Filed 7/13/15 P. v. Hamilton CA4/1

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COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

KEITH HAMILTON,

Defendant and Appellant.

 D066031

 (Super. Ct. No. SCE333297)

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, John M. 

Thompson, Judge. Affirmed.

Benjamin Boyce Kington, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for 

Defendant and Appellant.

Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, 

Eric A. Swenson and Joy Utomi, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and 

Respondent.

A jury convicted Keith Hamilton of petty theft. (Pen. Code, § 484; further 

statutory references are to the Penal Code.) Hamilton admitted a prior violent or serious 

felony conviction under former section 666, subdivision (b)(1); a prison prior under 
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former section 667.5, subdivision (b); and two strike priors under section 667, 

subdivision (d). Under People v. Superior Court (Romero) (1996) 13 Cal.4th 497, the 

trial court dismissed Hamilton's strike priors for all purposes. The court sentenced 

Hamilton to four years in prison. 

Hamilton appeals. He contends (1) the court erred by not instructing the jury sua 

sponte with CALCRIM No. 358 to view Hamilton's out-of-court statements with caution 

(or, alternatively, his counsel was ineffective for failing to request such an instruction); 

(2) the court erred by not instructing the jury sua sponte with CALCRIM No. 332 

regarding the evaluation of expert testimony; (3) the court erred by not instructing the 

jury sua sponte with CALCRIM No. 302 regarding the evaluation of conflicting 

evidence; and (4) a recently enacted initiative, Proposition 47, applies retroactively and 

compels resentencing. 

During the pendency of this appeal, the trial court resentenced Hamilton as a 

misdemeanant under Proposition 47. Hamilton's last contention is therefore moot. The 

remaining errors Hamilton identifies were not prejudicial either singly or together. We 

affirm the judgment.

FACTS

In August 2013, Hamilton entered a Sears department store in El Cajon, 

California. Hamilton was carrying two large plastic trash bags full of material. He went 

to the shoe department and picked up an $85 pair of Esker brand shoes. Hamilton took 

his own shoes off his feet, put on the Esker shoes, placed his old shoes in the Esker box, 
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and put the Esker box back on the shelf. He stood up and walked around the Sears shoe 

department.

Vincent Keller and Colleen Dillon, two Sears loss prevention employees, 

monitored Hamilton's activities from a back office via security cameras. Keller went to 

the sales floor, where he began to follow Hamilton. Keller made eye contact with 

Hamilton, and Hamilton saw Keller use his walkie-talkie. Hamilton walked around the 

store for a time and finally exited the Sears store. When Hamilton was a few feet outside 

the Sears store, Keller confronted him. Keller said, "Sears security. Loss prevention 

agent. I see you have some merchandise on that you didn't pay for." According to 

Keller, Hamilton replied that he thought Keller might give him the benefit of the doubt 

and let him leave with the shoes. Keller and Dillon escorted Hamilton to their back 

office and called police. While Keller and Dillon waited for police to arrive, they talked 

with Hamilton. Dillon recalled that Hamilton told Keller he left the store because he 

"just needed a new pair of shoes."

At trial, Keller and Dillon testified regarding their observations and interactions 

with Hamilton. Hamilton testified in his own defense. Hamilton claimed that he saw 

Keller, knew he was a security guard, and was merely toying with him by leading him 

around the Sears store. Hamilton testified that he did not leave the store and did not 

intend to steal the Esker shoes. He said he had money and wanted to buy new shoes. 

Hamilton would not confirm Keller and Dillon's account of his statements. Instead, 

Hamilton testified that Keller said, "Well, I know you seen me," to which Hamilton 

replied, "Yeah. Well that's why I didn't go out there," i.e., leave the Sears store. 
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DISCUSSION

I

Hamilton contends the court erred by not instructing the jury sua sponte with 

CALCRIM No. 358, including its bracketed portion advising the jury to view evidence of 

a defendant's unrecorded out-of-court statement with caution. CALCRIM No. 358 

provides as follows: "You have heard evidence that the defendant made [an] oral or 

written statement[s] (before the trial/while the court was not in session). You must 

decide whether the defendant made any (such/of these) statement[s], in whole or in part. 

If you decide that the defendant made such [a] statement[s], consider the statement[s], 

along with all the other evidence, in reaching your verdict. It is up to you to decide how 

much importance to give to the statement[s]. [¶] [Consider with caution any statement 

made by (the/a) defendant tending to show (his/her) guilt unless the statement was 

written or otherwise recorded.]." 

At the time of Hamilton's trial, the court had a duty to provide such an instruction: 

"When evidence is admitted establishing that the defendant made oral admissions, the 

trial court ordinarily has a sua sponte duty to instruct the jury that such evidence must be 

viewed with caution." (People v. Slaughter (2002) 27 Cal.4th 1187, 1200.) During this 

appeal, the Supreme Court abrogated this precedent and held that a court should provide 

such an instruction only upon request. (People v. Diaz (2015) 60 Cal.4th 1176, 1190-

1191 (Diaz).)

Hamilton argues that Diaz should not apply retroactively to his trial (see Diaz,

supra, 60 Cal.4th at p. 1195 [reserving question of retroactivity]) and, even if it does, his 
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counsel was ineffective by not requesting CALCRIM No. 358. We need not decide the 

question of retroactivity because we conclude, like Diaz, that any error in not instructing 

the jury with CALCRIM No. 358 was harmless even assuming the court was required to 

give the instruction sua sponte. (See Diaz, supra, 60 Cal.4th at p. 1195.)

We assess prejudice under the standard for state law errors: "[W]hether it is 

reasonably probable the jury would have reached a result more favorable to defendant 

had the instruction been given." (Diaz, supra, 60 Cal.4th at p. 1195, citing People v. 

Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 835-836.) "[A] 'probability' in this context does not mean 

more likely than not, but merely a reasonable chance, more than an abstract possibility." 

(College Hospital Inc. v. Superior Court (1994) 8 Cal.4th 704, 715.)

Here, like Diaz, the court provided the jury with other instructions that bear on the 

jury's assessment of Hamilton's out-of-court statements, including CALCRIM No. 226, 

regarding the credibility and believability of witnesses. (See Diaz, supra, 60 Cal.4th at p. 

1196.) Like Diaz, more than one witness testified to the incriminating nature of 

Hamilton's statements. (See id. at p. 1195.) And, even setting aside Hamilton's 

statements, the jury heard persuasive evidence of Hamilton's guilt: his decision to put on 

the Esker shoes and leave his old shoes behind, his act of walking around the store in the 

Esker shoes, and his subsequent exit from the store. While Hamilton presented a 

conflicting version of events, it is not reasonably probable that giving CALCRIM No. 

358 would have affected the jury's resolution of this conflict given the state of the 

evidence and the instructions the court in fact provided. (See Diaz, supra, 60 Cal.4th at 

p. 1195.) For the same reasons, assuming Hamilton's counsel should have requested 
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CALCRIM No. 358, Hamilton has not shown any prejudice from any alleged 

incompetence by his counsel. (See People v. Dickey (2005) 35 Cal.4th 884, 907.)

II

Hamilton argues the court erred by not instructing the jury sua sponte with 

CALCRIM No. 332 regarding the jury's evaluation of expert testimony. CALCRIM No. 

332 provides, in relevant part, as follows: "(A witness was/Witnesses were) allowed to 

testify as [an] expert[s] and to give [an] opinion[s]. You must consider the opinion[s], 

but you are not required to accept (it/them) as true or correct. The meaning and 

importance of any opinion are for you to decide. In evaluating the believability of an 

expert witness, follow the instructions about the believability of witnesses generally. In 

addition, consider the expert's knowledge, skill, experience, training, and education, the 

reasons the expert gave for any opinion, and the facts or information on which the expert 

relied in reaching that opinion. You must decide whether information on which the 

expert relied was true and accurate. You may disregard any opinion that you find 

unbelievable, unreasonable, or unsupported by the evidence." 

Hamilton contends that Keller and Dillon, by virtue of their training and 

experience as loss prevention employees, testified as expert witnesses. Specifically, he 

claims their testimony regarding the suspiciousness of Hamilton's appearance and 

behavior after entering the Sears store was based on their expertise in loss prevention. 

When expert testimony is received in a criminal proceeding, section 1127b 

requires the trial court to provide an instruction sua sponte regarding the evaluation of 

such testimony. (People v. Reeder (1976) 65 Cal.App.3d 235, 241 (Reeder).) However, 
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even assuming Keller and Dillon provided expert testimony, and the trial court was 

required to provide CALCRIM No. 332, we conclude any error was harmless.

We assess the prejudicial effect of the court's failure to give CALCRIM No. 332 

under the Watson standard: whether it is reasonably probable that a result more favorable 

to Hamilton would have occurred absent the error. (Reeder, supra, 65 Cal.App.3d at p. 

243.) We begin with the instructions the court in fact gave. In this case, the trial court

provided CALCRIM No. 226, regarding the credibility and believability of witnesses. 

The trial court also provided CALCRIM No. 200, which informed the jury they were the 

exclusive judges of the facts. Given these instructions, which largely cover the concepts 

in CALCRIM No. 332, any error in not providing CALCRIM No. 332 was harmless. 

(See People v. Lynch (1971) 14 Cal.App.3d 602, 609-610 [finding error harmless where 

the jury was instructed they "were the sole and exclusive judges of the facts" and were

entitled to "weigh the credibility of any witness"].) Moreover, the potentially expert 

testimony provided by Keller and Dillon was relatively unimportant when compared to 

their percipient testimony regarding Hamilton's actions while in the store. It is thus not 

reasonably probable Hamilton would have obtained a more favorable result had

CALCRIM No. 332 been given.

III

Hamilton also argues the court erred by not instructing the jury sua sponte with 

CALCRIM No. 302 regarding evaluation of conflicting evidence. CALCRIM No. 302 

provides as follows: "If you determine there is a conflict in the evidence, you must 

decide what evidence, if any, to believe. Do not simply count the number of witnesses 
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who agree or disagree on a point and accept the testimony of the greater number of 

witnesses. On the other hand, do not disregard the testimony of any witness without a 

reason or because of prejudice or a desire to favor one side or the other. What is 

important is whether the testimony or any other evidence convinces you, not just the 

number of witnesses who testify about a certain point." While the court has a sua sponte 

duty to provide CALCRIM No. 302 where, as here, conflicting evidence is presented, the 

court's error was harmless under the circumstances of this case. (See People v. Virgil

(2011) 51 Cal.4th 1210, 1261-1262 (Virgil) [discussing CALCRIM No. 302's predecessor 

instruction].)

Again, we assess prejudice under the Watson standard for state law errors. (Virgil,

supra, 51 Cal.4th at p. 1262.) The court provided the jury with several instructions 

bearing on its assessment of the evidence, including CALCRIM Nos. 200 ("Duties of 

Judge and Jury"), 220 ("Reasonable Doubt"), 222 ("Evidence"), 223 ("Direct and 

Circumstantial Evidence: Defined"), 224 ("Circumstantial Evidence: Sufficiency of the 

Evidence"), 225 ("Circumstantial Evidence: Intent"), 226 ("Witnesses"), and 301 

("Single Witness's Testimony"). These instructions properly guided the jury's evaluation 

of the evidence at trial. (See Virgil, supra, 51 Cal.4th at p. 1262 ["Considering the 

instructions as a whole, we are satisfied the jury received ample guidance on how to

evaluate conflicting testimony"].)

While none of the instructions specifically told the jury not to make its decision 

solely based on the number of witnesses testifying for each side, as Hamilton points out, 

nothing in the record shows that the jury was urged to rely on such a rationale. The 
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prosecutor's references to "two" witnesses in his closing statement merely described the 

evidence at trial; it was not a suggestion to decide the case based solely on that number. 

Here, as in Virgil, "[t]he prosecutor did not suggest that the jury should decide 

defendant's guilt by comparing the number of witnesses presented by each side, and there 

is no evidence the absence of [the instruction] hampered the jury's ability to evaluate the 

evidence." (Virgil, supra, 51 Cal.4th at p. 1262 [concluding that analogous error was 

harmless].) Hamilton's efforts to distinguish Virgil are unpersuasive. Under the

circumstances of this case, and given the instructions on the evaluation of evidence the 

court in fact provided the jury, it is not reasonably probable Hamilton would have 

obtained a more favorable result if CALCRIM No. 302 had been given. (See ibid.; see 

also People v. Snead (1993) 20 Cal.App.4th 1088, 1097 [analogous error harmless given 

other instructions provided by the court].)

We likewise conclude the errors discussed in this section and the previous sections 

were not prejudicial, even when viewed together, for the reasons we discuss with respect 

to each error. (See People v. Nguyen (2010) 184 Cal.App.4th 1096, 1122; see also 

People v. Banks (2014) 59 Cal.4th 1113, 1208.)

IV

After Hamilton's conviction, the electorate passed Proposition 47, which reduced 

certain felony offenses to misdemeanors. Hamilton argues that the offense for which he

was convicted, petty theft under section 484, is among the offenses covered by 

Proposition 47 under the facts presented at Hamilton's trial. (See § 490.2, subd. (a).) 
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Hamilton contends that Proposition 47 is retroactive, that his sentence should be reversed, 

and that he should be resentenced as a misdemeanant. 

During the pendency of this appeal, Hamilton petitioned the trial court for recall of 

his sentence and resentencing under Proposition 47. (§ 1170.18, subd. (a).) The trial 

court granted Hamilton's petition and resentenced him as a misdemeanant to 180 days in 

jail. Since Hamilton has already obtained the relief he requests, this issue on appeal is 

moot. (See Consolidated Vultee Aircraft Corp v. United Automobile Aircraft & 

Agricultural Implement Workers of America Local 904 (1946) 27 Cal.2d 859, 862-863; 

Hebert v. Los Angeles Raiders, Ltd. (1991) 23 Cal.App.4th 414, 421; Old National 

Financial Services, Inc. v. Seibert (1987) 194 Cal.App.3d 460, 467.) We therefore need 

not consider it.

DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed.

McINTYRE, J.

WE CONCUR:

BENKE, Acting P. J.

HUFFMAN, J.