FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

April 27, 2007

THOMAS K. KAHN

CLERK

 CORRECTED [PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

 

No. 07-11840

 

D.C. Docket No. 06-00986-CV-MHT-TFM

AARON LEE JONES,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

versus

RICHARD ALLEN, Commissioner,

Alabama Department of Corrections,

individually and in his official capacity,

GRANTT CULLIVER, Warden, Holman

Correctional Facility in his individual and 

official capacity,

Defendants-Appellees.

 

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Alabama

 

(April 27, 2007)

Before ANDERSON, BIRCH and DUBINA, Circuit Judges.
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DUBINA, Circuit Judge:

Plaintiff Aaron Lee Jones (“Jones”) is an Alabama death row inmate

scheduled for execution on May 3, 2007. On November 1, 2006, Jones filed a

complaint under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 challenging the three-drug protocol Alabama

will use to carry out his execution by lethal injection. After receiving notice that

the Alabama Supreme Court set an execution date of May 3, 2007, Jones filed a

motion to stay his execution. The district court denied Jones’s motion to stay and

denied in part and granted in part Jones’s motion to alter or amend the judgment. 

Jones appealed the district court’s judgment and filed in this court a motion to stay

his execution. After reviewing the record and reading the parties’ briefs, we

affirm the district court’s judgment and deny Jones’s motion to stay his execution.

I. BACKGROUND

The details of Jones’s crimes are set forth in our opinion affirming the

district court’s judgment denying Jones federal habeas relief. See Jones v.

Campbell, 436 F.3d 1285 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, Jones v. Allen, 127 S. Ct. 619

(2006). Briefly, in November 1978, Jones and a co-defendant brutally murdered a 

mother and father, and severely wounded a grandmother and three children, all in

the same family. Two of the wounded children who witnessed the horror of these

crimes testified at Jones’s trial.
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After a jury found Jones guilty of capital murder under Ala. Code § 13-11-

2(a)(10) (1979) (repealed 1981), the jury recommended a death sentence. The trial

court agreed with the jury’s recommendation and imposed a death sentence. On

appeal, the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals reversed the conviction and

ordered a new trial pursuant to Beck v. Alabama, 447 U.S. 625, 100 S. Ct. 2382

(1980), and Ritter v. State, 403 So. 2d 154 (Ala. 1981). Following a retrial, the

jury again found Jones guilty and recommended that he be sentenced to death. 

The trial court followed the jury’s recommendation and sentenced Jones to death. 

On appeal, the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals remanded the case to the trial

court to allow the trial court to clarify its sentencing order regarding the mitigating

and aggravating circumstances. Following this limited remand, the state appellate

court affirmed Jones’s conviction and death sentence. See Jones v. State, 520 So.

2d 543 (Ala. Crim. App. 1984). The Alabama Supreme Court affirmed, Ex parte

Jones, 520 So. 2d 553 (Ala. 1988), and the United States Supreme Court denied

certiorari review. Jones v. Alabama, 488 U.S. 871, 109 S. Ct. 182 (1988).

In March 1990, Jones filed a post-conviction petition pursuant to Rule 32,

Ala. R. Crim. P., challenging his conviction and sentence. The trial court denied

Jones post-conviction relief, and the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed

the trial court’s order. See Jones v. State, 753 So. 2d 1174 (Ala. Crim. App.
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1999). Jones then filed a federal habeas petition raising numerous claims for

relief, including a method-of-execution claim that challenged Alabama’s use of

electrocution. In July 2002, while Jones’s federal habeas petition was pending, the

Alabama Legislature changed the State’s method of execution from electrocution

to lethal injection. The statute gave death-row inmates 30 days to elect

electrocution instead. After that period of time, the State’s sole method of

execution would be lethal injection. See Ala. Code § 15-18-82.1 (2006

Cumulative Supp.). 

In 2004, the district court denied Jones relief, but granted his motion for a

Certificate of Appealability (“COA”) on four claims of ineffective assistance of

counsel. On appeal, we denied Jones relief on the claims presented in the COA. 

See Jones, 436 F.3d at 1305.

On November 1, 2006, Jones filed a § 1983 complaint challenging the

State’s lethal injection method and procedure. Jones filed a motion to stay his

execution on March 14, 2007, after receiving notice on or about February 27,

2007, that the Alabama Supreme Court had set an execution date of May 3, 2007. 

On April 17, 2007, the district court denied Jones’s motion to stay, finding that the
The district court also denied a motion for summary judgment filed by the defendants 1

based on Statute of Limitations grounds. Because the defendants have not filed a cross-appeal as

to that ruling, we expressly decline to consider it.

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equities weighed in favor of denying a stay. Two days later, Jones filed a motion 1

to alter or amend the judgment, which the district court denied in part and granted

in part. The district court granted the motion in order to clarify the appealability

of its judgment. On April 24, Jones appealed the district court’s judgment and

filed a motion to stay his execution. 

II. DISCUSSION

As the Supreme Court reiterated in Hill v. McDonough, 126 S. Ct. 2096,

2104 (2006), “a stay of execution is an equitable remedy.” A stay “is not available

as a matter of right, and equity must be sensitive to the State’s strong interest in

enforcing its criminal judgments without undue interference from the federal

courts.” Id. Thus, a petitioner’s complaint under § 1983 does not entitle him to an

order staying his execution as a matter of course. “Both the State and the victims

of crime have an important interest in the timely enforcement of a sentence.” Id.

(citing Calderon v. Thompson, 523 U.S. 538, 556, 118 S. Ct. 1489, 1501 (1998)). 

When considering a motion to stay an execution, we must apply “a strong

equitable presumption against the grant of a stay where a claim could have been

brought at such a time as to allow consideration of the merits without requiring
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entry of a stay,” given the State’s significant interest in the enforcement of its

criminal judgments. Nelson v. Campbell, 541 U.S. 637, 650, 124 S. Ct. 2117,

2126 (2004).

Jones requests that this court reverse the district court’s stay order and grant

him a stay of execution pending the outcome of his § 1983 challenge to the State’s

method of execution. Jones argues forcefully in his brief that the district court

clearly erred in finding that he acted in a dilatory manner in filing his challenge to

Alabama’s three-drug lethal injection protocol and claims that he shows a

likelihood of success on the merits. He contends that he did not wait until the eve

of his execution, see Hill v. McDonough (“Hill II”), 464 F.3d 1256, 1259-60 (11th

Cir.), cert. denied, 127 S. Ct. 465 (2006); Rutherford v. McDonough, 466 F.3d

970, 973-74 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 127 S. Ct. 465 (2006), but rather filed this

case before the United States Supreme Court denied certiorari review on his

federal habeas petition and before the Alabama Supreme Court set his execution

date. Jones claims that he commenced his action when his execution became

imminent, and since then he has diligently pursued discovery from the State. He

also takes issue with the district court’s finding of dilatoriness by in essence

blaming the State, and to some extent the district court, for any dilatory conduct. 
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The State responds that because Jones was dilatory in bringing his challenge

to the State’s three-drug lethal injection protocol, he is not entitled to a stay of

execution. First, the State asserts that Jones was aware of the existence of a

method-of-execution challenge when he filed his federal habeas petition. Second,

the State argues that Jones knew either on the date that Alabama changed its

method of execution to lethal injection, July 1, 2002, or on the date when Jones

did not affirmatively elect electrocution as his method of execution, July 31, 2002,

that lethal injection was the method the State would use to execute him. 

Furthermore, between July 2002 and September 30, 2004, Alabama executed six

inmates by lethal injection. Yet, Jones waited an additional two years before filing

his complaint. Finally, the State claims that these types of challenges have been

brought throughout the United States over the past several years, a point Jones

makes repeatedly in his filings. Therefore, the State urges this court to affirm the

district court’s stay order and to deny Jones’s motion to stay his execution because

Jones filed his challenge “too late in the day.” See Hill, 126 S. Ct. at 2104.

In a thorough and well-reasoned opinion, the district court found that Jones

was dilatory in bringing his § 1983 action and accordingly found that the equities

did not weigh in favor of granting a stay. The district court did not abuse its

discretion in denying Jones’s motion for a stay of execution. See Delo v. Blair,
Despite the fact that Jones filed this suit nearly ten months after we denied his habeas

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petition in January 2006, he argues that he “naturally believed” his Eighth Amendment claim

could be fully adjudicated “and an appeal determined without need for a stay of execution”

because no execution date had been set when he filed his complaint. We think that this was an

unreasonable assumption. We agree with the district court’s finding of fact that one of the most

naturally foreseeable risks facing an inmate who waits to file his method-of-execution challenge

until many months after his federal habeas petition has been denied on appeal is that an execution

date will be set during the pendency of the proceedings, thus necessitating the entry of a stay if

full adjudication and an appeal are to be had. This risk is particularly foreseeable in Alabama,

where the Alabama Supreme Court is authorized to enter an order fixing an inmate’s date of

execution “at the appropriate time.” Ala. R. App. P. 8(d) (“The supreme court shall at the

appropriate time enter an order fixing a date of execution.” (emphasis added)). It is common

practice in Alabama for the State to seek an execution date soon after the Supreme Court denies

certiorari review of an inmate’s federal habeas petition. As a matter of common sense,

completion of collateral review eliminates the last possible obstacle to execution, and Jones

should have foreseen that the execution date would likely be set promptly upon completion of

collateral review. Although Jones suggests that the State acted inappropriately in seeking an

execution date in this case, we note that the district court expressly found as a fact that “there is

no evidence in this case that the State sought and obtained an execution date for Jones in bad

faith.” Jones v. Allen, No. 2:06-cv-00986-MHT-TFM, slip. op. at 37 (M.D. Ala. April 17, 2007).

Waiting to file suit until the Supreme Court has denied certiorari review of an inmate’s

federal habeas petition, or, as Jones did, waiting until a petition for certiorari has been pending

for over three months, is simply too late to avoid the inevitable need for a stay of execution. See

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509 U.S. 823, 823, 113 S. Ct. 2922, 2923 (1993); see also Hauser ex rel.

Crawford v. Moore, 223 F.3d 1316, 1321 (11th Cir. 2000). As the district court

noted, Jones filed the instant action nearly four years after Alabama made lethal

injection its primary method of execution. Moreover, in his federal habeas

petition filed in 2000, Jones raised a similar claim challenging electrocution as

Alabama’s method of execution. When the Alabama Legislature changed the

method of execution to lethal injection, Jones could have then amended his habeas

petition to challenge lethal injection as well. By waiting until November 2006 to 2
Harris v. Johnson, 376 F.3d 414, 417 (5th Cir. 2004) (“The brief window of time between the

denial of certiorari and the state’s chosen execution date . . . is an insufficient period in which to

serve a complaint, conduct discovery, depose experts, and litigate the issue on the merits.”). The

district court made a factual finding that adjudicating Jones’s claim in the trial court would take

“much more than three months” and that a subsequent appeal “would add months, if not years, to

this litigation.” Jones, slip op. at 37. We agree and thus cannot say that Jones’s suit was filed in

time to allow full adjudication without the need for a stay of execution.

Jones says that he did not pursue his method-of-execution claim any earlier than

November 2006 because it was not ripe for consideration before that time. Jones argues that

ripeness occurred only when there was a “strong possibility” that he “actually faced execution”

by lethal injection. We need not determine with specificity when Jones’s claim became ripe. But

see Gomez v. U.S. Dist. Ct. for N.D. Cal., 503 U.S. 653, 654, 112 S. Ct. 1652, 1653 (1992)

(“This claim [a challenge to lethal injection] could have been brought more than a decade ago.”). 

However, we can say in any event that, even under Jones’s definition of ripeness, there was far

more than a “strong possibility” that Jones would be put to death by lethal injection by January

2006 (when we denied relief on Jones’s habeas petition). See Harris, 376 F.3d at 418 (requiring

method-of-execution claim to be pursued even when death by lethal injection is merely “an event

reasonably likely to occur in the future”). Indeed, by January 2006, given the extremely small

chance of securing certiorari review in the Supreme Court, it was all but guaranteed that Jones

would die by lethal injection. Yet Jones has offered no reason at all for his decision to wait

nearly ten additional months to file this suit.

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file his lethal injection challenge, Jones faced the possibility that the Alabama

Supreme Court would set his execution date during the pendency of his lethal

injection challenge.

We see no convincing reason why, after Alabama made lethal injection its

primary method of execution, Jones could not have brought his method-ofexecution challenge sooner than he did. Jones knew of the State’s intention to

execute him at least by July 2002. “It was during that period – in which the

execution was not so much an imminent or impending danger as it was an event

reasonably likely to occur in the future – that [Jones] needed to file this
Although it does not explicitly say so, Jones’s brief might be read to suggest that he was

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impeded in filing this suit earlier by the fact that the State’s lethal injection protocol is

confidential and that specific information about it was learned only through discovery. To the

extent that he makes this argument, we reject it. The crux of Jones’s challenge to the lethal

injection protocol – despite other general allegations about the training of the prison staff, etc. –

is that the first of the three drugs (sodium thiopental) will be administered in such a way that it

will not induce a sufficiently deep plane of anesthesia and that, as a result, he will be conscious

but physically paralyzed (because of the second drug, a paralytic agent known as pancuronium

bromide) when the third, excruciatingly painful and death-inducing drug (potassium chloride) is

administered. Regardless of the confidentiality of the State’s protocol, Jones cannot assert that

he was unaware of the fact that the State (like almost every other state that carries out executions

using lethal injection) employs this three-drug cocktail. Any such assertion is belied by his

complaint, which alleges “upon information and belief” that the State uses “Thiopental, Pavulon,

and Potassium Chloride . . . to achieve first anesthesia, then paralysis, and finally . . . cardiac

arrest.” Compl. ¶ 16. Thus, Jones knew of the basis of his claim before he filed his complaint. 

Moreover, the expert upon whom Jones relies in pursuing this challenge has been opining on the

alleged risks associated with this particular three-drug cocktail since at least 2003. The fact that

Jones knew or should have known before 2006 that the State uses the same three-drug cocktail as

nearly every other state where substantially similar challenges have been made, coupled with the

fact that the alleged risks associated with the cocktail were known three years before Jones filed

his complaint, compels us to reject any argument Jones has made that his attempts to pursue this

challenge earlier were impeded by the secrecy of the protocol. Moreover, the district court found

as a fact that Jones either was or should have been aware of the risks involved and the potential

challenge to the lethal injection procedure well before he filed suit. See Jones, slip op. at 38-39

(citing numerous cases mounting challenges similar to Jones’s dating back to the year 2000). 

Jones has wholly failed to demonstrate that this finding of fact is clearly erroneous.

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challenge.” Harris, 376 F.3d at 418. By waiting until November 2006 to file his

challenge to the State’s lethal injection protocol, Jones “leaves little doubt that the

real purpose behind his claim is to seek a delay of his execution, not merely to

effect an alteration of the manner in which it is carried out.” Id.

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We are mindful that the proper query in this case is whether Jones could

have brought his claim “at such a time as to allow consideration of the merits

without requiring entry of a stay.” Nelson, 541 U.S. at 650, 124 S. Ct. at 2126; see
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also Patton v. Jones, 193 Fed. Appx. 785, 788-89 (10th Cir. Aug. 25, 2006)

(denying requested stay of execution in § 1983 lethal injection challenge,

emphasizing there was no legal impediment to filing the § 1983 action while the

collateral appeals were ongoing). In answering this question, we must be

“sensitive to the State’s strong interest in enforcing its criminal judgments without

undue interference from the federal courts.” Hill, 126 S. Ct. at 2104 (citing

Nelson, 541 U.S. at 649-50, 124 S. Ct. at 2126). Not only the State, but also the

Nelson children, who watched Jones and his co-defendant kill their parents and

attack their grandmother and who themselves were stabbed and shot, have a strong

interest in seeing Jones’s punishment exacted. If this court were to grant the

motion to stay to allow Jones to proceed on his § 1983 challenge in district court,

the implementation of the State’s judgment would be delayed many months, if not

years. Jones, in essence, would receive a reprieve from his judgment. See

Thompson v. Wainwright, 714 F.2d 1495, 1506 (11th Cir. 1983) (observing that

“[e]ach delay, for its span, is a commutation of a death sentence to one of

imprisonment”). The State and the surviving victims have waited long enough for

some closure to these heinous crimes. We will not interfere with the State’s strong

interest in enforcing its judgment in this case.
Jones’s reply brief advises that another district judge in Alabama has indicated the 4

possibility of a trial on the lethal injection issue for June 26, 2007. Jones argues that we should

grant him a stay for this reason. We cannot agree. Jones would have been entitled to a trial on

the merits had he brought his suit in time to allow consideration of the merits without requiring

entry of a stay, but he did not. Thus, the strong presumption against a stay operates against

Jones. The mere setting of a trial date in another case does not increase whatever preexisting risk

there was that a mistake will be made in his imminent execution (and cause pain that rises to the

level of cruel and unusual punishment). In fact, the equitable considerations in each case are

naturally different. Thus, the mere possibility of a trial date in another case does not affect the

balancing of the equities in this case.

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Accordingly, we affirm the district court’ s judgment denying Jones’s

motion to stay his execution, and we deny Jones’s motion to stay filed with us.

AFFIRMED; STAY OF EXECUTION DENIED.

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