1
2
3

Robert deV. Brunkow

with

Kathryn A. Wilcoxson

Office of History

Air Mobility Command

Scott Air Force Base, Illinois

April 2001

Poised for the New Millennium:

The Global Reach of the Air Mobility Command

A Chronology
4

FRONT COVER: On 22 November 1997, the Air Mobility Command in addition to its other

worldwide air refueling and airlift commitments launched 33 airlift aircraft to support a Phoenix

Scorpion I deployment of bombers, fighters, and a Patriot missile battery to Southwest Asia. The

C-5 Galaxy carried most of the load in this move as the United States prepared to go to war over

Iraq’s refusal to observe UN requirements for the inspection of sites that could harbor weapons of

mass destruction. The C-17 Globemaster III and the C-141 Starlifter also contributed to the

transatlantic flow. As the deployment proceeded, the KC-10 Extender and KC-135 Stratotanker

became airborne and provided as many as five air refuelings to attack aircraft bound for Southwest

Asia. The graphic is derived from the command’s briefing on the deployment.

BACK COVER: The phoenix was the mythological bird that consumed itself by fire after 500 years

and was reborn from the ashes. The Air Mobility Command adopted the term “phoenix” as a nickname

to identify command activities.
5

FOREWORD

As was true of the old British Empire, the sun never sets on the Air Mobility Command and its

global mission. On average, the command flies over 250 missions a day--its aircrews visiting 147

different nations during fiscal year 2000 alone. Whether airlifting ailing heads of state, transporting

sustenance to victims of natural disasters, or air refueling lethal aircraft bound for targets in hostile

lands, the command plays a pivotal role in achieving national objectives.

This chronological history documents that role. It describes AMC’s contributions to the major

military contingencies and humanitarian operations that have occurred since the command’s inception

in June 1992. It also identifies major organizational changes and aircraft acquisitions that have facilitated

AMC’s ability to provide rapid global air mobility. While this chronology is a record of the command’s

ability to provide airlift, air refueling, and aeromedical evacuation anywhere, it is also a history of the

Total Force--for the span of AMC’s global reach could only be achieved in partnership with the men

and women of the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard.

CHARLES T. ROBERTSON, JR.

General, USAF

Commander

iii
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7

PREFACE

This chronology provides a highly selective record of the Air Mobility Command from its inception in

1992 to the year 2000, highlighting operations, organizational milestones, and aircraft acquisitions. It is a

follow-on to Toward the Air Mobility Command, a chronology of tanker and airlift events of AMC’s

predecessors.

Kathryn A. Wilcoxson compiled the extensive appendix of AMC units. Additionally, she provided the

editorial skills necessary to turn a manuscript into a professional publication.

The photographs are from official Air Force and Department of Defense repositories.

R. deV. B.

v
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9

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreword ......................................................................................................................iii

Preface .......................................................................................................................... v

Chronology .................................................................................................................... 1

Appendices

Appendix A: Bases Belonging to AMC ................................................................ 41

Appendix B: AMC Numbered Air Forces, Wings, Independent Aviation

Groups, and Aviation Squadrons ........................................................................... 45

Endnotes...................................................................................................................... 53

Glossary ...................................................................................................................... 67

Index ...................................................................................................................69

vii
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CHRONOLOGY

The Air Mobility Command (AMC) was activated, merging the airlift assets

of the Military Airlift Command and tanker capabilities of the Strategic Air

Command (SAC). It was the air component of US Transportation Command.

AMC’s mission was to provide airlift, air refueling, special air mission, and

aeromedical evacuation for US forces. It supplied forces to theater commands

to support wartime taskings.1 It was the “lead command for requirements,

operating procedures, aircrew training, tactics, standardization and evaluation,

and overall fleet management for tanker and airlift aircraft.”2 AMC consisted

of 3 numbered air forces (NAFs), 22 wings, and an independent aviation

group.* Major direct reporting units assigned to Headquarters AMC were

the Air Combat Camera Service, the Air Rescue Service, the Tanker Airlift

Control Center (TACC), the USAF Air Mobility School, and the USAF

Mobility Center.3 Additionally, AMC was the executive agent for the Defense

Courier Service.4 Over 85,800 assigned military personnel and civilians

manned the command, which could gain, additionally, 22,700 military members

from the Air National Guard and over 46,600 officers and airmen from the Air

Force Reserve.# Sixteen bases in the continental United States (CONUS)

were under AMC control.5 As part of the larger reorganization of the Air

Force, AMC’s creation was a response to changing international relations

following the end of the Cold War, declining resources in the Department of

Defense, and evolving military doctrine.6

C-130s supplied by AMC and its gained Guard and Reserve units began

flying in support of Operation Provide Promise on 15 July 1992. Provide

Promise, which had begun on 3 July 1992, was the international response to

an ethnic civil war in Bosnia-Herzegovina in which efforts by Muslims and

Croats to secede from Yugoslavia and establish an independent Bosnia were

violently resisted by Bosnian Serbs--clandestinely aided by Yugoslavia--who

attempted to establish a Serbian republic of Bosnia. Eventually, C-5s, C-141s,

and C-17s participated in the operation to send humanitarian assistance to

Bosnians.7 Before Provide Promise officially ended on 9 January 1996, it

had become the longest humanitarian airlift in history, exceeding the record

established by the Berlin Airlift. According to statistics compiled by the United

States European Command, US Air Force strategic and tactical airlifters

successfully flew 4,500 sorties during the relief effort.8

1 June 1992

15 July 1992-

9 January 1996

*The 301st Air Refueling Wing was assigned to AMC on 1 June 1992 but was immediately inactivated and is excluded

from the tally. AMC SO GA-5 (U), 1 Jun 92.

#In 1997, the Air Force Reserve became the Air Force Reserve Command.

1992

1
12

Configured for probe and drogue air refueling, a KC-10 Extender refueled a US Navy

EA-6B Prowler over Southwest Asia during Operation Southern Watch. Because of

the wide variety of aircraft with diverse refueling systems employed in Southwest

Asia, the KC-10 was a coveted asset in the theater because it could be configured for

boom as well as for probe and drogue refueling.

Noncommissioned officers deployed to Southwest Asia

for Operation Southern Watch fueled a KC-135

Stratotanker.

2

A deployed maintainer in Southwest Asia replaced aircraft

parts before a C-141 Starlifter departed on a Southern

Watch mission.
13

As a condition of the cease-fire that halted Desert Storm hostilities after

Iraq was driven from Kuwait, the government of Iraq agreed to a United

Nations (UN) resolution requiring that the rights of Iraqi minorities be respected.

Continuing assaults by the Iraqi government on the Shiite minority in the south

of Iraq caused the United States and its allies to establish a no-fly zone over

Iraqi territory south of 32 degrees north latitude and enforce it through

Operation Southern Watch. In preparation for the execution of the operation

on 27 August 1992, AMC began flying forces into the theater on the 19th.

Tankers as well as airlifters sustained the operation. By the turn of the century,

Southern Watch had become the largest and longest of the major contingencies

involving AMC and its gained Guard and Reserve units. The manpower

requirements were high: following a series of buildups, for example, over

1,000 AMC personnel were on rotational deployment for Southern Watch

in February 1998.9

Mass starvation in Somalia

induced by drought and a civil war

among rival clans led to an

international relief operation dubbed

Provide Relief. AMC and its gained

units contributed some of the C-130s

and aircrews used in the intratheater

airlift to Somalia and refugee camps in

Kenya. Over 3,000 C-130 missions

carried some 34,000 short tons* of

food, medicine, and other supplies to

famine victims. Command C-5s and

C-141s participated in close to 100

missions in this humanitarian effort.10

21 August 1992-28 February 1993

19 August 1992-

ongoing

*A short ton consists of 2,000 pounds.

Rice from Pakistan destined for a nearby Somali refugee camp arrived

at Wajir, Kenya, aboard a C-130 Hercules during Operation Provide

Relief. Brute force still had a major role to play in airfield operations

at bare base locations.

3
14

In the aftermath of

Andrew, the third strongest

hurricane to buffet the United

States, airlifters flew over 700

missions to assist Florida in

what was to become the

largest domestic relief airlift in

Air Force history. At the peak

of the effort, active-duty,

Guard, and Reserve aircraft

flew some hundred missions

a day. KC-135s also

participated in the relief effort,

transporting passengers and

cargo to locations in

Florida.11

Some 60 air mobility missions to Guam made possible the resumption of

water and power service after Typhoon Omar devastated the island. The

airlift sustained the operation of a tent city for refugees.12

Hurricane Iniki was the third of three destructive windstorms to strike US

territory almost simultaneously. AMC’s response to this disaster, as it had

been for the other two storms, was swift. Command C-5s, C-130s, C-141s,

and a KC-135 as well as crews from the Air Force Reserve joined Hawaiian

Air National Guard C-130s in delivering relief supplies--including meals ready

to eat, power generators, plastic sheeting for temporary shelters, and relief

workers--to the Hawaiian island of Kauai. Over 600 missions ameliorated

the effects of the most devastating hurricane to strike Hawaii in the 20th

century.13

AMC transferred to Pacific Air Forces (PACAF) and United States Air

Forces in Europe (USAFE) the intratheater aeromedical airlift forces based in

their theaters of operation. The realignment of C-9s and their infrastructure

was part of the policy of the Chief of Staff of the Air Force, General Merrill A.

McPeak, to reorganize the Air Force into straight command lines, applying the

concept of “One Base, One Boss” to overseas theater locations.14

1 October 1992

Although Homestead Air Force Base, Florida, had been devastated by

Hurricane Andrew, it became the hub for the airborne relief effort. C-5 Galaxies

frequently used the base to deliver cargo and personnel to help the Southeast

recover from the effects of the most costly hurricane in American history.

29 August25 September 1992

12 September18 October 1992

26 August-28 October 1992

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15

The 97th Air Mobility Wing was activated at Altus Air Force Base,

Oklahoma, as the command’s first air mobility wing. The wing consolidated

assets for C-5, C-141, and KC-135 aircrew training from the 443d Airlift

Wing, the 340th Air Refueling Wing, and the 398th Operations Group.15 This

action conformed to the Chief of Staff of the Air Force’s single wing initiative

to ensure “control of base activities through a single wing commander.”16

The relief effort Provide

Relief, launched to alleviate

starvation in Somalia, proved

ineffectual because of the

continuing conflict among rival

clans. UN Operations in

Somalia (UNOSOM) I, which

had been chartered in April

1992 and augmented in

subsequent months to monitor

cease fire efforts and provide

security for the relief effort,

could not contain the violence.

In response, Unified Task

Force (UNITAF), an international military force organized

and led by the United States

under the auspices of the United

Nations, deployed to create a secure environment

in which humanitarian aid could be delivered. The

effort was dubbed Restore Hope. For AMC,

it was the first major exercise of air mobility forces

“in their post-Cold War configuration.” Tankers

were inextricably linked with airlifters in an

operation other than war and for the first time

systematically refueled airlift aircraft flying over

the Atlantic in a major operation. KC-10s were

used almost exclusively in an airlift role for the

deployment. Officially, Restore Hope

concluded on 4 May 1993, as the American

presence diminished and UNOSOM II assumed

responsibilities in Somalia from UNITAF.17 In

popular parlance, however, Restore Hope was

applied to subsequent activity in Somalia until the

final American withdrawal in 1994.

9 December 1992-

25 March 1994

1 October 1992

A C-141 arrived at Mogadishu International Airport, Somalia, on 9 December

1992, beginning the strategic airlift for Operation Restore Hope. Using a

tanker airbridge to speed the flow of airlift aircraft to Africa, Restore Hope

was the first major contingency to demonstrate the efficacy of merging air

refueling and airlift assets under the Air Mobility Command.

Soldiers of the Naya Gorakh Battalion of the Royal

Nepalese Army boarded a C-5 at Tribhuvan Airport in

Katmandu for a flight to Mogadishu, Somalia, in support

of Operation Restore Hope. As in numerous other major

operations, Restore Hope included many distinct moves of

foreign contingents.

5
16

To May of 1993, the objective of Restore Hope remained

a secure environment to facilitate the distribution of aid. In the

next phase of Somalia operations, sometimes referred to as

Continue Hope, UNOSOM II sought, in addition, to reform

political institutions and the economy. In the process of

attempting to rebuild a nation, UNOSOM II antagonized powerful

warlords who retaliated militarily.18 Escalating violence ended

the hopes for a dwindling American presence in the country.

Following a bloody attack on US forces in Mogadishu, Somalia,

a deployment sometimes referred to as Restore Hope II

occurred in October 1993 to transport M2 Bradley fighting

vehicles and M1 Abrams tanks as well as soldiers to Somalia.

The October move demonstrated the maturity of the air mobility

configuration: at the onset of Restore Hope in December 1992,

the command had trumpeted as a rare achievement the airlift

mission using three air refuelings to transport the task force

commander nonstop from the CONUS to the theater. For the

direct delivery of armor from the United States to Somalia nearly

a year later, the C-5s routinely took four air refuelings. The

American buildup under Joint Task Force Somalia quickly

dissipated, and the last American forces departed Mogadishu

on 25 March 1994.19 By one reckoning, the entire mission to

Somalia entailed 4,350 airlifter and tanker missions, 90,251

passengers, and 70,578 short tons.20 Tankers delivered

89,626,000 pounds of fuel during 31 KC-10 and 1,586 KC-135

missions.21

At Fort Stewart, Georgia, aerial port personnel along with infantrymen prepared a Bradley M2-A2 fighting vehicle

for transport on a C-5 to Mogadishu, Somalia, in October 1993. With four air refuelings, the transport aircraft

would fly non-stop to Africa to augment ground forces supporting Operation Restore Hope.

Captured during the 3-4 October 1993

firefight in downtown Mogadishu that

precipitated Operation Restore Hope II,

US Army Chief Warrant Officer 3

Michael Durant was in need of

immediate medical attention when he

was released by Somalis 11 days later.

A C-141 served as an airborne

ambulance to transport him to Ramstein

Air Base, Germany, on 15 October 1993

for treatment at nearby Landstuhl

Regional Medical Center. Aeromedical

evacuation was a vital component of the

air mobility mission.

6
17

The Air Rescue Service and its units transferred from Air Mobility

Command to Air Combat Command (ACC), USAFE, and PACAF.* ACC

became the executive agent for air rescue, placing the service under the direct

control of the command whose downed pilots were the primary beneficiaries

of the rescue service. Aligning AMC and AMC-gained units under ACC and

theater commands brought the service into conformity with the objective of

the Chief of Staff of the Air Force, General Merrill A. McPeak, to simplify the

lines of command by placing units under the control of the command that

hosted them: “One Base, One Boss.” The divestiture of Air Rescue Service

was one of several similar actions to remove functions from AMC that were

peripheral to the strategic air mobility mission.22

Most operational support airlift (OSA) C-21s as well as some C-12s in

the continental United States transferred from Air Mobility Command to four

other commands, as their squadrons came under the control of their host wings

and major commands. The divestiture of aircraft from the central ownership

of AMC brought OSA in line with the “One Base, One Boss” dictum of General

Merrill A. McPeak, the Chief of Staff of the Air Force.23

USAFE began flying Operation Deny Flight missions to impose a no-fly

zone over Bosnia-Herzegovina for fixed wing and rotary-wing aircraft, provide

close air support for UN troops on the ground, and conduct approved air

strikes against targets threatening the security of UN-declared safe areas in

Bosnia. Mobility support included KC-135 and KC-10 air refuelings supplied

by AMC and AMC-gained units. On 20 December 1995, Deny Flight was

superceded by Operation Deliberate Endeavor, a component of Operation

Joint Endeavor, to bolster the Implementation Force (IFOR) that entered

Bosnia to enforce the Dayton Peace Accords. Deliberate Endeavor was

superceded by Deliberate Guard on 21 December 1996 in conjunction with

the activation of the Sustainment Force (SFOR). With the extension of the

SFOR mandate, Operation Deliberate Forge replaced Deliberate Guard

on 20 June 1998.24

1 April 1993

12 April 1993

1 February 1993

∗The 55th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron remained in the command until it was inactivated on 1 October 1993,

while the 815th Weather Squadron and 403d Consolidated Aircraft Maintenance Squadron (AFRES) were transferred to

ACC on 28 September 1993. AMC SO GAXP-18 (U), 28 Sep 93; AMC SO AXP-7 (U), 28 Sep 93.

1993

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18

Following Air Force acceptance of the aircraft on 18 May 1992, the first

C-17 Globemaster III (tail number 89-1192) arrived at its operational wing,

the 437th Airlift Wing at Charleston Air Force Base, South Carolina. Capable

of landing at small, austere airfields even when carrying outsize cargo, the

aircraft built by McDonnell Douglas* provided direct delivery of personnel

and cargo from a point of embarkation to a location as close to the customer’s

final destination as possible.25 With a span of 169.8 feet, length of 174 feet,

and height of 55.1 feet, the C-17 had a maximum payload of 172,200 pounds.

The Globemaster III could travel 2,400 nautical miles without refueling and

land at an airfield as short as 2,700 feet while carrying the 166,965 pound

payload defined in the performance specification. Up to 102 passengers could

be transported. Aerial delivery of passengers and cargo was possible from

the C-17.26

The 97th Air Mobility Wing transferred to Air Education and Training

Command (AETC) as part of Chief of Staff of the Air Force General Merrill

A. McPeak’s 1993 “Year of Training” initiative to consolidate Air Force formal

training under AETC. Simultaneously, other flying training units and formal

training schools for KC-135 combat crews, combat control teams, special

operations, and rescue also transferred.27 The realignment included the transfer

of 26 KC-135s to AETC. Flight training schools for C-21 (OSA), C-12F

(Companion Trainer Program), and C-12C (Defense Intelligence Agency/

Defense Security Assistance Agency) transferred to AETC in 1994 to complete

the Year of Training initiative at AMC.28

AMC merged the assets of one air refueling and two airlift numbered air

forces into two air mobility numbered air forces. At the inception of AMC,

airlifters remained under the two NAFs inherited from the Military Airlift

Command: the Twenty-First Air Force at McGuire Air Force Base, New

Jersey, and the Twenty-Second Air Force at Travis Air Force Base, California.

Tankers remained under the Fifteenth Air Force, March Air Force Base,

California, which had formerly been assigned to the Strategic Air Command.

The downsizing of the Air Force and the reduction of NAF responsibilities as

the Tanker Airlift Control Center assumed functions to plan, schedule, and

execute missions provided the opportunity to build an air mobility culture by

integrating tanker and airlift forces in the reorganized NAFs. Tanker and

airlift assets in the active force were balanced as much as possible between

the Twenty-First Air Force and the Fifteenth Air Force along geographic lines,

generally using the Mississippi River for demarcation. As part of the

consolidation, the Fifteenth Air Force moved to Travis from March Air Force

Base. The Twenty-Second Air Force was inactivated as an active-duty

organization and activated in the Air Force Reserve.29

14 June 1993

1 July 1993

1 July 1993

∗The Boeing Company acquired McDonnell Douglas--and the C-17--in 1997.

8
19

The last active-duty, Air Force Reserve, and Air National Guard C-130s based

in the continental United States transferred to Air Combat Command. Related

tactical airlift support functions also transferred. Planners believed that the

realignment permitted AMC to focus on its strategic mobility role, while ACC

gained the resources to perform its role as the theater force provider.30

With the inactivation of the Strategic Air Command on 1 June 1992, SAC air

refueling assets were divided among AMC, ACC, PACAF, and USAFE. AMC

possessed, by far, the largest share of the jets, while ACC had the second highest

number of air-refueling aircraft. AMC acquired virtually all of ACC’s KC-135s

and KC-10s in a series of transfers occurring during 1993-1995. On 1 October

1993, three ACC KC-135 squadrons aligned under AMC, ultimately bringing an

additional 41 tankers into AMC.31 On 1 September 1994, the first of 14 ACC

KC-10s began to move into AMC as AMC units relocated to receive them.32

The realignment of aircraft was in keeping with a philosophy of organizing commands around missions,33 but transfers of tanker assets among commands would

continue to occur as circumstances warranted.*

While the force structure changed, consolidation of tanker assets also occurred.

By 1996, there were five core KC-135 locations in the United States, down from

16 locations when the command was activated. The five core bases consisted of

Fairchild Air Force Base, Washington; Grand Forks Air Force Base, North Dakota;

MacDill Air Force Base, Florida; McConnell Air Force Base, Kansas; and Robins

Air Force Base, Georgia. Travis Air Force Base, California, and McGuire Air

Force Base, New Jersey, replaced Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana, and

March Air Force Base, California, as bases for the KC-10s.34

A C-141 equipped for aeromedical evacuation transported the president of

Fiji, Ratu Penaia Ganilau, to Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland, for cancer

treatment at Walter Reed Hospital.35

Following an earthquake that devastated Los Angeles, California, on

17 January, AMC, Guard, and Reserve airlift aircraft delivered 270 disaster

specialists and 170 short tons of disaster relief cargo--including fire trucks,

generators, and communications vans--to southern California.36

1 October 1993

27-28 November

1993

1 October 1993

*In 1994, for example, AMC transferred additional KC-135s to AETC for use in training and, in 1998, transferred

KC-135s to USAFE, ending the rotational requirement for a European Tanker Task Force. AMC Programming Plan

93-11 (FOUO), “Transfer of Flying Training Units and Altus AFB to Air Training Command,” 1 Apr 93; AMC SO

GAXP-24 (U), 10 Jun 94; AMC SO GAXP-31 (U), 5 Aug 94; Report (U), AMC/QUI, “AMC Command Data Book,”

Oct 94; History of AMC (S/Declas OADR), 1998, p 209, info used is Unclassified.

1994

17-25 January 1994

9
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The Air Force awarded an initial contract for $25 million to Southwest Mobile

Systems Corporation to produce eight aircraft cargo transport loaders capable of

lifting 60,000-pound loads. The loader was dubbed the “Tunner,” in honor of

Lieutenant General William L. Tunner, whose leadership contributed to the

successes of the Hump Airlift during World War II and the Berlin Airlift. The

loader could handle up to six cargo pallets at a time and drive on and off military

and commercial cargo aircraft. Ultimately, 318 Tunners would replace all 40,000-

pound loaders and over half of the wide-body elevator loaders. Acquisition of

the materiel handling equipment would redress the deficiencies identified in the

command’s ability to support two major regional conflicts. The Tunner

loader became the number two acquisition program in AMC behind the C-17.37

The Air Force took delivery of the first C-20H, a modified Gulfstream IV

business jet, from Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation, and it joined the

operational fleet of the 89th Airlift Wing. From Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland, it would fly special air missions supporting the president and other leaders.38

In response to World Health Organization concerns about the sharp rise in

the cancer rate of children living near the site of the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear

power plant disaster, a C-5 delivered a magnetic resonance imaging system

to Chernobyl, Ukraine, for use in detecting cancerous tumors.39

AMC reduced its overseas presence either by withdrawing completely from

en route locations that had limited utility for strategic air mobility operations or by

contracting out the services at these locations. In 1993, as the review of the

en route structure began, AMC had a permanent presence at 42 locations outside

the continental United States.* AMC reduced this number to 21 (12 primary and

9 secondary). The divestiture came in response to Chief of Staff of the Air Force

General Merrill A. McPeak’s directive to review the ownership of the theater en

route structure after the transfer of overseas C-130s to theater commanders. The

command retained strategic air mobility assets at key locations, for strategic air

mobility was a national resource with global commitments requiring centralized

management.40 Changing circumstances would require further modification of the

en route structure, and AMC would again send its units into some of the locations

from which it had withdrawn as the result of the en route structure analysis.

Under the realignment implemented on 1 July 1994, AMC maintained air

mobility support groups and support squadrons at 13 locations: Andersen Air

Force Base, Guam; Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska; Hickam Air Force Base,

Hawaii; Howard Air Force Base, Panama; Incirlik Air Base, Turkey; Kadena Air

Base, Japan; Lajes Field, Portugal; Royal Air Force Mildenhall, United Kingdom;

Osan Air Base, Republic of Korea; Ramstein Air Base, Germany; Rhein-Main Air

Base, Germany; Naval Air Station Rota, Spain; and Yokota Air Base, Japan.41

20 April 1994

23 May 1994

26 June 1994

1 July 1994

*En route analysts in 1993 used a baseline of 39 locations, but several additional locations came into play as the

analysis got underway.

10
21

The transfer of Howard to Panama and the termination of the US Southern

Command mission there led to the elimination of AMC’s support squadron in

Panama on 1 June 1999.42

AMC detachments and operating locations continued to function at 9 locations:

Aviano Air Base, Italy; Bahrain International Airport; Ben Gurion International

Airport, Israel; Cairo International Airport, Egypt; Christchurch International

Airport, New Zealand; Dhahran International Airport, Saudi Arabia (the function

later moved to Prince Sultan Air Base); Diego Garcia, British Indian Ocean Territory;

Richmond Air Base, Australia; and Naval Air Station Sigonella, Italy.43

The command withdrew from 20 secondary locations. The AMC presence

ended immediately at Naval Air Station Cubi Point and Manila International Airport,

Philippines; Kimpo International Airport, Republic of Korea; and London/Heathrow

Airport, United Kingdom. It was phased out at 15 locations by the end of 1997:

Naval Air Station Adak, Eielson Air Force Base, Galena Airport, King Salmon

Airport, and Shemya (Eareckson) Air Force Base, Alaska; Capodichino Airport

and Pisa Airport, Italy; Istres Air Base, France; Itazuke International Airport and

Misawa Air Base, Japan; Kimhae International Airport and Kunsan Air Base,

Republic of Korea; Naval Air Station Roosevelt Roads, Puerto Rico; Naval Air

Station Souda Bay, Greece; and Torrejon Air Base, Spain. The command ultimately

relinquished the operating location at Naval Air Station Guantanamo Bay, Cuba,

on 1 January 2001.44

Although the United States was reducing its presence overseas, the need to

rapidly deploy forces did not diminish. The Global Reach laydown concept

proposed fielding two air mobility operations groups (AMOGs) based in the United

States with resources to deploy anywhere to conduct airfield operations. On

22 July 1994, the 615 AMOG at Travis Air Force Base, California, and the 621

AMOG at McGuire Air Force Base, New Jersey, were activated. By consolidating

staffs consisting of command and control experts, aerial porters, maintainers,

communicators, and members of other career fields, the AMOGs possessed cadres

that could be drawn upon to deploy even to the most austere locations to facilitate

air mobility operations.45

Ethnic rivalry between the Hutus and Tutsis of Rwanda, intensified by the

deaths of the presidents of Rwanda and Burundi in a plane crash, led to mass

slaughter, the violent ouster of the Hutu-dominated government, a diaspora of

over two million Rwandans to neighboring countries, and the threat of mass

starvation. Goma, a Zairian town on the border with Rwanda that sheltered close

to a million refugees, became a focal point for relief in Operation Support Hope

(initially known as Provide Assistance). At the onset of the operation, the death

toll at Goma was about 3,000 victims a day. Within a month, the relief effort

reduced the death rate to fewer than 250 a day. The role of AMC and its gained

assets in the effort included 871 missions to carry 8,136 passengers and 16,171

short tons. To overcome fuel shortages on the ground, KC-135s and KC-10s air

22 July 1994

23 July30 September 1994

11
22

refueled strategic airlifters over the Mediterranean and over central Africa. One

of the most notable of the command’s missions was achieved by a C-5 that flew

a 22-hour flight of 9,900 nautical miles direct from California to Goma on three

air refuelings to deliver a portable water supply system.46

AMC aircraft transported 320 American troops and support equipment to

Totskoye, Russia, to participate in Peacekeeper 94, the first joint training exercise

for the United States and Russia since the Cold War, and then returned them to

Germany.47

AMC and its gained units deployed some 6,000 members of the 10th Mountain

Division to Haiti during Operation Uphold Democracy (Phoenix Shark). The

operation successfully restored to power Jean-Bertrand Aristide, the first truly

democratically elected president in Haitian history, by ousting a military-backed

government that had deposed him. Elimination of the despotic junta alleviated the

brutal living conditions that had fueled the mass exodus of refugees attempting to

reach the United States. The operation was complex, involving simultaneous

Finance experts from Plattsburgh Air Force Base,

New York, as well as other locations deployed to

Entebbe Airport, Uganda, the theater hub for

Operation Support Hope, to service Air Force

personnel. Since Air Force men and women

participating in Support Hope were widely dispersed

in such countries as Kenya, Zimbabwe, Rwanda, and

Zaire, as well as Uganda, financial teams traveled to

meet their clientele.

30 August12 September 1994

9 September 1994-

31 March 1995

A C-141 landed at Goma,

Zaire, to deliver humanitarian

aid to Rwandan refugees

during Operation Support

Hope. The informal nature of

airport operations at Goma

was far from optimal but not

without precedent in the farflung operations of the

command.

12
23

planning for two very different operations: an

invasion and a peacekeeping deployment. Both

options were exercised. On 18 September, an

armada of C-130s embarked for Haiti with

nearly 4,000 paratroopers from the 82d

Airborne Division to stage an invasion. While

the C-130s were en route, the junta acceded to

the demand to restore President Aristide to

power. The invasion force returned to the United

States. On the 19th, strategic aircraft began to

deploy the peacekeeping force, which was fully

in place by early October when President

Aristide assumed office.* Redeployment began

in October and was completed on 31 March

1995, at which time the US-led multinational

force that had conducted the contingency transferred command to the United

Nations Mission in Haiti (UNMIH).48 AMC reported 1,779 missions flown

and 51,045 passengers and 22,613 short tons carried.49

A smaller American contingency presence continued under UNMIH until

its last members redeployed on 17 April 1996. Outside the international

structure, a small residual American force remained as US Support Group

Haiti, which oversaw Exercise Fairwinds, a bilateral humanitarian and civic

assistance training mission that accomplished construction and engineering

projects and other humanitarian works within the framework of contingency

training exercises. New Horizons-Haiti, with airlift support from AMC and

its gained forces, continued the humanitarian and civic assistance-training

program begun under Fairwinds. On 18 January 2000, the last American

personnel from the support group departed Port-au-Prince on a C-141,

bringing to an end the American permanent military mission in Haiti.50

Uphold Democracy provided an early demonstration of command and

control ambiguities that resulted from the divestiture of C-130s from AMC.

The issue was most evident in the decision to recall the C-130 fleet. ACC did

not believe it had the wherewithal to direct the return of the invading force and

requested that AMC complete the effort. Ultimately, General Ronald R.

Fogleman, AMC Commander and Commander in Chief of US Transportation

Command, personally contacted the lead aircraft and ordered return of the

invading force.51 For the first time in a contingency, the air mobility element

deployed under the new air mobility operations group structure.52 The

operation was also the first in which the crisis response cell (later crisis support

staff) of Headquarters AMC activated. The cell consisted of representatives

from the AMC staff who could draw on each AMC directorate and its resources

to solve operational problems.53

*Although the “permissive entry” of the 10th Mountain Division into Haiti was named Maintain Democracy, the

Haitian operation continued to carry the name of the invasion option, Uphold Democracy. Message (S/Declas

OADR), CJTF One Eight Zero/J3 to CINCUSACOM/J3, [Order (U)], 190940Z Sep 94, info used is Unclassified;

Memo (S/Declas OADR), AMC/XP to AMC/CV, “Command Relationships for Uphold/Maintain Democracy (U),”

3 Oct 94, info used is Unclassified.

After US and allied forces secured the countryside in

Operation Uphold Democracy, President Jean-Bertrand

Aristide arrived in triumph in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, aboard

a VC-137 Stratoliner on 15 October 1994.

13
24

While the command was prepared to wage war in Haiti to restore

democracy, it also supported the last-ditch effort to find a peaceful solution to

the deadlock between the Haitian military and the United States. On

17 September, a VC-137B carried a US delegation headed by former President

Jimmy Carter to Port-au-Prince, Haiti, to resolve the impasse. The Carter

mission successfully arranged for the transfer of power to the democratically

elected government so that the American force deploying for an invasion was

recalled and the nonviolent entry of military forces in Operation Uphold

Democracy became possible.54

Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company began to assemble the C-130J

Hercules. While similar in exterior appearance to older models, the J-model

Hercules enhancements included fully integrated digital avionics, dual inertial

navigation and global positioning systems, and a mission planning system. These

improvements permitted the aircraft to be operated by just two pilots and a

loadmaster instead of the traditional crew of five. New turboprop engines

gave the Hercules the capacity to fly 417 miles per hour at 22,000 feet and

carry a maximum takeoff weight of 155,000 pounds, with a maximum payload

of 38,301 pounds. With a maximum normal payload, the J-model had a range

of 2,729 miles. The J-model had a height of 38.25 feet and a length of 97.75

feet.55

17 September 1994

29 September 1994

After arriving on a C-5 at Port-au-Prince, Haiti, soldiers from the 10th Mountain Division prepared to depart the

airport during Operation Uphold Democracy.

14
25

The Air Combat Camera Service was inactivated. Audiovisual support to

document operations continued to be offered by the 1st and 2d Combat Camera

Squadrons, which on 22 July 1994 had been released from the camera service

and assigned to the 621st and 615th Air Mobility Operations Groups,

respectively. The realignment of combat camera was the response to the

desires of General Merrill A. McPeak, the Chief of Staff of the Air Force, to

simplify reporting lines and place combat camera under operational

commanders.56

AMC activated the Air Mobility Warfare Center (redesignated from the

USAF Air Mobility School) at Fort Dix, New Jersey, adjacent to McGuire

Air Force Base, New Jersey. The AMC Commander, General Ronald R.

Fogleman, championed the creation of a command-specific “center for

excellence” that would provide “graduate-level training” in air mobility.

Prototypes for such a facility in AMC existed elsewhere in the Air Force,

including Air Combat Command’s USAF Tactical Fighter Weapons Center at

Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada.57 Initially, the center consolidated at Fort

Dix instruction and training functions from seven geographically-separated

AMC units: the USAF Air Mobility School at Scott Air Force Base, Illinois,

and its unit locations at Scott; McGuire Air Force Base, New Jersey; Ellsworth

Air Force Base, South Dakota (the former Tanker Tactics Center); and Fort

Eustis, Virginia; the 1492d Air Transportation Training Flight at Travis Air

Force Base, California; the USAF Mobility Center at Charleston Air Force

Base, South Carolina; and the 314th Ground Combat Readiness Evaluation

Squadron at Little Rock Air Force Base, Arkansas. Concurrently with the

return of the C-130s from Air Combat Command on 1 April 1997, the USAF

Combat Air Delivery School at Little Rock Air Force Base, Arkansas, was

reassigned to AMC and the Air Mobility Warfare Center. The result was a

command single point for advanced mobility education, training, and testing.58

The testing mission of the warfare center was facilitated by the 1 October

1994 activation of the 33d Flight Test Squadron, which assumed the flight test

mission of the USAF Mobility Center and was the only flight test organization

in AMC. (The USAF Mobility Center existed in parallel with the new squadron

until the center inactivated on 1 January 1995).59

In October 1994, Iraq moved ground forces south of the 32d parallel

toward the Kuwaiti border for the first time since Desert Storm in 1991.

Consequently, the allies augmented Southern Watch forces in an operation

dubbed Vigilant Warrior (Phoenix Jackal), which imposed a “no drive”

zone on Iraq’s army in the south. The AMC system began flying airlift and

tanker missions on 9 October and concluded on 14 December, carrying 14,854

passengers and 8,330 short tons of cargo. Of the 728 air mobility missions,

380 were tanker missions flown mainly for air refueling.60

30 September 1994

9 October14 December 1994

1 October 1994

15
26

The C-17’s first operational mission occurred during Operation Vigilant

Warrior. The C-17 departed Langley Air Force Base, Virginia, for Dhahran,

Saudi Arabia, with a load of vehicles, a rolling command post, and supplies

for the Army’s 7th Transportation Division. Two refuelings by KC-135s made

possible the nonstop mission.61

Three C-5s transported weapons-grade uranium and technicians from

Kazakhstan to the United States in Project Sapphire. The objective of the

mission was to remove the highly enriched uranium to prevent it from falling

into the hands of terrorists or rogue states. The government of Kazakhstan

agreed to turn over the material for a reported $100 million in cash and other

considerations.62

The Defense Courier Service was reassigned to the US Transportation

Command from AMC, in accordance with the programming plan that instituted

the service in 1987 as a joint activity under the Military Airlift Command.*

The service was to transfer to the joint command when US Transportation

Command was ready to receive it.63 The realignment occurred during a period

when AMC was divesting functions that did not support directly the strategic

mobility mission.

The 931st Air Refueling Group activated at McConnell Air Force Base,

Kansas, as the Air Force’s first KC-135 Reserve Associate unit.64

AMC supported the final withdrawal of the United Nations in Somalia II

forces from Somalia by deploying to Kenya some of the US forces that covered

the withdrawal and then returning them to the United States in Operation United

Shield (Phoenix Onyx). KC-135s at Nairobi, Kenya, constituted a tanker

task force that refueled AC-130 gunships. C-5s, C-141s, and contracted

commercial flights flew 59 missions, carrying over 1,400 passengers and over

1,400 short tons of cargo.65

AMC Commander General Robert L. Rutherford declared initial

operational capability for the C-17, and the Globemaster III officially began

flying operational missions.66

21-23 November

1994

14-15 October 1994

1 January 1995

7 January24 March 1995

17 January 1995

5 December 1994

*The Armed Forces Courier Service previously provided this service.

1995

16
27

During Operation Safe Passage, 121 C-130, C-141, and contracted

commercial missions airlifted nearly 7,300 Cuban refugees temporarily housed

in Panama to Naval Air Station Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. The airlift was unusual

in that the passengers were not necessarily willing participants. AMC security

personnel had to devise procedures--including placing recalcitrants in leg irons--

to ensure order on the aircraft flying from Panama to Cuba. The Cubans had

been interdicted trying to enter the United States and had been housed at

Guantanamo in one phase of Operation Sea Signal.* In September 1994,

camps to receive them were opened in Panama for a limited time to relieve

overcrowding as the naval air station was inundated by Haitian refugees as

well as the growing number of Cubans. Riots ensued in the Panamanian camps

in December 1994. The refugees were returned to Guantanamo to an uncertain

fate, awaiting permission from the United States to legally enter the country.67

On 19 April, a survivalist hostile to the federal government bombed the

Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, killing 169 people and

injuring several dozen others. Immediately, AMC and aircraft from the Guard

and the Reserve began flying the first of 25 missions. Command aircraft

transported firefighters, search and rescue teams, and Federal Bureau of

Investigation agents to locate survivors and identify the terrorist. Some 1,359

passengers and 3,864 short tons of cargo were delivered in the aftermath of

the bombing.68

AMC participated in its first Partnership for Peace exercise, Cooperative

Nugget. Fourteen C-141s flew representative army platoons from 14 former

eastern bloc nations to Fort Polk, Louisiana, the site of the joint training

exercise. The Partnership for Peace program was a North Atlantic Treaty

Organization (NATO) initiative to enhance stability and security throughout

Europe through defense-related cooperation with nations of the former Soviet

Union and Warsaw Pact.69

General Ronald R. Fogleman, Chief of Staff of the Air Force, directed

that the VC-X program to replace the VC-137 fleet used by the vice president,

cabinet members, and other ranking officials of the United States and foreign

governments consist of a mix of aircraft. There were to be four large aircraft

and two small ones.70 AMC had inherited the replacement program from the

Military Airlift Command, with General H. T. Johnson, AMC’s first commander,

signing the VC-X Cost and Operational Effectiveness Analysis that identified

Boeing Company’s 767-200 as the replacement aircraft for the entire fleet on

12 August 1992.71

1-20 February 1995

23 August 1995

19-27 April 1995

5-29 August 1995

*Most phases of Sea Signal primarily interdicted Haitians attempting to enter the United States.

17
28

An AMC-contracted DC-10 departed Robins Air Force Base, Georgia,

for Hanoi, Vietnam, with 28 tons of medical supplies on the first humanitarian

mission to Vietnam since the United States established diplomatic relations

in the summer of 1995.

72

AMC and its gained units flew airlift and tanker missions in support of

Green Clover, a counterdrug operation designed to demolish the air bridge

cocaine traffickers had established to link Peruvian production sites and

Colombian processing facilities.73

Operation Vigilant Sentinel, an augmentation of Southern Watch,

followed defections in Iraqi President Saddam Hussein’s family. Strategists

conjectured that instability in Iraq’s highest circles could lead to rash actions,

and analysts in the summer of 1995 detected “unusual movements of military

force” in the area around Baghdad and southward.74 The American response

was the deployment of a mechanized task force and reconnaissance and

command and control equipment as well as a multiple launch rocket system to

the Arabian Peninsula. AMC and mobility assets from the Guard and Reserve

flew 110 tanker and airlift missions, carried 2,158 passengers, and delivered

1,262 short tons of cargo during Vigilant Sentinel.

75

The strategic airflow in support of Operation Joint Endeavor began on

4 December 1995. The contingency was the multinational effort to insert a

peacekeeping force into Bosnia to enforce the provisions of the Dayton Peace

Accords by which the Muslims, Croats, and Serbs of Bosnia-Herzegovina and

the government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia agreed to cease

hostilities and honor the integrity of the Bosnian state. On 10 December, a C-17

landed at Sarajevo, the first AMC aircraft to arrive

in Bosnia in support of Joint Endeavor. The airlift

of the US component of the Implementation Force

into Bosnia began on 18 December.

76 During the

deployment phase of the operation concluding in

February 1996, the command and its gained assets,

according to command analysts, flew 320

intertheater missions carrying 7,835 passengers and

10,103 short tons of cargo. Intratheater airlift was

completed on 1,852 missions carrying 9,458

passengers and 30,869 short tons.77 Joint

Endeavor was superceded by Joint Guard on

20 December 1996 as IFOR was replaced by the

Stabilization Force chartered to provide the

environment in which civic institutions could rebuild.

On 20 June 1998, Joint Forge replaced Joint

Guard as the SFOR charter was extended and

the force was reduced in size.78

11 October19 December 1995

22-30 October 1995

4 December 1995-

20 December 1996

During Operation Joint Endeavor, C-17 Globemaster

IIIs, the command’s newest airlifter, shared ramp space

at Rhein-Main Air Base, Germany, with C-141s, which

ultimately would be replaced by the C-17. Rhein-Main

became the European hub for strategic airlift aircraft,

as the large aircraft joined C-130s in flying intratheater

missions to the Balkans.

3 October 1995

18
29

Most air mobility activity during the contingency was intratheater, with

missions flying from Germany to downrange locations in the Balkans and

Italy. In an unusual turn, strategic aircraft--C-141s and C-5s in addition to

C-17s--flew missions within the theater. The integration of intertheater airlift

missions from the United States to Germany with intratheater missions flown

both by strategic aircraft and tactical C-130s was inefficient and ad hoc. As

a consequence of Joint Endeavor, the Air Force honed doctrines and policies

to better integrate strategic and tactical air mobility and defined new

organizational structures in the theaters to plan, coordinate, and execute theater

air mobility missions.79

Ramstein Air Base, Germany, became the focal point for

C-130s during Operation Joint Endeavor. The poor

weather conditions experienced at Ramstein and other

locations in Central and Southeastern Europe frequently

forced flight delays during the contingency.

A tanker airlift control element deployed to Taszar Air Base, Hungary, to manage

airfield operations for the Joint Endeavor airlift, for Taszar had become a major

supply point for American ground forces bound for Bosnia. US airmen trained during

the Cold War who deployed to the Hungarian fighter base could well reflect on how

quickly a target had become a temporary home.

Flooding of the Sava River on Bosnia’s border

threatened to delay the arrival of US Army forces into

Bosnia during Operation Joint Endeavor. The C-17

proved to be the most efficient and timely means to move

the required M172 A1 mobile bridge components

necessary to complete the pontoon bridge that spanned

the river.

19
30

A C-17 served as Air Force One for the first time in carrying President

Bill Clinton on a morale flight to Tazar, Hungary, and Tuzla, Bosnia, two hubs

of operation for Joint Endeavor.

80

The C-130J-30 Hercules flew its inaugural mission from Dobbins Air

Reserve Base, Georgia.81 Although the specific aircraft was destined for the

Royal Air Force, the US Air Force subsequently determined that the -30 variant

of the C-130J would be the model of choice for most of its new Hercules

aircraft. The additional 15 feet of fuselage of the stretched J-model would

allow transport of 8 pallet positions instead of 6, 24 containerized delivery

system bundles rather than 16, and 92 paratroops rather than 64.82

The standard J-model C-130 completed its inaugural flight, taking off from

Dobbins Air Reserve Base, Georgia.83

Hours after terrorists bombed the Khobar Towers apartment complex at

Dhahran’s King Abdul Aziz Air Base used to house American military personnel

supporting Operation Southern Watch in Saudi Arabia, a C-141 carrying

Federal Bureau of Investigation bomb investigators and a team of surgeons

and medical workers departed Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland. The

mission concluded 15 hours later in Dhahran after receiving two air refuelings.

Three C-141s brought a flying ambulance surgical trauma team, aeromedical

evacuation crews, a stress-management unit, and air evacuation management

teams to Dhahran on the 26th. The following day, 2 C-141s configured for air

evacuation flew 43 patients wounded in the bombing to Ramstein Air Base,

Germany. A C-5 brought the remains of the 19 service members killed in the

attack to the United States.84

In response to the Khobar Towers bombing of June, the Joint Chiefs

directed the relocation and consolidation of US forces in Saudi Arabia in

Operation Desert Focus (Phoenix Dart). During August and September,

air mobility forces transported personnel and cargo to Prince Sultan Air Base,

a remote location that quickly became a major hub for air operations in the

Saudi kingdom, and participated in building a functioning air base out of what

had been little more than a network of runways and ramps. Strategic airlifters

not only flew transatlantic missions but participated in an intratheater airlift

between Dhahran and Prince Sultan as well because of the compressed

schedule of the move, expanded airlift requirements in the theater, and C-130

maintenance issues.85

5 April 1996

4 June 1996

25-27 June 1996

4 August 1996

13 January 1996

1996

20
31

A C-17 led a flight of F-15s escorted by Russian SU-27s through Russian

airspace to Savasleyka Air Base, Russia. An accompanying KC-10 facilitated

the exercise. The mission was one in a series of goodwill exchange visits

between Russian and American air forces.86

The Aeronautical Systems Center announced the selection of Boeing

Company’s 757-200 as the large aircraft replacement for the VC-137. To

the maximum extent possible, the aircraft was to be a commercial off-theshelf jet.87 Boeing would build four of the aircraft, which would have the

designation of C-32A, to meet the requirement to move senior American and

foreign officials. The jet could carry up to 45 passengers. Traveling at a

cruise speed of 600 miles per hour, the C-32A could fly 4,400 miles nonstop.

With a wingspan of 124.67 feet, the aircraft was 155.25 feet in length and

44.5 feet in height.88

Air refueled by KC-10s and KC-135s, B-52s flew nonstop to Andersen

Air Force Base, Guam, from Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana, and then

embarked on a 13,683 nautical-mile round-trip attack on Iraq in Operation

Desert Strike. Fourteen tankers supported the positioning flight to Guam;

760,000 pounds of fuel were transferred. Fifteen tankers flew support for the

air-strike leg of the mission profile, which required an offload of 1,360,000

pounds of fuel. The attack was a response to Iraq’s violation of UN

prohibitions on military intervention in northern Iraq. A consequence of these

acts was the extension of the Southern Watch no-fly zone boundary from 32

degrees north latitude to 33 degrees north latitude.89

8 August 1996

2-3 September 1996

5-9 August 1996

Following the terrorist attack on American forces in

Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, at the Khobar Towers housing

complex, KC-135 crews and support personnel joined in

to move tanker operations from Riyadh to Prince Sultan

Air Base. The relocation was part of the Desert Focus

operation to move US military personnel to more secure

surroundings.

Reflecting on the conditions at Prince Sultan Air Base,

Saudi Arabia, the tanker airlift control element commander reported that “When we arrived, nothing was

here.” A tent city quickly emerged to house tanker and

other Air Force personnel as force protection concerns

following the bombing of Khobar Towers led to the

Desert Focus effort to consolidate military personnel

at more secure locations.

21
32

To reiterate and refine the role of AMC’s lead command responsibilities,

Headquarters USAF announced that the Fall Corona conference of Air Force

commanders had designated AMC as the lead command for air mobility

standards.90 Lead command responsibilities were codified in Air Force Policy

Directive 10-21, “Air Mobility Lead Command Roles and Responsibilities,”

1 May 98, the first policy directive to designate a lead command by mission

area rather than by aircraft type. As “lead command for the air mobility mission

area,” AMC was chartered to “manage and coordinate with the other

commands involved in air mobility operations those processes [necessary] to

enable the interoperability of air mobility forces regardless of command.” It

would “maintain in concert” with other commands “clear, detailed, and

accountable standards in this mission area to ensure efficient employment and

interoperability of forces.” It had the lead in coordinating technical reviews of

air mobility doctrine and in coordination with the other commands would

“develop tactics, techniques, and procedures necessary to effect air mobility

force integration,” and “formulate organizational templates for operational and

support forces to serve as the standard for air mobility organization.”91

Other lead command responsibilities included management of the processes

to identify requirements, development of baseline inspection and evaluation

standards, and formulation of baseline training events and employment tactics.

AMC would develop air mobility curricula to meet the training needs of all

commands, establish logistics program standards, and in coordination with

other commands establish command and control processes. It was the

advocate for air mobility, planning for system-wide unique equipment as well

as addressing personnel issues.92

Operation Northern Watch superceded

Operation Provide Comfort, the multinational

effort to assist Kurds in Iraq above 36 degrees

north latitude. Provide Comfort began in April

1991 primarily as a humanitarian operation to

resupply Kurdish refugees made homeless by an

Iraqi government offensive designed to end

Kurdish opposition to the rule of Saddam

Hussein. With time, the military element of the

operation came to predominate as a no-fly zone

for Iraqi aircraft over the north was enforced.

The emphasis of Northern Watch was clearly

military, humanitarian efforts having been

divested to international agencies in the wake of

conflict among Kurdish factions and intervention

by Iraq at the invitation of one faction.93

1 January 1997

21 October 1996

A KC-135 refueled an Air Force F-15E Strike Eagle on

patrol during Operation Northern Watch. In 1999, during

Operation Allied Force, the requirement for air refueling

support worldwide was so large that a Presidential Selected

Reserve Call-up of tanker assets was necessary to support

the Northern Watch mission over Iraq.

1997

22
33

Most CONUS C-130 units assigned to Air Combat Command or its gained

units returned to Air Mobility Command.94 (The remainder was reassigned to

AETC.) The objective of the transfer was to facilitate “a seamless mobility

system.”95 The distribution of C-130s to ACC and the theater commands in

1992 and 1993 while strategic airlift remained in AMC decentralized decision

making and blurred lines of authority, as demonstrated in Operation Uphold

Democracy and subsequent major contingencies. The return of the C-130s

and their supporting units eliminated the need for CONUS users to request

airlift from two different commands depending on whether the need was

intratheater or intertheater. The transfer also consolidated under one command

support functions such as aerial port and tanker airlift control elements

(TALCEs) and headquarters command and control. The repatriation of

CONUS-based C-130s addressed a portion of the problem, while, planners

believed, a new command and control system to mesh theater and global

command and control systems overseas would meld mobility operations

worldwide.96

AMC regained control of all C-21 operational support aircraft based in

the United States that had been dispersed among five major commands in

1993. The catalyst for the reorganization was the crash of a T-43 OSA aircraft

carrying Secretary of Commerce Ron Brown in April 1996, which caused the

Air Force to assess how best to improve oversight of OSA operations and

implement operational guidance. Giving the control of aircraft to the lead

command responsible for overall management, officials believed, facilitated

the implementation of uniform policies and procedures across the fleet and

promoted conformity to the guidance. The principle that theater commands

should control theater-assigned aircraft was honored in that USAFE and

PACAF retained control of OSA aircraft, with the conviction that improved

standardization could be achieved overseas under the theaters’ oversight.97

While the C-21s returned to AMC, scheduling of OSA aircraft in the United

States remained under US Transportation Command’s Joint Operational

Support Airlift Center, which had been activated on 1 October 1996 due to a

congressional mandate to consolidate OSA scheduling for all the armed services.

The center achieved full operational capability on 1 April 1997.98

The Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs

announced the award of a contract to Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation to

provide two commercial passenger Gulfstream V airliners. They were

designated C-37As.99 These small, ultra-long range business jets along with

the large C-32As would replace the VC-137 fleet of executive support aircraft.

The C-37A could haul 12 passengers at speeds up to 664 miles per hour and

had an unrefueled range of 5,300 nautical miles. The aircraft was 96.4 feet in

length, 25.8 feet in height, and had a wingspan of 93.5 feet.100

1 April 1997

1 April 1997

29 April 1997

23
34

A C-5 flew the 500th mission of Operation Provide Hope, a humanitarian

airlift to states of the former Soviet Union, begun in February 1992. The

flight to Tashkent, Uzbekistan, delivered over $7 million in privately-donated

medicine for distribution in the outer regions of Uzbekistan. To facilitate a

major hospital upgrade, the Galaxy also transported 220 containers of excess

Department of Defense medical supplies and equipment valued at $15 million.

The flight also carried a team of Department of Defense medical experts to

install the equipment and train Uzbekis in its use.101

Ramstein Air Base, Germany, received the first delivery of the Tunner

loader.102 Realizing that “hours lost on the tarmac . . . translate into lives

lost,” command leaders ensured that Tunners coming off the production line

were immediately deployed in support of Operation Phoenix Scorpion II in

February 1998.103

Eight C-17s set the distance record for an

airdrop when they flew 7,897 nautical miles from

the United States to a drop zone in Kazakhstan

during Exercise CENTRAZBAT (Central Asian

Battalion) 97 on a mission lasting 19 hours and 23

minutes. The drop of Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Uzbek, and

American paratroops was facilitated by 3 air

refuelings from a tanker fleet consisting of 9 KC-10s

and 11 KC-135s. Sixteen airlift missions to

Tashkent, Uzbekistan, supported the airdrop phase

of the exercise. The exercise was designed to

enhance regional cooperation and increase

interoperability among NATO and Partnership for

Peace countries of the former Soviet Union.104

23 July 1997

14-15 September 1997

17 June 1997

The Tunner 60,000-pound loader was the number two

acquisition project in AMC. It could carry up to six

cargo pallets at a time, loading and unloading cargo

from military and commercial aircraft.

A Tunner loader positioned humanitarian rations on a

contracted 747 for Operation Sustain Hope (Allied

Harbour). Commercially contracted aircraft provided

an important augmentation for the military aircraft of

Air Mobility Command, the Guard, and the Reserve.

Paratroopers of the Army’s 82d Airborne Division

along with other soldiers from Kazakhstan, Kyrgzstan,

and Uzbekistan practiced jumping from C-17s at Fort

Bragg, North Carolina, in preparation for Exercise

CENTRAZBAT 97, the longest airdrop in history.

24
35

Eighteen C-17 missions airlifted 21 MIG-29 fighters, missiles, and

maintenance equipment from the former Soviet Republic of Moldova to WrightPatterson Air Force Base, Ohio, in Operation Pivot Sail beginning on

19 October. Mission support flights to facilitate Pivot Sail began on

12 October. Altogether, five C-17s and one C-130 carried mission support,

with a tanker airlift control element arriving in Moldova on 16 October. Fifteen

KC-135 missions refueled the C-17s that carried the fighters. The United

States acquired the MIGs under the Cooperative Threat Reduction Act of

1993, which gave the Department of Defense broad authority to eliminate

weapons of the former Soviet Union.105

12 October4 November 1997

The C-17 was the platform for the airdrop in Exercise CENTRAZBAT 97. It could transport up to 102 paratroopers

at a time.

25
36

Air Mobility Command orchestrated a global,

bi-directional airflow dubbed Operation Phoenix

Scorpion I to augment Operation Southern

Watch. The United States government ordered

this deployment of additional forces from the

United States to Southwest Asia and the Indian

Ocean in response to Iraq’s intransigence over the

continuation of UN inspections of sites that could

be used to produce and store weapons of mass

destruction. Over the Pacific, the command

established an air bridge and provided airlift

support for the deployment of B-52s and attendant

KC-10s to Diego Garcia. Over the Atlantic, the

command provided airlift and air refueling

support to deliver fighters, bombers, KC-135s,

and elements of a Patriot missile battery to Bahrain

and Kuwait. Iraq’s apparent willingness to resume

the inspection program brought an end to the

deployment on 24 November, and, within days,

all but residual command forces returned home.106

To close the deployment, the command and its

gained units flew 60 airlift missions and 208

tanker missions, delivering over 3,000 short tons

of cargo, 1,517 passengers to down-range

locations, and 7.4 million pounds of fuel.107

Air Mobility Command conducted the Desert Thunder deployment

referred to in AMC as Phoenix Scorpion II. This movement augmented

forces previously built up in Southwest Asia in November 1997 because of

Iraq’s refusal to permit unfettered inspections of potential sites for the

development and storage of weapons of mass destruction.108 Like the earlier

deployment, Phoenix Scorpion II was both global and bi-directional. Again,

the command supported the westward flow of B-52s and KC-10s from the

United States to Diego Garcia. Its airlift and tanker assets facilitated the

move of fighters and a B-1B, as well as rescue and special operations assets,

from the United States east to the Persian Gulf area. As part of the eastern

flow, the command airlifted members of the 1st Brigade of the 3rd Infantry

Division from Hunter Army Air Field, Georgia. In all, active-duty, Guard, and

Reserve forces and AMC-contracted commercials flew 396 airlift missions

and 191 air refueling missions to carry 11,368 passengers and 11,321 short

tons of cargo and to offload 4.7 million pounds of fuel.109

8 February3 March 1998

Maintenance personnel serviced a KC-10 in preparation

for a refueling mission. During Phoenix Scorpion I,

Extenders deployed to Europe and Diego Garcia as well

as to Southwest Asia in preparation for conflict with Iraq.

19-25 November 1997

1998

26
37

During Operation Phoenix Scorpion II, Hunter Army

Airfield, Georgia, served as the stage base where aircraft

could be serviced and aircrews changed. By updating the

aircrew status board, the stage manager could determine

which crewmembers were available to alert for flying duty.

Tanker airlift control elements deployed to Southwest

Asia during Operation Phoenix Scorpion II to

facilitate airfield operations. At Thumrait Air Base,

Oman, a TALCE member conferred with the crew of a

departing C-5.

In Operation Phoenix Scorpion II, services personnel set

up a field kitchen in Southwest Asia to feed 400 deployed

personnel.

Installation of a quick reaction satellite antenna gave

deployed forces in Southwest Asia direct commutations

with planners in the United States during Operation

Phoenix Scorpion II.

27
38

The first production-modified KC-135 Pacer CRAG (Compass, Radar,

and Global Positioning System) aircraft (tail number 57-1435) arrived at the

22d Air Refueling Wing, McConnell Air Force Base, Kansas. Pacer CRAG

upgraded navigational avionics, replaced compass and radar systems with

commercial off-the-shelf systems, and added a second inertial navigation system

(INS) plus a Navstar global positioning system (GPS) receiver. The upgrade

would eliminate the aircrew navigator.110

Following Air Force acceptance on 29 May

1998 and post-delivery modification, the first of

four C-32As (tail number 98-0002) arrived at its

operational wing, the 89th Airlift Wing at Andrews

Air Force Base, Maryland. The aircraft’s stateof-the-art engines and advanced wing design made

it one of the quietest, most fuel-efficient jetliners

available. Together with the C-37A, the C-32A

replaced the VC-137 fleet of support aircraft used

to transport the vice president, cabinet members,

and other dignitaries.111

19 June 1998

2 June 1998

(Top) For close to half a century, the navigator had been

an integral member of the KC-135 crew of four, but

technological advancements in the cockpit would lead

to the elimination of the position in the early 21st century.

(Right)In 1999, AMC began to deploy KC-135s modified

with the Pacer CRAG (Compass Radar and Global

Positioning System) upgrades that eliminated the need

for navigators on board.

The Air Force’s first C-32A began flying operational

missions in support of the Executive Branch of the

Federal Government during June 1998.

28
39

Islamic terrorists

linked to Usama Bin

Laden simultaneously

bombed the American

embassies in Nairobi,

Kenya, and Dar-esSalaam, Tanzania. The

bombings killed 220,

including 12 employees of

the embassy in Nairobi,

and injured 4,000,

including some 20

Americans at Nairobi.

Within hours, a C-141

departed the United States

for Kenya carrying medical

and security personnel. On the 9th, a C-141 evacuated patients to Ramstein

Air Force Base, Germany, for medical treatment. Federal Bureau of

Investigation agents and urban task force members were among the passengers

AMC transported during Operation Resolute Response. By the conclusion

of the mission on 1 September 1998, 61 missions transported 1,035 passengers

and 293 short tons of cargo. Two missions returned the remains of the slain

Americans to the United States.112

On 21 September, Hurricane Georges began making multiple landfalls in

the Caribbean, devastating Puerto Rico, the island of Hispanola, the Virgin

Islands, and other locations before hitting the Gulf Coast and making its final

landfall in Mississippi on 27 September. Over 400 people perished due to

the storm.113 The Air Mobility Command and its gained units contributed

extensive support for the ensuing relief effort. In a nearly three-week-long

operation beginning on 21 September, strategic and tactical airlifters flew 197

missions to the Caribbean to transport medical teams, generators, refrigerator

units, construction equipment, ice, and similar cargo to the disaster areas in an

effort called Fundamental Relief. The transport of water, itself, was a

major task, with a requirement to airlift 100,000 gallons per day for 10 days.

More than 450 passengers and 8,500 short tons of cargo were airlifted from

numerous onload points in the continental United States before the airlift was

complete on 12 October. Naval Air Station Roosevelt Roads, Puerto Rico,

served as the staging point for the airflow into the Caribbean. A director of

mobility forces and an air mobility element arrived there on 21 September

and were joined by a tanker airlift control element the following day.114 Among

the arriving aircraft at Roosevelt Roads were Ukrainian Antonov 124s, which

the General Services Administration had placed under contract for the Federal

Emergency Management Agency.115

7 August 1998

21 September12 October 1998

A C-5 carried the remains of victims of the terrorist bombing of the US Embassy in

Nairobi, Kenya, to Dover Air Force Base, Delaware.

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40

The Defense Courier Service was reassigned to AMC from US Transportation

Command. The reassignment addressed the Transportation Command’s concerns

that all members of the service, even those in the field at the execution level, were

counted as unified headquarters management personnel, a definition that could

prove detrimental to manning at US Transportation Command headquarters.116

Escalating violence in Kosovo, a province of Serbia in the Federal Republic

of Yugoslavia, sparked by Serbian and Yugoslavian repression of the ethnic Albanian

majority resulted in mobility air forces conducting a strategic airlift dubbed

Phoenix Duke because a NATO campaign against Yugoslavia seemed imminent.

KC-135s and KC-10s deployed to support Joint Task Force Silver Anvil in the

looming conflict. Yugoslavian acceptance of NATO terms ended the immediate

threat of war, and the tankers returned to home station. Airlift operations supported

the subsequent peacekeeping mission.117

On 14 October 1998, the Air Force accepted the

first C-37A (tail number 97-0400), a military version of

the Gulfstream V business jet, from Gulfstream

(Top) A KC-10 unloaded lumber at Naval Air Station

Roosevelt Roads, Puerto Rico, in the aftermath of

Hurricane Georges. Designed as an advanced tankercargo aircraft, the cargo role of the KC-10 became more

pronounced after AMC was activated.

(Left) A US Federal Protection Service officer rode off

a C-5 at Naval Air Station Roosevelt Roads, Puerto

Rico, to help secure areas ravaged by Hurricane

Georges.

1 October 1998

14 October 1998

11 October11 November 1998

A business jet modified to transport the vice president and

other senior officials on special air missions, the C-37A arrived

at Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland, in October 1998.

30
41

Aerospace International, and the 89th Airlift Wing took delivery of it at

Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland. Along with the C-32, the C-37A replaced

the VC-137s used by high-ranking government officials.118

Mitch, the fourth strongest Atlantic

hurricane on record, devastated

Honduras and wreaked havoc on El

Salvador, Nicaragua, and Guatemala in

late October. In its wake, upwards

of 10,000 people died, and two

million were made homeless.119 By

6 November, a strategic airlift was

underway, which was largely completed

on 11 December although missions

would continue to be flown until

19 March 1999. AMC dispatched an

air mobility element to Soto Cano Air

Base, Honduras, and two directors of

mobility forces, one based at Soto Cano

in support of Joint Task Force Bravo and

one at Comalapa Air Base, El Salvador,

in support of Joint Task Force-Eagle

(which took the Spanish name Aguila).

Through the end of December 1998,

AMC and its gained units flew 158

missions. By the end of the relief effort,

the tally of missions exceeded 200.

Additionally, AMC and, primarily, Air

National Guard and Air Force Reserve

Command assets delivered privatelydonated humanitarian cargo on a spaceavailable basis through the provisions of

the Denton Amendment. Donors were

not charged for the airlift. Over the

course of the relief effort, airlifters

transported 5,500 short tons of Denton

Amendment cargo.120

6 November 1998-19 March 1999

US and Canadian service members unloaded mattresses from an Air

National Guard C-130 at La Cieba, Honduras, to aid refugees made

homeless by Hurricane Mitch. The Guard and the Air Force Reserve

Command took responsibility for most of the Denton Amendment relief

cargo carried at no charge for private donor organizations.

A C-27 Spartan landed at the dirt airstrip at Mocoron, Honduras,

with relief supplies to aid refugees from Hurricane Mitch. From hub

locations in Central America, it flew to outlying areas to deliver

humanitarian cargo. Soon after participating in Hurricane Mitch

relief operations, the C-27 was retired from the Air Force inventory.

31
42

After Iraq’s Saddam

Hussein expelled UN weapons

inspectors, the National

Command Authority ordered

additional American forces to

Southwest Asia as part of

Operation Desert Thunder,

known in AMC as Phoenix

Scorpion III. Iraq’s peace

overtures led the Clinton

administration to halt the

deployment. During the fourday deployment, the AMC

system completed 61 airlift and

196 tanker missions. Airlifters

transported more than 3,000

passengers and 2,700 short tons

of cargo. Tankers refueled 90

aircraft, offloading 9.3 million

pounds of fuel.121

 At the onset of hostilities

with Iraq on 16 December,

Emergency Deployment

Readiness Exercise Noble

Shirley, which deployed Patriot

surface-to-air defensive missile

battalions to Israel, became

Operation Shining Presence.

The deployment was principally

a theater move, with C-17s

flying between Ramstein Air

Base, Germany, and Nevatim Air

Base, Israel, and Ben Gurion

Airport at Tel Aviv in US European Command’s area of responsibility. The

United States Air Forces in Europe assumed tactical control (TACON) of

both the C-17s that airlifted the missiles and AMC’s tanker airlift control

element at Nevatim. This transfer was the first time that TACON of strategic

airlift assets passed from US Transportation Command and AMC to another

command. During the Shining Presence phase of the deployment, assets

from AMC and its gained forces flew 45 missions to transport 165 passengers

and 1,070 short tons of cargo.122

12-15 November 1998

9-21 December 1998

A boom operator aboard a KC-10 refueled a stealth fighter. The F-117

Nighthawk was among the aircraft AMC tankers refueled over the Atlantic

during Phoenix Scorpion III and other deployments to Southwest Asia.

32
43

16-22 December 1998

24 March20 June 1999

17 February 1999

Aircrews at Grand Forks Air Force Base, North Dakota, filled

out paperwork as they went through the mobility processing

line for Operation Phoenix Scorpion IV. 1999

Following release of a UN report documenting Iraq’s subversion of the

UN inspection program of Iraqi sites that could be used to illegally produce or

store weapons of mass destruction, the National Command Authority authorized

Operation Desert Fox (Phoenix Scorpion IV), a series of air strikes.

President Bill Clinton terminated the operation on 19 December after some

90 targets had been successfully hit. Since most of the assets were already in

place, the air mobility portion of the four-day campaign was relatively small.

During the deployment phase of Desert Fox, AMC and its gained forces flew

62 airlift missions to transport 2,462 passengers and 1,940 short tons of cargo.

Tankers flew 97 missions.123

After accepting the first C-130Js on 28 January 1999, the Air Force took

delivery of the first of the regular J-models (tail number 5454) at Keesler Air

Force Base, Mississippi. It would be flown by the 403d Wing of the Air

Force Reserve Command.124

Yugoslavian and Serbian officials violated their promise to accept the conditions NATO set in October 1998 to avoid war over Kosovo. The National

Command Authority authorized a build-up of forces in Europe to wage war on

Yugoslavian targets while last-ditch peace negotiations hesitantly proceeded. On

19 February, airlifters and tankers began deploying in support of Joint Task Force

Noble Anvil, which was to be the American component of the NATO war against

Serbia. The failure of diplomacy led to NATO’s decision to begin Operation

Allied Force on 24 March 1999. After a 78-day air campaign, NATO was

victorious, officially suspending the war on 10 June and declaring the conflict over

on 20 June. Serbian and Yugoslavian military and police forces evacuated

Kosovo, and Kosovo Force (KFOR), the NATO-led peacekeepers, spearheaded

by the US contingent called Task Force Falcon, soon entered the province under

the rubric of Operation Joint Guardian, which began on 10 June.125

33
44

A KC-135 air refueled two US Air Force F-16 Falcons over northern

Bosnia on a combat air patrol mission during Operation Allied Force.

On occasion during the conflict, some tankers were in harm’s way

and had to change course due to the proximity of enemy aircraft.

A KC-135 refueled a US Air Force B-2 Spirit over the Atlantic Ocean

during Operation Allied Force. The first-ever combat missions of the

stealth bomber were the product of a team effort with the tanker fleet.

As the Serbs drove the Kosovar

Albanians into neighboring Albania

and the Former Yugoslav Republic of

Macedonia during Allied Force, a

humanitarian disaster was in the making.

To aid the refugees, Joint Task Force

Shining Hope mobilized to provide food

and shelter. A humanitarian airlift began

to flow materiel into Albania on 3 April

and, later, Macedonia in a relief effort that

became Operation Sustain Hope. The

task force became the US component

of NATO Operation Allied Harbour.

The task force was disestablished on 8

July 1999, while Allied Harbour

concluded on 1 September.126

Air mobility forces from AMC and

its gained units were instrumental in

achieving the victory for what AMC

referred to as Operation Phoenix Duke

II. They were crucial to highly visible

missions during the war. The move, for

example, of Task Force Hawk, the US

Army Aviation Brigade Combat team of

AH-64 Apache helicopters, multiplelaunch rocket system battalions, and

associated force protection and

command and control elements from

Ramstein Air Base, Germany, to Rinas

Airport at Tirana, Albania, was by air.*

C-17s, under the tactical control of

USAFE, were the airlifters of choice for

this Army deployment. In another

prominent component of the air

campaign, KC-135s and KC-10s

facilitated the first-ever combat missions

by B-2 stealth bombers. The B-2

mission profiles of flights from home

station at Whiteman Air Force Base,

Missouri, to targets in Yugoslavia and

home again could only be accomplished

with four air refuelings.127 In tribute to

the role of air refueling, the Joint Forces

Air Component Commander declared

that “tankers turned the tide of the

war.”128

*Less visible but critical to the Hawk deployment was a strategic airlift from the continental United States to Germany.

34
45

Pallets of humanitarian daily rations

at Dover Air Force Base, Delaware,

were destined for Kosovar Albanian

refugees in Albania and the Former

Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

during Operation Sustain Hope

(Allied Harbour).

Due to the rudimentary airfield conditions at Tirana’s

Rinas Airport, the C-17 was the ideal candidate to deploy

the large loads required by Task Force Hawk in Albania

during Operation Allied Force. Apache helicopters and

multiple launch rocket system components were among

the cargo carried by the strategic airlifter.

(Top) Air Force and US Army assets made for congestion

on the flightline at Rinas Airport, Tirana, Albania, during

Operation Allied Force. In this instance, the crowding

was due to the convergence of the Task Force Hawk

deployment, other Allied Force commitments, and the

humanitarian relief effort directed by Joint Task Force

Shining Hope, but congestion was often both the normal

condition at contingency locations and a source of

interservice friction.

(Left) Deployed force protection personnel moved a

defensive fighting position along the flightline at Rinas

Airport in Tirana, Albania, to protect Task Force Hawk

and Joint Task Force Shining Hope during Operation

Allied Force.

*The number of 160 tankers deployed is frequently cited, but the 160th tanker was actually deployed for Operation

Joint Forge. Interview (U), Robert deV. Brunkow, AMC/HO, with Maj Jeffrey Deem, AMC TACC/XOOKC, 29 Mar 00.

One hundred fifty-nine USAF KC-10s and KC-135s deployed

to Europe* to join the conflict. Overall, 175 US tankers in the theater

contributed to the campaign. The air-refueling statistics were impressive.

Tankers delivered 355.8 million pounds of fuel to 23,095 receivers.

Airlifters from AMC and its gained units and contracted commercial

flights flew 2,231 missions carrying 37,460 passengers and 59,055

short tons of cargo. AMC provided the director of mobility forces for

the air campaign, deployed an air mobility element, and established

tanker airlift control element and mission support team operations at

11 locations in the European area of responsibility, the TALCE at

Tirana coming under the tactical control of USAFE.129 Primarily due

to the large requirement for air refueling, a Presidential Selected Reserve

Call-up for the first time in command history was necessary to mobilize

members of the Reserve and the Guard.130

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46

DEPLOYING AVIATION FORCES FOR ROTATION 1

OF THE EAF132

 1 October 1999

AEF 1 AEF 2 AEW

Active Duty 92 ARW 319 ARW 19 ARG

317 AG 317 AG 317 AG

375 AW

Air National 123 AW 153 AW

Guard 179 AW 145 AW

107 ARW 101 ARW

186 ARW 108 ARW

134 ARW

155 ARW

171 ARW

Air Force 514 AMW

Reserve (Associate Wing)

Command 913 AW

934 AW

1 October 1999

AMC began a strategic airlift for Operation Stabilise. Unwillingly annexed

by Indonesia in 1975, the people of the former Portuguese colony of East

Timor voted for independence in August 1999 after decades of strife between

advocates of self-determination and those favoring absorption into Indonesia.

In response, pro-Indonesian forces intensified their campaign of repression

that killed many and drove hundreds of thousands into exile. AMC and its air

reserve component assets assisted the UN’s International Force in East Timor

by carrying peacekeeping forces from Thailand, Kenya, the Philippines, and

other countries, as well as a limited number of American military members, to

the staging point at Darwin, Australia, where two AMC tanker airlift control

elements facilitated the move of humanitarian cargo as well as the military

personnel. With a peak monthly strategic airflow of 32 missions in October

1999, the airlift continued at a diminished rate. By March of 2000, some 66

missions carried 3,746 passengers and 1,900 short tons of cargo.131

36

18 September 1999-

ongoing
47

*The first rotation was an anomaly in several respects including the abbreviated 60-day period of deployment.

The air mobility system began deploying the first rotation of USAF and

AMC forces under the Expeditionary Aerospace Force (EAF). The

expeditionary concept addressed the need to deploy the Air Force’s limited

assets around the world on behalf of several continuing, or “steady-state,”

contingencies, the largest being Northern Watch, Southern Watch, and Joint

Forge. Following the end of the Cold War, the Air Force lost two-thirds of

its forward bases and one-third of its personnel, but by the mid-1990s four

times as many personnel were deployed overseas as in the late 1980s.133

To solve this dilemma of the new world order, the Air Force organized 10

Aerospace Expeditionary Forces (AEFs) under the EAF concept. Each AEF,

consisting of active-duty, Reserve and Guard resources, was designed to

provide a quick and clearly defined response that could be tailored in varioussized packages for a wide range of air power scenarios. Officers and airmen

assigned to each AEF were liable for a 90-day,* steady-state deployment

every 15 months. During their 90-day periods of eligibility, personnel either

deployed as members of the two on-call AEFs or remained at home station

ready to deploy if a steady-state contingency requirement expanded or a new

contingency demanded a response. The EAF concept was designed to give

officers and airmen stability at home station and predictability for the time they

would be liable for deployments overseas. Additionally, two Aerospace

Expeditionary Wings (AEWs) were poised to react to “pop-up” crises. These

wings, like the AEFs, alternated; they were in on-call status for periods of 90

days.134

AMC was both a force enabler and a force provider under the EAF. As

a force enabler, AMC with its gained units furnished en route mission support,

tanker air bridges, and intertheater airlift for the deploying AEFs. As a force

provider, the command’s air-refueling aircraft, intratheater aircraft, and combat

support assets were integrated into the AEFs, and operational control of them

transferred to the appropriate command when they deployed. Viewed as

national assets with a myriad of responsibilities, intertheater aircraft, however,

were not assigned to AEFs. While the number of aviation units allocated to

AEFs was limited (see table above), virtually every AMC unit provided combat

support personnel to the Aerospace Expeditionary Forces. Guard and Reserve

units were also force providers, although their officers and airmen normally

rotated to the overseas theaters on 15-day temporary duty assignments rather

than for the 90-day tours performed by active-duty personnel. Air reserve

component aircraft flown over by the first aircrews deployed were operated

by successive crews for the 90-day deployment.135

Apart from the AEFs but integral to the EAF were the five Lead Mobility

Wings (LMWs) formed entirely from AMC resources. The LMW could be

called upon to send leadership and functional experts to the site of a humanitarian

relief activity or other location for a non-combat, mobility-centric operation.

Wing personnel eligible for deployment in 90-day rotational cycles were

responsible for making on-scene assessments of air mobility requirements and

arranging for the reception of follow-on forces. The 43d Airlift Wing was

Lead Mobility Wing for AEFs 1 and 2.136

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48

A C-5 delivered an Air Force MH-60 Pave Hawk helicopter

in Mozambique for Operation Atlas Response. Through

such deliveries, strategic airlifters facilitated intratheater

flood relief.

1 March16 April 2000

4 January10 March 2000

Airmen at Soto Cano Air Base, Honduras, loaded a water

purification unit on a C-130 bound for Caracas, Venezuela,

in response to flooding in South America during Operation

Fundamental Response. Air transport of drinking water

and water purification equipment was a frequent task after

natural disasters.

Heavy rains during December 1999 unleashed landslides in Venezuela with devastating

results: upwards of 30,000 people perished and

some 400,000 were made homeless. During

December, several humanitarian missions airlifted

aid into Venezuela. Beginning on 4 January, a

strategic airlift of 16 missions delivered 189

passengers and 527 short tons of cargo supporting

the relief efforts of Joint Task Force Fundamental

Response. Among the cargo transported were

reverse osmosis water purification units needed to

overcome the shortage of potable water created

by damage to local water treatment plants.137

Two cyclones and intervening periods of

torrential rains saturated southern Africa in

February, creating particular havoc in

Mozambique, where thousands died and the

Mozambican government estimated that some

200,000 were homeless. Joint Task Force

Atlas Response was a component of the

international effort to bring flood relief to

Mozambique. C-5s, primarily, and other

airlifters flew 29 intertheater missions to transport

937 passengers and 920 short tons of cargo.

Cargo included MH-60G Pave Hawk and

MH-53 Pave Low helicopters that along with

USAFE C-130s transported 1,172 humanitarian

workers and 1,039 short tons of cargo within

southern Africa.138

2000

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49

25 July-23 September 2000

30 April-17 May 2000

During the worst fire season in the western United States in decades, a C-130

dispersed fire retardant from the spouts of a modular airlift fire-fighting system

(MAFFS). Fire suppression was a total force effort with the Guard and Reserve

at the point of the spear: they possessed the MAFFS.

Demonstrators at the Vieques Naval Training Area on the Puerto Rican

island of Vieques successfully blockaded the US Navy installation in order to

prevent bombing training exercises. US marshals and Federal Bureau of

Investigation agents flown in on AMC missions joined local law enforcement

authorities in apprehending the protestors.139

The American West

experienced the worst fire

season in decades. Over 6.5

million acres--more than

twice the annual average--

were consumed by fire.To

contribute to fire suppression

efforts, AMC, the Guard

and the Reserve, and contracted commercial carriers

flew 48 missions from 1 August

to 23 September to transport

339 short tons of cargo as

well as 5,967 Army and

Marine personnel who

augmented civilian firefighters. Montana and Idaho

were the primary destinations

for deploying firefighters.

Guard and Reserve C-130s

equipped with modular

airborne fire fighting systems

deployed from 25 July to

6 September to fly 774

sorties and drop 970,500

gallons of fire retardant on

wildfires in California, Idaho,

and Montana.140

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50

On the cusp of the new millennium, AMC was a leaner organization than it

had been at its activation. It consisted of two numbered air forces, 12 wings,

and 3 independent aviation groups. The three major organizations reporting

directly to Headquarters AMC were the Tanker Airlift Control Center, the Air

Mobility Warfare Center, and the Defense Courier Service. Some 58,000

officers, airmen, and civilians staffed the command. AMC could also draw on

43,500 members of the Air Force Reserve Command and 34,400 personnel

from the Air National Guard. Twelve bases were controlled by AMC.141

While it had become a smaller command, AMC had also become more focused,

reorganizing to emphasize its core air mobility missions. With its acquisition of

new aircraft and participation in the Expeditionary Aerospace Force, it was

poised to provide the air refueling and airlift necessary to achieve national

objectives in the 21st century.

At the inception of AMC, command leaders sought a new nickname to

identify command-unique activities. The new term befit a new command that

merged functions of older organizations whose origins lay in World War II and

the Cold War. The AMC commander settled on “Phoenix” for the mythological

bird that consumed itself by flame after 500 years and regenerated anew from

its ashes.142 The nickname was emblematic of the truism: organizations change,

but the mission continues.

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51

APPENDIX A

BASES BELONGING TO AMC

1 June 1992-31 December 2000

PERIOD OF EXPLANATION FOR

BASE ASSIGNMENT TO AMC CHANGE

Altus AFB, Oklahoma 1 Jun 92-1 Jul 93 CSAF initiative to

consolidate training.

Transferred to AETC.143

Andrews AFB, Maryland 1 Jun 92-continuing

Charleston AFB, South Carolina 1 Jun 92-continuing

Dover AFB, Delaware 1 Jun 92-continuing

Fairchild AFB, Washington 1 Jul 94-continuing CSAF-directed tanker

realignment to consolidate

KC-135s at core bases.144

Implement the objective

wing one base-one wing-one

boss concept. Transferred

from ACC.

Grand Forks AFB, North Dakota 1 Oct 93-continuing Implement the objective

wing one base-one wing-one

boss concept145 following

CSAF-directed tanker

realignment to consolidate

KC-135s at core bases.

Transferred from ACC.

Grissom AFB, Indiana 1 Jun 92-30 Sep 94 Base Realignment and

Closure (BRAC) action.

Transferred to Air Force

Reserve.146

Hurlburt Field, Florida 1 Jun 92-1 Oct 92 CSAF-directed realignment

to implement the objective

wing one base-one wing-one

boss concept. Transferred to

Air Force Special Operations

Command.147

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52

Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 1 Jun 92-1 Jan 93 Divestiture of functions not

directly in support of

strategic air mobility.

Transferred to Air Force

Materiel Command.148

Lajes Field, Azores, Portugal 1 Jan 92-1 Oct 93 Goldwater-Nichols

Department of Defense

Reorganization Act

recommendation to assign

units within a unified

commander’s theater to the

theater air component. Lajes

Field with its host unit

transferred to ACC, the air

component of US Atlantic

Command.149

Little Rock AFB, Arkansas 1 Jun 92-1 Oct 93 Realignment of CONUS

C-130s to Air Combat

Command. Transferred to

ACC.150

MacDill AFB, Florida 1 Oct 96-continuing Implement objective wing

one base-one wing-one boss

philosophy following BRAC

action to move tanker

mission to MacDill.

Transferred from ACC.151

Malmstrom AFB, Montana 1 Jun 92-1 Jul 94 BRAC action and CSAFdirected realignment of

tankers. Tankers reassigned;

base transferred to Air Force

Space Command.152

March AFB, California 1 Jun 92-1 Apr 96 BRAC Action. Base

transferred to AFRC.153

McChord AFB, Washington 1 Jun 92-continuing

McConnell AFB, Kansas 1 Jan 94-continuing Implement objective wing

one base-one wing-one boss

concept following CSAFdirected tanker realignment

to consolidate KC-135s at

core bases. Transferred from

ACC.154

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53

McGuire AFB, New Jersey 1 Jun 92-continuing

Norton AFB, California 1 Jun 92-31 Mar 94 BRAC action. Base

closure.155

Plattsburgh AFB, New York 1 Jun 92-30 Sep 95 BRAC action. Base

closure.156

Pope AFB, North Carolina 1 Apr 97-continuing Repatriation of CONUS

C-130s to AMC. Transferred

from ACC.157

Scott AFB, Illinois 1 Jun 92-continuing

Travis AFB, California 1 Jun 92-continuing

43
5444
55

APPENDIX B

AMC NUMBERED AIR FORCES, WINGS, INDEPENDENT AVIATION GROUPS, AND

AVIATION SQUADRONS

1 June 1992-1 March 2001

Authority

AMC

Unit Action Dates Station Special Orders

Air Rescue Service Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 McClellan AFB CA GA-4, 1 Jun 92

Assigned to ACC 1 Feb 93 GA-8, 9 Dec 92

GA-14, 31 Dec 92

1st Airlift Squadron Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Andrews AFB MD GA-2, 1 Jun 92

1st Helicopter Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Andrews AFB MD GA-2, 1 Jun 92

Squadron

2d Air Refueling Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Barksdale AFB LA GA-5, 1 Jun 92

Squadron Change of Station 1 Oct 94 McGuire AFB NJ MOXP-12, 21 Jul 94

2d Airlift Squadron Reassigned from ACC 1 Apr 97 Pope AFB NC GAXP-11, 31 Mar 97

3d Airlift Squadron Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Dover AFB DE GA-2, 1 Jun 92

4th Airlift Squadron Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 McChord AFB WA GA-3, 1 Jun 92

6th Air Mobility Reassigned from ACC and 1 Oct 96 MacDill AFB FL GAXP-16, 8 Jul 96

Wing Redesignated from 6 ABW

Redesignated from 6 ARW 1 Jan 01 GAXP-7, 27 Dec 00

6th Air Refueling Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 March AFB CA GA-5, 1 Jun 92

Squadron Change of Station 1 Aug 95 Travis AFB CA MOXP-2, 25 Jan 95

6th Airlift Squadron Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 McGuire AFB NJ GA-2, 1 Jun 92

6th Strategic Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Eielson AFB AK GA-5, 1 Jun 92

Reconnaissance Wing Inactivated 1 Sep 92 GA-21, 25 Aug 92

7th Air Refueling Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Carswell AFB TX GA-5, 1 Jun 92

Squadron Inactivated 1 Jan 93 GA-8, 9 Dec 92

7th Airlift Squadron Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Travis AFB CA GA-2, 1 Jun 92

Change of Station 1 Oct 93 McChord AFB WA MOXP-3, 28 Sep 93

8th Airlift Squadron Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 McChord AFB WA GA-3, 1 Jun 92

9th Air Refueling Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 March AFB CA GA-5, 1 Jun 92

Squadron Change of Station 1 Sep 94 Travis AFB CA MOXP-10, 9 Jun 94

9th Airlift Squadron Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Dover AFB DE GA-2, 1 Jun 92

11th Aeromedical Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Scott AFB IL GA-3, 1 Jun 92

Airlift Squadron Redesignated 11th Airlift 1 Oct 93 GAXP-18, 28 Sep 93

Squadron

11th Air Refueling Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Altus AFB OK GA-5, 1 Jun 92

Squadron Inactivated 1 Oct 94 GAXP-31, 5 Aug 94

45
56

11th Airlift Squadron Redesignated (formerly 1 Oct 93 Scott AFB IL GAXP-18, 28 Sep 93

11th Aeromedical Airlift

Squadron)

12th Airlift Flight Reassigned from ACC 1 Apr 97 Langley AFB VA GAXP-10, 28 Mar 97

13th Airlift Squadron Reassigned from PACAF 1 Oct 93 McGuire AFB NJ GAXP-16, 28 Sep 93

Inactivated 31 Mar 00 GAXP-7, 27 Mar 00

14th Airlift Squadron Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Charleston AFB SC GA-2, 1 Jun 92

15th Air Force Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 March AFB CA GA-5, 1 Jun 92

Change of Station 1 Jul 93 Travis AFB CA MO-2, 28 May 93

15th Airlift Squadron Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Norton AFB CA GA-3, 1 Jun 92

Inactivated 26 Jul 93 GAXP-5, 13 Jul 93

Activated 1 Oct 93 Charleston AFB SC GAXP-18, 28 Sep 93

16th Airlift Squadron Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Little Rock AFB AR GA-3, 1 Jun 92

Change of Station 1 Oct 93 Charleston AFB SC MOXP-3, 28 Sep 93

Inactivated 29 Sep 00 GAXP-8, 11 Apr 00

17th Airlift Squadron Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Charleston AFB SC GA-2, 1 Jun 92

18th Airlift Squadron Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 McGuire AFB NJ GA-2, 1 Jun 92

Inactivated 1 Jul 95 GAXP-12, 25 Apr 95

19th Air Refueling Redesignated from 19th 1 Jul 96 Robins AFB GA GAXP-14, 10 Jun 96

Group Operations Group

19th Air Refueling Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Robins AFB GA GA-5, 1 Jun 92

Wing Inactivated 1 Jul 96 GAXP-14, 10 Jun 96

19th Airlift Squadron Reassigned from PACAF 1 Oct 93 Travis AFB CA GAXP-16, 28 Sep 93

Inactivated 30 Sep 96 GAXP-15, 10 Jun 96

20th Aeromedical Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Yokota AB Japan GA-3, 1 Jun 92

Airlift Squadron Reassigned to PACAF 1 Oct 92 GA-25, 10 Sep 92

20th Airlift Squadron Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Charleston AFB SC GA-2, 1 Jun 92

Change of Station 1 Oct 93 Travis AFB CA MOXP-3, 28 Sep 93

Inactivated 31 Dec 97 GAXP-19, 24 Jul 97

21st Air Force Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 McGuire AFB NJ GA-2, 1 Jun 92

21st Airlift Squadron Reassigned from PACAF 1 Oct 93 Travis AFB CA GAXP-16, 28 Sep 93

22d Air Force Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Travis AFB CA GA-3, 1 Jun 92

Inactivated 1 Jul 93 GAXP-3, 14 Jun 93

22d Air Refueling Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 March AFB CA GA-5, 1 Jun 92

Wing Change of Station 1 Jan 94 McConnell AFB KS MOXP-1, 7 Dec 93

22d Airlift Squadron Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Travis AFB CA GA-3, 1 Jun 92

24th Strategic Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Eielson AFB AK GA-5, 1 Jun 92

Reconnaissance Reassigned to ACC 7 Jul 92 MO-1, 8 Jul 92

Squadron

Authority

AMC

Unit Action Dates Station Special Orders

46
57

28th Air Refueling Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Ellsworth AFB SD GA-5, 1 Jun 92

Squadron Inactivated 15 May 94 GAXP-15, 25 Apr 94

30th Airlift Squadron Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 McGuire AFB NJ GA-2, 1 Jun 92

Reassigned to PACAF 1 Oct 93 MOXP-3, 28 Sep 93

31st Airlift Squadron Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Dover AFB DE GA-2, 1 Jun 92

Inactivated 14 Jan 94 GAXP-6, 13 Jan 94

32d Air Refueling Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Barksdale AFB LA GA-5, 1 Jun 92

Squadron Change of Station 1 Sep 94 McGuire AFB NJ MOXP-12, 21 Jul 94

33d Air Rescue Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Kadena AB Japan GA-4, 1 Jun 92

Squadron Reassigned to PACAF 1 Feb 93 GA-8, 9 Dec 92

GA-14, 31 Dec 92

34th Combat Airlift Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Little Rock AFB AR GA-3, 1 Jun 92

Training Squadron Reassigned to ACC 1 Oct 93 GAXP-19, 28 Sep 93

36th Airlift Squadron Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 McChord AFB WA GA-3, 1 Jun 92

Reassigned to PACAF 1 Oct 93 MOXP-3, 28 Sep 93

37th Air Rescue Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 F. E. Warren AFB WY GA-4, 1 Jun 92

Squadron Reassigned to ACC 1 Feb 93 GA-8, 9 Dec 92

GA-14, 31 Dec 92

38th Air Rescue Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Osan AB Korea GA-4, 1 Jun 92

Squadron Reassigned to PACAF 1 Feb 93 GA-8, 9 Dec 92

GA-14, 31 Dec 92

39th Air Rescue Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Misawa AB Japan GA-4, 1 Jun 92

Squadron Reassigned to PACAF 1 Feb 93 GA-8, 9 Dec 92

GA-14, 31 Dec 92

39th Airlift Squadron Reassigned from ACC 1 Apr 97 Dyess AFB TX GAXP-11, 31 Mar 97

40th Airlift Squadron Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Pope AFB NC GA-2, 1 Jun 92

Inactivated 16 Jul 93 GAXP-6, 16 Jul 93

Reassigned from ACC 1 Apr 97 Dyess AFB TX GAXP-11, 31 Mar 97

41st Air Refueling Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Griffiss AFB NY GA-5, 1 Jun 92

Squadron Inactivated 15 Feb 93 GA-22, 12 Feb 93

41st Air Rescue Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Patrick AFB FL GA-4, 1 Jun 92

Squadron Reassigned to ACC 1 Feb 93 GA-8, 9 Dec 92

GA-14, 31 Dec 92

41st Airlift Squadron Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Pope AFB NC GA-2, 1 Jun 92

Reassigned to ACC 16 Jul 93 GAXP-6, 16 Jul 93

Assigned to AMC 1 Apr 97 GAXP-11, 31 Mar 97

42d Air Refueling Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Loring AFB ME GA-5, 1 Jun 92

Squadron Inactivated 30 Apr 94 GAXP-9, 26 Jan 94

43d Air Refueling Redesignated (formerly 43 1 Jul 94 Malmstrom AFB MT GAXP-16, 28 Apr 94

Group ARW)

Inactivated 1 Oct 96 MOXP-1, 8 Jul 96

Authority

AMC

Unit Action Dates Station Special Orders

47
58

43d Air Refueling Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Fairchild AFB WA GA-5, 1 Jun 92

Squadron Inactivated 31 Mar 95 GAXP-8, 14 Feb 95

43d Air Refueling Activated 1 Jun 92 Malmstrom AFB MT GA-5, 1 Jun 92

Wing Redesignated 43 ARG 1 Jul 94 GAXP-16, 28 Apr 94

43d Airlift Wing Activated 1 Apr 97 Pope AFB NC GAXP-11, 31 Mar 97

GAXP-12, 1 Apr 97

46th Air Refueling Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 K. I. Sawyer AFB MI GA-5, 1 Jun 92

Squadron Inactivated 8 Oct 93 GAXP-13, 9 Sep 93

47th Airlift Flight Reassigned from AFMC 1 Apr 97 Wright-Patterson AFB OH GAXP-10, 28 Mar 97

50th Airlift Squadron Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Little Rock AFB AR GA-3, 1 Jun 92

Reassigned to ACC 1 Oct 93 GAXP-19, 28 Sep 93

Reassigned from ACC 1 Apr 97 GAXP-11, 31 Mar 97

52d Airlift Squadron Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Norton AFB CA GA-3, 1 Jun 92

Inactivated 30 Sep 92 GA-21, 25 Aug 92

53d Airlift Squadron Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Norton AFB CA GA-3, 1 Jun 92

Inactivated 30 Apr 93 GA-26, 22 Mar 93

54th Airlift Flight Reassigned from AETC 1 Apr 97 Maxwell AFB AL GAXP-10, 28 Mar 97

55th Aeromedical Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Rhein-Main AB Germany GA-2, 1 Jun 92

Airlift Squadron Reassigned to USAFE 1 Oct 92 GA-25, 10 Sep 92

55th Weather Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 McClellan AFB CA GA-4, 1 Jun 92

Reconnaissance Inactivated 1 Oct 93 GAXP-18, 28 Sep 93

Squadron

56th Air Rescue Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Keflavik NI Iceland GA-4, 1 Jun 92

Squadron Reassigned to ACC 1 Feb 93 GA-8, 9 Dec 92

GA-14, 31 Dec 92

56th Airlift Squadron Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Altus AFB OK GA-3, 1 Jun 92

Reassigned to AETC 1 Jul 93 GAXP-1, 7 Jun 93

57th Airlift Squadron Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Altus AFB OK GA-3, 1 Jun 92

Reassigned to AETC 1 Jul 93 GAXP-1, 7 Jun 93

60th Air Mobility Redesignated (formerly 60 1 Oct 94 Travis AFB CA GAXP-33, 9 Aug 94

Wing AW)

60th Airlift Wing Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Travis AFB CA GA-3, 1 Jun 92

Redesignated 60 AMW 1 Oct 94 GAXP-33, 9 Aug 94

61st Airlift Squadron Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Little Rock AFB AR GA-3, 1 Jun 92

Reassigned to ACC 1 Oct 93 GAXP-19, 28 Sep 93

Reassigned from ACC 1 Apr 97 GAXP-11, 31 Mar 97

62d Airlift Squadron Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Little Rock AFB AR GA-3, 1 Jun 92

Reassigned to ACC 1 Oct 93 GAXP-19, 28 Sep 93

62d Airlift Wing Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 McChord AFB WA GA-3, 1 Jun 92

Authority

AMC

Unit Action Dates Station Special Orders

48
59

63d Airlift Wing Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Norton AFB CA GA-3, 1 Jun 92

Inactivated 1 Apr 94 GAXP-11, 24 Feb 94

65th Support Wing Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Lajes Field Portugal GA-2, 1 Jun 92

Reassigned to ACC 1 Oct 93 GAXP-17, 28 Sep 93

66th Air Rescue Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Nellis AFB NV GA-4, 1 Jun 92

Squadron Reassigned to ACC 1 Feb 93 GA-8, 9 Dec 92

GA-14, 31 Dec 92

70th Air Refueling Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Grissom AFB IN GA-5, 1 Jun 92

Squadron Inactivated 1 Apr 93 GA-22, 12 Feb 93

71st Air Refueling Reassigned from ACC 1 Oct 93 Barksdale AFB LA GAXP-15, 28 Sep 93

Squadron Inactivated 1 Apr 94 GAXP-12, 25 Mar 94

71st Air Rescue Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Patrick AFB FL GA-4, 1 Jun 92

Squadron Reassigned to ACC 1 Feb 93 GA-8, 9 Dec 92

GA-14, 31 Dec 92

75th Airlift Squadron Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Travis AFB CA GA-3, 1 Jun 92

Reassigned to USAFE 1 Oct 93 MOXP-3, 28 Sep 93

76th Airlift Squadron Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Charleston AFB SC GA-2, 1 Jun 92

Reassigned to USAFE 1 Oct 93 MOXP-3, 28 Sep 93

84th Airlift Flight Reassigned from AFSPC 1 Apr 97 Peterson AFB CO GAXP-10, 28 Mar 97

86th Airlift Squadron Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Travis AFB CA GA-3, 1 Jun 92

Inactivated 1 Oct 93 GAXP-18, 28 Sep 93

89th Airlift Wing Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Andrews AFB MD GA-2, 1 Jun 92

91st Air Refueling Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Malmstrom AFB MT GA-5, 1 Jun 92

Squadron Change of Station 1 Oct 96 MacDill AFB FL MOXP-1, 8 Jul 96

92d Air Refueling Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Fairchild AFB WA GA-5, 1 Jun 92

Squadron

92d Air Refueling Reassigned from ACC and 1 Jul 94 Fairchild AFB WA GAXP-16, 28 Apr 94

Wing Redesignated from 92 BW

93d Air Refueling Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Castle AFB CA GA-5, 1 Jun 92

Squadron Reassigned to AETC 1 Jul 93 GAXP-1, 7 Jun 93

Reassigned from AETC 31 Mar 95 Fairchild AFB CA GAXP-8, 14 Feb 95

96th Air Refueling Activated 1 Apr 94 Fairchild AFB WA GAXP-13, 1 Apr 94

Squadron

97th Air Mobility Activated 1 Oct 92 Altus AFB OK GA-22, 27 Aug 92

Wing Reassigned to AETC 1 Jul 93 GAXP-1, 7 Jun 93

97th Air Refueling Activated 1 Oct 92 Malmstrom AFB MT GA-23, 31 Aug 92

Squadron Change of Station 1 Apr 94 Fairchild AFB WA MOXP-7, 1 Apr 94

98th Air Refueling Activated 1 Apr 94 Fairchild AFB WA GAXP-13, 1 Apr 94

Squadron Inactivated 1 Jul 98 GAXP-10, 6 Apr 98

Authority

AMC

Unit Action Dates Station Special Orders

49
60

99th Air Refueling Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Robins AFB GA GA-5, 1 Jun 92

Squadron

99th Airlift Squadron Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Andrews AFB MD GA-2, 1 Jun 92

301st Air Refueling Assigned to AMC and 1 Jun 92 Malmstrom AFB MT GA-5, 1 Jun 92

Wing Inactivated

305th Air Refueling Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Grissom AFB IN GA-5, 1 Jun 92

Squadron Inactivated 20 Aug 93 GAXP-10, 19 Aug 93

305th Air Refueling Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Grissom AFB IN GA-5, 1 Jun 92

Wing Redesignated 305 AMW 1 Oct 94 MOXP-13, 26 Aug 94

305th Air Mobility Redesignated from 305 1 Oct 94 McGuire AFB NJ MOXP-13, 26 Aug 94

Wing ARW and Change of

Station from Grissom AFB IN

306th Air Refueling Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Altus AFB OK GA-5, 1 Jun 92

Squadron Inactivated 1 Aug 94 GAXP-24, 10 Jun 94

310th Air Refueling Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Plattsburgh AFB NY GA-5, 1 Jun 92

Squadron Inactivated 1 Oct 94 GAXP-31, 5 Aug 94

310th Airlift Squadron Reassigned from ACC 1 Oct 97 Howard AFB Panama GAXP-25, 30 Sep 97

Inactivated 31 Mar 99 GAXP-13, 19 Jan 99

Activated 1 Jan 01 MacDill AFB FL GAXP-7, 27 Dec 00

311th Airlift Flight Activated 1 Apr 97 Offutt AFB NE GAXP-10, 28 Mar 97

313th Tactical Airlift Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 RAF Mildenhall United GA-2, 1 Jun 92

Group Inactivated 15 Jan 93 Kingdom GA-16, 10 Aug 92

GA-27, 17 Sep 92

GA-4, 15 Oct 92

314th Airlift Wing Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Little Rock AFB AR GA-3, 1 Jun 92

Reassigned to ACC 1 Oct 93 GAXP-19, 28 Sep 93

317th Airlift Group Activated 1 Apr 97 Dyess AFB TX GAXP-11, 31 Mar 97

317th Airlift Wing Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Pope AFB NC GA-2, 1 Jun 92

Inactivated 18 Aug 93 GAXP-6, 16 Jul 93

319th Air Refueling Reassigned from ACC and 1 Oct 93 Grand Forks AFB ND GAXP-15, 28 Sep 93

Wing Redesignated from 319 BW

330th Flying Training Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Castle AFB CA GA-5, 1 Jun 92

Squadron Reassigned to AETC 1 Jul 93 GAXP-1, 7 Jun 93

332d Airlift Flight Reassigned from AETC 1 Apr 97 Randolph AFB TX GAXP-10, 28 Mar 97

340th Air Refueling Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Altus AFB OK GA-5, 1 Jun 92

Wing Inactivated 1 Oct 92 GA-22, 27 Aug 92

344th Air Refueling Reassigned from ACC 29 Apr 94 McConnell AFB KS MOXP-5, 30 Mar 94

Squadron

349th Air Refueling Activated 1 Jan 94 McConnell AFB KS GAXP-1, 7 Dec 93

Squadron

Authority

AMC

Unit Action Dates Station Special Orders

50
61

350th Air Refueling Reassigned from ACC 1 Oct 93 Beale AFB CA GAXP-15, 28 Sep 93

Squadron Change of Station 1 Jul 94 McConnell AFB KS MOXP-8, 5 Apr 94

375th Airlift Wing Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Scott AFB IL GA-3, 1 Jun 92

375th Flying Training Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Scott AFB IL GA-3, 1 Jun 92

Squadron Inactivated 1 Ju1 94 GAXP-17, 2 May 94

380th Air Refueling Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Plattsburgh AFB NY GA-5, 1 Jun 92

Squadron Inactivated 1 Oct 94 GAXP-31, 5 Aug 94

380th Air Refueling Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Plattsburgh AFB NY GA-5, 1 Jun 92

Wing Inactivated 30 Sep 95 GAXP-15, 14 Jul 95

384th Air Refueling Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 McConnell AFB KS GA-5, 1 Jun 92

Squadron

436th Airlift Wing Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Dover AFB DE GA-2, 1 Jun 92

437th Airlift Wing Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Charleston AFB SC GA-2, 1 Jun 92

438th Airlift Wing Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 McGuire AFB NJ GA-2, 1 Jun 92

Inactivated 1 Oct 94 GAXP-39, 30 Aug 94

443d Airlift Wing Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Altus AFB OK GA-3, 1 Jun 92

Inactivated 1 Oct 92 GA-22, 27 Aug 92

457th Airlift Squadron Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Andrews AFB MD GA-3, 1 Jun 92

458th Airlift Squadron Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Scott AFB IL GA-3, 1 Jun 92

459th Airlift Squadron Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Norton AFB CA GA-3, 1 Jun 92

Change of Station 15 Oct 92 March AFB CA MO-2, 22 Sep 92

Inactivated 1 Oct 93 GAXP-13, 9 Sep 93

463d Airlift Group Activated 1 Apr 97 Little Rock AFB AR GAXP-11, 31 Mar 97

GAXP-12, 1 Apr 97

463d Airlift Wing Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Dyess AFB TX GA-3, 1 Jun 92

Inactivated 1 Oct 93 GAXP-19, 28 Sep 93

509th Air Refueling Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Griffiss AFB NY GA-5, 1 Jun 92

Squadron Inactivated 1 Oct 94 GAXP-31, 5 Aug 94

542d Crew Training Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Kirtland AFB NM GA-3, 1 Jun 92

Wing Reassigned to AETC 1 Jul 93 GAXP-1, 7 Jun 93

550th Flying Training Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Kirtland AFB NM GA-3, 1 Jun 92

Squadron Reassigned to AETC 1 Jul 93 GAXP-1, 7 Jun 93

551st Flying Training Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Kirtland AFB NM GA-3, 1 Jun 92

Squadron Reassigned to AETC 1 Jul 93 GAXP-1, 7 Jun 93

709th Air Refueling Activated 1 Sep 94 March AFB CA GAXP-24, 10 Jun 94

Squadron Inactivated 30 Sep 95 GAXP-13, 11 May 95

712 Air Refueling Activated 1 Apr 94 Robins AFB GA GAXP-13, 1 Apr 94

Squadron Inactivated 1 Jul 96 GAXP-14, 10 Jun 96

Authority

AMC

Unit Action Dates Station Special Orders

51
62

722 Air Refueling Activated 1 Jan 94 March AFB CA GAXP-1, 7 Dec 93

Wing Inactivated 1 Apr 96 GAXP-4, 12 Jan 96

772d Airlift Squadron Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Dyess AFB TX GA-3, 1 Jun 92

Inactivated 1 Oct 93 GAXP-19, 28 Sep 93

773d Airlift Squadron Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Dyess AFB TX GA-3, 1 Jun 92

Inactivated 1 Oct 93 GAXP-19, 28 Sep 93

834th Air Base Wing Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Hurlburt Field FL GA-2, 1 Jun 92

Reassigned to AFSOC 1 Oct 92 GA-29, 22 Sep 92

905th Air Refueling Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Grand Forks AFB ND GA-5, 1 Jun 92

Squadron

906th Air Refueling Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Minot AFB ND GA-5, 1 Jun 92

Squadron Change of Station 15 Jan 94 Grand Forks AFB ND MOXP-3, 10 Jan 94

911th Air Refueling Reassigned from ACC 29 Apr 94 Grand Forks AFB ND MOXP-5, 30 Mar 94

Squadron

912d Air Refueling Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Robins AFB GA GA-5, 1 Jun 92

Squadron Change of Station 1 Apr 94 Grand Forks AFB ND MOXP-6, 1 Apr 94

917th Air Refueling Reassigned from ACC 1 Oct 93 Dyess AFB TX GAXP-15, 28 Sep 93

Squadron Inactivated 1 Jul 94 GAXP-16, 28 Apr 94

920th Air Refueling Assigned to AMC 1 Jun 92 Wurtsmith AFB MI GA-5, 1 Jun 92

Squadron Inactivated 30 Sep 92 GA-25, 10 Sep 92

52

Authority

AMC

Unit Action Dates Station Special Orders
63

ENDNOTES

1

AMC mission statement.

2

Department of the Air Force Director of Manpower and Organization Letter 314r (U), “Air Combat

Command and Air Mobility Command,” 11 May 1992; Staff Summary Sheet (U), AMC (P) to

CINCMAC, “Tanker/Airlift Proponency Statement,” 1 May 92.

3

AMC Special Orders (SOs) GA-1 (U), 1 Jun 92; GA-2 (U), 1 Jun 92; GA-3 (U), 1 Jun 92; GA-4

(U), 1 Jun 92; GA-5 (U), 1 Jun 92.

4

Telecommunication (U), AMC/XPMP with AMC/HO, 2 Nov 98.

5

Command Data Book (FOUO), AMC/IGMM, Aug 92, pp 51, 54, 69, info used is not FOUO.

6

Speech (U), General Merrill A. McPeak, CSAF, “Stepping up to the Need for Change,” 18 Sep 91;

Speech (U), General Merrill A. McPeak, CSAF, “Air Mobility Command Stand-up,” 1 Jun 92.

7

Report (U), US Army Europe/PA, “The Current Conflict, A Soldier’s Guide: Bosnia-Herzegovina,”

28 Dec 95; Book (U), DoD, Bosnia Country Handbook, Dec 95, pp 2-4, 2-5; Report (U), DCI

Interagency Balkan Task Force, “A Short History of the Bosnian Conflict,” 21 Dec 95; History of

AMC (S/NF/Declas OADR), Jun 92-Dec 94, p 234, info used is Unclassified; Briefing (U), AMC

TACC/DOZ, “TACC Morning Brief, 5-13 May 94,” 1 Jun 94.

8

Message (U), USCINCEUR/ECCC to CSAF/CC, “Sarajevo Airbridge Humanitarian Airlift,”

101405Z Jan 96; News Release (U), Defenselink, “Joint Task Force Provide Promise Deactivates,”

1 Feb 96.

9

Message (S/Declas OADR), CJCS to USCINCCENT, [Execute Order (U)], 261633Z Aug 92,

info used is Unclassified; Message (S/NF Declas OADR), USCINCCENT/CCCC to USCENTAF

Deployed, “Operation Southern Watch Execute Order (U),” 262034Z Aug 92, info used is Unclassified;

Report (U), UN Security Council, “Resolution 688,” 5 Apr 91; Briefing Slides (U), AMC TACC/

DOX, “Saudi Deployment,” 28 Aug 92; Briefing (U), AMC TACC/XOMB, “AMC Operations

Summary,” 27 Feb 98.

10Report (S/NF/Declas OADR), AMC/HO, “Global Reach in Action: The Air Mobility Command

and the Deployment to Somalia (U),” 1994, pp 3-9, 136, info used is Unclassified.

11History of AMC (S/NF/Declas OADR), Jun 92-Dec 94, pp 117-121, info used is Unclassified;

Report (U), AMC/HO, “A Chronology of Mobility Operations since January 1990,” 20 Jul 95; Book

(U), Daniel L. Haulman, The United States Air Force and Humanitarian Airlift Operations, 1947-

1994 (1998), p 114.

12History of AMC (S/NF/Declas OADR), Jun 92-Dec 94, pp 122-124, info used is Unclassified;

Report (U), AMC/HO, “A Chronology of Mobility Operations since January 1990,” 20 Jul 95.

53
64

13History of AMC (S/NF/Declas OADR), Jun 92-Dec 94, pp 122-124, info used is Unclassified;

Report (U), AMC/HO, “A Chronology of Mobility Operations since January 1990,” 20 Jul 95; History

(U), AFRC/HO, “Brief History of the Air Force Reserve, Part 10,” 10 Jul 00.

14AMC SO GA-25 (U), 10 Sep 92; Message (U), AMC/XP to PACAF/XP/SG, “AMC Programming

Plan (PPlan), C-9 Transfer to USAFE and PACAF,” 061630Z Oct 92; Message (U), USAF/XO to

AMC/CV, “AF MAJCOM Assignment for OCONUS Aeromedical Forces,” 282100Z Jul 92.

15Article (U), AMC/PA, “Air Force Activates First Air Mobility Wing,” AMC News Service, Sep 92,

p 3; Point Paper (U), AMC/XPPI, “Altus Air Mobility Wing (AMW),” 2 Jun 92; AMC Programming

Plan 92-1 (U), “Altus AFB Air Mobility Wing,” 2 Jun 92.

16AMC Programming Plan 92-1 (U), “Altus AFB Air Mobility Wing,” 2 Jun 92.

17Message (U), AMC/PA to AIG 7212/CC, “AMC News Service,” 260900Z Apr 92; Report (U),

UN Department of Public Information, “Somalia – UNOSOM I,” 21 Mar 97; History of AMC (S/

NF/Declas OADR), Jun 92-Dec 94, pp. 131, 147, info used is Unclassified.

18Message (U), AMC TACC/CC to USTRANSCOM/J3, “Continued AMC Presence in Somalia/

Kenya,” 032334Z May 93; Report (U), United States Institute of Peace, “Restoring Hope: The Real

Lessons of Somalia for the Future of Intervention,” 1994.

19History of AMC (S/NF/Declas OADR), Jun 92-Dec 94, pp 147, 149-152, info used is Unclassified;

Article (U), AMC/PA to AIG 7212/CC, “Next Stop: Somalia,” AMC Global Reach, Oct 93; Message

(U), AMC/PA, “AMC News Service,” 211908Z Dec 92; Message (U), AMC TACC to ALAMC,

“CONOPS and Aircrew Brochure,” 060130Z Oct 93.

20Report (U), AMC TACC/DOXZ to USTRANSCOM/J3-J4-ODO, [Restore Hope], 29 Apr 95.

21Report (U), AMC TACC/DOOT, “All Unit Reports for MC 2-4 with/without Offload,” 18 May

94.

22AMC SO GA-8 (U), 9 Dec 92; AMC SO GA-14 (U), 31 Dec 92; ACC/AMC/PACAF/USAFE

Programming Plan 93-07 (FOUO), “Air Rescue Service Transfer,” 5 Nov 92, info used is not FOUO;

Staff Summary (U), AMC/XP, “Air Rescue Service,” 21 Jul 92; Message (U), USAF/XO to AMC/

CV, “AF MAJCOM Assignment for Air Rescue Service (ARS), Forces,” 282101Z Jul 92; Speech

(U), General Ronald R. Fogleman, AMC/CC, “Changing Roles and Mission[s],” 1 Jun 94.

23AMC SO GA-24 (U), 9 Mar 93; Message (U), USAF/XO to ATC/CV, “Operational Support

Airlift (OSA) Realignment,” 012250Z Dec 92; Message (U), AMC/XP to USAF/FMB, “AMC

Programming Plan (PPlan) 93-13, Operational Support Airlift (OSA) Realignment,” 311907Z Mar

93.

24Fact Sheet (U), NATO AFSOUTH, “Operation DENY FLIGHT,” n.d.; Fact Sheet (U), NATO

AFSOUTH, “SFOR Air Component,” ca 1999.

25Report (U), AMC/XPRA, “Delivery,” ca 1999; Message (U), AMC/PA to AIG 7393, “AMC

News Service,” 181349Z Jun 93; Plan (U), AMC/XP, “1998 Air Mobility Master Plan,” Oct 97,

p 5-22.

54
65

26Book (U), USAF AMWC/WCLP, C-17 First Look Aircraft System Handbook, May 95.

27AMC SO GAXP-1 (U), 7 Jun 93; AMC Programming Plan 93-11 (FOUO), “Transfer of Flying

Units and Altus AFB to Air Training Command,” 1 Apr 93, info used is not FOUO; Memo of Agreement

(U), AMC/AETC, “For Transfer and Operation of Flying Training Units and Formal Training

Schools,” 15 May 93; AMC SO GAXP-1 (U), 7 Jun 93; Point Paper (U), AMC/XPPF, “AETC

Transfer Update,” 8 Jun 93.

28Message (U), AMC/XP to 15 AF/CS, “AMC Programming Plan (PPlan) 94-07, C-21A/C-12F/

C-12C,” 151631Z Apr 94.

29AMC SO GAXP-3 (U), 14 Jun 93; Letter w/atch (U), AMC/XPP to ANGRC/XPM, “AMC

Plan 93-09, NAF Realignment,” 23 Mar 93; Oral History Interview (U), J. K. Mathews,

USTRANSCOM/TCRC, and J. W. Leland, AMC/HO, with General R. R. Fogleman, CSAF, Mar

95, pp 42-43; Point Paper (U), MAC/XPE, “Numbered Air Force Drawdown,” 17 Jan 91; Message

(U), AMC/CC to 15AF/CC, “Interim AMC NAF Realignment Guidance,” 010037Z Jul 93.

30AMC SO AXP-7 (U), 28 Sep 93; AMC Programming Plan 93-16 (U), “Transferring CONUSBased C-130s to ACC,” 1 Sep 93.

31Report (U), “Agenda and Briefing Slides: AMC/ACC Day,” 28 Jun 93; Memo (U), AMC/XPP to

USAF/XOFM, “AMC/ACC Interim Operating Agreement (IOA) on the C-130/Tanker Transfer,”

27 Jan 94; AMC SO GAXP-15 (U), 28 Sep 93.

32AMC Programming Plan 94-05 (FOUO), “Transfer of KC-10A Aircraft,” 1 Jun 94, info used is

not FOUO; AMC Movement Order (MO) MOXP-10 (U), 9 Jun 94; AMC MO MOXP-12 (U),

21 Jul 94; AMC MO MOXP-2 (U), 2 Jan 95.

33Notes (U), AMC/HO, “C-130/Tanker Transfer Conference,” 22 Jul 93.

34Message (U), AMC/PA to AIG 7393/CC, “Air Force Restructuring the Force of AMC,” 281300Z

May 93; AMC Programming Plan 94-06, “KC-135 Rebasing,” 15 Apr 94; AMC Programming Plan

94-05, “Transfer of KC-10A Aircraft,” 1 Jun 94; AMC Programming Plan 96-04 (FOUO), “Transfer

of MacDill AFB FL from Air Combat Command to Air Mobility Command,” 1 Jul 96, info used is not

FOUO; Command Data Book (FOUO), AMC/LGMW, Aug 92, p 16, info used is not FOUO;

Command Data Book (FOUO), AMC/LGMW, “Primary Mobility Aircraft,” May 00, p 12, info

used is not FOUO.

35Report (U), AMC TACC, “Morning Brief,” 27 Nov 93; News Release (U), “US Air Force to Fly

Fiji President to U.S.,” Air Force News, 29 Nov 93.

36Article (U), G. W. Poindexter, “Air Force to the Rescue,” Air Force Times, 31 Jan 94, p 3.

37News Release (U), AMC/PAM, “60K Loader Contract Awarded to St. Louis Firm,” AMC News

Service, 21 Apr 94; Staff Summary (U), AMC/XPQS to AMC/CC, “60K Loader Memo to CSAF,”

29 Mar 96; Point Paper (U), AMC/XPRS, “Tunner Loader Program,” 23 Mar 98.

38Point Paper (U), AMC/XPQA, “C-SAM/C-20H,” 7 Oct 94.

55
66

39Article (U), AMC/PA, “AMC Airlifts MRI System to Ukraine,” 15 Jul 94.

40Staff Summary (U), MAC/XPMRO to MAC/CV, “Strategic Airlift Infrastructure in Theaters,”

6 Jan 92; Staff Summary (U), MAC/XPDS to MAC/CC, “Overseas En Route Structure,” 27 May

92; Report (U), ERS Study Group, “En Route Structure Staff Study,” 30 Jun 93; AMC Programming

Plan 93-26 (FOUO), “En Route System Restructure,” 1 Oct 93, info used is not FOUO.

41AMC SO GAXP-20 (U), 27 May 94.

42AMC Programming Plan 98-01 (FOUO), “640th Air Mobility Support Squadron, Howard AFB,

Panama, Inactivation,” 17 Aug 98, info used is not FOUO; AMC SO GAXP-14, 10 Feb 99.

43Ibid; AMC SO GAXP-1 (U), 9 Oct 96; AMC SO GAXP-5 (U), 23 Dec 96; AMC SO GAXP-2

(U), 15 Oct 97.

44AMC SO GA-19 (U), 4 Feb 93; AMC SO GA-30 (U), 24 May 93; AMC SO GAXP-5 (U),

10 Jan 94;AMC SO GAXP-20 (U), 27 May 94; AMC SO GAXP-34 (U), 9 Aug 94; AMC SO

GAXP-1 (U), 19 Oct 94; AMC SO GAXP-3 (U), 1 Dec 94; AMC SO GAXP-6 (U), 20 Jan 95;

AMC SO GAXP-11 (U), 25 Apr 95; AMC SO GAXP-13 (U), 13 May 96; AMC SO GAXP-24

(U), 4 Sep 97; AMC SO GAXP-3 (U), 8 Nov 00.

45AMC SO GAXP-30 (U), 21 Jul 94; White Paper (U), AMC/XP, “In Support of Global

Reach,” Aug 94.

46History (U), 60 AMW/HO, Operation Support Hope: An Air Force Humanitarian Airlift to

Rwanda via Entebbe, Uganda (1995), passim; History of AMC (S/NF/Declas OADR), Jun 92-

Dec 94, p 193, info used is Unclassified; Article (U), USTRANSCOM/PA, “Support Hope Ends

Chapter,” Command Post, 28 Oct 94, p 3; Briefing (U), USEUCOM, “JTF Support Hope After

Action Review,” ca Oct 94; Ltr (U), USTRANSCOM/J-3/J-4 to USTRANSCOM/CC, “CINCEUR

Hotwash of Rwanda to SECDEF Perry,” ca Oct 94; Report (U), AMC/XOCZR, [Monthly MAIRS

Statistics], 1994; Briefing (U), AMC TACC/XOCB, “1000L Provide Assistance Update,” 26 Jul

94; Plan (U), AMC TACC/XOOX, “Support Hope Aircrew Brochure Change One,” 8 Aug 94; Plan

(U), AMC TACC/XOOX, “AMC Aircrew Handout Number One,” 2 Aug 94.

47Report (U), AMC TACC/XO, “Operations Summary Briefing Data: JCS Exercise Peacekeeper

94,” 30 Aug 94; Article (U), Wayne V. Hall, “American, Russian Units to Focus on Joint Training,”

European Stars and Stripes, 2 Sep 94, p 3; Article (U), W. V. Hall, “Troops Back from Exercise in

Russia,” European Stars and Stripes, 14 Sep 94, p 3.

48History of AMC (S/NF/Declas OADR), Jun 92-Dec 94, pp 156, 163-164, 168, info used is

Unclassified; Point Paper (S/Declas OADR), AMC/XOOX, “Phoenix Shark CONOPS (U),”

12 Sep 94, info used is Unclassified; History (U), 10th Mountain Division Home Page, “History of

the 10th Mountain Division,” 3 Apr 97; Fact Sheet (U), USACOM/PA, “Operation Restore

Democracy,” 12 Mar 96.

49JULLS Report 32853-20533, AMC/DOOO, “Summary--HQ AMC Operation UPHOLD

DEMOCRACY Final After Action Report,” 1995; Report (U), AMC TACC/XOCZR, “Totals for

Uphold Democracy,” 1995.

56
67

50News Release (U), ASD/PA, “U.S. Forces in Haiti Return Tomorrow: Fairwinds Continues,”

16 Apr 96; News Release (U), Captain Andy White, USSGH/PA, “Dateline: Haiti--US UNMIH

Personnel Return to Home Bases; Bi-lateral Operations Fairwinds Continues,” 17 Apr 96; Report

(U), Latin America Working Group, “Just the Facts: U.S. Support Group Haiti,” ca 1999;

Memorandum 177-M (U), US Department of Defense, “Memorandum for Correspondents,”

Defenselink, 19 Aug 96; Article (U), “Last U.S. Military Plane Leaves Haiti, Marking End of Permanent

Mission,” Roswell Daily Record Online, 20 Jan 00; Article (U), Jim Garamone, “U.S. Support of

Haiti Continues, Despite Change,” American Forces Information Service, 23 Sep 99.

51Letter w/atchs (S/Declas OADR), AMC/XP to AMC/CV, “Command Relationship for Uphold/

Maintain Democracy (U),” 3 Oct 94 info used is Unclassified; JULLS Report 91654-63901 (U),

AMC TACC/XOOZ, “Command and Control of C-130 Aircraft Needs Clarification,” ca 1994;

JULLS Report 92129-94401 (U), AMC TACC/XOOX, “C-130 Scheduling, Support, and Command

and Control Not Centralized,” ca 1994; E-Mail (U), Maj M. Okyen, AMC/XPD, to Lt Col D.

Fadok, AMC/XP, “War,” 22 Sep 94; History of AMC (S/NF/Declas OADR), Jun 92-Dec 94,

p 177, info used is Unclassified.

52History of AMC (S/NF/Declas OADR), Jun 92-Dec 94, p 169; info used is Unclassified.

53Ibid, p 178.

54Article (U), “89th AW Crew Participates in Historic Mission,” Capital Flyer, 30 Sep 94, p 1;

Message (U), 89AW/CC to AMC/CC, “Uphold Democracy Sitrep--Sam Fox Style,” 160245Z Oct

94.

55News Release (U), Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company, “C-130J Hercules: Chronology,”

2000.

56AMC SO GAXP-30 (U), 21 Jul 94; AMC SO GAXP-33 (U), 9 Aug 94; AMC Programming Plan

94-10 (U), “Inactivation of Air Combat Camera Service,” 1 Jul 94; Memo (U), AMC/XP to AMC/

Command Section, “Combat Camera,” 16 Jun 92.

57Interview (U), Robert deV. Brunkow, AMC/HO, with Major General William Welser, AMWC/

CC, 7 Dec 98; Interview (U), Robert deV. Brunkow, AMC/HO, with Lieutenant Colonel Robert

Bruno, AMWC/CCE, 7 Dec 98.

58AMC SO GAXP-37 (U), 17 Aug 94; Pamphlet (U), AMWC, “Air Mobility Warfare Center,”

ca 1 Oct 94; AMWC Time Line, attachment to Staff Summary (U), AMC/XPMRO to AMC/CC,

“Acceleration of Air Mobility Warfare Center (AMWC) Organization Actions,” 13 Apr 94; Message

(U), AMC/CV to USAF/XOF, “PCR-94-03, Standup of USAF Air Mobility Warfare Center

(AMWC) at McGuire AFB, NJ,” 122148Z Jan 94; AMC SO GAXP-11 (U), 31 Mar 97.

59AMC SO GAXP-37 (U), 17 Aug 94; AMC SO GAXP-2 (U), 21 Nov 94; Report (U), Air Mobility

Warfare Center Home Page, “History,” ca 1998.

60Letter (U), William J. Clinton to Congress, “Letter from President Clinton to Congress on Iraq,”

28 Oct 94; Notes (U), R. deV. Brunkow, AMC/HO, “Commander’s Call,” 12 Oct 94; Report (U),

AMC/HO, “A Chronology of Mobility Operations since January 1990,” 20 Jul 95; Report (U),

57
68

AMC TACC/XOCZR, [Vigilant Warrior MAIRS Totals], 1995; Report (U), AMC TACC/XOCZR,

[Vigilant Warrior VWHIST Report], 1995.

61Article (U), AMC/PA, “A New Era of Airlift,” AMC Global Reach, Nov 94, pp 3-4; Article (U),

“C-17 Makes History in Gulf Region,” AMC Update, 27 Oct 99.

62Article (U), Mack Thompson, “Sapphire’s Hot Glow,” Time, 5 Dec 94, pp 38-40; Article (U),

Carlos Holmes, “Dover C-5s ‘Import’ Soviet Uranium,” Delaware State News, 24 Nov 94.

63Report (U), Defense Courier Service Home Page, “DCS History,” n.d.; Article (U), “Defense

Courier Service Returns to Air Mobility Command,” Air Force News, 6 Oct 98; MAC Programming

Plan 87-29 (U), “Establishment of the Defense Courier Service,” 1 Sep 87; Draft USTRANSCOM

Programming Plan 93-1 (U), “Establishment of the Defense Courier Service,” Mar 93, attachment to

Memo (U), USTRANSCOM/J8-V to Directors and Special Staff, “Establishment of the Defense

Courier Service,” 18 Mar 93.

64AMC SO AXP-2 (U), 1 Dec 92; Article (U), 22 ARW/PA, “931st ARG Stands Up Tuesday,”

Contrails, 27 Jan 95.

65Plan (U), AMC TACC/XOOXO, “United Shield 95 Deployment CONOPS,” 13 Jan 95; Report

(U), AMC TACC/XOOCZR, “Totals for United Shield,” 3 Jun 95; Report (U), AMC/HO, “A

Chronology of Mobility Operations since 1990,” 20 Jul 95.

66Point Paper (U), AMC/XPQC, “C-17 Program Status and Update,” 17 Apr 95; News Release

(U), AMC/PA, “First C-17 Squadron Declared Operational,” 17 Jan 95.

67Book (U), Facts on File, 1995, pp 136, 366, 623; Message (S/Declas OADR), CJCS to

CINCUSACOM, [Execute Order (U)], 201605Z Aug 94, info used is Unclassified; Message (U),

AMC TACC/XOOX to AFRES/DO, “HQ AMC TACC Operation Safe Haven Execute and

Deployment Order,” 251733Z Jan 95; Article (U), “Airlift of Cubans from Panama Begins,” Air

Force News, 31 Jan 95; Plan (U), AMC TACC/XOOXO, “Safe Passage CONOPS Organic/

Commercial Flow,” 31 Jan 95; Reports (U), AMC/XOZ, “Morning Brief,” 1-21 Feb 95; Interview

(U), R. deV. Brunkow, AMC/HO, with Col Lawrence “Rocky” Lane, AMC/SP, 10 Oct 96.

68Book (U), Facts on File, 20 Apr 95, pp 277-278; News Release (U), AMC/PA, “AMC Support

to Oklahoma City,” 24 Apr 95; Report (U), AMC TACC/XOZ, “Final Report of OKC Support,”

26 May 95.

69Article (U), Senior Airman Sherie Sams, 62 AW/PA, “McChord C-141s Support Cooperative

Nugget ’95,” Northwest Airlifter, 11 Aug 95; Fact Sheet (U), NATO Public Affairs, “The Enhanced

Partnership for Peace Programme,” Jul 97; Staff Summary (U), AMC TACC/CV, “Cooperative

Nugget 95 (CN95),” 30 May 95; Briefing (U), AMC TACC/XOC, “Operations Review,” 24 Aug

95.

70Point Paper (U), AMC/XPQA, “VC-X (C-137 Replacement) Program,” 4 Dec 95; History of

AMC (S/Declas OADR), 1995, p 168, info used is Unclassified.

58
69

71Staff Summary w/atchs (U), AMC/XRAPD, “VC-X Cost and Operational Effectiveness Analysis

(COEA),” 4 Aug 92.

72Article (U), Tan Vinh, “Aiding the Former Enemy: RAFB Launches 1st U.S. Humanitarian Flight to

Vietnam,” Macon Telegram, 4 Oct 95, p 1B.

73Article (U), “South American Drug Route Targeted,” Boston Globe, 27 Jun 96, p 11; Report (S/

Declas OADR), AMC TACC/XOO, “TACC Operations Summary Green Clover (U),” 12 Oct 95,

info used is Unclassified; Report (S/Declas OADR), USTRANSCOM/J6-ODE, “USTRANSCOM

Mobility Control Center Operations Summary (U),” 18 Dec 95, info used is Unclassified.

74Briefing (U), Senior Defense Officials, “Iraq,” 17 Aug 95.

75Report (S/Declas OADR), AMC TACC/XOOXO, “TACC Operations Summary Vigilant Sentinel

(Phoenix Illusion) (U),” 29 Aug 95, info used is Unclassified; Report (U), AMC TACC/XOMY,

[Operations], 12 Mar 96.

76Article (U), Michael Dobbs, “Balkan Leaders Approve Bosnian Pact,” Washington Post, 22 Nov

95, p 1; History (S/Declas OADR), USTRANSCOM/TCRC, “Joint Endeavor Strategic Mobility

Chronology (U),” 12 Mar 96, info used is Unclassified; Article (U), MSgt Louis A. Arana-Barradas,

“C-17 Airlifts Troops to Sarajevo,” Air Force News, 11 Dec 95; Message (S/Declas 13 Dec 05),

CJCS to USCINCEUR, “Execute Order for US National Main Body to Joint Endeavor (U),”

160226Z Dec 95, info used is Unclassified.

77Point Paper (U), AMC/XPY, “Joint Endeavor Airlift Operations,” 22 Feb 96.

78Message (C/Releasable to NATO/Declas 21 Dec 2006), CJCS to USCINCEUR, “Execute Order

for US Participation in Operation Joint Guard (SFOR) (U),” 200038Z Dec 96, info used is Unclassified;

Message (C/Releasable NATO/Declas 23 Dec 2006), USCINCUSAREAU to AIG 9885, “SITREP

001 (U),” 230832Z Dec 96, info used is Unclassified; Message (C/Releasable NATO/Declas 20 Jun

08), USCINCEUR to AIG 9885, “SITREP 001 [Joint Forge (U)],” 251133Z Jun 98, info used is

Unclassified.

79Staff Summary w/atchs (U), AMC/XPDSP to AMC/CV, “Operation Joint Endeavor Executive

Lessons Learned,” 16 Apr 96; Point Paper (U), AMC/XPDSP, “Doctrinal Actions Following

Operation Joint Endeavor (OJE),” 21 Apr 97; Message (U), USCINCEUR/ECJ4/ECJ3 to

USCINCTRANS/TCJ3-4, “Changes to Theater Airlift Planning and Scheduling Responsibilities

Operation Joint Guard,” 220941Z Aug 97; Plan (U), USAF, “Presentation of USAF Forces, Command

and Organization of USAF Forces for Joint Operations [Little Red Book],” 1997.

80Senior Airman Kari Olson, 437 AW/PA, “C-17 Becomes Air Force One for Tuzla Trip,” Reprinted

in AMC Global Reach, Jan/Feb 96.

81News Release (U), ASC/PAM, “C-130J Hercules Launches First Flight,” 8 Apr 96.

82Point Paper (U), AMC/PA, “C-130 Hercules,” May 00.

83News Release, Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company, “C-130J Hercules: Chronology,” 2000.

59
70

84Article (U), “AMC Providing Support for Dhahran Bombing Victims,” Command Post, 3 Jul 96,

p 8; News Release (U), EUCOM/PA, “U.S. European Command Support,” 26 Jun 96; Report (S/

Declas X40), USTRANSCOM/TCJ3-ODE, “USTRANSCOM Mobility Control Center Operations

Summary (U),” 28 Jun 96, info used is Unclassified; Article (U), “Airmen’s Remains Brought Home,”

Air Force News, 1 Jul 96.

85Message (S/Declas 2 Aug 04), CJCS to USCINCCENT, “Desert Focus (U),” 040350Z Aug 96,

info used is Unclassified; Article (U), “Tankers Help Lead the Way to Prince Sultan,” Air Force

News, 30 Aug 96; Message (S/Declas OADR), 4404 WPG/ROC to USCENTAF/CAT, “Strat

Airlift for Desert Focus (Request No. 10) (U),” 240626Z Sep 96, info used is Unclassified; Briefing

(U), AMC TACC/XOMB, “AMC Operations Summary (U),” 26 Aug 96; Briefing (U), AMC TACC/

XOMB, “AMC Operations Summary (U),” 30 Sep 96.

86Letter (U), 11 AF/CC to AMC/DO, n.s., 15 Aug 96.

87News Release (U), ASC/PA, [Selection of B757-200], 9 Aug 96.

88History of 89 AW (U), Jan-Jun 98, pp 24-26.

89News Release (U), AMC/PA, “AMC Supports U.S. Attack to Deter Iraqi Aggression,” 5 Sep 96;

Briefing (U), AMC TACC/XOOK, “Desert Strike Tanker Sequence of Events,” ca Sep 96; News

Briefing (U), ASD/PA, “DoD News Briefing,” 4 Sep 96.

90Message (U), USAF/XO to ACC/CV, “Fall Corona Seamless Mobility-Airlift Theater Command

Control Taskings,” 212116Z Oct 96. The term “airlift” rather than air mobility was employed in the

announcement, but the command understood the directive to be for air mobility. Message (U),

AMC/CV to USAF/XO, “Lead Command Designation for Air Mobility,” 150510Z Nov 96.

91Air Force Policy Directive 10-21, “Air Mobility Lead Command Roles and Responsibilities,”

1 May 98.

92Ibid.

93History (S/Declas OADR), USAFE/HO, “History of Combined Task Force Provide Comfort (U),”

1993, info used is Unclassified; History of AMC (S/Declas OADR), 1996, p 84, info used is

Unclassified.

94AMC SO GAXP-11 (U), 31 Mar 97; AMC SOs AXP-4 through AXP-16 (U), 1 Apr 97; AMC

SOs AXP-18 through AXP-36 (U), 9 May 97. Two Guard units transferred on 17 December 1997;

AMC SO AXP-2 (U), 12 Dec 97.

95USAF PAD 97-2 (U), “Reorganization of CONUS C-130 Airlift Forces from ACC to AMC and

AETC,” 13 Jan 97.

96Ibid; “White Paper: A Review of Today’s Airlift System,” attachment to Report (U), AMC/XPDSP,

“Executive Summary AMC/CC Trip to Corona: Strategic/Tactical Mobility Seam,” ca Jun 96; Article

(U), “Air Force Realigns Airlift,” Air Force News, 23 Oct 96.

60
71

97AMC SO GAXP-10 (U), 28 Mar 97; Briefing (U), AF/XOF, “OSA Organizational Review,”

ca Sep 96; USAF PAD 97-3, “Reorganization of CONUS Operational Support Airlift (OSA),”

13 Jan 97; Article (U), “C-21 Aircraft Returns to Control of 375th Airlift Wing,” Scott Flyer,

3 Apr 97, p 1.

98Instruction (U), USTRANSCOM/J3-OJ, “Operational Support Airlift User Guide,” 27 Feb 98;

Pamphlet 35-1 (U), “USTRANSCOM Today’s Vision Leads to Tomorrow’s Reality,” 1 Sep 97.

99News Release (U), OSAD/PA, “Contracts,” 29 Apr 97.

100Brochure (U), Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation, “U.S. Air Force/Gulfstream C-37A Key

Features,” ca 1997.

101News Release (U), 89 AW/PA, “First Lady, Ambassadors Celebrate Provide Hope’s 500th

Mission,” AMC News Service, 19 Jun 97.

102Article (U), AMC/PA, “First 60K Loaders Delivered to Ramstein,” AMC News Service, 24 Jul

97.

103Article (U), TSgt C. Ramey, “Air Mobility Modernization Key to Carrying Expeditionary Air

Force,” AMC News Service, 22 Oct 97; E-Mail (U), AMC/LG to AMC/XPXP, “CV Dart. CMD800696, Prep Material for TCCC Meetings on 11-12 Mar 98,” 3 Mar 98; E-Mail (U), AMC/LG to

AMC/LG, “Tunner Conops Number 124,” 22 Feb 98.

104Briefing (U), AMC TACC/XOMB, “AMC Operations Summary,” 15 Sep 97; News Release (U),

USACOM Public Affairs, “Exercise CENTRAZBAT ’97,” ca 15 Sep 97.

105Briefing Slides (U), AMC TACC/CC to News Media, “AMC Tanker Airlift Control Center,”

9 Feb 98; Article (U), “McGuire Assists Transport of MIG-29s,” Airtides, 26 Nov 97, pp 4-5.

106Article (U), “Iraq to Oust American Inspectors,” Washington Post, 30 Oct 97, p 1; Article (U),

“Cohen: Military Action an Option,” Belleville News Democrat, 7 Nov 97, p 5A; Article (U),

“Inspectors Are Back at Work in Iraq,” St. Louis Post Dispatch, 23 Nov 97, p A6; Briefing (U),

AMC/CV, “Operation Phoenix Scorpion,” Mar 98.

107Briefing Extract (U), AMC CSS, “Operation Phoenix Scorpion,” 221500Z Nov 97; Briefing (U),

AMC CSS, “Operation Phoenix Scorpion,” 242300Z Nov 97; Briefing (U), AMC/CV, “Operation

Phoenix Scorpion,” Jan 98; Report (U), AMC TACC/XOP, “Phoenix Scorpion Mission Tracker,”

25 Nov 97; News Release (U), AMC/PA, “Tail of the Scorpion: AMC Flexes Global Muscle,”

8 Dec 97.

108Article (U), “Iraqi Ploy Keeps Arms Team Off Job,” Belleville News Democrat, 14 Jan 98, p 5A;

Article (U), “Iraq Wants Freeze on Palace Inspections,” Belleville News Democrat, 22 Jan 98,

p 5A; Article (U), “Albright: Diplomacy Nears End,” Belleville News Democrat,” 31 Jan 98.

109Briefing (S/Declas 26 Jan 06), AMC CSS, “Operation Phoenix Scorpion II (U),” 12 Feb 98, info

used is Unclassified; Report (U), AMC TACC/XOP, “Operation Summary Phoenix Scorpion II,”

ca Mar 98.

61
72

110E-Mail (U), AMC/XPR to AMC/HO, “PACER CRAG for HO,” 15 Oct 98; Article (U), “KC-135

Mod Programs to Converge Next Summer, Boosting Aging Fleet,” Inside the Air Force, 25 Oct 98;

Briefing (U), AMC/XP, “Air Mobility Modernization Overview,” 22 Aug 00.

111History of AMC (S/Declas OADR), 1998, p 260, info used is Unclassified; History of 89 AW

(FOUO), Jan-Jun 98, pp 24-25, info used is not FOUO; News Release (U), SSgt M. Dorsey, “Air

Force Delivers News C-32A to Andrews,” Air Force News, 25 Jun 98.

112Press Release (U), United States Information Agency, “Press Release on the Indictment of Bin

Laden and ATEF,” 4 Nov 98; Speech (U), SecState Madeleine K. Albright, “Remarks on Report of

the Accountability Review Boards on the Embassy Bombings in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam,” 8 Jan

99; Message (U), CJCS to SecState, “Deployment of Forces to the USCENTCOM and USEUCOM

AORs to Support Kenyan and Tanzanian Embassy Emergency Response Operations,” 081955Z

Aug 98; Briefing (U), AMC TACC/XONB, “AMC Embassy Relief Missions,” 9 Aug 98; Briefing

(U), AMC TACC/XONB, “AMC Embassy Relief Missions,” 12 Aug 98; News Release (U), TSgt J.

Bela, “Air Force Airlifts Embassy Bomb Victims to Germany,” Air Force News, 10 Aug 98; News

Release (U), 2d Lt D. Huxsoll, ”Bodies of 10 Americans Return Home,” Air Force News, 14 Aug

98.

113Article (U), Center for Disease Control, “Deaths Associated with Hurricane Georges--Puerto Rico,

September 1998,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 30 Oct 98; Article (U), EQE, “Damage

Investigation: Puerto Rico,” 1998.

114Report (U), John R. DeNicola, USTRANSCOM, “TRANSCOM Support,” 28 Jul 00; Report

(U), AMC/HO, “The Air Mobility Command 1998 Highlights,” 1999; News Release (U), SMSgt

Mindy Poist, 305 AMW/PA, “Mobility Element Coordinates Relief Flights in Puerto Rico,” Air

Force News, 2 Oct 98; News Release (U), SMSgt Mindy Poist, 305 AMW/PA, “Airlift Unit Unloads

3,365 Tons of Critical Hurricane Relief Cargo,” Air Force News, 2 Oct 98; Message (U), 721

TALCE Deployed to AMC TACC/CC, “SITREP Number 001, for the Period 2660001 to 2662359,”

24 Sep 98; Message (U), 615 AME/DIRMOBFOR to AMC/DOOM, “SITREP Number 001 for

the Period 2661000Z to 267100Z,” 241155Z Sep 98; Briefing (U), USTRANSCOM, “Airlift vs

Sealift,” 1999.

115Article (U), Trudy Tynan, “Government Leases Ukrainian Cargo Jet to Move Equipment to Puerto

Rico,” Associated Press Online, Oct 98; Message (U), 615 AME/DIRMOBFOR to AMC TACC/

CC, “SITREP Number 012 for the Period 2771000Z to 2781000Z,” 051200Z Oct 98.

116AMC SO GAXP-19 (U), 30 Sep 98; Draft AMC P-Plan 98-12 (U), AMC/XP, “Realignment of

Defense Courier Service (DCS) from United States Transportation Command to Air Mobility

Command,” 1 Aug 98; Oral History (U), USTRANSCOM/TCRC and AMC/HO, “General Walter

Kross: An Oral History,” Oct 99.

117Message (S/Declas X10), CJCS to USCINCEUR, [Deployment Order (U)], 100731Z Oct 98,

info used is Unclassified; Briefing (S/Declas 12 Oct 08), AMC CSS, “Operation Phoenix Duke (U),”

12 Oct 98, info used is Unclassified; Briefing (S/Declas 15 Oct 08), AMC CSS, “Operation Phoenix

Duke (U),” 15 Oct 98, info used is Unclassified; Article (U), J. Perlez, “Milosevic Accepts Kosovo

Monitors, Averting Attack,” New York Times, 14 Oct 98; Message (S/Declas 11 Nov 08), JTFSA/

J3 to USCINCEUR/ETCC, “SITREP 017 (U),” 110800Z Nov 98, info used is Unclassified; Report

62
73

(S/Declas OADR), USTRANSCOM/J3-ODO, “USTRANSCOM Mobility Control Center

Operations Summary (U),” 2 Nov 98, info used is Unclassified.

118Article (U), 1st Lt D. Huxsoll, “Andrews Receives First C-37As,” Air Force News, 4 Nov 98; EMail (U), 89 AW/HO to AMC/HO, “Historical Report,” 3 Jun 99.

119Plan (FOUO), JFACC FWD (12 ASETF/CC), “Hurricane Mitch Relief Effort,” 2 Dec 98, info

used is not FOUO.

120E-Mail (U), AMC TACC/XOZ to AMC TACC/CC, “7 Nov--AM Report,” 7 Nov 98; Report

(U), DIRMOBFOR JTF-Aguila, “Hurricane Mitch Relief Effort,” 28 Dec 98; Briefing (U), AMC

TACC/XONB, “AMC Operations Summary,” 29 Dec 98; Report (U), AMC TACC/XONCY,

“Hurricane Mitch Redeploy Report,” 1 Apr 99; History of AMC (S/Declas OADR), 1998, p 108,

info used is Unclassified.

121Article (U), “Clinton Denounces Iraqi Defiance as Intolerable,” St. Louis Post Dispatch, 14 Nov

98; Article (U), S. Erlanger, “Clinton Accepts Iraq’s Promise to Allow Weapons Inspections,” New

York Times, 16 Nov 98; Briefing (S/Declas 26 Jan 08), AMC CSS, “Operation Phoenix Scorpion

III (U),” 15 Nov 98, info used is Unclassified; Briefing (U), AMC TACC/XOP, “Phoenix Scorpion

III,” ca Dec 98.

122Message (S/Declas 21 Dec 08), USAFE/CAT-Dir to 3 AF/CC, [Execute Order (U)], 091426Z

Dec 98, info used is Unclassified; Message (S/Declas 10 Dec 08), USCINCEUR/ETCC to JS/J3-

JOD, [SITREP 001 (U)], 100800Z Dec 98, info used is Unclassified; Message (S/Declas 23 Dec

08), USCINCEUR/ETCC to JS/J3-JOD, [SITREP 007 (U)], 231000Z Dec 98, info used is

Unclassified; Message (S/Declas 10 Dec 08), USAFE/CC to 16 AF/DO, “USAFE AMOCC Concept

of Operations and Crew Brochure for Operation Phoenix Cedar (U),” 101954Z Dec 98, info used is

Unclassified; E-Mail (U), AMC TACC/XOP to AMC TACC/XOC, “TACON of C-17s Supporting

Exercise Noble Shirley,” 9 Dec 98; Message (S/Declas 17 Dec 08), AMC/DO to USAFE/DO,

[TACON (U)], 172010Z Dec 98, info used is Unclassified; Briefing (U), AMC/XOP, “TACON and

DIRMOBFOR Policy/Doctrine Resolution,” 1999; Report (U), USTRANSCOM/TCJ3-OD,

[Statistics], 21 Jan 99.

123Article (U), Barton Gellman, “U.S. Strikes at Iraqi Targets; Impeachment Vote Delayed,”

Washington Post, 17 Dec 98; Article (U), “Clinton: Mission Accomplished,” Belleville News

Democrat, 20 Dec 98, p 5a; Report (U), USTRANSCOM/TCJ3-OD, [Mission Data], 21 Jan 99.

124Point Paper (U), AMC/XPJ, “C-130 Update,” 31 March 1999.

125Report (U), SecDef William S. Cohen and Gen Henry H. Shelton, CJCS, “Report to Congress:

Kosovo/Operation Allied Force After-Action Report,” 31 Jan 00; Briefing (S/Declas 20 Feb 09),

AMC TACC/XOP, “Operation Noble Anvil (U),” 20 Feb 99, information used is Unclassified;

Briefing (S/Declas 25 Feb 09), AMC TACC/XOP, “Operation Noble Anvil (U),” 25 Feb 99,

information used is Unclassified; Message (S/Declas 5 Jun 09), CJCS to USCINCEUR, [Execute

Order (U)], 101650Z Jun 99, information used is Unclassified; Message (S/Declas 11 Jun 09), CJTF

Noble Anvil/DIRMOBFOR to CJTF Noble Anvil, “DIRMOBFOR SITREP #70 (U),” 110700Z Jun

99, info used is Unclassified.

63
74

126Report (U), SecDef William S. Cohen and Gen Henry H. Shelton, CJCS, “Report to Congress:

Kosovo/Operation Allied Force After-Action Report,” 31 Jan 00; Report (U), AMC TACC/XOOOS,

“Kosovo International Humanitarian Support Missions,” 23 May 99; Report (U), US European

Command, “Operation Allied Harbour/Joint Task Force Shining Hope,” 25 Aug 00.

127Article (U),“B-2s Make Operational Debut,” Air Force News, 26 Mar 99; Briefing (S/Declas

24 Mar 09), AMC CSS, “Operation Noble Anvil (U),” 24 Mar 99, info used is Unclassified.

128Briefing (U), Lieutenant General William Begert, USAFE/CV, “Kosovo Lessons Learned: Air

Force and Air Mobility,” 1999.

129Ibid; Report (U), AMC/XPD, “Mobility Data for the ‘Air War over Serbia’ Fact Sheet: A

Description of the Sources of the Data and the Logic Behind the Selection of the Sources,” 7 Jan 00;

Spreadsheet (U), AMC TACC/XOPC, “Commercial Kosovo Missions,” Jan 00; Study (S/Declas

20 Aug 09), AMC/XPD et al, “Air War Over Serbia Aerospace Power in Operation Allied Force:

The Mobility Air Forces: Lessons Learned and Recommendations (U),” Aug 00, info used is

Unclassified.

130News Release (U), ASD/PA, “Secretary Cohen Announces Presidential Reserve Call-Up,”

27 Apr 99.

131E-Mail (U), AMC TACC/XOZ to AMC TACC/CC, “18 Sep - AM Report,” 18 Sep 99;

Chronology (U), United Nations Department of Public Information Technology Section, “United

Nations Mission in East Timor Chronology,” 1999; Chronology (U), USTRANSCOM/J3-ODR,

“Notable Operations Oct 99-Sep 00,” 7 Sep 00; History of AMC (S/Declas OADR), 1999, pp

166-173, info used is Unclassified; Article (U), “Military Handover,” Online NewsHour, 27 Sep 99.

132Briefing (U), AMC/DOOO to Airlift/Tanker Association Convention, “AMC’s Role in the Aerospace

Expeditionary Force,” Nov 99; E-Mail (U), SrA Michael Faw, 375 AW/HO, to AMC/HO, “375

AW Participation in AEF 1,” 21 Sep 00; E-Mail (U), Ken Kan, AFRC/HO, to Robert Brunkow,

AMC/HO, “Test of New Global Address Book,” 21 Sep 00; E-mail (U), Gary Gault, NGB-PAI, to

Robert Brunkow, AMC/HO, “Last Request,” 21 Sep 00.

133Briefing (U), USAF/XOPE, “Evolving to an Expeditionary Aerospace Force: Concepts and

Implementation,” 5 April 1999; Briefing (U), AMC/DOOO to Airlift/Tanker Association Convention,

“AMC’s Role in the Aerospace Expeditionary Force,” Nov 99.

134Fact Sheet (U), “An Introduction to the Expeditionary Aerospace Force,” Air Force Link, 2000;

Fact Sheet (U), “Aerospace Expeditionary Force Lead Wings,” Air Force Link, 2000; Briefing (U),

AMC/DOOO to Airlift/Tanker Association Convention, “AMC’s Role in the Aerospace Expeditionary

Force,” Nov 99.

135See note above; News Release (U), Bob Haskell, “Air National Guard Vital to Total Expeditionary

Aerospace Force,” Air Force News, 27 Sep 99; News Release (U), “Aircraft, Crews to Support

AEFs,” AFRC News Service, 26 Aug 99.

64
75

136Briefing (U), AMC/DOOO to Airlift/Tanker Association Convention, “AMC’s Role in the Aerospace

Expeditionary Force,” Nov 99; Concept of Operations (FOUO), AMC/DOX, “Expeditionary

Aerospace Force Lead Mobility Wing,” 1 Oct 99, info used is not FOUO.

137Chronology (U), USTRANSCOM/J3-ODR, “Notable Operations Oct 99-Sep 00,” 7 Sep 00;

Report (U), US Agency for International Development, “Venezuela Floods Fact Sheet #9 (FY 2000),”

3 Jan 00.

138News Release (U), U.S. Agency for International Development, “USAID Disaster Response:

Flooding in Southern Africa,” 21 Jun 00; News Release (U), Disaster Relief, “Mozambique Death

Toll in the Thousands,” 29 Feb 00; Chronology (U), USTRANSCOM/J3-ODR, “Notable Operations

Oct 99-Sep 00,” 7 Sep 00; Memo (U), 436 AW/CC to AMC/CC, “JTF-Atlas Response

DIRMOBFOR After Action Report,” 4 May 00; News Release (U), TSgt Chuck Roberts, “Final

Relief Mission in Beira Ends Successfully,” U. S. Air Forces in Europe News Service, 30 Mar 00.

139Chronology (U), USTRANSCOM/J3-ODR, “Notable Operations Oct 99-Sep 00,” 7 Sep 00.

140E-Mail (U), Dr. Kent M. Beck, USTRANSCOM/J3-ODR, to Maj Darrell Jenkins,

USTRANSCOM/CC-X, “Reserve/Guard Role in Firefighting in ’00,” 29 Sep 00; Briefing (U), AMC

TACC/XON, “Daily Operations Summary,” 14 Sep 00; Article (U), “Fire-fighting Effort Cools,

Shifts to Taking Soldiers Home,” Air Force News, 7 Sep 00.

141Command Data Book (FOUO), AMCMIF/XPME, May 00, pp 1, 40, 43, 56, info used is not

FOUO

142History (S/Decl OADR), AMC (Provisional), Jan-May 92, p 26, info used is Unclassified.

143AMC SO GAXP-1 (U), 7 Jun 93; AMC Programming Plan 93-11 (FOUO), “Transfer of Flying

Units and Altus AFB to Air Training Command,” 1 Apr 93, info used is not FOUO.

144AMC SO GAXP-16 (U), 28 Apr 94; AMC Programming Plan 94-02 (FOUO), “Transfer of

Fairchild AFB from ACC to AMC,” 1 Mar 94, info used is not FOUO.

145AMC SO GAXP-15 (U), 28 Sep 93; AMC Programming Plan 93-22 (FOUO), “Grand Forks

AFB ND Realignment to Air Mobility Command,” 15 Sep 93, info used is not FOUO.

146AMC MO MOXP-13 (U), 26 Aug 94; AMC Programming Plan 92-10 (FOUO), “Inactivation of

the 305 ARW and Transfer of Grissom AFB IN to the Air Force Reserve,” 15 Oct 92, info used is

not FOUO; History of 305 ARW (FOUO), Jul 93-Sep 94, p xii, info used is not FOUO.

147AMC SO GA-29 (U), 22 Sep 92; AMC Programming Plan 92-14 (FOUO), “Transfer of Hurlburt

Fld FL Ownership from AMC to AFSOC,” 15 Nov 92, info used is not FOUO.

148Report (U), Senior Airman Paul Gritton, “377th Air Base History,” Kirtland Air Force Base Home

Page, 10 Dec 99; AMC Programming Plan 93-08 (FOUO), “Kirtland AFB Transfer,” 15 Dec 92,

info used is not FOUO; Staff Summary (U), AMC/XPPI to AMC/CC, “Kirtland,” 11 Sep 92.

65
76

149AMC SO GAXP 17 (U), 28 Sep 93; AMC Programming Plan 93-14 (U), “Lajes Field

Transfer,” 30 Apr 93; Staff Summary (U), USAF/XOOB to USAF/CC, “Proposed MAJCOM

Transfer of Lajes Field, Portugal,” 20 Nov 92.

150AMC SO GAXP-19 (U), 28 Sep 93; AMC Programming Plan 93-19 (U), “Little Rock AFB

Transfer,” 1 Sep 93.

151AMC SO GAXP-16 (U), 8 Jul 96; AMC Programming Plan 96-04 (FOUO), “Transfer of MacDill

AFB FL from Air Combat Command to Air Mobility Command,” 1 Jul 96, info used is not FOUO;

Report (U), Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission, “1995 Report to the President,”

1 Jul 95.

152Report (U), Malmstrom Home Page, “Malmstrom Air Force Base,” ca 2000; AMC SO GAXP16 (U), 28 Apr 94; AMC Programming Plan 94-08 (U), “Malmstrom AFB Transfer,” 1 Nov 94;

Report (U), Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission, “1995 Report to the President,”

1 Jul 95.

153AMC SO GAXP-4 (U), 12 Jan 96; AMC Programming Plan 93-27 (FOUO), “March AFB

Realignment,” 30 Dec 93, info used is not FOUO; History of 722 ARW (U), Jan 95-Apr 96, p x.

154AMC MO MOXP-1 (U), 7 Dec 93; AMC Programming Plan 93-23 (FOUO), “Transfer of

McConnell AFB KS from ACC to AMC,” 15 Dec 93, info used is not FOUO.

155AMC SO GAXP-11 (U), 24 Feb 94; History of 63 AW (U), Jul-93-Mar 94, p xiv; MAC

Programming Plan 91-04 (FOUO), “Base Closure: Norton Air Force Base,” 31 May 91, info used

is not FOUO.

156AMC SO GAXP-15 (U), 14 Jul 95; AMC Programming Plan 93-28 (FOUO), “Base Closure

Plattsburgh AFB NY,” 30 Dec 93, info used is not FOUO.

157AMC SO GAXP-11 (U), 31 Mar 97; AMC Programming Plan 97-05 (FOUO), “Pope AFB

Ownership Transfer from Air Combat Command to Air Mobility Command,” 1 Mar 97, info used is

not FOUO; USAF PAD 97-2 (U), “Reorganization of CONUS C-130 Airlift Forces from ACC to

AMC and AETC,” 13 Jan 97.

66
77

GLOSSARY

AB Air Base

ABW Air Base Wing

ACC Air Combat Command

AEF Aerospace Expeditionary Force

AETC Air Education and Training Command

AEW Aerospace Expeditionary Wing

AFB Air Force Base

AFMC Air Force Materiel Command

AFRC Air Force Reserve Command

AFSOC Air Force Special Operations Command

AFSPC Air Force Space Command

AG Airlift Group

AMC Air Mobility Command

AMOG Air Mobility Operations Group

AMW Air Mobility Wing

ANG Air National Guard

ARG Air Refueling Group

ARW Air Refueling Wing

AW Airlift Wing

BRAC Base Realignment and Closure

BW Bomb Wing

CONUS Continental United States

CSAF Chief of Staff of the Air Force

67
78

EAF Expeditionary Aerospace Force

GPS Global Positioning System

IFOR Implementation Force

INS Inertial Navigation System

KFOR Kosovo Force

LMW Lead Mobility Wing

NAF Numbered Air Force

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization

OADR Originating Agency’s Determination Required

OSA Operational Support Airlift

PACAF Pacific Air Forces

Pacer CRAG [KC-135] Pacer Compass, Radar, and Global Positioning System

SAC Strategic Air Command

SFOR Sustainment Force

TACC Tanker Airlift Control Center

TACON Tactical Control

TALCE Tanker Airlift Control Element

UN United Nations

UNITAF Unified Task Force

UNMIH United Nations Mission in Haiti

UNOSOM UN Operations in Somalia

USAF United States Air Force

USAFE United States Air Forces in Europe

USEUCOM United States European Command

USTRANSCOM United States Transportation Command

68
79

INDEX

Adak, Alaska, Naval Air Station, 11

aeromedical evacuation, 4, 9, 20, 29

Aerospace Expeditionary Force, 37

Air Combat Camera Service, 1, 15

Air Combat Command, 7, 9, 23

Air Education and Training Command, 8, 23

Air Force One, 20

Air Force Policy Directive 10-21, 22

air mobility element, 13

air mobility operations groups, 11

Air Mobility School, 1, 15

Air Mobility Warfare Center, 15

air mobility wing, 5

Air Rescue Service, 1, 7

airdrop, 24

Albania, 34

Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, 17

Altus Air Force Base, Oklahoma, 5, 41

Andersen Air Force Base, Guam, 10

Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland, 28, 31, 41

Antonov 124, 29

Apache helicopters, 34

Aristide, Jean-Bertrand, 12, 13

Aviano Air Base, Italy, 11

B-2, 34

Bahrain International Airport, 11

Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana, 9

Ben Gurion International Airport, Israel, 11, 32

Bin Laden, Usama, 29

Boeing Company, 17, 21

Bosnia, 1, 7, 18

Brown, Ron, 23

C-9, 4

C-12, 8

C-17, 8, 16, 18, 20, 21, 24, 32

C-20H, 10

C-21, 7, 8, 23

C-27, 31

C-32A, 21, 32

C-37A, 23, 30

C-130, 9, 13, 23

C-130J, 20, 33

C-130J-30, 20

Cairo International Airport, Egypt, 11

69
80

California, 39

Capodichino Airport, Italy, 11

Carter, Jimmy, 14

Charleston Air Force Base, South Carolina, 8, 41

Chernobyl nuclear disaster, 10

Christchurch International Airport, New Zealand, 11

Clinton, Bill, 20

Comalapa Air Base, El Salvador, 31

Companion Training Program, 8

counterdrug operations, 18

Crisis Support Staff, 13

Cubans, 17

Cubi Point, Philippines, Naval Air Station, 11

Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania, 29

Defense Courier Service, 16, 30

Denton Amendment, 31

Dhahran International Airport, Saudi Arabia, 11

Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, 20

Diego Garcia, British Indian Ocean Territory, 11

Dover Air Force Base, Delaware, 41

Durant, Michael, US Army Chief Warrant Officer, 6

Eareckson Air Force Base, Alaska, 11

Earthquakes, 9

East Timor, 36

Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska, 11

El Salvador, 31

Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska, 10

embassies, 29

en route system, 10, 11

Exercises:

CENTRAZBAT 97, 24

Cooperative Nugget, 17

Fairwinds, 13

New Horizons-Haiti, 13

Noble Shirley, 32

Peacekeeper 94, 12

Expeditionary Aerospace Force, 36, 37

Fairchild Air Force Base, Washington, 9, 41

Fifteenth Air Force, 8

Fiji, 9

fires, 39

Florida, 4

Fogleman, Ronald R., 13, 15, 17

Galena Airport, Alaska, 11

Global Reach laydown, 11

Goma, Zaire, 11

Grand Forks Air Force Base, North Dakota, 9, 41

70
81

Grissom Air Force Base, Indiana, 41

Guam, 4

Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, Naval Air Station, 11, 17

Guatemala, 31

Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation, 10, 23

Haiti, 12, 13, 14

Hawaii, 4

Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii, 10

Honduras, 31

Howard Air Force Base, Panama, 10

Hurlburt Field, Florida, 41

Hurricane Andrew, 4

Hurricane Georges, 29

Hurricane Iniki, 4

Hurricane Mitch, 31

Hurricane Omar, 4

Idaho, 39

Incirlik Air Base, Turkey, 10

Indonesia, 36

Iraq, 3, 15, 18, 21, 22, 26, 32, 33

Israel, 11, 32

Istres Air Base, France, 11

Itazuke International Airport, Japan, 11

Johnson, H. T., 17

Joint Operational Support Airlift Center, 23

joint task forces, see operations

Kadena Air Base, Japan, 10

Kazakhstan, 16

KC-10, 9, 24

KC-135, 9, 24, 28

Keesler Air Force Base, Mississippi, 33

Kenya, 3, 16, 29

Khobar Towers, 20

Kimhae International Airport, Republic of Korea, 11

Kimpo International Airport, Republic of Korea, 11

King Abdul Aziz Air Base, Saudi Arabia, 20

King Salmon Airport, Alaska, 11

Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico, 42

Kosovo, 30, 33

Kunsan Air Base, Republic of Korea, 11

Kurds, 22

Lajes Field, Portugal, 10, 42

lead command, 1, 22

lead mobility wing, 37

Little Rock Air Force Base, Arkansas, 42

Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company, 14

London/Heathrow Airport, United Kingdom, 11

71
82

Los Angeles, California, 9

MacDill Air Force Base, Florida, 9, 42

Macedonia, Former Yugoslavian Republic of, 34

magnetic resonance imaging system, 10

Malmstrom Air Force Base, Montana, 42

Manila International Airport, Philippines, 11

March Air Force Base, California, 9, 42

materiel handling equipment, 10

McChord Air Force Base, Washington, 42

McConnell Air Force Base, Kansas, 9, 16, 28, 42

McDonnell Douglas, 8

McGuire Air Force Base, New Jersey, 8, 11, 43

McPeak, Merrill A., 4, 5, 7, 10, 15

MIG-29, 25

Mildenhall, United Kingdom, Royal Air Force, 10

Misawa Air Base, Japan, 11

modular airborne fire fighting system, 39

Moldova, 25

Montana, 39

Mozambique, 38

Nairobi, Kenya, 29

Nepal, 5

Nevatim Air Base, Israel, 32

Nicaragua, 31

Norton Air Force Base, California, 43

Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 17

Operations:

Allied Force, 33

Allied Harbour, 34

Andrew, 4

Atlas Response, 38

Continue Hope, 6

Deliberate Endeavor, 7

Deliberate Forge, 7

Deliberate Guard, 7

Deny Flight, 7

Desert Focus, 20

Desert Fox, 33

Desert Strike, 21

Desert Thunder, 26, 32

Falcon, 33

Fundamental Relief, 29

Fundamental Response, 38

Georges, 29

Green Clover, 18

Iniki, 4

Joint Endeavor, 7, 18, 19

72
83

Joint Forge, 18

Joint Guard, 18

Joint Guardian, 33

Maintain Democracy, 13

Mitch, 31

Noble Anvil, 33

Northern Watch, 22

Omar, 4

Phoenix Dart, 10

Phoenix Duke: I, 30; II, 34

Phoenix Jackal, 15

Phoenix Onyx, 16

Phoenix Scorpion: I, 26; II, 26; III, 32; IV, 33

Phoenix Shark, 12

Pivot Sail, 25

Project Sapphire, 16

Provide Assistance, 4

Provide Comfort, 22

Provide Hope, 24

Provide Promise, 1

Provide Relief, 3, 5

Resolute Response, 29

Restore Hope, 5, 6

Safe Passage, 17

Sea Signal, 17

Shining Hope, 34

Shining Presence, 32

Silver Anvil, 30

Southern Watch, 3, 15, 18, 20, 21, 26

Stabilise, 36

Support Hope, 11

Sustain Hope, 34

United Shield, 16

Uphold Democracy, 12, 13, 14

Vigilant Sentinel, 18

Vigilant Warrior, 15, 16

operational support airlift, 7, 8, 23

Osan Air Base, Republic of Korea, 10

Pacer CRAG, 28

Pacific Air Forces, 4, 9

Panama, 10, 11, 17

Partnership for Peace, 17

Patriot missiles, 26, 32

Phoenix, 40

Pisa Airport, Italy, 11

Plattsburgh Air Force Base, New York, 43

Pope Air Force Base, North Carolina, 43

73
84

Presidential Selected Reserve Call-up, 22, 35

Prince Sultan Air Base, Saudi Arabia, 11, 20

Puerto Rico, 39

Ramstein Air Base, Germany, 10, 24, 32, 34

reserve associate units, 16

Rhein-Main Air Base, Germany, 10

Richmond Air Base, Australia, 11

Rinas Airport, Albania, 34

Robins Air Force Base, Georgia, 9

Roosevelt Roads, Puerto Rico, Naval Air Station, 11, 29

Rota, Spain, Naval Air Station, 10

Russia, 21

Rwanda, 11

Savasleyka Air Base, Russia, 21

Scott Air Force Base, Illinois, 43

Serbia, 30, 33

Shemya (Eareckson) Air Force Base, Alaska, 11

Sigonella, Italy, Naval Air Station, 11

Somalia, 3, 5, 6, 16

Soto Cano Air Base, El Salvador, 31

Souda Bay, Greece, Naval Air Station, 11

South America, 18

Southwest Mobile Systems Corporation, 10

special air missions, 10

tactical control, 32, 35

Tanker Airlift Control Center, 1

tanker airlift control element, 32, 35

Taszar Air Base, Hungary, 19

terrorism, 17, 20, 29

Torrejon Air Base, Spain, 11

Totskoye, Russia, 12

training, 8

Travis Air Force Base, California, 9, 11, 43

Tunner loader, 10, 24

Twenty-First Air Force, 8

Twenty-Second Air Force, 8

Ukraine, 10

UN Operations in Somalia (UNOSOM), 5, 6, 16

Unified Task Force, 5

United Nations Mission in Haiti (UNMIH), 13

United States Air Forces in Europe, 4, 7, 9, 32, 34

Uranium, 16

US Navy, 39

US Transportation Command, 1, 16, 23, 30

USAF Air Mobility School, 1, 15

USAF Combat Air Delivery School, 15

USAF Mobility Center, 1, 15

74
85

Uzbekistan, 24

VC-137B, 14, 17, 21, 23

Venezuela, 38

Vieques Naval Training Area, 39

Vietnam, 18

Yokota Air Base, Japan, 10

Yugoslavia, 30, 33

1st Combat Camera Squadron, 15

2d Combat Camera Squadron, 15

3rd Infantry Division, 26

10th Mountain Division, 12

22dAir Refueling Wing, 28

33d Flight Test Squadron, 15

82nd Airborne Division, 13

89th Airlift Wing, 10, 28, 31

97th Air Mobility Wing, 5, 8

314th Ground Combat Readiness Evaluation Squadron, 15

403d Wing, 33

437th Airlift Wing, 8

615th Air Mobility Operations Group, 11, 15

621st Air Mobility Operations Group, 11, 15

932d Air Refueling Group, 16

1492d Air Transportation Training Flight, 15

75
86
87
88