1

In The

Court of Appeals

Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont

__________________

NO. 09-21-00142-CV

__________________

IN THE INTEREST OF A.S.

__________________________________________________________________

On Appeal from the County Court at Law No. 3

Montgomery County, Texas

Trial Cause No. 14-09-09968-CV

__________________________________________________________________

MEMORANDUM OPINION

After a bench trial, Appellant S.S. (“Susan”)1 appeals the trial court’s order 

terminating her parental rights to her son, A.S. (“Adam”), an eight-year-old child.2

The trial court also terminated the parental rights of Adam’s father, A.I. 

(“Anthony”).3 For reasons explained herein, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

1 To protect the identity of the minor, we use pseudonyms to refer to the child

and his parents. See Tex. R. App. P. 9.8(b)(2).

2 On January 16, 2018, the case was transferred from Harris County to 

Montgomery County for the convenience of the parties and witnesses and in the 

interest of justice, and the trial court found the transfer was in Adam’s best interest. 

3 Anthony is not a party to this appeal, and we include limited details about 

him only as necessary to explain the facts.
2

Background

On July 10, 2019, the Department of Family and Protective Services (“the 

Department”) filed an Original Petition for Protection of a Child, for 

Conservatorship and for Termination in Suit Affecting the Parent-Child 

Relationship. The petition named Adam as the subject of the suit, Susan as the 

child’s mother, and Anthony as the child’s father. At the time the petition was filed, 

Adam was six years old. 

The petition was supported by an affidavit by a Child Protective Services

(CPS) worker and representative, and the affidavit stated that, on May 19, 2019, the 

Department received a report of neglectful supervision, medical neglect, and 

physical neglect of Adam by Susan and her boyfriend at the time. According to the 

affidavit, the referral stated that Adam had a seizure disorder and had seizures 

because he was not taking his medication, Susan and her boyfriend used 

methamphetamine around Adam, there were needles lying around the “shack” where 

they lived, Adam was locked out of the shack all day, Adam was seen running around 

barefoot in sewage from toilets, Adam defecated on himself and did not bathe, and 

other people had to feed and bathe Adam. 

According to the affidavit, Susan was uncooperative early in the investigation. 

In June 2019, the Department caseworker at the time learned from the District 

Attorney’s office that Susan was arrested on May 23, 2019, for assaulting a nurse at 
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Memorial Hermann Kingwood Emergency. According to the person with the 

District Attorney’s office (the DA), the report stated that Susan went to the 

emergency room with a wound on her head and admitted she had been using 

methamphetamine. The Department’s affidavit stated that the DA told the 

Department that Susan swung a metal pole around at the hospital, and that Susan 

could be charged with a felony because the assault was against a public servant, a 

nurse. The person with the District Attorney’s office provided the nurse’s name and 

an offense report number. The caseworker contacted the District Attorney’s office 

who confirmed that Susan did not appear at court on June 6, 2019, and a warrant was 

issued for her arrest. 

The affidavit stated that on July 9, 2019, the caseworker contacted law 

enforcement for assistance to interview Adam, Susan, and Susan’s boyfriend. Adam 

and Susan’s boyfriend were home, and the caseworker interviewed them. Once 

Susan arrived home, law enforcement arrested her for two outstanding warrants. 

Susan stated that she did not have anyone with whom to place Adam while she was 

in jail and that Adam’s father was not around and would not pass the Department’s 

criminal background check. The Department was unable to locate contact 

information for Adam’s father. The Department ruled out placement with Susan’s 

boyfriend because he had a criminal history with several felonies. The Department 

also ruled out a neighbor suggested by Susan for placement. 
4

The affidavit stated that the Department requested to be named temporary 

managing conservator of Adam because he did not have a stable residence to live in 

that would meet his everyday essential needs. According to the affidavit, Adam 

reported that there was no shower or bath in the home and sometimes he does not 

eat because his mother does not have money to buy food. At the time of removal, 

the Department believed that there was a continuing danger to Adam’s physical 

health and safety if he was returned to Susan and that continuation of Adam’s 

placement with Susan would be contrary to Adam’s welfare. 

Evidence at Trial

Testimony of Susan

Susan testified that the CPS case originated in Harris County, where she was 

living at the time with Adam and her ex-boyfriend. She explained at trial that she 

believed Adam was removed from her care because she was going to jail for assault 

and that the Department was “afraid she was going to run with [Adam]” even though 

she had not. 

Susan testified that at the beginning of the case Adam was staying with her 

cousin, but after her cousin chose not to keep Adam anymore, Adam went into foster 

care. Susan lived with her brother-in-law for about six months and helped “fix up”

his home in hopes that Adam could live with the brother-in-law while she completed 

her court-ordered services. When she learned that Adam could not be placed with 
5

her during the pendency of the case, she moved out of the brother-in-law’s house. 

According to Susan, she did everything in her power to find relative placement or 

kinship placement for Adam.

Susan testified that she had a “treatment plan” when the case was in Harris 

County, but when it was transferred to Montgomery County, she never received a 

service plan. Susan testified she was aware of the services the trial court had ordered 

for her to participate in and she participated in anger management, parenting classes, 

and substance abuse counseling for four or five weeks but “COVID hit and they shut 

down the classes” and she had not completed them “due to COVID.” According to 

Susan, she asked three days before trial if she could start her classes again. Susan 

testified that she had a psychiatric assessment done in Harris County but could not 

remember the name of the person doing the assessment. Susan attended Alcoholics 

Anonymous as often as she could and checked herself into rehab, but she was 

medically discharged due to problems with swallowing. She last attended an 

Alcoholics Anonymous meeting the week prior to trial. She testified her last drug 

test for the CPS case was in November—about five months prior to trial—and 

although she failed the test, she “d[id]n’t even see how that’s possible[.]” She 

testified she did not believe any of the drug tests in the case were accurate. She 

testified she could not see how any of her drug tests in 2019 were positive for 

methamphetamine because she had not used methamphetamine since Adam was 
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born. Susan did admit to using marijuana since her son’s birth, and that prior to his 

birth, she used methamphetamine and marijuana, both of which she started using at 

age eighteen. According to Susan, she went to drug testing “every time they asked 

me to go.” When asked if she was supposed to take random drug tests as part of her 

service plan, she responded, “I don’t know. They’ve never given me a service plan.” 

Susan testified that she had a pending criminal case against her for assaulting 

a nurse, but she did not remember being at the hospital or anything about the 

incident. She said the incident was from a month before the Department took 

possession of Adam and it happened when she was hospitalized after someone had 

attacked her and hit her three times in the face with a bat. 

According to Susan, since November of 2020 she had lived in a two-bedroom 

travel trailer by herself that was given to her by a family friend she only knew by the 

nickname “Scooter,” and the trailer is on property where she paid $500 in monthly 

rent and $100 for monthly electricity. Susan testified that she had filed the 

“paperwork” to convert the travel trailer into her name and was awaiting an 

appointment to “go down there and do it.” Photographs of the travel trailer were 

admitted into evidence. Susan testified that at the time of trial she was “selfcontracted” and was a sitter for a person suffering from dementia for three months.

At the time of trial, Susan was enrolled in online classes with Lone Star to become 

a network analyst. Susan testified she owned a vehicle and that she had automobile 
7

insurance but, despite driving since she was twelve years old, she had never obtained 

a valid Texas driver’s license. 

Susan testified that she received $783 per month from SSI for her bipolar 

disorder and $450 per week from her work. Susan testified that she was diagnosed 

with bipolar disorder at age fifteen. She testified she took bupropion for her bipolar 

disorder, Lamictal, and another prescription she could not remember, and she 

explained that she had a hard time remembering doctor’s appointments “and stuff 

like that” because she “got smacked in the face with a bat” the previous year. 

According to Susan, she missed two visits with her son because on one 

occasion she was in an automobile accident on the way to the visit and, on another 

occasion, she forgot about the scheduled visit “because of [her] having memory 

problems.” Susan testified she spent $15,000 on clothes, food, and school supplies 

Adam needed while he has been in CPS care. 

According to Susan, since the case began, she had learned how to hold her 

temper, coping skills, and how to trust people more. Susan testified that she felt she 

had a safe home for her son and that it would be in Adam’s best interest to live with 

her. She explained at trial that if her son had stayed with her, he would not have been 

exposed to COVID in a public school, and that she worried that he was going to be 

concerned about not seeing his mother. Susan testified that she was in a better place 
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than when CPS first got involved, she was trying to be the best parent possible for 

Adam, she did not have a boyfriend, and her focus was on Adam and school. 

Testimony of Department Caseworker

The Caseworker testified that she was the caseworker from October until 

April in Montgomery County and that another caseworker had the case in 

Montgomery County before her. According to the Caseworker, the case originated 

in Harris County. The Caseworker testified that she had sporadic contact with Susan,

but she explained to Susan the services that were court ordered, and she made 

referrals for Susan for those services. Susan’s service plan was admitted at trial. 

Susan’s service plan required her to participate in a psychological evaluation, 

psychiatric evaluation, random drug screenings, substance abuse assessment, and 

treatment services issued by a therapist. Susan was also required to provide her 

caseworker with verification of attendance at services and to maintain a drug/alcohol 

free lifestyle. 

The Caseworker testified that Susan did not participate in the required 

services. The Caseworker testified that Susan was ordered to drug test once or twice 

a month but while the Caseworker was assigned to the case Susan never drug tested. 

The Caseworker testified that Susan did not provide financial support for Adam 

during the time the Caseworker had the case, and the Caseworker was not aware that 

Susan provided financial support for Adam at any time during the case. The 
9

Caseworker testified that Susan brought Adam clothing and shoes but “would make 

them into gifts.” The Caseworker testified that, although she had asked Susan 

numerous times to provide her address, Susan had not done so. Susan also told the 

Caseworker that she would provide her proof of employment but never provided 

proof of employment. The Caseworker testified that during the case there were 

periods of time when the Caseworker could not get in touch with Susan. According 

to the Caseworker, Susan was required to attend visits with Adam twice per month 

but only attended visits with Adam three or four times from October until April. The 

Caseworker testified that the visits were brief because Susan had the pattern of 

arriving ten minutes before the visit ended, and although Susan repeatedly talked to 

Adam about what was wrong with her, the two seemed bonded. The Caseworker

agreed that when the case was with the prior caseworker in Montgomery County, 

Susan partially complied with her service plan but was unsuccessfully discharged 

after “maybe two months,” and Susan later told the Caseworker she could not get 

her records from the service provider to show the Caseworker because the service 

provider was supposedly closed due to COVID. The Caseworker testified that Susan 

never provided proof of her education through Lone Star. 

According to the Caseworker, the Department considered all possible 

relatives, but none were suitable for placement. Adam was placed in a foster-toadopt placement at the time of trial. The Caseworker testified that Susan has not 
10

demonstrated the ability to provide a safe and stable home for Adam. And the

Caseworker believed it is in Adam’s best interest that Susan’s parental rights be 

terminated because Susan had not complied with services or demonstrated that she 

had changed or mitigated the concerns and issues that brought Adam into care. 

Testimony of Investigator Jasper Brooks

Jasper Brooks, an investigator with the Montgomery County attorney’s office, 

testified that he investigated pictures of Susan’s travel trailer that she testified about

in a prior hearing to confirm whether the pictures were accurate and whether the RV 

was in a safe place for her child to live. Brooks also investigated whether Susan was 

employed. Brooks testified that on April 22, 2021, he went to the address that Susan 

provided, which was an RV park in Houston. Brooks spoke with the RV park 

manager and confirmed that Susan stayed there and confirmed exactly where her RV 

lot was located. According to Brooks, the RV had a padlock on the door, and when 

he knocked, it appeared no one was home. The following day he returned to the RV 

and again no one was home. He recorded the license plate that was on the RV and 

noticed that there were two VIN numbers with one of them being scratched out. 

Brooks testified that with that information he was able to contact the owner of the 

RV to determine if the recorded owner was renting the RV to anyone and the owner 

confirmed that he was the owner. On April 29th, the day before trial, Brooks located 

the same RV with the same scratched out VIN number at an impound lot. Brooks 
11

testified he was allowed access to the RV and took photographs, which were 

admitted into evidence. Brooks testified that because the RV was no longer at the 

RV park where Susan told him she lived and had since been moved to an impound 

lot, he did not believe Susan lived where she previously reported to him that she 

lived. 

Brooks testified that he also attempted to confirm Susan’s employment. 

According to Brooks, he contacted her alleged employer who said she would provide 

him with a letter through email confirming Susan’s employment, but Brooks never 

received an email from the employer. 

Testimony of Court-Appointed Special Advocate (CASA)

The CASA testified that he was assigned to the case in March of 2020. 

According to the CASA, one of Adam’s relatives was approved for placement but 

ultimately the placement did not work out. The CASA testified that he had visited 

regularly with Adam and that Adam has special educational needs. The CASA 

testified that he attended a recent meeting at Adam’s school district and Adam was 

going to have services for dyslexia, math deficiency, and ADHD. The CASA 

described Adam as “a charming and wonderful little boy.” The CASA testified he 

believed it was in Adam’s best interest for Susan’s parental rights to be terminated 

because the CASA did not believe that Susan could provide Adam a safe and stable 

home. 
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Testimony of Stephanie Cole 

Stephanie Cole testified that she was the custodian of records for Texas 

Alcohol and Drugs and that she supplied the records of Susan’s drug tests. According 

to Cole, the records were kept in the regular course of business, it was the regular 

practice of the Texas Alcohol and Drug Testing Service’s business activity to make 

the records, the records were exact duplicates of the originals, and an employee or 

representative made the records, transmitted the information regarding acts, events, 

conditions, opinions, or diagnosis at or near the time of the event. 

Drug Test Results

Exhibits admitted at trial reflect that Susan tested positive for 

methamphetamine and amphetamine on August 14, 2019, October 9, 2019, June 8, 

2020, and July 28, 2020. Susan also tested positive for marijuana on June 8, 2020. 

Judgments of Conviction

The following judgments of conviction for Susan were offered and admitted 

at trial: October 21, 2009, conviction for prostitution-2nd; December 16, 2009,

conviction for possession of cocaine; October 21, 2010, conviction for trespassing; 

July 7, 2011, conviction for prostitution-2nd; August 11, 2011, conviction for 

prostitution; November 21, 2014, conviction for credit/debit card abuse; and October 

19, 2018, conviction for assault causing bodily injury.
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Issues

In issues one, two, and three, Susan challenges the legal and factual 

sufficiency of the evidence supporting termination of Susan’s parental rights under 

sections 161.001(b)(1)(D), (E), and (O) of the Texas Family Code. In issue four, 

Susan challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence supporting the 

trial court’s finding that terminating Susan’s parental rights was in Adam’s best 

interest. In issue five, Susan argues the trial court erred in appointing the Department 

as permanent managing conservator. In issue six, Susan argues she was provided 

ineffective assistance by trial counsel. 

Standard of Review

The decision to terminate parental rights must be supported by clear and 

convincing evidence. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(b). Under the Family Code, 

“‘[c]lear and convincing evidence’ means the measure or degree of proof that will 

produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of 

the allegations sought to be established.” Id. § 101.007; In re J.L., 163 S.W.3d 79, 

84 (Tex. 2005). The movant must show that the parent committed one or more 

predicate acts or omissions and that termination is in the child’s best interest. See

Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(b); In re J.L., 163 S.W.3d at 84.

In reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence in a parental rights 

termination case, we must consider all the evidence in the light most favorable to the 
14

finding to determine whether a reasonable factfinder could have formed a firm belief 

or conviction that the finding was true. In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 336, 344-45 (Tex. 

2009) (citing In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 266 (Tex. 2002)). We assume the 

factfinder resolved disputed facts in favor of its finding if a reasonable factfinder 

could do so, and we disregard all evidence that a reasonable factfinder could have 

disbelieved. Id. In a factual sufficiency review, we “give due consideration to 

evidence that the factfinder could reasonably have found to be clear and 

convincing.” In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. We must determine “‘whether the 

evidence is such that a factfinder could reasonably form a firm belief or conviction 

about the truth of the State’s allegations.’” Id. (quoting In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 25 

(Tex. 2002)). “If, in light of the entire record, the disputed evidence that a reasonable 

factfinder could not have credited in favor of the finding is so significant that a 

factfinder could not reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction, then the 

evidence is factually insufficient.” Id. In cases tried to the bench, the trial court in its 

role as factfinder determines the credibility and weight of the witnesses’ testimony 

and resolves any inconsistencies or conflicts in the evidence. See Webb v. Crawley, 

590 S.W.3d 570, 578 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2019, no pet.); In re R.J., 568 S.W.3d 

734, 754 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2019, pet. denied).
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Statutory Grounds D and E

In her first two issues, Susan challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to 

support termination of her parental rights under sections 161.001(b)(1)(D) and (E) 

of the Texas Family Code. As to subsection D, Susan argues that the Department 

presented no evidence of endangerment immediately prior to Adam’s removal and 

the Department failed to prove the connection between the conditions and the 

resulting danger to Adam’s emotional or physical well-being. As to subsection E, 

Susan argues that the drug test results, the accuracy of which she contested, alone 

do not establish a voluntary, deliberate, and conscious course of conduct by Susan. 

According to Susan, the Department produced no evidence of Adam’s environment 

prior to removal. As for her convictions, she argues that the first five convictions 

were before Adam was born, the sixth conviction was a few months before he was 

born, and the last conviction occurred when Adam was four years old. Susan 

contends that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting the first five 

convictions into evidence over Susan’s counsel’s relevancy objection. Susan argues 

that one conviction of assault does not show a pattern of violent behavior. 

We are required to consider the sufficiency of the evidence pursuant to 

Sections 161.001(b)(1)(D) or (E) if challenged. In re N.G., 577 S.W.3d 230, 235-36 

(Tex. 2019). If the evidence is sufficient as to one of these, it will not be necessary 

to address the other predicate grounds because sufficient evidence as to only one 
16

ground in addition to the best interest finding is all that is necessary to affirm a

termination judgment. Id. at 232-33. Because the evidence of statutory grounds D 

and E is often interrelated, we may consolidate our review of the evidence supporting 

these grounds. See In re J.L.V., No. 09-19-00316-CV, 2020 Tex. App. LEXIS 2070, 

at *33 (Tex. App.—Beaumont Mar. 11, 2020, pet. denied) (mem. op.). 

Endangerment arises when a parent’s conduct jeopardizes the child’s emotional or 

physical health. See In re S.R., 452 S.W.3d 351, 360 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th 

Dist.] 2014, pet. denied). 

Under subsection D, parental rights may be terminated if clear and convincing 

evidence supports that the parent “knowingly placed or knowingly allowed the child 

to remain in conditions or surroundings which endanger the physical or emotional 

well-being of the child[.]” Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(b)(1)(D). Subsection E 

allows for termination of parental rights if clear and convincing evidence supports 

that the parent “engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the child with persons who 

engaged in conduct which endangers the physical or emotional well-being of the 

child[.]” Id. § 161.001(b)(1)(E).

Under subsection D, parental rights may be terminated based on a single act 

or omission by the parent. In re L.E.S., 471 S.W.3d 915, 925 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 

2015, no pet.) (citing In re A.B., 125 S.W.3d 769, 776 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2003, 

pet. denied)). Termination under subsection E requires more than a single act or 
17

omission and a “‘voluntary, deliberate, and conscious course of conduct by the 

parent is required.’” Id. at 923 (quoting Perez v. Tex. Dep’t of Protective & 

Regulatory Servs., 148 S.W.3d 427, 436 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2004, no pet.)). As for 

subsection D, we examine the time before the child’s removal to determine whether

the environment of the home posed a danger to the child’s physical or emotional 

well-being. Id. at 925 (citing In re L.C., 145 S.W.3d 790, 795 (Tex. App.—

Texarkana 2004, no pet.)). “A finding of endangerment under subsection E, 

however, may be based on conduct both before and after removal.” In re A.L.H., 515 

S.W.3d 60, 93 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2017, pet. denied) (citing In re 

S.R., 452 S.W.3d at 360). “‘[E]ndanger’ means to expose to loss or injury[.]’” In re 

N.S.G., 235 S.W.3d 358, 367 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2007, no pet.) (quoting Tex. 

Dep’t of Human Servs. v. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d 531, 533 (Tex. 1987)). Under subsection 

E, it is sufficient that the child’s well-being is jeopardized or exposed to loss or 

injury. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d at 533; N.S.G., 235 S.W.3d at 367. “‘A child is endangered 

when the environment creates a potential for danger that the parent is aware of, but 

disregards.’” In re L.E.S., 471 S.W.3d at 925 (quoting In re N.B., No. 06-12-00007-

CV, 2012 Tex. App. LEXIS 3587, at **22-23 (Tex. App.—Texarkana May 8, 2012, 

no pet.) (mem. op.)). Generally, subjecting a child to a life of uncertainty and 

instability endangers the child’s physical and emotional well-being. See In re R.W., 

129 S.W.3d 732, 739 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2004, pet. denied). 
18

In addition, a pattern of drug abuse will support a finding of conduct 

endangering a child even if there is no evidence that such drug use caused a physical 

or actual injury to the child. Vasquez v. Tex. Dep’t of Protective & Regulatory Servs., 

190 S.W.3d 189, 196 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, pet. denied). A history 

of illegal drug use is conduct that subjects a child to a life that is uncertain and 

unstable, endangering the child’s physical and emotional well-being. In re S.D., 980 

S.W.2d 758, 763 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1998, pet. denied); Dupree v. Tex. Dep’t 

of Protective & Regulatory Servs., 907 S.W.2d 81, 84 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1995, no 

writ). A parent’s drug use, prostitution, criminal history, and employment and 

housing instability prior to and during the case create a course of conduct from which 

the factfinder could determine the parent endangered the child’s emotional and 

physical well-being. See In re M.C., No. 09-18-00436-CV, 2019 Tex. App. LEXIS 

2961, at **15-16 (Tex. App.—Beaumont Apr. 11, 2019, no pet.) (mem. op.); see 

also In re S.R., 452 S.W.3d at 361-62 (parent’s drug use may qualify as a voluntary, 

deliberate, and conscious course of conduct endangering the child’s well-being); 

Walker v. Tex. Dep’t of Family & Protective Servs., 312 S.W.3d 608, 617 (Tex. 

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet. denied) (illegal drug use may support 

termination under subsection E because “it exposes the child to the possibility that 

the parent may be impaired or imprisoned[]”). A parent’s continued drug use when 

the custody of her child is in jeopardy supports a finding of endangerment. See In re 
19

S.R., 452 S.W.3d at 361-62 (citing Cervantes-Peterson v. Tex. Dep’t of Family & 

Protective Servs., 221 S.W.3d 244, 253-54 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, 

no pet.)). Further, a factfinder can reasonably infer that a parent’s failure to submit 

to court-ordered drug tests indicated the parent was avoiding testing because she was 

using illegal drugs. In re E.R.W., 528 S.W.3d 251, 265 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th 

Dist.] 2017, no pet.). Allowing a child to live in unsanitary conditions supports a 

finding that the parent has endangered the child’s physical and emotional well-being. 

See In re A.T., 406 S.W.3d 365, 371 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2013, pet. denied); see also 

In re P.E.W., 105 S.W.3d 771, 777 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2003, no pet.) (“[A] 

child’s exposure to continually unsanitary living conditions . . . may prove 

endangerment.”). The child “need not develop or succumb to a malady due to th[e] 

[unsanitary] conditions before it can be said that” the child was endangered. In re 

P.E.W., 105 S.W.3d at 777.

The trial court had evidence that indicated Susan tested positive for 

methamphetamine and amphetamine on four occasions and that she failed to submit 

to monthly drug screenings. Even though Susan alleged her failure to submit to 

regular drug testing was not her fault, the trial court could have reasonably inferred 

that Susan’s failure to submit to these screenings was because she was avoiding the

tests because she was still using illegal drugs. See In re E.R.W., 528 S.W.3d at 265. 

The trial court heard Susan’s testimony that she used methamphetamine and 
20

marijuana prior to Adam’s birth, she had failed a recent drug test, and she had been 

medically discharged from rehab. Susan admitted that she was facing a recent charge 

for assaulting a nurse. The trial court heard the Caseworker’s testimony that Susan 

had failed to provide proof of employment and proof of stable and safe housing. The 

trial court heard Brooks’s testimony that the travel trailer Susan reported living in 

was found on an impoundment lot shortly before trial. The trial court was also 

presented with evidence of Susan’s criminal background including a conviction for 

drug possession, multiple convictions for prostitution, and a recent conviction for 

assault causing bodily injury in addition to the other pending assault charge. Also, 

according to the affidavit attached to the Department’s petition, the referral to the 

Department around the time of Adam’s removal reported that Adam was not taking 

his seizure medication, Susan and her boyfriend at the time used methamphetamine 

around Adam, there were needles lying around the “shack” where they lived, Adam 

was locked out of the shack all day, Adam was seen running around barefoot in 

sewage from toilets, Adam defecated on himself and did not bathe, and other people 

had to feed and bathe Adam. The affidavit also noted that Adam reported that his 

home had no bath or shower, and Susan did not have money to buy food for Adam. 

Deferring to the trial court’s credibility determinations and reviewing all the 

evidence in the light most favorable to the termination findings under subsections D 

and E, the trial court could reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction that 
21

Susan, through her individual acts or omissions or a course of conduct, endangered 

Adam’s physical or emotional well-being. We conclude that the Department 

established, by clear and convincing evidence, that Susan committed the predicate 

acts enumerated in subsections D and E. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. 

§ 161.001(b)(1)(D), (E). Further, considering the entire record, we conclude the 

disputed evidence the trial court could not reasonably have credited in favor of its 

endangerment findings is not so significant that the court could not reasonably have 

formed a firm belief or conviction that Susan endangered Adam. See In re J.F.C., 96 

S.W.3d at 266. We need not address the sufficiency of the evidence to support a 

violation of subsection O. See In re D.S., 333 S.W.3d 379, 388 (Tex. App.—

Amarillo 2011, no pet.). We overrule issues one and two, and we decline to address 

issue three.

Best Interest of the Child

In issue four, Susan challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of the 

evidence to support the trial court’s finding that terminating Susan’s parental rights 

was in Adam’s best interest. Specifically, Susan argues that there was evidence that 

Adam and Susan were bonded; there was no evidence or insufficient evidence of 

Adam’s emotional or physical needs or danger to him at the time of trial; no evidence 

of her parenting ability; no clear and convincing evidence that Susan “did not take 

initiative of the [court-ordered] services[;]” there was no evidence of the foster home 
22

and there was sufficient evidence of Susan’s home; the CASA’s testimony that 

Susan could not provide Adam a safe and stable home was conclusory; there was 

insufficient evidence that Susan’s acts or omissions show that her relationship with 

Adam was improper; and that there was sufficient evidence of her handicap that 

prevented her from completing services or the handicap was not proven due to her 

counsel’s ineffectiveness as raised in her sixth issue. 

Trial courts have wide latitude in determining a child’s best interest. See 

Gillespie v. Gillespie, 644 S.W.2d 449, 451 (Tex. 1982). There is a strong 

presumption that the best interest of a child is served by keeping the child with his

parent. In re R.R., 209 S.W.3d 112, 116 (Tex. 2006); In re D.R.A., 374 S.W.3d 528, 

533 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, no pet.); see also Tex. Fam. Code Ann. 

§ 153.131(b). Prompt and permanent placement of the child in a safe environment is 

also presumed to be in the child’s best interest. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 263.307(a).

The Family Code outlines nonexclusive factors to be considered in 

determining whether a parent is willing and able to provide a safe environment for a 

child including: the child’s age and physical and mental vulnerabilities; whether

there is a history of abusive or assaultive conduct by the child’s family or others who 

have access to the child’s home; the willingness and ability of the child’s family to 

seek out, accept, and complete counseling services and to cooperate with and 

facilitate an appropriate agency’s close supervision; the willingness and ability of 
23

the child’s family to effect positive environmental and personal changes within a 

reasonable period of time; whether the child’s family demonstrates adequate 

parenting skills, including providing the child with minimally adequate health and 

nutritional care, a safe physical home environment, and an understanding of the 

child’s needs and capabilities; and whether an adequate social support system 

consisting of an extended family and friends is available to the child. Id.

§ 263.307(b); see also In re R.R., 209 S.W.3d at 116. The Texas Supreme Court has 

articulated several additional factors that may be considered when determining 

whether termination of parental rights is in the best interest of the child, including: 

the desires of the child, the emotional and physical needs of the child now and in the 

future, the emotional and physical danger to the child now and in the future, the 

parental abilities of the individuals seeking custody, the programs available to assist 

these individuals to promote the best interest of the child, the plans for the child by 

these individuals or by the agency seeking custody, the stability of the home or 

proposed placement, the acts or omissions of the parent that may indicate that the 

existing parent-child relationship is not a proper one, and any excuse for the acts or 

omissions of the parent. See Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371-72 (Tex. 1976) 

(setting forth the “Holley factors” and noting “[t]his listing is by no means 

exhaustive[]”). No specific Holley factor is controlling, and evidence of one factor 

may be enough to support a finding that termination is in the child’s best interest. 
24

See M.C. v. Tex. Dep’t of Family & Protective Servs., 300 S.W.3d 305, 311 (Tex. 

App.—El Paso 2009, pet. denied) (“Undisputed evidence of just one factor may be 

sufficient to support a finding that termination is in the best interest of a child.”) 

(citing In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 27); In re A.P., 184 S.W.3d 410, 414 (Tex. App.—

Dallas 2006, no pet.). Because stability and permanence are important in a child’s 

emotional and physical development, termination of parental interests may be in the 

child’s best interest when a parent is unable to provide a stable environment or a 

reliable source for food, clothing, shelter, and emotional support. See In re J.D., 436 

S.W.3d 105, 119-20 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, no pet.) (citing In re 

T.D.C., 91 S.W.3d 865, 873 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2002, pet. denied)); In re 

T.G.R.-M., 404 S.W.3d 7, 17 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, no pet.).

A parent’s past conduct is relevant to determining the parent’s present and 

future ability to care for a child. See In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 28 (parent’s past 

performance as parent is relevant to determination of present and future ability to 

provide for child); In re E.D., 419 S.W.3d 615, 620 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2013, 

pet. denied) (factfinder may measure a parent’s future conduct by past conduct); 

Schaban-Maurer v. Maurer-Schaban, 238 S.W.3d 815, 824 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 

2007, no pet.). The best-interest determination may rely on direct or circumstantial 

evidence, subjective factors, and the totality of the evidence. In re N.R.T., 338 

S.W.3d 667, 677 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2011, no pet.). If, in light of the entire 
25

record, no reasonable factfinder could form a firm belief or conviction that 

termination was in the child’s best interest, then we must conclude that the evidence 

is legally insufficient to support termination. See In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. 

As for the desires of the child, the Caseworker testified that Adam was bonded 

with Susan. The Caseworker testified that Adam was in foster-to-adopt placement, 

and the trial court could have inferred that Adam may have also bonded with his 

foster placement. But there was no additional evidence presented as to the actual 

desires of the child. This factor does not weigh heavily in favor of or against 

terminating parental rights. 

Regarding Adam’s emotional and physical needs now and in the future, and 

the possible emotional and physical danger to him now and in the future, the record 

included reports that Susan and her boyfriend at the time of removal used 

methamphetamine in Adam’s presence and would lock him out of their “shack[,]”

as well as evidence that Susan admitted to drug use in the past and repeatedly tested 

positive for methamphetamine and amphetamine during the pendency of the case, 

Susan failed to submit to monthly drug screens as required, the travel trailer Susan 

reported living in was located on an impound lot just prior to trial, Susan continued 

to drive despite never having obtained a valid driver’s license, Susan has a history 

of criminal behavior, Susan had a recent conviction for assault and had a pending 

charge for assaulting a nurse, and Susan failed to complete her court-ordered 
26

services which included parenting classes and substance abuse treatment. The trial 

court was entitled to find that this factor weighed in favor of termination.

As to the parental abilities of the parent seeking custody, the evidence showed 

that Susan failed to comply with nearly every provision of her service plan. Susan 

had a history of drug use and criminal behavior from which the trial court could have 

inferred lack of parenting skills. Susan failed to provide proof of a stable and safe 

home for Adam. This factor weighs in favor of terminating Susan’s parental rights.

Regarding the plans for Adam, the Caseworker testified that Adam had special 

educational needs, and the CASA testified that in foster placement Adam was set to 

receive services for dyslexia, math deficiency, and ADHD. The evidence showed 

that Susan was unable to provide proof of a stable and safe home and her criminal 

behavior and substance abuse continued to pose a potential risk to Adam. Both the 

Caseworker and the CASA testified that terminating Susan’s parental rights was in 

Adam’s best interest. This factor weighed in favor of terminating parental rights.

Regarding Susan’s acts or omissions, evidence showed that Susan can be 

violent and has a history of drug abuse. She failed to submit to drug testing during 

the pendency of the case, and the trial court could have inferred that Susan was 

continuing to use drugs. Susan failed to provide proof of a stable and safe home and 

the trailer she claimed she was living in at the time of trial was located on an impound 

lot just prior to trial. Susan failed to complete services and address the reasons for 
27

Adam’s removal. Although Susan blamed her failure to complete services on 

COVID and her memory loss, on this record we conclude that the trial court could 

have reasonably disbelieved Susan and found that Susan’s acts and omissions weigh

heavily in favor of terminating Susan’s parental rights. 

Having considered the evidence related to best interest and deferring to the 

trial court’s determinations on witness credibility, the resolution of conflicts in the 

evidence, and the weight to be given the testimony, we conclude that the statutory 

and Holley factors weigh in favor of the trial court’s finding that termination is in 

Adam’s best interest. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. §§ 161.001(b)(2), 263.307(a); In re 

J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266; Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371-72. We conclude that the 

evidence is both legally and factually sufficient to support the trial court’s finding 

that termination of Susan’s parental rights is in Adam’s best interest, and we overrule 

issue four.

Appointment of Department as Permanent Managing Conservator

In issue five, Susan argues the trial court erred when it appointed the 

Department as Adam’s permanent managing conservator. Susan argues that 

although the trial court made a general finding that it was in Adam’s best interest 

that the Department be appointed as the permanent managing conservator, the trial 

court failed to make the specific findings necessary under section 153.131 of the 

Texas Family Code. 
28

Conservatorship determinations are subject to review for abuse of discretion. 

In re J.A.J., 243 S.W.3d 611, 616 (Tex. 2007). We reverse the trial court’s 

appointment of a managing conservator only if we determine it was arbitrary or 

unreasonable. In re N.T., 474 S.W.3d 465, 479 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2015, no pet.). 

The Family Code creates a rebuttable presumption that a parent will be named the 

child’s managing conservator unless that court finds that such appointment would 

not be in his best interest “because the appointment would significantly impair the 

child’s physical health or emotional development[.]” Tex. Fam. Code Ann. 

§ 153.131. 

However, as discussed above, sufficient evidence supported the trial court’s 

termination of Susan’s parental rights as to Adam, and Anthony’s rights were 

likewise terminated. When the parents’ rights have been terminated, Family Code 

section 161.207 governs the appointment of a managing conservator. See Tex. Fam. 

Code Ann. § 161.207; In re N.T., 474 S.W.3d at 480-81. Section 161.207(a) 

provides, “If the court terminates the parent-child relationship with respect to both 

parents or to the only living parent, the court shall appoint a suitable, competent 

adult, the Department of Family and Protective Services, or a licensed child-placing 

agency as managing conservator of the child.” Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.207(a). 

We cannot conclude that the trial court abused its discretion by appointing the 
29

Department as Adam’s managing conservator. See In re J.A.J., 243 S.W.3d at 616; 

In re N.T., 474 S.W.3d at 480-81. We overrule issue five. 

Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

In issue six, Susan argues her court-appointed trial counsel provided 

ineffective assistance. Specifically, Susan argues that her trial counsel was 

ineffective in (1) failing to object to Susan’s drug tests on the basis of 

trustworthiness, (2) failing to object to Susan’s plan of service on the basis of 

hearsay, and (3) failing to plead the affirmative defense that her rights under the 

Americans with Disabilities Act had been violated. According to Susan, these 

serious and deficient errors prejudiced her because there is a reasonable probability 

that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have 

been different. 

A parent who cannot afford to retain counsel in Texas parental-termination 

cases has a right to an appointed attorney who provides effective assistance. In re 

M.S., 115 S.W.3d 534, 544 (Tex. 2003). Ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims in 

parental-termination cases, as in criminal cases, are governed by the United States

Supreme Court’s two-prong test articulated in Strickland v. Washington. Id. at 544-

545 (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984)). First, the parent must 

show that counsel’s performance was deficient. Id. at 545. This requires showing 

that counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the “counsel” 
30

guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment. Id. Second, the parent must show that the 

deficient performance prejudiced the case. Id. This requires showing that counsel’s 

errors were so serious as to deprive the party of a fair trial—a trial whose result is 

reliable. Id.

In examining counsel’s performance under the first prong, “we must take into 

account all of the circumstances surrounding the case and must primarily focus on 

whether counsel performed in a ‘reasonably effective’ manner.” Id. (quoting 

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687). Counsel’s performance falls below acceptable levels 

only when the “‘representation is so grossly deficient as to render proceedings 

fundamentally unfair[.]’” Id. (quoting Brewer v. State, 649 S.W.2d 628, 630 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 1983)). We give great deference to counsel’s choices and indulge “‘a 

strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable 

professional assistance,’ including the possibility that counsel’s actions are 

strategic.” Id. (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689). The challenged conduct will 

constitute ineffective assistance only when “‘the conduct was so outrageous that no 

competent attorney would have engaged in it[.]’” Id. (quoting Garcia v. State, 57 

S.W.3d 436, 440 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001)). 

In conducting the harm analysis under the second prong of Strickland, 

reviewing courts must determine whether there is a reasonable probability that, but 

for the deficient performance, the result of the proceeding would be different. Id. at 
31

549-50. In this context, “[a] reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to 

undermine confidence in the outcome.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. Thus, a parent 

must also show that “counsel’s ‘deficient performance prejudiced the defense[.]’” In 

re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d at 344 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687).

An allegation of ineffective assistance of counsel in a termination proceeding 

must be firmly founded in the record, and the record must affirmatively demonstrate 

the alleged ineffectiveness and the resulting harm. In re L.G.R., 498 S.W.3d 195, 

209 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2016, pet. denied). We may not speculate and 

find trial counsel ineffective when the record is silent regarding counsel’s reasons 

for his actions. In re Z.M.R., 562 S.W.3d 783, 794 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 

2018, no pet.). Susan bears the burden of demonstrating a reasonable probability that 

her parental rights would not have been terminated if not for her trial counsel’s 

conduct. See In re V.V., 349 S.W.3d 548, 559-61 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 

2010, pet. denied).

Susan did not file a Motion for New Trial or other evidence as to the basis for 

counsel’s reasoning for why he did not object to the drug test results, not object to 

the service plan, or not plead violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act as an 

affirmative defense. Because the record is silent as to the reasons for counsel’s 

conduct, we may not speculate to find counsel’s performance deficient. See In re 

Z.M.R., 562 S.W.3d at 793-95; Walker, 312 S.W.3d at 623. Without evidence about 
32

strategic reasons for counsel’s behavior, Susan fails to overcome the strong 

presumption that counsel’s conduct fell within the wide range of reasonable 

professional assistance. See In re M.S., 115 S.W.3d at 545; see also Strickland, 466 

U.S. at 689.

Even if Susan had met Strickland’s first prong, she has failed to show that, but 

for counsel’s alleged errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. 

See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. Susan contends that the drug test results which her 

counsel failed to object to on the basis of trustworthiness were the only evidence of 

Susan’s “actual” drug use and, “[w]ithout this evidence, the [Department] would not 

be able to show course of conduct.” We disagree. There is other evidence in the 

record of Susan’s drug use. Susan testified that she had used methamphetamine and 

marijuana in the past while her son was living with her, that she did not know why 

her recent drug tests came back positive. Susan also admitted that she had failed to 

submit to monthly drug tests, from which the trial court could have reasonably 

inferred she was avoiding the tests because she was using illegal drugs. The record 

also includes a copy of a 2009 judgment for Susan’s conviction for possession of 

cocaine. Susan’s family service plan, which was admitted into evidence, stated that 

Susan and her boyfriend had used drugs around Adam. 

Susan also argues that other than her plan of service which her counsel failed 

to object to on hearsay grounds, there is no evidence that would support termination 
33

of her parental rights under section 161.001(b)(1)(D). We disagree based on the 

evidence we have already discussed above in addressing her sufficiency challenge.

Susan contends that her “rights pursuant to the American[s] with Disabilities 

Act w[ere] clearly violated, and the record clearly shows she had a disability, and 

this evidence was never disputed.” Even assuming without deciding that the 

evidence of Susan’s alleged memory loss due to being hit in the face with a bat or 

her alleged bipolar disorder was sufficient to prove she would be entitled to 

protection under the ADA, Susan fails to explain how or why her alleged conditions 

or her alleged protection under the ADA would be an affirmative defense to an action 

to terminate her parental rights. This Court has declined to recognize an alleged 

noncompliance with the ADA as an available defense in cases involving termination 

of parental rights. See In re S.G.S., 130 S.W.3d 223, 229-30 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 

2004, no pet.); see also In re C.L., No. 07-14-00180-CV, 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 

11104, at *9 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Oct. 7, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op.) (noting a split 

among the Texas intermediate Courts of Appeals on whether the ADA may be an 

affirmative defense in a parental-rights termination case).

Additionally, as set forth in our analysis above, the trial court had sufficient 

evidence in the record to support its findings under section 161.001(b)(1)(D) and (E) 

and to support the trial court’s finding that termination of Susan’s parental rights 

was in Adam’s best interest. We overrule issue six.
34

We affirm the trial court’s order of termination.

AFFIRMED.

_________________________

 LEANNE JOHNSON

Justice

Submitted on August 23, 2021

Opinion Delivered November 4, 2021

Before Golemon, C.J., Kreger and Johnson, JJ.