens, neither of which can be certainly identified with Ulrich's original figure (Ulrich, 1890, 

pl. 7, fig. 7). These specimens are here considered syntypes. 

Types.- Syntypes, two left valves, USNM 41436; 

hypotypes, USNM 271056-271058. 

Occurrence.- The syntypes are labelled as coming 

from "Trenton gr., Mouth of Licking River, Covington, 

Ky.," although Ulrich (1890, p. 131) described them as 

coming from the "Utica horizon." Additional specimens, 

one of which is figured here (USNM 271056, pl. 14, fig. 

3), have been found in the matrix of the type lot of 

Ceratopsis intermedia Ulrich, 1894 (USNM 41500), from 

Bank Lick Creek near Covington, Ky. Both these 

localities are believed to represent the Point Pleasant 

Tongue of the Clays Ferry Formation. Milleratia perminima (USNM 271057, 271058, pl. 14, figs. 4, 5) also 

has been found in the lower part of the Point Pleasant 

Tongue (Shermanian) in the Moffett Road section, 

USGS colln. 8406-CO, in the De Mossville Quadrangle, 

Kentucky. 

Genus UNINODOBOLBA n. gen. 

Type species.- Uninodobolba franklinensis n. sp. 

Species included. -Only the type species. 

Diagnosis.- Subrectangular, trilobate, low but 

distinct L2 and S2 ending in and surrounding an adductorial node. Velar structure only obscure velar bend. 

Discussion. -The adductorial node in S2 suggests a 

relationship of this genus with Laccoprimitia Ulrich and 

Bassler, 1923, but Laccoprimitia is nonlobate or 

bilobate and lacks the S 1 of Uninodobolba. Both genera 

are similar in having an obscure velar bend above a thin 

marginal rim. 

The generic name refers to the single L2 and the 

generally bulbous nature of the valve. 

Geologic range.- As yet, this genus is known only from 

the lower Upper Ordovician (Edenian) of central Kentucky. 

Uninodobolba franklinensis n. sp. 

Plate 14, figures 37-41 

Diagnosis.- S1 shallow, L2 small, rounded, S2 extending from dorsum to about midheight of valve, there 

dividing around small adductorial node, L3 inflated dorsally at about midlength of valve. Surface finely 

reticulate. 

Description.- Lateral outline amplete, subrectangular, greatest length just ventral of midheight and 

greatest height just anterior of midlength. Anterior 

margin more sharply rounded than posterior, ventral 

margin very gently curved. Dorsal margin sinuous, 

posterior part of hingeline incised. Cardinal angles obtuse and subequal; anterior cardinal angle less well 

defined and greater than posterior. Hinge straight and 

approximately 68 percent of greatest length. L1 fairly 

narrow, merges with anterior margin and protrudes 

slightly above hingeline in lateral view. S1 short, 

shallow and poorly defined, merges dorsally with S2. L2 

short, subcircular, does not reach dorsal margin. S2 extends less than half height of valve, bifurcates ventrally 

to surround adductorial node. L3 broad, more than half 

length of valve, inflated in its anterodorsal part, merges 

with posterior margin. All lobes are confluent ventrally. 

Narrow rim apparently present around free margin, 

velar bend on ventral and posterior margins. Entire surface, except for adductorial node, finely reticulate. 

Dimorphism and hingement not observed. 

Measurements. -The holotype, a left valve (USNM 

240037), is 0.747 mm long and 0.465 mm high. A 

paratype left valve (USNM 271070) is 0.525 mm long 

and 0.325 mm high; a paratype right valve (USNM 

271071) is 0.550 mm long and 0.325 mm high. 

Discussion.- Although only two left valves and one 

right valve of this species have been found, the combination of an adductorial node in S2 and a well-defined L2 is 

not, so far as we know, present in any other genus or 

species. 

Black and Cuppels (1973, p. C2) noted that the Strodes 

Creek Member of the Lexington Limestone was similar 

lithologically to the Devils Hollow Member, which is 

lower in the section. The occurrence of the holotype of 

Uninodobolbafranklinensis in the Devils Hollow and the 

two paratypes in the Strodes Creek suggests that this 

species may be facies controlled. 

The specific name is based upon the occurrence of the 

holotype in Franklin County, Ky. 

Types.- Holotype, a left valve in limestone from the 

Devils Hollow Member of the Lexington Limestone, 

USNM 240037; paratypes, USNM 271070, 271071 from 

the Strodes Creek Member of the Lexington Limestone. 

Occurrence.- Lexington Limestone, Devils Hollow 

Member (Edenian), Frankfort East A section, USGS 

colln. D1207-CO, Franklin County, Ky.; Lexington 

Limestone, Strodes Creek Member (Edenian), Winchester reference section B, USGS colln. 7318-CO, 

Clark County, Ky. 

Genus ECTOPRIMITIA BOUCEK, 1936 

Type species-Primitia corrugata Krause, 1892. 

Ectoprimitia? sp. d. E.? diminucarina Kraft, 1962 

Plate 14, figures 34-36 

Description.- Lateral outline amplete, subrectangular, anterior margin smoothly curved, ventral 

margin straight to very slightly concave, posterior 
OSTRACODA, LEXINGTON LIMESTONE, CLAYS FERRY FORMATION, KENTUCKY H63 

margin curved dorsally to straight dorsal margin. 

Hingeline approximately 84 percent of greatest length. 

Anterior cardinal angle more obtuse than posterior cardinal angle. Sulcus extends from dorsum to midpoint of 

valve, curves anteriorly to outline indistinct node. Possible trace of narrow velar frill around anterior part of 

free margin. Ornamentation not known. 

Measurements. -The figured right valve is 0.519 mm 

long and 0.291 mm high. 

Discussion.- This form is represented by only three 

specimens, one of which, USNM 240024 {pl. 14, figs. 34, 

36), is a corroded right valve and another, USNM 

271069 {pl. 14, fig. 35) is a left valve. The third is a 

phosphatic internal mold. The right valve is similar in 

outline and sulcation to the specimen of E.? 

diminucarina illustrated by Kraft (1962, pl. 5, figs. 

15a-c, pl. 6, figs. 1-5), but its cardinal angles are not as 

acuminate, and because of poor preservation, the 

presence of a velar frill cannot be determined certainly. 

Types.- Figured specimens, USNM 240024, 271069. 

Occurrence. -The right valve is from the Strodes 

Creek Member (Edenian) of the Lexington Limestone at 

the Kentucky Route 89 locality, USGS colin. 7312-CO. 

The left valve is from the Devils Hollow Member (Edenian) of the Lexington Limestone at the Frankfort East 

A locality, USGS colln. D1207-CO. The internal mold is 

from the Grier Limestone Member (Shermanian) of the 

Lexington Limestone at the Switzer A locality, USGS 

colin. D1115-CO. 

Ectoprimitia? sp. 

Plate 14, figure 33 

Description.- Lateral outline amplete; hingeline 

straight, cardinal angles distinct, anterior and posterior 

margins equally curved, ventral margin gently curved. 

Unisulcate, sulcus at midlength, extends from dorsum to 

about midheight of valve and curves anteriorly around 

low node. Central part of valve surface flattened, slightly inflated posteriorly. Narrow marginal rim widest at 

anterior cardinal angle, apparently obsolete ventrally. 

Valve surface finely pitted. 

Measurements.- The left valve is 0.575 mm long and 

0.387 mm high. 

Discussion.-This single left valve is relatively shorter 

than is typical of Ectoprimitia Boucek, 1936, and has a 

less well developed marginal rim; hence, it is only questionably assigned to the genus. It differs from Ectoprimitia sp. cf. E. diminucarina Kraft, 1962, in being 

shorter, in being inflated posteriorly, and in having the 

central part of the valve flattened. 

Types.- Figured specimen USNM 271068. 

Occurrence. -The only specimen was found in the 

lowest foot of the Curdsville Limestone Member 

(Kirkfieldian) of the Lexington Limestone, Tyrone C 

section, USGS colin. 5083-CO. 

Genus NINGULELLA n. gen. 

Type species. -Ningulella paupera n. sp. 

Species included.- ?Primitia matutina Jones and 

Roll, 1865. 

? Primitiella paucisulcata Burr 

and Swain, 1965. 

Primitiella? indifferenta Schallreuter, 1968. 

Diagnosis.- Lateral outline subovate, amplete to 

slightly postplete, hingeline long and straight, cardinal 

angles obtuse. Valves nearly equal; right overlaps left 

around posterior and ventral margins, both meet equally 

at anterior margin. No marginal structures, no sulci, 

valves smoothly curved. No dimorphism observed. 

Discussion.- This featureless genus resembles 

Primitiella Ulrich, 1894, but lacks the incipient 

stragular process, marginal structures, and anterior 

recessed area described for Primitiella by Guber and 

Jaanusson (1964). In addition, in Primitiella, the left 

valve overlaps the right, whereas in Ningulella the right 

valve is larger. The right-over-left overlap of Ningulella 

suggests a relationship with Pinnatulites Hessland, 

1949, which also has a similar lateral outline, but unlike 

Ningulella, Pinnatulites is characterized by an angular 

cross section or a flattened posterior area. Ningulella is 

superficially similar to Elliptocyprites Swain, 1962, but 

as noted by Swain (1962, p. 7 41, 7 42), Elliptocyprites 

has a sinuous ventral overlap like that of some 

podocopids; also, the cardinal angles of Elliptocyprites 

are more obtuse than are those of Ningulella. 

Primitia matutina Jones and Roll, 1865, and 

Primitiella paucisulcata Burr and Swain, 1965, are 

questionably assigned to Ningulella because of the 

similarity in lateral outline and convexity, but as details 

of the overlap and margin are not described for these 

species, the assignment cannot be confirmed until the 

types are restudied. 

The name of this new genus is derived from the Latin 

"ningulus," meaning "nobody," and the diminutive 

suffix- "ella," and refers to the lack of distinctive 

characters in the genus. 

Geologic range.- Middle(?) and Upper Ordovician 

(Shermanian to Edenian) of the central United States, 

and possibly lower Upper Ordovician (Caradocian) of 

England and Estonia. 

Ningulella paupera n. sp. 

Plate 15, figures 10-18 

Diagnosis.- Valves thickened around anterior margin, shell surface smooth. 
H64 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES 

Description.- Lateral outline amplete to slightly 

postplete; anterior margin smoothly curved; ventral 

margin gently curved to straight; posterior margin 

gently curved in ventral part, more steeply curved dorsally. Hinge line straight, long, about 66 percent of maximum length, very slightly incised. Cardinal angles obtuse, anterior more obtuse than posterior. Greatest 

length at or slightly above midheight, greatest height at 

about midlength, greatest width slightly posterior of 

midlength. Both valves slightly thickened anteriorly so 

that they meet nearly perpendicularly to the contact 

margin. Left valve smaller than right, with fine, hairline 

groove outlining narrow anteroventral rim. Groove may 

extend to posterior part of valve. Shell surface smooth, 

nonsulcate. Hingement, muscle scar, and dimorphism 

not observed. 

Measurements. -The holotype carapace is 1.150 mm 

long, 0.515 mm high, and 0.505 mm wide. The largest 

paratype carapace (USNM 240043) is 1.288 mm long, 

0.701 mm high, and 0.510 mm wide. Fragmentary 

specimens suggest that the species may reach somewhat 

larger dimensions. 

Discussion.- This species is somewhat similar to 

Ningulella? paucisulcata (Burr and Swain, 1965) from 

the Maquoketa Shale of Iowa but has a straighter ventral margin and a less smoothly rounded posterior 

margin. As noted under the generic disucssion, N.? 

paucisulcata is only questionably assigned to Ningulella 

because the type of overlap and marginal characters 

were not described, although the illustrations (Burr and 

Swain, 1965, pl. 2, figs. 3, 10) suggest that the right 

valve may overlap the left. As yet, no certain juvenile 

specimens of Ningulella paupera have been found, so 

the ontogeny of the species is unknown. 

Types.- Holotype, a carapace from the Strodes Creek 

Member of the Lexington Limestone, USNM 271078, 

USGS colin. 7318-CO. Paratypes, both carapaces, 

USNM 240043, USNM 271077, also from the Strodes 

Creek. 

Occurrence.-Ningulella paupera has been found 

questionably in the Grier Limestone Member (Shermanian) and in the Millersburg and Strodes Creek 

Members (Edenian) of the Lexington Limestone and 

Clays Ferry Formation. A total of 23 specimens has 

been recovered from the following five USGS localities 

and six collections: Hunters Ferry Road, 4191-CO (1?); 

Dry Fork Road, 7041-CO (2), 7055-CO (7); Winchester 

Reference Section -B, 7318-CO (9); U.S. Highway 227, 

7325-CO (2); Sadieville Section C, 7 468-CO (2). 

Ningulella sp. 

Plate 15, figures 1-9 

Description.- Lateral outline amplete, subrectangular; anterodorsal half of anterior margin nearly 

straight, anteroventral half smoothly curved; ventral 

·margin very gently curved to straight, subparallel to 

dorsal margin; posterior margin smoothly curved; dorsal margin long and straight. Cardinal angles obtuse, 

anterior more obtuse than posterior. Hingeline straight, 

about 70 percent of greatest length. Greatest length and 

greatest height both pass about through midpoint of 

valve. Central part of valves nearly flat, curving steeply 

to anterior and posterior margins, and gently to dorsal 

and ventral margins. Posterior part of valve curves 

more sharply to contact margin than anterior and has a 

low node near midheight. No marginal rim. Shell surface 

smooth. 

Measurements.- The figured specimen USNM, 

240044 is 0. 769 mm long and 0.412 mm high. 

Discussion.-This form is similar to Ningulella 

paupera n. sp. in general outline and shape of the valves 

but differs from that species in the presence of a low 

posterior node on both valves. This node is suggestive of 

Pseudoprimitiella Warshauer, 1981, but is less well 

developed, and the marginal rim described by Warshauer (1981) for Pseudoprimitiella is lacking in this 

taxon. Only four left and two right valves have been 

found, and all these are smaller than the specimens 

assigned to N. paupera; these valves might, therefore, 

represent an immature form of that species. Until more 

and better preserved specimens, including carapaces, 

are found, we consider it better to leave this form in 

open taxonomy. These valves are somewhat similar to 

specimens referred to Primitiella unicornis (Ulrich, 

1879) by Burr and Swain (1965, p. 22), but the Maquoketa specimens are apparently punctate and have a 

more distinct dorsal sag that do the Lexington 

specimens. 

Types.- Figured specimens USNM 240044, 

271072-271076. 

Occurrence.- Five of the six valves are from the 

Logana Member of the Lexington Limestone, Frankfort 

East A section, USGS colin. D1196-CO. One right valve 

is from the Grier Limestone Member of the Lexington, 

Valley View C locality, USGS colin. 4876-CO. The range 

of this taxon is Kirkfieldian to Shermanian in a:ge. 

Genus PSEUDOPRIMITIELLA Warshauer, 1981 

Type species. -Leperditia unicornis Ulrich, 1879. 

Pseudoprimitiella? sp. 

Plate 15, figures 19, 20 

Description.- Lateral outline amplete to slightly 

postplete; anterodorsal part of anterior margin nearly 

straight, anteroventral part smoothly curved; ventral 

margin gently curved, subparallel to hingeline; posterior 

margin smoothly curved; dorsal margin straight, 

hingeline about 70 percent of greatest length. Greatest 
OSTRACODA, LEXINGTON LIMESTONE, CLAYS FERRY FORMATION, KENTUCKY H65 

length and greatest height pass through midpoint of 

valve, greatest width in anterodorsal quarter. 

Anterodorsal part of valve inflated, inflation extending 

as low swelling parallel to and below hingeline to 

posterior part of valve, ending in small, sharp, posteriorly directed spine, which projects over posterior margin 

and is situated below midheight. Surface ornamentation 

not known. 

Measurements. -The figured specimen is 0.959 mm 

long and 0.492 mm high. 

Discussion.- This single corroded left valve is only 

questionably assigned to Pseudoprimitiella because it 

lacks the marginal rim of that genus, although this lack 

may be due to poor preservation. The anterior inflation· 

is like that of Pseudoprimitiella, but the posterior extension of it below and parallel to the hingeline is unlike the· 

described species such asP. unicornis (Ulrich, 1879) and 

P. huilensis (Copeland, 1970), both of which species have 

a more or less well-defined median sulcus extending ventrally from the dorsum. 

Types.- Figured specimen, USNM 240021. 

Occurrence.- The single left valve is from the Clays 

Ferry Formation (Edenian), Sadieville C locality, USGS 

colin. 7471-CO. 

Family LOMATOPISTHIIDAE Guber and Jaanusson, 1964 

Genus BOLBOPISTHIA Guber and Jaanusson, 1964 

Type species- Thomasatia carinata Kraft, 1962. 

Bolbopisthia sculptilis (Ulrich, 1890) 

Plate 16, figures 1, 3-8 

1890. Primitia? sculptilis Ulrich, p. 136-137, pl. 8, fig. 6; p. 185. 

1894. Halliella sculptilis (Ulrich). Ulrich, p. 656. 

1915. Halliella sculptilis (Ulrich). Bassler, p. 578. 

1934. Halliella sculptilis (Ulrich). Bassler and Kellett, p. 322-323. 

Diagnosis.- Carina! ridge extending from anterodorsal quarter of valve to midlength, or anterior to 

midlength, of L3. Surface of valve coarsely reticulate except for velar flange, carina! ridge, S2, and dorsal part 

of valve adjacent to S2 and L2. 

Description.- Lateral ·outline slightly postplete; 

anterior margin smoothly curved, ventral margin nearly 

straight to slightly concave, posterior margin broadly 

curved, dorsal margiri sinuous. Hingeline straight, incised where L3 overreaches it. L1 narrow, merges above 

midheight into carina! ridge; L2 small, knoblike; L3 

broad, inflated, occupies more than posterior half of 

valve. S1 short, shallow, distinct only in dorsal half of 

valve; S2 long, deep, extends nearly to carina! ridge. 

Carina! ridge rounded in cross section, extends from 

anterodorsal quarter of valve parallel to free margin to a 

point ventral of S2, where it curves dorsally and ends 

near midlength but below midheight of L3. Carina! ridge 

may end in blunt knob. Velar flange extends from 

anterior to posterior cardinal angle, broadest 

posteroventrally. Surface coarsely reticulate except for 

velar flange, carina! ridge, S2, and part of valve dorsal 

to S2 and L2. Dimorphism, overlap, and hingement not 

observed. 

Measurements. -The holotype is too poorly preserved 

to measure. The largest figured hypotype (USNM 

240022) is 2.149 mm long and 1.284 mm high. 

Discussion. -The holotype (USNM 41362, pl. 16, fig. 

1) of Bolbopisthia sculptilis (Ulrich, 1890) is a partly exfoliated right valve, which is incomplete posteriorly. 

However, although the carina! ridge has been exfoliated, 

its location can be seen on the subinternal mold, and 

coarse reticulation is visible on the few remaining parts 

of the external shell. The lobation and general outline of 

the holotype also agree with our specimens. In addition, 

Ulrich (1890, p. 137) described his species as coming 

from "the dark Upper Trenton limestone at Perryville, 

Boyle County, Ky." and Bassler (1915, p. 578) revised 

the horizon to "Trenton (Perryville)." All four of our 

specimens come from the Perryville Limestone Member 

of the Lexington Limestone, and three of them come 

from the vicinity of Perryville, Ky. Consequently, we 

feel relatively confident that our specimens are correctly 

assigned to B. sculptilis in spite of the poor preservation 

of the holotype of that species. The lobation and carina! 

ridge are typical of the lomatopisthiid genus 

Bolbopisthia Guber and Jaanusson, 1964, although 

lomatopisthiid dimorphism has not been observed in the 

small number of specimens at hand. One specimen 

(USNM 271079, pl. 16, fig. 3) is less coarsely reticulate 

than the others and might be considered a representative of another species; however, this apparent difference is believed to have been caused by heavier 

silicification. 

This species most closely resemble5 Bolbopisthia 

reticulata (Kirk, 1928), which, according to Kirk (1928, 

p. 410), was found in the Catheys Limestone at 

Nashville, Tenn. Although the holotype (YPM 26820; pl. 

16, fig. 2) is not complete, B. reticulata appears to have 

a wider carinal ridge and finer reticulation than does B. 

sculptilis. Study of additional material of both species 

will be necessary to determine whether or not these 

species are synonymous. 

Ulrich (1890, p. 136) originally described B. sculptilis 

as Primitia? sculptilis, and later, in the second part of 

the same paper, (Ulrich, 1891, p. 185) transferred this 

species to his new genus Halliella. Bassler (1915, p. 

577), Bassler and Kellett (1934, p. 322), and Shimer and 

Shrock (1944, p. 665) all cited this species as the type 

species of the genus Halliella Ulrich, 1890. However, 

Miller (1892, p. 707) had already designated Halliella 

retifera Ulrich, 1890, as the type species of Halliella; H. 

retifera was also given as the type by Ulrich and Bassler 
H66 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES 

(1923, p. 300), Warthin (1948, p. 646), Moore and others 

(1961, p. Q114), and Pokorny (1965, p. 154). As Ulrich 

did not designate a type species for Halliella in 1890, 

Miller's subsequent designation is valid. 

Types.- Holotype, USNM 41362; figured hypo types, 

USNM 240022, 271079-271081. 

Occurrence.- The four hypo types are all from the 

Salvisa Bed of the Perryville Limestone Member (Shermanian) of the Lexington Limestone and came from the 

following localities: Bryantsville B, USGS colin. 

6137-CO (2); Perryville North, USGS colin. 6915-CO 

(1); Perryville South, USGS colin. 5051-CO (1). 

Suborder ERIDOSTRACA Adamczak, 1961 

Family ERIDOCONCHIDAE Henningsmoen, 1953 

Genus AMERICONCHA Schallreuter, 1968 

Type species. -Eridoconcha multiannulata Levinson, 

1951. 

Americoncha dubia n. sp. 

Plate 17, figures 13-29 

Diagnosis.- Umbo high, divided into two unequal 

nodes by shallow, short, slitlike sulcus restricted to apex 

of umbo. Distinct velar bend parallel to narrow free 

margin. One to rarely three lamellae present, distal edge 

of each lamella abuts against proximal side of velar bend 

of next larger lamella. 

Description.- Lateral outline subelliptical; anterior 

margin more sharply curved than posterior margin, ventral margin gently curved, dorsal margin asymmetrically umbonate. Greatest height just posterior of sulcus, 

greatest length just ventral of midheight, and greatest 

width about at midpoint of carapace. Cardinal angles obtuse and poorly defined. Hingeline straight, approximately 58 percent of greatest length, concealed in 

lateral view by umbo. Prominent umbo divided into two 

unequal lobes by shallow narrow sulcus; posterior lobe 

higher and wider than anterior. Broad velar bend and 

narrow marginal rim present on each lamella, marginal 

rim of each lamella abuts against proximal side of velar 

bend of next larger lamella. Number of lamellae generally two, rarely three or one. Shell surface apparently 

smooth. Hingement appears to be simple. 

Measurements. -The holotype (USNM 240038), a 

carapace, is 0.525 mm long, 0.375 mm high, and 0.325 

mm wide. Measurements of 26 single valves are given in 

table 25. 

Discussion. -A mericoncha dubia n. sp. most closely 

resembles A. bifurcata (Copeland, 1965) from the Middle Ordovician Bucke Formation of Ontario. However, 

unlike A. dubia, A. bifurcata has a distinct node in the 

ventral part of the sulcus and also has a better developed 

velar bend. Both species have two lamellae; A. dubia 

may have only one or as many as three, but very few 

TABLE 25.-Measurements (in mm) of26 specimens (USNM 240041) of 

Americoncha dubiafrom USGS colln. No. 7468-CO, from the Clays 

Ferry Formation 

Valve Length Height No. of retained instars 

1 Right -------- 0.522 0.340 2 

2 _____ do ______ .520 .338 2 

3 _____ do ______ .611 .351 2 

4 _____ do ______ .520 .403 2 

5 _____ do ______ .416 .286 2 

6 _____ do ______ .455 .286 1 

7 _____ do ______ .521 .403 2 

8 _____ do ______ .468 .351 2 

9 Left --------- .299 .208 1 

10 _____ do ______ .455 .299 1 

11 Right -------- .377 .273 2 

12 _____ do ______ .377 .286 2 

13 Left --------- .390 .260 2 

14 Right -------- .585 .403 2 

15 Left --------- .312 .195 1 

16 _____ do ______ .455 .338 2 

17 Right -------- .312 .208 1 

18 _____ do ______ .377 .260 2 

19 Left --------- .390 .234 1 

20 Right -------- .481 .364 2 

21 Left --------- .390 .273 2 

22 Right -------- .299 .208 2 

23 _____ do ______ .507 .364 2 

24 _____ do ______ .260 .169 1 

25 Left --------- .403 .260 1 

26 Right -------- .405 .264 1 

specimens retaining three valves were recovered. 

Specimens with three lamellae are relatively much 

higher in relation to length and have a less conspicuous 

sulcus than specimens with two lamellae, because of the 

additional valve. Specimens with only two instars may 

retain either the adult and adult-1 or the adult-1 and 

the adult-2. This suggests that some mechanism 

operated during molting that tended to restrict the 

number of lamellae to two, the most recent instar and 

the one immediately preceding it, and that earlier instars were shucked off by the animal. U nilamellar valves 

of A mericoncha dubia are very similar to specimens of 

Laccoprimitia, but the nodes on either side of the sulcus 

are more asymmetrical in Laccoprimitia species. 

The occurrence of specimens of A mericoncha dubia 

with two lamellae but of widely different sizes suggests 

that, within limits, the number of lamellae may be useful 

at least for the discrimination of species if not for 

genera, as proposed by Adamczak (1961) and 

Schallreuter (1968), in contradistinction to the views of 

Levinson (1951), Keenan (1951), and Jones (1962, 1968). 

Schallreuter (1968, p. 113), following Adamczak (1961, 

p. 80), considered the genus Eridoconcha Ulrich and 

Bassler, 1923, to have 7 to 11lamellae and proposed his 

new genus A mericoncha for species having 1 to 3 

lamellae and two large nodes on either side of a short 
OSTRACODA, LEXINGTON LIMESTONE, CLAYS FERRY FORMATION, KENTUCKY H67 

flat sulcus. However, the type species of Eridoconcha, 

E. rugosa Ulrich and Bassler, 1923, as represented by 

three syntype carapaces (USNM 82389, pl. 17, figs. 

7-10) has only four lamellae and also has a short shallow 

sulcus on the umbo. Although this raises the question 

whether A mericoncha is a distinct genus or a junior 

synonym of Eridoconcha, the holotype (USNM 116365, 

pl. 17, fig. 12) of A. multiannulata (Levinson, 1951), the 

type species of A mericoncha, has but two lamellae, and 

is sufficiently different from E. rugosa that A mericoncha is provisionally considered a valid genus. Keenan 

(1951, p. 564) considered Placentula marginata Ulrich, 

1890, a senior synonym of E. rugosa and therefore suggested that the type species of Eridoconcha should be E. 

marginata. This synonymy was questioned by Rome and 

Goreux (1960, p. 192), and examination of the holotype 

(USNM 41364, pl. 17, fig. 11) suggests that Schallreuter 

(1968, p. 113) was correct in assigning forms identified 

as Eridoconcha marginata to A mericoncha. 

The similarity of unilamellar specimens of A mericoncha dubia to species of Laccoprimitia suggests a possible derivation from a common ancestor. Levinson (1951) 

and Keenan (1951) have previously noted the 

resemblance of species of Eridoconcha (some now included in Americoncha) to Milleratia Swartz, 1936; 

these genera and Laccoprimitia have in common an umbonate shell with the umbo either divided by a sulcus or 

having an internal sulcament in the position of the 

sulcus, and a velar bend proximal to and not obscuring a 

thin marginal ridge in lateral view. Schallreuter (1968, 

114-116, fig. 1) has provided a phylogeny for the 

suborder Eridostraca of Adamczak (1961), in which he 

derives Eridoconcha from A mericoncha, and both from 

an ancestor to Conchoprimites Hessland, 1949; in our 

view, a common ancestor with the LaccoprimitiaMilleratia line seems more probable. As noted under the 

discussion of that genus, Schmidtella s.s. lacks the 

characteristic sulcus or sulcament of the Eridoconchidae 

and the Cryptophyllidae and is therefore considered 

unlikely as a progenitor of either family, as has been proposed by other authors. However, the genus 

Easchmidtella Schallreuter, 1967, which has a sulcament, may prove to be related to Cryptophyllus Levinson, 1951. 

Implicit in the above discussion is the conclusion that 

A mericoncha, Eridoconcha, and similar forms are 

ostracodes that retain early molts rather than being conchostracans (see Schallreuter, 1977, for a list of authors 

with other views). Rome and Goreux (1960) and 

Schallreuter (1977) have both emphasized the importance of the discrete hinge of these forms in relating 

them to the ostracodes. In addition, their similarity to 

other unquestioned palaeocopes makes it difficult to consider them as belonging to any other group. The specific 

name indicates some doubt about the generic assignment. 

Types.- Holotype, a carapace, USNM 240038, from 

the Clays Ferry Formation, USGS colin. 7 468-CO; 

paratypes, USNM 240040, 240041, USNM 

271083-271088, also from USGS colin. 7468-CO, 

USNM 240042, from the Millersburg Member of the 

Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 7454-CO. 

Occurrence. -Americoncha dubia has been found in 

the Millersburg and Tanglewood Limestone Members of 

the Lexington Limestone (Edenian) and in the Clays 

Ferry Formation (Edenian) at the Sadieville C locality. 

Fifty-one specimens were recovered from the following 

four USGS collections: 7454-CO (1), 7467-CO (2), 

7 468-CO ( 46), 7 4 71-CO (2). 

Family CRYPTOPHYLLIDAE Adamczak, 1961 

Genus CRYPTOPHYLLUS Levinson, 1951 

Type species. - Eridoconcha oboloides Ulrich and 

Bassler, 1923. 

Cryptophyllus sp. 

Plate 17, figures 4-6 

Description.-Lateral outline ovate; dorsal margin 

curved by umbo, anterior and posterior margins evenly 

curved, ventral margin very gently curved. End view 

cordiform, greatest width above midheight. Hinge about 

half greatest length, straight, incised between umbones. 

Each umbo divided by narrow, short, indistinct sulcus 

ending ventrally in obscure muscle spot. Narrow 

grooves, one on right valve and two on left, outline 

previous molt stages. Shell surface smooth. 

Measurements.- The single carapace is 0.875 mm 

long, 0.612 mm high, and 0.475 mm wide. 

Discussion. -Only one carapace of this taxon has been 

found, and the left valve of this specimen is partly 

obscured by sparry calcite. However, it shows the 

V -shaped grooves between the retained molts 

characteristic of Cryptophyllus Levinson, 1951. It differs from C. oboloides (Ulrich and Bassler, 1923) (this 

report, pl. 17, figs. 1-3), the type species of Cryptophyllus, in having fewer retained molt stages and in 

being more elongate. These features also distinguish it 

from most other Ordovician species of Cryptophyllus, 

but one specimen is inadequate to determine whether 

these characters are consistent and of specific value. 

Types.- Figured specimen USNM 271082. 

Occurrence.- The specimen is from the lowest foot of 

the Curdsville Limestone Member (Kirkfieldian) of the 

Lexington Limestone, Tyrone C section, USGS colln. 

5083-CO. 
H68 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES 

Order PODOCOPIDA Muller, 1884 

Suborder METACOPINA Sylvester-Bradley, 1961 

Superfamily HEALDIACEA Harlton, 1933 

Family BAIRDIOCYPRIDIDAE Shaver, 1961 

Genus PHELOBYTHOCYPRIS n. gen. 

Type species. -Bythocypris cylindrica (Hall). Ulrich, 

1894. 

Species included.-Pontocypris? illinoisensis Ulrich, 

1890. 

Bythocypris? lindstroemii Jones, 

1890. 

Diagnosis.- Elongate, dorsum asymmetrically 

arched, venter straight or concave, posterior evenly 

rounded, anterior more sharply curved. Greatest width 

and height posterior. Valves nearly equal, left valve 

overlaps right around free margin, ventral contact nearly straight, left valve may overreach right dorsally. 

Hinge long, tongue and groove type in both valves, left 

valve appears to have two stop ridges on inner surface 

near ventral margin. Muscle scar weakly impressed or 

not visible. Shell thin, smooth. 

Discussion.- That most smooth reniform Paleozoic 

ostracode species assigned to the Holocene genus 

Bythocypris Brady, 1880, lack the duplicature and muscle scars of that genus has been recognized for more 

than 20 years (Shaver, 1958); several genera have been 

erected to receive these species. Ulrich (1894; s-ee 1897, 

p. 687) commented that many species assigned to 

Bythocypris by T. R. Jones were very similar externally 

to Cytherellina Jones and Roll, 1869, but he placed 

Leperditia (Isochilina) cylindrica Hall, 1871, here 

designated the type species of Phelobythocypris, in 

Bythocypris, although with reservations. More recent 

studies on Cytherellina by Becker (1965, p. 384, 385) and 

Berdan (1972, p. 39, 40) have shown a hinge structure 

similar to that of Phelobythocypris. However, 

Phelobythocypris lacks the internal calluses on either 

side of the muscle scar characteristic of Cytherellina and 

also has a thinner shell. 

Although Phelobythocypris is most similar to 

Cytherellina and may have been ancestral to it, several 

other genera are superficially similar to Phelobythocypris. The genus Longiscula Neckaja, 1958, 

resembles it in lateral outline, as do some species that 

have been put in Healdianella Pozner, 1951, but in 

Longiscula, the right valve overreaches the left dorsally, 

and, according to Ellis and Messina's (1965, Suppl. 3) 

translation of Pozner, Healdianella has a well-developed 

muscle scar. The Ordovician genus Shenandoia Kraft, 

1962, has a narrow anterodorsal gape which Kraft 

(1962, p. 73, 74) considered diagnostic and which is not 

present in Phelobythocypris. Parabairdiacypris 

Polenova, 1970 ( =Silus Polenova, 1968 not Silus Gill, 

1862) is also similar to Phelobythocypris in lateral 

outline, but in dorsal view the outline of Parabairdiacypris is evenly elliptical, without the pronounced 

posterior widening of Phelobythocypris. 

The name Phelobythocypris is derived from the Greek 

"phelos," meaning "deceitful," combined with 

Bythocypris. 

Geologic range.- Middle and Upper Ordovician (Chazyan (?)to Richmondian) of North America. 

Phelobythocypris cylindrica (Hall, 1871) 

Plate 18, figures 8-18 

1871. Leperditia (Isochilina) cylindrica Hall, p. 27, pl. 8, fig. 12, not 

Leperditia (Isochilina) cylindrica? (Hall). Jones, 1858, p. 253; 

not Leperditia cylindrica (Hall). Hall, 1859, p. 80; Jones, 

1884, p. 344; Bassler, 1915, p. 701; Bassler and Kellett, 1934, 

p. 383. 

1872. Leperditia (Isochilina) cylindrica Hall. Hall, p. 231. 

1874. Leperditia cylindrica Hall. Miller, p. 122. 

1875. Leperditia cylindrica Hall. Miller, p. 351. 

1875. Leperditia (Isochilina) cylindrica Hall. Hall and Whitfield, p. 

101, pl. 4, fig. 5. 

1879. Leperditia cylindrica Hall. Walcott, p. 23. 

1879. Leperditia cylindrica Hall. Ulrich, p. 11. '-

1889. Bythocypris cylindrica (Hall). Ulrich, p. 48, pl. 9, fig. 6. 

1894. Bythocypris cylindrica (Hall). Ulrich, p. 687, pl. 44, figs. 29-35. 

1915. Bythocypris cylindrica (Hall). Bassler, p. 149. 

1934. Bythocypris cylindrica (Hall). Bassler and Kellett, p. 226. 

1951. Bythocypris cylindrica (Hall). Keenan, p. 567, pl. 78, figs. 4, 

8-13. 

1965. Bythocypris? cylindrica (Hall). Copeland, p. 45, pl. 2, figs. 2-4. 

1970. "Bythocypris" cylindrica (Hall). Copeland, p. 23, pl. 4, fig. 25. 

1973. "Bythocypris" cylindrica (Hall). Copeland, p. 36, pl. 4, fig. 3. 

1974. Bairdiocypris cylindrica (Hall). Copeland, p. 10, 46, pl. 6, fig. 7. 

Diagnosis.- Greatest height in posterior third of 

valve, length approximately twice height. Dorsal margin 

with long, nearly straight slope from greatest height to 

anterior margin, ventral margin straight to slightly concave. 

Description.- Lateral outline elongated subreniform; 

dorsal margin asymmetrically curved with short 

posterior slope and long anterior slope, anterior margin 

sharply curved,. ventral margin sinuous, with greatest 

concavity at or slightly anterior to midlength, posterior 

margin broadly curved. Dorsal outline lachryform, 

greatest width in posterior third. Cross section 

subovate. Valves nearly equal, left valve overlaps right 

around free margin with long narrow lappet along ventral margin at greatest concavity. Hinge long, straight 

to very slightly curved, consists of grooves on · 

anterodorsal parts of both valves. Muscle scar and 

marginal structures not seen. Shell surface smooth. 

Measurements. -The dimensions of eight hypotypes 

(USNM 41795) from the upper third of the Kope Formation at Cincinnati, Ohio, are given in table 26. The 

measurements are probably not entirely accurate 

because although an effort was made to select undistorted carapaces, some may be slightly crushed or 

sheared; the width, in particular, is suspect. The 

measurements of two hypotypes, from the Tanglewood 
OSTRACODA, LEXINGTON LIMESTONE, CLAYS FERRY FORMATION, KENTUCKY H69 

TABLE 26.-Measurements (in mm) of eight specimens ofPhelobythocypris cylindrica (USNM 41795}, Kope Formation, Cincinnati, Ohio 

[Type: hypotypej 

Length Height Width 

1.300 0.650 0.400 

.975 .500 .375 

1.275 .650 .425 

1.062 .550 . 425 

1.025 .550 .425 

1.175 .600 .450 

1.062 .550 .425 

1.150 .600 .400 

Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS 

colin 7467-CO, are as follows: USNM 240031, length 

1.046 mm, height 0.566 mm; USNM 240032, length 

0.836 mm, height 0.455 mm. 

Discussion. -The types of Leperditia (Isochilina) 

cylindrica Hall, 1871, have not been seen by us; according to Hall and Whitfield (1875, p. 101) they were 

returned to C. B. Dyer. Consequently, the preceding 

diagnosis and description are based on specimens identified as hypotypes (USNM 41795) of Bythocypris cylindrica (Hall) by Ulrich (1894; see 1897, p. 687, 688, pl. 44, 

figs. 29-33) and supplemented by observations on 

specimens from the Lexington Limestone and the Clays 

Ferry Formation. Ulrich (1894; see 1897, p. 687, 688) 

described a thickening of the shell on the interior of 

valves of Phelobythocypris cylindrica, which he compared with the two low swellings or ridges of 

Cytherellina siliqua (Jones, 1855). Of the 16 hypotypes 

under USNM 41795, only one is a single valve; because 

that specimen is filled with matrix, the presence of the 

thickening cannot be confirmed. Two other specimens 

may have been present originally, as there are two gaps 

in the rows of specimens, one of which might have been 

the single valve illustrated by Ulrich (1894; see 1897, pl. 

44, fig_ 32). No distinct internal swellings have been 

seen on the specimens of P. cylindrica from the Lexington Limestone and the Clays Ferry Formation. 

Ulrich (1894; see 1897, p. 688) commented that 

"* * * of all the Cincinnati Ostracoda, B. cylindrica is by 

far the most abundant." Phelobythocypris cylindrica is 

also common in the Lexington Limestone and Clays 

Ferry Formation; however, many of the specimens are 

poorly preserved. The outline may be distorted by 

crushing or shearing of the carapace and the surface 

may be damaged by recrystallization, or the specimens 

may be phosphatic molds. In general, smaller specimens 

appear to be less inflated posteriorly and to have a 

shorter hinge than larger specimens; whether this 

represents a change during ontogeny or whether more 

than one species is represented is not certain. Because 

of the possibility that the group of specimens from the 

Lexington Limestone and Clays Ferry Formation here 

assigned toP. cylindrica may not be conspecific, no attempt was made to provide measurements for population studies. 

As indicated in the synonymy, in the last half of the 

19th century, two unrelated taxa were cited in the 

literature as Leperditia (Isochilina) cylindrica Hall or 

Leperditia cylindrica Hall. Hall (1852, p. 14, pl. 4, figs . 

8a, b) described as Cytherina cylindrica a leperditicopid 

from the Silurian "Medina Formation" of New York, 

which Jones (1858, p. 253) changed to Leperditia 

(Isochilina) cylindrica. Later, Hall (1871, p. 27) applied 

the name Leperditia (Isochilina) cylindrica to a new 

species of podocopid ostracode from the Ordovician of 

Ohio. This confusing homonymy was resolved by Ulrich 

in 1894 (1897), when he transferred Leperditia 

(Isochilina) cylindrica Hall, 1871, to Byt'!ocypris. 

Types.-Figured hypotypes, USNM 41795, 240031, 

271091-271096; unfigured hypotype 240032. 

Occurrence.-Phelobythocypris cylindrica occurs both 

in the Clays Ferry Formation (Edenian) and in the Lex-· 

ington Limestone (Curdsville, Grier, Perryville, 

Tanglewood, Devils Hollow, Millersburg, and Strodes 

Creek, Kirkfieldian to Edenian). A total of 2,552 

specimens was recovered from the following 17 USGS 

localities and 58 collections: Perryville South, 5015-CO 

(30); Keene A, 5022-CO (2); Tyrone C, 5083-CO (1); 

Devils Hollow Road, 5093-CO (1); Y.M.C.A. Camp, 

5096-CO (1); Sadieville A, 5183-CO (4); Nicholasville 1, 

5899-CO (2); Ford-Boonesboro Road, 6945-CO (49); Dry 

Fork Road, 7039-CO (129), 7040-CO (28), 7041-CO 

(180), 7043-CO, (153), 7045-CO (5), 7046-CO (32), 

7047-CO (212), 7050-CO (90), 7053-CO (91), 7054-CO 

( 4 7), 7055-CO (183), 7056-CO (15), 7059-CO (33), 

7060-CO (21), 7061-CO (39), 7062-CO (12), 7068-CO 

(33), 7071-CO (15), 7072-CO ( 4), 7079-CO ( 44); Kentucky Route 89, 7312-CO (30); Winchester Reference 

Section B, 7318-CO (27); U.S. Route 227, 7325-CO (19); 

Sadieville C, 7450-CO (1), 7452-CO (1), 7454-CO (232), 

7 455-CO (153), 7 456-CO (59), 7 457 -CO (9), 7 458-CO 

(5), 7459-CO (2), 7460-CO (1), 7461-CO (20), 7462-CO 

(56), 7467-CO (33), 7468-CO (111), 7471-CO (144), 

7472-CO (6), 7475-CO (1), 7477-CO (24), 7478-CO (14); 

Switzer A, D1115-CO (56), D1117-CO (52), D1132-CO 

(26); Clays Ferry Type Section, supplement, D1170-CO · 

(3), D1171-CO (3); Frankfort East A, D1207-CO (1); 

Gratz A, D1301-CO (4), D1309-CO (2), D1310-CO (1). 

This species has been reported from Middle and Upper 

Ordovician rocks throughout North America (Copeland, 

1970). 

Genus SHENANDOIA Kraft, 1962 

Type species. -Shenandoia acuminulata Kraft, 1962. 
H70 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES 

Shenandoia? sp. 

Plate 18, figures 1-4 

Description.- Lateral outline subovate, dorsal margin 

slightly curved, anterior margin sharply rounded, ventral margin straight, posterior margin bluntly angulate 

to rounded. Dorsal margin almost parallel to ventral 

margin. Left valve overlaps right on free margins, overreaches right slightly on dorsal margin, overlap greatest 

on ventral and posterior margins. Hinge weakly incised, 

ventral contact margin slightly sinuous. Shell surface 

smooth. 

Measurements. -The largest figured specimen (USNM 

271090) is 0.800 mm long, 0.400 mm high, and 0.400 mm 

wide. A smaller specimen (USNM 271089) is 0. 700 mm 

long, 0.350 mm high, and 0.325 mm wide. 

Discussion.- This form is characterized by its weakly 

incised hinge and bluntly angular posterior margin. The 

posterior angulation is on the larger left valve; the right 

valve is rounded posteriorly. The specimens are only 

questionably assigned to Shenandoia Kraft, 1962, 

because they appear to lack the characteristic 

anterodorsal gape, or incisure, of that genus. However, 

this apparent lack may be due to the type of preservation of the Kentucky material, as all specimens are 

calcitic rather than silicified like the types of Shenandoia. 

Types.- Figured specimens USNM 271089, 271090. 

Occurrence.- Seven specimens were found in the 

Strodes Creek Member (Edenian) of the Lexington 

Limestone at the Kentucky Route 89 locality, USGS 

colln. 7312-CO, Winchester Quadrangle, Clark County, 

Ky. 

Genus ELLIPTOCYPRITES Swain, 1962 

Type species.-Elliptocyprites parallela Swain, 1962. 

Elliptocyprites sp. 

Plate 18, figures 5-7 

Description.- Lateral outline elliptical, dorsal margin 

straight to slightly convex, subparallel to ventral 

margin, anterior and posterior margins nearly equally 

curved, ventral margin straight to slightly concave. 

Carapace elongate, left valve slightly overlaps right 

around free margin, valves meet evenly at hingeline. 

Slight ventral lappet on left valve at concavity of ventral 

margin. Greatest height and width slightly postmedian. 

Dorsal outline elongate elliptical, anterior more sharply 

curved than posterior. Cross section rounded elliptical. 

Shell surface smooth. Internal structures not seen. 

Measurements.- Complete carapace (USNM 240034) 

1.012 mm long, 0.475 mm high, and 0.412 mm wide. A 

single left(?) valve (USNM 240033) is 1.000 mm long and 

0.425 mm high. 

Discussion.-This form is similar to Elliptocyprites 

longula Swain, 1962, but is relatively longer and the dorsal margin is more curved. It also resembles the 

specimen illustrated by Copeland (1970, p. 26, pl. 5, fig. 

21) as "Bythocypris" lindstroemi? Jones, 1890, but has 

more evenly rounded ends. Unfortunately, although 

about 40 specimens can be assigned to this taxon on the 

basis of their lateral outline, only one is sufficiently well 

preserved to show the character of the overlap and the 

dorsum; most are either badly corroded or steinkerns. 

Without more data on possible specific variation, we 

consider it undesirable to give this taxon a formal name. 

Types.- Figured specimens USNM 240033 and 

240034 from the Strodes Creek Member of the Lexington Limestone. 

Occurrence. - Elliptocyprites sp. occurs in both the 

Clays Ferry Formation (Edenian) and the Lexington 

Limestone (Curdsville, Grier, Millersburg, and Strodes 

Creek, Kirkfieldian to Edenian). A total of 40 specimens 

was found at the following 6 USGS localities and in 8 collections: Keene A, 5022-CO (1); Dry Fork Road, 

7053-CO (26), 7055-CO (4), 7056-CO (2); Kentucky 

Route 89, 7312-CO (2); Winchester Reference Section 

B, 7318-CO (2); Sadieville C, 7471-CO (1); Switzer A, 

D1115-CO (2). 

Family RISHONIDAE Sohn, 1960 

Genus SILENIS Neckaja, 1958 

Type species. -Silenis subtriangulatus Neckaja, 1958. 

Silenis kentuckyensis n. sp. 

Plate 18, figures 19-25 

Diagnosis.- Valves distinctly asymmetrical, right 

valve with subangular centrodorsal inflation. 

Description. -Lateral outline elongate sub triangular, 

valves subequal in size. Dorsal margin convex, anterior 

margin bluntly curved, ventral margin straight to slightly concave, posterior margin more sharply curved than 

anterior. Left valve overlaps right around anterior, ventral and posterior margins; right valve overreaches left 

along short straight hingeline. Greatest height at 

midlength, greatest length halfway between midheight 

and ventral margin, greatest width in centrodorsal part 

of carapace. Dorsal part of right valve has subangular 

inflation which forms flattened dorsum; left valve gently 

and evenly rounded. Valve surface smooth. Hingement 

and musculature not seen. 

Measurements.- The holotype (USNM 240056) is 

0.975 mm long, 0.475 mm high, and 0.375 mm wide. The 

figured paratype (USNM 240057) is 1.075 mm long, 

0.500 mm high, and 0.450 mm wide. 

Discussion. -This species differs from others assigned 

to the genus in having the inflated centrodorsal area on 

the right valve which produces a flattened dorsum. Most 
OSTRACODA, LEXINGTON LIMESTONE, CLAYS FERRY FORMATION, KENTUCKY H71 

other species of Silenis Neckaja, 1958, are Silurian in 

age; however, S. kentuckyensis appears to have the 

diagnostic characters of the genus. The specific name is 

based on its occurrence in Kentucky. 

Types.- Holotype, USNM 240056, a complete 

·carapace from the Strodes Creek Member of the Lexington Limestone, Winchester Reference Section B, 10 

ft above the base of the section~ USGS colin. 7318-CO. 

Figured para type, USNM 240057, a complete carapace 

from the same collection. 

Occurrence.- Only three specimens of this species 

have been found; two as indicated above, from the 

Strodes Creek Member (Edenian) of the Lexington 

Limestone, Winchester Reference Section B, USGS 

colin. 7318-CO. Another poorly preserved carapace was 

found in a tongue of the Clays Ferry Formation at the 

nearby Dry Fork Road section, USGS colin. 7043-CO. 

This species is not known to occur elsewhere. 

Family KRAUSELLIDAE Berdan, 1961 

Genus KRAUSELLA Ulrich, 1894 

Type species. -Krausella inaequalis Ulrich, 1894. 

Krausella sp. 

Plate 19, figures 12-17 

Description.- Lateral outline subelliptical, dorsal 

margin straight, anterior margin broadly curved, ventral margin straight to slightly convex, posterior margin 

more broadly curved than anterior. Left valve overlaps 

right around free margins with long ventral lappet. 

Hingeline long, straight, very slightly incised. Left valve 

broken posteriorly, may have been slightly acuminate, 

right valve has small posterior spine base just below 

midheight. Shell surface smooth. 

Measurements.- The figured specimen (USNM 

240014) is 1.483 mm long and 0. 734 mm high. 

Discussion.-This single, partly exfoliated carapace 

most closely resembles K rausella brevicornis (Keenan, 

1951), but the spine appears to be relatively smaller and 

the hinge is not as deeply incised. It is very like the 

specimen . of K. brevicornis illustrated by Copeland 

(1970, p. 28, pl. 5, fig. 28) from the Upper Ordovician 

Vaureal Formation of Quebec, but other specimens of K. 

brevicornis figured by Copeland (1965, p. 46-47, pl. 2, 

figs. 10-12) from the Middle Ordovician of Ontario are 

wider and have a longer posterior spine on the right 

valve. As noted by Copeland (1977b, p. 45), the spine of 

the type species of Krausella, K. inaequalis Ulrich, 

1894, is a prolongation of the right valve; possibly 

species having hollow peglike spines set anteriorly from 

the posterior margin should be placed in another genus. 

Types.- Figured specimen USNM 240014. 

Occurrence.- The only specimen was found in the 

Strodes Creek Member (Edenian) of the Lexington 

Limestone at Winchester Reference Section B, USGS 

colin. 7312-CO. 

Genus PSEUDORAYELLA Neckaja, 1960 

Type species. -Pseudorayella scala Neckaja, 1960. 

Pseudorayella sp. a££. P. ovalis Neckaja, 1960 

Plate 19, figures 6-11 

Description. -Lateral outline sublanceolate, dorsal 

margin broadly curved, anterior margin more sharply 

curved, ventral margin straight to slightly concave, 

posterior margin of both valves acuminate. Left valve 

larger than right; overlaps it around free margins with 

distinct ventral lappet. Valves meet nearly equally at 

short hingeline, which is only slightly incised. Greatest 

length slightly below midheight, greatest height and 

width about at midlength. Posterior point on both valves 

below midheight. Width and height nearly equal but 

width slightly greater than height; cross section subcircular. Shell surface smooth. 

Measurements.- Figured specimen (USNM 240058) is 

1.300 mm long, 0.625 mm high, and 0.650 mm wide. 

Another figured carapace (USNM 271097) is 1.325 mm 

long, 0.675 mm high, and 0. 700 mm wide. A small right 

valve is 0.650 mm long and 0.325 mm high. 

Discussion. -This form is close to Pseudorayella oval is 

Neckaja, 1960, from the Middle Ordovician of the Russian platform, but according to Neckaja (1960, p. 362), 

P. ovalis is smaller and the right valve slightly overreaches the left dorsally. The Lexington material is not 

adequate to determine whether the right valve overreaches the left, so whether these specimens represent 

P. ovalis or a new species is not certain. Species of 

Pseudorayella are superficially similar to 

Pseudobythocypris Shaver, 1958, but are more 

acuminate posteriorly and do not appear to have the 

muscle scar and marginal structures described for 

Pseudobythocypris by Shaver (1958). 

Types.- Figured specimens USNM 240058, 271097. 

Occurrence.- Two carapaces and six single valves in 

limestone were recovered from the Strodes Creek 

Member (Edenian) of the Lexington Limestone, to 

which this taxon is as yet restricted. The specimens 

were found in three USGS collections from three closely 

associated localities: Kentucky Route 89, 7312-CO (1); 

Winchester Reference Section B, 7318-CO (2); U.S. 

Route 227, 7325-CO (5). 

Family BAIRDIOCYPRIDAE Shaver, 1961 

Genus REVERSOCYPRIS P~ibyl, 1955 

Type species. -Reversocypris regularis Pribyl, 1955. 

Reversocypris? sp. 

Plate 19, figures 1-5 
H72 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES 

Description.-Lateral outline oval, dorsal margin 

gently curved, anterior and posterior margins equally 

and more sharply curved, ventral margin gently curved. 

Right? valve overreaches left? valve dorsally, left? valve 

overlaps right? ventrally, both valves meet equally at 

anterior and posterior margins. Hingeline slightly incised. Shell surface smooth. Greatest length, height, and 

width median. 

Measurements. -The figured specimen (USNM 

240023) is 0.614 mm long and 0.357 mm high. 

Discussion. -Only two carapaces were found, which 

are questionably referable to this taxon, one of which is 

broken and may not belong with the other specimen. 

The remaining specimen is fairly well preserved and is 

described above. This carapace is so symmetrical in 

outline that the determination of the anterior and the 

posterior ends cannot be made with certainty. It most 

closely resembles Daliella caleyi Copeland, 1973, but is 

more elongate than the specimen figured by Copeland 

(1973, p. 25, pl. 4, figs. 6, 7); whether or not this difference is ·significant ·cannot be. determined without additional material. The specimen is also similar to 

Bythocypris obliquedorsata Hessland, 1949, but differs 

in having a distinctly incised hingeline. It is questionably 

assigned to Reversocypris Pribyl, 1955, because of the 

reversal of overlap. 

Types.- Figured specimen USNM 240023. 

Occurrence. -Both specimens are from the Strodes 

Creek Member (Edenian) of the Lexington Limestone at 

the U.S. Route 227 locality, USGS colln. 7325-CO. 

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H76 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES 

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Geological Survey Bulletin 1224-B, p. B1-B18. 
Page 

A 

Abstract----------------------------------- 1 

acuminulata, Shenandoia -------------------- 69 

affinis, Schmidtella -------------------------- 5, 55 

Age -------------------------------------- 4 

alata, Ctenobolbina ------------------------- 32 

americana zygocornis, Bollia ----------------- 19 A mericoncha _____ :__________________________ 66 

bifurcata ------------------------------- 66 dubia ______________________________ 6, 66; pl. 17 

marginata ____________________________ 67; pl. 17 

multiannulata -----------,--------------67; pl. 17 

Analysis, method of ------------------------- 5 

angularis, Saccelatia ------------------------ 51 

Anisocyaminae ----------------------------- 52 

A nisocyamus ------------------------------- 52 

excavatus ----------------------------52; pl. 11 sp _________________________________ 6, 52; pl. 11 

Aparchitacea ------------------------------- 49 

Aparchitellina ----------------------------- 54 Aparchites __________________________________ .1,9, 51 

arrectus -------------------------------- 51 

fimbriatus ------------------------------ 4, 50 

minutissimus trentonensis ---------------- 53 

parsispinosus --------------------------- 50 

trentonensis ---------------------------- 53 

whiteavesi ------------------------------ 49, 51 

sp -------------------------- 4, 6, 49; pl. 10 

Aparchitidae ------------------------------- 49 

Apatochilina ------------------------------- 48 

obesa ---------------------------------48; pl. 9 

arctus, Punctaparchites rugosus --------------- () 

arcuamuralis, Saccelatia -------------------- .51 

arrecta, Saccelatia -------------------------- 51 

arrectus, Aparchites ------------------------- 51 asymmetrica, Ceratopsis ___________ 5, 6, 33, 38, 39, 40; 

pis. 6, 7, 8 

Schmidtella 56 

B 

Bairdiocypridae ----------------------------- 71 

Bairdiocyprididae --------------------------- 68 

Bairdiocypris cylindrica --------------------- 68 

Ballardina --------------------------------- 28 concentrica _________________________ 28, 29; pl. 3 

millersburgia ________________________ 6, 28; pl. 3 

minuta -------------------------------- 29 

Baltonotella -------------------,.------------ 51 

kuckersiana --------------------------- 51 

Bassleratia -------------------------------- 54 

Batostomella sp ---------------------------- 35 

Beyrichia buchiana ------------------------- 20 chambersi _____________________________ 2, 33, 44 

ciliata --------------------------------- 2, 29 

cincinnatiensis ------------------------- 61 

hastata -------------------------------- 33, 34 

initialis ------------------------------- 48 obliquejugata ___________________ :_ _______ 33, 34 

oculifera ------------------------------- 33 persulcata ____________________________ 2, 19, 20 

'/Uadrijida ----------------------------- 33 

rostrata ------------------------------- 33 

(Ceratopsis) duftonensis ------------------ 33 (Ctenobolbina) rostrata ____________________ 33, 34 

Beyrichicopina ----------------------------- 19 

Bibliography ------------------------------- 72 

INDEX 

[Italic page numbers indicate major references] 

Page 

bicollina, Bollia ---------------------------- 19 

bicornis, Ceratopsis ------------------------- 34 

Dicranella ----------------------------- 45 

bifurcata, A mericoncha ---------------------- 66 

Bigby Formation --------------------------- 4 

binoda, K iesowia --------------------------- 23 

Warthinia ------------------------------ 23, 25 

bispinosa, Ctenobolbina ---------------------- 31 

bivertex, Leperditia ------------------------- 2 

Bolbopisthia ------------------------------- 65 

progressa ------------------------------ 4 reticulata __________________________ 4, 65; pl. 16 

sculptilis __________________________ :._6, 65; pl. 16 

Bollia ------------------------------------ 19 

americana zygocornis -------------------- 19 

bicollina ------------------------------- 19 

diceratina ----------------------------- 19 

disjuncta ------------------------------ 19 

hindei --------------------------------- 19 

obesa ---------------------------------- 19 persulcata ____________________________ 19, 20, 21 

regularis ------------------------------ 19 

ridicula ------------------------------- 19 

subaequata ----------------------------- unguloidea ____________________________ 5, 19, 20 

Bolliidae ---------------------------------- 19 

brevicornis, K rausella ----------------------- 71 

Brevidorsa ---------------------------------50, 51 

brevidorsata ---------------------------- 50, 51 strodescreekensis ____________________ 6, 50; pl. 10 

suborbicularis ------------------------- 50 

sp. A --------------------------------- 50 

sp. B --------------------------------- 50 

brevidorsata, Brevidorsa ---------------------50, 51 brevis, Schmidtella ______________________ 6, 55; pl. 12 

brittanica, Ceratopsis ----------------------- 34 

buchiana, Beyrichia ------------------------- 20 

buckensis, Saccelatia ------------------------ 51 

bullata, Saccelatia -------------------------- 51 

Bullatella --------------------------------- 50 

Byrsolopsina ------------------------------- 54 

uphami -------------------------------- 5 

sp ---------------------------------6, 54; pl. 12 

Bythocypris -------------------------------- 68, 69 

cylindrjca ------------------------------ 68, 69 

lindstroemii ----------------------------- 68 

obliquedorsata -------------------------- 72 

c 

caleyi, Daliella ------------------------------ 72 

camerata, Parenthatia ---------------------- 26 canalis, Leperditella _____________________ 6, 59; pl. 11 

Cannon Limestone -------------------------- 4, 5 

carinata, Thomasatia ----------------------- 65 

Catheys Formation ------------------------- 4 

Catheys Limestone -------------------------- 4, 5 centralis, Laccoprimitia ______________ 6, 57, 61; pl. 14 

Laccoprimitia (Primitia) ----------------- 57 

Primitia ------------------------------- 2, 57 

Ceratella ---------------------------------- 32 

Ceratopsis --------------------------------2, 10, 92 asymmetrica _________________ 5, 6, 33, 38, 39, 40; 

pis. 6, 7, 8 

bicornis ------------------------------- 34 

brittanica ------------------------------ 34 chambersi __________________ 2, 5, 6, 33, 34, 35, 36 

37, 39, 41, .4-4; pis .• ,, 8 

robusta ----------------------------- 33 

Page 

Ceratopsis- Continued 

duftonensis _______________________ 33, 34, 39, 44 

fimbriata __________________ 6, 33, 36, 39, 49; pl. 7 

grandispinosa -------------------------- 34 

hastata -------------------------------- 33, 34 

humilinoda ---------------------------- 34 intermedia _________________ 2, 4, 6, 33, 35, 96, 41; 

pis. 5, 6, 7, 8 

obliquejugata --------------------------- 33 oculifera ________________________ 35, 38, 39; pl. 5 

perpuncta prominens -------------------- 34 

perpunctata ---------------------------- 33, 34 

- prominens··-------------------------- 33 

platyceras ------------------------------ 33, 34 quadrifida ___________________ 33, 35, 36, 39; pl. 5 

regalis -------------------------------- 34 robusta ____________________________ 35, 39; pl. 5 

schmidti ------------------------------- 33, 34 

stoermeri ------------------------------ 34 

trilobis -------------------------------- 34 

sp -------------------------------6, 45; pis. 7, 8 

(Ceratopsis) duftonensis, Beyrichia ------------ 33 

chalazia, Platybolbina (Rimabolbina) ----------- 47 chambersi, Beyrichia _______________________ 2, 33, 44 

Ceratopsis ______________ 2, 5, 6, 33, 34, 35, 36, 3'1, 

39, 41, .44; pis. 7, 8 

Tetradella ----------------------------- 44 

chambersi robusta, Ceratopsis ----------------- 33 

Chilobolbinidae ----------------------------- 46 

ciliata, Beyrichia --------------------------- 2, 29 

Ctenobolbina ---------------------------- 31, 32 

ciliata parva, Ctenobolbina ------------------- 4, 31 

Cincinnati, Ohio ---------------------------- 2 

Cincinnatian Provincial Series------------------ 2 

cincinnatiensis, Beyrichia ------------------- 61 Milleratia ____________________________ 57; pl. 14 

Clays Ferry Formation __________________ 1, 2, 4, 5, 10 

Point Pleasant Tongue ____________________ 2, 4, 5 

elaysferryensis, Laccoprimitia _____ 6, 57, 60; pis. 13, 14 

cletifera, Saccelatia ------------------------- 51 

Coburn Formation ---------------------------- 4 concentrica, Ballardina __________________ 28, 29; pl. 3 

Conchoprimites ---------------------------- 67 

Conchoprimitia ---------------------------- 61 copelandi, Quasibollia ________________ 19, 21, 23; pl. 1 

Corbin Ranch Formation --------------------- 4 

cornuta, Ctenobolbina rostrata ---------------- 33, 34 

Correlation -------------------------------- 4 

corrugata, Primitia ------------------------- 62 

Covington, Ky ----------------------------- 2 crassimarginata, Schmidtella _________ 54, 55, 56; pl. 12 

crassiumbonata, Easchmidtella --------------- 56 

crepidiformis, Jonesella --------------------- 28 

crepiformis, Leperditia ---------------------- 2, 27 

cryptomorphologica, Laccoprimitia _______ 6, 57, 59, 61; 

pis. 13, 14 

Cryptophyllidae ----------------------------- 67 

Cryptophyllus ------------------------------ 67 

oboloides -----------------------------67; pl. 17 

sp ---------------------------------6, 67; pl. 17 Ctenobolbina ______________________________ 2, 10, 29 

alata ---------------------------------- 32 

bispinosa ------------------------------ 31 

ciliata -------------------------------- 31, 32 

parva ----------------------------- 4, 31 

obliqua -------------------------------- 5 

rostrata cornuta ------------------------- 33, 34 ventrispinifera _______________________ 6, 29; pl. 4 

(Ctenobolbina) rostrata, Beyrichia ------------- 33, 34 

H77 
H78 

Page 

Cummingsville Formation--------------------

Curdsville Limestone Member, Lexington 

Limestone-------------------------- 4, 5, 11, 13 

cylindrica, Bairdiocypris -------------------- 68 

Bythocypris ---------------------------- 68, 69 

Cytherina ------------------------------ 69 

L!!Jierditia ----------------------------- 68 

(lsochilina) -------------------------- 68, 69 Phelobythocypris ________________ 4, 5, 6, 68; pl. 18 

Cyprideis torosa ---------------------------- 26 

Cystomatochilina --------------------------- 46 

matura -------------------------------- 46, 47 

permira ------------------------------- 4'1 reticulotiara _____________________ 6, 46; pis. 9, 16 

tiara ---------------------------------- 4'1 

umbonata ------------------------------ 4'1 

Cytherellina ------------------------------- 68 

siliqua -------------------------------- 69 

Cytherina cylindrica ------------------------ 69 

D 

Daliella rnley1: ------------------------------ 72 

Decorah Formation ------------------------- 5 

Jon Dolomite Member --------------------

Denley" Formation --------------------------

Devils Hollow Member, Lexington Limestone____ 13 

diceratina, Bollia--------------------------- 19 

Dicranella --------------------------------- 45 

bicornis ------------------------------- 45 

fragilis -------------------------------- 45 

macrocarinata -------------------------- 45 marginata ________________________ 4, 6, 45; pl. 9 

sp ----------------------------------6, 45; pl. 9 

diminucarina, Ectoprimitia ______________ 6, 62; pl. 14 

Diplopsis ---------------------------------- 49 

disjuncta, Bollia---------------------------- 19 

donsi, Piretopsis --------------------------- 34 

Drepanellacea ------------------------------ 19 dubia, Americoncha _____________________ 6, 66; pl. 1'l 

duftonensis, Beyrichia (Ceratopsis) ------------ 33 Ceratopsis ________________________ 33, 34, 39, 44 

E 

Ea.schmidtella ------------------------------56, 6'1 

crassiumbonata ------------------------- 56 sinuidorsata ________________________ 6, 56; pl. 12 

Ectoprimitia ------------------------------ 62 diminucarina _______________________ 6, 62; pl. 14 

sp ---------------------------------6, 69; pl. 14 

Eden Formation ---------------------------- 4 

elegans, Primitiopsis ------------------------ 52 

elegantula, Eridoconcha --------------------- 57 

Elliptocyprites ----------------------------- 63, 70 

longula -------------------------------- '10 

parallela ------------------------------- 70 

sp ---------------------------------6, 70; pl. 18 

Eoaquapulex ------------------------------- 49 

socialis -------------------------------- 5 

Eohollina irregularis ------------------------ 23 

Eridoconcha --------------------- 54, 56, 66, 67 

elegantula ------------------------------ 57 

marginata ------------------------------ 67 

multiannulata -------------------------- 66 

oboloides ------------------------------- 67 

rugosa -------------------------------6'7; pl. 17 

Eridoconchidae ----------------------------- 66 

E ridostraca -------------------------------- 66 

esthonica, Hesperidella ---------------------- 48 

estonica, Primitia -------------------------- 48 

Eurychilina -------------------------------- 5, 46 

prairiensis ----------------------------- 46 

reticutata ------------------------------ 4, 46 subradiata _______________________ _4, 6, 46; pl. 9 

ventrosa ------------------------------- 5 

Eurychilinacea ----------------------------- 46 

Eurychilinidae ------------------------------ 46 excavatus, A nisocyamus ____________________ 52; pl. 11 

INDEX 

Page 

F 

fimbriata, Ceratopsis ____________ 6, 33, 36, 39, 49; pl. 7 

fimbriatus, Aparchites ----------------------- 4, 50 

Fountain, Minn ----------------------------- 5 

fragilis, Dicranella ------------------------- 45 franklinensis, Uninodobolba ______________ 6, 62; pl. 14 

G 

Galena Group ------------------------------

Galena shales ------------------------------

G!!phyropsis -------------------------------- 27 trachyreticutata ______________________ 6, 27; pl. 3 

Glossomorphitinae -------------------------- 29 

Glossopsis --------------------------------- 34 

Glymmatobolbina praenuntia ----------------- 4 

gonyloba, Jonesella ------------------ 6, 27; pl. 3 

grandispinosa, Ceratopsis -------------------- 34 

gregaria, L!!perditella ----------------------- 51 

Grier Limestone Member, Lexington Limestone _4, 5, 11 

H 

H alliella ---------------------------------- 65 

labiosa --------------------------------

retifera -------------------------------- 65 

sculptilis ------------------------------ 65 

hastata, Beyrichia -------------------------- 33, 34 

Ceratopsis ------------------------------ 33, 34 

H a.statellina ------------------------------- 34 

normandiensis -------------------------- 34 

postha.stata ----------------------------- 34 

trilobis -------------------------------34; pl. 5 

Healdiacea --------------------------------- 68 

Healdianella ------------------------------- 68 

H emiaechminoides -------------------------- 54 

Hermitage Formation -----------------------

Hermitage Limestone -----------------------

H esperidella ------------------------------- 48 

esthonica ------------------------------ 48 initialis __________________________ 4, 6, 48; pl. 9 

michiganesis -------------------------- 48 

sp ------------------------------------ 48 

High Bridge Group --------------------------

hindei, Bollia ------------------------------ 19 

Hollinacea --------------------------------- 29 

huilensis, Pseudoprimitiella ------------------ 65 

humilinoda, Ceratopsis ---------------------- 34 

Hyperchilarina -----------------------------50, 51 ovata _____________________________ 50, 51; pl. 10 

illinoisensis, Pontocypris -------------------- 68 

inaequalis, Krauselta ------------------------ 'l1 

incompta subaequalis, Schmidtella -------------

indifferenta, Primitiella --------------------- 63 

initialis, Beyrichia ------------------------- 48 Hesperidella _______________________ 4, 6, 48; pl. 9 

Kloedenia ------------------------------ 48 

insolens, Kiesowia -------------------------- 23 intermedia, Ceratopsis __________ 2, 4, 6, 33, 35, 96, 41; 

pis. 5, 6, 7, 8 

Introduction ------------------------------- 1 

Ion Dolomite Member, Decorah Formation ______ 4 

irregularis, Eohollina ----------------------- 23 

(lsochilina) cylindrica, L!!Jierditia ------------- 68, 69 

minutissima, L!!perditia ------------------ 53 

J 

Jonesella ---------------------------------- 2, 27 

CT!!Jiidiformis --------------------------- 28 gonyloba ____________________________ 6, 27; pl. 3 

obscura -------------------------------- 5 

K 

K ayina ----------------------------------- 54 kentuckyensis, Silenis ___________________ 6, 70; pl. 18 

Kiesowia binoda ---------------------------- 23 

insolens ------------------------------- 23 

Page 

Kiesowia binoda.- Continued 

nodosa -------------------------------- 23 

verrucosa ------------------------------ 23, 25 

Kings Falls Formation ----------------------- 4 

Kloedenellocopina -------------------------- 52 

Kloedenia initialis -------------------------- 48 

Kope Formation ---------------------------- 2 

Krausella ---------------------------------- 71 

brevicornis ----------------------------- 71 

inaequalis ----------------------------- 'l1 

sp -------------------------------5, 6, 71; pl. 19 

Krausellidae ------------------------------- 71 

kuckersiana, Baltonotella --------------~----- 51 

L 

labiosa, Halliella ---------------------------

0!!pikella ------------------------------ 49 Laccoprimitia ___________________ 2, 10, 57, 62, 66, 6'1 

centralis ________________________ 6, 57, 61; pl. 14 

claysferryensis _______________ 6, 57, 60; pis. 13, 14 

cryptomorphologica ________ 6, 57, 59, 61; pis. 13, 14 

rudis _______________________ 6, 58, 60; pis. 13, 14 

shideleri ________________________________ pl. 14 

(Primitia) centralis ---------------------- 57 

latus, Pseudoaparchites ---------------------- 51 

L!!Jierditella -------------------------------- 4, 52 canalis ____________________________ 6, 59; pl. 11 

gregaria ------------------------------- 51 perplexa ___________________________ 6, 59; pl. 11 

rex ------------------------------------ 52 

tumida ----------------------- 6, 52; pl. 11 

Leperditellacea ----------------------------- 52 

Leperditellidae ----------------------------- 52 

L!!perditia bivertex -------------------------- 2 

cr!!Jiiformis ----------------------------- 2, 27 

cylindrica ------------------------------ 68 

unicornis ------------------------------ 2, 64 

(Isochilina) cylindrica -------------------- 68, 69 

minutissima ------------------------ 53 

Lexington Limestone------------------------ 1, 4, 5 

(See aLso particular member) 

lindstroemii Bythocypris ----------------------68, 70 

Localities ---------------------------------- 14 

Lomatopisthiidae --------------------------- 65 

Longiscula -------------------------------- 68 

longula, Elliptocyprites ---------------------- 70 

lunatifera, Tetradella -----------------------

M 

macrocarinata, Dicranella ------------------- 45 

M acrocyproides ---------------------------- 53 

trentonensis ---------------------------- 5, 53 

sp ------------------------------------ 5 

Macronotella ------------------------------- 49 

scojwldi ------------------------------- 49 

sp ---------------------------------6, 49; pl. 10 

Maratia micula ---------------------------- 5 marginata, Americoncha ___________________ 67; pl. 17 

Dicranella ________________________ 4, 6, 45; pl. 9 

Eridoconcha ---------------------------- 6'1 

Placentula ----------------------------- 67 

matura, Cystomatochilina -------------------- 46, 47 

matutin·a, Primitia ------------------------- 63 

Metacopina -------------------------------- 68 

michiganesis, Hesperidella ------------------- 48 

micula, Maratia ---------------------------- 5 

Milleratia -------------------------------57, 61, 6'1 cincinnatiensis ________________________ 57; pl. 14 

perminima -------------------------6, 61; pl. 14 

shideleri ------------------------------- 57 

Millersburg Member, Lexington Limestone------ 10 

millersburgia, Ballardina _________________ 6, 28; pl. 3 

minuta, Ballardina ------------------------ 29 

minutissima, L!!perditia (lsochilina) ----------- 53 

minutissimus trentonensis, Aparchites --------- 53 

Moorea punctata --------------------------- 26 multiannulata, Americoncha _______________ 67; pl. 17 

Eridoconcha ---------------------------- 66 
Page 

N 

Nealmont Formation------------------------

Ningulella --------------------------------- 69 

paucisulcata ---------------------------- 64 paupera ________________________ 6, 69, 64; pl. 15 

sp ---------------------------- 6, 64; pl. 15 nitida, Platybolbina (Rimabolbina) __________ 6, 4 7; pl. 9 

Primitia ---------------------------- 2, 4 7 

nodosa, K iesowia --------------------------- 23 

Primitia ------------------------------- 23 

Ulrichia ------------------------------- 23 

nodosa ----------------------------- 2~ Warthinia _____________________ 5, 6, 29; pis. 1, 2 

nodosa ----------------------------- 25 

nodosa nodosa, Ulrichia --------------------- 23 

Warthinia ----------------------------- 25 

nodosa paupera, Ulrichia -------------------- 23 

Warthinia ----------------------------- 25 

normandiensis, Hastawllina ------------------ 34 

0 

obesa, Apatochilina ------------------------48; pl. 9 

Bollia --------------------------------- 19 

obliqua, Ct€nobolbina ------------------------

obliquedorsata, Bythocypns ------------------ 72 

obliquejugata, Beyrichia---------------------- 33, 34 

Ceratopsis ----------------------------- 33 oboloides, CryptophyUus ___________________ 67; pl. 17 

Eridoconcha ---------------------------- 67 

obscura, JCYMSella -------------------------- 5 

oculifera, Beyrichia ------------------------- 33 Ceratopsis ______________________ 35, 38, 39; pl. 5 

Oepikella ---------------------------------- 49 

labrosa -------------------------------- 49 

tvaerensis ------------------------------ 49 

sp ---------------------------------6, 49; pl. 10 

Oepikellacae ------------------------------- 49 

Oepikellidae -------------------------------- 49 

omphalota, Platybolbina (Rimabolbina) --------- 47 ovalis, Pseudorayella ____________________ 6, 71; pl. 19 

ovata, Hyperchilarina __________________ 50, 51; pl. 10 

p 

Palaeocopida ------------------------------ 19 

Paleoecology ------------------------------- 5 

Parabairdiacypris --------------------------- 68 

Parabolbina stau.fferi ------------------------ 48 

paraUela, EUiptocypriws ------------------- 70 

Paraschmidwlla ---------------------------- 54 

planilateralis ---------------------------- 54 

Parenthatia ------------------------------- 26 

camerata ------------------------------ 26 

punctata ------------------------------26; pl. 2 

reticulata ----------------------------- 26 sadievillensis ________________________ 6, 26; pl. 2 

parsispinosus, Aparchiws -------------------- 50 

parva, Ct€nobolbina ciliata ------------------- 4, 31 

paucisulcata, Ningulella --------------------- 64 

Primitiella ----------------------------- 63 paupera, NinguleUa __________________ 6, 69, 64; pl. 15 

Ulrichia nodosa ------------------------- 23 

Warthinia nodosa ----------------------- 25 perminima, Milleratia ___________________ 6, 61; pl. 14 

Primitia ------------------------------- 2, 61 

perm ira, Cystomatochilina ------------------- 4 7 perplexa, Leperdiwlla ___________________ 6, 59; pl. 11 

perpuncta prominens, Ceratopsis -------------- 34 

perpunctata, Ceratopsis ---------------------- 33, 34 

perpunctata prominens, Ceratopsis ------------ 33 

Perryville Limestone Member, Lexington 

Limestone ------------------------------- 11, 13 persulcata, Beyrichia ______________________ 2, 19, 20 

Bollia -------------------------------19, 20, 21 Quasibollia _______________________ 6, 20, 22; pl. 1 

P helobythocypris ----------------------------- 68 

cylindrica ______________________ 4, 5, 6, 68; pl. 18 

INDEX 

Page 

Pinnatuliws ------------------------------- 63 

Piretellidae -------------------------------- 48 

Piretopsis donsi --------------------------- 34 

Placentula marginata ----------------------- 67 

planilateralis, Paraschmidtella ---------------- 54 

Platybolbina ------------------------------- 47 

(Rimabolbina) rima---------------------- 47 

chalazia ---------------------------- 4 7 

omphalota -------------------------- 4 7 

nitida ---------------------------6, 4 7; pl. 9 

platyceras, Ceratopsis ----------------------- 33, 34 

Podocopida -------------------------------- 68 

Point Pleasant Tongue, Clays Ferry Formation ___ 2, 4, 5 

Polycerawlla ------------------------------- 34, 45 

Pontocypris illinoisensis --------------------- 68 

posthastata, Hastawllina -------------------- 34 

praenuntia, Glymmatobolbina ---------------- 4 

prairiensis, Eurychilina --------------------- 46 

Primitia centralis --------------------------- 2, 57 

corrugata ----------------------------- 62 

estonica ------------------------------- 48 

matutina ----------------------------- 63 nitida ___________________________ ...:_____ 2, 4'1 

nodosa -------------------------------' 23 

permtntma ----------------------------- 2, 61 

rudis ----------------------------------57, 58 

sculptilis ------------------------------- 2, 65 

(Ulrichia) umbonata --------------------- 46 

(Primitia) centralis, Laccoprimitia ------------ 57 

PrimitieUa -------------------------------- 63 

indifferenta ---------------------------- 63 

paucisulcata ---------------------------- 63 

unicornis ------------------------------ 64 

Primitiopsacea ----------------------------- 52 

Primitiopsidae ------------------------------ 52 

Primitiopsis elegans ------------------------ 52 

progressa, Bolbopisthia ---------------------- 4 

prominens, Ceratopsis perpuncta -------------- 34 

Ceratopsis perpunctata ------------------- 33 

Prosser Formation --------------------------

Pseudoaparchit€8 --------------------------- 51 

latus ---------------------------------- 51 

Pseudobythocypris -------------------------- 71 

Pseudoprimitiella --------------------------- 64 

huilensis ------------------------------- 65 

unicornis ------------------------------ 65 

sp -----------------------------------64; pl. 15 

Ps~dorayella ------------------------------ 71 

ovalis ------------------------------6, 71; pl. 19 

scala ---------------------------------- 71 

PseudotaUinnella --------------------------- 34, 45 

Pseudulrichia ------------------------------ 2 

Pseudoprimitiella sp -------------------------- 6 

Pullvilliws wabiensis ------------------------ 56 

Punctaparchiws rugosus --------------------- 5 

rugosus arctus -------------------------- 5 

punctata, Moorea --------------------------- 26 Parenthatia ___________________________ 26; pl. 2 

Q 

Q-mode cluster analysis ---------------------- 5 

quadrifida, Beyrichia ----------------------- 33 Ceratopsis ___________________ 33, 35, 36, 39; pl. 5 

Quadrijugator ----------------------------- 19 

Quasibollia --------------------------------- 19 

copelandi _______________________ 19, 21, 23; pl. 1 

persulcata ________________________ 6, 20, 22; pl. 1 

ridicula ___________________________ 21, 22; pl. 1 

sp ----------------------------------6, 29; pl. 1 

R 

regalis, Ceratopsis -------------------------- 34 

regularis, Bollia---------------------------- 19 

Reversocypris -------------------------- 71 reticulata, Bolbopisthia __________________ 4, 65; pl. 16 

Eurychilina ---------------------------- 4, 46 

Parenthatia ---------------------------- 26 

H79 

Page 

reticulotiara, Cystomatochilina ________ 6, 46; pis. 9, 16 

retifera, HallieUa --------------------------- 65 

Reversocypris ------------------------------ 71 

regularis ------------------------------ 'll sp _________________________________ 6, 71; pl. 19 

rex, Leperditella ---------------------------- 52 

Richinidae --------------------------------- 27 

ridicula, Bollia----------------------------- 19 Quasibollia _________________________ 21, 22; pl. 1 

rima, Platybolbina (Rimabolbina) -------------- 4 7 

(Rimabolbina), Platybolbina ------------------ 47 

chalazia, Platybolbina -------------------- 4'1 nitida, Platybolbina ___________________ 6, 4 7; pl. 9 

omphalota, Platybolbina ------------------ 47 

rima, Platybolbina ---------------------- 4 7 

Rishonidae --------------------------------- 70 robusta, Ceratopsis _____________________ 35, 39; pl. 5 

Ceratopsis chambersi -------------------- 33 

rostrata, Beyrichia ------------------------- 33 

Beyrichia (Ct€nobolbina) ------------------ 33, 34 

rostrata cornuta, Ct€nobolbina ---------------- 33, 34 

rudis, Laccoprimitia _____________ 6, 58, 60; pis. 13, 14 

Primitia ------------------------------- 57, 58 rugosa, Eridoconcha _______________________ 67; pl. 17 

rugosus, Punctaparchiws -------------------- 5 

rugosus arctus, Punctaparchiws ---------------

s 

Saccelatia --------------------------------- 51 

angularis ------------------------------ 51 

arcuamuralis --------------------------- 51 

arrecta -------------------------------- 51 

buckensis ------------------------------ 51 

bullata -------------------------------- 51 

cletifera ------------------------------- 51 sp _________________________________ 6, 51; pl. 10 

saccula, Ulrichia --------------------------- 23 

Warthinia ----------------------------- 25 sadievillensis, Parenthatia ________________ 6, 26; pl. 2 

Salona Formation --------------------------- 4 

Salvisa Bed of Perryville Limestone Member ____ 13 

scala, Pseudorayella ------------------------ 71 Schmidwlla __________________________ 54, 56, 60, 67 

affinis --------------------------------- 5, 55 

asymmetrica --------------------------- 56 brevis ______________________________ 6, 55; pl. 12 

crassimarginata ________________ 54, 55, 56; pl. 12 

incompta subaequalis -------------------- 5 

sublenticularis -------------------------- 55 umbonata __________________________ 6, 55; pl. 12 

schmidti, Ceratopsis ------------------------- 33, 34 

scojieldi, Macronowlla ----------------------- 49 sculptilis, Bolbopisthia ___________________ 6, 65; pl. 16 

H allieUa ------------------------------- 65 

Primitia ------------------------------- 2, 65 

Shenandoia -------------------------------- 68, 69 

acuminulata --------------------------- 69 

sp ---------------------------------6, 70; pl. 18 shideleri, Laccoprimitia ______________________ pl. 14 

Milleratia ------------------------------ 57 

Sigmoopsis -------------------------------- 34 

Silenis ------------------------------------- 70 kentuckyensis _______________________ 6, 70; pl. 18 

subtriangulatus ------------------------- 70 

siliqua, Cytherellina ------------------------ 69 

Situs ------------------------------------- 68 sinuidorsata, Easchmidwlla ______________ 6, 56; pl. 12 

socialis, Eoaquapulex ----------------------- 5 

Sorenson's coefficient ----------------------- 8 

staufferi, Parabolbina ----------------------- 48 

stoermeri, Ceratopsis ------------------------ 34 

Stratigraphic framework --------------------- 5 

Strodes Creek Member, Lexington Limestone ___ 11 

strodescreekensis, Brevidorsa _____________ 6, 50; pl. 10 

subaequalis, Schmidwlla incompta ------------- 5 

subaequata, Bollia -------------------------- 5 

sublenticularis, Schmidwlla ------------------ 55 

suborbicularis, Brevidorsa ------------------- 50 subradiata, Eurychilina ________________ 4, 6, 46; pl. 9 
H80 

Page 

subtriangulatus, Silenis --------------------- 'lO 

Sugar River Formation ----------------------

Systematic paleontology --------------------- 19 

T 

Tanglewood Limestone Member, Lexington 

Limestone ------------------------------- 11, 13 

Tetradella --------------------------------- 5, 33 

chambersi ------------------------------ 44 

lunatifera ------------------------------ 5 

Tetradellidae ------------------------------- 29 

Thomasatia carinata ------------------------ 65 

tiara, Cystomatochilina ---------------------- 4'l 

torosa, Cyprideis --------------------------- 26 trachyreticulata, GephyrCYpsis ______________ 6, 27; pl. 3 

Trenton Formation ------------------------- 4 

Trenton shales ----------------------------- 4 

trentonensis, Aparchites minutissimus --------- 53 

Aparchites ----------------------------- 53 

Macrocyproides ------------------------- 5, 53 

trilobis, Ceratopsis -------------------------- 34 Hastatellina ___________________________ 34; pl. 5 

INDEX 

Page 

tumtda, Leperditella ____________________ 6, 52; pl. 11 

tvaerensis, Oepikella ------------------------ 49 

u 

Ulrichia 

nodosa ---------------------------------

nodosa -----------------------------

23 

23 

23 

paupera ---------------------------- 23 

saccula -------------------------------- 23 

(Ulrichia) umbonata, Pri1nitia ---------------- 46 

umbonata, Cyst01natochilina ------------------ 4'l 

Primitia (Ulrichia) ---------------------- 46 Schmidtella _________________________ 6, 55; pl. 12 

unguloidea, Bollia _________________________ 5, 19, 20 

unicornis, Leperditia ------------------------ 2, 64 

Primitiella ----------------------------- 64 

PseudCYprimitiella ----------------------- 65 

Uninodobolba ------------------------------- 62 franklinensis _______________________ 6, 62; pl. 14 

uphami, Byrsolopsina ----------------------- 5 

Page 

v 

ventrispinifera, Ctenobolbina ______________ 6, 29; pl. 4 

ventrosa, Eurychilina ----------------------- 5 

verrucosa, Kiesowia ------------------------- 23, 25 

Warthinia ----------------------------- 25 

Viola Formation ----------------------------

w 

wabiensis, Pullvillites ----------------------- 56 

Warthinia ----------------------------2, 10, 28, 2'1 

binoda --------------------------------- 23, 25 nodosa _________________________ 5, 6, 28; pis. 1, 2 

nodosa ----------------------------- 25 

paupera ---------------------------- 25 

saccula -------------------------------- 25 

verrucosa ------------------------------ 25 

whiteavesi, Aparchites ----------------------- 49, 51 

z 

zygocornis, Bollia americana ----------------- 19 

Zygospira sp ------------------------------- 35 
PLATES 1-19 

Contact photographs of the plates in this report are available, at cost, from U.S. Geological Survey 

Library, Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 80225. 
PLATE 1 

[Figures 6-10 and 19-20 are scanning electron micrographs] 

FIGURE 1. Quasibollia copelandi n. sp. (p. H21). 

Left valve, holotype, GSC 17084a, from the Middle Ordovician Bucke Formation, Lake Timiskaming, Ontario. x 30. 

2. Quasibollia persulcata (Ulrich, 1879) (p. H20). 

Right valve, lectotype, USNM 41524a, from the lower Upper Ordovician "Eden Group," lower division, Covington, Ky., according to 

old USNM label with specimens. x 30. 

3. Quasibollia ridicula (Keenan, 1951) (p. H21). 

Right valve, topotype, USNM 113457, from the Upper Ordovician Maquoketa Shale, Castlewood, Mo. x 30. 

4-10. Quasibollia persulcata (Ulrich, 1879) (p. H20). 

4. Left valve, hypotype, USNM 271012, from the Millersburg Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 7043-CO. x 30. 

5. Right valve, hypotype, USNM 271013, from the Clays Ferry Formation, USGS colin. 7 462-CO. x 30. 

6. Interior of right valve, hypotype, USNM 239965, from the Clays Ferry Formation, USGS colin. 7471-CO, showing anterodorsal pit, 10° tilt. x 100. 

7, 8. Lateroventral (45° tilt) and lateral (10° tilt) views of adult right valve, hypotype, USNM 239963, from the Millersburg 

Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 7455-CO. x 100. 

9. Lateral (10° tilt) view of adult-3 right valve, hypotype, USNM 239961, from the Millersburg Member of the Lexington 

Limestone, USGS colin. 7454-CO. x 200. 

10. Lateral (10° tilt) view of phosphatic mold, hypotype, USNM 239966, showing anterodorsal node represented by pit in fig. 6 and 

divided L2. These features are not present on adult valve exteriors. Specimen from the Millersburg Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 7454-CO. x 200. 

11. Quasibollia? sp. (p. H23). 

Internal mold of right valve, figured specimen, USNM 240016. x 30. 

12-21. Warthinia nodosa (Ulrich, 1890) (p. H23). 

12. Left valve, paralectotype, USNM 41552b, from the "Eden Group," Cincinnati, Ohio, according to old USNM label with 

specimens. x 30. 

13-15. Dorsal, left-lateral and right-lateral views of lectotype, USNM 41552a, from the "Eden Group," Cincinnati, Ohio, according 

to old USNM label with specimens. x 30. 

16, 17. Ventral and left-lateral views of hypotype, USNM 271014, from the Tanglewood Limestone Member of the Lexington 

Limestone, USGS colin. 7467-CO. x 30. 

18. Right valve, hypotype, USNM 239972, showing four nodes, from the Clays Ferry Formation, USGS colin. 7471-CO. x 30. 

19. Left-lateral view of carapace, hypotype, USNM 239973, from the Clays Ferry Formation, USGS colin. 7472-CO. x 30. 

20. Ventral (75° tilt) view of adult right valve, hypotype, USNM 239972, from the Clays Ferry Formation, USGS colin. 

7471-CO. X 200. 

21. Lateral (13° tilt) view of adult left valve, hypotype, USNM 239969, from the Clays Ferry Formation, 

USGS colin. 7471-CO. x 200. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSiONAL PAPER 1066-H PLATE 1 

1 2 3 

12 14 15 

l 13 

j 

4 5 

17 18 19 

11 16 

6 

20 

7 

8 

QUASIBOLLIA AND WARTHINIA 
PLATE 2 

[Figures 6-11 are scanning electron micrographs] 

FIGURE 1. Parenthatia punctata (Ulrich, 1894) (p. H26). 

Left? valve, lectotype, USNM 41684a, from the "Black River Group, Phylloporina bed," St. Paul, Minn., according to old USNM 

label with specimens. x 30. 

2-8. Parenthatia sadievillensis n. sp. (p. H26). 

2. Left valve, holotype, USNM 240035, from the Tanglewood Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 

7467-CO. X 30. 

3. Right valve, paratype, USNM 271016, from the Tanglewood Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 

7467-CO. X 30. 

4. Right valve, paratype, USNM 271017, from the Tanglewood Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 

7467-CO. X 30. 

5. Left valve, paratype, USNM 271018, from the Clays Ferry Formation, USGS colin. 7468-CO. x 30. 

6-8. Left valve, holotype, USNM 240035, lateroventral (64 o tilt), posteroventral (45° tilt), and lateral (19° tilt) views. x 200. 

9-11. Warthinia nodosa (Ulrich, 1890) (p. H23). 

9. Lateral (13° tilt) view of juvenile left valve, hypotype, USNM 239967, showing spinelike nodes, from the Clays Ferry Formation, USGS colln. 7 468-CO. x 200. 

10. Oblique posteroventral (45° tilt) view of adult-3left valve, hypotype, USNM 239968, showing spinose posterior node, from the 

Clays Ferry Formation, USGS colin. 7468-CO. x 200. 

11. Oblique posterodorsal (45° tilt) view of adult carapace with partly opened valves, hypotype, USNM 239973, from the Clays 

Ferry Formation, USGS colln. 7 468-CO. x 200. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROF'ESSJO?\IAL PAPU~ IO<Hi- H PLATE 

2 3 1 

5 

4 

6 

7 

8 

9 

11 

PARENTHATIA AND WARTHINJA 
PLATE 3 

[Figures 6-8, 11, 12, 14, 15 are scanning electron micrographs] 

FIGURE 1. Ballardina concentrica Harris, 1957 (p. H29). 

Left valve, holotype, MCZ 4619, from the Oil Creek Formation, 2.8 miles north of Springer, Okla. x 30. 

2-7. Ballardina millersburgia n. sp. (p. H28). 

2, 6, 7. Left valve, holotype, USNM 239983, from the Millersburg Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 7 455-CO. 2, 

x30. 6, 7. Lateroventral (45° tilt) and lateral (13° tilt) views. x 100. 

3. Right valve, paratype, USNM 271019, from the Millersburg Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 7455-CO. x 30. 

4. Right valve, paratype, USNM 239984, from the Millersburg Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 7 455-CO. x 30. 

5. Left valve, paratype, USNM 271020, from the Millersburg Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS 7455-CO. x 30. 

8-12. Gephyropsis trachyreticulata n. gen., n. sp. (p. H27). 

8. Lateroventral (65 ° tilt) view of holotype, USNM 239975, from the Millersburg Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 

7454-CO. X 200. 

9. Left-lateral view of holotype, a carapace. x 30. 

10. Right-lateral view of holotype. x 30. 

11. Oblique anterolateral view of holotype. x 200. 

12. Lateral (13° tilt) view of holotype, showing reticulation on sigmoid lobe. x 200. 

13-15. Jonesella gonyloba n. sp. (p. H27). 

13. Right valve, holotype, USNM 239981, from the Logana Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. D1196-CO. x 30. 

14. Lateroventral (45° tilt) view of holotype. x 100. 

15. Lateral (10° tilt) view of holotype. x 100. 
GEOLOGfCAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER lOGG-H PLATE :3 

2 3 

1 

6 

4 

5 

8 

9 

7 

10 

I 

11 14 

13 ... -__..--

BALLARDINA, GEPHYROPSIS, AND JONESELLA 
PLATE 4 

[Figures 8-10, 12-14 are scanning electron micrographs] 

FIGURES 1-14.· Ctenobolbina ventrispinijera n. sp. (p. H29). 

All specimens from the Millersburg Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colln .. 7053-CO. 

1, 2. Right-lateral and left-lateral views of juvenile carapace, paratype, USNM 271021. x 30. 

3, 4. Right-lateral and left-lateral views of larger. immature carapace, paratype, USNM 271022. x 30. 

5. Right-lateral view of adult-1 carapace, paratype, USNM 271023. x 30. · 

6. Right-lateral view of heteromorphic carapace, paratype, USNM 239978. x 30. 

7. Heteromorphic left valve, paratype, USNM 239977. x 30. 

8. Lateral (0° tilt) view of paratype, USNM 239977, showing spine base. x 55. 

9, 10. Laterodorsal and lateral (9° tilt) views of adult-3 carapace, paratype, l]SNM 239979, showing posterodorsal and postteroventral spines. x 100. 

11. Right-lateral view of tecnomorphic carapace, holotype, USNM 239976. x 30. 

12, 13. Right-lateral (0° tilt) and lateroventral (45° tilt) views of holotype, showing spine base and ventral structures. x 65. 

14. Oblique anteroventral (45° tilt) view of heteromorphic carapace, paratype, USNM 239978, showing wide antrum and 

marginal spines. X 100. 
GEOLOGrCAL SL:HYEY 'HC>FESSIO~AL PAPER lOliH--11 PLATE 4 

1 

3 

5 

7 

2 

4 

6 

8 

9 

11 

12 

10 

13 

CTENOBOLB!NA 
PLATE 5 

[All figures x 30] 

FIGURES 1-5. Ceratopsis oculifera (Hall, 1871) (p. H35). 

All specimens from the "Hudson-river shales at Cincinnati, Ohio" (Hall, 1871, p. 18). 

1. Lateral view of immature tecnomorphic left valve, holotype, UCMP 595/33255. 

2, 3. Lateral views of two juvenile tecnomorphic right valves, paratypes, UCMP 14655, 14656. 

4. Lateral view of tecnomorphic right valve, paratype, UCMP 14657. 

5. Lateral view of heteromorphic(?) right valve, paratype, UCMP 14658. 

6-12. Ceratopsis intermedia Ulrich, 1894. (p. H36). 

All specimens from the "Trenton gr." Bank Lick Creek near Covington, Ky., according to old USNM label. 

6. Lateral view of immature tecnomorphic left valve, paralectotype USNM 41500B, for comparison with holotype of C. 

oculifera. 

7. Lateral view of immature tecnomorphic right valve, paralectotype, USNM 41500C. 

8. Lateral view of tecnomorphic left valve, paralectotype, USNM 41500D. 

9. Lateral view of tecnomorphic right valve, paralectotype, USNM 41500E. 

10. Lateral view of immature tecnomorphic left valve, paralectotype, USNM 41500F. 

11. Lateral view of tecnomorphic right valve, lectotype, USNM 41500A. 

12. Interior view of heteromorphic right valve, showing velum, paralectotype, USNM 41500G. 

13-17. Ceratopsis ro~usta (Ulrich, 1894) (p. H35). 

Dorsal, anterior, ventral, right-lateral and left-lateral views of holotype, USNM 41335, from "Richmond, near Spring Valley, 

Minn., " according to old USNM label. 

18. Hastatellina? trilobis (Keenan, 1951) (p. H34). 

Lateral view of tecnomorphic right valve, topotype, USNM 113455a, from "Maquoketa, Castlewood, Mo.," according to old 

USNM label. 

19. Ceratopsis quadrifida (Jones, 1891) (p. H35). 

Lateral view of broken left valve, holotype, GSC 17707, from "a dark grey, hard limestone, (Trenton) * * * at Lorette Falls, 

River St. Charles, Province of Quebec." (Jones, 1891, p. 66). 
GEOLOCICAL Sl' R\'EY PROFESSIOl\'AL PAPER lOfii>-H PLATE 5 

2 

4 

3 

6 

8 

9 

10 

18 

19 

CERATOPSIS AND HASTATELLINA? 
PLATE 6 

[All figures scanning electron micrographs[ 

Fit:URES 1-3, 5, 6. Ceratopsis asymmetrica n. sp. (p. H40). 

All figures from Grier Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 4879-CO. 

1, 2, 5. Oblique posteroventral (45° tilt), anteroventral (45° tilt), and posteroventral (45° tilt) views of adult 

tecnomorphic carapace, paratype, USNM 239989, showing unequal width of the subvelar areas on opposing 

valves. x 50. 

3, 6. Lateroventral (45° tilt) and lateral (9° tilt) views of adult tecnomorphic left valve, holotype, USNM 239988. 

X 50. 

4, 7-10. Ceratopsis intermedia Ulrich, 1894 (p. H36). 

All figures from Grier Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 4879-CO. 

4, 7, 8. Slightly oblique anteroventral (45° tilt), oblique posteroventral (45° tilt), and posteroventral (57° tilt) 

views of adult tecnomorphic carapace, hypotype, USNM 239992, showing equal subvelar areas on both valves. 

X 50. 

9, 10. Lateroventral (45° tilt) and lateral (9° tilt) views of adult tecnomorphic left valve, hypotype, USNM 

239991. X 50. 
GEOLOGICAL Sl'R\'EY 

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CERATOPSIS 
PLATE 7 

[Figures \J, Hi, 17 are scanning electron micrographs! 

Fl<;t'KES 1-5. Ceratopsis sp. (p. H38). 

Juvenile specimens (USNM 271024-271028) not certainly referable to species, showing progressive development of S3. All from 

the Clays Ferry Formation, USGS colin. 6945-CO. x 30. 

6-9, 17. Ceratopsis intermedia Ulrich, 1894 (p. H36). 

6. Immature right valve, adult-4?, hypotype, USNM 271029, from the Clays Ferry Formation, USGS colin. 6945-CO. x 30. 

7. Immature left valve, adult-4?, hyotype, USNM 271030, from the Grier Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone, 

USGS colin. 4879-CO. x 30. 

8. Adult tecnomorphic left valve, hypotype, USNM 271031, from the Grier Limestone Member of the Lexinbrton Limestone, 

USGS colin. 4879-CO. x 30. 

9. Heteromorphic left valve, hypotype, USNM 239994, lateral view (10° tilt), from the Grier Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 01309-CO. x 50. 

17. Oblique anterior view of adult tecnomorphic left valve, hypotype, USNM 239991, showing details of speral process and 

pores along edge of velar ridge, from the Grier Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 4879-CO. x 100. 

10-12. Ceratopsis asyrnrnetrica n. sp. (p. H40). 

10. Immature left valve, adult-4, paratype, USNM 271032, from the Clays Ferry Formation, USGS colin. 6945-CO. x 30. 

11. Immature left valve, adult-2, paratype, USNM 271033, from the Grier Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone, 

USGS colin. 4879-CO. x 30. 

12. Adult tecnomorphic left valve, paratype, USNM 271034, from the Clays Ferry Formation, USGS colin. 6945-CO. x 30. 

13-15. Ceratopsisfirnbriata n. sp. (p. H43). 

13. Tecnomorphic left valve, paratype, USNM 240001, from the Clays Ferry Formation, USGS colin. 6945-CO. x 30. 

14. Immature left valve, paratype, USNM 240003, from the Clays Ferry Formation, USGS colin. 6945-CO. x 30. 

15. Heteromorphic right valve, holotype, USNM 240002, from the Millersburg Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS 

colin. 7079-CO. x 30. 

16. Ceratupsis charnbersi (Miller, 1874) (p. H44). 

Lateral (10° tilt) view of poorly preserved adult tecnomorphic left valve, hypotype, USNM 240004, from the Clays Ferry 

Formation, USGS colin. 7478-CO. x 46. 
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CERATOPSIS 
PLATE 8 

[Figures 3-5, 7, 8, are scanning electron micrographs] 

FIGURES 1-4. Ceratopsis? sp. (p. H45). 

1. Right valve, figured specimen, USNM 271035, from the Clays Ferry Formation, USGS colin. 7477-CO. x 30. 

2. Right valve, figured specimen, USNM 240020, from the Clays Ferry Formation, USGS colin. 7477-CO. x 30. 

3. Lateral (13° tilt) view of figured specimen, USNM 240020. x 50. 

4. Anterolateral (85° tilt) view of figured specimen, USNM 240020, showing merged histial and velar structures. x 100. 

5. Ceratopsis chambersi (Miller, 1874) (p. H44). 

Lateral (10° tilt) view of heteromorphic right valve, hypotype, USNM 240005, from the Clays Ferry Formation, USGS colin. 

7471-CO. X 50. 

6, 7. Ceratopsis intermedia Ulrich, 1894 (p. H36). 

6. Heteromorphic right valve, hypotype, USNM 271036, from the Millersburg Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS 

colin. 7079-CO. x 30. 

7. Oblique posteroventral (45° tilt) view of tecnomorphic left valve, hypotype, USNM 239991, showing fimbria on speral process, from the Grier Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 4879-CO. x 50. 

8. Ceratopsis asymmetrica n. sp. (p. H40). 

Oblique anterior (60° tilt) view of holotype, USNM 239988, showing detail of speral process. x 100. 
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CERATOPSIS? AND CERATOPSIS 
PLATE 9 

!Figures 14, 18 are scanning electron microl.(raphsJ 

FltiURES 1-3. Hesperidella? initialis (Ulrich, 1894) (p. H48). 

1. Left valve, holotype, USNM 41666, from the Guttenberg Limestone Member of the Decorah Shale, Minneapolis Minn. x 

30. 

2, 3. Left and right valves, hypotypes, USNM ,271037, 271038, from the Curdsville Limestone Member of the Lexington 

Limestone, USGS colin. 5083-CO. x 30. 

4. Dicranella sp. (p. H45). 

Right valve, figured specimen, USNM 271039, from the Millersburg Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 

7041-CO. X 30. 

5. Dicranella? marginata Ulrich, 1894 (p. H45). 

Broken left valve, holotype, USNM 41368, from the Guttenberg Limestone Member of the Decorah Shale, near Fountain, Minn. 

X 30. 

6. Dicranella? sp. aff. D.? marginata Ulrich, 1894 (p. H45). 

Left valve, figured specimen, USNM 271040, from the Curdsville Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 

5083-CO. X 30. 

7, 8. Platybolbina (Rimabolbina) nitida (Ulrich, 1890) (p. H47). 

7. Right valve, holotype, USNM 41334, from the Perryville(?) Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone near Paris, Ky, 

(float). x 30. 

8. Right valve, topotype, USNM 41334a, on chip with holotype. x 30. 

9. Apatochilina obesa (Ulrich, 1890) (p. H48). 

Left? valve, holotype, USNM 41624, from the Camp Nelson Limestone, High Bridge, Ky. x 30. 

10-14, 18. Cystomatochilina reticulotiara n. sp. (p. H46). 

10. Right valve, holotype, USNM 240027, from the Strodes Creek Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 7318-CO. 

X 30. 

11. Right valve, paratype, USNM 240029, from the Strodes Creek Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 7325-CO. 

X 30. 

12. Right valve, paratype, USNM 240028, from the Strodes Creek Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 7312-CO. 

X 30. 

13. Right valve, paratype, USNM 240030, from the Strodes Creek Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS 7312-CO, x 30. 

14. Slightly oblique posterolateral view of holotype, specimen at approximately 4 o tilt, showing concentric striae on velum and 

partioning of velum along radial lines. x 150. 

18. Posteroventral part of domicilium of holotype, approximately 36° tilt, showing reticulation, radial and concentric ornamentation on velum, and nodes at junction of domicilium and velum. x 500. 

15-17. Eurychilina subradiata Ulrich, 1890 (p. H46). 

15. Broken right valve, hypotype, USNM 271041, from the Curdsville Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS 

colin. 5083-CO. x 30. 

16. Left valve, topotype, USNM 41614a, on same chip of rock with syntype USNM 41614 showing punctate ornamentation. 

x30. 

17. Left valve, syntype, USNM 41614, from the Platteville Limestone at Dixon, Ill. x 30. 
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HESPER/DELLA?, DICRANELLA, DICRANELLA?, PLATYBOLBINA (RIMABOLBINA), APATOCHILINA, 

CYSTOMATOCHILINA, EURYCHILINA 
PLATE 10 

[Figures 12-15 are scanning electron micrographs] 

FIGURE 1. Macronotella? sp. (p. H49). 

Left valve, figured specimen, USNM 271042, from the Curdsville Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 

5083-CO. X 30. 

2. Saccelatia sp. (p. H51). 

Right valve, figured specimen, USNM 271043, from the Curdsville Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 

5083-CO. X 30. 

3-5. Hyperchilarina ovata Harris, 1957 (p. H51). 

Ventral, right-lateral and left-lateral views of carapace, holotype, MCZ 4511, from the Tulip Creek Formation, Zone 31, U.S. 

Highway 77 section, Oklahoma. x 30. 

6. Oepikella sp. (p. H49). 

Right valve, figured specimen, USNM 271044, from the Curdsville Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 

5083-CO. X 30. 

7. "Aparchites" sp. (p. H49). 

Right valve, figured specimen, USNM 271045, from the Curdsville Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 

5083-CO. X 30. 

8-15. Brevidorsa strodescreekensis n. sp. (p. H50). 

8, 9. Ventral and left-lateral views of carapace, holotype, USNM 240051, from the Strodes Creek Member of the Lexington 

Limestone, USGS colin. 7318-CO. x 30. 

10, 11. Left-lateral and right-lateral views of carapace, paratype, USNM 240053, from the Strodes Creek Member of the Lexington 

Limestone, USGS colin. 7318-CO. x 30. 

12. Lateroventral view (45° tilt) of holotype, showing pillar structures on left valve. x 50. 

13. Right-lateral (0° tilt) view of carapace, paratype, USNM 240052, from the Strodes Creek Member of the Lexington Limestone, 

USGS colin. 7318-CO. x 50. 

14. Posteroventral view (0° tilt) of paratype, USNM 240052, showing details of punctae. x 200. 

15. Posteroventral view (70° tilt) of marginal region of holotype, showing details of pillar structures on left valve. x 200. 
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MACRONOTELLA ?, SACCELATIA, HYPERCHILARINA, OEPIKELLA, "APARCHITES ," BREVIDORSA 
PLATE 11 

[Figure 9 is a scanning electron micrograph) 

FIGURES 1-4. Leperditella? perplexa n. sp. (p. H53). 

1-3. Right-lateral, left-lateral, and dorsal views of carapace, holotype, USNM 271046, from the Millersburg Member of the 

Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 7043-CO. x 30. 

4. Right valve, paratype, USNM 240045, from the Millersburg Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 7039-CO. 

X 30. 

5, 6. Anisocyamus excavatus (Harris, 1957) (p. H52). 

Right-lateral and left-lateral views of holotype, MCZ 4595, from the Tulip Creek Formation, Oklahoma Highway 99 section, 

Oklahoma. x 30. 

7-9. Anisocyamus? sp. (p. H52). 

7. Right valve, figured specimen, USNM 271047, from the Strodes Creek Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 

7312-CO. X 30. 

8. Corroded right valve, figured specimen, USNM 240018, from the Clays Ferry Formation, USGS colin. 7459-CO. x 30. 

9. Lateral (10° tilt) view of figured specimen, USNM 240018, showing posterior ridge. x 50. 

10-14. Leperditella sp. aff. L. tumida (Ulrich, 1892) (p. H52). 

10-12. Right-lateral, left-lateral and dorsal views of a carapace, figured specimen, USNM 271048, from the Millersburg 

Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 7041-CO. x 30. 

13. Right valve, figured specimen, USNM 271049, from the Clays Ferry Formation, USGS colin. Dl170-CO. x 30. 

14. Left valve, figured specimen, USNM 271050, from the Clays Ferry Formation, USGS colin. Dl171-CO. x 30. 

15, 16. Leperditella? canalis Ulrich, 1894 (p. H54). 

Ventral and lateral views of right valve, holotype, USNM 41304, from the "lower limestone of the Trenton formation," 

Minneapolis, Minn., according to old USNM label. x 30. 

17. Leperditella? sp. cf. L.? canalis Ulrich, 1894 (p. H53). 

Right? valve, figured specimen, USNM 271051, from the Strodes Creek Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 

7312-CO. X 30. 

18, 19. Leperditella tumida (Ulrich, 1892) (p. H52). 

Right valves, syntypes, USNM 41310, from the upper part of the High Bridge Group, High Bridge, Ky. x 30. 
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LEPERDITELLA?, ANISOCYAMUS, ANISOCYAMUS?,AND LEPERDITELLA 
PLATE 12 

[Figures !J, I 0, and Hi are scanning electron micrographs! 

FIGURE 1. Byrsolopsina? sp. (p. H54). 

Lateral view of one valve, figured specimen, USNM, 240015, from the Curdsville Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone, 

USGS colin. 5899-CO. x 30. 

2-10. Easchmidtella sinuidorsata n. sp. (p. H56). 

2, 3. Left-lateral and dorsal views of carapace, holotype, USNM 240049, from the Strodes Creek Member of the Lexington 

Limestone, USGS colin. 7312-CO. x 30. 

4, 5. Right-lateral and left-lateral views of carapace, paratype, USNM 240050, from the Strodes Creek Member of the Lexington 

Limestone, USGS colin. 7312-CO. x 30. 

6, 7. Left-lateral and right-lateral views of a more elongate carapace, paratype, USNM 240050a, from the Strodes Creek Member 

of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 7312-CO. x 30. 

8. Right valve, paratype, USNM 271052, from the Strodes Creek Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 7325-CO. 

X 30. 

9, 10. Dorsolateral (approximately 25° tilt) and lateroventral (approximately 25° tilt) views of holotype. x 100. 

11-16. Schmidtella brevis Ulrich, 1894 (p. H55). 

11. Left? valve, hypo type, USNM 240025, from the Millersburg Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 7 455-CO. x 30. 

12, 15. Lateral and internal views of valve, hypotype, USNM 271053, from the Clays Ferry Formation, USGS colin. 7471-CO. 

X 30. 

13. Left? valve, holotype, USNM 41299, from the lower part of the Decorah Shale near Fountain, Minn. x 30. 

14. Right? valve, hypotype, USNM 271054, from the Clays Ferry Formation, USGS colin. D1171-CO. x 30. 

16. Lateral (10" tilt) view of hypotype, USNM 240025. x 100. 

17, 18. Schmidtella umbonata Ulrich, 1894 (p. H55). 

17. Left? valve, lectotype, USNM 41301a, from the Ion Dolomite Member of the Decorah Formation, St. Paul, Minn. x 30 

18. Left? valve, hypotype, USNM 271055, from the Curdsville Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 

5083-CO. X 30. 

19, 20. Schmidtella crassimarginata Ulrich, 1892 (p. H54). 

19. Right? valve, holotype, USNM 41295, from the Platteville Formation at Mineral Point, Wis. x 30. 

20. Interior of left valve, paratype, USNM 41295a, from the Platteville Formation at Mineral Point, Wis. x 30. 
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BYRSOLOPSINA?, EASCHMIDTELLA, AND SCH.MIDTELLA 
PLATE 13 

[All figures are scanning electron micrographs] 

FIGURES 1, 4. Laccoprimitia rudis (Ulrich, 1890) (p. H58). 

1. Interior view (35° tilt) of adult right valve, hypotype, USNM 240011, showing straight hingeline, from the Clays Ferry 

Formation, USGS colin. 7468-CO. x 100. 

4. Lateroventral view (45° tilt) of adult left valve, hypotype, USNM 240010, from the Clays Ferry Formation, USGS colin. 

7468-CO. X 100. 

2, 3, 5, 6. Laccoprimitia cryptomorphologica n. sp. (p. H59). 

2. Interior view (0° tilt) of adult right valve, paratype, USNM 239996, showing hingeline, from the Millersburg Member of the 

Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 7455-CO. x 100. 

3. Lateral (10° tilt) view of a juvenile left valve, paratype, USNM 239998, from the Millersburg Member of the Lexington 

Limestone, USGS colin. 7455-CO. x 100. . 

5, 6. Oblique posteroventral (45° tilt) and lateral (10° tilt) views of holotype, USNM 239995, from the Millersburg Member of 

the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 7455-CO. x 100. 

7, 8. Laccoprimitia claysferryensis n. sp. (p. H60). 

7. Lateral (10° tilt) view of left valve, paratype, USNM 240007, from the Clays Ferry Formation, 1-JSGS colin. D1171-CO. 

X 100. 

8. Oblique posteroventral (approximately 60° tilt) view of left valve, paratype, USNM '240008, from the Clays Ferry Formation, USGS colin. D1170-CO. x 200. 
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LACCOPRIMITIA 
PLATE 14 

[Figures 36, 40, 41 are scanning electron micrographs] 

FIGURES 1-5. Milleratia perminima (Ulrich, 1890) (p. H61). 

1, 2. Left valves, syntypes, USNM 41436, from the Point Pleasant Tongue of the Clays Ferry Formation, mouth of Licking 

River, Covington, Ky. x 30. 

3. Right valve, hypotype, USNM 271056, from slab numbered USNM 41500 from the Point Pleasant Tongue of the Clays 

Ferry Formation, Banklick Creek, near Covington, Ky. x 30. 

4, 5. Right valves, hypotypes, USNM 271057, 271058, from the Point Pleasant Tongue of the Clays Ferry Formation, 

Moffett Road section, De Mossville Quadrangle, Kentucky, USGS colin. 8406-CO. x. 30. 

6. Milleratia cincinnatiensis (Miller, 1875) (p. H57). 

Left valve, syntype, UC 8789, Upper Ordovician, Indiana or Ohio. x 30. 

7. Laccoprimitia shideleri (Levinson, 1951) (p. H57). 

Left valve, holotype, USNM 116364, from the Elkhorn Formation of the Richmond Group, one-quarter mile north of Fairhaven, 

Ohio. x 30. 

8. Laccoprimitia centralis (Ulrich, 1890) (p. H57). 

Left valve, holotype, USNM 41337, from the Point Pleasant Tongue of the Clays Ferry Formation, Ohio River bed, Covington, 

Ky. X 30. 

9-19. Laccoprimitia rudis (Ulrich, 1890) (p. H58). 

9. Right valve, holotype, USNM 41345, from the Kope Formation, Covington, Ky. x 30. 

10-13. Left-lateral, ventral, right-lateral and dorsal views of a carapace, hypotype, USNM 271059, from the Clays Ferry Formation, USGS colin. 7468-CO. x 30. 

14, 15. Left valves, hypotypes, USNM 271060, 240010, from the Clays Ferry Formation, USGS colin. 7468-CO. x 30. 

16. Right valve, hypotype, USNM 240012, from the Clays Ferry Formation, USGS colin. 7468-CO. x 30. 

17. Juvenile left valve, hypotype, USNM 271061, from the Clays Ferry Formation, USGS colin. 7468-CO. x 30. 

18, 19. Right valves, hypotypes, USNM 271062, 271063, from the Clays Ferry Formation, USGS colin. 7468-CO. x 30. 

20-27. Laccoprimitia cryptorrwrphologica n. sp. (p. H59). 

20. Juvenile left valve, paratype, USNM 239998, from the Millersburg Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 

7455-CO. X 30. 

21-23. Dorsal, left-lateral and right-lateral views of carapace, paratype, USNM 271064, from the Millersburg Member of the 

Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 7455-CO. x 30. 

24, 25. Exterior and interior views of right valve, paratype, USNM 271065, from the Clays Ferry Formation, USGS colin. 

7471-CO. X 30. 

26. Right valve, holotype, USNM 239995, from the Millersburg Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 7455-CO. x 

30. 

27. Left valve, para type, USNM 239997, from the Millersburg Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 7 455-CO. x 

30. 

28-32. Laccoprimitia claysferryensis n. sp. (p. H60). 

28. Right valve, holotype, USNM 240006, from the Clays Ferry Formation, USGS colin. D1169-CO. x 30. 

29, 30. Right valves, paratypes, USNM 240009, 240008, from the Clays Ferry Formation, USGS colin. D1170-CO. x 30. 

31. Right valve, paratype, USNM 271066, from the Clays Ferry Formation, USGS colin. Dl171-CO. x 30. 

32. Right valve, paratype, USNM 240007, from the Clays Ferry Formation, USGS colin. D1169-CO. x 30. 

33. Ectoprimitia? sp. (p. H63). 

Left valve, figured specimen, USNM 271068, from the Curdsville Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 

5083-CO. X 30. 

34-36. Ectoprimitia? sp. cf. E.? diminucarina Kraft, 1962 (p. H62). 

34. Right valve, figured specimen, USNM, 240024, from the Strodes Creek Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 

7312-CO. X 30. 

35. Left valve, figured specimen, USNM 271069, from the Devils Hollow Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colln. 

D1207-CO. X 30. 

36. Lateral (10° tilt) view of figured speciman USNM 240024. x 130. 

37-41. Unirwdobolbafranklinensis n. gen., n. sp. (p. H62). 

37. Left valve, paratype, USNM 271070, from the Strodes Creek Member ofthe Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 7318-CO. 

X 30. 

38. Left valve, holotype, USNM 240037, from the Devils Hollow Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. D1207 -CO. 

X 30. 

39. Right valve, paratype, USNM 271071, from the Strodes Creek Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 7318-CO. 

X 30. 

40, 41. Lateroventral (52° tilt) and lateral (10° tilt) views of the holotype. x 100. 
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MILLERATIA, LACCOPRIMITIA, EC'TOPRIMITIA?, UNINODOBOLBA 
PLATE 15 

[Figures 7-9, 17, 18, and 20 are scanning electron micrographs] 

FIGURES 1-9. Ningulella sp. (p. H64). 

1. Right valve, figured specimen, USNM 271072, from the Grier Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS ~olin. 

4876-CO. X 30. 

2. Left valve, figured specimen, USNM 271073, from the Logana Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 

D1196-CO. X 30. 

3. Right valve, figured specimen, USNM 271074, from the Logana Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 

D1196-CO. X 30. 

4-6. Left valves, figured specimens, USNM 271075, 271076, and 240044, from the Logana Member of the Lexington 

Limestone, USGS colin. D1196-CO. x 30. 

7-9. Oblique posteroventral (45° tilt), oblique anteroventral (45° tilt) and lateral (10° tilt) views of figured specimen, USNM 

240044, showing posterior node. x 100. 

10-18. Ningulella paupera n. sp. (p. H63). 

10, 14. Right-lateral and left-lateral views of carapace, paratype, USNM 271077, from the Strodes Creek Member of the 

Lexington Limestone, USGS colln. 7318-CO. x 30. 

11-13. Dorsal, left-lateral, and ventral views of carapace, holotype, USNM 271078, from the Strodes Creek Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 7318-CO. x 30. 

15, 16. Left-lateral and dorsal views of paratype, USNM 240043, from the Strodes Creek Member of the Lexington Limestone, 

USGS colln. 7325-CO. x 30. 

17, 18. Left-lateroventral (45° tilt) and left-lateral (0°tilt) views of paratype, USNM 240043. x 50. 

19, 20. Pseudoprimitiella? sp. (p. H64). 

19. Left valve, figured specimen, USNM 240021, from the Clays Ferry Formation, USGS colin. 7471-CO. x 30. 

20. Lateral (10° tilt) view of figured specimen, USNM 240021. x 90. 
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NINGULELLA AND PSEUDOPRIMITIELLA? 
PLATE 16 

jFigurt•s 6, H, and !l are seanning eleetron mirrographsJ 

FI<;t·Ju: 1. BolboJn:sthia sculphlis (Ulrich, 1890) (p; H65). 

Broken and exfoliated right valve, holotype, USNM 41362, from the Perryville Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone, 

Perryville, Ky. x 30. 

2. Bolbopisthia reh:culata. (Kirk, 1928) (p. H65). 

Broken right valve, holotype, YPM 26820, from the Catheys Limestone, Nashville, Tenn. x 30. 

3-8. Bolbo7n:sthiCl sculptilis (Ulrich, 1890) (p. H65). 

3. Coarsely silicified right valve, hypotype, USNM 271079, from the Salvisa Bed of the Perryville Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 5015-CO. x 30. 

4. Broken right valve, hypotype, USNM 240022, from the Salvisa Bed of the Perryville Limestone Member of the Lexin!:,rton 

Limestone, USGS colin. 6915-CO. x 30. 

5, 7. Broken silicified right valves, hypotypes, USNM 271080,271081, from the Salvisa Bed of the Perryville Limestone Member of 

the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 6137-CO. x 30. 

6, 8. Lateroventral (45° tilt) and lateral (10° tilt) views of hypotype, USNM 240022. x 50. 

\J. Cystmna.toch.ilina. reticulotiara. n. sp. (p. H46). 

Detailed view (45° tilt) of preadductorial node of holotype, USNM 240027, showing pitted surface. x 500. 
GEOLOGICAL Sl1ln'EY PHOFESSf01'\AL PAPER J()(ili- l! PLATE Hi 

1 3 

2 

6 

9 

BOLBOPISTHIA AND CYSTOMATOCHILINA 
PLATE 17 

[Figures 23-29 are scanning electron micrographs] 

FIGURES 1-3. Cryptophyllus oboloides (Ulrich and Bassler, 1923) (p. H67). 

Lateral views of the three syntypes, USNM 82388, from the Decorah Shale, St. Paul, Minn. x 30. 

4-6. Cryptophyllus sp. (p. H67). 

Right-lateral, dorsal, and left-lateral views of figured specimen, USNM 271082, from the Curdsville Limestone Member of the 

Lexington Limestone, USGS coHn. 5083-CO. x 30. 

7-10. Eridoconcha rugosa (Ulrich and Bassler, 1923) (p. H67). 

7, 8. Lateral view of syntypes, USNM 82389, from the Corryville Bed, Maysvillian, Cincinnati, Ohio. x 30. 

9, 10. Dorsal and lateral views of carapace, syntype, USNM 82389. x 30. 

11. Americoncha marginata (Ulrich, 1890) (p. H67). 

Right? valve, holotype, USNM 41364, from the Maysvillian Stage, Cincinnati, Ohio. x 30. 

12. Americoncha multiannulata (Levinson, 1951) (p. H67). 

Right? valve, holotype, USNM 116365, from the Richmondian Stage, 1

12 mile south of Oxford, Ohio. x 30. 

13-29. Americoncha dubia n. sp. (p. H66). 

All specimens except figure 23 from the Clays Ferry Formation, USGS colln. 7468-CO. 

13. Juvenile left valve, paratype, USNM 271083, one lamella, no retained molts. x 30. 

14. Juvenile right valve, paratype, USNM 271084, two lamellae, one retained molt. x 30. 

15. Juvenile right valve, paratype, USNM 271085, one lamella, no retained molts. x 30. 

16. Juvenile right valve, paratype, USNM 271086, two lamellae, one retained molt. x 30. 

17. Adult right valve, para type, USNM 271087, two lamellae, one retained molt. x 30. 

18, 19. Right and left views of carapace, holotype, USNM 240038, two lamellae, one retained molt. x 30. 

20. Elongate adult right valve, paratype, USNM 271088, two lamellae, one retained molt. x 30. 

21. Left valve, paratype, USNM 240040, three lamellae, two retained molts. x 30. 

22. Internal (10° tilt) view of paratype, USNM 240040. x 100. 

23. Left valve, paratype, USNM 240042, two lamellae, one retained molt, from the Millersburg Member of the Lexington 

Limestone, USGS colln. 7454-CO. x 30. 

24, 25. Lateral (10° tilt) and lateroventral (45° tilt) views of paratype, USNM 240042. x 100. 

26, 27. Oblique posterolateral (56° tilt) and oblique anterior (56° tilt) views of carapace with two retained molts, unnumbered, 

specimen lost. x 100. 

28, 29. Lateral (10° tilt) and lateroventral (56° tilt) views of right valve with two retained molts, unnumbered, specimen lost. 

X 100. 
GEOLOGICAL Sl'R\'EY l'ROI·' ESSIO:..'AL PAPER I0£1fi-H PLATE 17 

1 2 4 3 6 

25 

22 

28 

CRYPTOPHYLLUS, ERIDOCONCHA, AKD A1VIERICONCHA 
PLATE 18 

[Figures 17, 18, and 23-25 are scanning electron micrographs] 

FIGURES 1-4. Shenandoia? sp. (p. H70). 

1, 2. Left-lateral and dorsal views of a carapace, figured specimen, USNM 271089, from the Strodes Creek Member of the 

Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 7312-CO. x 30. 

3, 4. Right-lateral and dorsal views of a carapace, figured specimen, USNM 271090, from the Strodes Creek Member of the 

Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 7312-CO. x 30. 

5-7. Elliptocyprites sp. (p. H70). 

5. Left valve, figured specimen, USNM 240033, from the Strodes Creek Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 

7318-CO. X 30. 

6, 7. Right-lateral and dorsal views of carapace, figured specimen, USNM 240034, from the Strodes Creek Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 7312-CO. x 30. 

8-18. Phelobythocypris cylindrica (Hall, 1871) (p. H68). 

8. Right valve, hypotype, USNM 271091, from the Curdsville Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 

5083-CO. X 30. 

9, 10. Right-lateral and dorsal views of carapace, hypotype, USNM 271092, from the Strodes Creek Member of the Lexington 

Limestone, USGS colin. 7312-CO. x 30. 

11. Right valve, hypotype, USNM 271093, from the Millersburg Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 7454-CO. x 

30. 

12, 13. Internal views of left and right valves, hypotypes, USNM 271094, 271095, from the Clays Ferry Formation, USGS 

colin. 6945-CO. x 30. 

14. Left-lateral view of carapace, hypotype, USNM 41795, from the upper third of the Kope Formation, Cincinnati, Ohio. x 30. 

15, 16. Right-lateral and dorsal views of carapace, hypotype, USNM 271096, from the Strodes Creek Member of the Lexington 

Limestone, USGS colin. 7312-CO. x 30. 

17, 18. Lateroventral (45° tilt) and lateral (10° tilt) views of carapace, hypotype, USNM 240031, from the Tanglewood 

Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 7467-CO. x 50. 

19-25. Silenis kentuckyensis n. sp. (p. H70). 

19, 20. Dorsal and left-lateral views of holotype, USNM 240056, from the Strodes Creek Member of the Lexington Limestone, 

USGS colin. 7318-CO. x 30. 

21, 22. Left-lateral and right-lateral views ofparatype, USNM 240057, from the Strodes Creek Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 7318-CO. x 30. 

23. Dorsal (56° tilt) view of paratype, USNM 240057. x 85. 

24, 25. Lateroventral (70° tilt) and lateral (10° tilt) views of holotype, USNM 240056. x 100. 
1 

2 

11 

20 

21 

4 

3 

12 

15 

19 

5 

8 

13 

/ 

/ / 

I'IWFE~~IO::\AL PAPER JO(ifi H PLATE 1~ 

6 

7 

9 

14 

10 

18 

24 

-- - ----... 

25 

SHENANDOIA?, ELLIPTOCYPRITES, PHELOBYTHOCYPRIS, AND SILENIS 
PLATE 19 

[Figures 3-5, 10, 11, and 14-17 are scanning electron micrographs] 

FIGURES 1-5. Reversocypris? sp. (p. H71). 

1, 2. Left?-lateral and right?-lateral views of carapace, figured specimen, USNM 240023, from the Strodes Creek Member of 

the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 7325-CO. x 30. 

3-5. Lateral (10° tilt), laterodorsal (45° tilt), and oblique anterodorsal (45° tilt) views of figured specimen, USNM 240023. x 

100. 

6-11. Pseudorayella sp. aff. P. ovalis Neckaja, 1960 (p. H71). 

6, 8. Dorsal and right-lateral views of carapace, figured specimen, USNM 240058, from the Strodes Creek Member of the 

Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 7318-CO. x 30. 

7, 9. Dorsal and left-lateral views of carapace, figured specimen, USNM 271097, from the Strodes Creek Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 7312-CO. x 30. 

10, 11. Lateral (9° tilt) and lateroventral (45° tilt) views of figured specimen, USNM 240058. x 50. 

12-17. Krausella sp. (p. H71). 

12, 13. Lateral and dorsal views of carapace, figured specimen, USNM 240014, from the Strodes Creek Member of the Lexington Limestone, USGS colin. 7312-CO. x 30. 

14-17. Oblique anteroventral (45° tilt), laterodorsal (60° tilt), oblique posteroventral (45° tilt), and lateral {10° tilt) views of 

figured specimen, USNM 240014. x 50. 
GF.OLO(; IC:AL Sl'RVEY l'IWFESSIO:'\TAL PAI'b!~ IO!i!i-h PLATE 19 

1 2 

8 

6 

7 

9 

3 

10 

5 

4 11 

12 

14 16 

13 

REVERSOCYPRIS?, PSEUDORAYELLA, AND KRAUSELLA