IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT NASHVILLE

Assigned on Briefs August 16, 2016 at Knoxville

STATE OF TENNESSEE v. NICOLE PAMBLANCO

Appeal from the Circuit Court for Montgomery County

No. 41301121 John H. Gasaway III, Judge

No. M2015-01870-CCA-R3-CD – Filed November 29, 2016

Following a jury trial, the Defendant, Nicole Pamblanco, was convicted of aggravated 

child neglect and criminally negligent homicide. She now appeals as of right, 

challenging (1) the sufficiency of the evidence by claiming that the State failed to 

establish the requisite mental state of knowing for her aggravated child neglect conviction

and (2) the trial court‟s erroneous instruction to the jury during voir dire that, if she were 

found guilty on both counts, those counts would merge. Following our review, we 

conclude that the evidence was sufficient to support her aggravated child neglect 

conviction and that the jury instruction error was harmless. Therefore, the trial court‟s 

judgments are affirmed. 

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Circuit Court Affirmed

D. KELLY THOMAS, JR., J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JAMES CURWOOD 

WITT, JR., and NORMA MCGEE OGLE, JJ., joined.

Christopher G. Clark and Zachary L. Talbot (on appeal), Clarksville, Tennessee; and 

Michael J. Flanagan (at trial), Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Nicole Pamblanco. 

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Clark B. Thornton, Senior 

Counsel; John W. Carney, District Attorney General; and Kimberly S. Lund, Assistant 

District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

OPINION

FACTUAL BACKGROUND
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The Montgomery County Grand Jury charged the Defendant with aggravated 

child neglect and reckless homicide after the Defendant‟s seven-month-old daughter (“the 

victim”) drowned in a bathtub on August 22, 2013. See Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 39-13-215, 

-15-402. The Defendant and her husband (“the Defendant‟s husband” or “the victim‟s 

father”) lived in Clarksville, along with the victim and their three other children. The 

Defendant was a stay-at-home mom, and her husband worked at Jiffy Lube. A jury trial 

was held in April 2015, where the following facts were adduced.

Jennifer Hubbard and the Defendant had been “acquaintances” for several years. 

Due to a recent disagreement, Ms. Hubbard asked the Defendant if she could “come 

over” for a visit on August 22, 2013. The Defendant responded affirmatively and 

requested Ms. Hubbard to bring with her a “Strawberrita,” “a tall can of alcohol[,]” when 

she came. According to Ms. Hubbard, when she arrived at the Defendant‟s home, she 

“[g]ot out of [her] car with the Strawberrita, walked up to the door, and . . . rang the 

doorbell.” 

The Defendant answered and invited Ms. Hubbard to come inside. They sat down 

in the living room to talk. The Defendant opened her can of Strawberrita and took a 

drink; Ms. Hubbard only recalled the Defendant‟s taking one drink of the beverage. Ms. 

Hubbard said that, while they conversed, she could hear children playing in another 

room, and although “they sounded rambunctious and playful[,]” the Defendant never got 

up to check on them. Ms. Hubbard described the Defendant‟s demeanor while they 

spoke: “She seemed fine and in good spirits. . . . She seemed pretty relaxed[.]” The 

Defendant‟s husband also testified that the Defendant appeared “[n]ormal” that day and 

did not seem to be sad or upset about anything. 

Ms. Hubbard testified that the Defendant‟s husband came inside from mowing the 

grass “a good ten minutes” into their conversation. The Defendant‟s husband explained 

that, when he entered, the two women “were just having a conversation like two normal 

girls would, just chatting away.” He saw the can of Strawberrita the Defendant was 

drinking, and he opined that Ms. Hubbard had to have brought the alcohol with her

because there was not any in his house prior to that time. He said that he spoke to the 

women only briefly because he needed to use the restroom, speaking to them about three 

to four minutes at most, in his estimation. Then, because he could hear the children

“going haywire” in the other room, he went to check on them—two two-year-old boys, a 

five-year-old boy, and five-year-old girl were present in the children‟s bedroom. The 

boys were jumping on the bed, and he told them to calm down. Hearing “[t]he sound of 

running bath water[,]” he went to the bathroom near the children‟s bedroom first but saw 

nothing. When he went to the bathroom in the master bedroom, he saw the victim “face 

down floating on the tub, water overflowing.” There was an abundant amount of water 

on the bathroom floor, which had reached the bedroom carpet, according to the 
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Defendant‟s husband. The Defendant‟s husband said that he reacted quickly, grabbing

the victim from the bathtub and turning off the water, which was about “halfway 

running[.]” He said the victim “was blue, lifeless, limp, like [he] pulled a noodle out of a 

pot.” He took the victim to the living room and began performing cardiopulmonary 

resuscitation (“CPR”). 

According to Ms. Hubbard, she heard the Defendant‟s husband‟s screaming, and 

when he emerged from the back of the house carrying the victim, he was upset and 

yelling, “[W]hat happened? What did you do? What‟s wrong with [her]?” Ms. Hubbard 

described the victim‟s appearance: “She was blue, there was water coming out of her 

mouth and nose, very limp.” Ms. Hubbard took over administering CPR on the victim. 

Although the victim did not have a pulse, she performed CPR for “[a] good five 

minutes[.]” The Defendant called 911. 

While Ms. Hubbard was performing CPR, the victim‟s father went to a neighbor‟s 

house for help. He knocked on Kasi Sinclair‟s door around 6:50 p.m., and when she 

answered, he asked, “[D]o you know CPR, my baby is dying?” Ms. Sinclair described 

the victim‟s father‟s demeanor at that time: “He was panicking, he was breathing heavily 

and he was kneeling with his hands on his knees.” Because Ms. Sinclair did know how 

to administer CPR to infants, she went next door to help. 

When Ms. Sinclair entered the home, she saw Ms. Hubbard and the victim‟s 

mother “hovering of the victim” who was on the living room floor. Ms. Sinclair then 

observed Ms. Hubbard pick up the victim, put the victim on her left shoulder, and start 

“to pat” the victim as if “burping a baby.” According to Ms. Sinclair, as Ms. Hubbard 

did this, “a lot of water” started coming out of the victim‟s mouth and nose onto Ms. 

Hubbard‟s shirt, so Ms. Sinclair took the victim from Ms. Hubbard immediately and 

began performing CPR. Ms. Sinclair testified that she put the victim on her knee and 

“started doing downward thrusts [and] water started coming out of [the victim‟s] 

mouth[.]” The victim did not have a pulse at that time, according to Ms. Sinclair. Ms. 

Sinclair continued CPR on the victim by “swiping to make sure that there was nothing in 

[the victim‟s] mouth and then [she] put two small breaths and [the victim‟s] chest rose 

and then [she] began with the two fingers.” Although these tactics appeared to be 

working in Ms. Sinclair‟s opinion, every time Ms. Sinclair would push on the victim‟s 

chest water came out of the victim‟s mouth. She continued with CPR until emergency 

medical services (“EMS”) arrived on the scene and took over. 

Ms. Sinclair was asked if she made any observations of the Defendant while she 

was giving the victim CPR. Ms. Sinclair said that the Defendant “wasn‟t acting like a 

[m]om” and that “[s]he smelled of alcohol”; however, Ms. Sinclair agreed that the 

Defendant did not display “any signs that she was under the influence.” Additionally, 

Ms. Sinclair later visited the family at the hospital, and according to Ms. Sinclair, while 
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there, the Defendant “mentioned she did not know how [the victim] got into the bathtub, 

that she thought one of the other children had placed her there[.]” 

Montgomery County EMS Paramedic David Frost responded to an August 22, 

2103 call “for an unresponsive child, ten minutes unresponsive.” When he arrived at the 

victim‟s home, she “was lying on the floor on her back, her skin was pale, her lips were 

turning blue and the Fire Department was checking for a pulse in her arm.” Mr. Frost, 

thereafter, assisted in transporting the victim to the hospital. The victim still was not 

breathing, and the administration of CPR continued. While en route, Mr. Frost was 

unable to “pass an endotrach[e]al tube into the child‟s throat” because water was 

“continuously coming out of her airway.” Additionally, Mr. Frost obtained twenty to 

twenty-two milliliters of water through suctioning of the victim‟s mouth, which was 

“quite a bit” for a child that young, in his opinion. Mr. Frost further testified that the 

victim‟s skin felt wet; that her diaper was soaked; that the bed the victim was placed on 

in the ambulance was also wet, the water coming “[f]rom her hair and from the rest of her 

body”; and that her genital area “appeared to be red and swollen with dark red spots[.]” 

Once the ambulance arrived at the hospital, care of the victim, who still had fluid in her 

lungs, was turned over to the hospital staff. The hospital staff was able to get the victim‟s 

heart to start beating again, but she never fully recovered. 

Clarksville Police Department (“CPD”) Officer Joshua Swafford arrived as the 

victim was being taken to the ambulance. He first made contact at the home with the 

Defendant, who was crying. According to Ofc. Swafford, the Defendant made the 

following statement to him at that time:

She stated to me that she was giving the child a bath and she heard a 

knock on the door. She came to the door, answered it and then she heard I 

believe [the victim‟s father] holler from the bathroom and she had went 

back there and that‟s when I guess [someone] called 911.

When asked if the Defendant provided a timeframe “as to how long the child had been 

left in the tub[,]” Ofc. Swafford replied, “I believe the timeframe she gave me—from the 

time she left and was at the door talking to whoever it was that knocked on it, was 

approximately” “five to ten minutes[.]” 

After the family‟s arrival at the hospital, CPD Detective Tim Anderson spoke with 

the Defendant. The Defendant provided Det. Anderson with the following version of

events:

She explained that she was giving [the victim] a bath and during the 

procedure of giving her the bath, she had heard a knock at the door and she 

left the bathroom—left [the victim] in the tub and went to see who was at 
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the door and there was a friend at the door and her and the friend had sat 

down and started having a conversation and the father had come in and 

went back to the bathroom and started yelling and came out carrying [the 

victim]. 

After talking with the Defendant, Det. Anderson, with their permission, visited the 

family‟s home, and once there, he photographed the master bathroom. Det. Anderson 

made the following observations of the bathroom: 

There was water soaked towels or items on the floor, like the carpet that 

you would normally see in a bathroom that was drenched with water and 

there was also—you could tell that water had started to come out of the 

door to the bathroom into the master bedroom, there was like a water mark

on the floor;

and just outside the bathroom door, the “floor in the bedroom . . . made that squishy noise 

when [he] stepped.” 

The Defendant and the victim‟s father returned home while Det. Anderson was 

still there. Det. Anderson asked the Defendant “to kind of walk [him] through the events 

of what she had previously described” at the hospital: 

[S]he said that she was giving [the victim] a bath and the water was running 

into the tub and she indicated an area of the tub that to me showed that it 

was approximately three or four inches of water in the tub at the time, and 

she heard a knock at the door and she left [the victim] in the tub, left the 

water running and went out to see who had knocked at the door and I 

believe that‟s the point when she identified Ms. Hubbard as being the one 

that was the visitor that had came over. And she just explained that they 

had apparently had some differences in the past and they sat down and 

talked about it to try and work those differences out. 

Additionally, CPD Ofc. Scott Beaubien, as a member of the Crime Scene Team, 

photographed and diagramed the family‟s home. He confirmed that a person could not 

see the master bedroom‟s bathroom if sitting in the living room of the home, and he 

measured from “the edge of the hallway” in the living room to that bathroom to be 

approximately thirteen feet in length. 

Ofc. Beaubien described two different tests he performed with a water bottle and 

cell phone timer in the master bathroom‟s tub—a tub which he described as a “standard 

bathtub” that was twelve inches deep, twenty and one-quarter inches wide, and fortyeight to fifty-five inches long depending on the measuring points. The first test was done 
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with the tub spout “full open” using “luke-warm type water[,]” and Ofc. Beaubien 

determined that it took a total of fourteen minutes and twelve seconds to completely fill 

the tub to overflowing. The tub spout was open “halfway” so the tub “would fill up at 

half speed” in the second test. According to Ofc. Beaubien, the water level was 

“relatively high” already at eighteen minutes and thirty-two seconds during this second 

test, and the photograph shows that the tub was filled to overflowing after twenty-one

minutes and twenty-seven seconds. 

The parties stipulated that the victim was removed from life support on August 28, 

2013, and died on that date. The parties further agreed that “[t]he report of investigation 

by [the] County Medical Examiner note[d] that the cause of death [was] drowning and 

the manner of death listed [was] accident.” 

The Defendant testified in her defense. The Defendant claimed that the victim had 

diarrhea that “went all the way up her back,” so she took off the victim‟s clothes and 

placed her in the bathtub. She stated that she had no intention to give the victim a bath 

but simply intended to clean her up. The Defendant continued:

I started the water and after I took her clothes off, . . . I put her in the water. 

I started filling it up and she likes to play in the water so I let her stay in the 

water a little while, so I started filling up the water and then I heard a knock 

on the door. I did not answer it the first time. So then the second time, I 

was worried because nobody answered the door and I knew my husband 

was outside, but he did not answer the door, so I just went to answer it, not 

knowing who was at the door. So when I went, I seen [sic] that it was [Ms. 

Hubbard], but when—before I went, I thought I turned off the water and 

went to the door.

The Defendant asserted that she told both her lawyer and her mother that she turned the 

water off prior to leaving the victim unattended. Regardless, she stated, “I do blame 

myself for this every day and I just want you to know that I would never intentionally 

hurt my daughter.”

On cross-examination, the Defendant explained that, while her daughter was able 

to sit up on her own, she could only sit still for “[a] little [period of time], not a lot.” The 

Defendant further described the victim as an “[a]ctive little girl” who “moved around” in 

the bathtub a lot when she was playing. According to the Defendant, the water was 

flowing “[s]omewhere in the middle” when she placed the victim in the tub, and there 

were already “[a] couple of inches” of water in the tub when she went to answer the door. 

She did not believe that she left the victim alone for more than “about ten minutes.” 
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The Defendant confirmed that the victim could not swim, that she left her sevenmonth-old child unattended in the bathtub while she sat on the couch talking with Ms. 

Hubbard and drinking a Strawberrita, and that she did not check on the victim during this 

time. The Defendant explained that it was not her “plan” to the leave the victim alone but 

that she “got distracted” when she and Ms. Hubbard began discussing their problems. 

At the conclusion of the proof, the jury found the Defendant guilty as charged of 

aggravated child neglect in count one and guilty of criminally negligent homicide as a 

lesser-included offense of reckless homicide in count two. The trial court imposed

concurrent terms of fifteen years and one year, respectively. The Defendant perfected a 

timely appeal.

ANALYSIS

The Defendant raises two issues on appeal: (1) whether the evidence was 

sufficient to support her conviction for aggravated child neglect1; and (2) whether the trial 

court committed reversible error when it instructed the jury during voir dire that counts 

one and two would merge if guilty verdicts were returned on both counts. We will 

address each issue in turn. 

I. Sufficiency of the Evidence

The Defendant first argues that the State failed to show that she engaged in 

knowing conduct as required to support a conviction for aggravated child neglect. 

Specifically, the Defendant is contending that “[t]he evidence adduced at trial did not 

prove that [she] knew she left [the victim] in the bathtub with the water running or with a 

hazardous level of water in the bathtub.” According to the Defendant, the State “did not 

offer any witness testimony that contradicted [the Defendant‟s] account of her belief that 

there was a very small amount of water in the bathtub and that she had turned off the flow 

of water into the bathtub.” The State responds that the Defendant‟s contention lacks 

merit, noting that the Defendant‟s mental state was for the jury to evaluate based on all 

the circumstances surrounding the offense. 

An appellate court‟s standard of review when a defendant questions the 

sufficiency of the evidence on appeal is “whether, after viewing the evidence in the light 

most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential 

elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 

319 (1979). This court does not reweigh the evidence; rather, it presumes that the jury 

has resolved all conflicts in the testimony and drawn all reasonable inferences from the 

 

1

 She does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence supporting her criminally negligent homicide 

conviction. 
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evidence in favor of the State. See State v. Sheffield, 676 S.W.2d 542, 547 (Tenn. 1984); 

State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn. 1978). Questions regarding witness 

credibility, conflicts in testimony, and the weight and value to be given to evidence were 

resolved by the jury. See State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn. 1997).

A guilty verdict “removes the presumption of innocence and replaces it with a 

presumption of guilt, and [on appeal] the defendant has the burden of illustrating why the 

evidence is insufficient to support the jury‟s verdict.” Id.; State v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 

913, 914 (Tenn. 1982). “This [standard] applies to findings of guilt based upon direct 

evidence, circumstantial evidence, or a combination of [both] direct and circumstantial 

evidence.” State v. Pendergrass, 13 S.W.3d 389, 392-93 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1999). The 

standard of proof is the same, whether the evidence is direct or circumstantial. State v. 

Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370, 379 (Tenn. 2011). Likewise, appellate review of the 

convicting evidence “is the same whether the conviction is based upon direct or 

circumstantial evidence.” Id. (quoting State v. Hanson, 279 S.W.3d 265, 275 (Tenn. 

2009)). The duty of this court “on appeal of a conviction is not to contemplate all 

plausible inferences in the [d]efendant‟s favor, but to draw all reasonable inferences from 

the evidence in favor of the State.” State v. Sisk, 343 S.W.3d 60, 67 (Tenn. 2011).

A person commits child neglect when that person “knowingly abuses or neglects a 

child under eighteen (18) years of age so as to adversely affect the child‟s health and 

welfare[.]” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-15-401(b). As charged in the indictment and 

submitted to the jury in this case, “[a] person commits the offense of . . . aggravated child 

neglect . . . who commits . . . child neglect, as defined in § 39-15-401(b) . . . and: (1) [t]he 

act of . . . neglect . . . results in serious bodily injury to the child.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-

15-402(a)(1). If the victim is under the age of eight years old, aggravated child neglect is 

a Class A felony. Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-15-402(b). In short, child neglect is composed 

of three essential elements: “(1) a person knowingly must neglect a child; (2) the child‟s 

age must be within the applicable range set forth in the statute; and (3) the neglect must 

adversely affect the child‟s health and welfare.” State v. Sherman, 266 S.W.3d 395, 404 

(Tenn. 2008). 

Further, child neglect is a nature-of-conduct offense, not a result-of-conduct 

offense. State v. Ducker, 27 S.W.3d 889, 897 (Tenn. 2000). The statute merely requires 

that the act of neglecting the child must be knowing. Id. By way of illustration, a 

defendant satisfies the mens rea for child neglect when he or she knowingly leaves a 

child in a car for more than eight hours, but the mens rea requirement is not satisfied if he 

or she was unaware the child was present in the car at the time. Id. After the knowing 

mens rea is established, then the next inquiry is whether the child suffered an adverse 

effect to the child‟s health or welfare. Id. If the child has suffered an adverse health 

effect as a result of defendant‟s knowing neglect, then the defendant has committed child 
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neglect, regardless of whether the defendant knew what the result of the neglect would 

be. Id.

The proof in this case, in the light most favorable to the State, established that the 

Defendant left her seven-month-old daughter unattended in a bathtub filled with several 

inches of water when Ms. Hubbard arrived at the home to speak with the Defendant. Ms. 

Hubbard and the Defendant sat down in the living room to discuss their recent 

disagreement. The Defendant opened her can of Strawberrita that she had requested Ms. 

Hubbard bring with her and began drinking it. The Defendant “seemed fine . . . and 

pretty relaxed,” according to Ms. Hubbard. The Defendant‟s husband also said that the 

Defendant appeared “normal” that day, with no appearance of being upset or sad about 

anything. 

When the Defendant‟s husband came inside from mowing the yard “a good ten 

minutes” into the ladies conversation, he observed the women talking and described them 

as “just having a conversation like two normal girls would, just chatting away.” The 

Defendant‟s husband then went to check on the children who were being “rambunctious 

and playful” in the other room. After telling the children to calm down, he heard “[t]he 

sound of running bath water” and, thereafter, found the victim “face down floating on the 

tub, water overflowing” in the master bathroom. According to the Defendant‟s husband, 

the water, which he turned off, was about “halfway running[.]” He took the victim, who 

was not breathing and had no pulse, from the tub and laid her on the floor in the living

room and began administering CPR. Water continued to come out of the victim‟s nose 

and mouth. When the next door neighbor, Ms. Sinclair, arrived to assist with CPR, she 

observed that the Defendant “wasn‟t acting like a [m]om” and “smelled of alcohol.” 911 

received a call “for an unresponsive child, ten minutes unresponsive.” 

While en route to the hospital, paramedic Frost was unable to “pass an 

endotrach[e]al tube into the child‟s throat” because water was “continuously coming out 

of her airway.” Suctioning was used to obtain twenty to twenty-two milliliters from the 

child‟s mouth while in the back of the ambulance, which was “quite a bit” for child as 

young as the victim, in Mr. Frost‟s opinion. Mr. Frost also testified that the victim‟s skin 

felt wet, that her diaper was soaked, and that the bed she lain on in the ambulance was 

also wet. Although the hospital staff was able to get the victim‟s heart beating again, the 

victim never fully recovered and was removed from life support on August 28, 2013.

Ofc. Swafford arrived on the scene and spoke with the Defendant, and the 

Defendant told him that she “was giving the child a bath” when she heard a knock on the 

door and that the child was left alone in the bathtub for “five to ten minutes[.]” Det. 

Anderson spoke with the Defendant at the hospital, and the Defendant relayed a similar 

version. However, Ms. Sinclair visited the family later at the hospital, and according to 
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Ms. Sinclair, the Defendant denied even knowing how the victim got into the bathtub, 

asserting that “one of the other children had placed [the victim] there[.]” 

When Det. Anderson went to the family‟s home, he saw soaked towels and items 

on the master bathroom floor, and he determined that water had made it all the way out of 

the bathroom onto the floor in the master bedroom because the carpet “made that squishy 

noise when [he] stepped.” The Defendant and her husband returned to the home while 

Det. Anderson was still there. The Defendant admitted to Det. Anderson that there were 

“approximately three to four inches of water” already in the tub and that she “left the 

water running” when she went to answer the knock at the front door. Based upon Ofc. 

Beaubien‟s tests of the master tub, it took a total of fourteen minutes and twelve seconds 

to completely fill the tub to overflowing when the tub spout was “full open,” and the 

water level was “relatively high” already at eighteen minutes and thirty-two seconds 

when the tub was filled up at “half speed.” 

The Defendant herself admitted to leaving the victim, who “moved around” in 

bathtub and could only sit up on her own for a brief period of time, alone in “[a] couple 

of inches” of water when she left to answer the door. She did not believe that she left the 

victim for more than “about ten minutes[,]” but she acknowledged that she did not check 

on the victim while she sat conversing and drinking with Ms. Hubbard. Based upon the 

Defendant‟s own testimony, the jury could rationally infer that the Defendant acted 

knowingly when she left her seven-month-old daughter alone in the bathtub and that the 

act constituted knowing neglect regardless of whether the water was left running. 

Moreover, it was within the province of the jury to determine the credibility of the proof 

adduced at trial and to decide whether to accredit the Defendant‟s claim that she turned 

the water off before leaving the victim unattended. 

A defendant‟s mental state is a factual question for the jury to resolve. State v. 

Brown, 311 S.W.3d 422, 432 (Tenn. 2010) (citations omitted). Additionally, “[o]ur 

jurisprudence recognizes that the mental state, a necessary factor of almost all our 

criminal statutes, is most often proven by circumstantial evidence, from which the trier of 

fact makes inferences from the attendant circumstances and from which that body weighs 

the circumstantial evidence.” State v. Jeffrey Antwon Burns, No. M1999-01830-CCAR3-CD, 2000 WL 1520261, at *3 (Tenn. Crim. App. Oct. 13, 2000); see also State v. 

Inlow, 52 S.W.3d 101, 105 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2000). Finally, as explained above, the 

State was not required to prove that the Defendant knew or should have known of the risk 

of harm posed by her conduct to any degree. See Ducker, 27 S.W.3d at 897. Child 

neglect is not a result-of-conduct offense, but it is instead a nature-of-conduct offense. 

Id. We conclude that the evidence was sufficient to sustain the Defendant‟s conviction 

for aggravated child neglect. See, e.g., State v. Dewey Burton, Jr., No. E2015-00879-

CCA-R3-CD, 2016 WL 3351316, at *9 (Tenn. Crim. App. June 9, 2016) (“Although the 
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stopper was not in the tub and [d]efendant was not far from the bathroom, it is clear that 

[d]efendant knowingly left the victim unattended under circumstances that resulted in 

serious bodily injury.”), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Oct. 20, 2016).

II. Voir Dire Jury Instruction

Next, the Defendant argues that the trial court committed reversible error when it 

erroneously instructed the prospective jury pool that counts one and two would merge 

into a single conviction if guilty verdicts were returned on both counts. During voir dire, 

the trial court gave the following instruction to the venire:

Your verdict can vary. You can find [the Defendant] not guilty of 

either of these counts. You can find [the Defendant] guilty of one but not 

the other. You can find her guilty of both. If you find her not guilty of 

both counts, then of course, she stands acquitted of the charges, of all 

charges. If you find her guilty of both counts, then under the law what the 

[c]ourt would do would be to merge your verdicts into a single conviction 

because both charges come from the same alleged conduct, so it can only 

be one conviction, but there are two different allegations for you to 

consider. I hope I didn‟t confuse you with that and I will try to go into that 

a little bit more if I need to later on.

The Defendant submits that she was prejudiced by this instruction, submitting that 

“[t]he only reasonable interpretation of the „merger‟ instruction would be that [the 

Defendant‟s] ultimate punishment on the charges together would be lessened because the 

charges would merge into a single conviction. All things being equal, a single offense . . 

. will be punished less severely than two offenses.” The Defendant further asserts that 

the “inconsistent verdicts on the two counts (knowing neglect in [c]ount [o]ne and mere 

criminal negligence in [c]ount [t]wo) suggest that the jury did weigh the charges with a 

view to the merger instructed by the trial court[,]” and “if no merger instruction had been 

given, then the jury may have found different, more favorable verdicts, to include 

possible lesser-included offenses or acquittals, on either of the counts charged.” The 

Defendant concludes, “[T]he jurors may have believed that convicting [the Defendant] of 

aggravated child neglect was symbolically appropriate, i.e., they felt they had to deliver 

two guilty verdicts, but, counting on merger of the offenses as instructed by the trial 

court, did not intend for [the Defendant] to be sentenced on two convictions.” In short, 

the Defendant is essentially arguing that the instruction, which invites the jury to 

speculate as to which of the charges before it will blend or merge, makes a general 

statement about Defendant‟s sentencing exposure and suggests, at least obliquely, that 

doubts over guilt or innocence on a specific charge may ultimately be of no concern 

because of merger. 
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The State acknowledges that the instruction was given in error but argues that the 

error was harmless, noting that the “brief error” was at the start of jury selection and that 

the trial court in its final instructions at trial charged the essential elements of each 

indicted offense, all appropriate lesser-included offenses, and the separate and distinct 

nature of each offense. The trial court also determined at the motion for new trial hearing 

that any error in this regard was harmless. We agree with the State and the trial court as 

to the harmless nature of the instruction. 

In criminal cases, a defendant has a right to a correct and complete charge of the 

law. State v. Garrison, 40 S.W.3d 426, 432 (Tenn. 2000). “An instruction should be 

considered erroneous only if the jury charge, when read as a whole, fails to submit the 

legal issues or misleads the jury as to the applicable law.” State v. Faulkner, 154 S.W.3d 

48, 58 (Tenn. 2005) (citing State v. Vann, 976 S.W.2d 93, 101 (Tenn. 1998)). Tennessee 

Code Annotated § 40-35-201(b) provides the following:

In all contested criminal cases, except for capital crimes that are 

governed by the procedures contained in §§ 39-13-204 and 39-13-205, and 

as necessary to comply with the Tennessee Constitution, article VI, § 14 

and § 40-35-301, the judge shall not instruct the jury, nor shall the attorneys 

be permitted to comment at any time to the jury, on possible penalties for 

the offense charged nor all lesser included offenses.

In short, this code section states that, in non-capital cases, the trial court may not instruct 

the jury on the possible penalties for the charged offense or any lesser-included offenses.

A merger of offenses has been generally defined as follows:

The fusion or absorption of one thing or right into another; generally 

spoken of a case where one of the subjects is of less dignity or importance 

than the other. Here the less important ceases to have an independent 

existence.

. . . . 

Criminal law. When a man commits a major crime which includes a 

lesser offense, or commits a felony which includes a tort against a private 

person, the latter is merged in the former.

. . . .
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Sentences. If a defendant is charged in two duplicitous indictments 

with commission of two crimes, he may be sentenced on conviction of the 

more serious crime but not on both indictments. 

Black‟s Law Dictionary 988-89 (6th ed. 1990). 

„Merger‟ of offenses occurs where two offenses are charged in 

separate counts but only one conviction is allowed to stand. Merger may 

occur for a variety of reasons, but is most often a problem where several 

crimes take place in the course of a single criminal episode. . . . [M]erger 

may occur where one conviction is a lesser-included offense of another 

conviction. 

David Raybin, Tennessee Criminal Practice and Procedure § 16.20 (footnotes omitted). 

The concept of merger implicates principles of double jeopardy prohibiting multiple

punishments for the same offense. Id. (footnote omitted); see also State v. Watkins, 362 

S.W.3d 530, 541 (Tenn. 2012) (citations omitted). Accordingly, it is clear that merger of 

offenses implicates sentencing concerns. We must conclude that the interdiction of 

section 40-35-201(b) applies not only to statements of specific sentence exposure but also 

to general statements such as the one in this case and, consequently, that the jury 

instruction given to the venire erroneously provided information on possible punishment 

options. See State v. David Richardson, No. W2013-01763-CCA-R3-CD, 2014 WL 

6491066, at *16 (Tenn. Crim. App. Nov. 20, 2014) (agreeing “that juries must decide 

cases based on the defendant‟s guilt or innocence of the charged offense rather than any 

possible punishment the defendant might face” (emphasis added) (citing State v. Billy 

Gene Debow, No. M1999-02678-CCA-R3-CD, 2000 WL 1137465, at *7-8 (Tenn. Crim. 

App. Aug. 2, 2000))), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Mar. 12, 2015); see also State v. 

Carswell, 697 A.2d 171, 181 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 1997) (concluding that merger 

instruction given during jury deliberations erroneously provided information on possible 

sentencing options).

This court has reviewed fact patterns dealing with erroneous jury instructions on 

specific sentence exposure on several prior occasions and found that the statements, 

although made in error, were harmless. Compare State v. Ramone Lawson, No. W2013-

00324-CCA-R3-CD, 2014 WL 1153268, at *4-6 (Tenn. Crim. App. Mar. 19, 2014) 

(holding that a trial court‟s instructions “to the prospective jurors and the later instruction 

to the jury [at trial] about the penalties for first degree murder” were harmless error); 

State v. Derek Willamson, No. M2010-01067-CCA-R3-CD, 2011 WL 3557827, at *4-6 

(Tenn. Crim. App. Aug. 12, 2011) (determining that a trial court‟s remarks to the jury 

venire that the State was not seeking the death penalty or life imprisonment without the 

possibility of parole, therefore, should the jury find the defendant guilty of first-degree 

murder, an automatic life sentence would be imposed was harmless error); State v. 
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Charles Ray Allen, No. M1999-00818-CCA-R3-CD, 2000 WL 1649507, at *7-8 (Tenn.

Crim. App. Nov. 3, 2000) (concluding that a trial court‟s telling potential jurors during 

voir dire and again during jury instructions that the State was not seeking life without the 

possibility of parole and that a guilty verdict would result in the defendant‟s receiving a 

life sentence was harmless error); State v. Edward Pinchon, No. M1999-00994-CCA-R3-

CD, 2000 WL 284071, at *4 (Tenn. Crim. App. Mar. 17, 2000) (concluding that a trial 

court‟s instructing the jury that the State was not seeking life without the possibility of 

parole and that a guilty verdict would result in the defendant‟s receiving a life sentence 

was harmless error); with Richardson, 2014 WL 6491066, at *16 (holding that a trial 

court‟s comments to the venire informing them that the State was not seeking the death 

penalty or a sentence of life imprisonment without parole, but not mentioning that the 

defendant would receive an automatic life sentence if convicted, were not made in error).

In Pinchon, the trial judge instructed the jury that, if the defendant was convicted 

of first degree murder, he would receive a sentence of life imprisonment with the 

possibility of parole. 2000 WL 284071, at *1. This court held that, when the trial court 

so errs, “the defendant must demonstrate that, but for the erroneous instruction, there is a 

reasonable probability the jury would have acquitted him of first degree murder and 

found him guilty of the lesser offense[.]” Id. at *4. In Allen, the trial court instructed the 

jury pool at voir dire that the State was not seeking the death penalty or life imprisonment 

without parole, therefore, should the jury find the defendant guilty of first degree murder 

the “automatic sentence . . . would be an automatic life sentence.” 2000 WL 1649507, at 

*7. The trial court also repeated this in the jury charge. Id. at *7. In that case, this court 

held that the “trial court‟s error in instructing the jury about the penalties for first degree 

murder does not „affirmatively appear to have affected the result of the trial on the 

merits.‟” Id. at *8.

We believe that the case before us warrants a similar conclusion. Except for the 

trial court‟s misstatement regarding merger made during voir dire, the trial court made no 

further comments about the Defendant‟s potential sentencing exposure. At trial, in its 

final charge to the jury, the trial court instructed the jury on the essential elements of the 

charged offenses, on all appropriate lesser-included offenses, and on order of 

consideration principles. The trial court further instructed the jury in its closing 

instructions at trial that they were to consider each count independently:

The crime charged in each count of the indictment is a separate and 

distinct offense. You must decide each charge separately on the evidence 

and the law applicable to it. The defendant may be found guilty or not 

guilty of any or all of the offenses charged. Your finding as to each crime 

charged must be stated in your verdict.
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See T.P.I.—Crim. § 41.03. Moreover, the fact that the jury convicted the Defendant of 

the lesser-included offense of criminally negligent homicide in count two shows their 

reasoned and considerate verdicts. The record contains no proof that the jury would have 

convicted the Defendant of any of the additional lesser-included offenses, or acquitted 

her, had the challenged information not been provided. Due to the overwhelming 

evidence of the Defendant‟s guilt as outlined in the section above, we conclude that the 

trial court‟s error in instructing the jury regarding merger of the Defendant‟s convictions 

does not affirmatively appear to have affected the result of the trial on the merits, and she 

is not entitled to a new trial on this ground. 

CONCLUSION

In sum, we conclude that the evidence was sufficient to support the Defendant‟s 

conviction for aggravated child neglect and that the jury instruction error during voir dire 

was harmless. Accordingly, the judgments of the trial court are affirmed.

_________________________________ 

D. KELLY THOMAS, JR., JUDGE