Leperditicopid Ostf acodes from Qrdovician 

Rocks of Keiitutky and Neafby States and 

Characteristic Features of the Order 

Leperditicopida

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAFER 1 0 6 6~J

Prepared in cooperation with the 

Commonwealth of Kentucky, 

University of Kentucky, 

Kentucky Geological Survey
Leperditicopid Ostracodes from Ordovician 

Rocks of Kentucky and Nearby States and 

Characteristic Features of the Order 

Leperditicopida

#yJEANM. BERDAN

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF 

KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES

Edited by JOHN POJETA, JR.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 106 6-J

Prepared in cooperation with the 

Commonwealth of Kentucky, 

University of Kentucky, 

Kentucky Geological Survey

Descriptions and illustrations of 

16 ostracode taxa, including 

2 new genera, 3 new species, 

and 1 new subspecies, with 

discussions of their paleoecologic 

and stratigraphic significance

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT P R I NT I NG O FF I C E , W AS H I N GTO N : 1 9 84
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

WILLIAM P. CLARK, Secretary

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

Dallas L. Peck, Director

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Berdan, Jean Milton.

Leperditicopid ostracodes from Ordovician rocks of Kentucky and nearby states and 

characteristic features of the Order Leperditicopida.

(Geological Survey professional paper ; 1066-J)

Bibliography: p. 00

Supt. of Docs, no.: I 19.16:1315

1. Leperditicopida. 2. Paleontology Ordovician. 3. Paleontology Kentucky.

I. Pojeta.John. II. Title. IE. Title: Contributions to the Ordovician Paleontology

of Kentucky and nearby states. IV. Series. 

QE817.08B468 1984 565'.33 83-600330

For sale by the Distribution Branch, U.S. Geological Survey, 

604 South Pickett Street, Alexandria, VA 22304
CONTENTS

Page

Str&tiffTSLDllic OCCU.FT6 RC6 __________________________________________________________________________________"_____________________ 17

Systematic paleontology ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— 18

Family Leperditiidae—————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— 18

Eoleperditia fabulites (Conrad, 1843) ——————————————————————————————————————————————————————— 18

Eoleperditia caecigena (Miller, 1881) ——————————————————————————————————————————————————————— 20

Eoleperditia sp. aff. E. pauquettiana (Jones, 1858) ——————————————————————————————————————————————— 20

Bivia tumidula (Ulrich, 1891) ——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— 21

Bivia linneyi (Ulrich, 1891) ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— 22

Bivia frankfortensis (Ulrich, 1891) ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————— 24

Teichochilinajonesi (Wetherby, 1881) —————————————————————————————————————————————————————— 27

Parabriartina modesta (Ulrich and Swain, 1957)———————————————————————————————————————————————— 28

Ceratoleperditia kentuckyensis (Ulrich, 1891) ————————————————————————————————————————————————— 29

Kenodontochilina pustulosa n. sp.————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— 31

Kenodontochilina subnodosa subnodosa (Ulrich, 1891)———————————————————————————————————————————— 31

Kenodontochilina subnodosa glabra n. subsp. ————————————————————————————————————————————————— 32

Saffordellina muralis (Ulrich and Bassler, 1923)———————————————————————————————————————————————— 33

Saffordellina striatella n. sp. ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— 33

Loc3.1itv rGcristfir______________________-_____________________—_______________________________ 34

*_________ __________________________________________________________ 37

ILLUSTRATIONS

	[Plates follow references cited]

PLATE 1. Eoleperditia fabulites.

2. Eoleperditia caecigena, Eoleperditia sp. aff. E. pauquettiana, Eoleperditia pauquettiana.

3. Bivia tumidula.

4. Bivia tumidula.

5. Bivia linneyi.

6. Bivia frankfortensis.

7. Isochilina copelandi, Isochilina sp., Parabriartina sp., Parabriartina modesta, Ceratoleperditia kentuckyensis.

8. Isochilina Ottawa, Teichochilinajonesi.

9. Teichochilinajonesi.

10. Kenodontochilina pustulosa, Kenodontochilina subnodosa subnodosa, Kenodontochilina subnodosa glabra.

11. Saffordellina muralis, Kenodontochilina? clavigera, Saffordellina striatella, Kenodontochilina nelsoni.

m
IV CONTENTS

Page

FIGURE 1. Index map of Kentucky showing quadrangles from which collections were made—————————————————————————— J2 

2, 3. Diagrams showing:

2. Terminology used for leperditicopes ———————————————————————————————————————————————— 5

3. Stratigraphic position of leperditicopes —————————————————————————————————————————————— 17 

4, 5. Scatter diagrams showing:

4. Length versus height ofBivia tumidula —————————————————————————————————————— 23

5. Length versus height of Bivia frankfortensis————————————————————————————————— 25

TABLES

Page

TABLE 1. Genera of leperditicopid ostracodes and their distinguishing characters ——————————————————————————————— J6 

2-8. Measurements of

3. Bivia tumidula from USGS collection 5015-CO —————————————————————————————————————————— 22

4. Bivia tumidula from USGA collection 6137-CO—————————————————————————————————————————— 22

5. Bivia frankfortensis ————————————————————————————————————————————— 24

6. Isochilina copelandi ——————————————————————————————————————————————— 26

7. Teichochilinajonesi ———————————————————————————————————————————— 27

8. Saffordellina striatella ————————————————————————————————————————— 34

SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT UNITS

The investigations underlying this series of reports were made over a period of years, and distances and Stratigraphic measurements appear 

fairly uniformly in English units. Measurements of fossil specimens, on the other hand, follow the longstanding convention of appearing in 

metric units. Because of the dates of the investigations and the amount of resulting data, the English measurements have been retained. Conversions to metric units may be made by using the following conversion table:

To convert English unit: To metric unit: Multiple by:

Mile (mi) Kilometer (km) 1.61

Foot (ft) Meter (m) .305

Inch (in.) Centimeter (cm) .394
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES

LEPERDITICOPID OSTRACODES FROM ORDOVICIAN 

ROCKS OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES AND

CHARACTERISTIC 

FEATURES OF THE ORDER LEPERDITICOPIDA

By JEAN M. BERDAN

ABSTRACT

Leperditicopid ostracodes from the Ordovician formations of Kentucky occur in micritic to fine-grained carbonate rocks believed to 

represent shallow-water facies. They are found at widely separated 

horizons in the Middle Ordovician High Bridge Group, the Middle 

and Upper Ordovician Lexington Limestone, and the Upper Ordovician Ashlock, Bull Fork, and Drakes Formations. In this sequence, 

the leperditicopes are represented by two genera of leperditiids, 

Eoleperditia Swartz, 1949 and Bivia Berdan, 1976, and six isochilinid 

genera, Isochilina Jones, 1858, Teichochilina Swartz, 1949, Ceratoleperditia Harris, 1960, Parabriartina n. gen., Kenodontochilina n. 

gen., and Saffordellina Bassler and Kellett, 1934; the type species 

of the hitherto poorly known genus Saffordellina, S. muralis (Ulrich 

and Bassler, 1923), is redescribed and refigured. In all, 18 taxa, of 

which 2 are in open nomenclature, are described and illustrated. In 

addition, the family Isochilinidae Swartz, 1949 is redefined to include genera without marginal brims and with straight ventral contact margins. The morphological characteristics of leperditicopid 

genera are discussed, and a table listing described genera and their 

diagnostic features is included.

INTRODUCTION

This paper is one of a series describing various elements of the Ordovician fauna of Kentucky, based 

upon collections made during the course of a program 

to map the geology of the State conducted by the U.S. 

Geological Survey in cooperation with the Kentucky 

Geological Survey. A previous paper (Warshauer and 

Berdan, 1982) dealt with the palaeocopid and podocopid 

ostracodes of the Lexington Limestone and lower Clays 

Ferry Formation, which are Middle and early Late Ordovician in age. This paper contains descriptions and 

discussions of leperditicopid ostracodes from the High 

Bridge Group (Middle Ordovician), the Lexington 

Limestone (Middle and Upper Ordovician), and the

Ashlock, Bull Fork, and Drakes Formations (Upper Ordovician). The collections from which ostracodes were 

obtained were made for megafossils such as brachiopods and pelecypods rather than for ostracodes; 

however, the large size of most leperditicopids makes 

them easy to see in the field, and it is probable that 

most if not all of the beds in which leperditicopids are 

abundant are represented in the collections. In all, 32 

collections were made from 18 localities in 12 mapped 

7.5-minute quadrangles, which are shown on figure 1. 

In addition to these recent collections by members of 

the U.S. Geological Survey, older collections in the 

U.S. National Museum of Natural History have been 

examined, and, where possible, the types of older 

genera and species have been refigured because many 

of the original illustrations are drawings that do not 

represent the characters of the described taxon adequately.

Of the 32 collections containing leperditicopid ostracodes, 8, or one-fourth of the total number, yielded 

silicified specimens. Of these, all but one are from the 

Lexington Limestone, the one exception is from the 

Ashlock Formation. Some of the silicified specimens 

show well-preserved muscle scars and details of the 

marginal structures, but in many the margins and 

especially the cardinal angles, which are used to determine species, are broken. Where possible, study and 

illustration of the silicified material have been supplemented by study of calcitic specimens from the same 

collection. The calcitic specimens were prepared by 

heating, quenching the rock in cold water, and cleaning the specimens with a vibratool and needle. The 

matrix in which the leperditicopes occur is generally 

very fine grained and does not separate easily from the 

shell; when broken or crushed, the rock tends to break

Ji
J2 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES

85° 84°

39°

X

Index map showing area of report

._

/

.--r

"V

Frankfort

38° --\

c

S

Lexington o

12

C

6

~=r^:

m

i „

v. xV

X

\ 5

\

\

Vl/^

/'

\

x.

11

-v.

8 9

\

.-A..

.>-

X

.-\ L""v/-'

\

10 20 30 40 MILES

FIGURE 1.—Quadrangles in Kentucky from which collections of leperditicopes were made. Dashed lines represent quadrangles with outcrops 

of the High Bridge Group, solid lines those with outcrops of the Lexington Limestone, and the dotted pattern those with outcrops of Upper 

Ordovician formations. 1, Frankfort East; 2, Sherburne; 3; Hillsboro; 4, Owingsville; 5, Preston; 6, Wilmore; 7, Valley View; 8, Perryville; 9, 

Danville; 10, Bryantsville; 11, Moberly; 12, Lebanon West. Index map shows location of study area (shaded).
LEPERDITICOPID OSTRACODES J3

through rather than around the fossils. Consequently, 

preparation of specimens to show diagnostic features 

necessary for classification is a tedious and timeconsuming process, and the number of specimens 

recorded for any species does not necessarily reflect the 

actual number of individuals in the collection. In addition, many specimens have been broken diagenetically 

in the matrix. Because of these limitations, no attempt 

has been made to carry out statistical studies, and for 

some taxa it has not even been possible to determine 

an ontogenetic series. Carapaces with both valves 

together in a natural position, neither sheared nor 

crushed, are extremely rare; this has impeded study of 

the amount and character of overlap in some taxa.

In spite of problems with the preservation of some of 

the collections from Kentucky, enough material is 

available to redescribe and evaluate the older taxa and 

distinguish two new genera, three new species, and one 

new subspecies. In addition, one formerly poorly 

known genus and species from Tennessee has been 

described and refigured for comparison with one of the 

new species from Kentucky. An extended section on 

the classification and morphology of the Order Leperditicopida has been included because much of the 

literature on this group is scattered and not readily 

available in English.

The type specimens of all new taxa are deposited in 

the United States National Museum of Natural History 

(USNM). In addition to other USNM material, specimens were borrowed from the Geological Survey of 

Canada (GSC) and one holotype was borrowed from the 

Walker Museum collections, formerly at the University of Chicago (UC) but now at the Field Museum 

of Natural History, Chicago, 111.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am most grateful to F. J. Collier of the U.S. National Museum of Natural History and Murray J. 

Copeland of the Geological Survey of Canada for making types of leperditicopes in their respective institutions available to me. Especial thanks are due to John 

Pojeta, Jr., who, as editor of this series of publications 

on the Ordovician paleontology of Kentucky and nearby States, has provided invaluable assistance as well 

as most of the collections.

CLASSIFICATION AND MORPHOLOGY

The order Leperditicopida Scott, 1961 comprises 

large, generally smooth ostracodes which range from 

the Late Cambrian(?) (Frederickson, 1946, p. 578, textfigs. 1-3; Palmer, 1954, p. 774, pi. 91, figs. 14, 15, 17)

through the Late Devonian (Abushik, 1964, 1979; 

Schevtsov, 1971). Although leperditicopes have been 

reported from rocks as old as Middle Cambrian 

(Abushik, 1960a), these have since been reclassified as 

belonging in the order Bradoriida by Jones and 

McKenzie (1980, p. 207). Abushik (1979, p. 31) stated 

that no reliable data confirm the presence of leperditicopes in the Cambrian or in the Carboniferous. 

Because of their large size and abundance in certain 

beds, leperditicopes came early to the attention of 

paleontologists, and an extensive descriptive literature 

was developed throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. 

Detailed morphologic studies were not begun until the 

latter half of the 20th century, initiated by Swartz 

(1949) and signally extended by Abushik (1960b). However, because much of the literature is scattered, not 

readily available, or not in English, it seems desirable 

to present a brief review of the order here.

Most leperditicopes were identified as Cytherina 

until the middle of the 19th century. An abbreviated 

chronological account of the development of the suprageneric classification of leperditicopes follows below.

1851. Rouault proposed the genus Leperditia with Leperditia brittanica as the type species.

1856. Jones proposed the family Leperditidae which he put questionably under the Phyllopoda, and described five species.

1858. Jones suggested Isochilina as a subgenus of Leperditia, with 

Isochilina Ottawa as the type species.

1923. Ulrich and Bassler restricted the family Leperditiidae Jones 

to three genera, Leperditia Rouault, Isochilina Jones, and 

Saffordella (sic) Ulrich and Bassler.

1934. Bassler and Kellett introduced the superfamily Leperditacea 

to include the families Leperditiidae and Leperditellidae 

and corrected the junior homonym Saffordella to Saffordellina.

1949. Swartz proposed that the Isochilininae be separated as a subfamily from the Leperditiinae in the family Leperditiidae.

1953. Henningsmoen considered that the superfamily Leperditacea 

included the Leperditiidae but questioned the inclusion of 

the Leperditellidae.

1953. Pokorny introduced the suborder Leperditiida because he 

considered the character of the muscle scars and the presumed presence of a heart to be primitive characters.

1958. Pokorny raised the Leperditiida to an order which included 

only the family Leperditiidae with the subfamilies Leperditiniinae and Isochilininae.

1960. Ivanova proposed the subclass Ostracodoidea to contain the 

three orders Bradoriida Raymond, 1935, Leperditiida 

Pokorny, 1953 and Ostracoda Latreille, 1804.

1960. Abushik, Zanina, and Polenova considered the Leperditiida as 

a suborder of the order Palaeocopida Henningsmoen, 1953 

which included the families Leperditiidae (with subfamilies 

Leperditiinae and Hermanninae Abushik, 1960), and Isochilinidae, but they also included the superfamily Aparchitacea 

in the suborder Leperditiida.

1961. Scott introduced the term Leperditicopida as an order, to 

include only the families Leperditiidae and Isochilinidae. As 

thus constituted, the order Leperditicopida Scott, 1961 is an 

exact equivalent of the order Leperditiida Pokorny, 1953. 

Scott's nomenclature is used here because in vernacular use
J4 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES

the term "leperditiid" could apply to either the order or the 

family and thus become a source of confusion.

The order Leperditicopida, as currently understood, 

consists of a group of about 35 genera. These have in 

common the ordinal characters of large size, large adductor muscle scars composed of many individual muscle stigmata (Scott, 1961; Gramm, 1982, p. 201-202; 

see pi. 4, fig. 1; pi. 9, figs. 8, 9), and an overlap of the 

right valve over the left (pi. 2, fig. 3). Leperditicopes 

tend to be postplete in lateral outline and to have the 

greatest width in the anterior half of the carapace 

(pi. 2, fig. 3); they also tend to develop tubercles (pi. 4, 

figs. 3, 5) on the anterodorsal part of each valve which 

are generally considered to represent the sites of eyes 

(Abushik, 1964, p. 217; 1966). The family Leperditiidae 

contains genera with markedly unequal valves that 

have a distinct overlap and a sinuous commissure in 

ventral view (pi. 3, fig. 6). The left valve commonly has 

a narrow stop ridge against which the ventral edge of 

the right valve fits (pi. 4, fig. 4). The family Isochilinidae, in contrast, contains genera with nearly equal 

valves that have little ventral overlap (pi. 8, fig. 4), and 

was defined by Swartz (1949, p. 310-311) as having a 

complete brim (pi. 9, fig. 3) around the free margins of 

both valves. Swartz (1949, p. 321) noted that some 

species then assigned to Isochilina have valves virtually 

equal, have a plane commissure in ventral view, but 

lack marginal brims (pi. 7, figs. 10-21). Such taxa are 

here considered to belong with the isochilinids rather 

than the leperditiids, and the family Isochilinidae 

Swartz, 1949 is redefined to include leperditicopes in 

which the ventral commissure is plane and there is no 

conspicuous overlap, although a marginal brim may be 

lacking. This results in classifying genera such as 

Ceratoleperditia, Pteroleperditia, Kiaeria, and 

Parabriartina with the isochilinids rather than the 

leperditiids.

In addition to the plane commissure and subequal 

valves of the isochilinids, they also tend to have more 

extreme lobation than the leperditiids; the muscle scar 

may be elevated on a boss, eye tubercles are more 

prominent, and additional lobation may be developed. 

The isochilinid genera also tend to have more diffuse 

and less well defined subocular scars than the leperditiids.

Features that have been used to differentiate leperditicopid genera include the lateral outline, the 

presence or absence of a posterodorsal swelling on the 

left valve or on both valves, the development of nodes 

or sulci, the character of the marginal structures, the 

type of muscle scars, and the type of hingement. These 

characters, and the terminology used for them in this 

paper, are shown diagrammatically in figure 2. The 

sketches are composite and do not represent any single

genus. In the interests of simplicity, a few features 

mentioned in the text have been omitted, such as the 

trailing chevron scar of genera like Gibberella (see 

Abushik, 1960b, fig. 22) andDihogmochilina(3ee Copeland, 1970, pi. 2, fig. 19) and the ventral alar projection 

of genera like Ceratoleperditia (pi. 7, figs. 18-21). It 

should be noted that the cross section of a leperditiid is 

based on actual specimens of Eoleperditia (pi. 1, figs. 1, 

2), whereas that of the isochilinid is largely deduced 

from nonarticulated specimens.

The left valve of the leperditiids has a ventral overlap platform (fig. 2; pi. 1, fig. 6; pi. 4, fig. 4) which is 

usually bounded by a stop ridge that receives the edge 

of the ventral lappet of the right valve. This overlap 

platform is always developed to a greater or lesser 

degree in leperditiids; it may be present in isochilinids, 

but where present it is very narrow (pi. 8, fig. 4). In 

addition to the stop ridge, the overlap platform may 

have a very fine ridge parallel to the contact margin 

(pi. 1, fig. 6; pi. 6, fig. 14), here termed the selvage (not 

shown on fig. 2).

Table 1 lists described leperditicopid genera arranged 

in approximate stratigraphic order, and the characters 

that have been used to define them. This table is based 

as much as possible on the original descriptions of the 

type species of each genus, but has been supplemented 

by later studies, especially those of Abushik (1960b, 

1964) and Copeland (1962, 1970). No attempt has been 

made to indicate relationships below the family level 

or to suggest possible synonymy. Some of the characters 

listed are of ordinal or familial rank, but were included 

because either they were mentioned in the original 

description or they can be determined from illustrations; they provide information on the taxonomic position of the genus. Names in parentheses below the 

generic names are those of the type species. Although 

the genera in table 1 are divided into the families 

Leperditiidae and Isochilinidae, further study may 

show that some of them should be reassigned because 

of the revised family diagnoses. The genus Briartina 

Kegel, 1933 is here classified with the leperditiids 

because the type species, B. quenstedti Giimbel, 1874 is 

figured by Kegel (1933, p. 925, fig. 12) with an overlap 

platform, although the new genus Parabriartina is considered an isochilinid because of its narrow platform 

and straight ventral margin. Although Moelleritia 

Abushik, 1968 and Paramoelleritia Wang, 1976 may 

have straight ventral margins, they are here left under 

the Leperditiidae because Copeland (1962, p. 4, fig. 1) 

shows a wide overlap platform on M. canadensis. Further study of the ventral margins of these genera 

would be desirable.

One of the problems with leperditicopid classification 

at the generic level is that many of the features used to
LEPERDITICOPID OSTRACODES J5

LEPERDITHDAE ISOCHILINIDAE

Right valve

Eye tubercle 

Chevron scar

Cardinal angle 

Marginal brim

Cardinal angle

Marginal brim

Locking pits

Ventral view

Ventral lappet

Postdorsal swelling

Left valve

Postdorsal swelling

Ventral view

Overlap platform Overlap platform

Cross section Right 

valve

Right 

valve

Stop peg

Figure 2.—Generalized diagram showing characters of leperditicopes and the terminology used for them in this report.

define genera are visible only on well-preserved specimens. Kegel (in Paeckelmann, 1922, p. 16) and Swartz 

(1949, p. 308) considered the presence or absence of a 

taxodont hinge as a generic character, but, as may be 

seen from table 1, this feature is not certainly known 

for most genera because of the difficulties in preparing 

specimens so that the hinge may be studied. In general, taxodont hingement has not been found in Ordovician genera, and the tongue-and-groove hingement 

characteristic of Ordovician forms may persist into the 

Devonian, as shown by Chevroleperditia Swartz, 1949, 

now known to be a Devonian genus (Pojeta, Kriz, and 

Berdan, 1976, p. 8). Further study of the hingement of 

most leperditicopid genera is needed.

Other structures which may be difficult to determine 

and which have been used to differentiate leperditiid
TABLE I.—Genera of leperditicopid ostracodes and their distinguishing characters arranged in stratigraphic order and by family

[o.p., overlap platform; RV, right valve; LV, left valve. Characters not mentioned in the original description are indicated by dashes]

Genus

Bivia Berdan, 1976 — —— ——

(Leperditia bivia White,

1874)

Eoleperditia Swartz, 1949 ——

(Cytherina fabulites

Conrad, 1843)

Araisoc/uZmaTeichert, 1937 -

(A. punctulifera Teichert,

1937)

Heterochilina Poulsen, 1937-

(H. obliqua Poulsen, 1937)

Paraeoleperditia Adachi &

Igo, 1980 (P. fukujiensis

Adachi & Igo, 1980)

Sibiritia Abushik, 1958 — —

(Leperditia wiluiensis F.

Schmidt 1873).

Tollitia Abushik, 1960

(T. bitorosa Abushik, 1960)

Bispinitia Abushik, 1962 ——

(B. uralica Abushik, 1962)

Schrenckia Glebowskaya,

1949 (Cypridina grandis

Schrenk, 1854; see Bassler

Outline

Amplete —— —

Postplete — —

Slightly

postplete.

Slightly

postplete.

Postplete ——

Postplete ——

"Pfio+nl f\4-f\

Nearly

amplete.

Postplete —— -

Overlap

RV/LV, ends

flattened.

RV/LV, no

brim.

RV/LV very

slight.

RV/LV

RV/LV slight

on ventral

margin,

brims on

ends.

RV/LV strong

anteroventral.

RV/LV?, gape

anteroventral.

RV/LV, brim

on RV dorsal

only, brim

onLV

extends

ventrally.

RV/LV slight,

ends flattened.

Marginal structures Hinge

LEPERDITIIDAE

2-3 stops on Tongue and

RV. groove.

8-10 stops on Tongue and

RV. groove.

Stop ridge on _——_——_——

LV.

Stops on inner ____________

edge of RV,

"long row"

of papillae.

———————— Taxodont — —

4-10 stops —— ————————

fl'flF f*f*"ni"f*Ti* *zirvn

ridge and

ventral

lappet.

________ ____________

2 large ser- ____________

rated stops.

Muscle scars

Adductor, subocular scar

may be

present.

Adductor onlyAdductor onlyAdductor

large, trailing chevron.

Adductor and

small chevron.

Adductor and

good chevron.

Adductor and

chevron.

Adductor and

irregular

chevron.

Other features 

Eye tubercle small or lacking, o.p. on LV 

More or less distinct eye tubercle —————

Eye tubercle low and obscure, greatest gi

bosity ventral.

Eye tubercle, anteroventral ridge paralle

to free margin on RV only, thickening

along dorsal margin of LV. Undefined

sulcus behind eye tubercle on both valv

Eye tubercle large, "venose lines" radiat

from adductor.

Eye tubercle distinct, postdorsal swelling 

onLV. 

Eye tubercle small, postdorsal swelling o

LV, also anteroventral and postventral

swellings inside end margins.

Eye tubercle indistinct. Ends of RV draw

out into spines, ends of LV sharply ang

lar. No postdorsal swelling on LV.

Eye tubercle usually prominent, adducto

often raised, postdorsal swelling on bot

valves of some species.

and Kellett, 1934, p. 386)
TABLE I.—Genera of leperditicopid ostracodes and their distinguishing characters arranged in stratigraphic order and by family—Continue

Genus Outline Overlap Marginal structures Hinge Muscle scars Other features

LEPERDITIIDAE

Yukopsis Copeland, 1966 —— Postplete — 

(Y. jobi Copeland, 1966)

LeperditiaRouault, 1851 —— Postplete — — 

(L. brittanicaRouault, 1851)

Herrmannina Kegel, 1933 — Postplete —— - 

(Herrmannella waldschmidti Paeckelmann, 

1922)

RV with lappet, brims 

on ends.

No stops— Adductor in Node in position of eye tubercle, low pos

sulcus. dorsal nodes extending to or above dor

margin, ventromedian boss or spine. D

sal and free margins spinose or tuberc

late, surface pustulose.

RV/LV strong- Stop ridge on Taxodont —— Adductor and

LV, o.p. chevron.

RV/LV ———— Stop ridge on Taxodont —— Adductor and

LV, o.p. chevron.

Eye tubercle may or may not be present

postdorsal swelling on LV only. 

Eye tubercle may or may not be present

postdorsal swelling lacking. 

Paenaequina Solle, 1935 —— Amplete 

(P. pentagonalis Solle, 1935)

Chevroleperditia Swartz, Postplete — 

1949 (C. chevronalis Swartz, 

1949)

Paraleperditia Sun, 1978 —— Postplete — 

(P. zhongquoensis Sun, 

1978)

Eomoelleritia Abushik, 1972- Postplete — 

(E. kondiaini Abushik, 

1972)

Moelleritia Abushik, 1958 — Postplete — 

(Leperditia moelleri F. 

Schmidt, 1883)

ParamoelleritiaWang, 1976- Slightly 

(P. xiangzhouensis Wang, postplete. 

1976)

RV/LV slight, 4-6 stops on 

marginal RV at ends 

brim nearly of brim, 

complete.

RV/LV ———— Stop ridge on Tongue and 

LV? groove.

RV/LV large- Stop ridge on ——————— 

LV.

RV/LV, ends Stop ridge and — 

flattened. o.p. on LV.

RV/LV slight, Stop ridge and Finely

ends flat- small o.p. on taxodont.

tened. LV.

RV/LV large? 

brims on 

ends.

Adductor and 

small chevron.

Briartina Kegel, 1933 ———— Amplete——— RV/LV ———— Small o.p. 

(Leperditia quenstedti 

Gumbel, 1874)

Adductor and 

chevron.

Adductor and 

chevron.

Adductor and 

trailing 

chevron.

Adductor and 

chevron.

Eye tubercle well developed, type sp. wi

distinct ventral bulge. 

Eye tubercle distinct, no postdorsal swellin

Eye tubercle distinct. Postdorsal swelling 

both valves, hinge line incised. Very larg

Eye tubercle present, more or less distin

no dorsal inflation. 

Eye tubercle large, prominent dorsal swe

ings on both valves. 

Eye tubercle large, valves inflated dorsa

behind eye tubercle. 

Supposedly like Leperditia except for 

outline.
J8 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES

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TABLE 1.—Genera of leperditicopid ostracodes and their distinguishing characters arranged in stratigraphic order and by family—Continue

Genus Outline Overlap Marginal structures Hinge Muscle scars Other features 

ISOCHILINIDAE

Kiaeria Glebowskaya, 1949 - Postplete —— RV/LV slight- 2 stops ———— ———————— 

(Leperditia kiaeri 

Glebowskaya, 1949)

Sollenella Abushik, 1960 —— Amplete to

(S. subquadrata Abushik, slightly

1960) postplete.

Swartzochilina Scott, 1956— Strongly 

(Dihogmochilina strait- postplete. 

creekensis Swartz, 1949)

Nearly equi- Stop pits on 

valved, com- margin, 

plete brim.

Nearly equi- No stops——- 

valved, complete brim.

Adductor and Eye tubercle prominent, postdorsal swel

small chev- ing on both valves, midventral alar pro

ron. jection.

Adductor Eye tubercle small to inflated, no postoc

large, and lar sulcus. Post-Llandovery spp. with 

trailing swelling over adductor. 

chevron. 

Adductor Eye tubercle prominent, 4 distinct pits 

small, cut by anterior to it. Large subtriangular pos

furrow, ocular sulcus. 

large chevron.

Hogmochilina Solle, 1935—— Amplete to

(Isochilina (H.) elliptica slightly

Solle, 1935) postplete.

Holtedahlites Solle, 1936 —— Amplete- 

(Holtedahlina teres Solle, 

1935)

?Dalelina Sun, 1978 ————— Postplete — 

(D. quangxiensis Sun, 1978)

Nearly equi- ___________

valved, complete brim.

RV/LV, brim Row of stopscomplete on 

RV, narrow 

or lacking 

onLV.

Complete 

brim very 

narrow ventrally.

Adductor and Eye tubercle distinct, sulcus curves ante

trailing riorly around it; larger sulcus between 

chevron eye tubercle and adductor. 

(Abushik, 

1960).

Adductor 

large, chevtinct, no sulcus behind it 

and Eye tubercle large, sulcus behind it divid

trailing to go on either side of adductor. 

chevron.
J10 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES

genera since Swartz (1949, p. 308-309) called attention 

to their value are those along the free margins of both 

valves. These structures include prongs or pegs in the 

right valve that may or may not be reflected as pits on 

the exterior of the valve. These pegs presumably served 

as stops for the edge of the left valve (Ulrich, 1891, 

p. 174; 1894, p. 633, 635) as shown on plate 1, figures 1, 

2. However, in some species the internal pegs may not 

be reflected externally by pits; on some specimens 

when wetted the pegs may be seen as dark spots. 

Swartz (1949, p. 309) thought that post-Ordovician 

leperditiids lacked marginal stop pegs in the right 

valve; however, several Silurian and Devonian genera 

have been described that have these structures, as 

shown in table 1.

Abushik (1960b, p. 11) called attention to a series of 

smaller pits and pegs on the ends of the right valve on 

the flattened margins of the Silurian leperditiid genus 

Sibiritia Abushik, 1958; she differentiated these from 

the stop pits and considered them "locking pits." She 

compared them with pits on the right valve of Isochilina Ottawa Jones, 1858 as figured by Swartz (1949, 

pi. 67), and also shown on the paratype (GSC 1077a; 

pi. 8, fig. 2), and concluded that the "locking" pegs 

represented by the pits might have fitted into sockets 

on the interior of the left valve, and thus a tight seal 

was provided. The marginal structures of the isochilinids are less well known than those of the leperditiids; 

locking pegs may or may not be present, but as yet I 

have seen no indication of sockets into which they 

might fit.

One feature that has been used to distinguish genera 

is a posterodorsal swelling of the left or of both valves. 

The posterodorsal swelling of the left valve in the 

genus Leperditia Rouault, 1851, redescribed by Grekoff 

(1967), is the only character that separates Leperditia 

from Herrmannina Kegel, 1933. Abushik (1960, in 

Abushik, Zanina, and Polenova) proposed the subfamilies Leperditiinae and Herrmannininae in the 

family Leperditiidae on the basis of the presence or 

absence of posterodorsal swellings. However, although 

maintaining the subfamilies, Abushik (1964, p. 217) 

noted that the posterodorsal swelling of the left valve 

could be present or absent in specimens of Schrenckia 

grandis (Schrenk, 1852) from the same sample; later, 

Abushik (1979, p. 31) did not mention the subfamilies. 

In addition to Leperditia, leperditiid genera that have 

left-valve posterodorsal swellings are Sibiritia 

Abushik, 1958, Tollitia Abushik, 1960, Schrenckia 

Glebowskaya, 1949, Bivia Berdan, 1976, Paraleperditia 

Sun, 1978 and Yukopsis Copeland, 1966. Other genera, 

such as Moelleritia Abushik, 1978 and Paramoellerita 

Wang, 1976, have posterodorsal swellings in both 

valves, as does the isochilinid genus Gibberella

Abushik, 1958. Three additional isochilinid genera 

that have posterodorsal inflation are Ceratoleperditia 

Harris, 1960, Pteroleperditia Hamada, 1959 and 

Kiaeria Glebowskaya, 1949; these genera also differ 

from other leperditicopes in having ventral alar projections and may form a phylogenetic series as suggested 

by Abushik (1979, pi. 1, p. 34). ,

Abushik (1964, p. 217) considered the presence of eye 

tubercles (pi. 3, figs. 5, 8) to be an ordinal character, 

although in some taxa these structures may not be visible on the exterior. However, their position is commonly 

marked by a thinning of the shell that is reflected as a 

node on steinkerns or as a translucent spot on wetted 

specimens. Langer (1973, p. 45) noted that as long ago 

as 1873 Fr. Schmidt commented on the thinning of the 

shell at these tubercles and suggested that they marked 

the position of eyes. According to Langer (1973, p. 45, 

pi. 12, fig. 5), the structure of the shell wall does not 

change at the eye tubercle, but, although there is no indication of a lens, he considered the tubercle as probably translucent during the lifetime of the animal and 

as the site of a light sensitive organ.

Grooves, furrows, or sulci have been used as distinctive characters for some leperditicopid genera. These 

grooves or sulci appear to be due to the relative elevation of the eye tubercle, adductor scar, or other features 

above the surface of the valve, and thus differ from 

palaeocopid sulci, which are generally well-defined 

depressions below the valve surface. These features are 

more characteristic of isochilinid genera such as 

Isochilina Jones, 1858, Teichochilina Swartz, 1949, 

Dihogmochilina Teichert, 1937, Gibberella Abushik, 

1958, Swartzochilina Scott, 1956, Hogmochilina Solle, 

1935 and Dalelina Sun, 1978, although the little 

known leperditiid genus Heterochilina Poulson, 1937 is 

reported to have a poorly defined sulcus behind the eye 

tubercle (Poulson, 1937, p. 60). An extreme development of the elevation of eye tubercles and muscle scars 

is seen in the aberrant Ordovician isochilinid Saffordellina Bassler and Kellett, 1934 (pi. 11, figs. 1-4) in 

which the eye tubercle is a prominent node and the adductor is raised on a distinct subcircular anterocentral 

boss; in addition, other nodes and ridges are developed. 

An apparent exception to the tendency for the adductor 

muscle scar to become elevated is seen in the Late 

Silurian leperditiid genus Yukopsis Copeland, 1966, 

which Copeland (1966, p. 49) described as having the 

adductor scar located within the ventral end of a poorly 

defined sulcus. In general, adductor scars are more apt 

to be depressed in leperditiids, even if only slightly; in 

isochilinids they are nearly always raised to a greater 

or lesser degree.

One of the more important characters used to discriminate genera among the leperditicopid ostracodes
LEPERDITICOPID OSTRACODES Jll

is the character of the muscle scars. In general, all 

leperditicopes have a large oval adductor field in the 

anterocentral part of the valve (pi. 6, figs. 11, 13, 16), 

which in post-Ordovician genera is supplemented by a 

V-shaped or chevron-shaped field beneath the eye 

tubercle. A complex chevron scar is lacking in Ordovician leperditicopes, but both leperditiids (pi. 4, fig. 1) 

and isochilinids (pi. 9, figs. 8, 9) may have vertically 

elongated subocular muscle stigmata in the same position as the chevron scar. Abushik (1960b, p. 16-29) 

studied the adductor and chevron muscle scars of 

Silurian genera in detail and investigated the shapes 

and number of individual stigmata in both. She observed that the stigmata tend to be subdivided in some 

leperditiid genera and suggested the use of the terms 

"primary" and "secondary" to distinguish the undivided stigmata from those that are divided (Abushik, 

1960b, p. 18). According to Abushik (1960b, p. 18), 

secondary stigmata are not present in the isochilinids 

and in Ordovician leperditiids, may be preisent in 

Silurian leperditiids, and are always present in Devonian leperditiids; she suggested that the splitting of 

the stigmata is related to an increase in carapace size 

and consequent need for more muscle fibers by the 

animal, although equally large isochilinids do not 

show this division. Abushik (1960b, figs. 7-22) illustrated the chevron scars of Silurian species of the leperditiid genera Sibiritia, Leperditia, Schrenckia, Herrmannina, Tollitia, and Devonian Moelleritia, and 

Silurian species of the isochilinid genera Hogmochilina and Gibberella. She concluded (Abushik, 1960b, 

p. 29) that the characters of the chevron scars may be 

useful for distinguishing genera in the Leperditicopida. 

The function of the muscles that formed the chevron 

scar has not yet been determined, although several 

suggestions have been made. Triebel (1941, p. 332) 

referred to the figure of the Silurian species Leperditia 

hisingeri Schmidt, 1873 published by Chmielewski 

(1900, pi. 2, fig. 55), which shows the stigmata of the 

chevron encircling the eye tubercle, and proposed that 

the muscles were connected to the eyes. Swartz (1949, 

p. 307) considered that the chevron might have been 

made by muscles connected to the mouth parts. Pokorny 

(1958, p. 124, 126), following Scott (1951, p. 324,, pi. 51, 

fig. 2) attributed this scar to the antennal muscles. 

Abushik (1960b, p. 27) suggested that the chevron was 

caused by mandibular muscles, although she noted 

that a distinct chevron is lacking in the Ordovician 

genus Eoleperditia and that it is highly unlikely that 

Eoleperditia did not have these muscles. Possibly the 

chevron scar represents the point of attachment of an 

additional adductor muscle, as demonstrated by 

Anderson (1974, p. 83-85) for the living marine 

ostracode Cytheridea papillosa (Bosquet, 1851). However, it seems most probable to me that the chevron 

and other subocular scars (pi. 4, fig. 1; pi. 9, figs. 8, 9) 

were made by antennal muscles. Regardless of the 

function of the muscles attached to the chevron and 

other subocular scars, the increase in size and complexity of these scars from the Ordovician through the 

Devonian suggests a progressive change in the living 

habits of the Leperditicopida.

In addition to the adductor and subocular scars, two 

other groups of smaller scars have been recognized in 

the leperditiids (Abushik, 1960b, p. 16-17, fig. 6)-the 

anterior pre-ocular group and the anterodorsal group. 

The individual stigmata composing these scars are so 

small that they are difficult to determine on most 

specimens where the scars can be seen, and consequently they have not been used for classification. 

Swartz (1949, p. 307, pi. 65, figs. 9, 15; pi. 66, fig. 4), 

Scott (1951, p. 322-323, pi. 51, figs. 2, 4) and Abushik 

(1960b, p. 17, fig. 6) illustrated these scars. Swartz 

(1949, p. 307) suggested that they represented muscles 

attached to the foregut, but did not rule out the possibility that some were connected to the appendages. 

Scott (1951, p. 324, pi. 51, fig. 4), working with wellpreserved material of the Ordovician species Eoleperditia fabulites, designated the scars by letters and considered that the anterior pre-ocular group, his scars a, 

a' and b as well as the subocular b', were made by 

muscles attached to the antennules and antennae, and 

that the anterodorsal group, his scars c-f, were possible endoskeleton scars or of unknown origin, except for 

c and c', which he believed were mandibular. Abushik 

(1960b, p. 27-29) rejected Scott's placement of the mandibular scars in the anterodorsal group because of their 

position above the adductor scar, and suggested that 

some of the scars anterior to the eye tubercle figured by 

Swartz and Scott might have had the same function as 

the chevron scar, by her inference, mandibular. 

Abushik (1960b, p. 29) also noted that the scars of the 

anterior pre-ocular and anterodorsal groups are fairly 

stable through time and cannot be used for classification. These scars are difficult to see and have not yet 

been found in the isochilinids, although presumably 

they are present. Neither group of scars can be readily 

recognized on any of the specimens from Kentucky.

A feature of the interior of the leperditicopid valve 

that has apparently not been reported by previous 

workers is the presence in the anterior and anteroventral part of scattered low tubercles (pi. 4, fig. 1; pi. 8, 

fig. 5; pi. 9, figs. 8, 9). These have been found in 

silicified specimens of Teichochilina jonesi (Wetherby, 

1881) and as impressions on a steinkern of Bivia 

tumidula (Ulrich, 1891); their significance is not 

known. They do not appear to be related to the 

tubercles composing the muscle scars; possibly they
J12 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES

represent some sort of attachment of the shell to the inner lamella. They are in the same position as the 

"venose lines" illustrated by Scott (1951, pi. 51, fig. 2) 

for Eoleperditia fabulites, and may be comparable to 

them, but the features on Scott's specimen and T. 

jonesi and B. tumidula are disjunct, unlike true 

"vascular markings" (pi. 8, fig. 5) which are also 

posteroventral rather than anteroventral.

The wall structure of the leperditicopes was studied 

by Scott (1951, p. 323), Levinson (1951, p. 554, pi. 77, 

figs. 5a, b), Abushik (1960b, p. 12-13, pi. 1, figs. 1-4), 

Adamczak (1961, p. 63-67), and Langer (1971, p. 

184-186; 1973, p. 38-45, pi. 11-15), among others. As 

noted by Adamczak (1961, p. 63) and Langer (1973, p. 

38), the prismatic character of the leperditicopid shell 

has been recognized since the middle of the 19th century. The calcite prisms are oriented perpendicular to 

the surface of the shell, as shown by Langer (1973, pis. 

13,15) and Majewske (1969, pis. 17,18). Scott (1951, p. 

323) considered that the shell was composed of three 

layers, an inner and an outer dark layer and a light 

middle layer; Levinson (1951, p. 554) found two layers, 

a third layer being present on only one specimen. 

Abushik (1960b, p. 12) believed that there were four 

layers, an inner and an outer chitinous layer and between these an inner and an outer calcareous layer, the 

inner calcareous layer being yellowish in thin section 

and the outer calcareous layer being colorless and 

prismatic. Adamczak (1961, p. 63-64) recognized three 

layers, an outer dark layer, a median thick prismatic 

layer, and an inner dark layer. The most recent and 

most extensive study of leperditicopid wall structure 

was done by Langer (1973, p. 38-41); he concluded that 

there were two principal layers, the inner tabulatum 

fibrosum (= dark layer of this paper) and the outer 

tabulatum graviprismaticum (= prismatic layer of this 

paper). He considered an outermost layer of micritic 

structure to be due to diagenesis of the prismatic layer.

Some steinkerns of leperditicopid specimens show a 

pattern of raised ridges radiating from the adductor 

muscle scar; according to Triebel (1941, p. 331), these 

were observed as early as 1873 by F. Schmidt, who 

called them "Gefasse," or vessels. Triebel (1941, 

p. 331) described them as occurring on steinkerns of 

leperditiids and considered them to be marks of true 

blood vessels, with the consequent implication that the 

leperditiids possessed a heart. Pokorny (1953, p. 

229-232; 1958, p. 124; 1965, p. 130-131) accepted this 

conclusion, as did most subsequent authors, and based 

his Order Leperditiida in part upon the presumed 

presence of a heart in this group. Adamczak and 

Weyant (1973, p. 524-526) discovered similar markings in the Devonian non-leperditicope genus Rishona 

Sohn, 1961 which they also considered as part of a

vascular system. However, Sohn (1974, p. 725) questioned the interpretation of these structures as blood 

vessels because they appear to be within the calcified 

shell walls. Langer (1973, p. 45) noted that, in species 

of Herrmannina, these markings appear weakly after 

the upper surface of the valve is strongly etched but 

stated that their relationship to the shell structure was 

not known.

Some silicifled specimens of Teichochilina jonesi 

(Wetherby, 1881) from the Devils Hollow Member of 

the Lexington Limestone (USGS colln. 5095-CO and 

5087-CO, pi. 8, figs. 3, 5) show these radiating markings both on the inside and the outside of the valves. 

However, in these specimens the external markings on 

a partly corroded valve are finer and do not appear to 

correspond to the anastomosing channels seen on the 

interior. These external markings are almost certainly 

part of the valve structure. Langer (1973, p. 39-40, 

pi. 13, figs. 1, 2) showed that the calcite prisms of the 

prismatic layer are composed of transverse platelike 

elements (internodia), which interlock with those of adjoining prisms to strengthen the shell. Possibly the 

radiating ridges seen on the exterior of corroded specimens are sites where the internodia are denser or 

interlock more closely, and the ridges are devices to 

strengthen the valve against the pull of the adductor 

muscle. The radiating external ornamentation of Saffordellina (pi. 11, figs. 1-4) appears to be an extreme 

sample of this structure. This explanation does not 

apply to the radiating channels seen on the interior of 

the valves, which may well be the impressions of some 

sort of vascular structure.

Although leperditicopids have been generally considered to have thick or relatively thick shells (Swartz, 

1949, p. 311; Scott, 1961, p. Q103; Abushik, 1964, 

p. 214; and others), their shells may be no thicker than 

those of many other ostracodes in proportion to the size 

of the leperditicopid carapace. This may be readily 

seen by comparing illustrations of thin sections of 

leperditiids with those of other ostracodes magnified to 

the same size. In addition, in many collections the leperditicopid valves after preparation prove to be diagenetically broken in the rock, which suggests that the 

shell structure was not particularly strong. Adamczak 

(1961, p. 63) and Rosenfeld (1979, fig. 3A) noted that 

several podocopid genera also have prismatic wall 

structure, although the prisms are smaller than those 

of the leperditicopid shell. However, as with the shell 

thickness, the relative size of the prisms is comparable 

in both groups.

The ontogeny of leperditiid ostracodes has been 

studied by Scott (1951) for the Ordovician species 

Eoleperditia fabulites (Conrad, 1843) and by Belak 

(1977) for the Lower Devonian species Herrmannina
LEPERDITICOPID OSTRACODES J13

alta (Conrad, 1841). Scott (1951, p. 323-325) considered 

that he had eight instars of Eoleperditia fabulites 

represented in his material, although he thought that 

nine might be present. Belak (1977, p. 945-951) found 

nine molt stages in Herrmannina alta and stated that 

Scott probably also had nine. Both authors found a certain amount of overlap in length and height measurements between molt stages. Belak (1977, p. 945) considered the growth of H. alta to be virtually isometric, 

although he noted that in E. fabulites the hinge length 

decreased significantly with respect to shell length 

throughout ontogeny. As yet no comparable studies 

have been done on isochilinids owing to lack of adequate material. However, although a complete series of 

instars is not available, juvenile specimens of 

Ceratoleperditia kentuckyensis (Ulrich, 1891) have 

less pronounced alar processes than presumed adults 

(pi. 7, figs. 16-20); allometry may be shown in the 

spine, which appears to have increased in relative size 

during ontogeny.

The question of possible sexual dimorphism in leperditicopid ostracodes has been raised by Abushik (1964) 

and Heidrich (1977). Abushik (1964, p. 217) suggested 

that the posterodorsal swelling of the left valve might 

be a dimorphic character, because it could be present or 

absent in specimens of the Silurian species Schrenckia 

grandis (Schrenk, 1854) from the same sample; she 

noted that if this proved to be true of other species, the 

distinction between the Silurian-Devonian genera 

Leperditia and Herrmannina and therefore the Leperditiinae and Herrmannininae would be invalid. 

Heidrich (1977, p. 7) assumed that dimorphism was 

shown by the degree of curvature of valves, swellings 

on dorsal or ventral margins, the position of greatest 

convexity, the width of the marginal brim anteriorly 

and posteriorly, and other features, including the stop 

pits on the right valve of Schrenckia. Schallreuter 

(1978, p. 6-7) discussed Heidrich's criteria and concluded that, although some of the features mentioned 

could be dimorphic, Heidrich's conclusion that the 

alar processes on the Silurian Leperditia obesa Kummerow, 1924 were developed to hold spermatozooids is 

unjustified because alar processes have been found on 

many species in immature instars, as in Ceratoleperditia kentuckyensis, whereas normally in ostracodes 

dimorphism cannot be determined before the A-3 

growth stage. The same argument can be used against 

the suggestion by Abushik (1964, p. 217) that the 

posterodorsal swelling on several leperditiid genera is 

dimorphic, as it occurs in juvenile instars of Bivia 

tumidula (pi. 3, fig. 2). Whereas the probability is great 

that leperditicopids were sexually dimorphic rather 

than parthenogenetic, as noted by Schallreuter (1978, 

p. 6), dimorphism is not necessarily expressed in the

carapace. As yet there is no unequivocal evidence of 

dimorphism in the leperditicopids.

Swartz (1949, p. 311) and some other authors suggested that the leperditicopes might not be ostracodes, 

and most recently Heidrich (1977) argued that they 

should be classed with the Entomostraca under the 

order Phyllopoda. Heidrich (1977, p. 2-3, fig. 1) based 

this changed classification in part on a specimen that 

he considered to show the body of a phyllopod in a 

valve of the Silurian Leperditia baltica (Hisinger, 

1831). According to Schallreuter (1978, p. 2), the specimen described by Heidrich is now lost, but it was seen 

by Krommelbein, who did not consider that the body 

and appendages shown by Heidrich belonged with the 

leperditiid valve, but were instead part of the spiralia 

of a brachiopod. This matter must remain unresolved 

until Heidrich's specimen, or others with appendages, 

are found, but, as noted by Schallreuter (1978, p. 2), 

even if the leperditicopid body were as indicated by 

Heidrich, this would not justify an assignment of the 

Leperditicopida to the Entomostraca. Schallreuter 

(1978, p. 2) cited the calcareous carapace, complete 

molting of entire carapace, and discrete valves not 

joined at dorsum as evidence of the ostracode affinites 

of leperditicopes, as none of these features is typical of 

entomostracans. Although the leperditicopes differ in 

many respects from other ostracodes, they are closer to 

ostracodes than to any other group of Crustacea and 

are here classified accordingly.

Criteria used to distinguish leperditicopid species are 

usually those of degree rather than kind, such as the 

relative width of the marginal brim, relative tumidity, 

degree of acuteness of the cardinal angles, lateral outline, ventral or end outline, surface ornamentation and 

similar features. Unfortunately, many of these characters, especially the form of the cardinal angles, are 

obscured or altered by poor preservation, and careful 

preparation of a number of specimens is usually necessary to determine which species of a genus is present.

PALEOECOLOGY

In order to provide a basis for comparison of the 

paleoenvironments inhabited by the Ordovician leperditicopes of Kentucky, I have here summarized some of 

the information on leperditicopes of other ages and 

areas. More information is available on the field occurrence and paleoecology of leperditiid ostracodes than of 

isochilinids, so most of the following comments, both 

published and unpublished, refer to leperditiids, 

although both families occur together in the Ordovician of Kentucky. Leperditiids tend to occur in large 

numbers, as dissociated valves representing several
J14 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES

molt stages, on bedding planes of fine-grained sedimentary rocks. Usually these are limestones or 

dolomites, but they may also be shales and siltstones. 

Some of the North American concentrations of leperditiids in carbonate rocks are found in the Lehman Formation (lower Middle Ordovician) of western Utah, the 

Leigh Dolomite Member of the Bighorn Dolomite (Upper Ordovician) of Wyoming, many horizons in carbonates of the midcontinent region of the United 

States and Canada (Middle Ordovician through 

Silurian), the Black River Group (Middle Ordovician) 

of New York, the Tonoloway Limestone (Upper 

Silurian) of Maryland, and the Manlius Limestone 

(Lower Devonian) of New York; many other formations 

could be cited. However, similar concentrations of 

leperditiids also occur in clastic rocks, such as the red 

shales and siltstones of the Grimsby Formation (Lower 

Silurian) as used by Fisher and others (1961) of New 

York and the gray shales and siltstones of the Eastport 

Formation (Lower Devonian) of Maine.

Walker and Laporte (1970, p. 934-936, 938-939), in 

comparing the paleoenvironments of the Manlius 

Limestone and the Black River Group, included leperditiid ostracodes in their supratidal and intertidal communities and interpreted them as benthonic surfacedeposit feeders or scavengers. Belak (1977, p. 951) considered the leperditiids in the Manlius Limestone to 

have lived in an intertidal to very shallow subtidal environment and to have been poor swimmers, living on 

and within algal mats. Warshauer and Smosna (1977, 

p. 478), discussing leperditiids from the Tonoloway 

Limestone, also noted the relationship of these ostracodes to algal stromatolites and suggested that the 

leperditiids cropped the blue-green algae that formed 

the stromatolites; they considered that the sediments 

containing leperditiids were characteristic of a carbonate tidal flat. Johnson and Campbell (1980, p. 

1045-1046), studying the Byron, Hendricks and 

Schoolcraft Dolomites of Ehlers and Kesling (1957) 

(Lower Silurian) of northern Michigan, proposed a 

fucoid-ostracode community (the ostracodes being 

leperditicopid genera), which they considered to be indicative of very shallow water of high salinity, where 

the environment at times bordered on that of an 

evaporite flat. They considered the fucoids to be trace 

fossils, unlike the interpretation of Scott (1951, p. 325), 

who reported a similar association of leperditiids with 

fucoids in the Platteville Limestone (Middle Ordovician) of Illinois but considered the fucoids to be algal 

remains.

Less information is available on the paleoenvironments inhabited by leperditiids found in clastic rocks. 

Fisher (1966, p. 6) considered the Grimsby Formation 

as used by Fisher and others (1961) to be a beach

deposit where the leperditiids lived on intertidal flats 

and in lagoons behind sandbars. The leperditiidbearing shales and siltstones of the Eastport Formation also contain beds that have several kinds of trace 

fossils, ripple marks, and mud cracks, which indicate a 

tidal-flat environment. The physical characteristics of 

the rocks containing North American leperditicopes 

strongly suggest that most of them lived in an intertidal to very shallow subtidal environment.

Few papers are available that specifically discuss the 

types of rock in which Eurasian leperditicopes are 

found or their paleoecological significance. Chmielewski (1900, p. 32-35) described the lithology and associated fauna for his leperditiids from the Baltic area; it 

is difficult to interpret the environment of deposition 

from his descriptions of hand specimens, but his 

reports of crystalline limestone as matrix for some 

species and the occurrence of graptolites with other 

species suggest a higher energy environment for some, 

and a deeper water environment for others than that 

postulated for the North American leperditicopes. 

Solle (1935, p. 54-58) listed the lithologies for the 

leperditicopes, mostly Devonian, that he described 

from Spitzbergen; many of these were found in sandstones and shales. Glebowskaya (1936, p. 9) briefly discussed the paleoecology of ostracodes in general, but 

because her paper is predominantly about leperditicopes, it seems likely that she was referring to this 

group when she noted that large numbers of ostracodes 

occurred in thin, laminated sandy or clay shale associated with rare and thin-shelled gastropods and 

pelecypods, and she suggested a lagoonal environment. 

Rein (1936, p. 77) gave the lithology of his samples and 

listed the associated fauna with the leperditicopes he 

described from Novaya Zemlya. In the Upper Silurian 

and Lower Devonian formations of Podolia, leperditiids are abundant and form bands of coquina in the 

Ivane horizon (Nikiforova and Predtechenskij, 1968, p. 

33); although the ostracode coquinas are limestone 

bands, much of the Ivane horizon consists of green and 

red shales and siltstones, and probably represents a 

nearshore environment.

In discussing leperditicopes from the Silurian of the 

Baltic area, Heidrich (1977, p. 8) stated that they occur 

in reef limestone or reef flank deposits. Jaanusson 

(1979, p. 281), in a summary of the detailed analysis of 

the biota of the Wenlockian beds in the Vattenfallet 

section on Gotland, commented on the association of 

leperditiids with calcareous algae in Hogklint c in the 

upper part of the section as resembling North American shallow-water occurrences, but noted that the 

Lower Visby Marl, in the lower part of the section, also 

contained leperditiids but on other grounds seemed to 

represent a low-energy, deeper water environment. He
LEPERDITICOPID OSTRACODES J15

concluded that on Gotland leperditiids are represented 

in, but not restricted to, shallow-water environments. 

The depth range for Eurasian leperditicopes thus appears to be somewhat greater than that postulated for 

most North American occurrences of this group.

Concerning the mode of life of the individual leperditicopid animal, some speculations have been made 

that are based on the shell morphology of leperditiids; 

isochilinids have not been discussed in this context. 

Scott (1951, p. 325-326), discussing the Ordovician 

species Eoleperditia fabulites, concluded that the 

"exceptionally strong appendage muscles" indicated 

an animal that was a capable swimmer, and, because 

he considered the associated fucoids to be algae, he suggested that these ostracodes were free-swimming 

vegetarians living in warm water from the surface to a 

depth not greater than that in which algae lived. Berdan (1969), working with Silurian and Devonian leperditiids, interpreted the chevron scars as indicating 

strong appendages capable of digging, and proposed 

that the large adductors, smooth shell, and marginal 

structures might represent an adaptation to temporary exposure to air, as in a tidal-flat environment. 

She suggested that the animals might have burrowed 

just below the surface of the mud when the tide went 

out, in the manner of modern intertidal arthropods. 

Langer (1973, p. 46) also considered the possibility that 

leperditiids might have burrowed in the mud. The Ordovician leperditiids, which lack prominent, welldeveloped subocular muscle scars, may not have been 

so well adapted to this mode of life. The Ordovician 

isochilinids, especially alate forms such as Ceratoleperditia, were almost certainly not burrowers. Their 

small subocular scars may have been related to appendages used to pump currents of water between the valves.

In the Ordovician rocks of Kentucky, leperditicopid 

ostracodes occur at horizons that are widely separated 

stratigraphically but are, with the exception of some of 

the Upper Ordovician formations, of very similar 

lithology. The oldest collections containing leperditicopes are from the Camp Nelson Limestone (Middle 

Ordovician) of the High Bridge Group, which Cressman 

and Noger (1976) and Cressman (written commun., 

1982) interpreted as representing a shallow subtidal to 

tidal-flat environment. Two taxa of leperditicopes have 

been found in the Camp Nelson, the isochilinid Parabriartina modesta (Ulrich and Swain, 1957) and the 

leperditiid Eoleperditia sp. aff. E. pauquettiana (Jones, 

1858). The collection (USGS colln. 7861-CO) from 

which P. modesta has been extracted is composed of 

dove-gray flight brownish gray, 5 YR 6/1 on the rock 

color chart; Goddard and others, 1948) micrite with 

irregular argillaceous yellowish mottling; other fossils 

in the collections are small pelecypods, gastropods,

rare brachiopods, trilobites, and a few bits of echinoderm debris, indicating a shallow subtidal environment. 

The collections (USGS collns. D1144-CO, D1147-CO 

and D1358-CO) containing Eoleperditia sp. aff. E. pauquettiana are also generally dove gray, but only one 

(USGS colln. D1358-CO) is micritic; the other two are 

finely crystalline and contain brachiopods and small 

ostracodes such as schmidtellids and leperditellids. 

These collections also appear to represent a subtidal 

environment, on the basis of the number of brachiopods. 

Parabriartina modesta occurs at the bottom of the 

gorge at High Bridge, Wilmore quadrangle, and 

Eoleperditia sp. aff. E. pauquettiana has been found in 

the West Marble Creek section, Valley View quadrangle; the two taxa have not yet been found together.

The Tyrone Limestone, in the upper part of the High 

Bridge Group, contains the leperditiid Eoleperditia 

fabulites (Conrad, 1843) and the isochilinid Ceratoleperditia kentuckyensis (Ulrich, 1891). These species 

occur together in USGS collns. D1137-CO, D1138-CO, 

and D1141-CO from the West Marble Creek section, 

Valley View quadrangle. The matrix of these collections is dove-gray micrite, like that of the Camp Nelson 

Limestone, mottled with grayish-orange (approximately 

10 YR 7/4) dolomite, which appears to be filling burrows. Some bedding planes (USGS colln. D1138-CO) 

are covered with single valves of E. fabulites that have 

random orientation and at least two or three instars 

represented. Other fossils associated with the ostracodes are infrequent strophomenoid brachiopods, pelecypods, and gastropods; some fragments of the coral 

Tetradium are present. The burrows are oriented horizontally along bedding planes, rather than being vertical; this suggests the subtidal environment described 

for the Tyrone by Cressman and Noger (1976, p. 7-8). 

The fine-grained matrix and the random orientation 

and size range of the leperditiid valves indicate a lowenergy, possibly lagoonal, environment, but the salinity 

was apparently normal marine (Cressman and Noger, 

1976, p. 10).

Most of the leperditicopes in our collections from the 

Lexington Limestone are from two horizons, the Faulconer and Salvisa Beds of the Perryville Limestone 

Member and the Devils Hollow Member. Cressman 

(1973, p. 24-25) described the Faulconer as a brownishgray calcilutite and the Salvisa as interbedded lightgray to light-olive-gray calcilutite, like much of the 

limestone in the Tyrone Limestone, and brownish-gray 

calcilutite, like that of the Faulconer. Both lithologies 

contain Bivia tumidula (Ulrich, 1891) and B. linneyi 

(Ulrich, 1891); Teichochilina jonesi (Wetherby, 1881) 

appears to be restricted to the brownish-gray calcilutite. 

All the leperditicope species are represented by single 

valves, many of which were apparently broken during
J16 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES

early diagenesis; no carapaces have been found. The 

valves are oriented at random with respect to one 

another, and although generally parallel to the bedding 

surfaces, may also be at various angles in the matrix. 

There is no apparent size sorting, and several instars 

are present in most collections. Cressman (1973, 

p. 24-25) noted that whereas the Faulconer was fossiliferous, very few fossils were in the Salvisa. A collection 

(USGS colln. 7853-CO) from the upper unit of the Faulconer 1 foot below the Salvisa contains Bivia tumidula 

and Teichochilina jonesi associated with Tetradium, 

mollusks, inarticulate brachiopods, and small, smooth 

palaeocope and podocope ostracodes. Collections from 

the Salvisa contain trilobite and brachiopod fragments 

and small ostracodes, including the palaeocopid ostracodes Ceratopsis intermedia Ulrich, 1894, C. asymmetrica Warshauer and Berdan, 1982 and Bolbopisthia 

sculptilis (Ulrich, 1890) and the podocopid Phelobythocypris cylindrica (Hall, 1871).

The lack of complete carapaces in either the Faulconer or Salvisa suggests that many of the leperditicopes in these units may represent cast molts rather 

than dead animals. The lack of size sorting and the 

random orientation, together with the fine-grained 

matrix, indicate quiet water and little wave or current 

action. Cressman (1973, p. 29) considered that the 

Faulconer and Salvisa were separated from more normal marine waters to the north by a zone of calcarenite 

bars and were deposited in shallow, quiet water—the 

Faulconer in water of normal marine salinity, but the 

Salvisa in water of higher salinity.

Cressman (1973, p. 40-41) described the Devils Hollow 

Member of the Lexington Limestone as being composed 

of two intertonguing phases, a coquina of gastropod or 

brachiopod shells and a calcilutite similar to that of the 

Tyrone Limestone consisting of two closely related 

rock types, one light greenish gray or light gray and 

one brownish gray. The leperditicopes Bivia frankfortensis (Ulrich, 1891) and Teichochilina jonesi (Wetherby, 1881) are in the calcilutite; B. frankfortensis is in 

both rock types, but T. jonesi appears to be most abundant in the brownish-gray rock, as it was in the Salvisa. 

Cressman (1973, p. 41) noted that some of the lightgray calcilutite was laminated, which might indicate 

the presence of an algal mat, and interpreted the light 

calcilutite as forming just below water level and the 

dark calcilutite in water a few meters deep, both being 

deposited in quiet protected waters of relatively high 

salinity. The leperditicopids are oriented at random in 

the rock, and the presence of several instars indicates 

the lack of size sorting. The associated fossils are 

gastropods with whorls as large as 1.5 cm in diameter, 

fragments of inarticulate brachiopods, and the small 

ostracodes Phelobythocypris cylindrica (Hall, 1871) and

Uninodobolba franklinensis Warshauer and Berdan, 

1982.

Leperditicopes in our collections from the Upper 

Ordovician Ashlock and Bull Fork Formations are 

isochilinids belonging to three genera: Isochilina, Saffordellina, and Kenodontochilina. Most specimens are 

from the Sunset Member of the Ashlock and Bull Fork 

Formations, although some also occur in similar 

lithologies in the Gilbert and Grant Lake Members of 

the Ashlock Formation. The Sunset Member has been 

described by Weir, Peterson, and Swadley (in press) as 

pale-olive, greenish-gray and medium-gray micrograined to fine-grained limestone and light greenishgray muddy limestone containing minor amounts of 

shale. Megafossils are few; Outerbridge (1970), Mytton 

and McDowell (1970), and Weir and McDowell (1976) 

reported a few irregularly shaped stromatoporoids, 

large brachiopods of the genera Hebertella and Platystrophia, and abraded gastropods and cephalopods. 

Smaller ostracodes found with the leperditicopes include the palaeocopes Bolbopisthia sp. and Laccoprimitia sp. and undetermined podocopes. In addition, 

in three collections (USGS 4318-CO, 9420-CO, and 

9421-CO) from the Hillsboro and Sherburne quadrangles, the leperditicopes are associated with numerous 

plant remains, which have been interpreted by F. M. 

Hueber, U.S. National Museum of Natural History 

(written commun., 11/6/1963) as probable algae. The 

leperditicopes are represented by single valves; no 

carapaces have been found. More than one instar is 

represented, and the valves are usually approximately 

parallel to the bedding surfaces. Weir and Peck (1968, 

p. D168) interpreted the micrograined limestone lithofacies, which represents the Sunset and Gilbert Members (Weir, Peterson, and Swadley, 1979), as a very 

shallow quiet-water deposit, probably laid down in 

tide-level lagoons.

In summary, leperditicopes in the High Bridge Group 

and the Lexington Limestone occur in a micritic lithofacies and, especially in the Lexington, leperditiids 

and isochilinids occur together. In the Ashlock and 

Bull Fork Formations, the leperditicopes are found in 

muddier, micrograined limestones, and only isochilinids 

are represented. The lithostratigraphic evidence suggests that both facies were deposited in shallow to very 

shallow water, but there is no clear indication that the 

leperditicope-bearing beds were intertidal. That the 

isochilinids may have preferred slightly deeper water 

than the leperditiids is indicated by the presence of 

Teichochilina jonesi in the brownish-gray calcilutite of 

the Faulconer and Salvisa Beds of the Perry ville Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone, which 

Cressman (1973, p. 30) considered to have been 

deposited in somewhat deeper water than the light-
LEPERDITICOPID OSTRACODES J17

colored calcilutite. Possibly the isochilinids were filter 

feeders, as suggested by Adamczak (1969) for ostracodes with straight, symmetrical margins, whereas the 

leperditiids were deposit feeders or scavengers. A difference in feeding strategy might explain the occurrence of the two otherwise similar groups together in a 

very restricted habitat. Leperditicopids in general appear to have been euryhaline and to have lived mostly 

in an intertidal to shallow subtidal environment not 

deeper than the photic zone.

STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE

The restriction of leperditicopes to micritic or micrograined limestones means that they are found in widely 

separated stratigraphic horizons. As might be expected, 

each of the five leperditicope-bearing horizons has a 

different association of genera and species, which can 

be readily discriminated. The oldest of these is in the 

lower part of the Camp Nelson Limestone of the High 

Bridge Group, which contains Parabriartina modesta 

(Ulrich and Swain, 1957) and Eoleperditia sp. aff. E. 

pauquettiana (Jones, 1858). In the upper part of the 

High Bridge, in the Tyrone Limestone, Ceratoleperditia 

kentuckyensis (Ulrich, 1891) is associated with Eoleperditia fabulites (Conrad, 1843). The High Bridge Group 

is separated by a disconformity from the younger Lexington Limestone (Cressman, 1973, p. 10). In the Lexington, the leperditicope-bearing horizons are the 

Faulconer and Salvisa Beds of the Perryville Limestone Member and the somewhat younger Devils 

Hollow Member. The Salvisa is characteristized by 

Bivia tumidula (Ulrich, 1891), associated with Teichochilina jonesi (Wetherby, 1881), whereas although T. 

jonesi also ranges up into the Devils Hollow, Bivia 

frankfortensis (Ulrich, 1891) replaces B. tumidula in 

that member. The Lexington horizons are separated by 

a considerable thickness of limy shale and shaly limestone from the youngest horizons, principally the 

Sunset Member of the Bull Fork and Ashlock Formations, which contain Isochilina copelandi n. sp., Kenodontochilina subnodosa glabra n. subsp., K. pustulosa 

n. sp. and Saffordellina striatella n. sp. A possibly even 

younger sixth horizon may be represented by Eoleperditia caecigena (Miller, 1881), but this species was 

described from Indiana and has not been found in our 

collections from Kentucky.

The relative stratigraphic positions of leperditicopebearing horizons are shown schematically on figure; 3. 

No attempt was made to show the intricate facies relationships of the various formations and members of 

Middle and Upper Ordovician rocks of Kentucky, and 

the thicknesses shown are only approximate. However,

CINCINNATIAN

CHAMPLAINIAN

DRAKES 

FORMATION

ASHLOCK 

FORMATION

GALLOWAY 

CREEK 

LIMESTONE

CLAYS 

FERRY 

FORMATION

BULL FORK 

FORMATION

GRANT LAKE 

LIMESTONE

FAIRVIEW 

FORMATION

KOPE 

FORMATION

Point Pleasant 

Tongue

Devils Hollow Member 

Perryville Limestone Member

LEXINGTON 

LIMESTONE

TYRONE 

LIMESTONE

0 OREGON FORMATION

ED

CO O

Xn CAM

0

3 NELSON

X LIMESTONE

— — / / —— / —

- /- /- / — / -

^%^

-\ -f'-i

- 1 — i

i i i\

i _L i _ 1 1

[ ' i 1 |<

l _ _ ,. 

i i

i- i - i 

- p - -

i i i

[ . . ' — ;-

' i

r— ' —— 1 j^ -^

II 1 \ 1 I

'^"tlferZir i i i\ i i ~"T -Y i

1 1 1

l I l — i — — i — — i.

II

Li_ _i_

1 1

^ ————————

1

- i i

'. •'••_Lt-i--1 —

-1 1

1

1 1

1

| |

•^-r^T

i

i i i

i i

i i

i i i

i i i

i i

-w-

^ —

1

1 1

I 1 1 1

1 1

1 1

Kenodontochilina spp.

Bivia frankfortensis 

Bivia tumidula

Ceratoleperditia 

kentuckyensis

Parabriartina modesta

FIGURE 3.—Generalized stratigraphic section of the Middle and 

Upper Ordovician rocks exposed in north central Kentucky showing the most important leperditicope-bearing horizons (stippled 

areas) and most diagnostic taxa in the Ordovician of Kentucky. 

Leperditicope-bearing rocks are commonly composed of micrite. 

Approximately 1,600 feet of section shown. In southeast central 

Kentucky, the Grant Lake is reduced in thickness and designated a 

member of the Ashlock Formation.

this generalized diagram demonstrates the paucity of 

beds of a suitable facies for leperditicopes. The names 

of the most characteristic species are listed opposite 

the units in which they occur. These horizons containing leperditicopes cannot be considered as zones of any 

kind because, owing to the dependence of this group of 

ostracodes on a restricted facies, the taxa might have 

longer ranges in other areas if the right facies are 

present. For example, the absence of leperditicopes in 

the formations between the Devils Hollow Member of 

the Lexington Limestone and the Sunset Member of 

the Ashlock and Bull Fork Formations is due to the 

absence of the appropriate facies; in Tennessee, the 

Catheys Limestone, which is considered by Sweet and 

Bergstrom (1976, p. 132-133) to be the equivalent of 

the shaly Point Pleasant Tongue of the Clays Ferry 

Formation and the Kope Formation, has at least four 

leperditicope taxa, as illustrated by Bassler (1932). The
J18 CONTRfflUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES

lack of leperditicopes in the Point Pleasant, Clays 

Ferry, and Kope may reflect the deepening of the 

seaway to the north and the migration of the shallowwater facies southward to Tennessee.

In spite of the problems of facies control of the leperditicopes, they probably will be useful stratigraphically 

for approximate correlation in Kentucky and adjacent 

States. For example, Ceratoleperditia kentuckyensis 

has not been found either above or below the Tyrone 

Limestone and is sufficiently distinctive that it could 

be easily recognized in well cores. The same is true of 

the species of Bivia and Kenodontochilina. When the 

facies mosaic of the Middle and Upper Ordovician formations is better understood, the leperditicopes may 

also be useful for more distant correlation; Copeland 

(1976) demonstrated that Silurian leperditicopes can 

be used for general correlation in Canada, and further 

study may prove that the Ordovician leperditicopes 

also have such value.

SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY

Class OSTRACODA Latreille, 1804 

Order LEPERDITICOPIDA Scott, 1961

Discussion.— Scott (1961) defined the Leperditicopida 

as ostracodes with a long straight hinge, valves strongly 

unequal to subequal, and a large adductor muscle scar 

composed of numerous secondary elements (stigmata of 

Gramm, 1982); he stated that the family Leperditiidae 

had strongly unequal valves and the family Isochilinidae had subequal valves with flattened borders along 

the free margins. As previously noted, several leperditicopid genera have been described which are essentially equivalved or subequivalved, but which lack a 

marginal brim. These taxa do not fit the diagnosis of 

either family as currently defined. Consequently, I 

here propose to redefine the family Leperditiidae as 

composed of those leperditicopid genera which are 

distinctly inequivalved and which have a sinuous contact margin in ventral view, and to redefine the family 

Isochilinidae as those genera which are subequivalved 

and have a straight contact margin in ventral view.

Family LEPERDITIIDAE Jones, 1856 

Genus EOLEPERDITIA Swam, 1949

Type species.—Cytherina fabulites Conrad, 1843 

Eoleperditia fabulites (Conrad, 1843) 

Plate 1, figures 1-12

Cytherina fabulites Conrad, 1843, p. 332.

Leperditia fabulites (Conrad). Jones, 1856, p. 89; 1858a, p. 246, 255;

1891, p. 97-99; Ulrich, 1891, p. 173-174, pi. 11, figs, la-d; 1894,

p. 634-636; Bassler, 1915, p. 702; Bassler and Kellett, 1934, p.

384-385 (see for extensive synonymy). 

Eoleperditia fabulites (Conrad). Swartz, 1949, p. 318-319, pi. 66, figs.

1-10; Scott, 1951, p. 321-326, pi. 51, figs. 1-5; Harris, 1957, p.

129, 130; Swain, 1957, p. 545, 546; Bolton and Copeland, 1972,

pi. A, figs. 13, 19, 20; Berdan, 1976, p. 60. 

Leperditia canadensis var. josephiana Jones, 1858a, p. 340; 1858b,

decade 3, p. 94-95, pi. 11, fig. 16; 1881, p. 343, 344; 1884, p. 341;

1891, p. 97, 98. 

Leperditia josephiana (Jones). Billings, 1863, p. 954; Jones, 1884,

p. 341; 1891, p. 98, 99; Ulrich, 1891, p. 174; 1894 (1897), p. 635. 

Leperditia fabulites var: josephiana (Jones). Jones, 1881, p. 343-345,

pi. 19, fig. 7, pi. 20, figs. 7, 8.

Diagnosis.—Eoleperditia with neither anterior nor 

posterior marginal brims, low eye tubercle, oval but 

not acuminate adductor scar. Right valve has four to 

six slitlike stop pits perpendicular to free margin on 

either side of ventral lappet and is flattened below midheight.

Description.—Lateral outline postplete; hinge line 

straight, anterior and posterior margins smoothly 

curved, ventral margin gently curved. Cardinal angles 

obtuse, not flattened, no anterior or posterior marginal 

brims. In anterior view, right valve smoothly curved to 

about midheight, flattened slightly in ventral half of 

valve and bent abruptly to ventral lappet, left valve 

smoothly curved to overlap platform, greatest width 

just below midheight. Stop ridge in left valve low and 

obscure. Stop pits in right valve tend to be elongated 

perpendicular to the commissure, four to six on either 

side of ventral lappet. Eye tubercle low and inconspicuous. Adductor scar oval, not acuminate, composed of 

150 to 200 stigmata. Subocular stigmata in approximate rosette anteroventral of eye tubercle, anterodorsal scars also present (Swartz, 1949, pi. 66, fig. 4). 

Hinge simple tongue and groove.

Material.—Ten specimens (holotype and nine 

paratypes) of Leperditia canadensis var. josephiana 

from St. Joseph Island, Ontario, Canada; 12 specimens 

of Leperditia fabulites from Beloit, Wis.; more than 50 

specimens of Eoleperditia fabulites from the Valley 

View quadrangle, Kentucky.

Types.—Holotype of Leperditia canadensis var. 

josephiana Jones, 1858 (= Eoleperditia fabulites), GSC 

1334h, paratypes, GSC 1334, a-g, i; hypotypes, USNM 

41263, USNM 334286, USNM 338651-338658.

Measurements.—GSC 1334h, a right valve, is 12.8 mm 

long and 8.4 mm high, with a hinge length of 8.1 mm. 

The hypotype carapace figured by Ulrich (1891, pi. 11, 

fig. 1, USNM 41263) is 12.4 mm long, 7.9 mm high, and 

5.5 mm wide, with a hinge length of 7.2 mm. The 

measurements of eight hypotype specimens of Eoleperditia fabulites from the Tyrone Limestone, West Marble Creek section, Valley View quadrangle, Kentucky, 

are given in table 2. All measurements in table 2 were 

made with a micrometer ocular; other measurements 

were made with calipers having a vernier scale.

Discussion.—The history of Eoleperditia fabulites is 

only briefly indicated in the synonymy given above; for
LEPERDITICOPID OSTRACODES J19

TABLE 2.—Measurements in millimeters of 8 specimens of

Eoleperditia fabulites from USGS collection D1138-CO,

Tyrone Limestone

USNMNo.

338653

338653

338657

338657

338654

338655

338658

338656

338658

Valve

Right1 —

Left1 ——

Right ——

Left ——

——— doRight ——

——— doLeft ——

Right ——

Length

—— 2.5

—— 2.5

—— 4.8

—— 5.0

—— 7.0

—— 7.4

—— 7.5

—— 8.2

—— 8.3

Height

1.8

1.7

3.3

3.2

4.4

5.1

4.9

5.5

5.7

Hinge Length

1.7

1.7

3.0

3.1

—

4.8

4.2

5.0

5.2

Width

1.2

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

'Small carapace.

a more extensive record of the early literature on this 

taxon see Bassler and Kellett (1934, p. 384-385). 

Conrad (1843, p. 332) described briefly but did not 

figure his new species Cytherina fabulites, which he 

stated came from Mineral Point, Wis., from beds immediately below the lead-bearing horizon which he 

correlated with the Trenton Limestone of New York. 

These beds would now be considered part of the Platteville Limestone (Heyl and others, 1959, p. 11,13, 269). 

Jones (1856, p. 89) suggested in a footnote that 

Conrad's Cytherina fabulites "is probably a 

Leperditia." Later, Jones (1858a, p. 340; 1858b, pi. 11, 

fig. 16) described and illustrated Leperditia canadensis 

var.josephiana, but noted that it might be the same as 

Conrad's Leperditia fabulites, and if so, Conrad's name 

would have priority. After various vicissitudes in the 

taxonomic treatment of L. josephiana, Jones (1891, 

p. 98, 99) apparently decided to consider it a junior 

synonym of L. fabulites (Conrad). In the same year, 

Ulrich (1891, p. 173-174) redescribed Leperditia 

fabulites and commented that as the eye tubercle of L. 

josephiana was more distinct and that as yet no pits 

had been detected on the ventral margin "***it is reasonable to suppose that Prof. Jones' species may prove 

distinct." However, Ulrich (1894, p. 635) subsequently 

revised his opinion and unequivocally placed L. 

josephiana in synonymy with L. fabulites. This practice 

was followed by Bassler (1915, p. 702) and Bassler and 

Kellett (1934, p. 385).

The location of Conrad's original material from 

Mineral Point, Wis., is not known, but the holotype 

and paratypes of L. josephiana are deposited in the collections of the Geological Survey of Canada. When 

Swartz (1949, p. 317-318) proposed his new genus 

Eoleperditia, with E. fabulites (Conrad) as the type 

species, 6 of the 10 specimens (Swartz, 1949, pi. 66, 

figs. 1-6) he figured were from St. Joseph Island, and 

therefore topotypes of L. josephiana rather than L. 

fabulites s.s. Furthermore, Swartz (1949, p. 319) stated 

"The types of Eoleperditia fabulites came from Middle

Ordovician beds of St. Joseph Island, Canada. The 

topotype examples from the upper part of the Lowville 

limestone of this island, that are figured on accompanying plates, were loaned for the present study by 

the United States National Museum through the 

courtesy of Dr. R. S. Bassler." Clearly, Swartz based 

his concept of Eoleperditia and E. fabulites on specimens from St. Joseph Island and not on specimens from 

the type locality of Mineral Point, Wis. After examining the holotype and nine paratypes of Leperditia 

josephiana Jones, 1858, specimens from USGS colln. 

467B-OS (cited as USNM 467B by Swartz, 1949, p. 317), 

also from St. Joseph Island, 11 specimens of Leperditia 

fabulites (Conrad) used by Ulrich (1891, p. 173) to redefine the species from Beloit, Wis., and specimens from 

Mineral Point, Wis. (USGS collns. 207Q-OS, 

208Q-OS), I concur with Jones, Ulrich, and subsequent 

workers that the specimens from Wisconsin are conspecific with those from St. Joseph Island and L. 

josephiana is a junior synonym of L. fabulites. The 

principal difference between the two groups of specimens is that those from St. Joseph Island are better 

preserved and show more diagnostic features.

Conrad's specimens of Cytherina fabulites may be 

presumed lost; there is no record in the voluminous 

literature on Eoleperditia fabulites that any subsequent 

workers have seen them. However, it does not seem 

necessary to designate a neotype at this time because 

of the large number of well-preserved specimens from 

Wisconsin that can be compared to and are conspecific 

with the specimens from St. Joseph Island. According 

to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 

Article 75 (Stoll and others, eds., 1964, p. 81), a neotype 

is to be designated only under exceptional circumstances such as the confused or doubtful identities of 

closely similar species. This does not apply at present 

to E. fabulites. If in the future it should become necessary to designate a neotype, and no suitable topotype 

specimens from Mineral Point can be found, consideration should be given to designating the carapace figured 

by Ulrich (1891, pi. 11, figs, la-d) from the Platteville 

Formation at Beloit, Wis., as it was used in the first 

thorough revision of the species. This specimen is 

USNM 41263a, which is not figured herein.

Scott (1951) described the shell morphology and instars of E. fabulites from Illinois in detail. The material 

from Kentucky is not sufficiently well preserved to add 

anything to Scott's analysis. As noted by Ulrich (1891, 

p. 173; 1894, p. 635), the specimens from Kentucky are 

generally slightly smaller than typical E. fabulites.

Eoleperditia fabulites differs from most species of 

Eoleperditia in lacking acute, flattened cardinal 

angles. It is most like E. pauquettiana (Jones, 1858) 

and E. simplex Harris, 1957, but both of these species
J20 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES

have more smoothly curved valves in end view. E. trentonensis (Wilson, 1921) is also less convex, to judge 

from the holotype (GSC 6228).

Occurrence.—E. fabulites has been recorded from 

Blackriveran and Rocklandian formations from Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, Illinois, Ontario, New York, 

Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Oklahoma, and Montana. Ulrich (1894, p. 635) noted that 

throughout its wide geographic range its characters 

were remarkably constant. The specimens in our collections from Kentucky are from the Tyrone Limestone, 

USGS collns. D1137-CO, D1138-CO, D1141-CO, and 

D1142-CO, all from the West Marble Creek section in 

the Valley View 7.5-minute quadrangle. Bassler and 

Kellett (1934, p. 52) listed E. fabulites as occurring in 

the Curdsville Limestone Member of the Lexington, 

but none has been found in our collections from the 

Curdsville.

Eoleperditia caecigena (Miller, 1881) 

Plate 2.figures 1-5

Leperditia caecigena Miller, 1881, p. 262, pi. 6, figs. 5, 5a; 1889, 

p. 552, text fig. 1021; Ulrich, 1891, pi. 176-177, pi. 11, figs. 

6a-d; Cumings, 1908, p. 1047, pi. 53, figs. 10-10c; Grabau and 

Shimer, 1910, p. 340, text fig. 1656d, e; Bassler, 1915, p. 700; 

Foerste, 1924, p. 250, pi. 45, figs. 6a, b; Bassler and Kellett, 

1934, p. 381.

Diagnosis.—Cardinal angles obtuse, slightly flattened; 

eye tubercle, muscle scar, and stop pits very indistinct, 

size small.

Description.—Lateral outline postplete; hinge line 

straight, without posterodorsal bulge; anterior margin 

smoothly curved, not extending far beyond hinge line; 

ventral margin smoothly and gently curved; posterior 

margin evenly curved. Cardinal angles obtuse, slightly 

flattened. Eye tubercle not visible externally or very 

obscure. Muscle scar commonly not visible externally 

but may be slightly depressed on some specimens, oval 

in outline, individual stigmata not seen. No other muscle scars seen. Stop pits very obscure or not visible, apparently four or five on each side of ventral lappet of 

right valve. Ventral lappet distinct but not wide, 

overlap platform distinct and relatively wide, with 

distinct stop ridge. Marginal brim very weakly 

developed posteriorly. Shell surface smooth. Greatest 

width in anterior half of carapace.

Material—Holotype carapace and more than 35 

hypotype specimens.

7>pes.-Holotype, UC 8883; hypotypes, USNM 41276.

Measurements.—The holotype is approximately 3.2 

mm long, 2.3 mm high, and 1.4 mm wide. The large 

right valve figured by Ulrich (1891, pi. 11, fig. 6a) is 

approximately 5.6 mm long and 4.1 mm high; it is 

slightly broken anteriorly.

Discussion.—Although Eoleperditia caecigena 

(Miller, 1881) has not yet been found in the collections 

studied from Kentucky, it is here redescribed and 

refigured (pi. 2, figs. 1-5) because the original illustrations of Miller (1881, pi. 6, figs. 5, 5a) are not adequate 

for recognition of the species. Ulrich (1891, p. 176, 

pi. 11, figs. 6a-d) briefly redescribed and refigured the 

species, but at a rather low magnification. As noted by 

Ulrich (1891), this species is superficially similar in 

outline to Bivia frankfortensis (Ulrich, 1891), but the 

latter has distinct anterior and posterior marginal 

brims, and also the stop pegs of Bivia. Eoleperditia 

caecigena is characterized by its small size and its 

obscure eye tubercle, muscle scar, and stop pits; it differs in these respects from E. fabulites (Conrad, 1843) 

and other species of Eoleperditia. The holotype of E. 

caecigena is in the Field Museum of Natural History, 

in the Walker Museum collection (UC 8883).

Occurrence.—Miller (1881, p. 262) stated that he had 

collected this species from "the upper part of the Hudson River Group at Versailles, and near Osgood, Indiana."; the holotype came from Versailles. Ulrich's 

collection (USNM 41276) is labeled "Ord. (RichmondSaluda), Indian Kentuck Creek, near Madison, Ind."

Eoleperditia sp. aff. E. pauquettiana (Jones, 1858) 

Plate 2, figures 6-9

Leperditia canadensis var. pauquettiana Jones, 1858a, p. 340; 1858b,

p. 94, pi. 11, fig. 12.

Leperditia fabulites var. pauquettiana (Jones). Jones, 1881, p. 343. 

Leperditia canadensis pauquettiana (Jones). Bassler, 1915, p. 701. 

Leperditia pauquettiana (Jones). Jones, 1891, p. 99; Bassler and 

Kellett, 1934, p. 395.

Diagnosis.—Eoleperditia with right valve evenly 

curved in end view, greatest width below midheight of 

valve. Neither anterior nor posterior marginal brims, 

eye tubercle low to obsolete exteriorly. Right valve has 

4-5 stop pits on either side of ventral lappet.

Description.—Lateral outline slightly postplete; 

hinge line straight, anterior and posterior margins 

smoothly curved, ventral margin gently curved. Cardinal angles obtuse, not flattened, no anterior or 

posterior marginal brims. In anterior view, greatest 

width of right valve is at or below midheight, and valve 

surface is smoothly curved, not flattened. Ventral 

lappet and overlap platform at about 90° to plane of 

valves. Stop ridge in left valve low and obscure. Stop 

pits in right valve indistinct, tend to be elongated 

perpendicular to commissure, 4-5 on each side of ventral lappet. Eye tubercle low to obsolete. Adductor scar 

ovate, slightly acuminate dorsally, number of individual stigmata and subocular and anterodorsal scars not 

seen. Hinge apparently tongue and groove.

Material.—Two specimens (holotype and paratype) of
LEPERDITICOPID OSTRACODES J21

Eoleperditia pauquettiana (Jones, 1858) from Paquette 

Rapids, Alumette Island, Canada, and more than 20 

silicified specimens collected by E. L. Yochelson from 

the same locality. Five specimens of Eoleperditia sp. 

aff. E. pauquettiana from the West Marble Creek section, Kentucky.

Types.—Holotype of E. pauquettiana, GSC 1336a; 

paratype, GSC 1336; topotype, USNM 338661. Figured 

specimens of Eoleperditia sp. aff. E. pauquettiana, 

USNM 338659-338660.

Measurements.—-The holotype of E. pauquettiana is 

approximately 7.0 mm long and 4.5 mm high, and has 

a hinge length of 4.5. The paratype is 7.9 mm long and 

5.4 mm high. A topotype carapace (USNM 338661) is 

9.1 mm long, 6.2 mm high, and 4.0 mm wide. A large 

right valve of E. sp. aff. E. pauquettiana from Kentucky is 7.8 mm long and 5.2 mm high; a smaller left 

valve is 5.4 mm long, 3.6 mm high, and has a hinge 

length of 3.5. All measurements are approximate 

because the margins of the valves are not well preserved on the specimens, including the holotype.

Discussion.—The specimens from Kentucky are 

referred to Eoleperditia sp. aff. E. pauquettiana 

because they are not adequately preserved, especially 

around the margins and the cardinal angles, and it is 

not possible to be certain that they belong to this 

species. However, they appear to have the same curvature in end view as E. pauquettiana, which they 

resemble more than other species of Eoleperditia. The 

foregoing description is based largely on the holotype 

(pi. 2, fig. 12), paratype (pi. 2, fig. 13), and topotypes 

(pi. 2, figs. 10, 11) of E. pauquettiana; the specimens 

from Kentucky do not show the adductor muscle scar 

or hinge.

Eoleperditia pauquettiana (Jones, 1858) is very 

similar to E. fabulites (Conrad, 1843); the principal difference between the two species appears to be the flattening of the ventral half of the right valve of E. 

fabulites, best seen in end view, as opposed to the 

evenly curved right valve of E. pauquettiana. Should 

further study of better preserved suites of specimens of 

E. pauquettiana indicate that this difference is not significant, it would be necessary to consider E. pauquettiana as a junior synonym of E. fabulites. At present, 

however, keeping the two species distinct seems 

desirable.

Occurrence.—The holotype and paratype of E. pauquettiana are from the Leray beds, Paquette Rapids, 

Alumette Island, Ottawa River, Canada (Bolton, 1966, 

p. 105). The specimens of Eoleperditia sp. aff. E. pauquettiana are all from the Camp Nelson Limestone, 

West Marble Creek section, Valley View quadrangle, 

Kentucky, USGS collns. D1147-CO, D1144-CO, and 

D1358-CO.

Genus BIVIA Berdan, 1976

Type species.—Leperditia bivia White, 1874.

Bivia tumidula (Ulrich, 1891) 

Plate 3, figures 1-8; plate 4, figures 1-6

Leperditia tumidula Ulrich, 1891, p. 175-176, pi. 11, figs. 4a-c;

Bassler, 1915, p. 704; Bassler and Kellett, 1934, p. 402. 

Eoleperditia? tumidula (Ulrich). Levinson, 1951, p. 554. 

Bivia tumidula (Ulrich). Berdan, 1976, p. 44, 50. 

Leperditia appressa Ulrich, 1891, p. 176, pi. 11, figs. 5a-d; Bassler,

1915, p. 699; Bassler and Kellett, 1934, p. 378. 

Eoleperditia? appressa (Ulrich). Levinson, 1951, p. 554.

Diagnosis.—Anterior and posterior marginal brims 

narrow, right valve has two anterior and one posterior 

stop pit and is inflated ventrally, left valve has posterodorsal inflation.

Description.—Lateral outline postplete, hinge line 

straight, approximately seven-tenths of greatest 

length. Cardinal angles distinct, anterior more acute 

than posterior. Anterior margin sharply curved; ventral margin of right valve has posteroventral bulge, 

ventral margin of left valve very gently curved to nearly straight; posterior margin smoothly curved. Narrow 

marginal brim on posterior and anterior margins of 

right valve extends to most ventral stop pits on either 

end; on left valve brim extends posteriorly to overlap 

platform, anteriorly to midheight of valve.

Valves asymmetrical; right valve has two anterior 

and one posterior stop pits and distinct posteroventral 

swelling, posterior third of valve behind swelling 

somewhat flattened. Left valve has deep overlap platform at approximately 90 ° to plane of valves, very low 

stop ridge and posterodorsal bulge. Eye tubercles 

distinct. Adductor muscle scar ovate, narrow end 

directed dorsally, composed of more than 60 stigmata, 

located just posteroventrally of eye tubercle. From five 

to nine or moire stigmata form triangle with apex 

downward below eye tubercle. Stigmata of pre-ocular 

and anterodorsal groups present but difficult to determine. Hinge simple. Shell surface smooth, except for 

overlap platform, which is weakly punctate.

Material.—Holotype of Bivia tumidula (Ulrich), five 

syntypes of B. appressa (Ulrich). More than 50 silicified 

valves from USGS colln. 5015-CO, more than 25 silicified valves and more than 30 calcareous valves from 

USGS colln. 6137-CO, one silicified valve from USGS 

colln. 6916-CO, more than 15 silicified valves and 

many fragmentis from USGS colln. 6915-CO, 3 broken 

calcareous valves and many fragments from USGS 

colln. 7857-CO., more than 10 calcareous valves from 

USGS colln. 78156-CO.

Tjypes.-Holotype, USNM 41284; syntypes of B. 

appressa, USNM 41282. Hypotypes, USNM 338662- 

338675.

Measurements.—As measured by me, the holotype of
J22 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES

Bivia tumidula is 8.7 mm long and 6.3 mm high. The 

two largest syntypes of Bivia appressa are 13.5 mm 

long and 9.3 mm high, and 12.2 mm long and 7.0 mm 

high, respectively. The measurements of 30 hypotypes 

are given in tables 3 and 4 and figure 4.

Discussion.—Ulrich (1891) proposed the three species 

Leperditia linneyi, L. tumidula, and L. appressa, all 

from "the uppermost division of the Trenton limestone" 

(Ulrich, 1891, p. 175). He stated that L. tumidula differed from L. linneyi "***in being a little less oblique, 

in having the ventral region of the right valve more 

tumid, the extremities of the hinge line simply angular 

instead of being produced spine-like, and in having only 

one pit on each side of the ventral overlap " (Ulrich, 

1891, p. 176). However, the holotype (USNM 41284) of 

Bivia tumidula (pi. 3, fig. 5) has one posterior and two

TABLE 3.—Measurements in millimeters of 23 silicified specimens of 

Bivia tumidula from USGS collection 5015-CO, Perryville 

Limestone Member, Lexington Limestone

USNM No.

338672 

338672 

338672 

338672 

338672 

338672 

338672 

338672 

338672 

338672 

338672 

338672 

338672 

338672 

338672 

338673 

338673 

338673 

338673 

338673 

338673 

338673 

338669

Right 

T oftValve

zz£n=

Left __________

Right ___————— 

Lpft

Right 

Left - 

Right

T d.

Right

——— do — —— ——

do -

do -

———————————

___ do————-

Length

— 3.9 

— 3.9 

— 4.1 

— 4.1 

— 4.2

A q

4.6

— 4.7 

— 4.9 

— 4.9 

— 5.2 

— 5.2 

— 5.5

c /»

5 7

5

Q

5

Q

5.9

6

rr

— 6.8 

— 8.5

Q K

— 9.8

Height

2.7 

2.7 

2.7 

3.0 

3.0 

2.8 

3.5 

3.0 

3.4 

3.4 

3.4 

3.4 

4.1 

3.8 

3.9 

3.6 

4.0 

4.0 

4.6 

4.8 

5.6 

6.0 

6.8

TABLE 4.—Measurements in millimeters of 7 specimens of 

Bivia tumidula from USGS collection 6137-CO, Perryville 

Limestone Member, Lexington Limestone

USNM No.

338662 

338667 

338671 

338674 

338675 

338670 

338668

Valve

Right —— 

do

Left

Right

Left

Length

——— 2.6 

——— 4.9 

6 R

Q ^

——— 9.8 

11.5

1 O Q

Height

1.7 

3.4

4.3 

6.1 

5.7 

7.9 

8.5

Preservation

Calcareous 

Siliceous 

do

Calcareous 

—— do

Siliceous 

Calcareous

anterior stop pits, so that this criterion cannot be used 

to discriminate between the species. Ulrich's other 

criteria appear to be useful; B. linneyi has acute 

cardinal angles rather than almost obtuse as in B. 

tumidula, is relatively longer, and has the greatest 

width in ventral view at the midpoint or before the 

midpoint of the valve, rather than behind the midpoint 

as in B. tumidula. Although both species occur 

together, B. tumidula and B. linneyi are here considered to be valid species.

The syntypes (USNM 41282) of Leperditia appressa 

Ulrich, 1891 are four left valves, one of which is from 

Danville, Ky., and the other three from "near Harrodsburg, Ky.," and one small, broken right valve, also 

from Harrodsburg. Although incomplete, the right 

valve shows the characteristic posteroventral swelling 

of B. tumidula. The left valves appear to be the same as 

left valves associated with typical right valves of B. 

tumidula in several collections and are believed to 

belong with the right valves although no carapaces of 

this species have been found. Consequently, L. appressa is here considered a synonym of Bivia tumidula 

(Ulrich, 1891). One of the better syntypes of L. appressa 

is shown for comparison with left valves of B. tumidula 

(pi. 4, fig. 3).

Occurrence.—The label with the holotype (USNM 

41284) of B. tumidula (Ulrich, 1891) states "up. Trenton, Danville, Ky."; those with the syntypes (USNM 

41282) of L. appressa Ulrich, 1891 state "Upper Trenton, Danville, Ky." and "Upper Trenton, near Harrodsburg, Ky." In the collections studied for this report, 

Bivia tumidula appears to be restricted to the Faulconer and Salvisa Beds of the Perryville Limestone 

Member of the Lexington Limestone in USGS collns. 

5015-CO, 6137-CO, 6915-CO, 6916-CO, 7853-CO, 

7856-CO, 7857-CO.

Bivia linneyi (Ulrich, 1891) 

Plate 5, figures 1-7

Leperditia linneyi Ulrich, 1891, p. 174-175, pi. 11, figs. 3a-e; Bassler,

1915, p. 704; Bassler and Kellett, 1934, p. 391. 

Bivia linneyi (Ulrich). Berdan, 1976, p. 44, 46, 50.

Diagnosis.—Anterior and posterior marginal brims 

distinct, cardinal angles acute. Right valve normally 

has two anterior and one posterior stop pits and rounded 

midventral lateromarginal bend; left valve has posterodorsal inflation, narrow overlap platform, and anterocentral convexity over muscle scar.

Description.—Lateral outline postplete, hinge line 

straight, approximately seven-tenths of greatest 

length. Cardinal angles distinct, 90 ° or slightly more, 

about equally sharp. Anterior margin sharply curved, 

anterodorsal part nearly straight, ventral margin 

gently curved, posterior margin smoothly curved. 

Distinct marginal brim on both valves, widest at about
LEPERDITICOPID OSTRACODES J23

LLJ 6

I 

CD 

LU 4

EXPLANATION

•, • USGS collection no. 6137-CO 

O, D USGS collection no. 5015-CO

•, D Right valve

•, O Left valve

DCD 

O

PD O 

QD°

678 

LENGTH, IN MILLIMETERS

10 11 12 13

FIGURE 4.—Scatter diagram of maximum length versus maximum height for Bivia tumidula (Ulrich, 1891); 23 specimens from USGS collection 5105-CO, table 3, and 7 specimens from USGS collection 6137-CO, table 4. All from the Perryville Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone.

midheight and narrowing dorsally. Brim extends to 

most ventral stop pits on right valve and to overlap 

platform on left valve. Valves asymmetrical but not 

strongly; right valve has two anterior and one posterior stop pits and ventral lateromarginal bend, left 

valve has narrow overlap platform inclined inward, 

very obscure stop ridge, and posterodorsal bulge. 

Eye tubercle distinct. Adductor muscle scar ovate, composed of more than 50 stigmata located posteroventrally of eye tubercle. Approximately five elongate 

stigmata below eye tubercle. Pre-ocular and anterodorsal muscle groups not seen. Hinge simple. Shell surface 

weakly punctate.

Material—Eight syntypes (USNM 41272) of Bivia 

linneyi (Ulrich, 1891), 11 silicified specimens from 

USGS colln. 5015-CO.

Types.-Syntypes, USNM 412(72; hypotype, USNM 

338676. No lectotype has been designated for this 

species because none of the syntypes are sufficiently

well preserved to show all the features of the species.

Measurements.—A large syntype right valve is 9.0 mm

long and 5.7 mm high. A smaller syntype right valve,

broken anteriorly, is estimated as 7.8? mm long and is

4.7 mm high. A syntype left valve is 7.6 mm long and

4.8 mm high. The other syntypes are broken, except for 

two small specimens that are probably juveniles of B. 

tumidula. The silicified specimens were not measured 

because the anterior and posterior margins are poorly 

preserved and the true length could not be obtained.

Discussion.—Bivia linneyi is very close to B. 

tumidula, and at one time I considered that they might 

be synonymous. However, the differences between the 

two species appear to be distinct, and gradational 

forms between them have not been observed. In addition to being relatively longer, less tumid, and having 

more distinct cardinal angles and marginal brims than 

B. tumidula, B. linneyi differs in having a lightly punctate rather than smooth shell surface, although this
J24 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES

character can be seen only on well-preserved calcareous 

specimens. Both B. linneyi and B. tumidula differ from 

other described species of Bivia (see Berdan, 1976) except B. frankfortensis (Ulrich, 1891) in having three 

rather than two stop pits, although one aberrant specimen of B. linneyi (pi. 5, figs. 5, 6) has four.

Ulrich (1891, p. 175-176) considered B. linneyi to be 

more abundant than B. tumidula. In the collections 

studied for this report the reverse has been found; B. 

tumidula occurs in more collections and is more abundant than B. linneyi.

Occurrence.—The syntypes of Bivia linneyi (USNM 

41272) are described on the accompanying label as 

coming from "Up. Trenton, Perryville Is., near 

Harrodsburg, Ky." Silicified specimens come from 

USGS colln. 5015-CO, from the Salvisa Bed of the 

Perryville Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone, 0.4 miles south of Perryville, Ky.

Bivia frankfortensis (Ulrich, 1891)

Plate 6, figures 1-17

Leperditia caecigena variety frankfortensis Ulrich, 1891, p. 177. 

Leperditia caecigena frankfortensis Ulrich. Bassler, 1915, p. 700; 

Bassler and Kellett, 1934, p. 381.

Diagnosis.—Anterior and posterior marginal brims 

very narrow and obscure. Right valve has two anterior 

and one posterior stop pegs which may or may not be 

marked by stop pits externally. Cardinal angles 

obtuse.

Description.—Lateral outline postplete, hinge line 

straight, approximately five- to six-tenths of greatest 

length. Anterior margin smoothly curved, ventral margin gently curved, posterior margin smoothly curved. 

Obscure, narrow anterior and posterior marginal 

brims on both valves. Valves not strongly asymmetrical, no posterodorsal bulge on left valve. Stop pits 

obscure or lacking on exterior of right valve, but two 

anterior and one posterior stop pegs present on interior 

of right valve. Left valve has narrow overlap platform 

and obscure stop ridge. Anterior cardinal angle obtuse, 

posterior cardinal angle very obtuse and nearly 

unrecognizable. Eye tubercle indistinct but present. 

Adductor muscle scar ovate, composed of more than 30 

stigmata located posteroventrally of eye tubercle. 

Approximately five to seven elongate stigmata below 

eye tubercle. Pre-ocular and anterodorsal muscle 

groups not seen. Hinge simple. Shell surface smooth.

Material—More than six syntypes (USNM 41279). 

More than 130 silicified valves from USGS colln. 

5095-CO; 12 calcareous valves from USGS colln. 

D1207-CO.

Types.—Lectotype, USNM 41279A; paralectotypes, 

USNM 41279; hypotypes, USNM 338677-338687.

Measurements.—The lectotype herein chosen is 5.9

mm long and 4.1 mm high. The measurements of 24 

hypotypes are shown in table 5 and figure 5.

Discussion.—This small species is assigned to the 

genus Bivia because of the presence of three stop pegs 

in the right valve, although many specimens lack the 

corresponding stop pits on the exterior. The three stop 

pegs suggest a relationship to B. tumidula and B. linneyi, but it differs from both these species in its 

relative shorter hinge line, obtuse posterior cardinal 

angle and poorly developed anterior and posterior marginal brims. Ulrich (1891, p. 177) considered Bivia 

frankfortensis to be a variety of Eoleperditia caecigena 

(Miller, 1881), the type of which (UC 8883) is here 

redescribed and illustrated for comparison (pi. 2, figs. 

1-4). Ulrich (1891, p. 176-177, pi. 11, figs. 6a-d) 

redescribed and refigured "Leperditia" caecigena but 

did not illustrate his new variety frankfortensis. He 

considered that the differences between the two taxa 

were that B. frankfortensis had more distinct cardinal 

angles, marginal brims at both ends of the valves, and 

the ventral margin slightly more convex. The first and 

third of these criteria are doubtful, but as suggested by 

Ulrich (1891, p. 177) the eye tubercle and adductor 

muscle scar are more visible on B. frankfortensis.

Although the holotype carapace (UC 8883) of Eoleperditia caecigena (Miller, 1881) does not show stop pits 

externally, specimens of this species (USNM 41276)

TABLE 5.—Measurements in millimeters of 24 silicified specimens of 

Bivia frankfortensis from USGS collection 5095-CO, Devils Hollow 

Member, Lexington Limestone

USNM No. Valve Length Height

338687 

338687

QQQOQ'7

QQQOQ'7

338687 

338687

QQQOQ'7

QQQOQ'7

QQQOQ'7

338687 

338687

QQQOQ'7

QQQOQ'7

338687 

338687

QQQOQ'7

QQQOQ'7

338687 

338687

QQQOQ'7

QQQOQ'7

QQQOQyl

338687

QQQOQK

Right —

!:_eft;_;::

Right —

Left

Right — 

Left —— - 

Right

Left ———

Right -

Left —— - 

Right — 

T oftRight —

Left —— -

do ————— 

do -

do —————

do

do —————— 

do -

———————

An

——————————

QO

2.30 

2.3 +

9 4*1

9 W

2.60 

2.70

O QA

2 QO

2

QC

3.00 

3.20

3

QA

Q QC

3.40 

3.50

Q OA

Q Cf\

3.70 

3.80 

4 90

4 90

4.40

5.20 

57O

1.65 

1.80

1 7^

1 7^

1.85 

1.80

-I QA

9 90

9 10

2.20 

2.20 

9 40

9 4^

2.50 

2.40

2

K(\

9 60

2.60 

2.90 

9 Qn

9 Qn

3.00

3.60

Q QA
LEPERDITICOPID OSTRACODES J25

X

g

m . 

x 2

O

EXPLANATION

D Right valve 

O Left valve

O

n

n o>

no

o

nn o 

o

n m°o 

n

o

1 23456

LENGTH, IN MILLIMETERS

FIGURE 5.—Scatter diagram of maximum length versus maximum height in mm for Bivia frankfortensis (Ulrich, 1891); 24 silicified specimens 

from USGS collection 5095-CO from the Devils Hollow Member of the Lexington Limestone.

studied by Ulrich have obscure, lightly impressed stop 

pits with the arrangement characteristic of Eoleperditia. The stop pits may also not be visible on the exterior of B. frankfortensis, and as both taxa are small 

and have a similar lateral outline, they could easily be 

confused. However, in addition to the differences cited 

previously, Ulrich's specimens of E. caecigena have a 

deeper overlap platform on the left valve than specimens of B. frankfortensis.

Occurrence.—The lectotype and paralectotypes 

(USNM 41279A, 41279) of Bivia frankfortensis are 

labeled "Trenton (upper Cynthiana), Reservoir Hill, 

Frankfort, Ky." This species is in the collections 

studied for this report from the Devils Hollow Member 

of the Lexington Limestone (USGS collns. 4989-CO, 

5095-CO, and D1207-CO). As the Devils Hollow Member is mapped on the only hill in Frankfort that has a 

reservoir (Moore, 1975), Ulrich's types also probably 

came from beds that would now be considered Devils 

Hollow.

Family ISOCHILINIDAE Swartz, 1949 

Genus ISOCHILINA Jones, 1858

Type species.—Leperditia (Isochilind) Ottawa Jones, 

1858.

Isochilina copelandi n. sp.

Plate 7, figures 1-7

Diagnosis.—Isochilina with prominent eye tubercle, 

adductor scar tends to be raised above surface of valve, 

distinct but narrow marginal brim on both valves, less 

distinct ventrally on left valve.

Description.—Lateral outline postplete to amplete; 

hinge line straight, anterior and posterior margins 

smoothly curved, ventral margin gently curved. Hinge 

line between half and two-thirds length of valve. 

Anterior cardinal angle obtuse, flattened, posterior 

cardinal angle very obtuse, flattened. Marginal brim 

narrow, extending from anterior cardinal angle 

anterodorsally of posterior cardinal angle, very narrow 

ventrally on left valve. Greatest width in anterior
J26 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES

third of valve, over adductor muscle scar. Eye tubercle 

prominent, area of valve anterodorsal of eye tubercle 

tends to be inflated. Adductor muscle scar posteroventral of eye tubercle slightly raised above valve surface 

on large specimens. Adductor scar ovate, acuminate 

dorsally, composed of approximately 50 stigmata. 

Three or four vertically elongated stigmata below eye 

tubercle. Locking pits on right valve obscure externally. Narrow overlap platform on left valve. Shell surface 

smooth. Hinge not seen.

Material.—More than 30 specimens from one locality.

T^pes.-Holotype, USNM 338694; paratypes, USNM 

338688-338693.

Measurements.—The holotype left valve is 5.6 mm 

long and 3.7 mm high, and has a hinge length of 3.1 

mm. The measurements of five paratypes are given in 

table 6.

Discussion.—This small species differs from 

Isochilina Ottawa Jones, 1858 as shown on pi. 8, figs. 1, 

2, and by Swartz (1949, pi. 67), in having a shorter 

hinge line, less well developed cardinal angles, and a 

tendency for the adductor scar to be raised above the 

valve surface. In addition, the locking pits are poorly 

developed externally and can be determined only on 

wetted specimens. Although the adductor scar is raised 

above the valve surface as a low swelling, the individual stigmata are difficult to see on the material at 

hand, and could only be determined by etching a valve 

with weak hydrochloric acid and then coating the 

specimen with magnesium oxide.

Isochilina copelandi is superficially similar to /. columbina Bassler, 1935, but the latter has two or three 

stop pits (Swain, 1957, p. 551), a ventral lappet on the 

right valve, and a distinct overlap platform on the left 

valve; it therefore should be assigned to the genus 

Bivia.

Occurrence.—The specimens studied are from the 

Sunset Member of the Ashlock Formation at the Lake 

Reba section, USGS colln. 4492-CO. One small specimen that appears to belong to this species, USNM 

41277, was identified as "Leperditia caecigena Miller, 

Richmond gr. (Saluda), Moreland, Ky."

TABLE 6.—Measurements in millimeters of 5 specimens of Isochilina 

copelandi from USGS collection 4492-CO, Ashlock Formation, 

Sunset Member

USNM No. Valve Length Height

338688 

338689 

338690 

338692 

338693

Left

do

Right

do

do

1.4

2 2

o q

q 7

,1 O

0.9 

1.5 

1.9 

2.3 

2.7

Isochilina sp.

Plate 7, figures 8, 9

Description.—Lateral outline only slightly postplete; 

hinge line straight, about four-fifths of maximum length; 

anterior and posterior margins smoothly curved; ventral margin very gently curved. Cardinal angles about 

90 ° to hinge line, flattened. Marginal brim narrow but 

distinct. Eye tubercle distinct. Adductor scar not 

markedly raised above valve surface, individual stigmata not seen. Approximately 12 locking pits on right 

valve distinct along ventral margin. Hinge not seen.

Material.—One right valve, one left valve, and many 

broken specimens.

Types.-Figured right valve, USNM 338695, figured 

left valve, USNM 338696.

Measurements.—The figured right valve is 3.9 mm 

long, 2.2 mm high, and has a hinge length of 2.9 mm.

Discussion.—Unfortunately, the specimens of this 

form are too poorly preserved to describe it adequately 

or to identify it. Most are dolomitized, and details of 

the surface and other features are obscured. This 

species differs from Isochilina copelandi n. sp. in having a relatively longer hinge line; it is most like /. 

Ottawa Jones, 1858 in outline, but the material from 

Kentucky is not adequate to determine specific identity 

or the lack of it.

Occurrence.—The figured right valve is from the 

Rowland Member of the Drakes Formation, Fredericktown section, USGS colln. D1283-CO. The figured left 

valve is also from the same stratigraphic unit in the 

same section, USGS colln. D1284-CO.

Genus TEICHOCHILINA Swartz, 1949

Type species.—Isochilina jonesi Wetherby, 1881.

Species included.—Isochilina ampla Ulrich, 1891.

Diagnosis.—Isochilinids having narrow marginal 

brim ventrally, narrow overlap platform, and not more 

than three locking pits or pegs in right valve.

Discussion.—Swartz (1949, p. 324-325) proposed the 

genus Teichochilina to include isochilinids that have 

on the left valve "***a well developed marginal flange 

that is overlapped by the right valve." He did not illustrate the genus, but referred (Swartz, 1949, p. 325) to 

figures by Ulrich and Bassler (1923, p. 295, fig. 13,6-8) 

and Bassler and Kellett (1934, p. 13, fig. 4, 8-10), 

which show an overlap platform on the left valve of 

Isochilina jonesi Wetherby. Wetherby's types are apparently lost (Ellis and Messina, 1955, v. 7; Branstrator, 1979, written commun.), but the specimens studied 

by Ulrich and Bassler are presumably those under 

USNM 41292 labeled "Hypotypes, Isochilina jonesi 

Wetherby, Mohawkian (Trenton), Near Harrodsburg, 

Ky. (Perryville Is.). Identified by E.O.U." None of these 

specimens conforms to Ulrich and Bassler's drawings,
LEPERDITICOPID OSTRACODES J27

but one specimen (pi. 8, fig. 4), which is a sheared 

carapace, shows a very narrow ventral area in the left 

valve that could be interpreted as an overlap platform, 

and this and another broken carapace may have been 

the source of Ulrich and Bassler's illustrations. The exact character of the overlap of Isochilina, as represented by /. Ottawa Jones, 1858 has not been definitely 

determined by sectioning, but the ventral margin of 

the left valve must be bent inward to fit between the 

contact margin of the right valve and the locking pegs, 

although not as pronouncedly as in Teichochilina.

Swartz (1949, p. 325) stated that right valve submarginal pits and corresponding internal nodes, the locking pits and pegs of this report, were lacking in 

Teichochilina. However, specimens of T. jonesi 

Wetherby from USNM 41292 show two, and on some a 

small third, pits on the marginal brim of the right 

valve. The diagnosis of Teichochilina has been revised 

accordingly.

Isochilina ampla Ulrich, 1891 is considered to belong 

in Teichochilina because the only right valve of the 

syntypes (USNM 41291) shows two locking pits rather 

than the numerous locking pits of Isochilina 

8.8. Swartz (1949, p. 325) noted that "Further work will 

be required to determine the constituent species of the 

genus***" and undoubtedly additional species will be 

assigned to Teichochilina in the future. However, as 

noted by Berdan (1976, p. 46), the specimens described 

by Kirk (1928, p. 410^14, figs. 4a-h) as Leperditia 

ampla (Ulrich, 1891) from the Catheys Limestone of 

Tennessee are not T. ampla but are conspecific with 

Bivia pondi (Ulrich and Bassler, 1935).

Range.—Middle Ordovician of the East-Central 

United States.

Teichochilina jonesi (Wetherby, 1881) 

Plate 8, figures 3-5; plate 9, figures 1-9

Isochilina jonesi Wetherby, 1881, p. 80-81, pi. 2, figs. 7, 7a; Miller,

1889, p. 522, text fig. 1018; Ulrich 1891, p. 179, pi. 11, figs.

9a-c; Jones, 1903, p. 303; Grabau and Shimer, 1910, p. 342;

Bassler, 1915, p. 673; Ulrich and Bassler, 1923, p. 295, text fig.

13, figs. 6-8; Bassler and Kellett, 1934, p. 13, text fig. 4, fig. 4,

figs. 8-10, p. 340; Shimer and Shrock, 1944, p. 644, pi. 280, figs.

14-16. 

Teichochilina jonesi (Wetherby). Swartz, 1949, p. 324-325; Levinson,

1951, p. 554, pi. 77, figs. 5a, b.

Diagnosis.—Eye tubercle distinct but not conspicuous, 

adductor scar very slightly raised, marginal brim very 

narrow ventrally.

Description.—Lateral outline postplete; hinge line 

straight, anterior margin smoothly curved, ventral 

margin gently curved, slanting posteriorly, posterior 

margin more fully curved in ventral half of valve. Cardinal angles flattened, sharp, about 90° with hinge 

line, merging with marginal brim. Marginal brim 

about twice as wide posteriorly as anteriorly, very narrow ventrally, distinctly set off from domicilium. 

Greatest width anterior of midlength of valve. Eye 

tubercle distinct, area anterodorsal of eye tubercle 

slightly inflated. Adductor muscle scar very slightly 

raised above valve surface, composed of about 100 stigmata. About five ventrally elongated subocular stigmata in chevron shape below eye tubercle, other muscle scars not seen. Right valve has two or three widely 

spaced locking pits and three locking pegs, left valve 

has narrow, curved overlap platform. Hinge adont, 

simple.

Material—Eighteen calcareous specimens from near 

Harrodsburg, Ky., one calcareous specimen from 8 

miles southeast of Frankfort, Ky., one calcareous specimen from Versailles, Ky., four calcareous specimens 

from Perryville, Ky.; more than nine silicified fragments from the Bry ants ville quadrangle, one silicified 

specimen from the Perryville quadrangle, all of the 

above from the Perryville Limestone Member of the 

Lexington Limestone. One calcareous specimen, more 

than 40 silicified specimens and many fragments from 

the Frankfort E. quadrangle, all from the Devils 

Hollow Member of the Lexington Limestone.

Types.— Neotype, USNM 41292A, paraneotypes, 

USNM 41292B-J; hypotypes, USNM 338709-338722.

Measurements.—The neotype left valve is 18.5 mm 

long and 13.1 mm high. A paraneotype right valve 

(USNM 41292B) is 18.8 mm long and 12.6 mm high. 

The measurements of eight specimens from the Devils 

Hollow Member of the Lexington Limestone are shown 

in table 7.

Discussion—Wetherby (1881, p. 80-81) described 

Isochilina jonesi and stated that it occurred in great 

numbers at a single locality in the Trenton Limestone 

of Mercer County, Ky., but gave no more precise locality data. Earlier, Wetherby (1880, p. 148) mentioned 

"***about two miles west of Harrodsburg junction, are 

several more or less heavily-bedded limestones, containing one or two layers which hold many specimens 

of very large bivalve Crustaceans; Leperditia, 

Isochilina, etc., as yet undescribed." Harrodsburg is in

TABLE 7 .—Measurements in millimeters of eight specimens of Teichochilina. jonesi from the Lexington Limestone, Devils Hollow Member, 

USGS collection 5095-CO

USNM No. Valve Length Height

338711

338717

338718

338719

QOQ79n

338721

000799

338709

Right —

Left ——

—————

————— .

Right —

T Aft

——————————

—————————

— do ———————

— do ———————

rln

- do

5.4

7.6

8.2

9.2

Q 7

10.7

U o

12.8

3.5

5.1

5.5

6.2

6

7

7.3

7.4

8.5
J28 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OP KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES

Mercer County, and probably this statement refers to 

the type locality of /. jonesi, as Wetherby described only this one ostracode. Ulrich (1891, p. 179, pi. 11, figs. 

9a-c) discussed /. jonesi and illustrated a specimen 

about 19 mm long, which he stated was the largest example yet seen; he also stated that the species was very 

abundant in the massive gray limestone forming the 

top of the Trenton near Harrodsburg, Ky. Ulrich and 

Bassler (1923, p. 295, text fig. 13, 6-8) and Bassler and 

Kellett (1934, p. 13, text fig. 4, figs. 8-10) provided additional figures of /. jonesi, also from Harrodsburg, 

Ky., which they cited as evidence for the presence of an 

overlap platform in the genus Isochilina Jones, 1858. 

Swartz (1949, p. 324-325) proposed the genus 

Teichochilina for isochilinids with an overlap platform 

and designated T. jonesi (Wetherby, 1881) as the type, 

accepting the statement by Teichert (1937, p. 106) that 

/. Ottawa Jones, 1858 lacks an overlap platform or has 

only a very narrow one, but rejecting Anisochilina 

Teichert, 1937 as an isochilinid. Swartz (1949, p. 325) 

did not figure T. jonesi, but referred to the illustrations 

of Ulrich and Bassler and Bassler and Kellett.

If we are to stabilize the nomenclature of T. jonesi 

(Wetherby, 1881) and the genus Teichochilina Swartz, 

1949, a neotype for T. jonesi must be selected, because 

Wetherby's specimens are lost. The specimens studied 

by Ulrich and Bassler from near Harrodsburg, Mercer 

County, Ky., are probably topotypes, and are also the 

specimens on which Swartz based his concept of 

Teichochilina. These specimens, under USNM 41292, 

are in two boxes, both labeled "Plesiotypes," but one 

box containing 10 specimens also has a green diamond 

on the label. Consequently, I am here selecting a left 

valve, USNM 41292A (pi. 9, fig. 3) from this box to 

serve as the neotype of Isochilina jonesi Wetherby, 

1881, and am considering the other nine specimens as 

paraneotypes.

As noted by Ulrich (1891, p. 179), Teichochilina 

ampla (Ulrich, 1891) is relatively shorter and higher 

than T. jonesi, although otherwise these species are 

similar. Swain (1957, pi. 60, fig. 9a, b; pi. 61, fig. 1) 

refigured the syntypes of T. ampla; these figures may 

be compared with the neotype of T. jonesi (pi. 9, fig. 3). 

Levinson (1951, p. 554, pi. 77, figs. 5a, b) illustrated 

thin sections of T. jonesi, which he considered to have 

three layers of shell.

Specimens of T. jonesi from the Devils Hollow 

Member of the Lexington Limestone are smaller and 

tend to be more postplete than those from the Perryville Limestone Member, but are otherwise so similar 

that they cannot be discriminated as a separate 

species.

Occurrence.—Teichochilina jonesi (Wetherby, 1881) 

has been found in the Perryville Limestone Member of

the Lexington Limestone near Harrodsburg, Ky. 

(USNM 41292), in the Salvisa Bed of the Perryville in 

the Perryville quadrangle (USGS colln. 5015-CO) and 

Bryantsville quadrangle (USGS colln. 6137-CO), and 

in the Faulconer Bed of the Perryville in the Perryville 

quadrangle (USGS colln. 7853-CO). It occurs in the 

Devils Hollow Member of the Lexington Limestone in 

the Frankfort East quadrangle (USGS collns. D1207- 

CO, 5087-CO, 5095-CO, 7789-CO).

Genus PARABRIARTINA n. gen.

Type species.—Briartina modesta Ulrich and Swain 

in Swain, 1957.

Species included.—Briartina extenta Ulrich and 

Swain in Swain, 1957.

Diagnosis.—Leperditicopes with ventral margin 

nearly parallel to hinge line, oval adductor but no 

chevron scar, no distinct ventral lappet on right valve 

and very narrow overlap platform on left valve. No 

marginal brim.

Discussion.—Swain (1957, p. 550-551) described two 

species of leperditicopid ostracodes, Briartina extenta 

Ulrich and Swain in Swain, 1957 and B. modesta 

Ulrich and Swain in Swain, 1957, from Middle Ordovician formations, which he assigned to the genus Briartina Kegel, 1933 because of their almost amplete 

lateral outline. However, Briartina, from the Middle 

Devonian of the Eifel district, Germany, has a subocular chevron scar and a well-developed overlap platform on the left valve (Kegel, 1933, p. 924-929, pi. 46, 

figs. 11-14). These features are lacking on the two Ordovician species described by Swain. The differences 

between the Middle Devonian and Middle Ordovician 

forms are such that it seems desirable to place Swain's 

species in the new genus Parabriartina. The familial 

placement of this new genus may be somewhat questionable. Unlike Eoleperditia, Bivia and other leper - 

ditiid genera, Parabriartina lacks a ventral lappet in 

the right valve and has only a very narrow overlap 

platform in the left valve; although no carapaces have 

as yet been found, the valves appear to meet evenly. 

However, unlike Isochilina, Teichochilina, and other 

isochilinid genera, there is no marginal brim on either 

valve. It is here considered an isochilinid according to 

the revision of the family Isochilinidae.

Range.—Middle Ordovician (Blackriveran-Kirkfieldian) of eastern North America.

Parabriartina modesta (Ulrich and Swain in Swain, 1957) 

Plate 7, figures 12-15

Briartina modesta Ulrich and Swain in Swain, 1957, p. 550-551, pi. 

59, fig. 12.

Diagnosis.—Parabriartina having greatest width just 

anterior of midlength and at or just below midheight. 

Cardinal angles distinct but not flattened. In end view,
LEPERDITICOPID OSTRACODES J29

* curve of valve is smooth but plunges sharply to commissure.

Description.—Lateral outline amplete; hinge line 

straight, anterior margin straight to gently curved to 

midheight of valve, rounding smoothly into gently 

curved ventral margin, posterior margin smoothly 

curved. Cardinal angles obtuse but distinct, not flattened, anterior more acute than posterior. In anterior 

view, both valves smoothly curved for about seveneighths of height and then sharply curved to commissure. No ventral lappet on right valve, very narrow 

overlap platform on left valve, commissure apparently 

plane. No stop pits seen on right valve, very weak stop 

ridge on left valve. Eye tubercle low and obscure. Adductor scar oval, acuminate dorsally, individual stigmata not seen. No other muscle scars seen. Hinge not 

known. Shell surface smooth to weakly punctate.

Material.—Holotype and 14 paratypes from bottom of 

gorge, High Bridge, Ky.; more than seven hypotypes, 

also from High Bridge, Ky.

Types.-Holotype, USNM 54246; paratypes, USNM 

54246A; hypotypes, USNM 338701-338704.

Measurements.—The holotype, a left valve, is 4.6 mm 

long, 2.7 mm high, and has a hinge length of 3.5 mm. A 

hypotype left valve (USNM 338703) is 6.3 mm long, 

3.5 mm high, and has a hinge length of 4.8 mm. A 

hypotype right valve (USNM 338701) is 4.4 mm long, 

2.6 mm high, and has a hinge length of 3.4 mm. A 

smaller hypotype right valve (USNM 338702) is 3.7 mm 

long, 2.2 mm high, and has a hinge length of 2.9 mm. A 

small hypotype left valve (USNM 338704) is 3.2 mm 

long, 1.8 mm high, and has a hinge length of 2.6 mm. 

All measurements made with a micrometer ocular.

Discussion.—The holotype and paratypes of Parabriartina modesta are preserved on the surface of slabs 

of dolomitic limestone in such a way that some of the 

diagnostic characters are difficult or impossible to see. 

The description given above is based largely on better 

preserved hypotype material which, like the primary 

types, is also from the lowest part of the section in the 

gorge of the Kentucky River at High Bridge, Ky., but 

probably slightly higher in the section, as according to 

Swain (1957, p. 551), the beds from which the types 

were collected are now under water. Unfortunately, 

even the better preserved hypotype specimens do not 

show the individual stigmata of the adductor scar in 

enough detail to count them. No stop pits have been 

seen on the exterior of the right valves, but when 

wetted, indications are that small stop pegs may be 

present internally. However, as yet this cannot be conclusively demonstrated.

Occurrence.—The holotype (USNM 54246) and paratypes (USNM 54246A) are labeled as coming from 

"near bottom of Kentucky River gorge at High Bridge,

Ky."; these beds would now be included in the Camp 

Nelson Limestone. The hypotypes are also from the 

Camp Nelson, USGS colln. 7861-CO, from 0.6 feet 

above the base of the High Bridge section.

Parabriartina sp.

Plate 7, figures 10, 11

Description.—Lateral outline amplete; hinge line 

straight, anterior and posterior margins smoothly 

curved, ventral margin gently curved. Cardinal angles 

acute, flattened. In anterior view, both valves smoothly 

curved, maximum width slightly anterior to midpoint 

of valves. Very narrow overlap platform on left valve, 

ventral commissure plane. Eye tubercle low and 

obscure. Muscle scars and hinge not seen. Shell surface 

smooth.

Material.—Six specimens from the Tyrone Limestone, West Marble Creek section.

Types.-Figured specimens, USNM 338697, 338698, 

measured specimens USNM 338699, 338700.

Measurements.—The largest figured specimen, a 

right valve, is 3.3 mm long and 2.0 mm high, and the 

smallest figured specimen, a left valve, is 2.2 mm long 

and 1.3 mm high. An unfigured right valve is 3.4 mm 

long and 2.1 mm high, and an unfigured left valve is 

1.9 mm long and 1.2 mm high. All measurements made 

with a micrometer ocular.

Discussion.—This form differs from other species of 

Parabriartina in having acute, flattened cardinal 

angles, and from P. modesta (Ulrich and Swain in 

Swain, 1957) in being more evenly curved in anterior 

view. It is left in open nomenclature because the few 

specimens available do not show many of the diagnostic features, and are so small that they may be 

juvenile instars.

Occurrence.—All specimens are from the Tyrone 

Limestone at the West Marble Creek section, USGS 

collns. D1139-CO, D1140-CO, and D1141-CO.

Genus CERATOLEPERDITIA Harris, 1960

Type species.—Ceratoleperditia arbucklensis Harris, 

1960.

Ceratoleperditia kentuckyensis (Ulrich, 1891)

Plate 7, figures 16-21

Isochilina kentuckyensis Ulrich, 1891, p. 179-180, pi. 11, figs, lla-d. 

Heterochilina kentuckyensis (Ulrich). Swain, 1957, p. 549, pi. 59,

figs. 13a, 13b.

Ceratoleperditia kentuckyensis (Ulrich). Harris, 1960, p. 212. 

(Not) Leperditia (Isochilina) armata Walcott, 1883, p. 7.

Diagnosis.— Alate leperditicopids with midventral 

alae projecting perpendicular to plane of commissure. 

Large specimens tend to develop anteroventral swelling anterior to alae on both valves.

Description.—Lateral outline slightly postplete; 

hinge line straight, anterior margin sharply curved
J30 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES

beneath cardinal angle, ventral margin gently curved, 

posterior margin broadly curved. Cardinal angles 

acute, posterior more acute than anterior and may project posteriorly; both angles flattened. Flattened area 

at posterior angle extends ventrally about one-third to 

one-half height of posterior margin, otherwise no 

marginal brim. Large, blunt, flattened alar process at 

midlength in ventral quarter of both valves. Process 

falciform, curved posteriorly, elongated parallel to 

length and projecting perpendicular to plane of commissure. In large specimens, anteroventral bulge may 

be present anterior to and ventral of alae on both 

valves. Right valve has small locking pits along ventral margin, left valve has narrow overlap platform (pi. 

7, fig. 20).

Eye tubercle low and inconspicuous. Adductor scar 

oval, acuminate dorsally, vertically elongate subocular 

scars may be present. Individual stigmata of adductor 

not seen. Shell surface smooth or lightly punctate. 

Hinge not seen.

Material.—Holotype of Isochilina kentuckyensis 

Ulrich, 1891, 11 hypotypes and many fragments from 

the West Marble Creek section, Valley View quadrangle, Ky.

Types.-Holotype, USNM 43155; hypotypes, USNM 

338705-338708.

Measurements.— The holotype is 4.6 mm long, 2.9 

mm high, and has a hinge length of 3.7 mm. A small 

right valve (USNM 338705) is 4.5 mm long, 2.7 mm 

high, and has a hinge length of 3.5 mm. A larger right 

valve (USNM 338707) is 6.6 mm long and 5.1 mm high. 

A large left valve (USNM 338708) is 9.0 mm long, 5.1 

mm high, and has a hinge length of 7.2 mm.

Discussion.—Unfortunately, most of the specimens of 

C. kentuckyensis are poorly preserved and it has not 

been possible to extract many of them from the matrix 

with the margins and alae intact. However, as may be 

seen from the measurements above, the holotype is not 

a mature specimen. In the smaller instars such as the 

holotype, the alar process is not as well developed as it 

becomes in the larger instars, but not enough unbroken specimens are available to plot the change. One 

partly exfoliated right valve (USNM 338707; pi. 7, fig. 

19) shows an oval adductor scar with many individual 

flecks and a train of larger subocular flecks that extends below the adductor scar; this is similar to the 

subocular scar figured for the Ordovician species Paraeoleperditia fukujiensis by Adachi and Igo (1980, figs. 

2,4), but is longer. However, this feature has been seen 

on only one specimen and might be an accident of preservation.

Bassler (1915, p. 672, 673) and Bassler and Kellett 

(1934, p. 337, 340) considered Isochilina kentuckyensis 

Ulrich, 1891 a junior synonym of Isochilina armata

Walcott, 1883. This view was rejected by Swain (1957, 

p. 549) and Harris (1960, p. 212-213). The location of 

Walcott's holotype of /. armata is not known, and the 

species has not been restudied. Walcott (1883, pi. 17, 

fig. 10) illustrated a specimen which has a larger and 

more acute alar process than C. kentuckyensis specimens of the same or larger size. Although the two 

species are very similar and may prove to be synonymous, it seems desirable to keep them as separate taxa 

until Walcott's type is found or until topotype specimens have been carefully studied.

Harris (1960, p. 211-212) assigned his genus Ceratoleperditia and the type species C. arbucklensis to the 

family Leperditiidae and stated that the right valve 

overlapped the left with maximum overlap along the 

venter. However, his illustrations of C. arbucklensis 

(Harris, 1960, pi. 1, figs. 1-4) show no indication of an 

overlap platform or ventral lappet. Although C. kentuckyensis, like C. arbucklensis, lacks the marginal 

brim of typical isochilinids, the narrow overlap platform of the left valve and the lack of ventral lappet on 

the right valve, as well as the character of the subocular 

muscle scars, suggest that it is more closely allied to 

the Isochilinidae than to the Leperditiidae. I have not 

seen the types or other specimens of C. arbucklensis, 

but as Harris (1960, p. 212) assigned C. kentuckyensis 

to Ceratoleperditia, it seems reasonable to assume that 

this species is representative of Ceratoleperditia. Consequently, Ceratoleperditia is here classified under the 

family Isochilinidae. This agrees with Ulrich's original 

assignment of C. kentuckyensis to Isochilina.

Occurrence.—The holotype (USNM 43155) of Ceratoleperditia kentuckyensis (Ulrich, 1891) is labeled as 

coming from the upper Tyrone Limestone, High Bridge, 

Ky. The hypotype specimens (USNM 338705-338708) 

are all from the Tyrone, West Marble Creek section, 

Valley View quadrangle, Ky., USGS collns. D1137-CO, 

D1138-CO, D1139-CO, and D1141-CO.

Genus KENODONTOCHILINA n. gen.

Type species.—Kenodontochilina pustulosa n. sp.

Species included.—Isochilina subnodosa subnodosa 

Ulrich, 1891; Kenodontochilina subnodosa glabra n. 

subsp.; Isochilina nelsoni Ulrich and Bassler, 1935; 

tBeyrichia clavigera Jones, 1891.

Diagnosis.—Isochilinids with locking pegs or pits in 

right valve very obscure or lacking, adductor muscle 

scar raised above valve surface as boss and separated 

from eye tubercle by sulcus. Distinct round node 

posterodorsal of adductor scar near hinge line. Marginal brims of both valves distinct, narrow ventrally, 

widest posteriorly. Subocular muscle scars weak or 

lacking.

Discussion.—This genus differs from Isochilina
LEPERDITICOPID OSTRACODES J31

Jones, 1858 and Teichochilina Swartz, 1949 in having 

greater relief on the surface of the valves, a more 

distinct marginal brim, and lacking any conspicuous 

locking pegs or pits on the margin of the right valve. It 

is most similar to Dihogmochilina Teichert, 1937 in 

the surface sculpture of the valves and the apparent 

lack of locking pegs and pits, but as redescribed by 

Copeland (1970, p. 10-13, pi. 2, 3), Dihogmochilina has 

a trailing subocular muscle scar anterior to the adductor scar, and also lacks the prominent dorsal node 

above the adductor scar. Another similar genus, 

Hogmochilina Solle, 1935, also lacks the dorsal node 

and, according to Abushik (1960b, p. 61), has a subocular muscle scar.

Swain (1957, p. 554) compared Isochilina mimica 

Ulrich and Swain, 1957 with the holotype left valve of 

Kenodontochilina subnodosa subnodosa (Ulrich, 1891) 

and noted similarities in the lobation of both species. 

However, the holotype of Isochilina mimica (USNM 

113429) has two distinct locking pits, one at either end 

of the ventral margin, and this species is therefore not 

included in the genus Kenodontochilina. The peculiar 

species Beyrichia clavigera Jones, 1891 (pi. 11, fig. 5), 

redescribed by Copeland (1958) as Ctenobolbina, is 

questionably included in Kenodontochilina because of 

similarities in the pattern of lobation, although K.? 

clavigera is much more highly ornamented than other 

species assigned to the genus.

The generic name Kenodontochilina is derived from 

kenodontis (Gr.) meaning "toothless" and cheilos (Gr.) 

meaning "lip," in reference to the apparent lack of 

locking pegs on the margin of the right valve.

Range.—Middle and Upper Ordovician of eastern 

North America.

Kenodontochilina pustulosa n. sp.

Plate 10, figures 1, 2

Diagnosis.—Eye tubercle and dorsocentral node 

large, prominent, surface ornamented by lines of 

granules radiating from adductor scar.

Description.—Lateral outline amplete; hinge line 

straight, anterodorsal and posterodorsal margins nearly straight, anteroventral and posteroventral margins 

curved, ventral margin gently curved. Cardinal angles 

obtuse to about 90 °, flattened, merging into marginal 

brim. Marginal brim wide anteriorly, distinctly set off 

from domicilium, wider posteriorly and sloping into 

domicilium, narrow ventrally. Eye tubercle large and 

distinct, separated from adductor scar by narrow, 

shallow sulcus. Anterodorsal part of valve anterior of 

eye tubercle inflated, separated from anteroventral 

part by shallow, transverse depression. Adductor scar 

raised above valve surface on swelling, acuminate dorsally, defined posteriorly by indistinct shallow sulcus

and posterodorsally by oblique shallow sulcus separating adductoral swelling from large dorsocentral node, 

which is about same size as eye tubercle. Domicilium 

inflated anteriorly and ventrally, slopes into marginal 

brim posteriorly but develops posterodorsal swelling. 

Adductor scar ovate, acuminate dorsally; stigmata, 

subocular or other muscle scars not seen. Locking pits, 

if present, extremely small. Shell thick. Shell surface 

ornamented with lines of granules radiating from 

adductor scar.

Material.—One right valve, two left valves, and one 

crushed and broken left valve.

Types.-Holotype, USNM 338723; paratypes, USNM 

338724-25.

Measurements.—The holotype right valve is 8.3 mm 

long and 4.4 mm high. A paratype left valve (USNM 

338725) is 7.5 mm long and 4.0 mm high. A smaller 

paratype left valve (USNM 338724) is 5.2 mm long and 

2.8 mm high.

Discussion.—This species differs from others assigned 

to Kenodontochilina by the radiating character of its 

surface ornament. Kenodontochilina subnodosa subnodosa (Ulrich, 1891) is more weakly granulose, and K. 

nelsoni (Ulrich and Bassler, 1935) has the granules 

evenly distributed over the surface. Neither of these 

species is as strongly lobate as K. pustulosa. K.? 

clavigera (Jones, 1891) is more strongly lobate and its 

granules do not appear to radiate from the adductor as 

in K. pustulosa. This type of ornamentation is most 

similar to that of Saffordellina muralis (Ulrich and 

Bassler, 1923), but K. pustulosa lacks the strong ridge 

parallel to the free margins that is characteristic of 

the genus Saffordellina.

Occurrence.—'This species has been found in the Sunset Member of the Ashlock and Bull Fork Formations 

in USGS collns. 4492-CO, 8313-CO and 8315-CO.

Kenodontochilina subnodosa subnodosa (Ulrich, 1891)

Plate 10, figure 3

Isochilina subnodosa Ulrich, 1891, p. 177-178, pi. 11, figs. 7a-c; 

Ulrich and Bassler, 1908, p. 282, fig. 2; Grabau and Shimer, 

1910, p. 342, text fig. 1656, 1-k; Bassler, 1915, p. 674; Swain, 

1957, p. 554, pi. 60, fig. 8.

Diagnosis.—Eye tubercle and adductor scar prominent, raised, posterior marginal brim more than twice 

as large as anterior, shell surface sparsely granulose or 

weakly punctate.

Description.—Lateral outline amplete to slightly 

postplete; hinge line straight, anterior margin evenly 

curved, ventral margin gently curved, posterior 

margin smoothly curved. Cardinal angles obtuse, flattened, merging into marginal brim. Marginal brim 

more than twice as wide posteriorly as anteriorly, very 

narrow ventrally. Eye tubercle large, separated from 

large adductor scar by shallow, short, poorly defined
J32 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES

sulcus. Adductor scar raised above valve surface on 

large swelling, defined posteriorly by shallow sulcus 

extending from dorsum about half height of valve and 

defined dorsally by shallow transverse sag or groove 

separating swelling from dorsocentral round node. 

Domicilium inflated and sharply set off from brim 

anteriorly and ventrally, but lower and sloping into 

marginal brim posteriorly, tending to be divided into 

ventral and dorsal lobes by shallow depression. Adductor scar oval; stigmata, subocular or other muscle scars 

not seen. No locking pits or pegs around marginal 

brim. Shell thin, shell surface sparsely granulose or 

weakly punctate.

Material.—One complete left valve and two left 

valves broken dorsally.

7>pes.-Holotype, USNM 41294.

Measurements.—The holotype, a left valve, is 7.9 mm 

long and 4.5 mm high.

Discussion.—Swain (1957, p. 554) redescribed the 

holotype of Kenodontochilina subnodosa subnodosa 

(Ulrich, 1891) and mentioned that the ornamentation 

appeared both granulose and punctate, rather than entirely punctate as described by Ulrich (1891, p. 178). 

This ornamentation is here considered to be one of the 

diagnostic criteria of K. subnodosa subnodosa. This 

species and subspecies may be distinguished from K. 

nelsoni (Ulrich and Bassler, 1935), figured on pi. 11, 

fig. 12, by its larger and more inflated adductor scar 

and more obscure ornamentation. K.? clauigera (Jones, 

1891), shown on pi. 11, fig. 5, is more highly lobate and 

more highly ornamented. The differences between K. 

subnodosa subnodosa and other new taxa are discussed 

under those taxa.

Although Ulrich (1891, p. 178) stated that K. subnodosa subnodosa came from "Upper Trenton limestone, associated with Leperditia linneyi, at Perryville, 

Ky.," no specimens have been found in the collections 

studied from Perryville. However, these collections 

were from the Perryville Limestone Member of the 

Lexington Limestone, and it is possible that the species 

occurs in one of the other members.

Occurrence.—Lexington Limestone at Perryville, Ky.

Kenodontochilina subnodosa glabra n. subsp.

Plate 10, figures 4-10

Diagnosis.—Eye tubercle and adductor scar prominent, raised, posterior marginal brim more than twice 

as wide as anterior, shell surface smooth, cardinal 

angles sharp.

Description.—Lateral outline amplete to slightly preplete; hinge line straight, anterior margin sigmoidally 

curved anterodorsally, smoothly curved ventrally, ventral margin very gently curved to straight, posterior 

margin smoothly curved. Cardinal angles distinct, flattened, approximately 90°. Marginal brim about twice 

as wide posteriorly as anteriorly, narrow ventrally. 

Eye tubercle prominent, separated from large adductor 

scar by shallow, short sulcus. Adductor scar distinctly 

raised above valve surface on large swelling, defined 

posteriorly by shallow sulcus extending from dorsum 

to about half height of valve and defined dorsally by 

shallow transverse sag or groove separating swelling 

from dorsocentral round node. Domicilium inflated and 

sharply set off from brim anteriorly and ventrally, less 

sharply set off posteriorly, divided posteriorly into ventral and dorsal lobes by shallow depression. Adductor 

scar oval, composed of approximately 80 stigmata. No 

subocular or other muscle scars seen. No locking pits or 

pegs around marginal brim. Hinge simple, adont. Shell 

thin, shell surface smooth.

Material.— Fifteen calcareous specimens and more 

than 40 silicified fragments, from seven collections.

7>pes.-Holotype, USNM 338728, paratypes, USNM 

338726-27, 338729-32.

Measurements.—The holotype, a right valve, is 8.9 

mm long and 5.4 mm high. A paratype right valve 

(USNM 338727) is 8.4 mm long and 4.9 mm high. A 

paratype left valve (USNM 338732) is 9.1 mm long and 

5.4 mm high. A small instar (USNM 338729) is 2.9 mm 

long and 1.2 mm high. Many specimens are broken and 

unsuitable for measurement.

Discussion.—Kenodontochilina subnodosa glabra is 

very similar to K. subnodosa subnodosa but differs in 

being smooth rather than having granulose ornamentation. It also has more acute cardinal angles and 

generally more distinct lobation, especially on the 

right valve. The lack of surface ornamentation also 

distinguishes it from any of the other species assigned 

to Kenodontochilina. Unfortunately, no carapaces of K. 

subnodosa glabra have been found, so it is not possible 

to determine exactly the overlap of the valves. The 

marginal brim appears to flare away from the plane of 

the valves in the anterodorsal corner of both valves, 

which suggests that the valves gaped slightly, but this 

cannot be demonstrated. Ventrally, the left valve has a 

very fine ridge in the position of the stop ridge and a 

very narrow "overlap platform," and the right valve 

curves smoothly to the contact margin.

Occurrence.— This subspecies has been found in the 

Sunset Member of the Bull Fork and Ashlock Formations and the Grant Lake and Gilbert Members of the 

Ashlock Formation in USGS collns. 4318-CO, 4491-CO, 

6129-CO, 8315-CO, 8317-CO, 9420-CO, and 9421-CO.

Genus SAFFORDELLINA (Ulrich and Bassler, 1923)

Saffordella Ulrich and Bassler, 1923, p. 295, non Saffordella

Dunbar, 1920. 

Saffordellina Bassler and Kellett, 1934, p. 13, 14, 470; Hennings-
LEPERDITICOPID OSTRACODES J33

moen, 1953, p. 274; Pokorny, 1958, p. 129; Moore, 1961, 

p. Q132.

Type species.—Saffordella muralis Ulrich and Bassler, 

1923.

Species included.—Saffordellina striatella n. sp.

Original diagnosis.—"Similar to Isochilina except 

that the surface is more nodose and has a long curved 

submarginal ridge." (Ulrich and Bassler, 1923, p. 295; 

Bassler and Kellett, 1934, p. 14).

Revised diagnosis.—Isochilinids having prominent 

adductoral boss, prominent eye tubercle, distinct dorsocentral node, and strong ridge approximately parallel 

to and inside free margin. Posterior nodes may be 

developed.

Discussion.—This genus was diagnosed and figured 

as a line drawing by Ulrich and Bassler (1923, p. 295, 

fig. 13, 9) without a description or discussion. Bassler 

and Kellett (1934, p. 13, fig. 4, 11) changed the name 

Saffordella to Saffordellina because the former was 

preoccupied by the brachiopod genus Saffordella Dunbar, 1920, but otherwise reproduced the original diagnosis and figure. Although Ulrich and Bassler and 

Bassler and Kellett had classified Saffordellina with 

the leperditicopids, Moore (1961, p. Q132) placed it 

under the Palaeocopida and suggested that it might 

belong with the Drepanellidae. However, the lobation, 

although greatly exaggerated, is typical of the 

Isochilinidae, and Saffordellina is here considered to 

belong in that family as suggested by Henningsmoen 

(1953, p. 274) and Pokorny (1958, p. 129). Because the 

type species, S. muralis (Ulrich and Bassler, 1923) is 

poorly known, it is here described and refigured.

Range.—Middle and Upper Ordovician of Southeastern United States.

Saffordellina muralis (Ulrich and Bassler, 1923)

Plate 11, figures 1-4

Saffordella muralis Ulrich and Bassler, 1923, p. 295, fig. 13, 9;

Bassler, 1932, pi. 21, fig. 20. 

Saffordellina muralis (Ulrich and Bassler). Bassler and Kellett,

1934, p. 13, 14, 470, fig. 4, 11; Pokorny, 1958, p. 129, fig. 650;

Moore, 1961, p. Q132, fig. 64, 6.

Diagnosis.—Eye tubercle and adductoral boss prominent, dorsocentral node horizontally elongate, posterocentral node enclosed by ridge inside free margin, free 

margin thickened. Surface covered with lines of 

granules radiating from adductoral boss, eye tubercle, 

and posterocentral node.

Description.—Lateral outline amplete to slightly 

postplete; hinge line straight, anterior margin sharply 

curved, ventral margin gently curved but sinuate posteriorly, posterior margin smoothly curved. Cardinal 

angles flattened, anterior angle sharp, about 90°, 

posterior angle obtuse. Marginal brim thickened and 

curved under to contact margin, widest posteriorly,

narrow ventrally, rises steeply to ridge that extends 

from about midheight on anterior end approximately 

parallel to contact margin to above midheight on posterior third of valve. Eye tubercle large and nodose, adductoral boss large, acuminate dorsally, with narrow 

rim and horizontal sag dorsally. Dorsocentral node irregular, elongated parallel to hinge line. Irregularly 

rounded node present inside ridge at about midheight 

on posterior third of valve. Surface covered with lines 

of granules that radiate from eye tubercle and adductor. Individual stigmata not seen, hinge not seen. 

Apparently no locking pits on right valve.

Material.—Fourteen specimens in type lot and 40 

additional specimens from one locality.

Types.—Lectotype, here designated, USNM 41561A; 

figured paralectotypes, USNM 41561B-D; unfigured 

paralectotypes, USNM 41561.

Measurements.— The lectotype right valve is 5.4 mm 

long and 2.8 mm high. Two paralectotype left valves 

(USNM 41561B and USNM 41561D) are 6.3 mm long 

and 3.0 mm high and 5.5 mm long and 2.7 mm high, 

respectively.

Discussion.—The radiating lines of granules on the 

surface of Saffordellina muralis (Ulrich and Bassler, 

1923) are similar in their general pattern to some of 

the so-called vascular markings radiating from the adductor scars of corroded specimens of other leperditicopes. These granules are believed to be the surface expression of structural elements in the thickness of the 

shell. The large nodes and the ridge all involve the entire thickness of the shell and are not surficial.

Bassler and Kellett (1934, p. 470) gave USNM 41561 

as the number of the "holotype." However, USNM 

41561 applies to a box containing 14 specimens and a 

label stating "Grenotypes—41561, Saffordella muralis 

U. & B." and also to a box with the same number 

labeled as "seconds" of S. muralis, which contains 40 

specimens. A lectotype, USNM 41561A (pi. 11, fig. 1), 

has therefore been designated, and because Ulrich and 

Bassler (1923, fig. 13, 9) figured a right valve, the most 

complete right valve was selected, although it is not 

the largest.

Occurrence.—All known specimens of Saffordellina 

muralis are from the "lower ostracod bed" of the 

Catheys Limestone at "Penitentiary quarry, West 

Nashville, Tenn."

Saffordellina striatella n. sp.

Plate 11, figures 6-11

Diagnosis.—Eye tubercle and adductoral boss large, 

prominent, dorsocentral node globular, separated from 

adductoral boss by shallow depression, one or two 

swellings in posterior third of valve. Ridge extending 

from midheight of anterior end to posterior third of
J34 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES

valve, merging with posterior swelling. Surface covered 

with lines of very fine granules, especially on ridge.

Description.—Lateral outline slightly postpletel 

anterior margin sigmoidally to evenly curved, ventral 

margin very gently curved, posterior margin evenly 

curved. Cardinal angles sharp, nearly 90°. Marginal 

brim slightly thickened and recurved anteriorly, flattened posteriorly and about twice as wide, very narrow 

ventrally. Eye tubercle large, prominent. Adductoral 

boss large, acuminate dorsally, separated from globular 

dorsocentral node by shallow horizontal sag. Ridge 

rises abruptly at about midheight above anterior marginal brim and swings above free margin, ending in 

posteroventral third of valve and tending to merge 

with posteroventral swelling. Irregular and variable 

posterodorsal swelling in posterior third of valve 

separated from posteroventral swelling by transverse 

depression. Surface covered with very fine granules in 

lines radiating from adductoral boss, most distinct over 

ridge. More than 80 stigmata in adductor scar, 

subocular muscle scars not seen. Hinge not seen. No 

locking pegs or pits.

Material.—Fifteen calcareous specimens from three 

localities, more than 20 silicified fragments from an 

additional locality.

Types.-Holotype, USNM 338735; paratypes, USNM 

338733-338734, 338736-741.

Measurements.—The holotype right valve (USNM 

338735) is 5.6 mm long and 3.2 mm high, and has a 

hinge length of 4.2 mm. The measurements of six 

paratypes are given in table 8.

Discussion.—This species has been assigned to Saffordellina because of its pronounced ridge and similarities of lobation. It differs from S. muralis (Ulrich and 

Bassler, 1923) in having the ridge ending below and 

almost confluent with the posteroventral node or swelling, in having a posterodorsal swelling, a larger adductor scar, and much finer surface ornamentation. Kenodontochilina subnodosa glabra is superficially similar 

to this species but lacks the distinct ridge and the 

granulose ornamentation.

The holotype and the measured paratypes from 

USGS colln. 4318-CO are probably not adult speciTABLE 8.—Measurements in millimeters of 6 specimens o/'Saffordellina 

striatella from USGS collection 4318-CO, Bull Fork Formation, 

Sunset Member

USNM No. Valve Length Height

338734 

338739 

338733 

338740 

338737 

338741

Left —————————

Right ———————— 

T,pft

Right

Left

- do

3 IT

——— 4.2 

4.4

ir rt

K. Q

5.9

2.0 

2.5 

2.4 

3.4 

3.4 

3.5

mens. Larger specimens have been found in other collections (USGS 8317-CO, pi. 11, fig. 11; 8315-CO), 

but unfortunately these are broken and cannot be 

measured. However, it should be noted that in these 

larger specimens the ridge merges with and extends 

over the posteroventral swelling. Although these forms 

possibly could be considered another species, the difference may also be ontogenetic, and they are here placed 

in S. striatella.

Occurrence.—Saffordellina striatella has been found 

in the Sunset Member of the Bull Fork Formation 

(USGS collns. 4318-CO, 8315-CO), in the Grant Lake 

Member of the Ashlock Formation (USGS colln. 

8317-CO), and in the Gilbert Member of the Ashlock 

Formation (USGS colln. 6129-CO).

LOCALITY REGISTER

This register includes information only on the 32 

USGS collections from which leperditicopid ostracodes 

were obtained, and only on collections made between 

1961 and 1972 as part of the cooperative mapping program between the U.S. Geological Survey and the Kentucky Geological Survey. Older collections in the U.S. 

National Museum of Natural History and other institutions are discussed in the text. The 32 collections 

were made in 12 7.5-minute quadrangles, all in the 

State of Kentucky, which are shown on figure 1. The 

localities are arranged sequentially by the collection 

number assigned to each in the U.S. Geological Survey 

register of Cambrian and Ordovician localities (-CO). 

This sequence is also approximately the order in which 

the collections were made. The letter D before a collection number indicates that this number is entered in 

the U.S. Geological Survey Cambrian and Ordovician 

locality register kept in Denver, Colo. All other collections are entered in the USGS Cambrian and Ordovician locality register kept in Washington, B.C.

Each locality is indicated geographically and with a 

set of coordinates as was done in USGS Professional 

Paper 1066-A (Pojeta, 1979, p. A19). The coordinates 

are given in millimeters, measured first east and then 

north from the lower left corner of the 1:24,000 quadrangle map that shows the locality. Thus, locality 

4491-CO is 193 mm east of the southwest corner of the 

Owingsville, Ky., quadrangle and 98 mm north of the 

193 mm mark. In addition to the locality information, 

the following data are provided for each collection: The 

formation or member from which the collection was 

made, any available data on the stratigraphic position 

of the collection within the formation or section being 

collected, whether the collection was silicified, the 

weight (where known) of each silicified collection, and
LEPERDITICOPID OSTRACODES J35

the name of the quadrangle in which the collection was 

made. Many collections are from measured sections 

that have been designated by names and numbers; 

where such data are available they are listed. One 

asterisk (*) after a collection number indicates that the 

locality is published on a l:24,000-scale geologic quadrangle map (GQ) of the area where the collection was 

made. Two asterisks (**) indicate that the section is 

published in U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 

768 (Cressman, 1973) for collections from the Lexington Limestone, or U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1151-E (Weir, Peterson, and Swadley, in 

press) for collections from younger formations. 

Collection number ——4318-CO**.

Geographic location ——Just north of Licking River in saddle 

crossed by light duty road heading almost 

due south, elevation approximately 715 ft. 

Coordinates———————202 mm east, 12 mm north. 

Formation ———————Sunset Member, Bull Fork Formation. 

Quadrangle name ———Hillsboro, Ky., GQ-876.

Collection number ——4491-CO*.

Geographic location ——Roadcut about 3.5 mi west of courthouse 

in Owingsville, Ky., on U.S. Route 60, 

near headwaters of Hurricane Creek.

Coordinates———————193 mm east, 98 mm north.

Formation ———————Sunset Member, Bull Fork Formation.

Quadrangle name———Owingsville, Ky., GQ-1242.

Collection number - 

Geographic location

Coordinates ——— 

Formation ———— 

Quadrangle name - 

Section name——-

Collection number —- 

Geographic location —

Coordinates —-———— 

Formation -————— 

Stratigraphic positionQuadrangle name —— 

Section name———— 

Section number ———

—4492-CO**.

—Roadcuts on Kentucky Route 52, 2.5 mi 

east of Richmond, east of Lake Reba, 

elevation about 890 ft.

——Base of section at 8 mm east, 538 mm north.

—Sunset Member, Ashlock Formation.

—Moberly, Ky., GQ-664.

——Lake Reba.

-4989-CO**.

-Roadcuts in east-bound lanes of Interstate 

Route 64, 0.5 mi east of Frankfort-Lawrenceburg, Ky., interchange.

-Base of section at 417 mm east, 148 mm 

north.

-Devils Hollow Member, Lexington Limestone.

-55 ft above the base of the Brannon 

Member, Lexington Limestone.

-Frankfort West, Ky., GQ-1221.

-Frankfort West A.

-88.

Collection number ——5015-CO**.

Geographic location ——Quarry 0.4 mi south of Perryville, Ky., on

east side of Mitchellsburg Road, east side

of Chaplin River.

Coordinates———————191 mm east, 92 mm north. 

Formation ———————Salvisa Bed, Perryville Limestone Member,

Lexington Limestone.

Stratigraphic position—5 ft above base of Salvisa Bed. 

Silicified ————————Yes (1,423 Ibs). 

Quadrangle name ———Perryville, Ky., GQ-1185.

Section name -— 

Section number -

-Perryville B (Perryville South).

-——SOB.

Collection number ——5087-CO*.

Geographic location ——Small roadcut on U.S. Route 421, 0.5 mi

east of U.S. Routes 60 and 421 junction. 

Coordinates———————242 mm east, 287 mm north. 

Formation ———————Upper part of Devils Hollow Member,

Lexington Limestone. 

Silicified ————————Yes (458 Ibs). 

Quadrangle name———Frankfort East, Ky., GQ-707.

Collection number ——5095-CO**.

Geographic location ——Roadcut on north side of westbound lanes 

of Interstate Route 64, about 0.5 mi east of 

bridge over Kentucky River.

Coordinates———————123 mm east, 195 mm north.

Formation ———————Devils Hollow Member, Lexington Limestone.

Stratigraphic position—6-8 ft above the base of the Devils Hollow 

Member.

Silicified ————————Yes (542 Ibs).

Quadrangle name———Frankfort East, Ky.,1 GQ-707.

Section name——————Frankfort East A.

Section number —————86.

Collection number ——6129-CO.

Geographic location ——Lebanon Stone quarry, north side of 

Kentucky Routes 49 and 52, 0.3 mi east of 

intersection of Kentucky Route 327 and 

Kentucky Routes 49 and 52.

————163 mm east, 464 mm north.

————Gilbert Member, Ashlock Formation.

Coordinates 

Formation - 

Silicified — ————Yes (68 Ibs). 

Quadrangle name———Lebanon West, Ky., GQ-1509.

Collection number ——6137-CO*.

Geographic location ——Roadcut on Kentucky Route 52,1.45 mi east

of junction with U.S. Route 150; 0.15 east

of crossing of Kentucky Route 52 and Balls

Branch Run.

Coordinates———————74 mm east, 35 mm north. 

Formation ———————Salvisa Bed, Perryville Limestone Member,

Lexington Limestone. 

Stratigraphic position—8 ft above the Perryville Limestone MemberTanglewood Limestone Member contact. 

Silicified ————————Yes (105 Ibs). 

Quadrangle name ———Bryantsville, Ky., GQ-945. 

Section name——————Bryantsville B.

Collection number ——6915-CO**.

Geographic location ——Boyle County quarry, west side of U.S. route 

68, 1.3 mi northeast of Perryville, Ky.

Coordinates———————217 mm east, 176 mm north.

Formation ———————Salvisa Bed, Perryville Limestone Member, 

Lexington Limestone.

Stratigraphic position—Basal 2 ft of the Salvisa Bed, 42 ft above the 

contact of the Tanglewood Limestone 

Member and the Perryville Limestone 

Member. Collected from northwest wall of 

quarry.

'The geologic map of this quadrangle incorrectly places this collection in the Tanglewood 

Limestone Member, Lexington Limestone.
J36 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES

Silicified —————— 

Quadrangle name 

Section name—— 

Section number —

——Yes (532 Ibs).

—Perryville, Ky., GQ-1185.

—Perryville A (Perryville North).

—30A.

Collection number ——6916-CO**.

Geographic location ——The same as for 6915-CO.

Coordinates ——————— Do.

Formation ————————Salvisa Bed, Perryville Limestone Member,

Lexington Limestone. 

Stratigraphic position—The same as for 6915-CO, but collected from

east wall of quarry. 

Silicified ————————Yes (236 Ibs). 

Quadrangle name———Perryville, Ky., GQ-1185. 

Section name——————Perryville A (Perryville North). 

Section number—————30A.

Collection number - 

Geographic location

Coordinates ——~ 

Formation ————

Silicified —————— 

Quadrangle name — 

Section name——— 

Section number ——-

Collection number - 

Geographic location

Coordinates ——— 

Formation ———

Stratigraphic position 

Quadrangle name —- 

Section name———— 

Section number ———

——7789-CO**.

——Eastbound lanes of Interstate Route 64 

(both north and south sides), 0.8 mi. east of 

Kentucky River bridge crossing.

——The same as for 5095-CO.

——Upper part of Devils Hollow Member, Lexington Limestone.

——Yes (422 Ibs).

——Frankfort East, Ky., GQ-707.

——Frankfort East A.

——86.

—7853-CO**.

—Quarry 0.4 mi south of Perryville, Ky., on 

east side of Mitchellsburg Road, east side 

of Chaplin River.

—The same as for 5015-CO.

—Faulconer Bed, Perryville Limestone Member, Lexington Limestone.

—1 ft below Salvisa-Faulconer contact.

—Perryville, Ky., GQ-1185.

—Perryville B (Perryville South).

—SOB.

Collection number - 

Geographic location

7856-CO**.

•Dry Branch Road 0.5 mi south of junction

with U.S. Route 68.

Base of section at 53 mm east, 528 mm north. 

Salvisa Bed, Perryville Limestone Member,

Lexington Limestone. 

7 ft above Salvisa-Faulconer contact. 

Danville, Ky., GQ-985. 

Dry Branch Road. 

Section number—————1009.

Coordinates ——————

Formation ——————

Stratigraphic positionQuadrangle name ——-

Section name———-—

Collection number —— 

Geographic location —- 

Coordinates ——————- 

Formation —————

Stratigraphic positionQuadrangle name ——

Section name—————

Section number ——

Collection number —- 

Geographic location —

7857-CO**.

-The same as for 7856-CO. 

Do.

-Salvisa Bed, Perryville Limestone Member, 

Lexington Limestone.

-10 ft above Salvisa-Faulconer contact.

-Danville, Ky., GQ-985.

-Dry Branch Road.

-1009.

-7861-CO.

-Roadcut along road up from Kentucky River 

lock no. 3 to High Bridge, Kentucky, and

junction with Kentucky Route 29, 1,000 ft 

northwest of railroad bridge.

Coordinates———————Base of section at 104 mm east, 324 mm 

north.

Formation ———————Camp Nelson Limestone.

Stratigraphic position—0.6 ft above base of section.

Quadrangle name———Wilmore, Ky., GQ-847.

Section name——————High Bridge.

Collection number ——8313-CO**.

Geographic location ——Along road to Peeled Oak, Kentucky Route

647, beginning 0.3 mi east of Howards

Mill; elevation of base of section about 790

ft. 

Coordinates———————Base of section at 140 mm east, 294 mm

north.

Formation ————————Sunset Member, Bull Fork Formation. 

Stratigraphic position—46 to 56.5 ft above base of section. 

Quadrangle name———Preston, Ky., GQ-1334. 

Section name——————Howards Mill. 

Section number —————207.

Collection number ——8315-CO**.

Geographic location ——The same as for 8313-CO.

Coordinates ——————— Do.

Formation —-—————Sunset Member, Bull Fork Formation.

Stratigraphic position—30 to 37 ft above base of section.

Quadrangle name———Preston, Ky., GQ-1334.

Section name——————Howards Mill.

Section number -

Collection number - 

Geographic location 

Coordinates ————

—207.

—8317-CO**.

—The same as for 8313-CO.

— Do.

Formation ———————Grant Lake Member, Ashlock Formation. 

Quadrangle name———Preston, Ky., GQ-1334. 

Section name——————Howards Mill. 

Section number —————207.

Collection number ——9420-CO.

Geographic location ——Along road heading south and east toward 

Licking River from benchmark 900; elevation about 800 ft.

Coordinates———————95 mm east, 131 mm north.

Formation ————————Sunset Member, Bull Fork Formation.

Quadrangle name———Hillsboro, Ky., GQ-876.

Collection number ——9421-CO.

Geographic location ——Along road heading southeast from fork at 

elevation 801 in valley of South Lick 

Branch, 1.75 mi southeast of Tilton; elevation about 860 ft.

Coordinates ———————447 mm east, 332 mm north.

Formation ————————Sunset Member, Bull Fork Formation.

Quadrangle name———Sherburne, Ky., GQ-854.

Collection number ——D1137-CO*.

Geographic location ——Creek to west and parallel with Marble

Creek, northwest of YMCA Daniel Boone

Camp. 

Coordinates———————Base of section at 115 mm east, 465 mm

north.

Formation ————————Tyrone Limestone. 

Stratigraphic position—31 ft above base of Tyrone. 

Quadrangle name ———Valley View, Ky., GQ-470.
LEPERDITICOPID OSTRACODES J37

Section name—- 

Section number -

—West Marble Creek.

—32.

Collection number ——D1138-CO*. 

Geographic location ——The same as for D1137-CO. 

Coordinates——————— Do. 

Formation ———————Tyrone Limestone. 

Stratigraphic position—29 ft above base of Tyrone. 

Quadrangle name———Valley View, Ky., GQ-470. 

Section name——————West Marble Creek. 

Section number—————32.

Collection number - 

Geographic location 

Coordinates -——-— 

Formation —————

-D1139-CO*.

-The same as for D1137-CO. 

Do.

-Tyrone Limestone. 

Stratigraphic position—33 ft above base of Tyrone. 

Quadrangle name———Valley View, Ky., GQ-470. 

Section name——————West Marble Creek. 

Section number ————32.

Collection number ——D1141-CO*. 

Geographic location ——The same as for D1137-CO. 

Coordinates——————— Do. 

Formation ———————Tyrone Limestone. 

Stratigraphic position—27 ft above base of Tyrone. 

Quadrangle name ———Valley View, Ky., GQ-470. 

Section name——————West Marble Creek. 

Section number—————32.

Collection number ——D1142-CO*. 

Geographic location ——The same as for D1137-CO. 

Coordinates——————— Do. 

Formation ———————Tyrone Limestone. 

Stratigraphic position—14 ft above base of Tyrone. 

Quadrangle name———Valley View, Ky., GQ-470. 

Section name——————West Marble Creek. 

Section number —————32.

Collection number ——D1144-CO*.

Geographic location ——The same as for D1137-CO.

Coordinates——————— Do.

Formation ————————Camp Nelson Limestone.

Stratigraphic position—114 ft below base of Tyrone Limestone.

Quadrangle name———Valley View, Ky., GQ-470.

Section name——————West Marble Creek.

Section number—————32.

Collection number ——D1147-CO*.

Geographic location ——The same as for D1137-CO.

Coordinates——————— Do.

Formation ————————Camp Nelson Limestone.

Stratigraphic position—196 ft below base of Tyrone Limestone.

Quadrangle name ———Valley View, Ky., GQ-470.

Section name——————West Marble Creek.

Section number—————32.

Collection number ——D1207-CO**.

Geographic location ——Westbound lanes of Interstate Route 64, 

exposures beginning about 0.5 mi east of 

bridge crossing of Kentucky River.

Coordinates———————Base of collected section at 112.5 mm east, 

188 mm north.

Formation————————Devils Hollow Member, Lexington Limestone.

Stratigraphic position—256 ft above top of Tyrone Limestone. 

Quadrangle name———Frankfort East, Ky., GQ-707. 

Section name——————Frankfort East A.

Section number- -——86.

Collection number ——D1283-CO**.

Geographic location ——Roadcuts along U.S. Route 150, 7 mi east of 

Bardstown Courthouse, near Fredericktown.

Coordinates———————Base of section at 82 mm east, 62 mm north.

Formation ————————Rowland Member, Drakes Formation.

Stratigraphic position—120 ft above base of Tate Member of Ashlock 

Formation.

Quadrangle name———Maud, Ky., GQ-1043.

Section name——————Fredericktown (or Maud).

Collection number ——D1284-CO**.

Geographic location ——The same as for D1283-CO.

Coordinates——————— Do.

Formation ————————Rowland Member, Drakes Formation.

Stratigraphic position—125 ft above base of Tate Member of Ashlock

Formation.

Quadrangle name ———Maud, Ky., GQ-1043. 

Section name——————Fredericktown (or Maud).

Collection number ——D1358-CO*.

Geographic location ——Creek to west and parallel with Marble

Creek, northwest of YMCA Daniel Boone

Camp.

Coordinates———————The same as for D1137-CO. 

Formation ———————Camp Nelson Limestone. 

Stratigraphic position—159 ft below base of Tyrone Limestone. 

Quadrangle name ———Valley View, Ky., GQ-470. 

Section name——————West Marble Creek. 

Section number—————32.

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LEPERDITICOPID OSTRACODES J39

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J40 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ORDOVICIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF KENTUCKY AND NEARBY STATES

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PLATES 1-11

Contact photographs of the plates in this report are available, at cost, from the U.S. Geological 

Survey Library, Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225.
PLATE 1

[All figures x 10]

FIGURES 1-12. Eoleperditia fabulites (Conrad, 1843) (p. J18)

1. Acetate peel of section (USNM 338651) through anterior part of 

carapace from the Platteville Formation, Grant County, Wis., 

showing left valve abutting against stop peg in right valve.

2. Acetate peel of section (USNM 338652) of same specimen beyond stop

peg. 

3-5. Right lateral, ventral and left lateral views of small carapace (USNM

338653) from the Tyrone Limestone, USGS colln. D1138-CO. 

6, 7. Ventral and lateral views of left valve (USNM 338654) from the

Tyrone Limestone, USGS colln. D1138-CO. 

8, 9. Lateral and ventral views of right valve (USNM 338655) from the

Tyrone Limestone, USGS colln. D1138-CO.

10. Lateral view of partly exfoliated left valve (USNM 338656) from the 

Tyrone Limestone, USGS colln. D1138-CO, showing eye tubercle 

and muscle scar on steinkern.

11, 12. Anterior and lateral views of right valve of Leperditia canadensis 

var. josephiana Jones, 1858, holotype, GSC 1334H.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1066-J PLATE 1

11 12

EOLEPERDITIA FABULITES
PLATE 2

[Figures 1-5 x 15, figures 6-13 x 10]

FIGURES 1-5. Eoleperditia caecigena (Miller, 1881) (p. J20)

1-4. Right, left, ventral and dorsal views of Leperditia caecigena Miller,

1881, holotype, UC 8883.

5. Right valve, USNM 41276A, from "Richmond-Saluda, Indian Kentuck Creek near Madison, Ind." 

6-9. Eoleperditia sp. aff. E. pauquettiana (Jones, 1858) (p. J20)

6, 7. Ventral and lateral views of left valve (USNM 338659) from the

Camp Nelson Limestone, USGS colln. D1147-CO. 

8, 9. Lateral and ventral views of right valve (USNM 338660) from the

Camp Nelson Limestone, USGS colln. D1147-CO. 

10-13. Eoleperditia pauquettiana (Jones, 1858) (p. J21)

10, 11. Anterior and right lateral views of silicified carapace, topotype, 

(USNM 338661) from Paquette Rapids, Ontario.

12. Lateral view of holotype right valve (GSC 1336a) from Paquette 

Rapids, Ottawa River, Ontario.

13. Lateral view of paratype right valve (GSC 1336) from Paquette 

Rapids, Ottawa River, Ontario, broken and exfoliated posteriorly 

but showing stop pits.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1066-J PLATE 2

EOLEPERDITIA CAEC1GENA, EOLEPERDITIA sp. aff. E. PAUQUETTIANA, 

EOLEPERDITIA PAUQUETTIANA
PLATE 3

[All figures x 10]

FIGURES 1-8. Bivia tumidula (Ulrich, 1891) (p. J21)

1. Lateral view of small right valve (USNM 338662), A-6?, from the 

Salvisa Bed of the Perryville Limestone Member, Lexington 

Limestone, USGS colln. 6137-CO.

2. Lateral view of broken left valve (USNM 338663), A-5?, from USGS

colln. 6137-CO. 

3, 4. Lateral and ventral views of left valve (USNM 338664), A-3?, from

USGS colln. 6137-CO. 

5. Lateral view of holotype right valve (USNM 41284) of Leperditia

tumidula Ulrich, 1891.

6-8. Ventral, anterior and lateral views of right valve (USNM 338665), 

adult, from USGS colln. 6137-CO.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1066-J PLATE 3

BIV1A TUMIDULA
PLATE 4

[All figures x 10]

FIGURES 1-6. Bivia tumidula (Ulrich, 1891) (p. J21)

1. Anterior part of partly exfoliated right valve (USNM 338666) showing adductor and subocular muscle scars, lines radiating from adductor scar and anteroventral pits on steinkern, from USGS colln. 

6137-CO.

2. Interior of incomplete silicified right valve (USNM 338667) showing 

three stop pegs on ventral margin of valve, from USGS colln. 

6137-CO. Arrows point to stop pegs.

3. Lateral view of syntype left valve (USNM 41282A) of Leperditia

appressa Ulrich, 1891, "Trentonian, near Harrodsburg, Ky." 

4-6. Ventral, lateral, and anterior views of left valve (USNM 338668) 

from USGS colln. 6137-CO, for comparison with Leperditia appressa.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1066-J PLATE 4

BIVIA TUMIDULA
PLATE 5

[All figures x 10]

FIGURES 1-7. Bivia linneyi (Ulrich, 1891) (p. J22)

1. Lateral view of left valve, syntype (USNM 41272B) of Leperditia 

linneyi Ulrich, 1891, from "up. Trenton, Salvisa Is., near Harrodsburg, Ky.", broken ventrally.

2-4. Left lateral, anterior and right lateral views of sheared incomplete 

carapace, syntype (USNM 41272A) of Leperditia linneyi Ulrich, 

1891.

5, 6. Interior and exterior views of aberrant silicified right valve (USNM 

338676) from USGS colln. 5015-CO. Cardinal angles broken, interior shows four stop pegs and muscle scars.

7. Lateral view of right valve, syntype (USNM 41272C) of Leperditia 

linneyi Ulrich, 1891 showing anterior stop pits.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1066-J PLATE 5

^M^ __^^^^^^jMM^^_ •^k jt? \

BIVIA LINNEYI
PLATE 6

[All figures x 10]

FIGURES 1-17. Bivia frankfortensis (Ulrich, 1891) (p. J24)

1. Lateral view of small right valve (USNM 338677), A-5?, from the 

Devils Hollow Member, Lexington Limestone, USGS colln. 

D1207-CO.

2, 3. Lateral and ventral views of left valve (USNM 338678), A-4?, from 

the Devils Hollow Member, Lexington Limestone, USGS colln. 

D1207-CO. 

4. Lateral view of left valve (USNM 338679), A-2?, from the Devils

Hollow Member, Lexington Limestone, USGS colln. D1207-CO. 

5, 6. Lateral and ventral views of right valve, (USNM 338680), A-2?, from 

the Devils Hollow Member, Lexington Limestone, USGS colln. 

D1207-CO.

7. Interior of small silicified left valve (USNM 338681), from the Devils 

Hollow Member, Lexington Limestone, USGS colln. 5095-CO.

8. Lateral view of left valve (USNM 338682), A-l?, from the Devils

Hollow Member, Lexington Limestone, USGS colln. D1207-CO. 

9, 10. Interior and lateral views of silicified right valve (USNM 338683), 

interior showing three stop pegs, from the Devils Hollow Member, 

Lexington Limestone, USGS colln. 5095-CO. Arrows point to stop 

pegs.

11. Interior of silicified right valve (USNM 338684) showing adductor 

muscle scar, from the Devils Hollow Member, Lexington Limestone, USGS colln. 5095-CO.

12-14. Lateral, interior and ventral views of silicified left valve (USNM 

338685); interior view showing muscle scars and lines radiating 

from adductor scar, ventral view showing selvage line on overlap 

platform. From Devils Hollow Member, Lexington Limestone, 

USGS colln. 5095-CO.

15. Interior view of broken silicified right valve (USNM 338686) showing 

stigmata in adductor muscle scar, from the Devils Hollow Member, 

Lexington Limestone, USGS colln. 5095-CO.

16, 17. Anterior and lateral views of lectotype (USNM 41279A) of Leperditia 

frankfortensis Ulrich, 1891, from "Trenton, (upper Cynthiana), 

Reservoir Hill, Frankfort, Ky."
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1066-J PLATE 6

11

*

16 

BIVIA FRANKFORTENSIS
PLATE 7

[All figures x 10]

FIGURES 1-7. Isochilina copelandi n. sp. (p. J25)

1. Lateral view of small left valve, paratype (USNM 338688), from the 

Sunset Member, Ashlock Formation, USGS colln. 4492-CO.

2. Lateral view of larger left valve, paratype (USNM 338689), from the 

Sunset Member, Ashlock Formation, USGS colln. 4492-CO.

3. Lateral view of right valve, paratype (USNM 338690), from the Sunset Member, Ashlock Formation, USGS colln. 4492-CO.

4. Lateral view of left valve, paratype (USNM 338691), broken posteriorly, from the Sunset Member, Ashlock Formation, USGS colln. 

4492-CO.

5. Lateral view of right valve, paratype (USNM 338692), from the Sunset Member, Ashlock Formation, USGS colln. 4492-CO.

6. Lateral view of right valve, paratype (USNM 338693), from the Sunset Member, Ashlock Formation, USGS colln. 4492-CO.

7. Lateral view of slightly crushed left valve, holotype (USNM 338694), 

showing eye tubercle and raised boss over adductor muscle scar, 

from the Sunset Member, Ashlock Formation, USGS colln. 

4492-CO. 

8, 9. Isochilina sp. (p. J26)

8. Lateral view of right valve, (USNM 338695) from the Rowland Member, Drakes Formation, USGS colln. D1283-CO.

9. Lateral view of left valve (USNM 338696) from the Rowland Member,

Drakes Formation, USGS colln. D1284-CO. 

10, 11. Parabriartina sp. (p. J29)

10. Lateral view of right valve (USNM 338697), broken posteriorly, from 

the Tyrone Limestone, USGS colln. D1141-CO.

11. Lateral view of left valve (USNM 338698), from the Tyrone Limestone, USGS colln. D1139-CO. 

12-15. Parabriartina modesta (Ulrich and Swain in Swain, 1957) (p. J28)

12, 13. Ventral and lateral views of right valve (USNM 338701), from the 

Camp Nelson Limestone, USGS colln. 7861-CO.

14. Lateral view of right valve (USNM 338702), from the Camp Nelson 

Limestone, USGS colln. 7861-CO.

15. Lateral view of left valve (USNM 338703), from the Camp Nelson 

Limestone, USGS colln. 7861-CO, showing slight posterodorsal inflation. 

16-21. Ceratoleperditia kentuckyensis (Ulrich, 1891) (p. J29)

16. Lateral view of right valve (USNM 338705), from the Tyrone Limestone, USGS colln. D1137-CO.

17. Lateral view of small left valve (USNM 338706), from the Tyrone 

Limestone, USGS colln. D1139-CO.

18. Lateral view of holotype right valve (USNM 43155) of Isochilina 

kentuckyensis Ulrich, 1891, from "Upper Tyrone Is. (Lowville), 

High Bridge, Kentucky".

19. Lateral view of partly exfoliated right valve (USNM 338707), from 

the Tyrone Limestone, USGS colln. D1138-CO, showing muscle 

scar on steinkern.

20, 21. Ventral and lateral views of left valve (USNM 338708), from the 

Tyrone Limestone, USGS colln. D1139-CO.
PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1066-J PLATE 7

ISOCHILINA COPELANDI, ISOCHILINA sp., PARABRIARTINA sp., PARABRIARTINA 

MODESTA, CERATOLEPERDITIA KENTUCKYENSIS.
PLATE 8

[Figures 1-3 and 5 x 10; figure 4x5]

FIGURES 1, 2. Isochilina Ottawa Jones, 1858 (p. J26)

1. Lateral view of holotype left valve (GSC 1077) of Leperditia 

(Isochilina) Ottawa Jones, 1858, from "Beekmantown, canal at Grenville, Argenteuil County, Quebec".

2. Lateral view of paratype right valve (GSC 1077a) of same species

from the same locality. 

3-5. Teichochilinajonesi(Wetherby, 1881) (p. J27)

3. Lateral view of silicified left valve (USNM 338709) from the Devils 

Hollow Member, Lexington Limestone, USGS colln. 5095-CO, 

showing lines radiating from the adductor scar on a partly corroded 

valve.

4. Ventral view of a sheared carapace (USNM 41292C) from "Mohawkian 

(Trenton), near Harrodsburg, Ky., Perryville Is." identified by E. O. 

Ulrich, showing the overlap platform on the left valve. Possibly a 

specimen on which Ulrich and Bassler (1923, p. 295, fig. 13, 7, 8) 

based their drawing of the overlap platform.

5. Interior of silicified left valve (USNM 338710) from the Devils Hollow 

Member, Lexington Limestone, USGS colln. 5087-CO, showing 

"venous" markings for comparison with figure 3, adductor muscle 

scar and anteroventral tubercles.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1066-J PLATE

ISOCHILINA OTTAWA, TEICHOCHILINA JONESI
PLATE 9

[Figures 1-7 x 5; figures 8, 9 x 10]

FIGURES 1-9. Teichochilina jonesi (Wetherby, 1881) (p. J27)

1. Lateral view of small silicified right valve (USNM 338711), from the 

Devils Hollow Member, Lexington Limestone, USGS colln. 

5095-CO.

2. Lateral view of calcareous right valve (USNM 338712), from the 

Perryville Limestone Member, Lexington Limestone, USGS colln. 

7853-CO.

3. Lateral view of calcareous left valve, neotype (USNM 41292A), from 

"Mohawkian (Trenton), near Harrodsburg, Ky. (Perryville)."

4. Interior of silicified right valve (USNM 338713), from the Perryville 

Limestone Member, Lexington Limestone, USGS colln. 5015-CO, 

showing three stop pegs.

5. Lateral view of silicified right valve (USNM 338714), from the Devils

Hollow Member, Lexington Limestone, USGS colln. 7789-CO. 

6, 7. Ventral and lateral views of silicified left valve (USNM 338709), from 

the Devils Hollow Member, Lexington Limestone, USGS colln. 

5095-CO.

8. Interior view of adductor and subocular muscle scars, left valve 

(USNM 338715), from the Perryville Limestone Member, Lexington Limestone, USGS colln. 5015-CO.

9. Interior view of adductor and subocular muscle scars and randomly 

placed anteroventral tubercles, silicified right valve (USNM 

338716), from the Perryville Limestone Member, Lexington Limestone, USGS colln. 6137-CO.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1066-J PLATE 9

8 9

TEICHOCHILINA JONESI
PLATE 10

[All figures x 10]

FIGURES 1, 2. Kenodontochilina pustulosa n. sp. (p. J31)

1. Lateral view of right valve, holotype (USNM 338723), from the Sunset Member, Bull Fork Formation, USGS colln. 8313-CO.

2. Lateral view of left valve, paratype (USNM 338724), from the Sunset

Member, Ashlock Formation, USGS colln. 4492-CO. 

3. Kenodontochilina subnodosa subnodosa (Ulrich, 1891) (p. J31)

Lateral view of left valve, holotype (USNM 41294) of Isochilina subnodosa 

Ulrich, 1891, from "Mohawkian (Trenton), Perryville, Ky." 

4-10. Kenodontochilina subnodosa glabra n. subsp. (p. J32)

4. Interior of broken silicified left valve, paratype (USNM 338726), 

from the Gilbert Member, Ashlock Formation, USGS colln. 

6129-CO, showing adductor muscle scar.

5. Lateral view of right valve, paratype (USNM 338727), from the Sunset Member, Bull Fork Formation, USGS colln. 9421-CO.

6. Lateral view of right valve, holotype (USNM 338728), from the Sunset Member, Bull Fork Formation, USGS colln. 9421-CO.

7. Lateral view of small left valve, paratype (USNM 338729), from the 

Sunset Member, Bull Fork Formation, USGS colln. 4318-CO.

8. Lateral view of small left valve, paratype (USNM 338730), from the 

Sunset Member, Bull Fork Formation, USGS colln. 4318-CO.

9. Lateral view of broken right valve, paratype (USNM 338731), from 

the Sunset Member, Bull Fork Formation, USGS colln. 9420-CO. 

10. Lateral view of large left valve, paratype (USNM 338732), from the 

Sunset Member, Bull Fork Formation, USGS colln. 9421-CO.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1066-J PLATE 10

10

KENODONTOCHILINA PUSTULOSA, KENODONTOCHILINA SUBNODOSA 

SUBNODOSA, KENODONTOCHILINA SUBNODOSA GLABRA.
PLATE 11

[All figures x 10]

FIGURES 1-4. Saffordellina muralis (Ulrich and Bassler, 1923) (p. J33)

1. Lateral view of right valve, lectotype (USNM 41561A), from "Upper 

Trenton = Catheys form., lower ostracod bed at penitentiary, West 

Nashville, Tenn."

2. Lateral view of left valve, paralectotype (USNM 41561B), from the 

same locality as above.

3. Lateral view of broken right valve, paralectotype (USNM 41561C), 

from same locality as above. Arrows point to eye tubercle (broken) 

and adductoral boss.

4. Lateral view of left valve, paralectotype (USNM 41561D), from same

locality as above. 

5. Kenodontochilinal clavigera (Jones, 1891) (p. J31)

Lateral view of latex squeeze of left valve (USNM 41654A), from "Shales near 

top of Chazy gr., Broad St., Aylmer, Can." 

6-11. Saffordellina striatella n. sp. (p. J33)

6. Lateral view of broken left valve, paratype (USNM 338733), from the 

Sunset Member, Bull Fork Formation, USGS colln. 4318-CO.

7. Lateral view of small left valve, paratype (USNM 338734), from the 

Sunset Member, Bull Fork Formation, USGS colln. 4318-CO.

8. Lateral view of right valve, holotype (USNM 338735), from the Sunset Member, Bull Fork Formation, USGS colln. 4318-CO.

9. Interior of broken silicified valve, paratype (USNM 338736), from the 

Gilbert Member, Ashlock Formation, USGS colln. 6129-CO, showing adductor muscle scar and subocular scars.

10. Lateral view of crushed left valve, paratype (USNM 338737), from 

the Sunset Member, Bull Fork Formation, USGS colln. 4318-CO.

11. Lateral view of large broken left valve, paratype (USNM 338738), 

from the Grant Lake Member, Ashlock Formation, USGS colln. 

8317-CO. 

12. Kenodontochilina nelsoni (Ulrich and Bassler, 1935) (p. J30)

Lateral view of left valve, paratype (USNM 68765E), from "Trenton (Catheys— 

ostracode zone), City Reservoir Hill, Nashville, Tenn."
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1066-J PLATE 11

SAFFORDELLINA MURALIS, KENODONTOCHILINA ? CLAVIGERA, SAFFORDELLINA 

STRIATELLA, KENODONTOCHILINA NELSONI.