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Dudley Knox Library Bibliographies

2016-05

Lone Wolf Terrorism - A Brief Bibliography

Marlatt, Greta E.

http://hdl.handle.net/10945/24281

Downloaded from NPS Archive: Calhoun
This compilation was prepared by the Homeland Security Digital Library,

Naval Postgraduate School, Center for Homeland Defense and Security.

Lone Wolf Terrorism – A Brief Bibliography

Compiled by Greta E. Marlatt

Created September 2013

 Last Updated May 30, 2016
2

CONTENTS

LONE WOLF TERRORISM – A BRIEF BIBLIOGRAPHY 1

INTRODUCTION 3

ARTICLES 4

BOOKS 13

REPORTS 21

HEARINGS 26

THESES AND DISSERTATIONS 27
3

INTRODUCTION

Search terms used to help compile/update this bibliography include:

(“Lone Wolf” OR “Lone Wolves”) AND (terrorism OR terrorist)

“Lone Offender” AND (terrorism OR terrorist)

“Loner attacks” AND (terrorism or terrorist)

“Leaderless resistance” AND (terrorism OR terrorist)

(Solo OR Lone OR Single) AND Actor AND (terrorism OR terrorist)
4

ARTICLES

Ackerman, Gary A, and Lauren E. Pinson. “An Army of One: Assessing CBRN Pursuit and Use by Lone 

Wolves and Autonomous Cells.” Terrorism and Political Violence 26, no. 1 (January-March 2014): 

226-245. 

Alakoc, Burcu Pinar. “Competing to Kill: Terrorist Organizations versus Lone Wolf Terrorists.” 

Terrorism and Political Violence (2015)

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09546553.2015.1050489#.Ve-2hqRRGM8

Andrews, John. "Case Study: The Lone Wolf Killer." The Counter Terrorist (August-September, 2009): 

6-10. http://www.thecounterterroristmag.com/pdf/augsep09.andrews.lonewolfkiller.pdf

Appleton, Catherine. “Lone Wolf Terrorism in Norway.” The International Journal of Human Rights 18, 

no. 2 (2014): 127-142.

Bailey, Julius H. "Fearing Hate Reexamining the Media Coverage of the Christian Identity Movement." 

Journal for the Study of Radicalism 4, no. 1 (2010): 55-73. 

http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_for_the_study_of_radicalism/v004/4.1.bailey.html

Bakker, Edwin and Beatrice de Graaf. "Preventing Lone Wolf Terrorism: Some CT Approaches 

Addressed." Perspectives on Terrorism 5, no. 5-6 (December, 2011): 43-50. 

http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php/pot/article/view/preventing-lone-wolf

Barnes, Beau D. "Confronting the One-Man Wolf Pack: Adapting Law Enforcement and Prosecution 

Responses to the Threat of Lone Wolf Terrorism." Boston University Law Review 92, (2012): 

1614-1662. 

http://www.bu.edu/law/central/jd/organizations/journals/bulr/volume92n4/documents/BARNES.pdf

Bates, Rodger A. "Dancing with Wolves: Today's Lone Wolf Terrorists." Journal of Public and 

Professional Sociology 4, no. 1 (2012): 1-15. 

http://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/jpps/vol4/iss1/1

Bates, Rodger A. and Mara Mooney. “Psychological Operations and Terrorism: The Digital Domain.” 

The Journal of Public and Professional Sociology 6, no. 1 (2014).

http://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/jpps/vol6/iss1/2/

Becker, Michael. “Explaining Lone Wolf Target Selection in the United States.” Studies in Conflict and 

Terrorism 37, no. 11 (November 2014): 959-978.

Becker, Michael. “A Response to ‘Key Issues and Research Agendas in Lone Wolf Terrorism.’” Studies 

in Conflict & Terrorism 39, no. 5 (2016): 472-476.

Berntzen, Lars Erik and Sveinung Sandberg. “The Collection Nature of Lone Wolf Terrorism: Anders 

Behring Breivik and the Anti-Islamic Social Movement.” Terrorism and Political Violence 26, no. 5 

(November-December 2014): 759-779.

Böckler, Nils, Jens Hoffmann, and Andreas Zick. "The Frankfurt Airport Attack: A Case Study on the 

Radicalization of a Lone-actor Terrorist." Journal of Threat Assessment and Management 2, no. 3-

4 (September-December 2015): 153-163.
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Borum, Randy. “Informing Lone-Offender Investigations.” Criminology & Public Policy 12, no. 1 

(February 2013): 103-112.

Borum, Randy, Robert Fein, and Bryan Vossekuil. "A Dimensional Approach to Analyzing Lone 

Offender Terrorism." Aggression and Violent Behavior 17, no. 5 (October 2012): 389-396. 

———. "A Dimensional Approach to Analyzing Lone Offender Terrorism." Aggression and Violent 

Behavior 17, no. 5 (October 2012): 389-396. 

Brighi, Eilsabetta. “The Mimetic Politics of Lone-Wolf Terrorism.” Journal of International Political 

Theory 11, no. 1 (February 2015): 145-164.

Brynielsson, Joel, Andreas Horndahl, Fredrik Johansson, Lisa Kaati, Christian Mårtenson and Pontus 

Svenson. "Harvesting and Analysis of Weak Signals for Detecting Lone Wolf Terrorists." Security 

Informatics 2, no. 11 (2013) 

http://www.security-informatics.com/content/pdf/2190-8532-2-11.pdf

Capellan, Joel A. “Lone Wolf Terrorist or Deranged Shooter? A Study of Ideological Active Shooter 

Events in the US, 1970-2014.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 38, no. 6 (2015): 395-413.

Caroline Joan Picart. "Documenting, Dissecting, and Decrying Terrorism and Anti-Terrorism." Rhetoric 

& Public Affairs 9, no. 4 (2006): 693-707. 

Carter, Jeremy G. and David L. Carter. "Law Enforcement Intelligence: Implications for SelfRadicalized Terrorism." Police Practice and Research: An International Journal 13, no. 2 (2012): 

138-154. 

Chase, Alston. "Harvard and the Making of the Unabomber." Atlantic Monthly 285, no. 6 (June 2000): 

41-65. http://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/2000/06/chase.htm

Chermak, Steven M., Joshua D. Freilich, and Joseph Simone. "Surveying American State Police 

Agencies about Lone Wolves, Far-Right Criminality, and Far-Right and Islamic Jihadist Criminal 

Collaboration." Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 33, no. 11 (2010): 1019-1041. 

Cohen, Katie, Frederik Johansson, Lisa Kaati and Jonas Clausen Mork. “Detecting Linguistic For 

Radicals Violence in Social Media.” Terrorism and Political Violence 26, no. 1 (January-March 

2014): 246-256.

Cole, Juan. “The Double Standard for ‘Self-Radicalized Lone-Wolf Terrorists.’” The Washington Report 

on Middle East Affairs 35, no. 1 (January/February 2016): 14-16.

Corner, Emily and Paul Gill. “A False Dichotomy? Mental Illness and Lone-Actor Terrorism.” Law and 

Human Behavior 39, no. 1 (February 2015): 23-34. 

Danilovic, Nedo and Dragan Manojlovic. “Criminology and Victimology Typology Aspects of Terrorism.” 

Megatrend Review 10, no. 3 (2013): 65-92.

Danzell, Orlandrew E. and Lisandra M. Maisonet Montañez. “Understanding the Lone Wolf Terror 

Phenomena: Assessing Current Profiles.” Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political 

Aggression 8, no. 2 (2016): 135-159.
6

de Roy van Zuijdewijn, Jeanine and Edwin Bakker. “Analysing Personal Characteristics of Lone-Actor 

Terrorists: Research Findings and Recommendations.” Findings.” Perspectives on Terrorism 10, 

no. 2 (April 2016): 42-49.

http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php/pot/issue/view/57

Dishman, Chris. “The Leaderless Nexus: When Crime and Terror Converge.” Studies in Conflict & 

Terrorism 28, no. 3 (2005): 237-252.

Ellis, Clare, Raffaello Pantucci, Jeanine de Roy van Zuijdewijn, Edwin Bakker, Melanie Smith, Benoit 

Gomis and Simon Palombi. “Analysing the Processes of Lone-Actor Terrorism: Research 

Findings.” Perspectives on Terrorism 10, no. 2 (April 2016): 33-41

http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php/pot/issue/view/57

Ellis, Patrick D. “Lone Wolf Terrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction: An Examination of Capability 

and Countermeasures.” Terrorism and Political Violence 26, no. 1 (January-March 2014): 211-

225. 

Feldman, Matthew. “Comparative Lone Wolf Terrorism: Toward a Heuristic Definition.” Democracy and 

Security 9, no. 3 (2013): 270-286.

Fisogni, Primavera. “Lone Wolves: Updating the Concept of Enemy in the Social Media Age.” 

International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism 4, no. 1 (January-March 2014): 36-44.

Gajewski, Karen Ann. "Worth Noting." The Humanist 71, no. 2 (March/April 2011): 48. 

Gardell, Mattias. “Crusader Dreams: Oslo 2/27, Islamophobia, and the Quest for a Monocultural 

Europe.” Terrorism and Political Violence 26, no. 1 (January-March 2014): 129-155. 

Gartenstein-Ross, Daveed. “Lone Wolf Islamic Terrorism: Abdulhakim Mujahid Muhammad (Carlos 

Bledsoe) Case Study.” Terrorism and Political Violence 26, no. 1 (January-March 2014): 110-128. 

Gibbs, Nancy. "The Fort Hood Killer: Terrified... Or Terrorist?" Time Magazine (November 11, 2009). 

http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1938698,00.html

Gill, Paul and Emily Corner. "Disaggregating Terrorist Offenders: Implications for Research and 

Practice." Criminology & Public Policy 12, no. 1 (February 2013): 93-101.

Gill, Paul, Emily Corner, and Jeffrey D. Simon. “Lone Wolf Terrorism: Understanding the Growing 

Threat.” Crime, Law and Social Change 62, no. 2 (September 2014): 191-194.

Gill, Paul, John Horgan and Paige Deckert. “Bombing Alone: Tracing the Motivations and Antecedent 

Behaviors of Lone-Actor Terrorists.” Journal of Forensic Sciences 59, no. 2 (March 2014): 425-

435.

http://broker.edina.ac.uk/521941/1/PMC4217375.pdf

Gordon, Theodore, Yair Sharan and Elizabeth Florescu. “Prospects for Lone Wolf and SIMAD 

Terrorism.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 95 (June 2015): 234-251. 

Griffin, Roger. "Shattering Crystals: The Role of 'Dream Time' in Extreme Right-Wing Political 

Violence." Terrorism & Political Violence 15, no. 1 (Spring 2003): 57-95. 
7

Gruenewald, Jeff, Steven Chermak, and Joshua D. Freilich. “Distinguishing “Loner” Attacks from Other 

Domestic Extremist Violence.” Criminology & Public Policy 12, no. 1 (February 2013): 65-91.

———. “Far-Right Lone Wolf Homicides in the United States.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 36, no. 

12 (December 2013): 1005-1024.

Guilmartin, Eugenia K. "Essay: The Lone Wolf and His Pack: Friends and Colleagues are Our Best 

Pointers to an Extremist." Armed Forces Journal (February 2010). 

http://www.armedforcesjournal.com/2010/02/4445592/

Hamoudi, Haider Ala. “‘Lone Wolf’ Terrorism and the Classical Jihad: On the Contingencies of Violent 

Islamic Extremism.” Florida International University Law Review (2015) [forthcoming]

http://ssrn.com/abstract=2691003

Harrell, Brian M., Konrad Crockford, Pierre Boisrond, Sarah Tharp-Hernandez and Suzanne Parker. 

“Small to Mid-Size Sporting Events: Are We Prepared to Recover From an Attack?” Journal of 

Strategic Security 3, no. 2 (June 2010): 55-62.

HeffronCasserleigh, Audrey, Jarrett Broder and Brad Skillman. “Organizational De-Evolution; the Small 

Group or Single Actor Terrorist.” Proceedings of World Academy of Science, Engineering and 

Technology 64, no. 2 (April 2012): 33-36. 

http://www.waset.org/publications/6936

Hervik, Peter and Susi Meret. “Erostratus Unbound: Norway’s 22/7 Converging Frames of War.” Nordic 

Journal of Migration Research 3, no. 4 (December 2013): 179-186.

Hewitt, Christopher. “Law Enforcement Tactics and Their Effectiveness in Dealing with American 

Terrorism Organizations, Autonomous Cells, and Lone Wolves.” Terrorism and Political Violence

26, no. 1 (January-March 2014): 58-68. 

Hill, Chris. "Active Shooter Lessons Learned from the 2011 Norway Attack." The Guardian 

Antiterrorism Journal 13, no. 3 (Fall 2011): 25-30. http://www.jcs.mil/content/files/2011-

12/120811093454_FALL2011_public_ver1.pdf

Humphrys, Elizabeth. "Your 'Terrorist', Our "Lone Wolves': Utøya in the Shadow of 9/11." Journal of 

International Relations Research no. 1 (2012): 72-80. 

http://journalofinternationalrelationsresearch.com/#/archive/4570829675

Hunt, Leigh. “Beware the Lone Wolf: Individual Activists Alter the Face of Terrorism, Requiring Law 

Enforcement to Keep a Constant Eye Out for the Solo or Small Cell Attack.” Police 37, no. 10 

(October 2013): 42-47.

Jackson, Paul. “the License to Hate: Peder Jensen’s Fascist Rhetoric in Anders Breivik’s Manifesto 

2083: A European Declaration of Independence.” Democracy and Security 9, no. 3 (2013): 247-

269.

Jensen, Richard Bach. “The Pre-1914 Anarchist “Lone Wolf” Terrorism and Governmental Response.” 

Terrorism and Political Violence 26, no. 1 (January-March 2014): 86-94. 

Johnsen, Mathias Holmen. “A Case Study of Anders B. Breivik’s Intergroup Conceptualisation.” Journal 

of Terrorism Research 5, no. 2 (May 2014): 1-11

http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/879
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Joosse, Paul. “Leaderless Resistance and the Loneliness of Lone Wolves: Exploring the Rhetorical 

Dynamics of Lone Wolf Violence.” Terrorism and Political Violence 38, no. 6 (2015): 395-413.

Josh Adams and Vincent J. Roscigno. "White Supremacists, Oppositional Culture and the World Wide 

Web." Social Forces 84, no. 2 (2005): 759-778. 

Kaplan, Jeffrey. "Leaderless Resistance." Terrorism and Political Violence 9, no. 3 (1997): 80-95. 

Kaplan, Jeffrey and Christopher P. Costa. “On Tribalism: Auxiliaries, Affiliates and Lone Wolf Political 

Violence.” Terrorism and Political Violence 26, no. 1 (January-March 2014): 13-44.

Kaplan, Jeffrey, Heléne Lööw and Leena Malkki. “Introduction to the Special Issue on Lone Wolf and 

Autonomous Cell Terrorism.” Terrorism and Political Violence 26, no. 1 (January-March 2014): 1-

12. 

Kolesnikova, Lina. "The Rise of the Lone Wolf Attacker." Crisis Response Journal 8, no. 2 (2012): 34-

35. 

Kruglanski, Arie W. and Shira Fishman. "Psychological Factors in Terrorism and Counterterrorism: 

Individual, Group and Organizational Levels of Analysis." Social Issues and Policy Review 3, 

(2009): 1-44. http://terpconnect.umd.edu/~hannahk/Terrorism_files/PsychologicalFactors.pdf

LaFree, Gary. “Lone-Offender Terrorists.” Criminology & Public Policy 12, no. 1 (February 2013): 59-

62.

Leonard, Cecilia H., George D. Annas, James L. Knoll, Terje Tørrissen. “The Case of Anders Behring 

Breivik – Language of a Lone Terrorist.” Behavioral Sciences & the Law 32, no. 3 (May-June 

2014): 408-422.

Leuschner, Vincenz. "Exzessive Individuelle Gewalt. "School Shootings" Und "Lone Wolf Terrorism" Als 

Soziale Phänomene." Berliner Journal Für Soziologie 23, no. 1 (March 2013): 27-49. [in German]

Lindauer, Lance. "Rational Choice Theory, Grounded Theory, and their Applicability to Terrorism." 

Heinz Journal 9, no. 2 (2012): 1-12. http://journal.heinz.cmu.edu/wpcontent/uploads/2012/05/Final-Rational-Choice.pdf

Lockey, David J. "The Shootings in Oslo and Utøya Island July 22, 2011: Lessons for the International 

EMS Community." Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 20, 

no. 4 (2012): 1-3. http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1757-7241-20-4.pdf

Logan, Matthew H. “Lone Wolf Killers: A Perspective on Overvalued Ideas.” Violence and Gender 1, no. 

4 (December 2014): 159-160.

http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/pdf/10.1089/vio.2014.0036

Logan, Matthew H. “Many Wear the Jersey but Few Play for the Team: Misfits Masquerading as 

Terrorists.” Violence and Gender 2, no. 1 (2015): 159-160.

Madhani, Aamer. "Obama: 'Lone Wolf' Attack is Biggest Concern." National Journal (August 16, 2011). 

Madrid, Ruben. "Recognizing Lone Wolf Terrorism." On Guard (August 2012): 4. 

http://www.163rw.ang.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-120803-060.pdf
9

Malkki, Leena. “Political Elements in Post-Columbine School Shooting in Europe and North American.” 

Terrorism and Political Violence 26, no. 1 (January-March 2014): 185-210. 

———. "Understanding Lone Wolf Terrorism: Global Patterns, Motivations and Prevention." Terrorism 

and Political Violence 24, no. 5 (November 2012): 853-854.

McCauley, Clark and Sophia Moskalenko. “Toward a Profile of Lone Wolf Terrorist: What Moves an 

Individual from Radical Opinion to Radical Action.” Terrorism and Political Violence 26, no. 1 

(January-March 2014): 69-85. 

McCauley, Clark, Sophia Moskalenko and Benjamin Van Son. “Characteristics of Lone-Wolf Violent 

Offenders: A Comparison of Assassins and School Attackers.” Perspectives on Terrorism 7, no. 1 

(2013) http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php/pot/article/view/240/html

McCoy, John and W. Andy Knight. “Homegrown Terrorism in Canada: Local Patterns, Global Trends.” 

Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 38, no. 5 (2015): 253-274.

Meloy, J. Ried, Elmar Habermeyer and Angela Guldimann. "The Warning Behaviors of Anders Breivik." 

Journal of Threat Assessment and Management 2, no. 3-4 (September-December 2015): 164-

175.

Meloy, J. Ried and Jessica Yakeley. “The Violent True Believer as a “Lone Wolf” – Psychoanalytic 

Perspectives on Terrorism.” Behavioral Sciences & the Law 23, no. 3 (May-June 2014): 347-365.

Meloy, J. Ried and Paul Gill. “The Lone-Actor Terrorism and the TRAP-18.” [Terrorist Radicalization 

Assessment Protocol[ Journal of Threat Assessment and Management 3, no. 1 (March 2016): 37-

52.

Meloy, J. Ried, Karolina Roshdi, Justine Glaz-ocik and Jens Hoffmann. "Investigating the Individual 

Terrorist in Europe." Journal of Threat Assessment and Management 2, no. 3-4 (SeptemberDecember 2015): 140-152.

Meyer, Sunniva. “Impeding Lone-Wolf Attacks: Lessons Derived from the 2011 Norway Attacks.” 

Crime Science 2, no. 7 (December 2013): 1-13.

http://www.crimesciencejournal.com/content/2/1/7

Michael, George. "Anders Behring Breivik: A New Breed of Lone Wolf Terrorist?" Journal of 

Counterterrorism & Homeland Security International 18, no. 1 (Spring 2012): 14-16. 

———. “Counterinsurgency and Lone Wolf Terrorism.” Terrorism and Political Violence 26, no. 1 

(January-March 2014): 45-57. 

———. "Leaderless Resistance: The New Face of Terrorism." Defence Studies 12, no. 2 (2012): 257-

282. 

Monahan, John. “The Individual Risk Assessment of Terrorism.” Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 18, 

no. 2 (May 2012): 167-205.

Moskalenko, Sophia and Clark McCauley. "The Psychology of Lone-Wolf Terrorism." Counselling 

Psychology Quarterly 24, no. 2 (June 2011): 115-126. 
10

Nesser, Petter. "Individual Jihadist Operations in Europe: Patterns and Challenges." CTC Sentinel 5, 

no. 1 (January 2012): 15-18. 

https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/individual-jihadist-operations-in-europe-patterns-andchallenges

———. “Research Note: Single Actor Terrorism: Scope, Characteristics and Explanations.” Perspectives

on Terrorism 6, no. 6 (December 2012): 61-73. 

http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php/pot/article/view/231/464

Nijboer, Matthijs. "A Review of Lone Wolf Terrorism: The Need for a Different Approach." Social 

Cosmos 3, no. 1 (March 2012): 33-39. 

http://socialcosmos.library.uu.nl/index.php/sc/article/view/43.

Pantucci, Raffaello. "Britian Jails "Lone Wolf" Terrorist Isa Ibrahim." Terrorism Monitor 7, no. 23 (July 

30, 2009): 3. http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/TM_007_66.pdf

———. “A Death in Woolwich: The Lone-Actor Terrorist Threat in the UK.” RUSI Journal 159, no. 5 

(October/November 2014): 22-30.

———. "What Have We Learned About Lone Wolves from Anders Behring Breivik?" Perspectives on 

Terrorism 5, no. 5-6 (2011): 27-42. 

http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php/pot/article/view/what-we-have-learned

Peddel, Daniel, Marie Eyer, Michelle McManus and Jim Bonworth. “Influences and Vulnerabilities in 

Radicalised Lone-Actor Terrorists: UK Practitioner Perspectives.” International Journal of Police 

Science & Management 18, no. 2 (June 2016): 63-76.

Phillips, Peter J. "Lone Wolf Terrorism." Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy 17, no. 1 

(2011): 1-29. 

———. “The Lone Wolf Terrorist: Sprees of Violence.” Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public 

Policy 18, no. 3 (December 2012): 1-11.

Phillips, Peter J. and Gabriela Pohl. "Economic Profiling of the Lone Wolf Terrorist: Can Economics 

Provide Behavioral Investigative Advice?" Journal of Applied Security Research 7, no. 2 (2012): 

151-177. 

Pitcavage, Mark. “Cerberus Unleashed: The Three Faces of the Lone Wolf Terrorist.” American 

Behavioral Scientist 59, no. 13 (November 2015): 1655-1680.

Post, Jerrold M., Cody McGinnis and Kristen Moody. “The Changing Face of Terrorism in the 21st

Century: The Communications Revolution and the Virtual Community of Hatred.” Behavioral 

Sciences & the Law 32, no. 3 (May-June 2014): 306-334.

Ranstorp, Magnus. “’Lone Wolf Terrorism’. The Case of Anders Breiv.” S+F: Vierteljahreszeitschrift für 

Sicherheit und Frieden 31, no. 2 (2013): 87-92. 

Ravndal, Jacob Aasland. "Thugs or Terrorists? A Typology of Right-Wing Terrorism and Violence in 

Western Europe." Journal of Deradicalization 15, no. 3 (Summer 2015) 

http://journals.sfu.ca/jd/index.php/jd/article/view/16

Reid, Meloy J. and Jessica Yakeley. “The Violent True Believer as a ‘Lone Wolf’ – Psychoanalytic 

Perspectives on Terrorism.” Behavioral Sciences & the Law 23, no. 3 (May-June 2014): 347-365.
11

Sandberg, Sveinung, Atte Oksanen, Lars Erik Berntzen and Tomi Kiilakoski. “Stories in Action: The 

Cultural Influences of School Shootings on the Terrorist Attacks in Norway.” Critical Studies on 

Terrorism 7, no. 2 (2014): 277-296.

Simon, Jeffrey D. “Unique Dangers Posed by Lone-Wolf Terrorists.” DomPrep Journal 9, no. 3 (March 

2013): 18-19.

http://www.domesticpreparedness.com/pub/docs/DPJMar13.pdf

Smith, Brent. "A Look at Terrorist Behavior: How they Prepare, Where they Strike." NIJ Journal no. 

260 (July 2008): 2-6. https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/222900.pdf

Spaaij, Ramón. "The Enigma of Lone Wolf Terrorism: An Assessment." Studies in Conflict and 

Terrorism 33, no. 9 (September 2010): 854-870. 

Spaaij, Ramón and Mark S. Hamm. “Endgame? Sports Events as Symbolic Targets in Lone Wolf 

Terrorism.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 38, no. 12 (December 2015): 1022-1037. 

———. “Key Issues and Research Agendas in Lone Wolf Terrorism.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 38, 

no. 3 (March 2015): 167-178. 

Spencer, Robert. "Jihad Comes to Germany." Human Events 67, no. 10 (March 14, 2011): 19. 

Steward, Scott. "Oslo, Norway: Lessons Learned from a Successful 'Lone-Wolf' Attack." PoliceOne

(August 2011). http://www.policeone.com/terrorism/articles/4146174-Oslo-NorwayLessonslearned-from-a-successful-lone-wolf-attack/

Steyn, Mark. "In Search of 'Why.'" National Review 64, no. 15 (August 13, 2012): 52. 

Striegher, Jason-Leigh. “Early Detection of the Lone Wolf: Advancement of Counter-terrorism 

Investigations with an Absence or Abundance of Information and Intelligence.” Journal of 

Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism 8, no. 1 (2013): 35-53.

Stroud, Joe. “the Importance of Music to Anders Behring Breivik.” Journal of Terrorism Research 4, no. 

1 (2013) http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/620

Syse, Aslak. “Breivik – The Norwegian Terrorist Case.” Behavioral Sciences & the Law 32, no. 3 (MayJune 2014): 389-407. 

Turner-Graham, Emily. “’Breivik is My Hero’: The Dystopian World of Extreme Right Youth on the 

Internet.” Australian Journal of Politics and History 60, no. 3 (September 2014): 416-430.

van Buuren, Jelle and Beatrice de Graaf. “Hatred of the System: Menacing Loners and Autonomous 

Cells in the Netherlands.” Terrorism and Political Violence 26, no. 1 (January-March 2014): 156-

184.

Van der Meer, Bram B. "The Assassination of Empress Elisabeth of Austria: An Investigative 

Psychological Analysis of a Lone-actor Terrorist." Journal of Threat Assessment and Management

2, no. 3-4 (September-December 2015): 176-186.

Victoroff, Jeff. "The Mind of the Terrorist A Review and Critique of Psychological Approaches." Journal 

of Conflict Resolution 49, no. 1 (February 2005): 3-42. 

http://www.surrey.ac.uk/politics/research/researchareasofstaff/isppsummeracademy/instructors

%20/The%20Terrost%20mind.pdf
12

Weimann, Gabriel. "Lone Wolves in Cyberspace." Journal of Terrorism Research 3, no. 2 (2012). 

http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/405/431

Weinstein, Adam. "Russian Phoenix: The Collective Security Treaty Organization." The Whitehead 

Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations 8, no. 1 (January 2007): 167-180. 

Youn, Bonghan, Sangjin Lee and Jongin Lim. “A Study on the Feasibility of ‘Lone Wolf’ Terrorists in 

Korea: Focusing on IS Defector Student Kim’s On0line Behavior.” Journal of Society for eBusiness Studies 20, no. 4 (November 2015): 127-150. [article is in Korean]

http://www.jsebs.org/jsebs/index.php/jsebs/article/view/200

Zierhoffer, Diane M. “Threat Assessment: Do Lone Terrorists Differ from Other Lone Offenders?” 

Journal of Strategic Security 7, no. 3 (Fall 2014): 48-62.

http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jss/vol7/iss3/4/

Zúquet, José Pedro. “Men in Black: Dynamics, Violence, and Lone Wolf Potential.” Terrorism and 

Political Violence 26, no. 1 (January-March 2014): 95-109. 
13

BOOKS

Alrajeh, Dalal and Paul Gill. "A Logic-Based Approach to Understanding Lone-Actor Terrorism." In 

Proceedings of the Technical Communications of the 31St International Conference on Logic 

Programming (ICLP)2015, edited by De Vos, Marina, Thomas Eiter, Yuliya Lierler and Francesca 

Toni. Vol. 1433, 2015.

http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1433/tc_45.pdf

Boaz, Clair Kreger. White Supremacy Groups. San Digeo: Greenhaven Press, 2003. 80p. 

Contents: White Supremacy groups use terrorist attacks to recruit new members / Brad Knickerbocker –

What supremacy is a leaderless movement / Howard L. Bushart, John R. Craig, and Myra Barnes -- The 

Internet is changing the face of the white supremacist movement / Les Back -- Racist video games target 

youth on the Internet / Anti-Defamation League -- More women are joining the white supremacist movement 

/ Jim Nesbitt -- White power music is an effective recruiting tool / Adam Cohen -- The making of a white 

supremacist / T.J. Leyden, interviewed by Intelligence report -- Lone wolf terrorists are more 

dangerous than organized white supremacist groups / Katherine Seligman -- White supremacy groups 

are expanding their international ties / David E. Kaplan, Lucian Kim, and Douglas Pasternak -- White 

nationalists must organize in order to protect European Americans / European-American Unity and Rights 

Organization -- The white race must be preserved / Bishop Alma White -- White people are the creators of all 

worthwhile culture and civilization / Matthew Hale.

Borchgrevink, Aage. A Norwegian Tragedy: Anders Behring Breivik and the Massacre on Utøya. 

Malden, MA: Polity, 2013. 299p.

Bringuel, Andrew J. Terrorism Research and Analysis Project: (TRAP): A Collection of Research Ideas 

Thoughts, and Perspectives. Washington, DC: Dept. of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, 

2011.

Contents: v. 1. Radical Islam’s Manipulation of the media – Actors analysis & capability of knowledge –

Incorporating contextual sensitivity and meta-cognition into intelligence and law enforcement training --

Spotting and assessing potential confidential human sources using the group analysis protocol (GAP) --

Terrorism and counterfeiting : a synopsis of critical issues and research opportunities -- Behavioral clues to 

deception in counter-terrorism situations : critique and prospectus -- The role of emotion in predicting 

violence -- Animal and environmental rights extremists and crime : setting forth a research agenda -- The 

false allure of torture -- What is lone wolf terrorism? : A research note -- Right-wing extremism and 

military service -- Making bullets dance : drugs and "small players" in small wars.

Bromark, Stian and Hon Khiam Leong. Massacre in Norway: The 2011 Terror Attacks on Oslo and the 

Utøya Youth Camp. Dulles: Potomac Books, Inc. 224p.

Brynielsson, Joel, Andreas Horndahl, Fredrik Johanasson, Lisa Kaati, Christian Mårtenson and Pontus 

Svenson. "Analysis of Weak Signals for Detecting Lone Wolf Terrorists" in 2012 European 

Intelligence and Security Informatics Conference, 22-24 August, 2012. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE 

Computer Society, 2012: 197-204.

Cooper, Abraham. "From Big Lies to the Lone Wolf: How Social Networking Incubates and Multiplies 

Online Hate and Terrorism*." In The Changing Forms of Incitement to Terror and Violence: The 

Need for a New International Response., edited by Baker, Alan. 21-33. Jerusalem, Israel: 

Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, 2012. 

http://jcpa.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/INCITEMENT_TO_TERROR_4.pdf. 
14

Davis, Danny W. The Phinehas Priesthood: Violent Vanguard of the Christian Identity Movement. 

Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2010. 

Content: Introduction – The Christian Identity or Scriptural Israel Identity movement and its world view --

Leaderless resistance and the "lone wolf" strategy -- The modern Phinehas Priesthood, fact or fiction? -

- Phinehas Priests? or not? : the anti-abortion warriors -- Eric Rudolph -- Clayton Lee Waagner, James 

Charles Kopp and Paul Ross Evans – Conclusion

Deflem, Mathieu (ed.). Terrorism and Counterterrorism Today. Bingley, United Kingdom : Emerald, 

2015. 259p.

Contents: How has criminology contributed to the study of terrorism since 9/11? / Gary LaFree and Laura 

Dugan -- Terrorism as gravitational attraction / Mark Cooney and Nicole Bigman -- Terrorism and genocide / 

Bradley Campbell -- The social construction of terrorism / Cynthia A. Karaffa -- The emergence of lone 

wolf terrorism: Patterns of behavior and implications for intervention / Brent L. Smith, Jeff 

Gruenewald, Paxton Roberts and Kelly R. Damphousse -- Second order terrorism / Willem de Lint -- Terrok: A 

hybrid perpetrator in individualized terrorism warfare / Thomas Kron, Andreas Braun and Eva-Maria Heinke --

Suicide attacks and the social structure of sacrifice / Jason Manning -- Prosecuting terrorism: Challenges in 

the post-9/11 world / Christopher A. Shields, Brent L. Smith and Kelly R. Damphousse -- Postmodern torture 

and the conceits of the war on terror / Michael Welch -- Changes in local law enforcement brought about by 

9/11 / Gregg W. Etter, Sr. -- State legitimacy and terrorism: Implications for counterterrorism policy / 

Jennifer C. Gibbs.

Fredholm, Michael (ed.). Understanding Lone Actor Terrorism: Past Experience, Future Outlook, and 

Response Strategies. New York, NY: Routledge, 2016. 311p.

Contents: Introduction: Lone Actor and Autonomous Cell Terrorism, Michael Fredholm 1. Historical Lessons: 

An Overview of Early Anarchism and Lone Actor Terrorism, Richard Bach Jensen 2. World War A: 

Contemporary Anarchists and Extreme Left Perpetrators, José Pedro Zúquete 3. Extreme Right Perpetrators, 

Miroslav Mareš and Richard Stojar 4. Environmental-Extremist and Animal Rights Single Issue Perpetrators, 

Elżbieta Posłuszna and Miroslav Mareš 5. Jihadists, Al-Qaida, and the Islamic State, Michael Fredholm 6. 

Targeting Herself: Female Lone Actors, Hanna Runeborg 7. Fixated Individuals and the State’s Response: 

Networked Security, Jelle van Buuren 8. School Shootings and Lone Actor Terrorism, Leena Malkki 9. The 

Active Shooter Threat: Profiling Perpetrators for Preemptive Prevention, Joshua Sinai 10. Lone Actor 

Terrorism and CBRN Weapons, Michael Fredholm 11. Inside the Mind of the Lone Actor, Knut Sturidsson 12. 

Countering Lone Actor Terrorism: Networked Security Focused on Deeds, Not Thoughts, Michael Fredholm 13. 

Countering Lone Actor Terrorism: Weak Signals and Online Activities, Lisa Kaati and Fredrik Johansson 14. 

The Non-violent Lone Actor: The Insider Threat in Information Security, Joshua Sinai 15. Future Outlook and 

Response Strategies, Michael Fredholm Appendix: Lone Actor Terrorism, a Lifestyle Phenomenon?, Michael 

Fredholm and Hanna Runeborg

Gill, Paul. Lone-Actor Terrorists: A Behavioural Analysis. New York: Routledge, 2015. 192p.

Gordon, Theodore J., Yair Sharan and Elizabeth Florescu. Lone Wolf Terrorism Prospects and Potential 

Strategies to Address the Threat. Washington, DC: The Millennium, 2015. 193p.

Guillemin, Jeanne. American Anthrax: Fear, Crime, and the Investigation of the Nation’s Deadliest 

Bioterror Attack. New York: Times Books. 309p. 

Contents: Prologue: the bioterrorism threat – The diagnosis – The crime – New York – “We have this anthrax” 

–The postal victims – Threat perceptions – Lone Wolf – Laws, regulations and rules – Gone awry – To War –

The strong desire for justice – Living proof – Odd man out – Conclusion.

Haerens, Margaret. Domestic Terrorism. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press, 2015. 

Contents: How should the domestic terrorism threat be assessed or defined? Homegrown terror isn't just 

Islamist / Risa Brooks -- The definition of domestic terrorism is too broad / Ms. Smith -- There are many 

misconceptions about the threat of domestic terrorism / Jack Levin -- Domestic terrorism is a persistent 

threat in the United States / Scott Stewart -- The threat of domestic terrorism is often overlooked / Daryl 

Johnson -- What groups present the greatest risk of domestic terrorism? Islamic radicalization is a danger to 
15

US security / Melvin Bledsoe -- The threat of Islamic radicalization has been exaggerated / Faiza Patel --

Growing threat of extreme right-wing violence / Peter Bergen and Jennifer Rowland -- Right-wing extremists 

should not be classified as a major threat to US security / Jonah Goldberg -- Lone-wolf terrorism is a 

growing threat / Jim Kouri -- The threat of the lone-wolf terrorist is exaggerated / Scott Stewart --

How might the threat of domestic terrorism be averted or prevented? Profiling would help identify potential 

domestic terrorists / Tim Sorrick -- Profiling is a flawed counterterrorism policy / Elizabeth Goitein and Faiza 

Patel -- Empowering communities and local law enforcement is essential to counterterrorism efforts / Janet 

Napolitano -- Better outreach to the American Muslim community should improve counterterrorism efforts / 

Toni Johnson -- Confronting prejudice and hate speech is key to addressing the domestic terrorism threat / 

Kenneth Robinson -- How should domestic terrorism be treated? Why should I care that no one's reading 

Dzhokhar Tsarnaev his Miranda rights? / Emily Bazelon -- Domestic terrorism suspects should be interrogated 

before being read their Miranda rights / Daniel Greenfield -- Domestic terrorists should be prosecuted in 

civilian courts / Melanie Getreuer -- Boston bomber acted as "enemy combatant" / Michael M Rosen --

Different standards should not be applied to different kinds of domestic terrorists / Jill Filipovic -- Domestic 

terrorists should be charged with treason / Lauren Prunty.

Hemmingby, Cato, and Tore Bjørgo. The Dynamics of a Terrorist Targeting Process: Anders B. Breivik 

and the 22 July Attacks in Norway. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. 131p.

Hesterman, Jennifer L. Soft Target Hardening: Protecting People from Attack. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 

2015. 299p. 

Contents: ... -- The Lone-Wolf – Mexican cartels cross the border... 

Hesterman, Jennifer L. The Terrorist-Criminal Nexus: An Alliance of International Drug Cartels, 

Organized Crime, and Terror Groups. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2013. 

Contents: ... -- The Lone-Wolf – Gangs: Evolving and Collaborating...

Jarvis, Lee, Stuart Macdonald, and Thomas M. Chen (eds.). Terrorism Online: Politics, Law and 

Technology. New York, NY: Routledge, 2015.

Contents: 1 Terrorism online: a new strategic environment; 2 Lone actor terrorist use of the Internet and 

behavioural correlates; 3 Hacktivism as an emerging cyberthreat: case study of a Turkish hacktivist group; 4 

An updated cost-benefit view of cyberterrorism; 5 Cyberterrorism and Moral Panics: a reflection on the 

discourse of cyberterrorism; 6 Cyberterrorism, criminal law and punishment-based deterrence. 7 State 

surveillance in cyberspace: a new perspective on digital data practices by intelligence and security services8 

Transatlantic collaboration in countering cyberterrorism; 9 The use of force as a response to cyberterrorism;

Jenkins, Brian Michael. Stray Dogs and Virtual Armies: Radicalization and Recruitment to Jihadist 

Terrorism in the United States since 9/11. Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 2011. 

http://www.rand.org/pubs/occasional_papers/2011/RAND_OP343.pdf. 

———. Would-be Warriors: Incidents of Jihadist Terrorist Radicalization in the United States since 

September 11, 2001. Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 2010. 

http://www.rand.org/pubs/occasional_papers/2010/RAND_OP292.pdf. 

Kaplan, Jeffrey, Heléne Lööw and Leena Malkki. Lone Wolf and Autonomous Cell Terrorism. New York: 

Routledge, 2015. 266p. 

Contents: Introduction / Jeffrey Kaplan, Heléne Lööw, and Leena Malkki -- On tribalism: 

auxiliaries, affiliates, and lone wolf political violence / Jeffrey Kaplan and Christopher P. Costa --

Counterinsurgency and lone wolf terrorism / George Michael -- Law enforcement tactics and their 

effectiveness in dealing with American terrorism: organizations, autonomous cells, and lone 

wolves / Christopher Hewitt -- Toward a profile of lone wolf terrorists: what moves an individual from 

radical opinion to radical action / Clark McCauley and Sophia Moskalenko -- The pre-1914 anarchist " lone 

wolf" terrorist and governmental responses / Richard Bach Jensen -- Men in black: dynamics, violence, and 

lone wolf potential / José Pedro Zúquete -- Lone wolf Islamic terrorism: Abdulhakim Mujahid Muhammad 

(Carlos Bledsoe) case study / Daveed Gartenstein-Ross / Crusader dreams: Oslo 22/7, Islamophobia, and the 
16

quest for a monocultural Europe / Mattias Gardell -- Hatred of the system: menacing loners and autonomous 

cells in the Netherlands / Jelle van Buuren and Beatrice de Graaf -- Political elements in post-Columbine 

school shootings in Europe and North America / Leena Malkki -- Lone wolf terrorism and weapons of mass 

destruction: an examination of capabilities and countermeasures / Patrick D. Ellis -- An army of one: 

assessing CBRN pursuit and use by lone wolves and autonomous cells / Gary A. Ackerman and Lauren E. 

Pinson -- Detecting linguistic markers for radical violence in social media / Katie Cohen, Fredrik Johannson, 

Lisa Kaati, and Jonas Clausen Mork.

Likar, Lawrence E. "Nihilistic Terrorists: Fanatical Cells, Lone Wolves, and Hybrid Groups." In EcoWarriors, Nihilistic Terrorists, and the Environment, 107-136. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2011. 

Kaati, Lisa and Pontus Svenson. “Analysis of Competing Hypothesis for Investigating Lone Wolf 

Terrorists.” in Proceedings of the 2011 European Intelligence and Security Informatics Conference 

(EISIC 2011). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society, 2011, p. 295–299

Michael, George. Lone Wolf Terror and the Rise of Leaderless Resistance. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt 

University Press, 2012. 254p. 

Contents: The Evolution of strategy, war, and conflict -- Leaderless resistance and the extreme right --

Eco-extremism and the radical animal liberation movement -- The strategic implications of the new world 

order -- The Wiki revolution and the new people power -- Weapons of mass destruction and leaderless 

resistance -- The global Islamic resistance movement -- Conclusion: toward a fifth generation of warfare?

Neumann, Peter R. Radicalization. London New York Routledge, 2015. 4 vols. 

Contents: Machine generated contents note: v. I MODELS AND THEORIES -- pt. 1 Definitions --

1.Radicalization: what does it mean? / David R. Mandel -- 2.The trouble with radicalization / Peter R. 

Neumann -- 3.The concept of radicalization as a source of confusion / Mark Sedgwick -- pt. 2 Models, theories 

and approaches -- 4.Mechanisms of political radicalization: pathways toward terrorism / Sophia Moskalenko --

5.The staircase to terrorism: a psychological exploration / Fathali M. Moghaddam -- 6.Joining the cause: AlMuhajiroun and radical Islam / Quintan Wiktorowicz -- 7.Social movement theory and the study of terrorism / 

Jeroen Gunning -- pt. 3 Psychology -- 8.Cheshire-Cat logic: the recurring theme of terrorist abnormality in 

psychological research / Andrew Silke -- 9.Holy warriors: exploring the psychological processes of jihadi 

radicalization / Andrew Silke -- 10.Terrorist (e)motives: the existential attractions of terrorism / Keith 

Hayward -- pt. 4 Grievances and strains -- 11.The causes of terrorism / Martha Crenshaw -- 12.The strange 

career of strain and breakdown theories of collective action / Steven M. Buechler -- pt. 5 Ideology and frames 

-- 13.Framing processes and social movements: an overview and assessment / David A. Snow -- 14.Ideology, 

framing processes, and Islamic terrorist movements / Scott C. Byrd -- pt. 6 Micro-mobilization and 

recruitment -- 15.Recruitment to high-risk activism: the case of Freedom Summer / Doug McAdam --

16.Recruitment processes in clandestine political organizations: Italian left-wing terrorism / Donatella Della 

Porta -- 17.Social networks and the jihad / Marc Sageman -- v. II ISSUES AND DEBATES -- pt. 1 Conflict, 

repression, and counterterrorism -- 18.Relational dynamics and processes of radicalization: a comparative 

framework / Chares Demetriou -- 19.Repression and rebellion / Mohammed M. Hafez -- 20.Violence and the 

political system: the policing of protest / Donatella Della Porta -- pt. 2 Violent and non-violent radicalization --

21.Radical beliefs and violent actions are not synonymous: how to place the key disjuncture between 

attitudes and behaviors at the heart of our research into political violence / James Khalil -- 22.Contextualizing 

radicalization: the emergence of the "Sauerland-Group" from radical networks and the Salafist movement / 

Stefan Malthaner -- pt. 3 The role of religion -- 23.Three theories of religious activism and violence: social 

movements, fundamentalists, and apocalyptic warriors / Heather Selma Gregg -- 24.Religion as a cause of 

terrorism / Mark Juergensmeyer -- 25.The rationality of radical Islam / Karl Kaltenthaler -- pt. 4 Suicide 

terrorism -- 26.Genesis of suicide terrorism / Scott Atran -- 27.Palestinian suicide terrorism in the Second 

Intifada: motivations and organizational aspects / Assaf Moghadam -- pt. 5 Lone actors -- 28.The 

enigma of lone wolf terrorism: an assessment / Ramon Spaaij -- 29.Bombing alone: tracing the 

motivations and antecedent behaviors of lone-actor terrorists / Paige Deckert -- pt. 6 Online 

radicalization -- 30.Cyberculture and the endurance of white power activism / Robert Futrell -- 31.You too can 

be Awlaki! / Alix N. Levine -- 32.Combining social network analysis and sentiment analysis to explore the 

potential for online radicalisation / Alan F. Smeaton -- pt. 7 Foreign fighters -- 33.The rise of Muslim foreign 

fighters: Islam and the globalization of jihad / Thomas Hegghammer -- 34.Should I stay or should I go? 

Explaining variation in Western jihadists' choice between domestic and foreign fighting / Thomas 

Hegghammer -- 35.Jihad after Iraq: lessons from the Arab Afghans / Mohammed M. Hafez -- v. III GROUPS 

AND PLACES -- pt. 1 Western jihadists -- 36.Europe's angry Muslims / Robert S. Leiken -- 37.The Atlantic 

divide / Marc Sageman -- 38.Al Qaeda's London branch: patterns of domestic and transnational network 
17

integration / Jytte Klausen -- 39.Joining jihadi terrorist cells in Europe: exploring motivational aspects of 

recruitment and radicalization / Petter Nesser -- pt. 2 Middle Eastern jihadists -- 40.Anatomy of Egypt's 

militant Islamic groups: methodological note and preliminary findings / Saad Eddin Ibrahim -- 41.Terrorist 

recruitment and radicalization in Saudi Arabia / Thomas Hegghammer -- 42.From marginalization to 

massacres: a political process explanation of GIA violence in Algeria / Mohammed M. Hafez -- pt. 3 Jihadists 

elsewhere -- 43.Black Widows: the Chechen female suicide terrorists / Khapta Akhmedova -- 44.Why Boko 

Haram exists: the relative deprivation perspective / Daniel Egiegba Agbiboa -- 45.Jihadist radicalization in 

East Africa: two case studies / Alexander Meleagrou-Hitchens -- 46.Islam, militancy, and politics in Pakistan: 

insights from a national sample / Jacob N. Shapiro -- pt. 4 Far-right -- 47.White boys to terrorist men: target 

recruitment of Nazi skinheads / Randy Blazak -- 48.A neo-nationalist network: the English Defence League 

and Europe's Counter-Jihad Movement / Hans Brun -- pt. 5 Left-wing -- 49.Why peasants rebel: the case of 

Peru's Sendero Luminoso / Cynthia McClintock -- 50.The Naxalites and the Maoist movement in India: birth, 

demise, and reincarnation / Dipak K. Gupta -- 51.The psychopolitical formation of extreme left terrorism in a 

democracy: the case of the Weathermen / Ehud Sprinzak -- v. IV DE- AND COUNTER-RADICALIZATION -- pt. 

1 Theory and concepts -- 52.How terrorist campaigns end / Audrey Kurth Cronin -- 53.Rehabilitation of 

Islamist terrorists: lessons from criminology / Samuel J. Mullins -- 54.Turning away from terrorism: lessons 

from psychology, sociology, and criminology / John G. Horgan -- 55.Promoting exit from violent extremism: 

themes and approaches / Anja Dalgaard-Nielsen -- 56.Disengagement and deradicalization / Christopher 

Boucek -- pt. 2 Interventions and exit -- 57.Processes of disengagement from violent groups of the extreme 

right / Tore Bjørgo -- 58.Exit from terrorism: a qualitative empirical study on disengagement and 

deradicalization among members of ETA / Fernando Reinares -- 59.Leaving underground organizations: a 

sociological analysis of the Italian case / Donatella Della Porta -- 60.Mentoring in relation to violent 

extremism: a study of role, purpose, and outcomes / Lynn Davies -- pt. 3 Collective de-radicalization --

61.Lions tamed? An inquiry into the causes of de-radicalization of armed Islamist movements: the case of the 

Egyptian Islamic Group / Omar Ashour -- 62.De-radicalization in Algeria: successes and failures / Omar 

Ashour -- pt. 4 Individual de-radicalization -- 63.Extremist disengagement in Saudi Arabia: prevention, 

rehabilitation and aftercare / Christopher Boucek -- 64."Deradicalisation" and Indonesian prisons / 

International Crisis Group -- 65.De-radicalising the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE): some preliminary 

findings / Malkanthi Hettiarachchi -- 66.Deradicalisation, the Yemeni way / Marisa L. Porges -- pt. 5 Counterradicalization policies -- 67.The "three rings" of terrorist rehabilitation and counter-ideological work in 

Singapore: a decade on / Kumar Ramakrishna -- 68.Countering radicalization in America: lessons from 

Europe / Lorenzo Vidino -- 69.The problem with `radicalization': the remit of `Prevent' and the need to 

refocus on terrorism in the UK / Anthony Richards.

Olson, Dean T. Tactical Counterterrorism: The Law Enforcement Manual of Terrorism Prevention. 

Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 2012. 

Olsson, Peter Alan. The Making of a Homegrown Terrorist: Brainwashing Rebels in Search of a Cause. 

Westport, CT: ABC-CLIO, 2014. 212p.

Pantziarka, Pan. Lone Wolf: True Stories of Spree Killers. London: Virgin, 2002. 

Patten, Meredith L. and Amanda S. Twilliger. “The Solo Crusader: Theodore Kaczynski and Timothy 

McVeigh.” p. 37-57 IN A New Understanding of Terrorism Case Studies, Trajectories and Lessons 

Learned, edited by Haberfeld, M.R. and Agostino Von Hassell. New York: Springer, 2009.

Phillips, Peter. “The Economic Analysis of Lone Wolf Terrorism.” P. 159-191 IN Understanding 

Terrorism: A Socio-Economic Perspective, edited by Raul Caruso and Andrea Locatelli. Bingley, 

UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2014.

Phillips, Peter J. In Pursuit of the Lone Wolf Terrorist: Investigation Economics and New Horizons for 

the Economic Analysis of Terrorism. Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2013. 207p. 

Pinkerton, Jaye. Handbook of Lone-Wolf Terrorism and Fighters. Delhi: University Publications, 2012. 

Contents: Chapter 1 -- Introduction to Lone-Wolf Fighter; Chapter 2 -- Lone Wolves in Asia; Chapter 3 --

Lone Wolves in Europe; Chapter 4 -- Lone Wolves in the United States.
18

Pisoiu, Daniela (ed.). Arguing Counterterrorism: New Perspectives. New York: Routledge, Taylor & 

Francis Group, 2014. 301p. 

Contents: Introduction / Daniela Pisoiu and David Scheuing -- Part I Roots and cultures -- 1. The rhetorical 

origins of the US war on terror / Carol K. Winkler -- 2. Western responses to terrorism in the 1970s / Ondrej 

Ditrych -- 3. The power of terrorism frames: responses to non-Islamist lone-wolf terrorism in 

Europe / A. Maurits Va Der Veen -- Part II Phenomenology -- 4. Beween insurrection and "reformism": 

public discourses of twenty-first century Greek armed groups / Anastassia Tsoukala -- 5. When terrorist talk 

back / Daniela Pisoiua and Nico Prucha -- 6. Plenty of oxygen: terriorism, news media and the politics of the 

Australian security state / David G. Holmes and Rebeka Sullivan -- 7. Jihadist terrorism in Europe: what role 

for media? / Sybille Reinke De Buitrago -- 8. Counterterrorism as contested terrain: performative 

contradictions and "autoimmune disorder" / Ramaswami Harindranath -- PartIII Anatomy 9. The elusive 

essence of evil: constructing Otherness in the coalition of the willing / Jack Holland -- g10. The discourse on

political Islam and the "War on Terror": roots, policy implications and potential for change / Corinna Mullin --

11 The multiple contexts of Russian counterterrorism frames: the framing process and discursive field / 

Aurélie Campana -- 12. The hunter and the hunted: metaphors of pursuit, prey and the intractability of 

difference in post 9/11 American counterterrorism discourse / Deborah Wills and Erin Steruter.

Posluszna, Elzbieta. Environmental and Animal Rights Extremism, Terrorism, and National Security. 

Amsterdam: Elsevier Ltd., 2015. 

Richman, Aaron and Yair Sharan (eds.) Lone Actors – An Emerging Security Threat. Amsterdam: IOS 

Press, 2015. 270p.

Contents: The Threat of Lone Actors' Terrorism / Jeffrey D. Simon -- Lone Wolf Terrorism: Understanding

the Growing Threat / Grace N. Parker -- The Terror Next Door: A Security Analysis of the Escalating Threat of 

Lone Wolf Terrorists / Arije Antinori -- Gen-T. Terrorist Infosphere and i-Volution of Lone Wolf Terrorism / 

Jacob Negranu, Asher Vaturi, Yair Sharan -- Biological and Chemical Agents in the Hands of Lone Actors – A 

Different View / Gary C. Kessler -- Lone Operator Cyberterrorism from the Perspective of a Hacker / Joseph 

M. Crane, Sr. -- Case Studies / Major Nisan Malik Hasan, Terrorist or Criminal? / Caroline Joan S. Picart -- The 

Radicalization of American Lone Wolves in Real/Reel Worlds: Strategically Mapping the Role of the Internet, 

and Beyond, in the Cases of Colleen LaRose (Jihad Jane) and the Tsarnaev Brothers (the Boston Marathon 

Bombers) / Countering and Responding to the Threat / Jari Kaivo-Oja -- Comparative Analysis of 

Counterinsurgency Operations in Iraq and Afghanistan: New Foresight Approaches to Counterinsurgency 

Operations with Special Focus on Lone Wolf Terrorism / Richard J. Chasdi -- Center for Radicalization 

Prevention: A Model of Government Response to “Lone-Wolf” Terrorist Assaults / C. Crawford Mechem --

Medical Response to Lone Actor Incidents / Ramón Spaaij -- Lone Actors: Challenges and Opportunities for 

Countering Violent Extremism / Tsvi Bisk -- The War on Islamism / Legal and Ethical Aspects/ Elizabeth 

Florescu -- Lone Actors – Ethical and Legal Considerations / Michael Vesely -- Legal Responses to Lone Wolf 

Terrorism / Foresight and Policy Aspects / Nikolay Pavlov -- European Union's Counter-Terrorism Policy and 

the Problem of Lone Actors / Sheila Ronis, Richard Chasdi -- A Lone Wolf Visionario in the American Midwest / 

Ety Richman -- The Need for Integrated Municipal Planning for Rail Security the Jerusalem Light Rail Project / 

Theodore Gordon, Yair Sharan, Elizabeth Florescu -- Possible Evolution of Lone Wolf and SIMAD Terrorism / 

Asher Vaturi, Yair Sharan -- Lone Wolves and Black Sheep in the Modern Urban Jungle – Loneliness as a 

Source for Terror Threats in Modern Cities

Seligman, Katherine. “Lone Wolf Terrorists are More Dangerous than Organized White Supremacist 

Groups.” In White Supremacy Groups, edited by Kreger, Claire, 45-47. Farmington Hills, MI: 

Greenhaven Press, 2003.

Sheehan, Michael A. Crush the Cell: How to Defeat Terrorism without Terrorizing Ourselves. New York: 

Crown Publishers, 2008. 

Shetfall, Mordecai G. Blossoms in the Wind: Human Legacies of the Kamikaze. New York, NY: NAL 

Caliber, 2005. 

Simi, Pete, Andrew J. Bringuel, Steven M. Chermak, Joshua D. Freilich, Gary Lafree, and Lynn Maskel. 

"What is Lone Wolf Terrorism?: A Research Note." Chap. 311, In Terrorism Research and Analysis 

Project: (TRAP): A Collection of Research Ideas, Thoughts, and Perspectives, edited by Bringuel, 

Andrew J. Washington, DC: Dept. of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2011. 
19

Simon, Jeffrey D. "Technology and Lone Operator Terrorism: Prospects for a Fifth Wave of Global 

Terrorism." In Terrorism, Identity and Legacy: The Four Waves Theory and Political Violence, 

edited by Rosenfeld, Jean E., 44-65. New York, NY: Routledge, 2011. 

Simon, Jeffrey D. Lone Wolf Terrorism: Understanding the Growing Threat. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus 

Books, 2013. 320p.

Contents: The growing threat of lone wolf terrorism -- Who are the lone wolves? -- Why lone wolves are so 

dangerous -- Where are the women? -- Lone wolf assassins -- Strategies for dealing with lone wolf terrorism -

- Uncovering the lessons learned -- A look toward the future -- Conclusion -- Appendix: Defining lone wolf 

terrorism.

Simpson, Patricia Anne and Helga Druxes. Digital Media Strategies of the Far-right in Europe and the 

United States. New York: Lexington Books, 2015. 291p. 

Contents: Introduction : digital media strategies of the far right in Europe and the United States / Patricia 

Anne Simpson and Helga Druxes -- Swastikas in cyberspace : how hate went online / Chip Berlet and Carol 

Mason -- The lone wolf comes from somewhere, too / Øyvind Strømmen and Kjetil Stormark --

Mobilizing on the fringe : domestic extremists and antisocial networking / Kyle Christensen, Arian Spahiu, 

Bret Wilson, and Robert D. Duval -- Hijacking academic autonomy : neo-aryanism and internet expertise / 

Alexandar Mihailovic -- Identity, tradition, sovereignty : the transnational linkages of radical nationalist 

political parties in the European Union / Glen M.E. Duerr -- Manipulating the media : the German new right's 

virtual and violent identities / Helga Druxes -- The imitated public sphere : the case of Hungary's far right / 

Domonkos Sik -- Right-wing campaign strategies in Sweden / Lara Mazurski -- The identitarian movement : 

what kind of identity? : is it really a movement? / Fabian Virchow -- Singing for race and nation : fascism and 

racism in Greek youth music / Alexandra Koronaiou, Evangelos Lagos, and Alexandros Sakellariou -- "The 

order of the vanquished dragon" : the performance of archaistic homophobia by the union of orthodox banner 

bearers in Putin's Russia / Alexandar Mihailovic -- Pure hate : the political aesthetic of Prussian blue / Patricia 

Anne Simpson -- The new "great white hope?" : white nationalist discourses of race, color, and country in the 

career of Mexican boxer Saúl "Canelo" Álvarez / Justin D. García -- The roots of East German xenophobia / 

Freya Klier.

Smith, Brent L., Jeff Gruenewald, Paxton Roberts, and Kelly R. Damphousse. "The Emergence of Lone 

Wolf Terrorism: Patterns of Behavior and Implications for Intervention" in Mathieu Deflem (ed.) 

Terrorism and Counterterrorism Today (Sociology of Crime, Law and Deviance, Volume 20) 

Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2015. p. 89-110.

Spaaij, Ramon. Understanding Lone Wolf Terrorism: Global Patterns, Motivations and Preventions. 

Dordrecht; New York: Springer, 2012. 119p.

1. Introduction -- 2. A note on method. Chronology of lone wolf terrorism in 15 countries, 1968-2010 ; 

Qualitative case studies -- 3. Definition of lone wolf terrorism. The social construction of terrorism ; What 

is lone wolf terrorism? -- 4. Incidence and evolution. lone wolf terrorism in its historical context ; 

Incidence and lethality ; lone wolf terrorism across space and time -- 5. Motivations and ideologies -- 6. 

Influences and radicalization. Theorizing radicalization ; Personal circumstances and social backgrounds ; 

Sociocultural and political influences ; lone wolf terrorism and inversion -- 7. Modus operandi. Planning 

for terror ; Targets ; Weapons -- 8. Responses. Legalistic responses ; Repressive responses ; Conciliatory 

responses -- 9. Conclusions and outlook -- Appendix: Chronology of lone wolf terrorism in 15 countries, 

1968-2010 -- A note on sources.

Stepanova, Ekaterina. “Lone Wolves and Network Agents in Leaderless Jihad (The Case of the Boston 

Marathon Bombing Cell). p. 50-63 IN Perseverance of Terrorism: Focus on Leaders edited by 

Marko Milosevic and Kacper Rekawek. Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2014. 

Stern, Jessica. Terror in the Name of God: Why Religious Militants Kill. New York: Ecco, 2003. 368p.

Contents: Pt 1. Grievances that give rise to holy war. Alienation; Humiliation; Demographics; History; 

Territory -- pt. 2. Holy war organizations. Inspirational leaders and their followers; Lone-wolf avengers; 

Commanders and their cadres; The ultimate organization: networks, franchises, and freelancers; Conclusion, 

policy recommendations.
20

Turrettini, Unni and Kathleen M. Puckett. The Mystery of the Lone Wolf Killer: Anders Behring Breivik 

and the Threat of Terror in Plain Sight. Plantation: Pegasus Books, 2015. 336p. 

Vittori, Jodi. Terrorist Financing and Resourcing. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. 

Contents: Terrorism cannot live on idealism alone -- Terrorist groups’ resourcing menu -- The evolution of 

terrorism financing -- The multi-nationals of terrorism -- State sponsored groups -- Medium autonomy 

groups: franchises and bundled support -- Lone wolf groups -- All the rest: shell states, state sponsoring 

groups, and transnational corporation groups.

Vollers, Maryanne. Lone Wolf: Eric Rudolph: Murder, Myth, and the Pursuit of an American Outlaw. 

New York: HarperCollins, 2006. 

Walker, Clive (ed.). Contingencies, Resilience and Legal Constitutionalism. London: Routledge, Taylor 

& Francis Group, 2015. 152p. 

Contents: Legal perspectives on contingencies and resilience in an environment of constitutionalism : an 

overview / Clive Walker -- Lone wolf terrorism in Norway / Catherine Appleton -- Managing 'civil 

contingencies' in Australia / Michael Eburn -- The power to react : review and discussion of Canada's 

emergency measures legislation / John Lindsay -- 'Keep calm and carry on' : informing the public under the 

Civil Contingencies Act 2004 / Rebecca Moosavian -- Emergency powers and the withering of the Royal 

Prerogative / Andrew Blick -- The governance of emergency arrangements / Clive Walker -- Terrorism and 

counterterrorism in the US : the question of responsible policy-making / John Mueller and Mark G. Stewart --

Homeland security : definitions and accountability / Amos N. Guiora.

Wexler, Stuart. America’s Secret Jihad: The Hidden History of Religious Terrorism in the United States. 

Berkeley, CA: Counterpoint, 2015. 417p.

Contents: Twisted theology: the synagogue bombings of 1957-1958 -- Genesis: the Christian identity 

movement -- The days of Noah: the 1962 Ole Miss integration riots and the 1963 murder of Medgar Evers --

The desecrated sanctuary: the 1963 Sixteenth Street Baptist Church bombing -- The blood of martyrs: the 

1964 (Neshoba County) Mississippi burning murders -- The grapes of wrath: Black militant reaction and the 

urban riots of 1964-1965 -- The alpha: the failed attempts to assassinate Martin Luther King, Jr. 1958-1967 -

- The omega: the final plot to assassinate Martin Luther King, Jr. 1967-1968 -- Tribulation: outrage and the 

investigation into who really killed King -- The end of an age: the fragmentation of the radical right in the 

1970s -- The tenth plague: the Atlanta child murders, 1979-1981 -- Jeremiah's warriors: the Order, the CSA, 

and the 1984 murder of shock jock Alan Berg -- Tim McVeigh's Bible: the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing --

Zealous for honor: lone-wolf terrorism through the new millenium -- Revelations: apocalyptic religious 

terrorism post-9/11.

Williams, Clive. "Case Study - the Puzzling Case (from a Western Perspective) of Lone Terrorist 

Faheen Khalid Lodhi." In The Faces of Terrorism: Multidisciplinary Perspectives, edited by Canter, 

David, 63-74. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. 

Wither, James K. and Sam Mullins (eds.) Combating Transnational Terrorism. Sofia : Procon, 2016. 

282p. 

Contents: Defining Terrorism / Alex P. Schmid -- Strategy and Tactics of Terrorism / Dina Al Raffie -- Terrorist 

Innovation / James Howcroft -- Terrorism and Crime / Sam Mullins, James K. Wither, and Steven R. Monaco -

- Terrorism, Media, and the Rise of the Internet / Eric Young -- Terrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction / 

Robert B. Brannon -- Jihadist Foreign Fighters and 'Lone Wolf' Terrorism / Sam Mullins -- Role of the 

Security Forces in Combating Terrorism / James K. Wither -- Intelligence-led Policing in Counter-Terrorism: A 

Perspective from the United Kingdom / Peter Clarke -- Legal Issues in Combating Terrorism / Dean L. 

Dwigans -- Talking to Terrorists / James K. Wither -- Countering Violent Extremism / Sam Mullins -- CounterTerrorist Financing / John Sawicki -- Interagency Cooperation in Counter-Terrorism / Iztok Prezelj and Joe 

Airey -- Comprehensive Strategy for Combating Terrorism / Joseph B. King
21

REPORTS 

Alfaro-Gonzales, Lydia, et al. Report: Lone Wolf Terrorism. Washington, DC: Georgetown University

(2015).

http://georgetownsecuritystudiesreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/NCITF-Final-Paper.pdf

Anti-Defamation League. Criminal Proceedings: A Timeline of U.S. Terror Cases, 2011. 

http://www.adl.org/terrorism/Criminal_Proceedings.pdf. 

Artiga, Vic. "Lone Wolf Terrorism: What We Need to Know and What We Need to Do." 

http://www.takresponse.com/index/homeland-security/lone-wolf_terrorism.html. 

Bakker, Edwin and Beatrice De Graaf. Lone Wolves: How to Prevent this Phenomenon? Hague: 

International Centre for Counter-Terrorism, 2010. 

https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/16557. 

Bakker, Edwin and Jeanine de Roy van Zuijdewijn. Lone Actor Terrorism: Definitional Workshop. 

London: Royal United Services Institute, 2016.

https://rusi.org/sites/default/files/201512_clat_definitional_workshop.pdf

———. Personal Characteristics of Lone-Actor Terrorists. Hague: International Centre for Counter 

Terrorism – The Hague, 2016.

http://icct.nl/publication/personal-characteristics-of-lone-actor-terrorists/

Beltgens, Maurits and Serguei Batsanov. "Lone Wolf CBRNE Capabilities: Lessons from Norway." 

CBRNE Resource Network (August, 2011). 

http://news.cbrnresourcenetwork.com/newsDetail.cfm?id=63 OR http://www.cbrne-terrorismnewsletter.com/resources/2011%20-%20Lone%20Wolves'%20CBRNe%20Capabilities.pdf. 

Berntzen, Lars Erik and Sveinung Sandberg. The Collective Nature of Lone Wolf Terrorism: Anders 

Behring Breivik and the Anti-Islamic social Movement. [DRAFT] Aalborg University, Denmark, 

2012. http://www.hum.aau.dk/~ulla/Nordic_Populism/Berntzen_Sept_2012_Bergen.pdf

Bjelopera, Jerome P. American Jihadist Terrorism: Combating a Complex Threat. R41416. Washington, 

DC: Congressional Research Service, 2011. https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=692921. 

———. Domestic Terrorist Threat: Background and Issues for Congress. R42536. Washington, DC: 

Congressional Research Office, 2013. https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=730658.

Borum, Randy. "Moving Away from a Lone-Wolf Mindset." Extermis Project (November, 2012). 

http://extremisproject.org/2012/11/moving-away-from-a-lone-wolf-mindset/

Brynielsson, Joel, Andreas Horndahl, Fredrik Johansson, Lisa Kaati, Christian Martenson, and Pontus 

Svenson. "Analysis of Weak Signals for Detecting Lone Wolf Terrorists." IEEE - European 

Intelligence and Security Informatics Conference (EISIC), 22-24 August 2012, 2012. 

Buggy, Commander Kate. Under the Radar: How Might Australia Enhance Its Policies to Prevent ‘Lone 

Wolf’ and ‘Fixated Person’ Violent Attacks? Canberra, ACT: Defence College, Centre for Defence 

and Strategic Studies (CDSS), 2016.

http://www.defence.gov.au/ADC/Publications/IndoPac/Buggy_IPSP_Final.pdf
22

Carafano, James Jay. After Oslo: Lessons for the United States. Washington, DC: Heritage Foundation, 

2011. http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2011/07/after-oslo-attacks-lessons-for-theunited-states. 

Cohen, Katie. Who Will Be a Lone Wolf Terrorist? Mechanisms of Self-radicalisation and the Possibility 

of Detecting Lone Offender Threats on the Internet FOI-R--3531—SE. Stockholm: Swedish 

Defence Research Agency, 2012. http://www.foi.se/ReportFiles/foir_3531.pdf

Danish Security and Intelligence Service. The Threat from Solo Terrorism and Lone Wolf Terrorism. 

Soborg, Denmark: Center for Terroranalyse, Danish Security and Intelligence Service, 2011. 

https://www.pet.dk/~/media/Engelsk/the_threat_from_solo_terrorism_and_lone_wolf_terrorism

_-_engelsk_version_pdf.ashx

Department of Defense. Independent Review Panel Related to Fort Hood. Protecting the Force: 

Lessons from Fort Hood. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Defense, 2010. 

http://www.defense.gov/pubs/pdfs/DOD-ProtectingTheForce-Web_Security_HR_13Jan10.pdf. 

Downing, Michael P. and Matt A. Mayer. Preventing the Next “Lone Wolf” Terrorist Attack Requires 

Stronger Federal-State-Local Capabilities. Backgrounder no. 2818. Washington, DC: Heritage 

Foundation, 2013. http://thf_media.s3.amazonaws.com/2013/pdf/bg2818.pdf

Ellis, Clare and Raffaello Pantucci. Lone-Actor Terrorism Policy Paper 4: ‘Leakage’ and Interaction with 

Authorities. London: Royal United Services Institute, 2016.

http://icct.nl/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/CLAT-Series-8-Policy-Paper-4-RUSI.pdf

Ellis, Clare and Raffaello Pantucci. Lone-Actor Terrorism Toolkit Paper 2: Practical Guidance for 

Security Practitioners. London: Royal United Services Institute, 2016.

http://icct.nl/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/201604_CLAT_Toolkit-Paper-2.pdf

Ellis, Clare, et al. Lone-Actor Terrorism: Analysis Paper. London: Royal United Services Institute, 

2016. 

https://rusi.org/publication/occasional-papers/lone-actor-terrorism-analysis-paper

Ellis, Clare, et al. Lone-Actor Terrorism: Final Report. London: Royal United Services Institute, 2016.

http://icct.nl/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/201604_CLAT_Final-Report.pdf

Feve, Sebastien and Kelsey Bjornsgaard. Lone-Actor Terrorism: Database Workshop. London: Royal 

United Services Institute, 2016.

https://rusi.org/sites/default/files/201601_clat_database_workshop_report.pdf

Gable, Gerry and Paul Johnson. Lone Wolves: Myth or Reality?

http://www.lonewolfproject.org.uk/resources/LW-complete-final.pdf. 

Gruen, M. and A. Kuilan. "Lone-Wolf Shooters Motivated by Al Qaidist Ideology." NEFA Foundation 

Target America Series (2011). http://nefafoundation.org/file/Lone%20Wolf%20Shooters%20-

%20final%20jdl%20(3).pdf. 

Hamm, Mark S. and Ramon Spaaij. Lone Wolf Terrorism in America: Using Knowledge of Radicalization 

Pathways to Forge Prevention Strategies. Indiana State University, 2015.

https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/248691.pdf

Hendel, Yoaz. The Lone Terrorist. Bar-Ilan University, Israel: Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, 

2009. http://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/docs/perspectives86.pdf. 
23

"HSDL Featured Topic: Lone Wolf Terrorism." https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=721556.

Inserra, David. Terror Plot 62: Lone-Wolf Terrorist Attacks in the U.S. and Canada Call for Renewed 

Vigilance. Washington, DC: Heritage Foundation, 2014.

http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2014/10/terror-plot-62-lone-wolf-terrorist-attacks-inthe-us-and-canada-call-for-renewed-vigilance

Instituut voor Veiligheids- en Crisismanagement. Lone Wolf Terrorism, 2007. 

http://www.transnationalterrorism.eu/tekst/publications/Lone-Wolf%20Terrorism.pdf

Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center. The Lone Terrorist Attacks Still Continue in Jerusalem 

and in Other Areas. They are Caused by a Combination of Factors, Including Incitement, 

Supportive Public Atmosphere, Economic Frustrating Political Circumstances; Difficulties, 

However, they are Probably not Orchestrated by the Terrorist Organizations. Israel: The Meir 

Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center, 2009. http://www.terrorisminfo.org.il/data/pdf/PDF_09_142_2.pdf

International Association of Chiefs of Police. Lone Terrorists. Alexandria, VA: IACP, 2012. 

http://www.theiacp.org/portals/0/pdfs/IACP-COT_LoneTerrorists__FINALAug12.pdf. 

Kaati, Lisa and Pontus Svenson. "Analysis of Competing Hypothesis for Investigating Lone Wolf 

Terrorist." 2011 European Intelligence and Security Informatics Conference, IEEE, 12-14 

September, 2011. 

Lenz, Ryan and Mark Potok. Age of the Wolf: A Study of the Rise of Lone Wolf and Leaderless 

Resistance Terrorism. Montgomery, AL: Southern Poverty Law Center, 2015. 

http://www.splcenter.org/sites/default/files/downloads/publication/lone_wolf_special_report.pdf

Lieberman, Joseph I. and Susan M. Collins. A Ticking Time Bomb: Counterterrorism Lessons from the 

U.S. Government’s Failure to Prevent the Fort Hood Attack. Washington, DC: Senate Committee 

on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, 2011. 

http://www.hsgac.senate.gov//imo/media/doc/Fort_Hood/FortHoodReport.pdf

MacLean, Jesse. Can “Dangerous Speech” be used to Explain “Lone Wolf” Terrorism? Vancouver, BC 

Canada: Canadian Network for Research on Terrorism, Security and Society, 2014. 

http://library.tsas.ca/media/TSASWP14-11_MacLean.pdf

Marret, Jean-Luc and Emmanuel Clavaud. Oslo Terrorist Attacks: Analysis, Consequences and Lessons 

Learned. Paris: Fondation pour la Recherche Stratégique (FRS), 2011. http://transatlantic.saisjhu.edu/transatlantic-topics/Articles/homeland-security/TSP4_Oslo_08.2011.pdf. 

McCauley, Clark and Sophia Moskalenko. “Two Possible Profiles of Lone-Actor Terrorists.” p. 84-91 IN 

Looking Back, Looking Forward: Perspectives on Terrorism and Responses to It. Strategic Multilayer Assessment Occasional White Paper, edited by Hriar Cabayam, Valerie Sitterle and Matt 

Yandura. Washington, DC: Strategic Multi-Layer Assessment Office, 2013.

http://www.ctcitraining.org/docs/LookingBack_LookingForward_2013_09.pdf#page=88

McCauley, Clark, Sophia Moskalenko and Benjamin Van Son. Characteristics of Violent LoneOffenders: A Comparison of Assassins and School Attackers. College Park, MD: National 

Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Reponses to Terrorism, May 2014. 

https://www.start.umd.edu/pubs/START_LoneActorViolentOffenderComparisonAssassinSchoolAtt

acker_May2014.pdf
24

Neset, Siri Merethe, Daniel Heradstveit and G. Matthew Bonham. The Lone Wolf behind the Norwegian 

Tragedy: The Ideological Foundations of Anders Behring Breivik. Paper presented at the 

International Society of Political Psychology, Annual Convention, July 2012. 

http://faculty.maxwell.syr.edu/gmbonham/The_Lone_Wolf.pdf

Palombi, Simon and Benoît Gomis. Lone Wolf Terrorism Policy Paper 2: Attack Methodology and 

Logistics. London: Chatham House, 2016.

http://icct.nl/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/201602_CLAT_Policy-Paper-2_v2.pdf

Pantucci, Raffaello. A Typology of Lone Wolves: Preliminary Analysis of Lone Islamist Terrorists. 

London: International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence (ICSR), 2011. 

http://icsr.info/wpcontent/uploads/2012/10/1302002992ICSRPaper_ATypologyofLoneWolves_Pantucci.pdf. 

Pantucci, Raffaello, Clare Ellis, and Lorien Chaplais. Lone-Actor Terrorism: Literature Review. London: 

Royal United Services Institute, 2016.

https://rusi.org/sites/default/files/201512_clat_literature_review_0.pdf

Parent, Richard B. and James O. Ellis, III. Right-Wing Extremism in Canada. Vancouver, BC Canada: 

Canadian Network for Research on Terrorism, Security and Society, 2014.

http://library.tsas.ca/media/TSASWP14-03_Parent-Ellis10.pdf

Perliger, Arie. Challengers from the Sidelines: Understanding America’s Violent Far-Right. West Point, 

NY: Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, 2012. 

https://www.ctc.usma.edu/v2/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/ChallengersFromtheSidelines.pdf

Phillips, Brian J. Who’s Afraid of a Lone Wolf?: Terrorist Actors, State Capacity, and Attack Lethality.

Prepared for presentation at the “Disaggregation in Terrorism Studies” workshop at the Peace 

Science Society (International) annual meeting in Philadelphia, Oct. 9, 2014.

http://www.michael-findley.com/uploads/2/0/4/5/20455799/phillips_lone_wolf_pss.pdf

Phillips, Peter J. Female Lone Wolf Terrorism – The Economic Analysis of Uniquely Gendered Lived 

Experiences. Toowoomba, Queensland: University of Queensland, 2013. 

http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2347881

———. Geographic Profiling of Lone Wolf Terrorists: The Application of Economics, Game Theory and 

Prospect Theory. Presented at the Workshop on Strategic Aspects of Terrorism, Security, and 

Espionage, SUNY, Stony Brook, 2014.

http://eprints.usq.edu.au/25573/7/Phillips_SATSE_2014_AV.pdf

———. The Lone Wolf Terrorist: Sudden Sprees of Violence. University of Southern Queensland, 2011. 

http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1976102. 

———. Lone Wolf Terrorism: Prudence in the Lone Wolf’s Planning and the Time Delay between Acts of 

Lone Wolf Terrorism. Toowoomba, Queensland: University of Queensland, 2011. 

http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2149894. 

———. Prospect Theory, Lone Wolf Terrorism and the Investigative Process. Toowoomba, Queensland: 

University of Queensland, 2012. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2102481

———. The Theory of the Rise of the Lone Wolf Terrorist: Diseconomies to Scale and Terrorism at the 

Smallest Scale of Production. Toowoomba, Queensland: University of Queensland, 2013.

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2262106
25

Ramakrishna, Kumar. Countering the Self-Radicalised Lone Wolf: A New Paradigm? RSIS 

Commentaries, 019-14. S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies. Singapore: Nanyang 

Technological University, 2014. 

http://dr.ntu.edu.sg/handle/10220/19963

Rhodes, Keith. Diffuse Security Threats: Information on U.S. Domestic Anthrax Attacks. Washington, 

DC: Government Accountability Office, 2002. https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=440311. 

"Richard Poplawski: The Making of a Lone Wolf." Anti-Defamation League

http://www.adl.org/learn/extremism_in_the_news/White_Supremacy/poplawski%20report.htm. 

Rubin, David. Combating the Lone-Wolf Attack. London: David Rubens Associates, 2012. 

http://www.davidrubens-associates.com/PDFS/DRA_Combating_the_LoneWolf_Attack_April2012.pdf. 

Smith, Melanie, Sabine Barton and Jonathan Birdwell. Lone Wolf Terrorism Policy Paper 3: Motivations, 

Political Engagement and Online Activity. London: Institute for Strategic Dialogue, 2016.

http://icct.nl/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/CLAT-Series-7-Policy-Paper-3-ISD.pdf

Smith, Brent L., Paxton Roberts, Jeff Gruenewald and Brent Klein. Patterns of Lone Actor Terrorism in 

the United States. Baltimore, MD: National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses 

to Terrorism (START), 2014. 

http://www.start.umd.edu/pubs/START_ATS_PatternsofLoneActorTerrorismUS_ResearchBrief.pdf

Spaaij, Ramón. Lone-Wolf Terrorism. Report for the European Commission Sixth Framework Program 

Transnational Terrorism, Security and the Rule of Law, 2007. 

http://www.transnationalterrorism.eu/tekst/publications/Lone-Wolf%20Terrorism.pdf. 

Teich, Sarah. Trends and Developments in Lone Wolf Terrorism in the Western World: An Analysis of 

Terrorist Attacks and Attempted Attacks by Islamic Extremists. International Institute for 

Counter-Terrorism (ICT), 2013. 

http://www.ctcitraining.org/docs/LoneWolf_SarahTeich2013.pdf

Tennessee Homeland Security. Lone Offender Threat 2011. http://www.infragard-etn.org/wpcontent/uploads/2011/03/Lone_Wolf_Offender_Threat.pdf

Webster, William H. Final Report of the William H. Webster Commission on the Federal Bureau of 

Investigation, Counterterrorism Intelligence, and the Events at Fort Hood, Texas, on November 5, 

2009. Washington, DC: Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2009. 

https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=717443. 
26

HEARINGS 

United States. Congress. House Committee on Homeland Security. Homegrown Terrorism: The Threat 

to Military Communities Inside the United States (Majority Investigative Report). Washington, 

DC: Congress, House Committee on Homeland Security, 2011. 

https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=693956. 

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Armed Services. Findings of the Department of 

Defense Independent Review Related to Fort Hood Hearing before the Full Committee of the 

Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, 

Second Session, Hearing Held January 20, 2010. Washington, DC: GPO, 2010. 

http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS126855. 

———. Findings of the Department of Defense Independent Review Relating to Fort Hood: Hearing 

before the Full Committee of the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, One 

Hundred Eleventh Congress, Second Session, January 20, 2010. Washington, DC: GPO, 2010. 

https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=18224. 

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Armed Services. The Findings and Recommendations 

of the Department of Defense Independent Review Relating to Fort Hood Hearing before the 

Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, Second 

Session, January 21, 2010. Washington, DC: GPO, 2011. http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo7655. 

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. A 

Ticking Time Bomb: Counterterrorism Lessons from the U.S. Government’s Failure to Prevent the 

Fort Hood Attack. Washington, DC: GPO, 2011. https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=717306. 

United States. Congress. Senate. Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee. Violent 

Islamist Extremism, the Internet, and the Homegrown Terrorist Threat. Washington, DC: GPO, 

2012. https://www.fbiic.gov/public/2008/July/IslamistReport.pdf. 

United States. Department of Justice. Amerithrax Investigative Summary: Released Pursuant to the 

Freedom of Information Act. Washington, DC: Dept. of Justice, 2010. 

http://www.justice.gov/amerithrax/docs/amx-investigative-summary.pdf. 
27

THESES AND DISSERTATIONS

Bandel, Peter D. “A Wolf in Military Clothing: A Case Study Examination of Lone Wolf Terrorism and 

the Roles and Responsibilities of Government Agencies.” Master of Arts, University of Central 

Florida, 2012.

http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/CFE0004507

Cedros, Christopher R. “Lone-wolf Terrorist Radicalization and the Prisoner’s Dilemma: Ensuring 

Mutual Cooperation Between At-Risk Muslim Americans and Local Communities.” Master of Arts 

(Security Studies), Naval Postgraduate School, 2015. 

https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=788379

Coultas, Bryan T. “Crowdsourcing Intelligence to Combat Terrorism: Harnessing Bottom-up Collection 

to Prevent Lone-Wolf Terror Attacks.” Master of Arts (Security Studies), Naval Postgraduate 

School, 2015. https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=765304

Eby, Charles A. "The Nation that Cried Lone Wolf: A Data-Driven Analysis of Individual Terrorists in 

the United States since 9/11." Master of Arts (Security Studies), Naval Postgraduate School, 

2012. https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=710310.

Gall, Julie M. “Domestic Lone Wolf Terrorists: An Examination of Patterns in Domestic Lone Wolf 

Targets, Weapons and Ideologies.” PhD. George Mason University, 2014.

http://hdl.handle.net/1920/9164

Joosse, James Paul. “Leaderless Resistance, Radical Environmentalism, and Asymmetrical Warfare.” 

PhD, University of Alberta, 2014. 

http://hdl.handle.net/10402/era.39487

Kuster, Robert E., II. "The Tipping Point of Terror: Motivations of the American Lone Wolf." Master of 

Arts - Liberal Studies, Georgetown University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10822/760897

Lee, Walter A. “Finding the Wolves in Sheep’s Clothing: Ways to Distinguish and Deter Lone-Wolf 

Terrorists.” Master of Arts (Security Studies), Naval Postgraduate School, 2015. 

https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=765305

Pennington, Jeremy Lee. "Analytical Method for the Identification of Lone Wolf Terrorist." Master of

Arts, American Public University System, 2011,

http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2041939. 

Shif, Jolene. “Ridicule and the Radical Islamist Narrative: Countering Internet Radicalization and 

Recruitment of Islamist Lone Wolf Terrorists.” Master of Arts (Intelligence Studies), American

Public University System, 2012. 

http://lgdata.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com/docs/679/671445/shif-2012.pdf

Springer, Nathan R. "Patterns of Radicalization: Identifying the Markers and Warning Signs of 

Domestic Lone Wolf Terrorists in Our Midst." Master of Arts (Security Studies), Naval 

Postgraduate School, 2009, https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=29620. 

Stephenson, John D. "Countering Terrorism: Engagement, Development, Deterrence." Master of Arts

(Security Studies), Naval Postgraduate School, 2010, 

https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=10979.
28

Stottlemyre, Sonia M. “The Effect of Country-Level Income on Domestic Terrorism: A Worldwide 

Analysis of the Difference between Lone-Wolf and Group Affiliated Domestic Terrorism.” Master of 

Public Policy, Georgetown University, 2014. 

http://hdl.handle.net/10822/709882

van der Heide, Liesbeth. "Individual Terrorism: Indicators of Lone Operators." Master of Arts 

(International Relations), University of Utrecht, 2011, http://igitur-archive.library.uu.nl/studenttheses/2011-0902-202354/UUindex.html. 

Whiteford, Jacob. “Lone Wolf Terrorism: An Emerging Challenge to National Security.” Master of Arts, 

University of Notre Dame Australia, 2012.