**Case C-238/05**

**Asnef-Equifax, Servicios de Información sobre Solvencia y Crédito, SL**

**and**

**Administración del Estado**

**v**

**Asociación de Usuarios de Servicios Bancarios (Ausbanc)**

(Reference for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunal Supremo)

(Competition – Article 81 EC – System for the exchange between financial institutions of information on customer solvency – Reference for a preliminary ruling – Admissibility – Effect on trade between Member States – Restriction of competition – Benefit for consumers)

Summary of the Judgment

1.        *Preliminary rulings – Jurisdiction of the Court*

*(Art. 234 EC)*

2.        *Competition – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Agreements between undertakings*

*(Art. 81(1) EC)*

3.        *Competition – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Concerted practice – Meaning*

*(Art. 81(1) EC)*

4.        *Competition – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Prejudicial to competition*

*(Art. 81(1) EC)*

5.        *Competition – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Not allowed – Exemption – Conditions*

*(Arts 81(1) and (3) EC)*

1.        In the context of the procedure provided for in Article 234 EC, it is not for the Court, given the allocation of functions
between itself and the national courts, to determine whether the decision to refer has been taken in accordance with the rules
of national law governing the organisation of courts and their procedure.

In the context of the cooperation between the Court and the national courts provided for by Article 234 EC, it is solely for
the national court, before which the dispute has been brought and which must assume responsibility for the subsequent judicial
decision, to determine in the light of the particular circumstances of the case both the need for a preliminary ruling in
order to enable it to deliver judgment and the relevance of the questions which it submits to the Court. Consequently, where
the questions submitted for a preliminary ruling concern the interpretation of Community law, the Court is, in principle,
bound to give a ruling.

However, in exceptional circumstances, the Court must examine the conditions in which the case was referred to it by the national
court, in order to assess whether it has jurisdiction. The spirit of cooperation which must prevail in preliminary ruling
proceedings requires the national court for its part to have regard to the function entrusted to the Court of Justice, which
is to contribute to the administration of justice in the Member States and not to give opinions on general or hypothetical
questions.

A reference from a national court may be refused only if it is quite obvious that the interpretation of Community law sought
bears no relation to the actual facts of the main action or to its purpose, or where the problem is hypothetical or the Court
does not have before it the factual or legal material necessary to give a useful answer to the questions submitted to it.

Such is not the case where the solution to the dispute before the national court may call for the application of both Community
law and national competition law and where, by its request for a preliminary ruling, the referring court seeks in essence
to ensure respect for the primacy of Community law.

(see paras 14-17, 20-21)

2.        The interpretation and application of the condition contained in Article 81(1) EC relating to the effect of agreements on
trade between Member States must take as its starting-point the purpose of that condition, which is to define, in the context
of the law governing competition, the boundary between the areas respectively covered by Community law and the law of the
Member States. Thus, Community law covers any agreement or any practice which is capable of affecting trade between Member
States in a manner which might harm the attainment of the objectives of a single market between the Member States, in particular
by sealing off national markets or by affecting the structure of competition within the common market.

For an agreement, decision or practice to be capable of affecting trade between Member States, it must be possible to foresee
with a sufficient degree of probability, on the basis of a set of objective factors of law or of fact, that they have an influence,
direct or indirect, actual or potential, on the pattern of trade between Member States in such a way as to cause concern that
they might hinder the attainment of a single market between Member States. Moreover, that influence must not be insignificant.

Thus, an effect on intra-Community trade is normally the result of a combination of several factors which, taken separately,
are not necessarily decisive. In order to assess whether an arrangement has an appreciable effect on trade between Member
States, it is necessary to examine it in its economic and legal context.

In that regard, the mere fact that the participants in a national arrangement include undertakings from other Member States
is an important element in the assessment, but, taken alone, it is not so decisive as to permit the conclusion that the criterion
of trade between Member States being affected has been satisfied.

On the other hand, the fact that an arrangement relates only to the marketing of products in a single Member State is not
sufficient to preclude the possibility that trade between Member States might be affected. An arrangement extending over the
whole of the territory of a Member State has, by its very nature, the effect of reinforcing the partitioning of markets on
a national basis, thus impeding the economic interpenetration which the Treaty is designed to bring about.

Furthermore, the fact that an agreement or practice encourages an increase in the volume of trade between Member States does
not preclude the possibility that that agreement or practice may affect that trade.

Thus, with respect to a system for the exchange between financial institutions of information on customer solvency, it is
for the national court to determine whether, in the light of the characteristics of the market at issue, there is a sufficient
degree of probability that the implementation of such a system may have an influence, direct or indirect, actual or potential,
on the supply of credit in the Member State concerned by operators from other Member States and that that influence is not
insignificant.

In that assessment, it is for the national court to take account of the foreseeable development in the conditions of competition
and in the pattern of trade between Member States. On that point, it must take into consideration, for example, possible development
in cross-border activities and the foreseeable impact of any policy or legislative initiatives designed to reduce legal or
technical barriers to trade.

(see paras 33-39, 43-44)

3.        It is inherent in the Treaty provisions on competition that every economic operator must determine autonomously the policy
which it intends to pursue on the common market. Thus, such a requirement of autonomy precludes any direct or indirect contact
between economic operators of such a kind as either to influence the conduct on the market of an actual or potential competitor
or to reveal to such a competitor the conduct which an operator has decided to follow itself or contemplates adopting on the
market, where the object or effect of those contacts is to give rise to conditions of competition which do not correspond
to the normal conditions of the market in question, taking into account the nature of the products or the services provided,
the size and number of the undertakings and also the volume of the market.

However, that requirement of independence does not deprive economic operators of the right to adapt themselves intelligently
to the existing or anticipated conduct of their competitors.

Accordingly, the compatibility of a system for the exchange between financial institutions of information on customer solvency
with the Community competition rules cannot be assessed in the abstract. It depends on the economic conditions on the relevant
markets and on the specific characteristics of the system concerned, such as, in particular, its purpose and the conditions
of access to it and participation in it, as well as the type of information exchanged – be that, for example, public or confidential,
aggregated or detailed, historical or current – the periodicity of such information and its importance for the fixing of prices,
volumes or conditions of service.

(see paras 52-54)

4.        By reducing the rate of borrower default, a system for the exchange between financial institutions of information on customer
solvency is in principle capable of improving the functioning of the supply of credit. If, owing to a lack of information
on the risk of borrower default, financial institutions are unable to distinguish those borrowers who are more likely to default,
the risk thereby borne by such institutions will necessarily be increased and they will tend to factor it in when calculating
the cost of credit for all borrowers, including those less likely to default, who will then have to bear a higher cost than
they would if the institutions were in a position to evaluate the probability of repayment more precisely; a system for the
exchange such as that described above is capable of reducing such a tendency.

Furthermore, by reducing the significance of the information held by financial institutions regarding their own customers,
a system for the exchange between financial institutions of information on customer solvency appears, in principle, to be
capable of increasing the mobility of consumers of credit and is apt to make it easier for new competitors to enter the market.

It follows that Article 81(1) EC must be interpreted as meaning that a system for the exchange of information on credit between
financial institutions on customer solvency does not, in principle, have as its effect the restriction of competition within
the meaning of that provision, provided that the relevant market or markets are not highly concentrated, that that system
does not permit lenders to be identified and that the conditions of access and use by financial institutions are not discriminatory,
in law or in fact.

(see paras 55-56, 61, 72, operative part 1)

5.        In the event that a system for the exchange of information on credit between financial institutions on customer solvency restricts
competition within the meaning of Article 81(1) EC, the applicability of the exemption provided for in Article 81(3) EC is
subject to the four cumulative conditions laid down in that provision and it is for the national court to determine whether
those conditions are satisfied. In order for the condition that consumers be allowed a fair share of the benefit to be satisfied,
it is not necessary, in principle, for each consumer individually to derive a benefit from an agreement, a decision or a concerted
practice. However, the overall effect on consumers in the relevant markets must be favourable.

(see para. 72, operative part 2)

JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (Third Chamber)

23 November 2006 (*)

(Competition – Article 81 EC – System for the exchange between financial institutions of information on customer solvency – Reference for a preliminary ruling – Admissibility – Effect on trade between Member States – Restriction of competition – Benefit for consumers)

In Case C‐238/05,

REFERENCE for a preliminary ruling under Article 234 EC, by the Tribunal Supremo (Spain), made by decision of 13 April 2005,
received at the Court on 30 May 2005, in the proceedings

**Asnef-Equifax, Servicios de Información sobre Solvencia y Crédito, SL,**

**Administración del Estado**

v

**Asociación de Usuarios de Servicios Bancarios (Ausbanc),**

THE COURT (Third Chamber),

composed of A. Rosas, President of Chamber, A. Borg Barthet, J. Malenovský, U. Lõhmus and A. Ó Caoimh (Rapporteur), Judges,

Advocate General: L.A. Geelhoed,

Registrar: M. Ferreira, Principal Administrator,

having regard to the written procedure and further to the hearing on 26 April 2006,

after considering the observations submitted on behalf of:

–        Asnef-Equifax, Servicios de Información sobre Solvencia y Crédito, SL, by A. Creus Carreras and O. Amador Peñate, abogados,

–        Asociación de Usuarios de Servicios Bancarios (Ausbanc), by L. Pineda Salido and M. Mateos Ferres, abogados, and also by M.
Rodríguez Teijeiro, procuradora,

–        the Polish Government, by T. Nowakowski, acting as Agent,

–        the Commission of the European Communities, by F. Castillo de la Torre and E. Gippini Fournier, acting as Agents,

after hearing the Opinion of the Advocate General at the sitting on 29 June 2006,

gives the following

**Judgment**

1        The reference for a preliminary ruling concerns the interpretation of Article 81 EC.

2        The reference was made in proceedings between Asnef-Equifax, Servicios de Información sobre Solvencia y Crédito, SL (‘Asnef-Equifax’)
and Asociación de Usuarios de Servicios Bancarios (‘Ausbanc’) concerning a register of information between financial institutions
on the solvency of customers (‘the register’).

**Legal context**

*Community rules*

3        According to recital 4, Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2003 of 16 December 2002 on the implementation of the rules on competition
laid down in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty (OJ 2003 L 1, p. 1) is intended, among other things, to confer on the competition
authorities and courts of the Member States the power to apply not only Article 81(1) EC but also Article 81(3) EC.

4        Article 3(1) and (2) of Regulation No 1/2003 provides:

‘1.      Where the competition authorities of the Member States or national courts apply national competition law to agreements, decisions
by associations of undertakings or concerted practices within the meaning of Article 81(1) of the Treaty which may affect
trade between Member States within the meaning of that provision, they shall also apply Article 81 of the Treaty to such agreements,
decisions or concerted practices. ...

2.      The application of national competition law may not lead to the prohibition of agreements, decisions by associations of undertakings
or concerted practices which may affect trade between Member States but which do not restrict competition within the meaning
of Article 81(1) of the Treaty, or which fulfil the conditions of Article 81(3) of the Treaty or which are covered by a Regulation
for the application of Article 81(3) of the Treaty. Member States shall not under this Regulation be precluded from adopting
and applying on their territory stricter national laws which prohibit or sanction unilateral conduct engaged in by undertakings.’

*National rules*

5        Spanish competition law is governed primarily by Law 16/1989 on the protection of competition (Ley 16/1989 de Defensa de la
Competencia) of 17 July 1989 (‘the LDC’). As the Tribunal Supremo observes, the wording of Articles 1 and 3 of that law is,
in substance, practically identical to the wording of Article 81(1) and (3) EC. According to Article 4(1) of the LDC, the
Tribunal de Defensa de la Competencia (Competition Tribunal) may authorise the agreements, decisions, recommendations and
practices referred to in Article 1 of that law in the circumstances and on the conditions set out in Article 3.

**Main proceedings and questions referred for a preliminary ruling**

6        On 21 May 1998, Asnef-Equifax, to which the Asociación Nacional de Entidades Financieras (National Association of Financial
Institutions) belongs, as an associate, submitted a request pursuant to Article 4 of the LDC for authorisation of the register,
which was to be administered by it.

7        According to the rules drawn up for the operation of the register, its purpose ‘is to provide solvency and credit information
through the computerised processing of data relating to the risks undertaken by participating organisations engaging in lending
and credit activities’. The information contained in the register is similar to that provided for in Circular 3/1995, which
regulates the Central de Información de Riesgos (risk information centre; ‘the CIR’) operated by the Spanish central bank
and already accessible to financial organisations in Spain. The information in question relates to the identity and economic
activity of debtors, as well as to special situations such as bankruptcy or insolvency.

8        Contrary to the negative opinion of the Servicio de Defensa de la Competencia (administrative body responsible for the protection
of competition), the Tribunal de Defensa de la Competencia, on 3 November 1999, authorised the register by virtue of the exemption
criteria of Article 3 of the LDC for a period of five years, on condition, first, that it be accessible to all financial establishments
on a non-discriminatory basis against payment of a corresponding fee and, secondly, that it not disclose the information which
it contains on lenders. The decision of that tribunal does not address the question of the applicability of Article 81 EC.

9        Ausbanc lodged an application before the Audiencia Nacional for annulment of the decision of the Tribunal de Defensa de la
Competencia. By the judgment under appeal in the main proceedings, the Audiencia Nacional granted that application. It considered
that the register, by restricting free competition, is caught by Article 1 of the LDC and cannot be authorised under Article
3 of that law, as the conditions necessary for its application are not satisfied. It is clear from the grounds of the majority
decision of the Members of the Audiencia Nacional that that court referred not only to Spanish law but also to the judgment
of the Court of Justice in Case C-7/95 P *John Deere* v *Commission* [1998] ECR I‐3111, and in particular to paragraphs 5, 10, 88 and 123 of that judgment.

10      On an appeal on a point of law brought by Asnef-Equifax, the Tribunal Supremo considered that there was a reasonable doubt
as to whether, in a fragmented market, agreements concluded for the purpose of setting up credit information registers are
potentially restrictive of competition in so far as they are capable of promoting or facilitating collusion and whether, if
appropriate, they are nevertheless capable of being authorised on the ground that the exemption criteria provided for in Article
81(3) EC are satisfied.

11      In those circumstances, the Tribunal Supremo decided to stay proceedings and to refer the following questions to the Court
for a preliminary ruling:

‘1.      May Article 81(1) [EC] be interpreted as meaning that agreements between financial institutions for the exchange of information
on customer solvency and default may be regarded as compatible with the common market, if they affect the financial policies
of the Union and the common market in credit and have the effect of restricting competition in the financial and credit institutions
sector?

2.      May Article 81(3) [EC] be interpreted as meaning that a Member State, acting through its competition authorities, may authorise
agreements on the exchange of information between financial institutions through the establishment of a credit information
register on their customers, on the ground that its establishment benefits the consumers and users of those financial services?’

**The questions**

*Admissibility of the reference for a preliminary ruling*

12      In the first place, the Commission of the European Communities, observing that the decision of the Tribunal de Defensa de
la Competencia is based not on Article 81 EC but on Articles 1 and 3 of the LDC, questions the admissibility of the reference
for a preliminary ruling. It expresses doubt as to whether the Tribunal Supremo, as a court seised of an appeal on points
of law, can apply legal provisions other than those on which the courts below relied. Although the referring court asserts
that Article 81 EC is applicable to the main proceedings, it does not explain the ground for such an assertion. The Commission
further observes that the decision whose lawfulness is challenged in the main proceedings was adopted in 2001, that is, before
Regulation No 1/2003 entered into force.

13      In the second place, the Commission claims that the decision for reference provides no information on whether the register
is capable of appreciably affecting trade between Member States, whereas, in order for the obligations arising under Article
3 of Regulation No 1/2003 or the judgment in Case 14/68 *Wilhelm and Others* [1969] ECR 1 to apply, Article 81 EC must be materially applicable.

14      At the outset, it must be observed that in the context of the procedure provided for in Article 234 EC, it is not for the
Court, given the allocation of functions between itself and the national courts, to determine whether the decision to refer
has been taken in accordance with the rules of national law governing the organisation of courts and their procedure (see
Case C-10/92 *Balocchi* [1993] ECR I-5105, paragraphs 16 and 17, and Case C-435/97 *WWF and Others* [1999] ECR I-5613, paragraph 33).

15      Next, it must be borne in mind that, in accordance with settled case-law, in the context of the cooperation between the Court
and the national courts provided for by Article 234 EC, it is solely for the national court, before which the dispute has
been brought and which must assume responsibility for the subsequent judicial decision, to determine in the light of the particular
circumstances of the case both the need for a preliminary ruling in order to enable it to deliver judgment and the relevance
of the questions which it submits to the Court. Consequently, where the questions submitted for a preliminary ruling concern
the interpretation of Community law, the Court is, in principle, bound to give a ruling (see, in particular, Case C-415/93
*Bosman* [1995] ECR I-4921, paragraph 59, and Joined Cases C-295/04 to C-298/04 *Manfredi and Others* [2006] ECR I-0000, paragraph 26).

16      However, the Court has also stated that, in exceptional circumstances, it must examine the conditions in which the case was
referred to it by the national court, in order to assess whether it has jurisdiction (*Manfredi*, paragraph 27). The spirit of cooperation which must prevail in preliminary ruling proceedings requires the national court
for its part to have regard to the function entrusted to the Court of Justice, which is to contribute to the administration
of justice in the Member States and not to give opinions on general or hypothetical questions (Case C‐144/04 *Mangold* [2005] ECR I‐9981, paragraph 36).

17      It is settled case-law that a reference from a national court may be refused only if it is quite obvious that the interpretation
of Community law sought bears no relation to the actual facts of the main action or to its purpose, or where the problem is
hypothetical or the Court does not have before it the factual or legal material necessary to give a useful answer to the questions
submitted to it (see, inter alia, *Bosman*, paragraph 61, and Case C-344/04 *IATA and ELFAA* [2006] ECR I‐403, paragraph 24).

18      In the present case, it is not obvious that the interpretation of Article 81 EC bears no relation to the actual facts of the
dispute before the national court or to its purpose. That dispute is clearly not hypothetical.

19      Contrary to what the Commission implied at the hearing, it is clear from the decision for referral that the Tribunal Supremo
considers that ‘the judgment [of the Audiencia Nacional] is founded on the legal principles laid down in Articles 1 and 3
of the [LDC] and on the application of the provisions of the former Article 85 of the Treaty [establishing] the European Economic
Community, as interpreted in the case-law of the Court of Justice ...’.

20      It is not impossible for the same factual situation to fall within the scope of both Community law and national competition
law, even if they consider the practices concerned from different points of view (see, to that effect, Case C‐7/97 *Bronner* [1998] ECR I‐7791, paragraph 19 and the case-law cited).

21      Furthermore, the Tribunal Supremo expressly stated that the reason for its request for a preliminary ruling was the need to
preclude contradictory or divergent interpretations, stating, in particular, that its request was ‘an embodiment of the duty
of institutional cooperation between national courts and the Court of Justice’. Thus, the referring court seeks in essence
to ensure respect for the primacy of Community law.

22      Furthermore, Ausbanc’s arguments to the effect that the register has no appreciable effect on trade between Member States,
so that the Court has no jurisdiction to entertain the request for a preliminary ruling, concern the substance of the questions
referred to it. Since the determination of the existence of such an effect is a matter for the appraisal of the national court,
those arguments are, in principle, of no relevance to the determination of the admissibility of the request.

23      Finally, as regards the extent of the indications in the decision for referral relating to a possible effect on trade between
Member States, it must be borne in mind that the need for precision with regard to the factual and legislative context applies
in particular in the area of competition, which is characterised by complex factual and legal situations (see Case C-176/96
*Lehtonen and Castors Braine* [2000] ECR I‐2681, paragraph 22, and also the order in Case C-190/02 *Viacom* [2002] ECR I‐8287, paragraph 22).

24      Admittedly, in the present case the decision for referral provides no precise and detailed information concerning such an
effect. However, that decision provided the Court with sufficient information to enable it to give a useful reply to the referring
court, by interpreting the rules of Community law with regard to the situation forming the subject-matter of the main proceedings.

25      In those circumstances, the reference for a preliminary ruling must be held to be admissible.

*Substance*

26      By its two questions, which may appropriately be considered together, the referring court seeks in essence to ascertain whether
Article 81 EC must be interpreted as meaning that a credit information exchange system, such as the register, is caught by
the prohibition laid down in paragraph 1 of that article and, if so, whether such a system may benefit from the exemption
provided for in paragraph 3 of that article, by reason in particular of the possible existence of a benefit for consumers
resulting from the implementation of that system.

27      Ausbanc maintains that the register restricts competition in that it presupposes an exchange of information normally regarded
as constituting business secrets between competitors, thus eliminating the risk factors inherent in any business decision
and facilitating a homogeneous reaction by credit institutions towards an applicant for credit. Asnef-Equifax, the Polish
Government and the Commission contend, essentially, that a register such as that in issue in the main proceedings does not
restrict competition.

28      Under Article 81(1) EC, all agreements between undertakings, decisions by associations of undertakings and concerted practices
which may affect trade between Member States and which have as their object or effect the prevention, restriction or distortion
of competition within the common market are incompatible with the common market.

29      The Court must therefore examine whether those conditions may be satisfied in the case before the national court.

30      As a preliminary point, it should be pointed out, first, that it is apparent from the case-file that the Asociación Nacional
de Entidades Financieras forms part, as a member, of Asnef-Equifax, which was entrusted with the administration of the register,
and, secondly, that the necessary participation of the credit institutions in that register inevitably entails a certain amount
of cooperation between competitors in the form of an indirect exchange of credit information.

31      It follows that Article 81(1) EC may apply to the conception and the implementation of the register, without there being any
need to characterise precisely the form of the cooperation thus established between those institutions.

32      In effect, while that provision distinguishes between ‘concerted practices’, ‘agreements between undertakings’ and ‘decisions
by associations of undertakings’, the aim is to have the prohibitions of that article catch different forms of coordination
and collusion between undertakings (see Case C-49/92 P *Commission* v *Anic Partecipazioni* [1999] ECR I‐4125, paragraph 112). Accordingly, in the present case, a precise characterisation of the nature of the cooperation
at issue in the main proceedings is not liable to alter the legal analysis to be carried out under Article 81 EC.

The effect on trade between Member States

33      The interpretation and application of the condition contained in Article 81(1) EC relating to the effect of agreements on
trade between Member States must take as its starting-point the purpose of that condition, which is to define, in the context
of the law governing competition, the boundary between the areas respectively covered by Community law and the law of the
Member States. Thus, Community law covers any agreement or any practice which is capable of affecting trade between Member
States in a manner which might harm the attainment of the objectives of a single market between the Member States, in particular
by sealing off national markets or by affecting the structure of competition within the common market (see *Manfredi and Others*, paragraph 41).

34      For an agreement, decision or practice to be capable of affecting trade between Member States, it must be possible to foresee
with a sufficient degree of probability, on the basis of a set of objective factors of law or of fact, that they have an influence,
direct or indirect, actual or potential, on the pattern of trade between Member States in such a way as to cause concern that
they might hinder the attainment of a single market between Member States (see Case 42/84 *Remia and Others* v *Commission* [1985] ECR 2545, paragraph 22, and Case C‐475/99 *Ambulanz Glöckner* [2001] ECR I‐8089, paragraph 48). Moreover, that influence must not be insignificant (Case 22/71 *Béguelin Import* [1971] ECR 949, paragraph 16; Case C‐306/96 *Javico* [1998] ECR I-1983, paragraph 16; and *Manfredi and Others*, paragraph 42).

35      Thus, an effect on intra-Community trade is normally the result of a combination of several factors which, taken separately,
are not necessarily decisive (Joined Cases C‐215/96 and C‐216/96 *Bagnasco and Others* [1999] ECR I‐135, paragraph 47, and Case C‐359/01 P *British Sugar* v *Commission* [2004] ECR I‐4933, paragraph 27). In order to assess whether an arrangement has an appreciable effect on trade between Member
States, it is necessary to examine it in its economic and legal context (see, to that effect, Case C‐393/92 *Almelo* [1994] ECR I‐1477, paragraph 37).

36      In that regard, the mere fact that the participants in a national arrangement include undertakings from other Member States
is an important element in the assessment, but, taken alone, it is not so decisive as to permit the conclusion that the criterion
of trade between Member States being affected has been satisfied (see *Manfredi and Others*, paragraph 44).

37      On the other hand, the Court has already held that the fact that an arrangement relates only to the marketing of products
in a single Member State is not sufficient to preclude the possibility that trade between Member States might be affected
(see Case 246/86 *Belasco and Others* v *Commission* [1989] ECR 2117, paragraph 33). An arrangement extending over the whole of the territory of a Member State has, by its very
nature, the effect of reinforcing the partitioning of markets on a national basis, thus impeding the economic interpenetration
which the EC Treaty is designed to bring about (Case 8/72 *Vereeniging van Cementhandelaren* v *Commission* [1972] ECR 977, paragraph 29, and *Manfredi and Others*, paragraph 45).

38      Furthermore, the fact that an agreement or practice encourages an increase in the volume of trade between Member States does
not preclude the possibility that that agreement or practice may affect trade in the sense described at paragraph 34 of this
judgment (see, to that effect, Joined Cases 56/64 and 58/64 *Consten and Grundig* v *Commission* [1966] ECR 299, 341).

39      It is for the national court to determine whether, in the light of the characteristics of the market at issue, there is a
sufficient degree of probability that the implementation of the register may have an influence, direct or indirect, actual
or potential, on the supply of credit in Spain by operators from other Member States and that that influence is not insignificant.

40      However, when giving a preliminary ruling the Court may, where appropriate, provide clarification designed to give the national
court guidance in its interpretation (see, inter alia, Case C-79/01 *Payroll and Others* [2002] ECR I‐8923, paragraph 29, and *Manfredi and Others*, paragraph 48).

41      In the present case, it is apparent from the case-file that the register is in principle open to any institution active in
the sphere of loans and credit, that is to say a large range of undertakings of various profiles. Unlike the CIR, administered
by the Spanish Central Bank, there is no provision for minimum thresholds, so that the credit information on the register
relates to a larger number of credit transactions than that contained in the CIR. In addition, the information from the register
is transmitted electronically and thus more efficiently than that provided by the CIR.

42      Hence, the possibility of having access to the register, as well as the conditions laid down for that purpose, appear capable
of having an appreciable significance in the choice of undertakings established in Member States other than the Kingdom of
Spain as to whether or not to do business in that State.

43      According to settled case-law, and as follows from paragraph 34 of this judgment, Article 81(1) EC does not require that the
arrangements referred to in that provision have actually affected trade between Member States, but it does require that it
be established that those arrangements are capable of having that effect (see, to that effect, Case 19/77 *Miller* v *Commission* [1978] ECR 131, paragraph 15; Case C‐219/95 P *Ferriere Nord* v *Commission* [1997] ECR I-4411, paragraph 19; and *Bagnasco and Others*, paragraph 48).

44      Thus, it is necessary to take account of the foreseeable development in the conditions of competition and in the pattern of
trade between Member States. On that point, it is for the referring court to take into consideration, for example, possible
development in cross-border activities and the foreseeable impact of any policy or legislative initiatives designed to reduce
legal or technical barriers to trade.

45      If the referring court considers that the register is capable of affecting trade between Member States in the sense described
at paragraph 34 of this judgment, it must examine whether that register has as its object or effect the restriction of competition
within the meaning of Article 81(1) EC.

The existence of a restriction of competition

46      It is common ground that the essential object of credit information exchange systems, such as the register, is to make available
to credit providers relevant information about existing or potential borrowers, in particular concerning the way in which
they have previously honoured their debts. The nature of the information available may vary according to the type of system
in use. In the main proceedings, the register contains, as the Advocate General observed at points 46 and 47 of his Opinion,
negative information, such as non-payment, as well as positive information, such as outstanding credit balances, collateral,
guarantees and security, leasing transactions or temporary disposal of assets.

47      Such registers, which, as the Polish Government observes, exist in numerous countries, increase the amount of information
available to credit institutions on potential borrowers, reducing the disparity between creditor and debtor as regards the
holding of information, thus making it easier for the lender to foresee the likelihood of repayment. In doing so, such registers
are in principle capable of reducing the rate of borrower default and thus of improving the functioning of the supply of credit.

48      As registers such as that in issue in the main proceedings do not thus have, by their very nature, the object of restricting
or distorting competition within the common market within the meaning of Article 81(1) EC, it is for the national court to
determine whether they have the effect of doing so.

49      In that regard, it should be emphasised that the appraisal of the effects of agreements or practices in the light of Article
81 EC entails the need to take into consideration the actual context to which they belong, in particular the economic and
legal context in which the undertakings concerned operate, the nature of the goods or services affected, as well as the real
conditions of the functioning and the structure of the market or markets in question (see, to that effect, Case C‐250/92 *DLG* [1994] ECR I‐5641, paragraph 31; Case C‐399/93 *Oude Luttikhuis and Others* [1995] ECR I‐4515, paragraph 10; and *Javico*, paragraph 22).

50      However, while Article 81(1) EC does not restrict such an assessment to actual effects alone, as that assessment must also
take account of the potential effects of the agreement or practice in question on competition within the common market, an
agreement will, however, fall outside the prohibition in Article 81 EC if it has only an insignificant effect on the market
(Case 5/69 *Völk* v *Vervaecke* [1969] ECR 295, paragraph 7; *John Deere* v *Commission*, paragraph 77; and *Bagnasco and Others*, paragraph 34).

51      According to the case-law on agreements on the exchange of information, such agreements are incompatible with the rules on
competition if they reduce or remove the degree of uncertainty as to the operation of the market in question with the result
that competition between undertakings is restricted (*John Deere* v *Commission*, paragraph 90, and Case C‐194/99 P *Thyssen Stahl* v *Commission* [2003] ECR I‐10821, paragraph 81).

52      In effect, it is inherent in the Treaty provisions on competition that every economic operator must determine autonomously
the policy which it intends to pursue on the common market. Thus, according to that case-law, such a requirement of autonomy
precludes any direct or indirect contact between economic operators of such a kind as either to influence the conduct on the
market of an actual or potential competitor or to reveal to such a competitor the conduct which an operator has decided to
follow itself or contemplates adopting on the market, where the object or effect of those contacts is to give rise to conditions
of competition which do not correspond to the normal conditions of the market in question, taking into account the nature
of the products or the services provided, the size and number of the undertakings and also the volume of the market (see *Commission* v *Anic Partecipazioni*, paragraphs 116 and 117, as well as the case-law cited).

53      However, that requirement of independence does not deprive economic operators of the right to adapt themselves intelligently
to the existing or anticipated conduct of their competitors (*John Deere* v *Commission*, paragraph 87; *Commission* v *Anic Partecipazioni*, paragraph 117; and *Thyssen Stahl* v *Commission*, paragraph 83).

54      Accordingly, as follows from paragraph 49 of this judgment, the compatibility of an information exchange system, such as the
register, with the Community competition rules cannot be assessed in the abstract. It depends on the economic conditions on
the relevant markets and on the specific characteristics of the system concerned, such as, in particular, its purpose and
the conditions of access to it and participation in it, as well as the type of information exchanged – be that, for example,
public or confidential, aggregated or detailed, historical or current – the periodicity of such information and its importance
for the fixing of prices, volumes or conditions of service.

55      As indicated at paragraph 47 of this judgment, registers such as the one at issue in the main proceedings, by reducing the
rate of borrower default, are in principle capable of improving the functioning of the supply of credit. As the Advocate General
observed, in substance, at point 54 of his Opinion, if, owing to a lack of information on the risk of borrower default, financial
institutions are unable to distinguish those borrowers who are more likely to default, the risk thereby borne by such institutions
will necessarily be increased and they will tend to factor it in when calculating the cost of credit for all borrowers, including
those less likely to default, who will then have to bear a higher cost than they would if the institutions were in a position
to evaluate the probability of repayment more precisely. In principle, registers such as that mentioned above are capable
of reducing such a tendency.

56      Furthermore, by reducing the significance of the information held by financial institutions regarding their own customers,
such registers appear, in principle, to be capable of increasing the mobility of consumers of credit. In addition, those registers
are apt to make it easier for new competitors to enter the market.

57      None the less, whether or not there is in the main proceedings a restriction of competition within the meaning of Article
81(1) EC depends on the economic and legal context in which the register exists, and in particular on the economic conditions
of the market as well as the particular characteristics of the register.

58      In that regard, first of all, if supply on a market is highly concentrated, the exchange of certain information may, according
in particular to the type of information exchanged, be liable to enable undertakings to be aware of the market position and
commercial strategy of their competitors, thus distorting rivalry on the market and increasing the probability of collusion,
or even facilitating it. On the other hand, if supply is fragmented, the dissemination and exchange of information between
competitors may be neutral, or even positive, for the competitive nature of the market (see, to that effect, *Thyssen Stahl* v *Commission*, paragraphs 84 and 86). In the present case, it is common ground, as may be seen from paragraph 10 of this judgment, that
the referring court premissed its reference for a preliminary ruling on the existence of ‘a fragmented market’, which it is
for that court to verify.

59      Secondly, in order that registers such as that at issue in the main proceedings are not capable of revealing the market position
or the commercial strategy of competitors, it is important that the identity of lenders is not revealed, directly or indirectly.
In the present case, it is apparent from the decision for referral that the Tribunal de Defensa de la Competencia imposed
on Asnef-Equifax, which accepted it, a condition that the information relating to lenders contained in the register not be
disclosed.

60      Thirdly, it is also important that such registers be accessible in a non-discriminatory manner, in law and in fact, to all
operators active in the relevant sphere. If such accessibility were not guaranteed, some of those operators would be placed
at a disadvantage, since they would have less information for the purpose of risk assessment, which would also not facilitate
the entry of new operators on to the market.

61      It follows that, provided that the relevant market or markets are not highly concentrated, that the system does not permit
lenders to be identified and that the conditions of access and use by financial institutions are not discriminatory, an information
exchange system such as the register is not, in principle, liable to have the effect of restricting competition within the
meaning of Article 81(1) EC.

62      While in those conditions such systems are capable of reducing uncertainty as to the risk that applicants for credit will
default, they are not, however, liable to reduce uncertainty as to the risks of competition. Thus, each operator could be
expected to act independently and autonomously when adopting a given course of conduct, regard being had to the risks presented
by applicants. Contrary to Ausbanc’s contention, it cannot be inferred solely from the existence of such a credit information
exchange that it might lead to collective anti-competitive conduct, such as a boycott of certain potential borrowers.

63      Furthermore, since, as the Advocate General observed, in substance, at point 56 of his Opinion, any possible issues relating
to the sensitivity of personal data are not, as such, a matter for competition law, they may be resolved on the basis of the
relevant provisions governing data protection. In the main proceedings, it is apparent from the documents before the Court
that, under the rules applicable to the register, affected consumers may, in accordance with the Spanish legislation, check
the information concerning them and, where necessary, have it corrected, or indeed deleted.

The applicability of Article 81(3) EC

64      Only if the referring court finds, in the light of the considerations set out at paragraphs 58 to 62 of this judgment, that
there is indeed in the dispute before it a restriction of competition within the meaning of Article 81(1) EC will it be necessary
for that court to carry out an analysis by reference to Article 81(3) EC in order to resolve that dispute.

65      The applicability of the exemption provided for in Article 81(3) EC is subject to the four cumulative conditions laid down
in that provision. First, the arrangement concerned must contribute to improving the production or distribution of the goods
or services in question, or to promoting technical or economic progress; secondly, consumers must be allowed a fair share
of the resulting benefit; thirdly, it must not impose any non-essential restrictions on the participating undertakings; and,
fourthly, it must not afford them the possibility of eliminating competition in respect of a substantial part of the products
or services in question (see, to that effect, Joined Cases 43/82 and 63/82 *VBVB and VBBB* v *Commission* [1984] ECR 19, paragraph 61, as well as *Remia and Others* v *Commission*, paragraph 38).

66      It is clear from the documents before the Court, and in particular from the second question referred by the national court,
that that court seeks an answer from the Court in respect of, in particular, the second of those conditions, which provides
that consumers are to be allowed a fair share of the profit resulting from the agreement, decision or practice in question.
The national court asks, in essence, whether, where all consumers do not derive a benefit from the register, the register
might none the less benefit from the exemption provided for in Article 81(1) EC.

67      Apart from the potential effects described at paragraphs 55 and 56 of this judgment, registers such as the one at issue in
the main proceedings are capable of helping to prevent situations of overindebtedness for consumers of credit as well as,
in principle, of leading to a greater overall availability of credit. In the event that the register restricted competition
within the meaning of Article 81(1) EC, those objective economic advantages might be such as to offset the disadvantages of
such a possible restriction. It would be for the national court, if necessary, to verify that.

68      Admittedly, in principle it is not inconceivable that, as Ausbanc suggests, certain applicants for credit will, owing to the
existence of such registers, be faced with increased interest rates, or even be refused credit.

69      However, without its being necessary to decide whether such applicants would none the less benefit from a possible credit
discipline effect or from protection against overindebtedness, that circumstance cannot in itself prevent the condition that
consumers be allowed a fair share of the benefit from being satisfied.

70      Under Article 81(3) EC, it is the beneficial nature of the effect on all consumers in the relevant markets that must be taken
into consideration, not the effect on each member of that category of consumers.

71      Moreover, as follows from paragraphs 55 and 67 of this judgment, registers such as the one at issue in the main proceedings
are, under favourable conditions, capable of leading to a greater overall availability of credit, including for applicants
for whom interest rates might be excessive if lenders did not have appropriate knowledge of their personal situation.

72      In the light of all of the foregoing, the questions referred to the Court should be answered as follows:

–        Article 81(1) EC must be interpreted as meaning that a system for the exchange of information on credit between financial
institutions, such as the register, does not, in principle, have as its effect the restriction of competition within the meaning
of that provision, provided that the relevant market or markets are not highly concentrated, that that system does not permit
lenders to be identified and that the conditions of access and use by financial institutions are not discriminatory, in law
or in fact.

–        In the event that a system for the exchange of information on credit, such as that register, restricts competition within
the meaning of Article 81(1) EC, the applicability of the exemption provided for in Article 81(3) EC is subject to the four
cumulative conditions laid down in that provision. It is for the national court to determine whether those conditions are
satisfied. In order for the condition that consumers be allowed a fair share of the benefit to be satisfied, it is not necessary,
in principle, for each consumer individually to derive a benefit from an agreement, a decision or a concerted practice. However,
the overall effect on consumers in the relevant markets must be favourable.

**Costs**

73      Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the national court,
the decision on costs is a matter for that court. Costs incurred in submitting observations to the Court, other than the costs
of those parties, are not recoverable.

On those grounds, the Court (Third Chamber) hereby rules:

1.      **Article 81(1) EC must be interpreted as meaning that a system for the exchange of information on credit between financial
institutions, such as the register of information on customer solvency at issue in the main proceedings, does not, in principle,
have as its effect the restriction of competition within the meaning of that provision, provided that the relevant market
or markets are not highly concentrated, that that system does not permit lenders to be identified and that the conditions
of access and use by financial institutions are not discriminatory, in law or in fact.**

2.      **In the event that a system for the exchange of information on credit, such as that register, restricts competition within
the meaning of Article 81(1) EC, the applicability of the exemption provided for in Article 81(3) EC is subject to the four
cumulative conditions laid down in that provision. It is for the national court to determine whether those conditions are
satisfied. In order for the condition that consumers be allowed a fair share of the benefit to be satisfied, it is not necessary,
in principle, for each consumer individually to derive a benefit from an agreement, a decision or a concerted practice. However,
the overall effect on consumers in the relevant markets must be favourable.**

[Signatures]

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- Language of the case: Spanish.