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Smithsonian Institution

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Smithsonian Institution

Scholarly Press

Conspectus of the Benthic 

Marine Algae of the Gulf 

of California: Rhodophyta, 

Phaeophyceae, and 

Chlorophyta

James N. Norris, Luis E. Aguilar-Rosas, 

and Francisco F. Pedroche

smithsonian contributions to botany • number 106
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smithsonian contributions to botany • numb e r 1 0 6

Conspectus of the Benthic 

Marine Algae of the Gulf 

of California: Rhodophyta, 

Phaeophyceae, and 

Chlorophyta

James N. Norris, Luis E. Aguilar-Rosas, 

and Francisco F. Pedroche

WASHINGTON, D.C.

2017
ABSTRACT

Norris, James N., Luis E. Aguilar-Rosas, and Francisco F. Pedroche. Conspectus of the Benthic Marine Algae of the Gulf 

of California: Rhodophyta, Phaeophyceae, and Chlorophyta. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, number 106, vi + 

125 pages, 5 figures, 1 table, 1 appendix, 2017. — The present treatment constitutes an undated, annotated, systematic 

review of red, brown, and green benthic marine algae of the Gulf of California, Mexico, using the currently accepted 

taxon names, with the date and place of valid publication, type locality, and north to south distribution in the Gulf. The 

systematic list contains 730 species recognized in the Gulf of California, including 490 species of Rhodophyta, 112 species 

of Phaeophyceae, and 128 species of Chlorophyta. Among the previously recorded marine algae, 39 species are considered 

uncertain records or to have uncertain taxonomic status, the selection of a lectotype for Gracilaria hancockii resolves its 

taxonomic status, 3 combinations are made for recognized varieties of Caulerpa chemnitzia, and 15 species are excluded 

from the Gulf of California marine flora. The geographical distribution range of each species is given from its northernmost 

to southernmost locales within three regions the Gulf of California: the east coast of the Gulf (states of Sonora, Sinaloa, 

Nayarit, and northern Jalisco), the west coast of the Gulf (states of Baja California and Baja California Sur), the islands of 

the Gulf, including the Islas Grandes (=Islas de la Cintura; Midriff Islands), and islands of the states of Baja California, Baja 

California Sur, Sonora, Sinaloa, Nayarit, and northern Jalisco. Remarks, where appropriate, are included on taxonomy, 

nomenclature, ecology, and/or distribution with the taxon.

Cover images (left to right): Hydroclathrus clathratus (Punta La Gringa, Baja California), Asparagopsis taxiformis (Bahía 

de La Paz, Baja California Sur); Colpomenia sinuosa (Puerto Peñasco, Sonora), and Spyridia filamentosa? (Laguna Percebú, Baja California). Image credits (left to right): 1, 2, 4 by L. E. Aguilar-Rosas; 3 by J. N. Norris.

Published by SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION SCHOLARLY PRESS

P.O. Box 37012, MRC 957, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012

https://scholarlypress.si.edu

Compilation copyright © 2017 Smithsonian Institution

The rights to all text and images in this publication, including cover and interior designs, are owned either by the Smithsonian Institution, by contributing authors, or by third parties. Fair use of materials is permitted for personal, educational, or 

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Norris, James N., author. | Aguilar Rosas, Luis Ernesto, author. | Pedroche, Francisco F., author. | Smithsonian 

Institution Scholarly Press, publisher.

Title: Conspectus of the benthic marine algae of the Gulf of California : Rhodophyta, Phaeophyceae, and Chlorophyta / 

James N. Norris, Luis E. Aguilar-Rosas, and Francisco F. Pedroche.

Other titles: Smithsonian contributions to botany ; no. 106. 0081-024X

Description: Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, 2017. | Series: Smithsonian contributions to 

botany, ISSN 0081-024X ; number 106 | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2017006293

Subjects: LCSH: Marine algae—Mexico—California, Gulf of. | Red algae—Mexico—California, Gulf of. | Brown 

algae—Mexico—California, Gulf of. | Green algae—Mexico—California, Gulf of. | Benthic plants—Mexico—

California, Gulf of.

Classification: LCC QK571.9.C35 N65 2017 | DDC 579.8/809722—dc23 | SUDOC SI 1.29:106

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017006293

ISSN: 1938-2812 (online); 0081-024X (print)

Publication date (online): 30 November 2017

Ó The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials Z39.48–1992.
Contents

LIST OF FIGURES v

INTRODUCTION 1

SYSTEMATIC LIST 9

SYNOPSIS OF RED ALGAL TAXA 9

Rhodophyta Wettstein, 1901:46 13

SYNOPSIS OF BROWN ALGAL TAXA 62

Stramenopiles D. J. Patterson, 1989:372 63

Ochrophyta Cavalier-Smith, 1996:508 63

Phaeophyceae Kjellman, 1891:176 63

SYNOPSIS OF GREEN ALGAL TAXA 75

Chlorophyta Pascher, 1914:158 76

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 90

APPENDIX: LOCALITIES CITED IN DISTRIBUTION SECTIONS 91

REFERENCES 97

INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES 117

Figures

1. Gulf of California, Mexico 2

2. Gulf of California coasts from the mouth of Río Colorado to the 

southern entrance extending from Cabo San Lucas to Cabo Corrientes 3

3. Islas Grandes of the central northern Gulf of California 4

4. East coast of Gulf of California: Southward from Río Colorado 

to Cabo Corrientes 5

5. West coast of Gulf of California: Southward from Río Colorado 

to Cabo San Lucas 6

Conspectus of the Benthic Marine Algae 

of the Gulf of California: Rhodophyta, 

Phaeophyceae, and Chlorophyta

James N. Norris,1* Luis E. Aguilar-Rosas,2

and Francisco F. Pedroche 3

1 Department of Botany, National Museum of 

Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560, USA. 

2 Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, 

Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, 

Apartado Postal 453, 22800 Ensenada, Baja 

California, Mexico. 

3 Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, 

Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Lerma, 52005 Lerma de Villada, Estado de 

México, Mexico.

* Correspondence: norrisj@si.edu

Received 22 September 2016; accepted 2 November 2016.

INTRODUCTION

The Gulf of California (Golfo de California), also known as the Sea of Cortez (Mar 

de Cortés) or Vermilion Sea (Mar Bermejo), is basically a long, rectangular basin, over 

1,050 km in length (between 24°N and 32°N), and ranges 48−241 km (averaging about 

175 km) in width. Closed in the north, the Gulf of California extends from the Río 

Colorado delta southward between the east coast of the Mexican Baja California peninsula (states of Baja California and Baja California Sur) and the west coast of mainland 

Mexico (states of Sonora, Sinaloa, Nayarit, and northern Jalisco) to its southernmost 

entrance, which runs southeast from Cabo San Lucas (Baja California Sur) to Cabo 

Corrientes (Jalisco). It has a coastline of about 4,000 km (Figures 1−5). There are over 

900 islands (islas), islets (isolets), and rocas throughout the Gulf, including the largest 

islands in the Gulf, the Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cinura; Midriff Islands). The Gulf of 

California has wide range of habitats from coastal salt marshes, mangrove lagoons, 

estuaries, and marine intertidal and shallow subtidal waters to very deep waters over 

its tropical and subtropical to warm temperate regions (Pedroche et al., 2005, 2008; 

Norris, 2010, 2014). 

The Gulf of California has a wide variety of habitats that has yielded a high diversity of benthic macroalgae. Currently 730 species (including 3 subspecies, 30 varieties, 

and 9 forms) are recognized in the Gulf of California, with the Rhodophyta well represented by 23 orders, 52 families, 155 genera, and 490 species (including 1 subspecies, 21 

varieties, and 2 forms); Phaeophyceae represented by 10 orders, 19 families, 37 genera, 

and 112 species (including 1 subspecies, 2 varieties, and 2 forms); and Chlorophyta 

represented by 7 orders, 16 families, 30 genera, and 128 species (including 1 subspecies, 

10 varieties, and 3 forms). Among those marine algae previously recorded in the Gulf 

of California, 39 species were found to be uncertain records or of uncertain taxonomic 

status, and 15 species are excluded from its marine flora. A lectotype is selected for 

Gracilaria hancockii E. Y. Dawson, which is treated as a synonym of G. subsecundata

Setchell et N. L. Gardner, and new combinations for three varieties of Caulerpa chemnitzia are proposed. 

The general features of the Gulf of California’s marine flora and its history of 

marine botanical exploration can be found in Pedroche et al. (2005, 2008) and Norris 

(2010). Oceanographic features of the Gulf of California are given by van Andel and 

Shor (1964), Álvarez-Borrego (1983, 2002), and Lavín and Marinone (2003), with 

overviews by Maluf (1983), González-González et al. (1996), Brusca et al. (2005), 
FIGURE 1. Gulf of California. NASA Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) image (México.A200334.2040), taken 

30 November 2003 by the Aqua Earth-observing satellite. Credit: Jacques Descloitres, MODIS Rapid Response team, NASA/GSFC, Visible Earth, EOS Project Science Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
FIGURE 2. Gulf of California coasts from the mouth of Río Colorado to the southern entrance from Cabo San Lucas (Baja California Sur) to Cabo Corrientes (northern Jalisco): east coast (mainland Mexico; green), west coast (Baja California peninsula; brown), 

and Islas Grandes (yellow).
4 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

Pedroche et al. (2005, 2008), and Norris (2010). Names for 

Gulf localities referred to in the distribution of the systematic 

list and shown in the maps (Figures 2–4) are from Lewis and 

Ebeling (1971) and Pedroche et al. (2005, 2008). Herein the 

names of authors of the scientific names of the taxa are after 

Brummitt and Powell (1992). Herbaria with important holdings of Gulf of California marine algae include the following 

(herbarium abbreviations follow Thiers, 2015; see also Norris, 

2014:2): 

AD State Herbarium of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

AHFH Herbarium of the Allan Hancock Foundation, University of Southern California, Los 

Angeles, California, USA; AHFH algae collection moved to LAM, now UC

CAS Herbarium of the California Academy of 

Sciences, San Francisco, California, USA; 

now UC 

CMMEX Algae Herbarium of the Universidad 

Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, 

Mexico

CN Herbier, Université de Caen, Laboratoire de 

Biologie, Caen, France

FIGURE 3. Islas Grandes (=Islas de la Cintura; Midriff Islands) of the central northern Gulf of California.
NUMBER 106 • 5

FIGURE 4. East coast of the Gulf of California (west coast of mainland Mexico): extends southward from Río Colorado to Cabo Corrientes, including mainland states (estados) of Sonora, Sinaloa, Nayarit, and northern Jalisco.
6 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

FIGURE 5. West coast of the Gulf of California (east coast of the Baja California peninsula): extends southward from Río Colorado to Cabo 

San Lucas, including the Baja California peninsula states (estados) of Baja California and Baja California Sur.
NUMBER 106 • 7

ENCB Herbario, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias 

Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 

Mexico City, Mexico 

FBCS Herbario Ficológico, Museo de Historía 

Natural, Universidad Autónoma de Baja 

California Sur, La Paz, Baja California Sur, 

Mexico

LAM Algal Herbarium of the Los Angeles County 

Museum, Los Angeles, California, USA; 

now UC

LD Botanical Museum, Lund, Sweden 

MEXU Herbario Nacional de México, Universidad 

Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico 

City, Mexico 

MICH Herbarium of the University of Michigan, 

Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA 

MLML Marine Algae Collection, Marine Biological Collection (Museum), Moss Landing 

Marine Laboratories, consortium of California State University System, Moss Landing, California, USA

PC Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 

Laboratoire de Cryptogamie, Paris, France

TCD Herbarium, School of Botany, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland

UC Herbarium of the University of California, 

Berkeley, USA

US Alg. Coll. Algal Collection of the U.S. National Herbarium, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 

D.C., USA

The aim of this work is to create an updated, annotated, systematic list with the distribution of the Gulf of California marine 

macroalgae. The systematic list contains the currently accepted 

taxon names of red, brown, and green benthic algae, the date 

and place of valid publication, and type locality. The geographical distribution range of each taxon is given from its northernmost locale to its southernmost locale within three regions of 

the Gulf of California: the east coast of the Gulf, comprising the 

states from Sonora to the northern part of Jalisco (Figures 2, 3); 

the west coast of the Gulf, covering the states of the peninsula 

of Baja California (Figures 2, 4); and the taxa on the islands of 

the Gulf, including the Islas Grandes (also called Grandes Islas, 

Midriff Islands, or Islas de la Cintura; see Lewis and Ebeling, 

1971), which contain two of the largest islands of the Gulf (Figures 2, 5). Abbreviations related to the distribution include the 

following:

BC Baja California

BCS Baja California Sur

EC east coast of the Gulf of California

GRO Guerrero

IS islas (islands) of the Gulf of California

ISG Islas Grandes (Midriff Islands; Islas de la Cintura)

JAL Jalisco

MICH Michoacán

NAY Nayarit

SIN Sinaloa

SON Sonora

WC west coast of the Gulf of California

Where appropriate, remarks on taxonomy, nomenclature, 

biology, ecology, and/or distribution are included with the taxon. 

Additional references to the Gulf of California taxa, including 

taxonomic accounts of the species with their basionym and synonyms, type localities, distribution, and published records, can be 

found in Pedroche et al. (2005, 2008) and Norris (2010, 2014). 

We hope this conspectus will encourage further taxonomic 

and phylogenetic research on the biodiversity, morphological 

and molecular systematics, phylogenetics, and phylogeographic 

and ecological investigations of the marine algae of this biologically unique region. Many challenging questions on taxonomy 

problems and molecular systematics and phylogenetic relationships remain to be solved. The Gulf of California taxa presented 

here all require genetic testing to verify, resolve, or correct their 

identification, phylogenetic relationships, and taxonomy. 

Conservation of the diverse ecosystems in the Gulf of California is being provided by several marine biosphere reserves, 

marine protected areas (for natural resources or flora and fauna), 

marine sanctuaries, and national marine parks (Cartron et al., 

2005; Enriquez-Andrade et al., 2005; Lluch-Cota et al., 2007; 

Danemann and Ezcurra, 2008; Brusca, 2010; Norris, 2014). The 

current protected areas of the Gulf of California include 244 

islands, islets, and coastal areas indicated on the World Heritage List “Islands and Protected Areas of the Gulf of California” (UNESCO, 2011, 2013, 2016) and “Ficha Técnica para la 

evaluación de los sitios prioritarios para la conservación de los 

ambientes costeros y oceánicos de México” (CONABIO et al., 

n.d.; Sánchez-Ibarra et al., 2013).

SYNOPSIS OF RED ALGAL TAXA

The synoptic list below of Rhodophyta of the Gulf of California is of the phylum, 

classes, orders, families, and genera of red algae presented in the accounts following 

this list.

RHODOPHYTA

 RHODOPHYTINA

 STYLONEMATOPHYCEAE

 Stylonematales

 Stylonemataceae

 Chroodactylon Hansgirg

Stylonema Reinsch

 COMPSOPOGONOPHYCEAE

 Erythropeltales

 Erythrotrichiaceae

 Erythrocladia Rosenvinge

Erythropeltis F. Schmitz

Erythrotrichia Areschoug

Porphyrostromium Trevisan

Sahlingia Kornmann

 EURHODOPHYTINA

 BANGIOPHYCEAE

 Bangiales

 Bangiaceae

 Bangia Lyngbye

 Porphyrales

 Porphyraceae

 Pyropia J. Agardh

 FLORIDEOPHYCEAE

 HILDENBRANDIOPHYCIDAE

 Hildenbrandiales

 Hildenbrandiaceae

 Hildenbrandia Nardo

 NEMALIOPHYCIDAE

 Acrochaetiales

 Acrochaetiaceae

 Acrochaetium Nägeli

Rhododrewia S. L. Clayden et G. W. Saunders

 Colaconematales

 Colaconemataceae

 Colaconema Batters

 Nemaliales

 Galaxauraceae

 Dichotomaria Lamarck

Galaxaura J. V. Lamouroux

Systematic List
1 0 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

 Tricleocarpa Huisman et 

Borowitzka

 Liagoraceae

 Dermonema Harvey ex 

Heydrich

 Ganonema K.-C. Fan et Y.-C. 

Wang

 Helminthora J. Agardh

Izziella Doty

Liagora J.V. Lamouroux

 Scinaiaceae

 Scinaia Bivona-Bernardi

 Palmariales

 Rhodophysemataceae

 Rhodonematella Clayden et 

G. W. Saunders

 CORALLINOPHYCIDAE

 Corallinales

 Corallinales subord. Corallinineae

 Corallinaceae

 Corallinaceae subfam. 

Corallinoideae

 Crusticorallina K. R. Hind et 

P. W. Gabrielson

 Corallinoideae tribe Corallineae

 Corallina Linnaeus

 Corallinoideae tribe Janieae

 Haliptilon (Decaisne) Lindley

Jania J. V. Lamouroux

 Corallinaceae subfam. 

Metagoniolithoideae

 Harveylithon A. Rösler, 

Perfectti, V. Peña et 

J. Braga

 Lithophyllaceae

 Lithophyllaceae subfam. 

Lithophylloideae

 Lithophylloideae tribe 

Amphiroeae

 Amphiroa J. V. Lamouroux

 Lithophylloideae tribe 

Dermatolitheae

 Titanoderma Nägeli

 Lithophylloideae tribe 

Lithophylleae

 Lithophyllum Philippi

Litholepis Foslie

Pseudolithophyllum Me. 

Lemoine

 Spongitidaceae

 Spongitidaceae subfam. 

Hydrolithoideae

 Hydrolithon (Foslie) Foslie

Fosliella M. Howe

Pneophyllum Kützing

 Spongitidaceae subfam.

Mastophoroideae

 Heteroderma Foslie

 Spongitidaceae subfam. 

Neogoniolithoideae

 Neogoniolithon Setchell et 

L. R. Mason

 Spongitidaceae subfam. 

Porolithoideae

 Porolithon Foslie

 Spongitis Kützing

 Corallinales subord. Mesophyllineae

 Lithothamniaceae

 Lithothamniaceae subfam. 

Lithothamnioideae

 Lithothamnioideae tribe 

Lithothamnieae

 Lithothamnion Heydrich

 Lithothamnioideae tribe 

Phymatolitheae

 Phymatolithon Foslie

 Mesophyllaceae

 Mesophyllum Me. Lemoine

 Hapalidiales

 Hapalidiaceae

 Hapalidiaceae subfam. 

Choreonematoideae

 Choreonematoideae tribe 

Choreonemateae

 Choreonema F. Schmitz

 Hapalidiaceae subfam. 

Melobesioideae

 Melobesioideae tribe 

Melobesieae

 Melobesia J. V. Lamouroux

 AHNFELTIOPHYCIDAE

 Ahnfeltiales

 Ahnfeltiaceae

 Ahnfeltia Fries

 RHODYMENIOPHYCIDAE

 Gelidiales

 Gelidiaceae

 Gelidium J. V. Lamouroux

 Gelidiellaceae

 Gelidiella J. Feldmann et 

G. Hamel

 Pterocladiaceae

 Pterocladia J. Agardh

Pterocladiella Santelices et 

Hommersand

 Gracilariales

 Gracilariaceae

 Gracilariaceae subfam. 

Gracilarioideae

 Gracilarioideae tribe Gracilarieae
NUMBER 106 • 1 1

 Gracilaria Greville

Gracilariopsis E. Y. Dawson

Gracilariophila Setchell et 

H. L. Wilson

 Pterocladiophilaceae

 Gelidiocolax N. L. Gardner

 Bonnemaisoniales

 Bonnemaisoniaceae

 Asparagopsis Montagne

Bonnemaisonia C. Agardh

 Ceramiales

 Ceramiales subord. Ceramiineae

 Callithamniaceae

 Callithamniaceae subfam. 

Callithamnioideae

 Callithamnioideae tribe

Callithamnieae

 Aglaothamnion FeldmannMazoyer

 Callithamnion Lyngbye

 Callithamniaceae subfam. 

Crouanioideae

 Crouanioideae tribe Crouanieae

 Crouania J. Agardh

Crouanophycus Athanasiadis

 Ceramiaceae

 Ceramiaceae subfam. Ceramioideae

 Ceramioideae tribe Antithamnieae

 Antithamnion Nägeli

 Ceramioideae tribe Ceramieae

 Centroceras Kützing

Ceramium Roth

Corallophila Weber-van Bosse

Gayliella T. O. Cho, L. McIvor 

et S. M. Boo

 Ceramioideae tribe 

Delesseriopsieae

 Balliella Itono et Tak. Tanaka

 Ceramioideae tribe Dohrnielleae

 Antithamnionella Lyle

Irtugovia Perestenko

 Ceramioideae tribe 

Pterothamnieae

 Pterothamnion Nägeli

 Ceramiaceae subfam. 

Spongoclonioideae

 Spongoclonioideae tribe 

Spongoclonieae

 Pleonosporium Nägeli

 Spyridiaceae

 Spyridiaceae tribe Spyrideae

 Spyridia Harvey

 Ceramiales subord. Spermothamniineae

 Wrangeliaceae

 Wrangeliaceae tribe Griffithsieae

 Anotrichium Nägeli

Griffithsia C. Agardh

 Wrangeliaceae tribe Lejolisieae

 Lejolisia Bornet

 Wrangeliaceae tribe

Spermothamnieae

 Spermothamnion Areschoug

Tiffaniella Doty et Meñez

 Dasyaceae

 Dasyaceae subfam. Dasyoideae

 Dasya C. Agardh

 Dasyaceae subfam. 

Heterosiphonioideae

 Heterosiphonia Montagne

 Delesseriaceae

 Delesseriaceae subfam. 

Delesserioideae

 Delesserioideae tribe Apoglosseae

 Apoglossum J. Agardh

 Delesserioideae tribe Caloglosseae

 Caloglossa (Harvey) 

G. Martens

 Taenioma J. Agardh

 Delesserioideae tribe 

Grinnellieae

 Grinnellia Harvey

 Delesserioideae tribe 

Hypoglosseae

 Branchioglossum Kylin

 Hypoglossum Kützing

 Delesseriaceae subfam. 

Nitophylloideae

 Nitophylloideae tribe 

Valeriemayaeae

 Polyneurella E. Y. Dawson

 Delesseriaceae subfam. 

Phycodryoideae

 Phycodryoideae tribe 

Myriogrammeae

 Myriogramme Kylin

 Phycodryoideae tribe Phycodryeae

 Erythroglossum J. Agardh

 Phycodrys Kützing

Sorella Hollenberg

 Phycodryoideae tribe 

Schizoserideae

 Schizoseris Kylin

 Sarcomeniaceae

 Platysiphonia Børgesen

 Rhodomelaceae

 Rhodomelaceae tribe Alsidieae

 Bryothamnion Kützing

Digenea C. Agardh

 Rhodomelaceae tribe Bostrychieae

 Bostrychia Montagne
1 2 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

 Rhodomelaceae tribe 

Lophothalieae

 Veleroa E. Y. Dawson

Murrayellopsis E. Post

 Rhodomelaceae tribe

Lophosiphonieae

 Lophosiphonia Falkenberg

 Rhodomelaceae tribe

Streblocladieae

 Melanothamnus Bornet et 

Falkenberg

 Rhodomelaceae tribe 

Polysiphonieae

 Polysiphonia Greville

 Rhodomelaceae tribe 

Pterosiphonieae

 Amplisiphonia Hollenberg

Pterosiphonia Falkenberg

Pterosiphoniella E. Y. Dawson

Symphyocladia Falkenberg

Tayloriella Kylin

 Rhodomelaceae tribe

Herposiphonieae

 Herposiphonia Nägeli

 Rhodomelaceae tribe Chondrieae

 Acanthophora J. V. 

Lamouroux

 Chondria C. Agardh

 Rhodomelaceae tribe Laurencieae

 Erythrocystis J. Agardh

Laurencia J. V. Lamouroux

Osmundea Stackhouse

Palisada K. W. Nam

 Gigartinales

 Caulacanthaceae

 Caulacanthus Kützing

 Cystocloniaceae

 Hypnea J. V. Lamouroux

 Dicranemataceae

 Dicranema Sonder

 Dumontiaceae

 Dudresnaya P. Crouan et 

H. Crouan

 Gigartinaceae

 Chondracanthus Kützing

Mazzaella G. De Toni

 Kallymeniaceae

 Kallymenia J. Agardh

Pugetia Kylin

Erythrophyllum J. Agardh

 Phyllophoraceae

 Ahnfeltiopsis P. C. Silva et 

DeCew

 Besa Setchell

Gymnogongrus Martius

 Petroglossum Hollenberg

 Solieriaceae

 Solieriaceae tribe Agardhielleae

 Agardhiella F. Schmitz

 Solieriaceae tribe Solierieae

 Sarcodiotheca Kylin

Tacanoosca J. N. Norris, 

P. W. Gabrielson et 

D. P. Cheney

 Wurdemannia Harvey

 Weeksiaceae

 Weeksia Setchell

 Peyssonneliales

 Peyssonneliaceae

 Cruoriella P. Crouan et 

H. Crouan

 Metapeyssonnelia

Boudouresque, 

Coppejans et Marcot

 Peyssonnelia Decaisne

 Cryptonemiales

 Halymeniaceae

 Cryptonemia J. Agardh

 Grateloupia C. Agardh

 Halymenia C. Agardh

Prionitis J. Agardh

Norrissia Balakrishnan

Pachymenia J. Agardh

 Tsengiaceae

 Tsengia K.-C. Fan et Y.-P. Fan

 Nemastomatales

 Nemastomataceae

 Predaea G. De Toni

 Schizymeniaceae

 Platoma Schousboe ex 

F. Schmitz

 Schizymenia J. Agardh

Haematocelis J. Agardh

 Plocamiales

 Plocamiaceae

 Plocamium J. V. Lamouroux

 Sebdeniales

 Sebdeniaceae

 Sebdenia (J. Agardh) Berthold

 Rhodymeniales

 Champiaceae

 Champia Desvaux

Gastroclonium Kützing

 Faucheaceae

 Gloiocladia J. Agardh

Gloioderma J. Agardh

 Lomentariaceae

 Lomentariaceae tribe 

Ceratodictyeae

 Ceratodictyon Zanardini
NUMBER 106 • 1 3

 Lomentariaceae tribe 

Lomentarieae

 Fushitsunagia Filloramo et 

G. W. Saunders

 Lomentaria Lyngbye

 Rhodymeniaceae

 Botryocladia (J. Agardh) Kylin

Irvinea Guiry

Rhodymenia Greville

Rhodophyta Wettstein, 1901:46

Rhodophytina H. S. Yoon, K. M. Müller, 

Sheath, F. Ott et D. Bhattacharya, 2006:490

Stylonematophyceae H. S. Yoon, K. M. Müller, 

Sheath, F. Ott et D. Bhattacharya, 2006:490

Stylonematales K. M. Drew, 1956:73

Stylonemataceae K. M. Drew, 1956:73

Chroodactylon Hansgirg, 1885:14

Chroodactylon ornatum (C. Agardh) Basson, 1979:67

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Segundo 

Cerro Prieto, Bahía Kino, SON. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS.

Type Locality. Lake Mälaren, bridge near Transberg, 

Stockholm, Sweden.

Stylonema Reinsch, 1875:40

Stylonema alsidii (Zanardini) K. M. Drew, 1956:72

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: El 

Tornillal, SON, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: San Felipe, BC, to 

Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla María Magdalena, NAY.

Type Locality. Trieste, Gulf of Trieste (in northern 

Adriatic Sea, near border with Slovenia), northeastern Italy. 

Stylonema cornu-cervi Reinsch, 1875:40

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Robinson, SON. 

Type Locality. Cres (northern island in Kvarner 

Gulf), Adriatic Sea, Croatia.

Compsopogonophyceae G. W. Saunders

et Hommersand, 2004:1503

Erythropeltales Garbary, G. I. Hansen

et Scagel, 1980:140

Remarks. Athanasiadis (2016a) noted the original spelling, Erythropeltidales, should be corrected to 

Erythropeltales.

Erythrotrichiaceae G. M. Smith, 1933:120, 122

Erythrocladia Rosenvinge, 1909:71

Erythrocladia endophloea M. Howe, 1914:81

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de Las Ánimas, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS.

Type Locality. Bahía de Sechura, Departamento de 

Piura, northeastern Peru.

Erythrocladia irregularis Rosenvinge, 1909:72

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto 

Peñasco, SON, to Punta de Mita, NAY. WC: Bahía Concepción to 

Bahía Balandra, BCS. IS: Isla Turner, ISG; Isla de la Piedra, SIN.

Type Locality. On Polysiphonia; Møllegrund, off 

Hirtshals, Skagerrak, northern Denmark.

Erythropeltis F. Schmitz, 1896:313

Erythropeltis discigera (Berthold) F. Schmitz, 1896:313

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla 

Tiburón, ISG.

Type Locality. Gulf of Naples, Tyrrhenian Sea, SW 

coast of Italy.

Erythrotrichia Areschoug, 1850:435, 

nom. cons.

Erythrotrichia ascendens E. Y. Dawson, 1953:6

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Cabo Pulmo, BCS.

Type Locality. Beach drift, on Galaxaura; about 

8.05 km N of Cabo Pulmo, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Remarks. A southern Gulf endemic, Erythrotrichia 

ascendens is a little-known species. Although this tropical species 

was considered a synonym of E. carnea by Garbary et al. (1981), 

its taxonomic status needs reinvestigation.

Erythrotrichia biseriata Tak. Tanaka, 1944:86

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto 

Libertad to Mazatlán, SIN. WC: Bahía de Las Ánimas, BC.

Type Locality. Hachijō-jima (Hatidyō Island), Izu 

Islands (Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park), Japan, Philippine Sea.

Erythrotrichia carnea (Dillwyn) J. Agardh, 1883:15

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Gorda, 

SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Playa El Coloradito, BC, 

to Punta Los Frailes, BCS. IS: Isla Tiburón, ISG.

Type Locality. Mouth of Loughor River, Glamorganshire (Loughor), Wales, UK. Epitype. Port Eynon, Gower, 

Wales, UK.

Erythrotrichia carnea f. tenuis Tak. Tanaka, 1944:92

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Cabo Pulmo, BCS.
1 4 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

Syntype Localities. Tanaka (1944) listed 7 locales from 3 countries—Japan: Yonakuni-sima, Yonaguni Island, Yaeyama Islands (SW Okinawa Prefecture), Makurazaki, 

Kyūshū (Kagoshima Prefecture), Takamatu, Shikoku Island 

(Kagawa Prefecture), Fukue Island, Gotō Islands (Nagasaki 

Prefecture), and Hinomisaki, Izumo (Shimane Prefecture); Taiwan: Cape Garanbi, Hengchun Peninsula, Pingtung (Píngdōng) 

County; and Micronesia: Pohnpei (Ponape), Senyavin Islands, 

Caroline Islands. 

Erythrotrichia parksii var. minor N. L. Gardner, 1927a:239

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, SON.

Type Locality. Neah Bay, Makah Reservation, 

Olympic Peninsula, Clallam County, Washington, USA.

Erythrotrichia tetraseriata N. L. Gardner, 1927a:240

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Tiburón, ISG; 

Islas de Los Gemelos, BC.

Type Locality. On the seagrass Zostera marina Linnaeus; San Pedro, Los Angeles County, southern California, USA.

Porphyrostromium Trevisan, 1848:100

Porphyrostromium boryanum (Montagne) P. C. Silva, in Silva 

et al., 1996:914

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON.

Type Locality. Fort des Anglais, Algiers, Algeria. 

Porphyrostromium ciliare (Carmichael ex Harvey) M. J. 

Wynne, 1986:329

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla 

Tiburón, ISG.

Type Locality. Appin, Argyll, Scotland, UK.

Sahlingia Kornmann, 1989:227

Sahlingia subintegra (Rosenvinge) Kornmann, 1989:227

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Faro de San 

Felipe, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Turner and Isla Estanque, ISG; Isla Tortuga, BCS. 

Type Locality. Møllegrund, off Hirtshals, Skagerrak, northern Denmark.

Eurhodophytina G. W. Saunders et

Hommersand, 2004:1503

Bangiophyceae Wettstein, 1901:187

Bangiales Nägeli, 1847:136

Bangiaceae Duby, 1830:985

Bangia Lyngbye, 1819:18

Bangia enteromorphoides E. Y. Dawson, 1953:13

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Mazatlán, SIN. WC: Punta La Gringa, Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC. 

Type Locality. Epiphytic on Gelidium sclerophyllum; north of El Faro de Olas Atlas, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Gulf of 

California, Mexico.

Bangia vermicularis? Harvey, 1858:55

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Mazatlán, SIN. WC: Calerita to Punta Arena, BCS. IS: Isla Partida, ISG. 

Type Locality. Golden Gate, westernmost entrance to San Francisco Bay (locale probably now below the 

Golden Gate Bridge either at Fort Point or the San Francisco 

Presidio), San Francisco, San Francisco County, northern California, USA.

Remarks. Norris (2014) queried identification of 

Bangia vermicularis? in the Gulf, and it needs to be tested. 

Porphyrales Kjellman, 1880:7

Porphyraceae Kützing, 1843:382

Pyropia J. Agardh, 1899:149

Remarks. Pyropia and Porphyra C. Agardh (1824) 

are often treated within the Bangiales and Bangiaceae, however 

Athanasiadis (2016a) recognized them as members of this order 

and family. The Conchocelis-phase, known in culture of the Gulf 

P. hollenbergii (López-Vivas et al., 2011), has not yet been found 

in nature for any of the reported species of Pyropia in the Gulf 

of California.

Pyropia hollenbergii (E. Y. Dawson) J. E. Sutherland, L. E. 

Aguilar-Rosas et R. Aguilar-Rosas, in Sutherland et al., 

2011:1143

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía Bacochibampo, SON. WC: Punta Chivato to Punta Arena, 

BCS. IS: Isla San Ildefonso, BCS.

Type Locality. Bahía Agua Verde, Baja California 

Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Remarks. A Gulf endemic, P. hollenbergii was not recently found in Sonora or Sinaloa but reported on the Gulf coast 

of Baja California Sur (López-Vivas et al., 2015). The Conchocelisphase, while known in culture studies of P. hollenbergii (LópezVivas et al., 2011), has not yet been found in natural habitats.

Pyropia lanceolata (Setchell et Hus) S. C. Lindstrom, in 

Sutherland et al., 2011:1144

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Nopoló to Puerto Escondido, BCS.

Lectotype Locality. Land’s End, Golden Gate 

National Recreation Area (westernmost entrance to San Francisco 

Bay), San Francisco, San Francisco County, northern California, 
NUMBER 106 • 1 5

USA (Lindstrom and Cole, 1992:435). Note that the lectotype of 

Krishnamurthy (1972:34) from Carmel Bay, Monterey County, 

central California, was rejected by Lindstrom and Cole (1992). 

Pyropia pendula (E. Y. Dawson) J. E. Sutherland, L. E. 

Aguilar-Rosas et R. Aguilar-Rosas, in Sutherland et al., 

2011:1144

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Calerita to Los Planes, BCS. IS: Isla Patos, Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo), and Isla San Pedro Mártir, ISG; Isla San Pedro Nolasco, 

SON; Isla Carmen, Isla San José, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. 

Type Locality. Isla Partida [norte] (Isla Cordonazo), Sonora, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico.

Remarks. Pyropia pendula is a Gulf endemic.

Pyropia perforata (J. Agardh) S. C. Lindstrom, in Sutherland et 

al., 2011:1144

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Calerita, Bahía de La Paz, BCS.

Type Locality. Near the Golden Gate entrance to 

San Francisco Bay (locale probably now below the Golden Gate 

Bridge either at Fort Point or the San Francisco Presidio), San 

Francisco, San Francisco County, northern California, USA.

Pyropia thuretii (Setchell et E. Y. Dawson) J. E. Sutherland, 

L. E. Aguilar-Rosas et R. Aguilar-Rosas, in Sutherland 

et al., 2011:1145

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Ensenada Bacochibampo, SON, to Playa Olas Altas, SIN. WC: 

Punta San Felipe, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Rocas Consag, BC; Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Patos, 

and Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo), ISG; Isla Carmen, and Isla 

Danzante, BCS. 

Type Locality. Pacific Grove, Monterey County, 

central California, USA.

Pyropia sp. GCI of López-Vivas et al., 2015:tbl. 2, fig. 3

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Punta Las Galeras to Punta Arenas, BCS. IS: Isla San José, and 

Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. 

Remarks. One of three undecribed species that were 

considered to be southern Gulf endemics (López-Vivas et al., 2015).

Pyropia sp. GCII of López-Vivas et al., 2015:tbl. 2, fig. 3

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Las 

Cruces, BCS.

Remarks. This undecribed species was identified as a 

southern Gulf endemic (López-Vivas et al., 2015).

Pyropia sp. GCIII of López-Vivas et al., 2015:tbl. 2, fig. 2

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla 

Patos, ISG; Isla el Choyero, and Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON. 

Remarks. The third southern Gulf endemic species 

(López-Vivas et al., 2015), it is also currently undescribed.

Florideophyceae Cronquist, 1960:438

Hildenbrandiophycidae G. W. Saunders

et Hommersand, 2004:1504

Hildenbrandiales Pueschel et K. M. Cole, 1982:718

Hildenbrandiaceae Rabenhorst, 1868:408

Hildenbrandia Nardo, 1834:676

Hildenbrandia dawsonii (Ardré) Hollenberg, 1971:286

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Cabo Corrientes, JAL.

Type Locality. Punta Malamarrimo, Bahía Sebastián Vizcaíno, Pacific coast of Baja California, Mexico.

Hildenbrandia prototypus Nardo, 1834:676

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Calerita to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: 

Isla Turner, ISG; Isla Carmen, BCS; Isla María Magdalena, NAY. 

Type Locality. Venice, Veneto region, Adriatic Sea, 

northeast Italy. 

Hildenbrandia rubra (Sommerfelt) Meneghini, 1841:426

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía la Choya, Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Puerto Vallarta, 

JAL. WC: Campo Hawaii, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla 

Larga, NAY. 

Type Locality. Saltdal, Nordland, Norway.

Nemaliophycidae T. A. Christensen, 1978:66

Acrochaetiales Feldmann, 1953:11

Acrochaetiaceae Fritsch ex W. R. Taylor, 1957:209

Acrochaetium Nägeli, in Nägeli 

and C. E. Cramer, 1858:532

Acrochaetium arcuatum (K. M. Drew) C. K. Tseng, 1945:158

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla 

Turner, ISG.

Type Locality. Moss Beach, San Mateo County, 

central California, USA.

Acrochaetium bornetii Papenfuss, 1945:313

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Puertecitos, BC.

Type Locality. Belle-Ile-en-Mer, Morbihan, Brittany, northwest France.

Acrochaetium crassipes (Børgesen) Børgesen, 1915:20

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON. IS: Isla Turner and Isla Rasa (with a 

query), ISG.
1 6 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

Type Locality. Harbor, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, Caribbean Sea.

Acrochaetium microscopicum (Nägeli ex Kützing) Nägeli, in 

Nägeli and Cramer, 1858:532

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Piedras del Burro to Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Playa El Coloradito, BC, to Punta Arena, BCS. IS: Isla Turner, ISG.

Type Locality. Torquay, Devon, England, UK 

(Hamel, 1928; Woelkerling, 1972; Athanasiadis, 1996b). Although Kützing (1849:640) gave type locality as “In sinu neapolitano” (Silva et al., 1996, as Golfo di Napoli, Italy), there are 

no known type collections from the Bay of Naples (see Hamel, 

1928; Guiry and Guiry, 2014).

Acrochaetium secundatum (Lyngbye) Nägeli, in Nägeli and 

Cramer, 1858:532

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía Bacochibampo, SON.

Type Locality. Kvivig (Kvivik), Streymoy Island, 

Faroe Islands (Faeroe; Foroyar), Faro County, Denmark.

Acrochaetium seriaspora (E. Y. Dawson) J. N. Norris, 2014:43

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla 

Turner, ISG. 

Type Locality. Epiphytic on Sargassum, intertidal 

rock reef; Isla Turner (off SE end of Isla Tiburón), Sonora, Islas 

Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico.

Rhododrewia S. L. Clayden 

et G. W. Saunders, 2014:229

Rhododrewia porphyrae (K. M. Drew) S. L. Clayden et G. W. 

Saunders, 2014:230

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Puerto Calamajué, BC.

Type Locality. Endo-epiphytic on Porphyra perforata (now Pyropia perforata (J. Agardh) S.C. Lindstrom); Land’s 

End, Golden Gate National Recreational Area (westernmost 

entrance to San Francisco Bay), San Francisco, San Francisco 

County, northern California, USA.

Remarks. Previously recorded in the Gulf as Acrochaetium porphyrae (K. M. Drew) G. M. Smith (1944).

Colaconematales J. Harper et

G. W. Saunders, 2002:471

Colaconemataceae J. Harper et

G. W. Saunders, 2002:471

Colaconema Batters, 1896:8

Colaconema daviesii (Dillwyn) Stegenga, 1985:317

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto 

Peñasco, SON, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. IS: Isla de la Piedra, SIN.

Type Locality. Probably north Wales, UK (Dixon 

and Irvine, 1977b).

Colaconema hancockii (E. Y. Dawson) J. N. Norris, 2014:45

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: La 

Paz, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG. 

Type Locality. On Gelidium, rocky shore; west 

side of Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Baja California, 

Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico.

Colaconema pacificum (Kylin) Woelkerling, 1971:47

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta 

Gorda, SON, to Mazatlán, SIN. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS.

Type Locality. Brown Island (ENE of Friday Harbor, San Juan Island), San Juan County, Puget Sound, Washington, USA (Abbott and Hollenberg, 1976).

Colaconema pectinatum (Kylin) J. T. Harper et G. W. 

Saunders, 2002:473

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de La Paz, BCS. 

Syntype Localities. Varberg, Hogardsgrund, and 

Kungsbackafjorden (Kungsbacka Fjord), Halland County, west 

coast of Sweden.

Colaconema punctatum (E. Y. Dawson) J. N. Norris, 2014:48

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco to Bahía Bacochibampo, SON.

Type Locality. Southern shore, Bahía Bacochibampo, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Colaconema savianum (Meneghini) R. Nielsen, 1994:715

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta 

Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Puertecitos, BC, to Punta 

Arena, BCS.

Type Locality. On seagrass, Zostera; Genoa 

(Genova), Gulf of Genoa, northern end of Ligurian Sea, Province of Genoa, Italy.

Colaconema scinaiae (E. Y. Dawson) J. N. Norris, 2014:48

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco to Ensenada de San Francisco, SON. WC: Bahía 

de Loreto to Punta Los Frailes, BCS.

Type Locality. Epiphytic on Scinaia articulata, 

dredged to 30–40 m depths; off north end of Santa Barbara Island (33°30′58′′N; 119°50′W), Santa Barbara County, California 

Channel Islands (Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary), 

southern California, USA.

Colaconema sinicola (E. Y. Dawson) J. N. Norris, 2014:49

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla 

Turner, ISG.

Type Locality. Isla Turner (off SE end of Isla Tiburón), Sonora, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico.
NUMBER 106 • 1 7

Colaconema tenuissimum (Collins) Woelkerling, 1971:51

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, SON.

Type Locality. San Pedro Harbor entrance, San 

Pedro, Los Angeles County, southern California, USA.

Colaconema variabile (K. M. Drew) J. N. Norris, 2014:50

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Mazatlán, SIN. 

Type Locality. Epiphytic on Laminaria andersonii

(now L. setchellii P. C. Silva); Cypress Point, Monterey County, 

central California, USA.

Nemaliales F. Schmitz, 1892:17

Galaxauraceae P. G. Parkinson, 1983:606

Dichotomaria Lamarck, 1816:143

Dichotomaria marginata (J. Ellis et Solander) Lamarck, 1816:146

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco to Punta Cirio, SON. WC: Caleta Santa María 

to Punta Los Frailes, BCS. IS: Isla María Magdalena, NAY.

Type Locality. “On the shore of one of the Bahama Islands” (Ellis and Solander, 1786:115); lectotype: illustration of Ellis and Solander (1786, pl. 22: fig. 6) selected by 

Papenfuss et al. (1982).

Dichotomaria spathulata (Kjellman) A. Kurihara et Huisman, 

in Huisman and Kurihara, 2006:21

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco to Punta Cirio, SON. WC: Loreto to Cabo San 

Lucas, BCS.

Type Locality. Fremantle, Western Australia, 

Australia.

Galaxaura J. V. Lamouroux, 1812:185

Galaxaura ramulosa Kjellman, 1900:50

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto 

Peñasco to “Nuevo Guaymas,” Bahía de San Carlos, SON.

Type Locality. [Probably Recifie], state of Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil.

Galaxaura rugosa (J. Ellis et Solander) J. V. Lamouroux, 1816:263

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco to Bahía de San Carlos, SON. WC: Bahía Concepción to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. 

Type Locality. Coast of Jamaica, Greater Antilles, 

Caribbean Sea.

Tricleocarpa Huisman et Borowitzka, 1990:164

Tricleocarpa cylindrica (J. Ellis et Solander) Huisman et 

Borowitzka, 1990:164

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco to Bahía Kino, SON; Playa Guayabitos and 

Playa Las Peñas, NAY. WC: Bahía Concepción to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Tiburón, ISG; Isla Tortuga, BCS; Isla María 

Madre, NAY. 

Type Locality. West Indies (Ellis and Solander, 

1786); lectotype: illustration of Ellis and Solander (1786, pl. 22: 

fig. 4) selected by Papenfuss et al. (1982). 

Tricleocarpa fragilis (Linnaeus) Huisman et R. A. Townsend, 

1993:100

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Mazatlán, SIN, to Lo de Marcos y Playa San Francisco, NAY. 

WC: El Faro de San Felipe, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. 

Type Locality. “Oceano Americano” (Linnaeus, 

1758). 

Lectotype Locality. Jamaica, Greater Antilles, 

Caribbean Sea (Huisman and Townsend, 1993).

Liagoraceae Kützing, 1843:321

Dermonema Harvey ex Heydrich, 1894:289

Dermonema pulvinatum (Grunow et Holmes) K.-C. Fan, 

1962:336

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Loreto to Bahía Agua Verde, BCS.

Type Locality. “Ad litora Japoniae” (Holmes, 

1896:259).

Dermonema virens (J. Agardh) Pedroche et Ávila-Ortiz, 

1996:77

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Mazatlán, SIN. WC: Bahía de La Paz to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. 

IS: Isla San Ildefonso, Isla Cholla, and Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS.

Type Locality. San Agustín (St. Augustín), Bahías 

de Huatulco, Oaxaca, Mexico.

Ganonema K.-C. Fan et Y.-C. Wang, 

1974:492

Ganonema farinosum (J. V. Lamouroux) K.-C. Fan et Y.-C. 

Wang, 1974:492

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Punta 

San Evaristo to Punta Los Frailes, BCS. IS: Isla San Diego, BCS. 

Type Locality. Near Suez, Egypt, Red Sea.

Helminthora J. Agardh, 1851:415, nom. cons.

Helminthora sp. of Mateo-Cid and Mendoza-González, 

1992:19

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Playa Guayabitos and Playa Las Peñas, NAY.
1 8 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

Izziella Doty, 1978:34

Izziella orientalis (J. Agardh) Huisman et Schils, 2002:247

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Ensenada Lalo, SON; Playa Guayabitos, NAY, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. 

Type Locality. Sir Lanka (Ceylon), Indian Ocean.

Liagora J. V. Lamouroux, 1812:185

Liagora abbottiae E. Y. Dawson, 1953:41

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de La Paz, BCS. 

Type Locality. Punta Santa Rosaliita (“Punta 

Santa Rosalía” of Dawson, 1953), Pacific coast of Baja California, Mexico.

Liagora californica Zeh, 1912:271

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de La Paz, BCS. 

Type Locality. Santa Catalina Island, Los Angeles 

County, California Channel Islands (Channel Islands National 

Marine Sanctuary), southern California, USA.

Liagora ceranoides J. V. Lamouroux, 1816:239

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Playa Estación to Playa Las Conchas, Puerto Peñasco, SON. 

WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS.

Type Locality. St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, 

Leeward Islands, Lesser Antilles, Caribbean Sea.

Liagora ceranoides f. leprosa (J. Agardh) Yamada, 1938:155

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de La Paz, BCS.

Type Locality. Veracruz [port city], Veracruz 

[state], Gulf of Mexico, Mexico.

Liagora magniinvolucra E. Y. Dawson, 1953:39

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa 

Arenosa, Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Loreto to Cabeza Ballena, 

BCS. IS: Isla San Diego and Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS.

Type Locality. Cabeza Ballena, Baja California 

Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Scinaiaceae Huisman, J. T. Harper

et G. W. Saunders, 2004:228

Scinaia Bivona-Bernardi, 1822:232

Scinaia confusa (Setchell) Huisman, 1985:417

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, 

JAL. EC: Bahía San Luis Gonzaga, BC, to Punta Los Frailes, 

BCS. IS: Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG; Isla Coronado, BC.

Type Locality. Monterey, Monterey County, central California, USA.

Scinaia interrupta (A. P. de Candolle) M. J. Wynne, 1989:131

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Pericos, BCS.

Type Locality. Rade de Brest, Department of 

Finistère, Brittany, northwest France.

Remarks. Scinaia interrupta, described from Brittany, France, was recently reported in the southern Gulf of California (León-Cisneros et al., 2009), and its crustose-phase was 

reported from British Columbia (Le Gall and Saunders, 2010). 

Finding it in the eastern Pacific suggests the eastern Atlantic S. 

interrupta could be an introduced species or possibly has been 

overlooked in its natural range. 

Scinaia johnstoniae Setchell, 1914:97

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Playa 

El Coloradito, BC, to Punta Los Frailes, BCS. IS: Isla Mejía, Isla 

Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Tiburón, Isla San Esteban, and Isla San 

Pedro Mártir, ISG; Isla Coronado, BC; Isla Carmen, Isla Espíritu 

Santo, and Canal de San Lorenzo, BCS; Isla María Magdalena, 

NAY.

Type Locality. San Pedro, Los Angeles County, 

southern California, USA.

Scinaia latifrons M. Howe, 1911:500

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, 

JAL. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, to Punta Períco, BCS. IS: 

Isla San Luis Gonzaga, Isla Coronado, Islas de Los Gemelos, and 

Isla La Ventana, BC; Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, 

and Isla Tiburón, ISG; Isla San José, BCS; Isla María Magdalena, 

NAY.

Type Locality. Near La Paz, Baja California Sur, 

Gulf of California, Mexico.

Palmariales Guiry et D. E. G. Irvine, 

in Guiry, 1978:138

Rhodophysemataceae G. W. Saunders

et J. McLachlan, 1990:20

Rhodonematella Clayden et 

G. W. Saunders, 2010:297

Rhodonematella subimmersa (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) 

Clayden et G. W. Saunders, 2010:297

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de Las Ánimas, BC. IS: Isla San Esteban, ISG. 

Type Locality. Endo-epiphyte on Grateloupia

doryphora (Montagne) M. Howe; Whidbey (Whidby) Island, 

Island County, Puget Sound, Washington, USA.
NUMBER 106 • 1 9

Corallinophycidae L. Le Gall et

G. W. Saunders, 2007:1129

Corallinales P. C. Silva et Johansen, 1986:250

Corallinales subord. Corallinineae

Athanasiadis, 2016a:272

Corallinaceae J. V. Lamouroux, 1812:185

Corallinaceae subfam. Corallinoideae

S. F. Gray, 1821:318

Crusticorallina K. R. Hind et P. W. Gabrielson, 

in Hind et al., 2016:[6](e-version)/932(print)

Remarks. Crusticorallina is the first crustose 

(nonarticulated) genus recognized to belong in C. subfam. 

Corallinoideae.

Crusticorallina muricata (Foslie) P. W. Gabrielson, Martone, 

K. R. Hind et C. P. Jensen, in Hind et al., 2016:[8](eversion)/934(print)

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Mazatlán, SIN, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía Concepción, BCS.

Type Locality. Botany Beach, Port Renfrew, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada.

Remarks. A northeast Pacific species, Crusticorallina muricata had been earlier recorded in the southern Gulf of 

California as Pseudolithophyllum muricatum (Foslie) Steneck et 

R. T. Paine (1986). Hind et al. (2016) noted specimens previously identified as P. muricatum may be this or possibly another 

species. It is unlikely that Crusticorallina muricata occurs in the 

Gulf, and the Gulf “P. muricatum” along with Gulf Lithothamnion lichenare need to be reexamined and molecularly analyzed 

to resolve their identities (see also Remarks under Lithothamnion lichenare).

Corallinoideae tribe Corallineae Naccari, 1828:105

Corallina Linnaeus, 1758:646, 805

Corallina officinalis var. chilensis (Decaisne in Harvey) 

Kützing, 1858:32

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco to Bahía Kino, SON. 

Type Locality. Valparaiso, Valparaiso Province, 

central Chile.

Corallina pinnatifolia (Manza) E. Y. Dawson, 1953:124

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: San Felipe, BC, to Calerita, BCS. IS: 

Isla Alcatráz, SON.

Type Locality. Rocky reef; Doheny State Beach, 

Dana Point, Orange County, southern California, USA.

Corallina pinnatifolia var. digitata E. Y. Dawson, 1953:125

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco to Punta Colorado (vic. Guaymas), SON. WC: El 

Solitario, Bahía Agua Verde to Calerita, BCS. IS: Isla Turner, ISG. 

Type Locality. Punta Colorado, vicinity of Guaymas, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Corallina polysticha E. Y. Dawson, 1953:131

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla 

Pelícano, Bahía Kino, SON.

Type Locality. About 4 km N of South Bluff, Isla 

Guadalupe, off Pacific coast of Baja California, Mexico.

Corallina vancouveriensis Yendo, 1902b:719

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco to Guaymas, SON. WC: El Machorro, BC, to 

Bahía la Ventana, BCS. IS: Isla Pelícano, SON.

Type Locality. Port Renfrew, Vancouver Island, 

British Columbia, Canada.

Bossiella P. C. Silva, 1957:46

Remarks. On the basis of our current understanding 

of Gulf of California species, it is doubtful that this genus occurs 

in the Gulf.

Uncertain Record: Bossiella californica (Descaine) P. C. Silva, 

1957:46

Remarks. Although recorded in the upper Gulf 

from Puerto Peñasco, SON (Martínez-Lozano et al., 1991), 

and southeastern Gulf from Puerto Viejo, Bahía Mazatlán, SIN 

(Sánchez-Vargas and Hendrickx, 1987), its presence in the Gulf 

of California needs to be verified.

Excluded Species: Bossiella orbigniana (Descaine) P. C. Silva, 

1957:47

Remarks. Riosmena-Rodríguez and Woelkerling 

(2000) noted that the Gulf of California report of B. orbigniana

from La Paz was based on an incorrectly labeled specimen. 

Corallinoideae tribe Janieae H. W. Johansen

et P. C. Silva, 1978:414

Haliptilon (Decaisne) Lindley, 1846:26

Haliptilon roseum var. verticillatum (E. Y. Dawson) J. N. 

Norris, 2014:85

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de La Paz, BCS.

Type Locality. On intertidal rocks; Isla Guadalupe, off Pacific coast of Baja California, Mexico.
2 0 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

Jania J. V. Lamouroux, 1812:186

Jania adhaerens J. V. Lamouroux, 1816:270

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Yelapa, JAL. WC: Playa El Coloradito, 

BC, to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Isla Ángel de la Guarda and Isla 

Estanque, ISG; Isla Carmen and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS; Isla de 

Venados, SIN. 

Type Locality. “Mediterranee?” (Lamouroux, 

1816:270).

Jania capillacea Harvey, 1853:84

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Punta 

Bufeo, BC, to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla Ángel de la Guarda 

and Isla Turner, ISG; Isla Partida [sur], BCS.

Type Locality. Bahía Honda Key (Bahía Honda 

State Park), Florida Keys, Monroe County, Florida, USA.

Jania decussato-dichotoma (Yendo) Yendo, 1905:37

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco to Guaymas, SON. WC: Bahía Concepción to

Punta Los Frailes, BCS. IS: Isla Cholla and Isla Carmen, BCS.

Syntype Localities. Three locales in Japan 

(Yendo, 1902): Misaki, Sagami Bay (Kanagawa Prefecture), 

and Chiba Prefecture (formerly Boshū Province), both Honshū

Island; and Hyūga, Miyazaki Prefecture (formerly Hiuga Province), Kyūshū Island. 

Jania huertae Chávez-Barrera, 1972:133

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla 

Pelícano, SON.

Type Locality. SE of Isla Pelícano, near Bahía 

Kino, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Remarks. Mateo-Cid et al. (2013) noted the type 

specimen of J. huertae is missing, and locating the type material 

and new collection of topotype specimens with its characteristics 

are needed to clarify its taxonomic status.

Jania longiarthra E. Y. Dawson, 1953:119

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco to Guaymas, SON. IS: Isla Carmen and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. 

Type Locality. Bahía San Gabriel, Isla Espíritu 

Santo, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Jania mexicana W. R. Taylor, 1945:197

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Segundo Cerro Prieto, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: 

Ensenada Ampe, BCS. IS: Isla Tiburón and Estero Punta Perla 

(on Isla Tiburón), ISG. 

Type Locality. Bahía de Petatlan, vicinity of Zihuatanejo, Guerrero, Mexico.

Remarks. Although Silva et al. (1987) and MateoCid et al. (2013) considered J. mexicana to be conspecific with 

J. pacifica, Norris (2014) kept the two separate, commenting 

that critical comparisons were needed to test their phylogenetic 

and taxonomic status.

Jania pacifica Areschoug, 1852:556

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía de Banderas, NAY/JAL. WC: Punta Gallito, BCS. IS: Isla 

Estanque, ISG; Isla Espíritu Santo and Isla Partida, BCS.

Type Locality. Huatulco (Guatulco), 15°78′N, 

96°27′W, Oaxaca, Mexico.

Remarks. The relationship of Jania pacifica to 

J. mexicana requires further molecular and morphological study 

(see also Remarks above under J. mexicana).

Jania subpinnata E. Y. Dawson, 1953:115

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de La Paz, BCS.

Type Locality. On Digenea simplex (Wulfen) 

C. Agardh; Bahía de La Paz, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Jania tenella (Kützing) Grunow, 1874:42

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Gorda, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Playa Santa 

Teresa, BC, to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla Rasa, ISG; Isla San 

Ildefonso and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS.

Syntype Localities. “In sinu neapolitano et ad 

oras mexicanas” (Kützing, 1858:41).

Lectotype Locality. Golfo di Napoli, Italy 

(Dawson, 1953).

Jania tenella var. zacae E. Y. Dawson, 1953:121

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Punta Cabeza de Mechudo, BCS. 

IS: Isla San Ildefonso, BCS.

Type Locality. Epiphytic on Padina; Bahía Piedra 

de Blanca, Cantón de Nicoya, Provincia Guanacaste, Pacific 

coast of Costa Rica.

Jania ungulata f. brevior (Yendo) Yendo, 1905:38

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Playa El Corral, JAL.

Type Locality. Chiba Prefecture (formerly Boshū

Province), east coast of Honshū Island, Japan.

Corallinaceae subfam. Metagoniolithoideae

H. W. Johansen, 1969:47

Harveylithon A. Rösler, Perfectti, V. Peña et 

J. Braga, 2016:424

Harveylithon samoënse (Foslie) A. Rösler, Perfectti, V. Peña et 

J. C. Braga, 2016:425

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla 

Pelícano, SON; Punta Mita to Las Cuevas, NAY.
NUMBER 106 • 2 1

Type Locality. Satana, Savai’i Island, Western 

Samoa. 

Remarks. Upper Gulf specimens referred to this species (Mendoza-González and Mateo-Cid, 1986, as Lithophyllum 

samoënse Foslie, 1906; =Hydrolithon samoënse (Foslie) Keats 

et Y. M. Chamberlain, 1994; Maneveldt et al., 2015) need to be 

reexamined to verify their identifications.

Lithophyllaceae Athanasiadis, 2016a:292

Lithophyllaceae subfam. Lithophylloideae

Setchell, 1943:143

Remarks. Recognition of Corallinaceae subfam. Amphiroideae H. W. Johansen (1969) is problematic (Norris, 2014). 

Cabioch (1972) and later Athanaisiadis (2016a) considered this subfamily to be Lithophyllaceae subfam. Lithophylloideae and placed 

Amphiroa in L. tribe Amphiroeae Cabioch. 

Lithophylloideae tribe Amphiroeae Cabioch, 1972:266

Amphiroa J. V. Lamouroux, 1812:185

Amphiroa beauvoisii J. V. Lamouroux, 1816:299

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Piedras de la Salina, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Playa 

San Antonio, BC, to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla San Jorge, 

SON; Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Patos, Isla Tiburón, Isla Turner, and Isla San Pedro Mártir, ISG; Isla Colorado 

and Islas de Los Gemelos, BC; Isla Tortuga, Isla San Ildefonso, 

Isla Cholla, Isla Carmen, Isla Monserrate, Isla San Diego, Punta 

Prieta, Isla Partida, Bahía San Gabriel, Isla Espíritu Santo, and 

Isla Cerralvo, BCS; Isla Pelícano, SON; Isla de la Piedra, SIN; Isla 

María Magdalena, NAY. 

Type Locality. “Côtes du Portugal” (Lamouroux, 

1816:299).

Amphiroa brevianceps E. Y. Dawson, 1953:142

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía Kino, SON, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Playa El Coloradito, BC, to Punta Los Frailes, BCS. 

Type Locality. Rocky shore, E of Salina Cruz, 

Oaxaca, Mexico.

Amphiroa compressa var. tenuis W. R. Taylor, 1945:191

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla 

María Magdalena, NAY.

Type Locality. Isla María Magdalena, Islas Marías, 

Nayarit, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Amphiroa foliacea J. V. Lamouroux, in Quoy and Gaimard, 

1824:628

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla 

María Magdalena, NAY.

Type Locality. Mariana Islands, Micronesia.

Epitype Locality. Sanctuary, Ningaloo Marine Park, 

NW coast of Western Australia, Australia (Harvey et al., 2013).

Amphiroa magdalenensis E. Y. Dawson, 1953:143

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Mazatlán, SIN. WC: Punta Palmilla, BCS. IS: Isla Tortuga and 

Isla San Ildefonso, BCS. 

Type Locality. Rocky shore; Punta Entrada, Isla 

Magdalena (W side of Bahía Magdalena), Pacific coast of Baja 

California Sur, Mexico.

Amphiroa mexicana W. R. Taylor, 1945:189

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Roca 

Roja, Bahía Kino, SON, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Bahía de 

La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Pelícano, SON.

Type Locality. Bahía Petatlan, Guerrero, Mexico.

Amphiroa misakiensis Yendo, 1902a:14

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto 

Peñasco to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Playa El Coloradito, BC, to 

Cabo San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla Patos, Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo) 

and Isla San Pedro Mártir, ISG; Isla San Ildefonso, Isla Cholla, and 

Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS; Isla María Cleofas and Isla Isabel, NAY.

Type Locality. Misaki, Sagami Bay, Kanagawa 

Prefecture, Honshū Island, central Japan.

Amphiroa polymorpha Me. Lemoine, 1930:74

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa 

Los Cerritos, SIN, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Eureka, BCS. 

Type Locality. Bahía Correos (Post Office Bay), 

Isla Floreana (Charles Island; Isla Santa María), Galápagos Islands, Ecuador.

Amphiroa rigida J. V. Lamouroux, 1816:297

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Mazatlán, SIN. EC: Bahía Concepción 

to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Islote La Ballena, Isla Espíritu Santo, 

and Isla Cerralvo, BCS; Isla de la Piedra, SIN.

Type Locality. Mediterranean Sea.

Amphiroa taylorii E. Y. Dawson, 1953:138

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto 

Peñasco, SON, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Puerto Escondido to 

Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla María Magdalena, NAY.

Type Locality. Intertidal rocks, Bahía Braithwaite, 

Isla Socorro, Islas Revillagigedo, Colima, Mexico.

Amphiroa valonioides Yendo, 1902a:5

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Playa El 

Coloradito, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Coronado, BC; 

Isla Patos and Isla Rasa, ISG; Isla Monserrate, Isla San Diego, Isla 

Partida, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS; Isla María Magdalena, NAY.

Syntype Localities. Two locales in Japan (Yendo, 

1920): Miyazaki Prefecture (formerly Hiuga Province; Hyūga), 
2 2 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

Kyūshū Island, and Misaki, Sagami Bay, Kanagawa Prefecture, 

Honshū Island.

Amphiroa subcylindrica E. Y. Dawson, 1953:139

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco to Guaymas, SON. WC: Playa El Coloradito, 

BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla San Luis Gonzaga, and Isla 

Coronado, BC; Isla Patos, Isla Tiburón, Isla Turner, Isla San Esteban, and Isla San Pedro Mártir, ISG; Isla San Pedro Nolasco, 

SON; Isla San Ildefonso, Isla Monserrate, Isla Espíritu Santo, 

and Isla Partida, BCS.

Type Locality. Rocky shore; Punta Colorado (near 

Guaymas), Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Remarks. Although treated as synonym of A. vanbosseae Me. Lemoine (1930; type locality: Isla Floreana, Galápagos; see Norris, 2014), the two are considered separate until 

genetic analysis of the types tests their species status.

Uncertain Record: Amphiroa curreae Ganesan, 1971:155

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta de Mita, NAY.

Remarks. Reported from Nayarit with a query 

(Mateo-Cid and Mendoza-González, 1992); its identification has 

also been questioned by Serviere-Zaragoza et al. (1993).

Uncertain Record: Amphiroa franciscana W. R. Taylor, 1945:187

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Segundo Cerro Prieto, SON. 

Remarks. Reported in the northern Gulf from Bahía 

Kino (Mendoza-González and Mateo-Cid, 1986), its presence in 

the Gulf needs confirmation. 

Lithophylloideae tribe Dermatolitheae Cabioch, 

1972:266

Titanoderma Nägeli, in Nägeli 

and C. E. Cramer, 1858:532

Titanoderma canescens (Foslie) Woelkerling, Y. M. 

Chamberlain et P. C. Silva, 1985:333

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Colorado (vic. Guaymas), SON, to Mazatlán, SIN. IS: Isla 

Turner, ISG; Isla de Venados, SIN. 

Type Locality. On Padina arborescens; [Manazuru] Marine Laboratory, Kanagawa Prefecture (formerly Sagami 

Province), Honshū Island, Japan.

Titanoderma dispar (Foslie) Woelkerling, Y. M. Chamberlain et 

P. C. Silva, 1985:333

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Guaymas, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Puertecitos, 

BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. 

Type Locality. On Ahnfeltiopsis gigartinoides;

Whidbey (Whidby) Island, Island County, Puget Sound, Washington, USA.

Titanoderma pustulatum (J. V. Lamouroux) Nägeli, in Nägeli 

and C. E. Cramer, 1858:532

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía Kino, SON. 

Type Locality. France.

Titanoderma confine (P. Crouan et H. Crouan) Price, John et 

Lawson, 1986:86

Titanoderma pustulatum var. confine (P. Crouan et H. Crouan) 

Y. M. Chamberlain, 1991:50

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON.

Type Locality. Presumably near Brest, Finistère, 

France (Chamberlain, 1991).

Lithophylloideae tribe Lithophylleae Zanardini, 

1844:1035

Lithophyllum Philippi, 1837:387

Lithophyllum? brachiatum (Heydrich) Me. Lemoine, 1930:44

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de La Paz, BCS.

Type Locality. La Paz, Bahía de La Paz, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Remarks. A Gulf of California species, Lithophyllum brachiatum was excluded from the genus Lithophyllum by 

Riosmena-Rodríguez et al. (1999). Although its generic placement 

remains uncertain, Riosmena-Rodríguez and Woelkerling (2000) 

noted the species belongs in either the Spongitidaceae subfam. 

Mastophoroideae or Hapalidiaceae subfam. Melobesioideae. 

Lithophyllum? californiense Heydrich, 1901:530

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de La Paz, BCS.

Type Locality. La Paz, Bahía de La Paz, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Remarks. A Gulf of California species, Lithophyllum californiense was excluded from the genus Lithophyllum

by Riosmena-Rodríguez et al. (1999). Although RiosmenaRodríguez and Woelkerling (2000) noted the species to be a 

member of the Hapalidiaceae subfam. Melobesioideae, its generic placement is unresolved. 

Lithophyllum corallinae (P. Crouan et H. Crouan) Heydrich, 

1897b:47

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Sayulita, NAY, to Playa La Rumorosa, Bahía de Chamela, JAL. 

WC: Cabeza Ballena, BCS.

Type Locality. Banc du Chateau et Baie de la 

Ninon, Rade de Brest, France (Chamberlain, 1991). 

Lithophyllum diguetii (Hariot) Heydrich, 1901:532

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Laguna de Agiabampo, SON/SIN. WC: Santa Rosalía to Bahía de 
NUMBER 106 • 2 3

La Paz, BCS. IS: Canal Mejía and Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de 

la Guarda, ISG; Canal de San Lorenzo, Isla Espíritu Santo, and 

Isla Partida, BCS. 

Type Locality. La Paz, Bahía de La Paz, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Lithophyllum hancockii E. Y. Dawson, 1944:268

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Las 

Peñas, NAY, to Melaque, JAL. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: 

Bahía San Gabriel, Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS.

Type Locality. Shallow water; Bahía San Gabriel, 

Isla Espíritu Santo, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Lithophyllum imitans Foslie, 1909:13

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Yelapa, JAL. WC: Campo Hawaii, BC, 

to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Alcatráz, SON; Isla Patos, ISG; 

Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS; Isla Isabel, NAY. 

Type Locality. Pacific Beach (between La Jolla and 

Mission Beach), near San Diego, San Diego County, southern 

California, USA.

Lithophyllum lichenare L. R. Mason, 1953:339

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Mazatlán, SIN, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Bahía Concepción, BCS. 

Type Locality. Lower intertidal; Kanaka Bay, 

southern coast of San Juan Island, San Juan County, Salish Sea, 

Washington, USA.

Remarks. Hind et al. (2016) treated Lithophyllum 

lichenarei L. R. Mason as conspecific with Crusticorallina muricata (Foslie) P. W. Gabrielson, P. T. Martone, K. R. Hind et C. P. 

Jensen. Its identification in the southern Gulf needs to be verified.

Lithophyllum margaritae (Hariot) Heydrich, 1901:530

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Punta Chivato to Bahía del Rincón, Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: 

Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG; Isla Carmen, Isla Danzante, Isla 

San José, Canal de San Lorenzo, Isla San Espíritu Santo, and Isla 

San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS; Isla María Magdalena, NAY. 

Type Locality. Subtidal bank; off Isla San Juan 

Nepomuceno (“Nepomezeino”), about 4 km east from Pichilinque, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Remarks. In a reinterpretation of L. margaritae as 

broadly defined by Riosmena-Rodríguez et al. (1999), Norris 

(2014) concluded that among the several taxa considered to be 

synonyms, there were at least three separate species, that is, L. 

margaritae, L. diguetii (Hariot) Heydrich, and L. pallescens (Foslie) Foslie. Recently, Hernández-Kantún et al. (2015) found molecular diversity within “L. margaritae sensu Riosmena-Rodríquez et 

al., 1999” was also very high, with two well-supported clades: “L. 

margaritae A” that subdivided into five hypothetical species and 

“L. margaritae B” that subdivided into two hypothetical species. 

Lithophyllum pallescens (Foslie) Foslie, 1900:20

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Laguna de Agiabampo, SIN. WC: El 

Machorro, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Pelícano, SON; 

Isla Mejía and Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG; Isla 

Carmen, laguna, Bahía San Gabriel and Canal de San Lorenzo, 

Isla Espíritu Santo, and Isla Partida, BCS.

Type Locality. Subtidal bank; off west shore of Isla 

Espíritu Santo, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Lithophyllum proboscideum (Foslie) Foslie, 1900:18

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Playa Arenosa, Puerto Peñasco, to Mazatlán, SIN. WC: Playa 

El Coloradito, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Partida, 

BCS.

Type Locality. Dredged off Monterey, Monterey 

County, central California, USA.

Lithophyllum sp. 1 of Hernández-Kantún et al., 2014:334

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: El 

Requesón, BCS.

Lithophyllum sp. 2 of Hernández-Kantún et al., 2014:334

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla 

Espíritu Santo, BCS. 

Litholepis Foslie, 1905:5

Litholepis sonorensis E. Y. Dawson, 1944:275

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de La Paz to Calerita, BCS. IS: Canal de San Lorenzo, Isla 

Espíritu Santo, BCS.

Type Locality. Dredged 12–25 m depths; Canal de 

San Lorenzo (off southern end of Isla Espíritu Santo), Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Remarks. A little-known southern Gulf species, Litholepis sonorensis was recently reported growing on Lithophyllum sp. from Calerita (Mendoza-González et al., 2015). 

Pseudolithophyllum Me. Lemoine, 1913:45

Uncertain Record: Pseudolithophyllum neofarlowii (Setchell et 

L. R. Mason) W. H. Adey, 1970:13

Remarks. Although reported from San Felipe to 

Punta Palmilla (Norris, 2014), its presence in the Gulf of California is doubtful.

Spongitidaceae Kützing, 1843:xxiii, 382, 385

Spongitidaceae subfam. Hydrolithoideae

A. Kato et M. Baba, in Kato et al., 2011:669

Hydrolithon (Foslie) Foslie, 1909:55

Hydrolithon chamaedoris (Foslie et M. Howe) M. J. Wynne, 

2005:12, 81

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía de La Paz, BCS. 
2 4 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

Type Locality. On Chamaedoris; Cave Cays, 

Exuma Chain, Bahamas. 

Hydrolithon farinosum (J. V. Lamouroux) D. Penrose et Y. M. 

Chamberlain, 1993:295

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Gorda to Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Playa El Coloradito, 

BC, to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla Tiburón, ISG; Isla María 

Cleofas, NAY. 

Type Locality. Mediterranean.

Hydrolithon reinboldii (Weber-van Bosse et Foslie) Foslie, 

1909:55

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla 

Gallo and Isla Gallina (off W coast of Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS.

Type Locality. Muaras Reef (Karana Muaras), 

atoll off coast of East Kalimantan (east Borneo), Indonesia. 

Fosliella M. Howe, 1920:587

Fosliella? paschalis (Me. Lemoine) Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 

1930:176

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía Kino, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía Concepción to Punta Palmilla, BCS. IS: Isla San Ildefonso, BCS. 

Type Locality. Hanga Piko, Rapa Nui (Easter Island), Province Isla de Pascua, Chile. 

Remarks. The generic placement of F.? paschalis

need reinvestigation.

Pneophyllum Kützing, 1843:385

Pneophyllum confervicola (Kützing) Y. M. Chamberlain, 

1983:385

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de La Paz, BCS.

Type Locality. On Conferva vasta (now Chaetomorpha aerea); Trieste, Gulf of Trieste (northern Adriatic Sea), 

northeast Italy. 

Pneophyllum conicum (E. Y. Dawson) Keats, Y. M. 

Chamberlain et Baba, 1997:264

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta de Mita, NAY to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Calerita to 

Cabo Pulmo, BCS.

Type Locality. Intertidal reef; Binners Cove, Isla 

Socorro, Islas Revillagigedo, Colima, Mexico.

Pneophyllum fragile Kützing, 1843:385

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Punta Arena to Cabo Pulmo, BCS.

Type Locality. On Sphaerococcus coronopifolius; 

unknown locale in Mediterranean Sea (Chamberlain, 1983); 

Mediterranean Sea (Silva et al., 1996).

Pneophyllum nicholsii (Setchell et L. R. Mason) P. C. Silva et P. 

W. Gabrielson, in Gabrielson et al., 2004:94

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Playa El 

Coloradito, BC, to La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Tiburón, ISG; Isla San 

Pedro Nolasco, SON. 

Type Locality. On Dictyota binghamiae; La Jolla, 

San Diego County, southern California, USA.

Spongitidaceae subfam. Mastophoroideae

Setchell, 1943:134

Heteroderma Foslie, 1909:56

Heteroderma corallinicola E. Y. Dawson, 1944:273

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Cabo Arco, SON.

Type Locality. On Corallina; cove north of 

Cabo Arco, vicinity of Guaymas, Sonora, Gulf of California, 

Mexico.

Heteroderma gibbsii (Setchell et Foslie) Foslie, 1909:56

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco to Guaymas, SON. WC: Bahía de los Ángeles, BC, to San José del Cabo, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla 

Ángel de la Guarda, and Isla Turner, ISG; Isla Coronado, BC; 

Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON; Isla San José and Isla Espíritu 

Santo, BCS.

Syntype Localities. Two island locales, both east 

of Bahía de La Paz (Foslie, 1909): epiphytic on Sargassum at 

Isla San José (25°00′N; 110°38′W) and on Isla Espíritu Santo 

(24°30′N; 110°22′W), Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, 

Mexico.

Heteroderma subtilissimum (Foslie) Foslie, 1909:56

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Cabo Pulmo, BCS. 

IS: Bahía San Gabriel, Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS.

Type Locality. On Corallina pilifera J. V. Lamouroux; reef off Atjatuning, west coast of New Guinea.

Spongitidaceae subfam. Neogoniolithoideae

A. Kato et M. Baba, in Kato et al., 2011:669

Neogoniolithon Setchell et L. R. Mason, 

1943a:92

Neogoniolithon setchellii (Foslie) W. H. Adey, 1970:9

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Mazatlán, SIN, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Las Tarabillas 

to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Isla Partida, BCS.

Type Locality. Uppermost intertidal; White Point, 

White Point Park, San Pedro, Los Angeles County, southern California, USA.
NUMBER 106 • 2 5

Neogoniolithon trichotomum (Heydrich) Setchell et L. R. 

Mason, 1943a:92

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Puertecitos, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel 

de la Guarda, and Isla Estanque, ISG; Isla Colorado, BC; Isla 

Cholla, Isla Carmen, Isla Monserrate, Isla Partida, and Bahía 

San Gabriel, Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS; Isla de Venados, SIN; Isla 

María Magdalena, NAY.

Type Locality. Near La Paz, Baja California Sur, 

Gulf of California, Mexico (Heydrich, 1901).

Spongitidaceae subfam. Porolithoideae A. Kato et

M. Baba, in Kato et al., 2011:669

Remarks. Although the subfamily Porolithoideae is 

generally recognized (e.g., Maneveldt and Keats, 2014; Guiry 

and Guiry, 2016), it has recently been treated as a synonym of 

C. subfam. Metagoniolithoideae by Rösler et al. (2016). 

Porolithon Foslie, 1909:57

Porolithon onkodes (Heydrich) Foslie, 1909:57

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Bahía del Rincón, BCS.

Type Locality. Tami Island, northwest side of Gulf 

of Huon, Solomon Sea, Papua New Guinea.

Remarks. Porolithon onkodes is one of the most 

widely distributed and ecologically important species of crustose 

coralline algae. Although found in many areas of the subtropica–

tropical Indo-Pacific, South Pacific, eastern and western Pacific, 

and eastern and western Atlantic (e.g., Maneveldt and Keats, 

2014), current records suggest it is probably not widespread in 

the Gulf of California.

Porolithon sonorense E. Y. Dawson, 1944:273

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco to Guaymas, SON. WC: Playa El Coloradito, 

BC to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de 

la Guarda, Isla Estanque, Isla Patos, Bahía Agua Dulce, Isla Tiburón, Isla San Esteban, and Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo), ISG; 

Isla Partida [sur], BCS. 

Type Locality. Rocky shore; on west side of Puerto 

Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Baja California, Islas Grandes 

(Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico.

Spongitis Kützing, 1841:30

Spongitis decipiens (Foslie) Y. M. Chamberlain, 1993:113

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto 

Peñasco, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Campo Hawaii to 

Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC. IS: Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG. 

Type Locality. On small stone; San Pedro, Los Angeles County, southern California, USA. 

Remarks. Most Gulf of California specimens referred to “S. decipens” need to reexamined (Norris, 2014). 

Chamberlain (1993) found some of Dawson’s (1960b) specimens 

were “S. yendoi.” Fragoso and Rodríguez (2002) later noted 

some of the Dawson specimens they studied were a Hydrolithon, 

and none belonged in the genus Spongitis.

Spongitis yendoi (Foslie) Y. M. Chamberlain, 1993:102

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto 

Peñasco, SON, to Mazatlán, SIN. WC: Puerto San Felipe, BC, 

to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla Alcatráz, SON; Isla Ángel de la 

Guarda and Isla San Esteban, ISG; Bahía Salinas, Isla Carmen, BCS.

Type Locality. Shimoda, Izu Peninsula, Shizuoka 

Prefecture, Honshū Island, Japan.

Remarks. See also Remarks above under Spongitis 

decipiens.

Uncertain Record: Spongitis fruticulous Kützing, 1841:30

Remarks. Southern Gulf specimens cited by Dawson 

(1960b, as Lithothamnion fruticulosum) from Punta Los Frailes 

and Isla Carmen were later identified by Johansen (1976) as Lithothamnion crassiusculum (Foslie) L. R. Mason (now Mesophyllum 

crassiusculum (Foslie) Lebednik, in Athanasiadis et al., 2004). The 

presence of Spongitis fruticulous in the Gulf needs to be verified.

Corallinales subord. Mesophyllineae

Athanasiadis, 2016a:213

Lithothamniaceae H. J. Haas, 1887 [1886]:213

Lithothamniaceae subfam. Lithothamnioideae

Foslie, 1908:19

Lithothamnioideae tribe Lithothamnieae

Foslie, 1903:25

Lithothamnion Heydrich, 1897a:412, 

nom. cons.

Lithothamnion australe Foslie, in Weber-van Bosse and Foslie,

1904:24

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Guaymas, SON, to Laguna de Agiabampo, SIN. WC: Bahía Coyote to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la 

Guarda, ISG; Canal de San Lorenzo, Isla Espíritu Santo, and Isla 

San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS; Isla María Magdalena, NAY. 

Type Locality. “Gulf of California” (Weber-van 

Bosse and Foslie, 1904:24); “in the vicinity of La Paz, Baja California, probably on sublittoral banks” (Dawson, 1960b:11), 

Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Lithothamnion australe f. tualensis Foslie, 1904:24

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla 

María Magdalena, NAY.
2 6 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

Type Locality. Tual (Kota Tual; Siboga Expedition 

station no. 258), Kai Kecil (Little Kai Island; Nuhu Roa), Kai 

Islands (Kei Islands; Nuhu Evav), SE part of Maluku Islands, 

Maluku Province, Indonesia. 

Lithothamnion microsporum (Foslie) Foslie, 1929:51

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco to Guaymas, SON. WC: San Felipe, BC.

Type Locality. On pebbles and sandstone; Pacific 

Beach (between La Jolla and Mission Beach), San Diego County, 

southern California, USA.

Lithothamnion muelleri Lenormand ex Rosanoff, in Rosanoff, 

1866:101

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Cabo Los Machos to Calerita, BCS. IS: El Pardito-La Lobera, 

Isla San José, BCS.

Type Locality. Western Port Bay, Victoria, Australia.

Remarks. Identification of “Lithothamnion muelleri” in the Gulf needs to be verified (Norris, 2014). In their 

analysis Hernández-Kantún et al. (2015: fig. 14) found southern 

Gulf of California “L. muelleri” grouped weakly with another 

Lithothamnion from Fiji. 

Lithothamnion phymatodeum Foslie, 1902:3

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta de Mita, NAY.

Type Locality. “On rocks, upper sublittotal zone” 

(Woelkerling et al., 2005:470); Whidbey (Whidby) Island, Island 

County, Puget Sound, Washington, USA (Johansen, 1976).

Lithothamnion sp. 1 of Hernández-Kantún et al., 2014:335

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: San 

Esteban, Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Canal de San Lorenzo, Isla 

Espíritu Santo, BCS.

Lithothamnion sp. 2 of Hernández-Kantún et al., 2014:335

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla 

San Pedro Mártir, ISG. 

Lithothamnion sp. 3 of Hernández-Kantún et al., 2014:335

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: El 

Requesón, BCS.

Lithothamnion sp. 5 of Hernández-Kantún et al., 2014:335

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: San 

Esteban, Bahía de La Paz, BCS. 

Lithothamnioideae tribe Phymatolitheae

Adey et Johansen, 1972:160

Phymatolithon Foslie, 1898:4, nom. cons.

Phymatolithon sp. of Hernández-Kantún et al., 2014:336

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla 

San Pedro Mártir, ISG.

Mesophyllaceae Athanasidas, 2016a:251

Mesophyllum Me. Lemoine, 1928:251

Mesophyllum crassiusculum (Foslie) Lebednik, in Athanasiadis 

et al., 2004:152

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, to Bahía de Loreto, BCS. IS: Isla Carmen, BCS.

Type Locality. White Point Beach (below Whites 

Point), White Point−Royal Palms County Park, San Pedro, Los 

Angeles County, southern California, USA.

Mesophyllum engelhartii (Foslie) W. H. Adey, 1970:23

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Punta Perico and La Paz, BCS. IS: Canal de San Lorenzo, Isla 

Espíritu Santo, BCS. 

Type Locality. Cape Jaffa, on SE coast of South 

Australia, Australia.

Remarks. Southern Gulf specimens identified as 

Mesophyllum engelhartii and another species, M. erubescens 

(Foslie) Me. Lemoine (1928) from Tenerife (Canary Islands), 

were paraphyletic, grouping with lineages of Lithothamnion and 

Synarthrophyton R. A. Townsend (1979) without generic limits (Hernández-Kantún et al., 2015: table 1, figs. 1–3, 17, 19). 

Athanasiadis (2017), studying Lithothamnion engelhartii Foslie 

(1900a), found two taxa among the type specimens, selected a 

lectotype, clarified its description, and noted that its morphological characters excluded it from Lithothamnion or Mesophyllum

and also that it was affliated with Leptophytum or may possibly belong to Synarthrophyton. The generic status of the lectotype of L. engelhartii remains uncertain and in need of further 

investigation. 

Although identification of Gulf “M. engelhartii” remains 

unresolved, the Canary Islands Mesophyllum erubescens was included in a new genus as Melyvonnea erubescens (Foslie) Athanasiadis et D. L. Ballantine (2014).

Hapalidiales W. E. Nelson, J. E. Sutherland, 

T. J. Farr et H. S. Yoon, 

in Nelson et al., 2015:464

Hapalidiaceae J. E. Gray, 1865:22

Hapalidiaceae subfam. Choreonematoideae

Woelkerling, 1987:125

Choreonematoideae tribe Choreonemateae

Foslie ex Svedelius, 1911:266

Choreonema F. Schmitz, 1889:455

Choreonema thuretii (Bornet) F. Schmitz, 1889:455

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía Agua Verde to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. 
NUMBER 106 • 2 7

Type Locality. “On Corallina; Atlantic France” 

(Dawson, 1960b:30). 

Lectotype Locality. Endo-epiphytic on Haliptilon squamatum (Linnaeus) H. W. Johansen, L. M. Irvine et A. M. 

Webster; Pointe de Querqueville, WNW of Cherbourg, Normandy, 

France (Woelkerling, 1987; Chamberlain and Irvine, 1994).

Hapalidiaceae subfam. Melobesioideae

Bizzozero, 1885:109

Melobesioideae tribe Melobesieae

Areschoug, 1852:506

Melobesia J. V. Lamouroux, 1812:186

Melobesia accola (Foslie) Me. Lemoine, 1924:289

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Barra de Navidad, JAL. 

Type Locality. Hao (Haorangi), coral atoll in central part of Tuamotu Archipelago (Tuamotus), east of Tahiti, 

French Polynesia, South Pacific.

Remarks. A poorly known species (Dawson, 1960b, 

as Litholepis accola), Melobesia accola has not been recently 

collected in the Gulf. More collections are needed to study and 

confirm its identification in the Gulf of California.

Melobesia marginata Setchell et Foslie, in Foslie, 1902:10

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Barra de Navidad, JAL. WC: Cabeza Ballena, BCS. 

Type Locality. On Laurencia; Bodega Bay, Sonoma County, northern California, USA.

Melobesia mediocris (Foslie) Setchell et L. R. Mason, 

1943b:95

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Laguna de Agiabampo, SON/SIN.

Type Locality. On Phyllospadix; Santa Cruz, 

Santa Cruz County, northern California, USA.

Melobesia membranacea (Esper) J. V. Lamouroux, 1812:186

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Barra de Navidad, JAL. WC: Cabeza Ballena, BCS. 

Type Locality. On red algae; west [Atlantic] coast 

of France. 

Melobesia polystromatica E. Y. Dawson, 1960b:8

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía de Banderas, NAY, to Barra de Navidad, JAL.

Type Locality. On Sargassum liebmannii; Bahía 

Tenacatita, southern Jalisco, Mexico.

Ahnfeltiophycidae G. W. Saunders

et Hommersand, 2004:1504

Ahnfeltiales C. A. Maggs et Pueschel, 1989:349

Ahnfeltiaceae C. A. Maggs et Pueschel, 1989:348

Ahnfeltia Fries, 1836:309, nom. cons.

Ahnfeltia plicata (Hudson) Fries, 1836:310

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: El 

Colorado, SON, to Punta de Mita, NAY. WC: El Requesón to 

Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Isla San José, BCS.

Type Locality. “Habitat in littoribus marinis” 

(Hudson, 1762:470); dwells on marine shores, England, UK 

(Guiry and Guiry, 2014).

Ahnfeltia svensonii W. R. Taylor, 1945:238

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Segundo Cerro Prieto to Roca Roja, Bahía Kino, SON; Playa 

Guayabitos and Playa Las Peñas, NAY. WC: Loreto to Cabo San 

Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla Cholla, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. 

Type Locality. Black Beach, Isla Floreana (Charles 

Island; Isla Santa María), Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. 

Rhodymeniophycidae G. W. Saunders

et Hommersand, 2004:1504

Gelidiales Kylin, 1923:132

Gelidiaceae Kützing, 1843:xxiv, 390, 405

Gelidium J. V. Lamouroux, 1813:128, 

nom. cons.

Gelidium coronadense E. Y. Dawson, 1953:67

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de Loreto, BCS.

Type Locality. On mid intertidal rocks; east side 

of Isla Norte, Islas Los Coronados, off Pacific coast of Baja California, Mexico.

Gelidium crinale (Hare ex Turner) Gaillon, 1828:362

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Gorda to Cabo Arco, SON. WC: Campo Hawaii to Playa 

El Coloradito, BC. 

Lectotype Locality. Ilfracombe, Devonshire, 

England, UK (Dixon and Irvine, 1977a). 

Gelidium decompositum Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 

1924a:743

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Puerto Calamajué to Bahía San Francisquito, BC; Bahía de Loreto, BCS. IS: Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo) and Isla Rasa, ISG. 

Type Locality. Bahía San Francisquito, Baja California, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Gelidium johnstonii Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:742

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco to Cabo Arco, SON. WC: El Machorro, BC, to 
2 8 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, 

Isla Estanque, Isla Tiburón, Isla Turner, and Isla San Esteban, 

ISG; Isla Coronado, Isla La Ventana, Islas de Los Gemelos, BC; 

Isla San Marcos, Isla Carmen, and Caleta Partida (between Isla 

Partida and Isla Espíritu Santo), BCS. 

Type Locality. Bahía San Francisquito, Baja California, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Gelidium mcnabbianum (E. Y. Dawson) Santelices, 1998:245

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Pelícano to Punta Peñasco, Puerto Peñasco, SON.

Type Locality. Bahía Golfito, southwest of Golfo 

Dulce, Puntarenas Province, Pacific coast of Costa Rica.

Gelidium microdentatum E. Y. Dawson, 1960a:36

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: San 

Blas to Manzanillas, NAY. IS: Isla Larga, NAY.

Type Locality. “Intertidal rocks across the river 

from the village” (Dawson, 1960a:37); San Blas, Nayarit, Gulf 

of California, Mexico.

Gelidium microphysa Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1930:151

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía la Choya, Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC. IS: Isla Patos, Isla Tiburón, Isla Turner, and Isla Partida 

(Isla Cordonazo), ISG.

Type Locality. On rocks; Bahía Sur (South Bay), 

Isla Guadalupe, off Pacific coast of Baja California, Mexico. 

Gelidium pusillum (Stackhouse) Le Jolis, 1863:139

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Gorda, SON, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Campo Hawaii, BC, to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla Alcatraz, SON; Puerto 

Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Patos, Isla Tiburón, Isla 

Turner, and Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo), ISG; Isla San Juan 

Nepomuceno, BCS; Isla Larga, NAY.

Type Locality. Sidmouth, Devon, England, UK 

(Dixon and Irvine, 1977a).

Gelidium refugiense (E. Y. Dawson) Santelices, 2007:298

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía San Carlos, SON. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la 

Guarda, ISG. 

Type Locality. In beach drift; on north shore of 

Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Baja California, Islas 

Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. 

Gelidium sclerophyllum W. R. Taylor, 1945:156

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Mazatlán, SIN, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Bahía Concepción 

to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Pelícano, SON. 

Type Locality. Dredged 5.4 m depth; near northeast side of Ensenada de San Francisco, Provincia de Esmeraldas, 

northern Ecuador.

Uncertain Record: Gelidium coulteri Harvey, 1853:117

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Segundo Cerro Prieto, Bahía Kino, SON.

Remarks. Reported from the upper Gulf by 

Mendoza-González and Mateo-Cid (1986), its presence in the 

northern Gulf needs to be verified.

Gelidiellaceae K.-­C. Fan, 1961:317

Gelidiella J. Feldmann et G. Hamel, 1934:529

Gelidiella acerosa (Forsskål) Feldmann et G. Hamel, 1934:533

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Playa Guayabitos and Playa Las Peñas, NAY, to Puerto Vallarta, 

JAL. WC: Puertecitos, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Bahía San 

Gabriel, Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS.

Type Locality. “Ad Mochhae littoral” (Forsskål, 

1775:190); Al Mukha, Yemen, Red Sea. 

Gelidiella hancockii E. Y. Dawson, 1944:261

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía 

Kino, SON, to Sayulita, NAY. WC: Playa El Coloradito, BC, to 

Calerita, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla 

Estanque, Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo), and Isla Tiburón, ISG. 

Type Locality. On mid intertidal rocks; rocky 

point, about 4.8 km north of Bahía Kino, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Pterocladiaceae Felicini et Perrone, 

in Perrone et al., 2006:31

Pterocladia J. Agardh, 1852a:485

Pterocladia sonorensis (E. Y. Dawson) J. S. Stewart et J. N. 

Norris, in Norris and Stewart, 2014:316

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco to Puerto San Carlos, SON.

Type Locality. Intertidal rocks; near Puerto San 

Carlos on west side of Ensenada de San Francisco (northeast of 

Guaymas), Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. 

Pterocladiella Santelices et 

Hommersand, 1997:117

Pterocladiella caloglossoides (M. Howe) Santelices, 1998:244

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: San Felipe to Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC. 

Type Locality. Isla de San Lorenzo, off the port of 

Callao (west of Lima), Peru. 

Pterocladiella capillacea (S. G. Gmelin) Santelices et 

Hommersand, 1997:118

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Playa Los Muertos, NAY. WC: Puerto 
NUMBER 106 • 2 9

Calamajué, BC, to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla Coronado, 

BC; Isla Rasa, ISG; Isla San Ildefonso, Isla Carmen, and Isla 

Partida, BCS. 

Type Locality. Mediterranean Sea. 

Pterocladiella luxurians (F. S. Collins) G. H. Boo et K. A. 

Miller, in Boo et al., 2016:5

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Playa Tucson to Playa Arenosa, Puerto Peñasco, SON.

Type Locality. Pacific Beach, San Diego County, 

southern California, USA (Gelidium crinale f. luxurians

F. S. Collins, in Collins et al., 1903: P.B.-A. exsiccate no. 

1138).

Remarks. Although previously treated as synonym 

of Pterocladia media (e.g., Stewart, 1974; Norris and Stewart, 

2014), Boo et al. (2016) provided molecular evidence Gelidium 

crinale f. luxurians was a distinct species belonging in Pterocladiella, as P. luxurians.

Pterocladiella media (E. Y. Dawson) G. H. Boo et K. A. Miller, 

in Boo et al., 2016:5

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía de Banderas, NAY/JAL.

Type Locality. Rocky beach just north of Windand-Sea (“Windansea” surfing beach), La Jolla, San Diego 

County, southern California, USA.

Remarks. Recently, molecular analysis of type specimens by Boo et al. (2016) supported placement of Pterocladia 

media E. Y. Dawson (1958) in the genus Pterocladiella.

Gracilariales Fredericq et Hommersand, 1989:225

Gracilariaceae Nägeli, 1847:240, 254

Gracilariaceae subfam. Gracilarioideae

Stizenberger, 1860:41

Gracilarioideae tribe Gracilarieae

Willkomm, 1854:147

Gracilaria Greville, 1830:iiv, 121, nom. cons.

Gracilaria ascidiicola E. Y. Dawson, 1961a:203

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Puerto Escondido to Bahía de Loreto, BCS.

Type Locality. Growing in an ascidian (tunicate), 

on mud bottom; innermost lagoon, Puerto Escondido, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. 

Gracilaria cerrosiana W. R. Taylor, 1945:232

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: La 

Paz, BCS. 

Type Locality. On rocks; Bahía Sur, Isla Cedros 

(Isla Cerros), Baja California, Mexico.

Gracilaria crispata Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:753

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Gorda, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Puertecitos, 

BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Coronado, BC; Isla Tiburón 

and Isla Turner, ISG; Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON; Isla Cholla, 

Isla Carmen, Isla Monserrate, and Bahía San Gabriel, Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS; Isla de Venados, SIN. 

Type Locality. Rancho Eureka (near Punta Soledad), Bahía de Las Palmas, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Gracilaria cunninghamii Farlow ex J. Agardh, 1901:93

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Guaymas, SON, to Mazatlán, SIN. WC: San Felipe, BC. 

Type Locality. Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara 

County, southern California, USA.

Gracilaria marcialana E. Y. Dawson, 1949a:15

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Roca 

Rojo, Bahía Kino, SON. WC: Machorro, BC, to Bahía de La 

Paz, BCS. IS: Roca San Marcial, BCS; Canal de San Lorenzo, Isla 

Espíritu Santo, BCS.

Type Locality. Dredged 16–30 m depths; reef, 

vicinity of Roca San Marcial, about 2.0 km north-northeast 

of Punta San Marcial, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, 

Mexico. 

Gracilaria pachydermatica Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 

1924a:753

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Gorda, SON, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: El Coloradito, 

BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de 

la Guarda, Isla Turner, and Isla San Esteban, ISG; Isla Espíritu 

Santo, BCS. 

Type Locality. On upper sublittoral rocks; Isla 

Tortuga (off Puerto Santa Rosalía), Baja California Sur, Gulf of 

California, Mexico. 

Gracilaria pacifica I. A. Abbott, 1985:116

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Playa Guayabitos and Playa las 

Peñas, NAY. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, to Bahía de La 

Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Estanque, Isla Tiburón, Isla Rasa, and Isla 

San Pedro Mártir, ISG; Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS. Isla 

de la Piedra, SIN. 

Type Locality. Intertidal (0.0 foot tide level); midway to southwest end of Stillwater Cove, Pebble Beach, Monterey County, central California, USA.

Gracilaria papenfussii I. A. Abbott, 1983:562

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de La Paz to Bahía Rincón, BCS.

Type Locality. La Jolla, San Diego County, southern California, USA.
3 0 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

Gracilaria parvispora I. A. Abbott, 1985:119

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: San 

Juan de la Costa (Bahía de La Paz) to Playa La Concha (vicinity 

of La Paz), BCS. IS: Isla Huitussi, Bahía Navachiste, SIN.

Type Locality. Kāne ̔ohe (Kaneohe) Bay, island of 

Oahu (Hawaiian Islands), Hawaii, USA.

Remarks. Gracilaria parvispora is morphologically 

similar to another invasive species G. verimicularophyla. A nonnative species in the Gulf, it has recently been identified in the 

southern Gulf primarily on the basis of genetic analyses (GarcíaRodríguez et al., 2013).

Gracilaria pinnata Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:751

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Playa El Coloradito, BC, to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG; Isla La Ventana, BC; Isla María 

Magdalena, NAY. 

Type Locality. Bahía de Los Ángeles, Baja California, Gulf of California, Mexico. 

Gracilaria ramisecunda E. Y. Dawson, 1949a:17

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de Loreto to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Cholla, BCS.

Type Locality. Intertidal; Cabeza Ballena, Baja 

California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Gracilaria rubrimembra E. Y. Dawson, 1949a:32

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. IS: Isla San 

Pedro Mártir, ISG.

Type Locality. South side of Ensenada de San 

Francisco (near Puerto San Carlos), Sonora, Gulf of California, 

Mexico.

Gracilaria spinigera E. Y. Dawson, 1949a:24

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Ensenada de San Francisco, SON, to Punta de Mita, NAY. WC: 

Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, to Arrecife de Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: 

Isla San Ildefonso, Isla Tortuga, Isla Carmen, and Isla Espíritu 

Santo, BCS. 

Type Locality. Upper sublittoral rocks; Ensenada 

de San Francisco (vicinity of Puerto San Carlos), Sonora, Gulf of 

California, Mexico.

Gracilaria subsecundata Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 

1924a:755

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Piedras del Burro to Guaymas, SON, to Laguna Ceuta, SIN. WC: 

Campo Hawaii, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, 

Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Estanque, Isla Tiburón, ISG; Isla 

Espíritu Santo, BCS. 

Type Locality. Guaymas, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Remarks. Herein the selection of a lectotype specimen of another species, G. hancockii E. Y. Dawson, recognizes 

that species to be a synonym of G. subsecundata (see Remarks 

below under Gracilaria hancockii). 

Gracilaria tepocensis (E. Y. Dawson) E. Y. Dawson, 

1961a:211

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía Tepoca, SON, to Cabo Corrientes, JAL.WC: San Felipe, 

BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la 

Guarda, and Isla Estanque, ISG. 

Type Locality. Dredged 21.6 m depth; Bahía Tepoca, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Gracilaria turgida E. Y. Dawson, 1949a:14

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Gorda, SON, to Laguna Santa María y Laguna La Reforma, SIN. WC: Playa El Coloradito, BC, to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. 

IS: Isla Coronado, BC.

Type Locality. Mudflat; upper Newport Harbor, 

Newport–Balboa, Orange County, southern California, USA.

Gracilaria veleroae E .Y. Dawson, 1944:297

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Peñasco, SON, to Bahía Banderas, NAY/JAL. WC: Campo 

Hawaii, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Tiburón and Isla 

Turner, ISG; Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS; Isla Isabel, NAY.

Type Locality. Dredged 4–30 m depths; off the 

southern shore of Isla Tiburón (near Isla Turner), Sonora, Islas 

Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. 

Invasive species: Gracilaria vermiculophylla (Ohmi) Papenfuss, 

1967:101

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: El 

Colorado, SON; Bahía de Navachiste to Teacapán, SIN.

Type Locality. Gomejima, Akkeshi-ko Lagoon 

(shallow estuary connected to shore of Akkeshi Bay), Kushiro Province (now Kushiro Subprefecture), Hokkaidō Island, 

Japan.

Remarks. Apparently introduced and sometimes 

commercially harvested in the Gulf, it is a highly invasive species (Norris, 2014). Its spread and ecological effect on the native Gulf marine flora need to be studied. It has been reported 

on the Pacific coast of northern Baja California in the estero at 

Punta Banda (L. Aguilar-Rosas et al., 2014). Morphologically 

similar to G. parvispora, the two in the Gulf may be confused 

and sometimes could be misidentified [see also: Remarks under 

G. parvispora]. 

Gracilaria vivesii M. Howe, 1911:503

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Lobos to Guaymas, SON. WC: San Felipe, BC, to Bahía 

de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Patos, Isla Turner, and Isla San Esteban, 

ISG; Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON; Isla San Ildefonso, Isla Carmen, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. 

Type Locality. La Paz, Baja California Sur, Gulf of 

California, Mexico.
NUMBER 106 • 3 1

Remarks. See also comments below under Gracilaria 

textorii. 

Uncertain Record: Gracilaria textorii (Suringar) Hariot, 

1891:223

Remarks. The presence of the Japanese G. textorii

in the northern Gulf of California seems unlikely and requires 

further study (Norris and Gurgel, 2014). Most specimens of Gulf 

“G. textorii sensu Dawson (1961a)” were referred to G. vivesii, 

and those of Mateo-Cid and Mendoza-González (1992) from 

Nayarit may also belong to G. vivesii.

Resolved Status: Gracilaria hancockii E. Y. Dawson, 1944:297

Type Locality. Dredged 4−32 m depths; off southern shore of Isla Tiburón near Isla Turner, Sonora, Islas Grandes 

(Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico.

Remarks. The taxonomic status of Gracilaria hancockii E. Y. Dawson (1944) has been uncertain (Norris and 

Gurgel, 2014). Dawson (1949a) treated the taxon as a “nomen 

confusum” on the basis of his reexamination of the type collection of G. hancockii (AHFH-38), in which he found a mix 

of specimens of different species—that is, tetrasporophytes that 

were either a species of Gracilaria or a Gracilariopsis, a cystocarpic species of Agardhiella, or a sterile specimen he referred 

to Gracilaria subsecundata. We chose the specimen on the herbarium type sheet (EYD-149; AHFH-38, now UC) identified 

by Dawson (1949a:39) to be G. subsecundata Setchell et N. L. 

Gardner (1924a) as the lectotype of G. hancockii E. Y. Dawson (1944:297). The two are conspecific, with G. subsecundata

Setchell et N. L. Gardner (1924a:755) being the older valid name. 

Excluded Species: Gracilaria verrucosa sensu Dawson, 

1961b:214

Remarks. Gulf of California specimens previously 

identified as “Gracilaria verrucosa” are excluded from the Gulf 

marine flora (non G. verrucosa (Hudson) Papenfuss, 1950, nom. 

rej., which is now Gracilariopsis longissima (S. G. Gmelin) 

Steentoft, L. M. Irvine et Farnham, 1995). Gulf of California 

specimens previously identified as “Gracilaria verrucosa” need 

to be reexamined and compared to the narrow, cylindrical species of Gracilariaceae reported in the Gulf (Norris and Gurgel, 

2014)—that is, Gracilaria (G. pacifica, G. papenfussii, and G. 

vermiculophylla) and Gracilariopsis (G. andersonii, G. animasensis, G. longissima, G. megaspora, and G. rhodotricha)—to 

determine their identifications. 

Gracilariopsis E. Y. Dawson, 1949a:40

Gracilariopsis andersonii (Grunow) E. Y. Dawson, 

1949a:43

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: El 

Tornillal to Guaymas, SON; Bahía Topolobampo, SIN (with 

query). WC: San Felipe, BC, to Bahía de La Paz; BCS. 

Type Locality. Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz County, 

central California, USA. 

Gracilariopsis animasensis Gurgel et J. N. Norris, in Norris 

and Gurgel, 2014:398

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Ensenada de San Francisco, SON. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles, 

BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Angel de la Guarda, ISG. 

Type Locality. In fine-sediment sand, intertidal to 

1.0 m depths; shallow channel near entrance to mangrove estero 

inside of Bahía de Las Ánimas (28°48′28′′N, 113°21′39′′W), Baja 

California, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Gracilariopsis longissima (S. G. Gmelin) Steentoft, L. M. Irvine 

et Farnham, 1995:117

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía de Navachiste, SIN.

Syntype Localities. “Ad littoral Belgii nonnunquam proiicitur, Dellenius haber, aquae ductum sequi, et lapillis 

adnasci ad canals et introitus maris pone Sheernefs” (Gmelin, 

1768:134); littoral, Belgium and Sheerness [probably mouth of 

River Thames]. 

Neotype Locality. Sheerness, Kent, England, UK 

(Steentoft et al., 1995).

Gracilariopsis megaspora E. Y. Dawson, 1949a:45

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía San Carlos, SON.

Type Locality. Lagoon, Bahía San Carlos, Sonora, 

Gulf of California, Mexico.

Uncertain Record: Gracilariopsis rhodotricha E. Y. Dawson, 

1949a:47

Remarks. A southern Gulf specimen from Bahía de 

San Lucas, BCS, was tentatively referred to G. rhodotricha (Norris, 1985; Norris and Gurgel, 2014); more collections are needed 

to verify its presence in the Gulf. 

Gracilariophila Setchell et H. L. Wilson, 

in Wilson, 1910:81

Gracilariophila gardneri Setchell, 1923:393

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Playa Estación, Puerto Peñasco, to Bahía Bacochibampo, SON.

Type Locality. On Gracilaria cunninghamii; Santa 

Monica, Los Angeles County, southern California, USA.

Pterocladiophilaceae K.-­C. Fan

et Papenfuss, 1959:38

Gelidiocolax N. L. Gardner, 1927b:340

Gelidiocolax microsphaericus N. L. Gardner, 1927b:341

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Playa El Coloradito, BC, to Punta Arena, BCS.

Type Locality. On Gelidium pulchrum; ~3.2 km 

south of Balboa Beach, Orange County, southern California, 

USA.
3 2 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

Bonnemaisoniales Feldmann et

Feldmann-Mazoyer, 1943:163

Bonnemaisoniaceae F. Schmitz, 1892:20

Asparagopsis Montagne, 1841:xv

Asparagopsis taxiformis (Delile) Trevisan, 1845:45 

(gametophytes); and Falkenbergia-phase (sporophyte)

Gulf of California Distribution. Asparagopsis taxiformis (gametophytes)—EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to 

Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: San Felipe, BC, to Punta Los Frailes, 

BCS. IS: Rocas Consag, SON; Isla Coronado and Islas de Los 

Gemelos, BC; Isla Mejía, Roca Blanca, and Puerto Refugio, Isla 

Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Estanque, and Isla Rasa, ISG; Isla Tortuga, Isla San Ildefonso, Isla Cholla, Isla Carmen, Isla Monserrate, 

Isla San Diego, Isla San Francisco, Isla Partida, Isla Espíritu Santo, 

and Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS. Falkenbergia-phase (sporophyte)—EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Miramar, NAY. WC: Bahía 

de Los Ángeles, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Coronado 

and Isla La Ventana, BC; Isla Partida and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. 

Remarks. Both gametophytes and presumed sporophytes in the life history of Asparagopsis taxiformis have been 

collected in the Gulf of California. However, the two phases are 

not always found at the same time or at the same locales.

Bonnemaisonia C. Agardh, 1822:196

Bonnemaisonia hamifera Hariot, 1891:223

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Puerto Calamajué to Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC. IS: Roca Blanca 

and Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, and Isla Estanque, 

ISG; Isla La Ventana, BC. 

Type Locality. Yokosuka, Kanagawa Prefecture, 

southeast Honshū Island, Japan.

Remarks. Only the gametophytes of Bonnemaisonia 

hamifera are known in the Gulf of California. The presumed sporophyte, Trailliella-phase, has not yet been collected in the Gulf.

Ceramiales Nägeli, 1847:196, 253

Ceramiales subord. Ceramiineae

Athanasiadias, 2016b:764

Callithamniaceae Kützing, 1843:370

Callithamniaceae subfam. Callithamnioideae

De Toni, 1903:1252

Callithamnioideae tribe Callithamnieae

J. Agardh, 1851:4

Aglaothamnion Feldmann-Mazoyer, 1940:451

Aglaothamnion endovagum (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) I. A. 

Abbott, 1972:262

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Ensenada de San Francisco to Bahía Catalina, SON. IS: Isla San 

Esteban and Isla Turner, ISG; Isla San Ildefonso, BCS.

Type Locality. Endo-epiphytic in fronds of Grateloupia prolongata J. Agardh; Isla San Esteban, Sonora, Islas 

Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico.

Callithamnion Lyngbye, 1819:xxxi, 123

Callithamnion bisporum var. australe E. Y. Dawson, 1962a:26

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, to Puerto Escondido, BCS.

Type Locality. Dredged 6–9 m depths; outer bay, 

Puerto Escondido, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Callithamnion catalinense E. Y. Dawson, 1962a:28

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de La Paz, BCS.

Type Locality. Dredged 15–30 m depths; on Farnsworth Bank, sea mount off west side of Santa Catalina Island, 

Los Angeles County, California Channel Islands (Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary), southern California, USA.

Callithamnion compactum E. Y. Dawson, 1962a:29

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Guaymas, SON.

Type Locality. Intertidal, on Prionitis delicatula; 

Bahía Asunción, Pacific coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico. 

Remarks. Dawson (1962a) noted the vicinity of 

Guaymas specimen was sterile and may possibly be referable to 

this species. Its presence in the Gulf needs verification.

Callithamnion marshallense E. Y. Dawson, 1957:117

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Pelícano, SON. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. 

Type Locality. At 1.6–3.0 m depths, lagoon; south 

end of Parry Island, Enewetak Atoll (Eniwetok), Republic of the 

Marshall Islands.

Callithamnion paschale Børgesen, 1924a:294

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Playa Tucson, Bahía la Choya, Puerto Peñasco, to Bahía Bacochibampo, SON. WC: Faro de San Felipe, BC, to Punta Los Frailes, 

BCS. IS: Isla San Jorge and Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON; Puerto 

Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Patos, and Isla Partida, 

ISG; Isla Carmen, Isla Monserrate, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS; 

Isla de la Piedra, SIN.

Type Locality. Hanga Piko, Rapa Nui (Easter Island), Province Isla de Pascua (Valparaiso Region), Chile. 

Callithamnion ramosissimum N. L. Gardner, 1927c:404

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Loreto to Bahía de La Paz, BCS.

Type Locality. Epiphytic on Hypnea; La Jolla, San 

Diego County, southern California, USA.
NUMBER 106 • 3 3

Callithamnion rupicola C. L. Anderson, 1894:360

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Guaymas, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Puertecitos, 

BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. 

Type Locality. On rocks; Monterey Bay, Monterey 

County, central California, USA.

Callithamniaceae subfam. Crouanioideae De Toni, 

1903:1252

Crouanioideae tribe Crouanieae F. Schmitz

et Hauptfleisch, 1897b:484, 497

Crouania J. Agardh, 1842:83

Crouania attenuata (C. Agardh) J. Agardh, 1842:83

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco to Punta Robinson, SON. WC: Bahía de La Paz 

to Cabeza Ballena, BCS.

Type Locality. “Atlantic Ocean” (Agardh, 1824). 

Lectotype Locality. Brittany, northwest France 

(Dixon, 1962).

Crouanophycus Athanasiadis, 1998:517

Crouanophycus mcnabbii (E. Y. Dawson) Athanasiadis, 

1998:517

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Caleta Santa María to Roca El Solitario, BCS.

Type Locality. On rocks; Roca El Solitario, Bahía 

Agua Verde, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Ceramiaceae Dumortier, 1822:71, 100

Ceramiaceae subfam. Ceramioideae

S. F. Gray, 1821:317

Ceramioideae tribe Antithamnieae

Hommersand, 1963:330

Antithamnion Nägeli, 1847:202

Antithamnion antillanum Børgesen, 1917:226

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Cabo Pulmo, BCS.

Type Locality. Charlotte Amalie Harbor, near 

Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands.

Antithamnion decipiens (J. Agardh) Athanasiadis,

1996a:151

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, to El Desemboque de los Seris, 

SON. WC: Caleta Santa María to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. 

Type Locality. Nice, Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur, 

SE France, western Mediterranean Sea. 

Antithamnion defectum Kylin, 1925:46

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla 

Ángel de la Guarda, ISG; Islas de Los Gemelos, BC; Canal de 

San Lorenzo, Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS.

Syntype Localities. Three locales were given by 

Kylin (1925): Friday Harbor (San Juan Island), Canoe Island, 

and Peavine Pass (channel between Orcas Island and Blakely Island), all San Juan County, Washington, USA. 

Lectotype Localities. Friday Harbor, San Juan 

Island, San Juan County, Washington, USA (Smith, 1944); and, 

Canoe Island (off SE of Shaw Island and NW end of Lopez Island), San Juan County, Washington, USA (Lindstrom and Gabrielson, 1989; Athanasiadis, 1996a). 

Antithamnion hubbsii E. Y. Dawson, 1962a:17

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de Loreto to Bahía de La Paz, BCS.

Type Locality. On Codium, dredged 70 m depth; 

Melpomene Cove, Isla Guadalupe, off Pacific coast of Baja California, Mexico.

Remarks. Antithamnion hubbsii E. Y. Dawson was 

treated as a “provisional synonym” of A. nipponicum Yamada et 

Inagaki (1935) by Cho et al. (2005:333). Further genetic analyses of type material of A. hubbsii are needed to verify its taxonomic status and the identify of Gulf of California specimens of 

“A. hubbsii.”

Antithamnion kylinii N. L. Gardner, 1927c:411

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Canal de Infiernillo, SON.

Type Locality. On “log floats”; Victoria Harbor, 

Victoria, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. 

Uncertain Record: Antithamnion plumulum (Ellis et Solander) 

Thuret ex Le Jolis, 1863:112

Remarks. Athanasiadis (1996a) noted the Isla Guadalupe specimen referred to “A. plumulum var. plumulum” by 

Dawson (1962a) was probably a species of Pterothamnion. The 

southern Gulf record of “Antithamnion plumulum” from Isla 

Santa Cruz, BCS (Dawson, 1966b), should also be reinvestigated. 

Ceramioideae tribe Ceramieae F. Schmitz

et Hauptfleisch, 1897b:501

Centroceras Kützing, 1842:731

Centroceras clavulatum (C. Agardh) Montagne, 1846:140

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Faro de 

San Felipe, BC, to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla Pelícano, SON; 

Isla Coronado, BC; Isla Partida, Isla Tortuga, Isla San Ildefonso, 

Isla Cholla, Isla Carmen, and Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS; 

Isla de la Piedra, SIN; Isla Isabel and Isla María Magdalena, NAY.

Type Locality. Callao (seaport W of Lima), Provincia Constitucional, central Peru. 
3 4 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

Remarks. “Centroceras clavulatum” is now recognized to be a complex that includes several distinct species (Won 

et al., 2009; Schneider et al., 2015); thus, Gulf of California 

specimens referred to “C. clavulatum” should be reexamined to 

verify their identification.

Centroceras gasparrinii (Meneghini) Kützing, 1849:689

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco to Nueva Guaymas, SON. WC: El Tecolote to 

Cabeza Ballena, BCS.

Type Locality. Palermo, NW coast of island of Sicily, Mediterranean Sea, southern Italy.

Ceramium Roth, 1797:146, nom. cons.

Ceramium aduncum Y. Nakamura, 1950:158

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Miramar, NAY. WC: 

Bahía de Loreto to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla San Jorge, SON; 

Isla Patos, ISG; Isla Partida and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS; Isla 

María Magdalena, NAY.

Type Locality. Gôza, southeastern Shima Peninsula, 

Mie Prefecture (formerly Shima Province), Honshū Island, Japan. 

Ceramium affine var. affine Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1930:172

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía la Choya, Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Playa Guayabitos and 

Playa Las Peñas, NAY. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles to Punta Los 

Frailes, BCS. IS: Isla Coronado, BC; Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel 

de la Guarda, ISG.

Type Locality. Epiphytic on Codium simulans; Isla 

Guadalupe, off Pacific coast of Baja California, Mexico.

Ceramium affine var. peninsularis E. Y. Dawson, 1950a:132

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Playa Hermosa, Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Punta Los Frailes to 

Bahía de San Lucas, BCS.

Type Locality. Dredged 4–6 m depths; Isla Concha, Laguna Ojo de Liebre (Scammon’s Lagoon), El Vizcaíno 

Biosphere Reserve (UNESCO World Heritage Site), Pacific coast 

of northwestern Baja California Sur, Mexico.

Ceramium camouii E. Y. Dawson, 1944:319

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Ensenada Bacochibampo, SON, to Playa Guayabitos and Playa Las 

Peñas, NAY. WC: Faro de San Felipe, BC, to Punta Arena, BCS. 

IS: Isla Turner, ISG. 

Type Locality. Intertidal rocks; Isla Turner (off 

southeast end of Isla Tiburón), Sonora, Islas Grandes (Islas de la 

Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. 

Ceramium caudatum Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:776

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta 

Gorda, SON, to Bahía Topolobampo, SIN. WC: Puertecitos, BC, 

to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla San Jorge, SON; Isla Ángel de 

la Guarda and Isla Turner, ISG; Isla Coronado, BC; Isla de La 

Piedra, SIN 

Type Locality. Floating among other algae; Eureka, near La Paz, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, 

Mexico.

Ceramium clarionense Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1930:130

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS.

Type Locality. On Codium; Isla Clarión, Islas Revillagigedo, Colima, Mexico. 

Remarks. Northern Gulf specimens identified as “C. 

clarionense” (US Alg. Coll.) were found to be C. aduncum (Bucher and Norris, 2014a). Other southern Gulf specimens identified as “C. clarionense” following Dawson (1962a) should also 

be reexamined to verify their identification.

Ceramium codicola J. Agardh, 1894:23

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de La Paz to San José del Cabo, BCS.

Type Locality. On Codium; Santa Cruz, Santa 

Cruz County, northern California, USA. 

Ceramium codii (H. Richards) Feldmann-Mazoyer, 1938:324

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de La Paz, BCS. 

Type Locality. Bermuda.

Remarks. Although Geneviève Feldmann-Mazoyer 

(Dorr and Nicolson, 2009) has sometimes published and is listed in 

the references as “G. Mazoyer,” her citation as the author of algal 

names is “Feldmann-Mazoyer” (see Brummitt and Powell, 1992). 

Ceramium comptum Børgesen, 1924b:28

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: El 

Colorado, SON.

Type Locality. Beata Island, Dominican Republic, 

Hispanola Island, Caribbean Sea. 

Remarks. Ceramium comptum was recorded in the 

northern Gulf by Serviere-Zaragoza et al. (2012).

Ceramium equisetoides E. Y. Dawson, 1944:320

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Playa Estación, Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Playa Guayabitos and 

Playa Las Peñas, NAY. WC: Bahía Concepción to Punta Arena, 

BCS. IS: Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS; Isla de La Piedra, SIN. 

Type Locality. Upper intertidal, on rock-shingle 

beach; Puerto San Carlos, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. 

Ceramium giacconei Cormaci et G. Furnari, 1991:45

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Punta Perico, BCS.

Type Locality. Lachea Island, archipelago of Cyclops, Gulf of Aci Trezza, Province of Catania, Sicily, Italy.
NUMBER 106 • 3 5

Ceramium hamatispinum E. Y. Dawson, 1950a:122

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: inner 

lagoon, Bahía San Carlos, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL.

Type Locality. Intertidal; Miramar, south of San 

Blas, Nayarit, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Ceramium horridulum P. C. Silva, 1972:204

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Guaymas, SON, to Puerto Viejo, Bahía Mazatlán, SIN. WC: 

Bahía de los Ángeles, BC, to San Juan de la Costa, BCS. IS: Roca 

Blanca and Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Estanque, and Isla Tiburón, ISG; Puerto Ballandra, Isla Carmen, 

and Canal de San Lorenzo, Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS.

Type Locality. Cast ashore; Guaymas, Sonora, 

Gulf of California, Mexico.

Ceramium howellii Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1937:88

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Punta La Gringa, BC. IS: Bahía Salinas, Isla Carmen, BCS.

Type Locality. On rocks; SE side of Isla Fernandina (Narborough Island), Galápagos Islands, Ecuador.

Ceramium interruptum Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 

1924a:775

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Playa Estación, Puerto Peñasco, to Bahía Tepoca, SON. WC: 

Bahía Agua Verde to Eureka, BCS. IS: Isla Coronado, BC. 

Type Locality. Eureka, near La Paz, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. 

Ceramium mazatlanense E. Y. Dawson, 1950a:130

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía Kino, SON, to Mazatlán, SIN.

Type Locality. Epiphytic on Codium; small reef, 

about 3.22 km N of Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Ceramium monacanthum J. Agardh, 1894:29

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Mazatlán, SIN, to Playa Guayabitos and Playa Las Peñas, NAY. 

WC: Punta Arena, BCS.

Type Locality. “Ad oras Tamaniae” (Agardh, 

1894); George Town [on east bank of mouth of Tamar River], 

NE Tasmania (Womersley, 1978). 

Ceramium obesum E. Y. Dawson, 1950a:119

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Bahía 

Agua Dulce, Isla Tiburón, ISG.

Type Locality. Intertidal rocky shore; Bahía Agua 

Dulce, Isla Tiburón, Sonora, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), 

Gulf of California, Mexico. 

Ceramium pacificum (Collins) Kylin, 1925:61

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía de La Paz, BCS.

Lectotype Locality. Monterey, Monterey 

County, central California, USA (Smith, 1944). 

Remarks. Some Gulf of California specimens referred 

to “C. pacificum” were later found to be C. horridulum (Bucher 

and Norris, 2014a). Other Gulf records referred to “C. pacificum” should also be reexamined to verify its presence in the Gulf.

Ceramium paniculatum Okamura, 1896:36

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Playa Arenosa, Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Mazatlán, SIN. WC: 

Bahía San Francisquito, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla San 

Pedro Nolasco, SON; Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS.

Type Locality. On Corallina; “Kamahara, Iwaki 

Province [now Fukushima Prefecture]” (Dawson, 1962a:62), 

northeast coast of Honshū Island, Japan.

Ceramium periconicum T. O. Cho et Riosmena-Rodríguez, 

2008:307

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa 

Estación, Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Punta Perico to Bahía de 

San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla la Ventana, BC.

Type Locality. Depth of 2–3 m; Punta Perico 

(north of Bahía de los Muertos), Baja California Sur, Gulf of 

California, Mexico.

Ceramium personatum Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1930:171

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Laguna de Agiabampo, SON/SIN. 

Type Locality. Epiphyte; Isla Guadalupe, off Pacific coast of Baja California, Mexico. 

Ceramium procumbens Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:772

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Playa Estación, Puerto Peñasco, to Bahía San Carlos, SON. WC: 

Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Isla Partida 

(Isla Cordonazo), ISG; Isla Tortuga and Isla San Ildefonso, BCS. 

Type Locality. Epiphytic on Grateloupia prolongata J. Agardh; Isla Partida [sur] (off north end of Isla Espíritu 

Santo), Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Ceramium serpens Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:775

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de La Paz to Punta Palmilla, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla 

Ángel de la Guarda, ISG.

Type Locality. Epiphytic on Laurencia; La Paz, 

Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Ceramium sinicola Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:773

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa 

Arenosa, Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía Topolobampo, SIN.

WC: Bahía de Loreto to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, 

Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Turner, Isla San Esteban, and Isla 

Partida (Isla Cordonazo), ISG; Isla Coronado, BC; Isla San Pedro 

Nolasco, SON; Isla San Ildefonso and Isla Gaviota, BCS. 
3 6 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

Type Locality. Bahía de Todos Santos, Ensenada, 

Pacific coast of Baja California, Mexico.

Remarks. The original species name “sinicola” was 

chosen by Setchell and Gardner (1924a) on the mistaken assumption that “Ensenada Bay” was in the Gulf of California 

(Dawson, 1962a). Ensenada Bay is not in the Gulf, but on the 

Pacific coast of northern Baja California.

Ceramium sinicola var. johnstonii (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) 

E. Y. Dawson, 1944:316

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía Tepoca, SON, to Bahía Topolobampo, SIN. WC: La Paz, 

BCS. IS: Isla San Esteban and Isla San Pedro Mártir, ISG. 

Type Locality. Epiphytic on other algae; Isla San 

Pedro Mártir, Baja California, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), 

Gulf of California, Mexico.

Ceramium vagans P. C. Silva, in Silva et al., 1987:56

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla 

Turner, ISG.

Type Locality. Within tufts of Ectocarpus breviarticulatus (now Asteronema breviarticulatum), near the margin of 

seaward reef opposite the Enewetak Marine Biology Laboratory, 

Parry Island, Enewetak (Eniwetok) Atoll, Ralik Archipelago, 

northwestern Republic of the Marshall Islands.

Ceramium zacae Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1937:89

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, to Segundo Cerro Prieto, Bahía 

Kino, SON. WC: Puertecitos, BC, to Punta Arena, BCS.

Type Locality. Epiphytic on Codium fragile; Bahía 

Tortuga, on southeast side of Bahía San Bartolomé, Pacific coast 

of Baja California Sur, Mexico.

Corallophila Weber-van Bosse, 1923:339

Corallophila bella (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) R. E. Norris, 

1993:395

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Guaymas, SON.

Type Locality. Cast ashore; Guaymas, Sonora, 

Gulf of California, Mexico.

Gayliella T. O. Cho, L. McIvor et S. M. Boo, 

in Cho et al., 2008:723

Gayliella fimbriata (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) T. O. Cho et S. 

M. Boo, in Cho et al., 2008:723

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, 

JAL. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. 

IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Estanque, Isla 

Tiburón, and Isla Turner, ISG; Isla San José, Isla Monserrate, Isla 

Espíritu Santo, and Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS. 

Type Locality. Floating; Eureka, near La Paz, Baja 

California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Gayliella species A of Bucher and Norris, 2014a:196

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Playa Estación, Puerto Peñasco to Ensenada de San Francisco, 

SON. WC: Bahía Agua Verde to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla 

Coronado, BC; Isla Carmen, Isla Monserrate, and Isla San Juan 

Nepomuceno, BCS.

Remarks. Specimens identified “Ceramium gracillimum var. byssoideum” by Dawson (1962a; non C. gracillimum

var. byssoideum (Harvey) Feldmann-Mazoyer, 1938) were found 

to be the same species of Gayliella species A (Bucher and Norris, 

2014a) and may be an undescribed species. 

Gayliella recticortica (E. Y. Dawson) T. O. Cho et S. M. Boo, 

in Cho et al., 2008:736

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía Bacochibampo, SON, to Mazatlán, SIN. WC: Bahía Balandra to Punta Perico, BCS. IS: Isla la Ventana, BC.

Type Locality. Epiphytic on Coeloseira pacifica

(now Gastroclonium pacificum); Bahía Bacochibampo (west of 

Guaymas), Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Gayliella taylorii (E. Y. Dawson) T. O. Cho et S. M. Boo, in 

Cho et al., 2008:727

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto 

Peñasco, SON, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Puerto Escondido to 

Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Patos, Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo), 

and Isla Rasa, ISG; Isla San Ildefonso and Isla Carmen, BCS. 

Type Locality. Cabeza Ballena, Baja California 

Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Ceramioideae tribe Delesseriopsieae

Itono et Tak. Tanaka, 1973:251

Balliella Itono et Tak. Tanaka, 1973:249

Balliella pseudocorticata (E. Y. Dawson) D. N. Young, 1981:94

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía de Loreto to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Canal de San Lorenzo, Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS.

Type Locality. Dredged 7.3–18.3 m depths; Canal 

de San Lorenzo (channel between south end of Isla Espíritu Santo 

and coastal peninsula from Punta Coyote to Punta San Lorenzo), 

near the entrance to Bahía de La Paz, Baja California Sur, Gulf of 

California, Mexico.

Ceramioideae tribe Dohrnielleae

Feldmann-Mazoyer, 1940:241

Antithamnionella Lyle, 1922:347

Antithamnionella breviramosa (E. Y. Dawson) E. M. 

Wollaston, in Womersley and Bailey, 1970:322
NUMBER 106 • 3 7

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Gorda, SON, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Faro de San 

Felipe, BC, to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla la Ventana, BC; Isla 

San Pedro Nolasco, SON; Isla Las Ánimas, ISG; Isla Cholla and 

Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS; Isla de la Piedra, SIN. 

Type Locality. Drift, epiphytic on Sargassum 

palmeri Grunow; Pebbly Beach, SE of Avalon, Santa Catalina Island, Los Angeles County, California Channel Islands (Channel 

Islands National Marine Sanctuary), southern California, USA. 

Antithamnionella cf. spirographidis (Schiffner) E. M. 

Wollaston, 1968:345

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto 

Peñasco to Canal de Infiernillo, SON. IS: Isla Salsipuedes, ISG.

Type Locality. Sacchetta, Gulf of Trieste, Adriatic 

Sea, Italy.

Antithamnionella sublittoralis (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) 

Athanasiadis, 1996a:119

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Punta Los Frailes to San José del Cabo, BCS. IS: Bahía Salinas, 

Isla Carmen, and Canal de San Lorenzo, Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. 

Type Locality. Epiphytic, dredged at 37 m depth; 

San José del Cabo, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Irtugovia Perestenko, 1996:204

Remarks. Placement of the genus Irtugovia in tribe 

Dohrnielleae is tentative and requires further study.

Irtugovia pacifica (Harvey) Perestenko, 1996:142

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía Tepoca to Guaymas, SON.

Syntype Localities. Two locales were given by 

Harvey (1862): Orcas Island, San Juan Islands, Washington, 

USA, and Esquimalt, British Columbia, Canada. 

Lectotype Locality. Orcas Island, San Juan 

Islands, San Juan County, Salish Sea, Washington, USA (Lindstrom and Gabrielson, 1989). 

Remarks. Dawson (1962a, as Antithamnion pacificum; =Antithamnionella pacifica (Harvey) Wollaston) noted 

his earlier collections (Dawson, 1944) were missing. Unless the 

misplaced Gulf specimens can be found, new collections of I. pacifica are needed to verify its presence in the Gulf of California. 

Ceramioideae tribe Pterothamnieae

Athanasiadis, 1996a:44

Pterothamnion Nägeli, in Nägeli 

et Cramer, 1855:66

Pterothamnion orbignianum (Montagne) Nägeli, 1862:376

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Puerto 

Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, and Isla San Esteban, ISG.

Type Locality. [Puerto] Callao, Constitutional 

Province of Callao, Peru.

Pterothamnion pectinatum (Kylin) Athanasiadis et Kraft, 

1994:130

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla Mejía, Roca Blanco, and Puerto 

Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Estanque, and Isla Las 

Ánimas, ISG. 

Type Locality. On piles at docks; Friday Harbor, 

San Juan Island, San Juan County, Washington, USA.

Pterothamnion plumula (J. Ellis) Nägeli in Nägeli et Cramer, 

1855:66

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla 

Santa Cruz, BCS.

Type Locality. No locale was given by Ellis (1768, 

as Conferva plumula); Brighton [east Sussex], England, UK 

(Dawson, 1962a); probably Sussex, England, UK (Maggs and 

Hommersand, 1993).

Pterothamnion tepocense (E. Y. Dawson) Athanasiadis et Kraft, 

1994:130

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía Tepoca, SON. 

Type Locality. Dredged 22 m depth on sandy bottom with abundant worm tubes; Bahía Tepoca, Sonora, Gulf of 

California, Mexico.

Ceramiaceae subfam. Spongoclonioideae

De Toni, 1903:1252

Spongoclonioideae tribe Spongoclonieae

F. Schmitz et Hauptfleisch, 1897b:484, 491

Pleonosporium Nägeli, 1862:326, 339, 

nom. cons.

Pleonosporium globuliferum Levring, 1941:647

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Punta Arena to Cabeza Ballena, BCS.

Type Locality. “Ausserhalb Sanchez, Masafuera 

[Island]” (Levring, 1960:604, 647); Quebrada Sánchez, Isla 

Alejandro Selkirk (Isla Más Afuera), Islas Juan Fernández, Valparaíso Region, Chile.

Pleonosporium mexicanum E. Y. Dawson, 1962a:41

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Miramar, NAY. WC: Bahía de Loreto 

to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla San Jorge, SON; Isla Patos and 

Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo), ISG; Isla Santa Cruz, BCS.

Type Locality. Lowermost intertidal on small reef 

(3 km north of Belmar Hotel); Playa de Olas Atlas, vicinity of 

Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Gulf of California, Mexico.
3 8 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

Pleonosporium rhizoideum E. Y. Dawson, 1962a:42

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Punta de Mita, NAY.

Type Locality. Salina Cruz, Oaxaca, Pacific Mexico.

Pleonosporium squarrulosum (Harvey) I. A. Abbott, 1972:262

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de Loreto to Bahía de La Paz, BCS.

Type Locality. “Golden Gate, California” (Harvey, 1853:233) [entrance to San Francisco Bay; probably at 

westernmost entrance Land’s End or either Fort Point or below 

the Presidio, in the vicinity of the Golden Gate Bridge]; “San 

Francisco” (Abbott and Hollenberg, 1976:618), San Francisco 

County, northern California, USA.

Pleonosporium vancouverianum (J. Agardh) J. Agardh, 

1892:37

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía Chacala to Lo de Marcos, NAY. IS: Isla Coronado and 

Islas de Los Gemelos, BC.

Type Locality. Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada.

Spyridiaceae J. Agardh, 1851:vii, 337

Spyridiaceae tribe Spyrideae F. Schmitz

et P. Hauptfleisch, 1897b:484, 499

Spyridia Harvey, 1833:259, 336

Spyridia cf. filamentosa [non S. filamentosa (Wulfen) Harvey, 

1833:337]

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: El 

Tornillal, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Faro de San 

Felipe, BC, to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla Tiburón and Isla 

Turner, ISG; Isla San José, Isla Partida, Isla Espíritu Santo, and 

Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS.

Type Locality. Spyridia filamentosa (Wulfen) Harvey: Vienna? (Maggs and Hommersand, 1993); Adriatic Sea 

(Silva et al., 1996). 

Remarks. Apparently introduced into the upper 

Gulf in the 1970s (Norris, 2014), Gulf specimens tentatively referred to as “S. cf. filamentosa” need comparisons to see if they 

can be identified with one of the lineages of Zuccarello et al. 

(2002, 2004) or of Conklin and Sherwood (2012) or if they are 

one or more different species or possibly a new species.

Ceramiales subord. Spermothamniineae Farlow, 

1881:107, 118

Wrangeliaceae J. Agardh, 1851:x, 701

Wrangeliaceae tribe Griffithsieae F. Schmitz

et Hauptfleisch, 1897b:483, 487

Anotrichium Nägeli, 1862:397

Anotrichium anthericephalum (E. Y. Dawson) Baldock, 1976:560

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco to El Desemboque de los Seris, SON.

Type Locality. Intertidal, north side of reef; on 

southwest tip of Isla Guadalupe, off Pacific coast of northern 

Baja California, Mexico.

Anotrichium furcellatum (J. Agardh) Baldock, 1976:560

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Punta Gorda to San José del Cabo, 

BCS. IS: Islas de Los Gemelos, BC.

Type Locality. Near Amalfi, Sorrentine Peninsula, 

province of Naples, Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy.

Anotrichium multiramosum (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) 

Baldock, 1976:560

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco to Ensenada San Francisco, SON. WC: Bahía de 

Los Ángeles, BC, to Bahía de San Lucas, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, 

Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG.

Type Locality. Dredged 36.6 m depth; San José del 

Cabo, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Anotrichium secundum (Harvey ex J. Agardh) G. Furnari, in 

Cormaci et al., 1994:635

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Mazatlán, SIN. WC: Santa Teresa, 

BC, to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la 

Guarda, Isla Estanque, and Isla Tiburón, ISG; Isla Coronado, 

BC; Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON; Isla Tortuga, I. San Ildefonso, 

Isla Cholla, Isla Carmen, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS.

Type Locality. “Ad oras Capenses” (Agardh, 

1851:85); Muizenberg, False Bay, Cape Province, South Africa 

(Silva et al., 1996).

Griffithsia C. Agardh, 1817:xxviii, nom. cons.

Griffithsia pacifica Kylin, 1925:58

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto 

Peñasco, SON, to Bahía Topolobampo, SIN. WC: San Felipe to 

Santa Teresa, BC. IS: Isla Pelícano, SON; Isla Tiburón, ISG.

Type Locality. Dredged; off Turn Island, east of Friday Harbor, San Juan Island, San Juan County, Washington, USA.

Wrangeliaceae tribe Lejolisieae Feldmann-Mazoyer, 

1940:240, 371

Lejolisia Bornet, 1859:91

Lejolisia colombiana W. R. Taylor, 1945:265

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Cabo Pulmo to Cabeza Ballena, BCS.
NUMBER 106 • 3 9

Type Locality. Isla Gorgona (Parque Nacional 

Natural Isla Gorgona), off the Pacific coast of Departamento de 

Valle del Cauca, Colombia.

Lejolisia hoshawii E. Y. Dawson, 1966b:64

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Bahía de Loreto, BCS.

Type Locality. On Sargassum in drift; Playa Hermosa, Puerto Peñasco, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Wrangeliaceae tribe Spermothamnieae

F. Schmitz et Hauptfleisch, 1897b:483, 485

Spermothamnion Areschoug, 1847:334

Spermothamnion sp. of Ortega et al., 1987:[90]

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Laguna de Agiabampo, SON/SIN.

Remarks. Specimen of “Spermothamnion sp.” from 

Ortega et al. (1987:[90], table 3) needs reexamination to determine its identification; it may be a species of Spermothamnion or 

possibly of Tiffaniella.

Tiffaniella Doty et Meñez, 1960:135

Tiffaniella phycophila (W. R. Taylor) E. M. Gordon, 1972:125

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de Loreto to Bahía de La Paz, BCS.

Type Locality. Black Beach, Isla Floreana (Charles 

Island; Isla Santa María), Galápagos Islands, Ecuador.

Tiffaniella saccorhiza (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) Doty et 

Meñez, 1960:138

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Playa Arenosa, Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Punta de Mita, NAY. 

WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, to Bahía Concepción, BCS.

Type Locality. On Codium sp.; Isla Guadalupe, off 

Pacific coast of northern Baja California, Mexico.

Tiffaniella snyderae (Farlow) I. A. Abbott, 1971:352

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco to Ensenada de San Francisco, SON. IS: Isla San 

Jorge, SON; Isla Patos, ISG.

Syntype Localities. Santa Cruz, Santa Barbara, 

and San Diego, California (Farlow, 1899).

Lectotype Locality. Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz 

County, northern California, USA (Smith, 1944).

Dasyaceae Kützing, 1843:413

Dasyaceae subfam. Dasyoideae De Toni, 1903:776

Dasya C. Agardh, 1824:xxxiv, 211, nom. cons.

Dasya pedicellata subsp. stanfordiana (Farlow) J. N. Norris et 

Bucher, in Bucher and Norris, 2014a:204

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Playa Hermosa, Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía Topolobampo, 

SIN. WC: Punta La Gringa, BC, to Caleta Santa María, BCS. IS: 

Isla Mejía, Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Patos, 

Bahía Agua Dulce, Isla Tiburón, and Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo), ISG; Canal de Infiernillo, SON; Isla Carmen and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS; Isla María Magdalena, NAY. 

Syntype Localities. Isla Wolf (Isla Wainman; 

Wenman Island) and Punta Tortuga, Isla Isabela (Albemarle Island), both Galápagos Islands, Ecuador.

Dasya pedicellata subsp. stanfordiana var. nudicaulis (E. Y. 

Dawson) J. N. Norris et Bucher, in Bucher and Norris, 

2014a:206

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, to Puerto Escondido, BCS. IS: Roca 

Blanca and Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG. 

Type Locality. “Taken by shrimp trawler from the 

south arm” of Bahía de Los Ángeles, Baja California, Gulf of 

California, Mexico (Dawson, 1963b:407).

Dasya sinicola var. sinicola (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) 

E. Y. Dawson, 1959a:32

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Gorda, SON, to Mazatlán, SIN. WC: Playa El Coloradito, 

BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Partida, Isla San Esteban, and Isla Las Ánimas, ISG; Isla San Pedro 

Nolasco, SON; Isla San Ildefonso, Isla Monserrate, and Isla San 

Juan Nepomuceno, BCS.

Type Locality. La Paz, Baja California Sur, Gulf of 

California, Mexico.

Dasya sinicola var. abyssicola (E. Y. Dawson) E. Y. Dawson, 

1963b:410

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Punta Los Frailes, BCS.

Type Locality. Dredged 41 m depth; Northwest 

Anchorage, San Clemente Island, Los Angeles County, California Channel Islands (Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary), southern California, USA.

Dasya sinicola var. californica (N. L. Gardner) E. Y. Dawson, 

1963b:409

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa 

Hermosa, Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Bahía Concepción, BCS.

Type Locality. La Jolla, San Diego County, southern California, USA. 

Dasya spinigera E. Y. Dawson, 1963b:410

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía Tepoca, SON. WC: Bahía de San Lucas, BCS.

Type Locality. Dredged on sand bottom, 20 m 

depth, Bahía de San Lucas, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico.
4 0 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

Dasyaceae subfam. Heterosiphonioideae H.-­G. Choi, 

Kraft, I. K. Lee et G. W. Saunders, 2002:564

Heterosiphonia Montagne, 1842c:4

Heterosiphonia crispella var. laxa (Børgesen) M. J. Wynne, 

1985b:87

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto 

Peñasco, SON, to Playa Los Cerritos, SIN. WC: Punta Arena to 

Bahía de San Lucas, BCS. IS: Caleta Partida, in channel (canal) between S end of Isla Partida and NW end of Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. 

Type Locality. St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Caribbean Sea. 

Heterosiphonia erecta N. L. Gardner, 1927d:99

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Coronado and Islas de Los Gemelos, BC. 

Type Locality. Epiphytic on the seagrass Phyllospadix; La Jolla, San Diego County, southern California, USA.

Delesseriaceae Bory de Saint-­Vincent, 

1828:181

Delesseriaceae subfam. Delesserioideae

Stizenberger, 1860:40

Delesserioideae tribe Apoglosseae S.-M. Lin, 

Fredericq et Hommersand, 2012:379

Apoglossum J. Agardh, 1898:190

Apoglossum gregarium (E. Y. Dawson) M. J. Wynne, 1985a:169

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla 

Patos and Isla Las Ánimas, ISG.

Type Locality. Isla Las Ánimas (Isla San Lorenzo 

del Norte), Islas de San Lorenzo, Baja California, Islas Grandes 

(Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico.

Delesserioideae tribe Caloglosseae

M. J. Wynne, 2001:411

Caloglossa (Harvey) G. Martens, 

1869:234, 237

Caloglossa apomeiotica J. A. West et Zuccarello, in West et al., 

1994:383

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Teacapán, SIN, to San Blas, NAY. WC: Bahía Balandra, Estero 

Zacatecas, and Ensenada de La Paz, Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: 

Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. 

Type Locality. On prop roots of the red mangrove, 

Rhizophora mangle; Puerto San Carlos, within Bahía Magdalena, Pacific coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico. 

Caloglossa leprieurii? (Montagne) G. Martens, 1869:234

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Laguna de Agiabampo, SON/SIN.

Type Locality. Sinnamary, northwest of Cayenne, 

Préfecture de la Région Guyane, French Guiana.

Remarks. The identification of northern Gulf specimens with the western Atlantic C. leprieurii was queried by Norris and Krayesky (2014).

Taenioma J. Agardh, 1863:1256

Taenioma perpusillum (J. Agardh) J. Agardh, 1863:1257

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía Tepoca, SON, to Punta de Mita, NAY. WC: Bahía San Luis 

Gonzága, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Estanque and Isla 

Tiburón, ISG; Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS.

Type Locality. San Agustín, “presumably along 

coast of Oaxaca in Isthmus of Tehuantepec region” (Dawson, 

1962a:83), Oaxaca, Mexico.

Delesserioideae tribe Grinnellieae

M. J. Wynne, 2011:409

Grinnellia Harvey, 1853:91

Grinnellia lanceolata E. Y. Dawson, 1944:322

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, to Punta Gorda, BCS. IS: Isla Salsipuedes, ISG.

Type Locality. Dredged 34–50 m depths; off Punta 

Gorda, NE end of Bahía San José del Cabo, Baja California Sur, 

Gulf of California, Mexico.

Delesserioideae tribe Hypoglosseae

M. J. Wynne, 2001:408

Branchioglossum Kylin, 1924:8

Branchioglossum bipinnatifidum (Montagne) M. J. Wynne, 

1983:442

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, to Ensenada de San Francisco, 

SON. IS: Isla Estanque, Isla Patos, Isla Tiburón, and Isla San 

Esteban, ISG; Islas de Los Gemelos, BC; Isla San Ildefonso, 

BCS.

Type Locality. Valparaíso, Valparaíso Province, 

central Chile.

Branchioglossum undulatum E. Y. Dawson, 1949b:17

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Playa Hermosa, Puerto Peñasco, to Punta Cirio, SON. IS: Isla 

San Ildefonso, BCS.

Type Locality. On a floating Macrocystis holdfast; San Miguel Passage, off northwest end of Santa Rosa 
NUMBER 106 • 4 1

Island, Santa Barbara County, California Channel Islands 

(Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary), southern California, USA.

Hypoglossum Kützing, 1843:444

Hypoglossum attenuatum N. L. Gardner, 1927d:104 var. 

attenuatum

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, to Guaymas, SON. WC: Bahía 

San Luis Gonzága, BC, to Arrecife de Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: 

Rocas Consag and Isla La Ventana, BC; Puerto Refugio, Isla 

Ángel de la Guarda, ISG.

Type Locality. Epiphytic on Sargassum; Puerto 

Libertad, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Hypoglossum attenuatum var. abyssicolum (W. R. Taylor) 

E. Y. Dawson, 1962a:77

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Piaxtla, SIN, to Playa Guayabitos and Playa Las Peñas, 

NAY. WC: Bahía San Francisquito, BC, to Bahía de San Lucas, 

BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Tiburón, 

and Isla San Esteban, ISG; Bahía Salinas, Isla Carmen, and Canal 

de San Lorenzo, Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS; Isla Isabel and Isla 

María Magdalena, NAY. 

Type Locality. Dredged 56 m depth; off Bahía 

Correo Postal (Post Office Bay), Isla Floreana (Charles Island; 

Isla Santa María), Galápagos Islands, Ecuador.

Delesseriaceae subfam. Nitophylloideae

Stizenberger, 1860:40

Nitophylloideae tribe Valeriemayaeae

M. J. Wynne et A. J. K. Millar, 

in Wynne, 2001:414

Polyneurella E. Y. Dawson, 1944:322

Polyneurella hancockii var. hancockii E. Y. Dawson, 

1944:323

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Arrecife de Cabo Pulmo to Punta Los Frailes, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla San Lorenzo, and Canal de 

Infiernillo (midway in channel between east coast of Isla Tiburón 

and Campo Víboras on Sonora coast), ISG. 

Type Locality. Dredged 22–44 m depths; Puerto 

Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Baja California, Islas Grandes 

(Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico.

Polyneurella hancockii var. rhizoidea E. Y. Dawson, 1962a:86

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de San Lucas, BCS.

Type Locality. Dredged ~36.6 m depth; Bahía de 

San Lucas, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Delesseriaceae subfam. Phycodryoideae S.-M. Lin, 

Fredericq et Hommersand, 2001:896

Phycodryoideae tribe Myriogrammeae Hommersand

et Fredericq, 1997a:119

Myriogramme Kylin, 1924:55

Myriogramme auricularis E. Y. Dawson, 1966b:66

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla 

Rasa and Isla San Lorenzo, ISG. 

Type Locality. Isla San Lorenzo (Isla San Lorenzo 

del Sur), Islas de San Lorenzo, Baja California, Islas Grandes 

(Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico.

Myriogramme caespitosa E. Y. Dawson, 1949b:19

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Puertecitos, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, 

BCS. IS: Isla Coronado, BC; Isla Estanque, Isla Patos, Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo), and Isla San Lorenzo, ISG.

Type Locality. On floating holdfast of Macrocystis; San Miguel Passage, off Santa Rosa Island, Santa Barbara 

County, California Channel Islands (Channel Islands National 

Marine Sanctuary), southern California, USA.

Myriogramme divaricata E. Y. Dawson, 1944:323

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON. IS: Roca Consag, Isla Coronado, and Isla 

la Ventana, BC; Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, and Isla 

Estanque, ISG.

Type Locality. Dredged 22–44 m depths; Puerto 

Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Baja California, Islas Grandes 

(Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico.

Phycodryoideae tribe Phycodryeae

M. J. Wynne, 2001:413

Erythroglossum J. Agardh, 1898:176

Erythroglossum californicum (J. Agardh) J. Agardh, 1898:176

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: El 

Desemboque de los Seris, SON. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de 

la Guarda, Isla Estanque, and Isla San Esteban, ISG.

Type Locality. Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara 

County, southern California, USA.

Phycodrys Kützing, 1843:444

Phycodrys amplissima E. Y. Dawson, 1962a:91

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco to El Desemboque de los Seris, SON. IS: Isla San 

Esteban, ISG.

Type Locality. Depth of 10–36 m; off Isla San Esteban, Sonora, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico.
4 2 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

Phycodrys lucasana E. Y. Dawson, 1962a:88

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla Salsipuedes, ISG.

Type Locality. Dredged 36 m depth; Bahía de San 

Lucas, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Phycodrys simplex E. Y. Dawson, 1962a:90

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Canal 

Mejía (between Isla Mejía and Isla División) and Puerto Refugio, 

Isla Ángel de la Guarda, and Isla San Lorenzo, ISG.

Type Locality. Dredged 22–44 m depths; Puerto 

Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Baja California, Islas Grandes 

(Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico.

Sorella Hollenberg, 1943:577

Sorella delicatula (N. L. Gardner) Hollenberg, 1943:577

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla 

Coronado and Islas de Los Gemelos, BC.

Type Locality. Cast ashore; San Pedro, Los Angeles County, southern California, USA. 

Sorella pinnata Hollenberg, 1943:578

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Libertad to El Desemboque de los Seris, SON. IS: Isla San 

Jorge, SON; Rocas Consag and Islas de Los Gemelos, BC; Puerto 

Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG. 

Type Locality. Intertidal rocks; Laguna Beach, Orange County, southern California, USA.

Phycodryoideae tribe Schizoserideae Hommersand

et Fredericq, 1997b:488

Schizoseris Kylin, 1924:67

Schizoseris pygmaea E. Y. Dawson, 1950c:157

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Playa Tucson, Bahía de la Choya, to Playa Estación, Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Puertecitos, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. 

IS: Isla San Jorge and Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON; Isla Patos 

and Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo), ISG; Isla la Ventana, BC; Isla 

Cholla, BCS.

Type Locality. Intertidal rocks; Isla Partida [norte] 

(Isla Cordonazo), Baja California, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico.

Sarcomeniaceae Womersley, 2003:148

Platysiphonia Børgesen, 1931:28

Platysiphonia decumbens M. J. Wynne, 1969:190

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Puerto 

Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, and Isla Las Ánimas, ISG.

Type Locality. West Beach, Whidbey (Whidby) Island, Island County, Puget Sound, Washington, USA.

Rhodomelaceae Areschoug, 1847:260

Rhodomelaceae tribe Alsidieae Ardissone, 1883:352

Bryothamnion Kützing, 1843:433

Remarks. Bryothamnion has been treated as member of this tribe or as being of uncertain tribe classification. Its 

placement into a tribe needs further elucidation. 

Bryothamnion pacificum W. R. Taylor, 1945:296

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta de Mita, NAY. IS: Isla María Magdalena, NAY. 

Type Locality. Dredged 5.5–9.0 m depth; near Isla 

María Magdalena, Islas Marías, Nayarit, Mexico.

Digenea C. Agardh, 1822:388

Digenea simplex (Wulfen) C. Agardh, 1822:389

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco to Guaymas, SON. WC: Punta Aguja, Bahía 

Concepción to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel 

de la Guarda and Isla Turner, ISG; Isla Tortuga, Isla Monserrate, 

and Bahía San Gabriel, Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS.

Type Locality. Trieste, Gulf of Trieste (in northern 

Adriatic Sea, near border with Slovenia), northeast Italy.

Rhodomelaceae tribe Bostrychieae Falkenberg, 

1901:504, 732, 747

Bostrychia Montagne, 1842a:39

Bostrychia moritziana (Sonder ex Kützing) J. Agardh, 

1863:862

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Miramar, NAY, to Barra de Navidad, JAL. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS.

Syntype Localities. Antilles, West Indies [archipelago in Caribbean Sea composed of the islands of the Greater Antilles and the Lesser Antilles], and French Guiana (Silva et al., 1996); 

Venezuela, St. Lucia, and French Guiana (Womersley, 2003). 

Lectotype Locality. Cumaná, mouth of Rio 

Manzanares, Sucre State, Venezuela (Womersley, 2003).

Bostrychia radicans (Montagne) Montagne, 1842b:661

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Río 

Mayo on N side of Yavaros (22 km SE of Municipio de Huatabampo), SON; Bahía de Banderas, NAY/JAL. WC: Bahía de La 

Paz, BCS.

Type Locality. Probably an estuary of the Cayenne 

River; near Cayenne, French Guiana.
NUMBER 106 • 4 3

Rhodomelaceae tribe Lophothalieae F. Schmitz

et Falkenberg, 1897:421, 427, 445

Veleroa E. Y. Dawson, 1944:335

Veleroa subulata E. Y. Dawson, 1944:335

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía Tepoca, SON. WC: Playa El Coloradito, BC; Punta Los 

Frailes to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. 

Type Locality. Epizoic on a small hydroid, 

dredged 22 m depth; Bahía Tepoca, Sonora, Gulf of California, 

Mexico.

Murrayellopsis E. Post, 1962:[3]

Remarks. The taxonomic status of the genus Murrayellopsis is problematic. Stewart (1989, 1991) considered it 

cogeneric with Veleroa, whereas others continued to recognize 

the two as distinct genera (e.g., Millar, 2000). Its taxonomic status and relationship to Veleroa requires further investigation.

Murrayellopsis dawsonii E. Post, 1962: [3]

Type Locality. Among turf algae in garibaldi 

fish (Hypsypops rubicundus) nests, 6–12 m depths; New 

Hope Rock, off Point Loma, San Diego County, southern 

California, USA.

Remarks. Murrayellopsis dawsonii has been reported by Hernández-Herrera et al. (2005) on intertidal rocky 

platforms of La Mora and El Tamarindo, vicinity of Bahía Tenacatita, southern Jalisco. Gulf of California specimens referred 

to Murrayellopsis and Veleroa need further study to verify their 

identities and their relationship.

Rhodomelaceae tribe Lophosiphonieae

Kylin ex Athanasiadis, 2016b:1238

≡Lophosiphonia gruppe Kylin, 1956:498, 538, 586, 591

Lophosiphonia Falkenberg, in Schmitz 

et Falkenberg, 1897:459

Lophosiphonia? mexicana E. Y. Dawson, 1944:333

 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla 

Estanque, ISG.

 Type Locality. Isla Estanque (Pond Island), off 

southeastern end of Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Baja California, 

Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico.

Remarks. Norris (2014) tentatively transferred this 

species to Neosiphonia as N. mexicana (E. Y. Dawson) Norris. 

Díaz-Tapia et al. (2017) indicated in their study of the type of 

Lophosiphonia mexicana that it was probably not a member of the 

Polysiphonieae. They also proposed leaving the species in Lophosiphonia until further studies can clarify its generic placement.

Rhodomelaceae tribe Streblocladieae Díaz-Tapia

et Maggs, in Díaz-Tapia et al., 2017a:141

Melanothamnus Bornet et Falkenberg, 

in Falkenberg, 1901:684, 688

Remarks. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis and 

morphological features, Díaz-Tapia et al. (2017) treated the 

genus Neosiphonia M.-S. Kim et I. K. Lee (1999) as a synonym 

of Melanothamnus Bornet et Falkenberg.

Melanothamnus bajacali (Hollenberg) Díaz-Tapia et Maggs, in 

Díaz-Tapia et al., 2017:6

Neosiphonia bajacali (Hollenberg) Mamoozadeh et Freshwater, 

2011:274

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Laguna de Agiabampo, SON/SIN.

Type Locality. Outer reef tide pools; south tip of 

Isla Guadalupe, off Pacific coast of northern Baja California, 

Mexico. 

Melanothamnus cheloniae (Hollenberg et J. N. Norris) DíazTapia et Maggs, in Díaz-Tapia et al., 2017:6

Neosiphonia cheloniae (Hollenberg et J. N. Norris) J. N. Norris, 

2014:263

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Canal de Infiernillo (between coast of Sonora and E coast of Isla 

Tiburón), SON.

Type Locality. Epizoic on a black sea turtle, 

Chelonia mydas agassizii; in Canal de Infiernillo (between 

Campo Víboras and Campo Oona on Sonora coast and opposite east coast of Isla Tiburón), Sonora, Gulf of California, 

Mexico.

Melanothamnus concinnus (Hollenberg) Díaz-Tapia et Maggs, 

in Díaz-Tapia et al., 2017:6 

Neosiphonia concinna (Hollenberg) J. N. Norris, 2014:270

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Playa Tucson, Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Mazatlán, SIN. WC: 

Puerto Calamajué, BC, to Bahía Agua Verde, BCS. IS: Isla San 

Jorge, SON; Islas de los Gemelos, BC; Roca Blanca and Puerto 

Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Estanque, and Isla San 

Esteban, ISG; Isla Tortuga, BCS; Isla de Venados, SIN.

Type Locality. Epiphytic on other algae; near 

Scripps Institution of Oceanography (University California, San 

Diego), La Jolla, San Diego County, southern California, USA. 

Melanothamnus eastwoodiae (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) DíazTapia et Maggs, in Díaz-Tapia et al., 2017:6

Neosiphonia eastwoodiae (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) S.-D. 

Xiang, 2004:94.

Neosiphonia eastwoodiae (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) J. N. Norris, 2014:264, nom. inval.
4 4 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: El 

Tornillal, SON, to Bahía Chacala, NAY. WC: Bahía San Francisquito, BC, to Bahía de San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla Alcatráz, SON; 

Bahía Agua Dulce, Isla Tiburón, ISG; Isla la Ventana, BC; Isla 

Monserrate, Isla San Francisco, Isla Cholla, Bahía Salinas and 

Puerto Ballandra, Isla Carmen, and Bahía San Gabriel, Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. 

Type Locality. On rocks; South Anchorage, Isla 

Guadalupe, off Pacific coast of Baja California, Mexico.

Melanothamnus johnstonii (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) DíazTapia et Maggs, in Díaz-Tapia et al., 2017:8

Neosiphonia johnstonii (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) J. N. Norris, 

2014:271

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, to Punta Prieta, Bahía Topolobampo, SIN. WC: Punta la Gringa, Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, to 

Punta Los Frailes, BCS. IS: Roca Blanca and Puerto Refugio, Isla 

Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Estanque, Bahía Agua Dulce, Isla Tiburón, Isla San Esteban, and Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo), ISG; 

Isla Carmen, Isla San Ildefonso, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS.

Type Locality. On Gracilaria sp.; Isla San Esteban, 

Sonora, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, 

Mexico. 

Melanothamus masonii (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) Díaz-Tapia 

et Maggs, in Díaz-Tapia et al., 2017:10

Neosiphonia masonii (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) J. N. Norris, 

2014:267

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Playa Estación, Puerto Peñasco, SON.

Type Locality. Epiphytic on the seagrass Zostera; 

Isla Guadalupe, off Pacific coast of northern Baja California, 

Mexico. 

Melanothamnus savatieri (Hariot) Díaz-Tapia et Maggs, in 

Díaz-Tapia et al., 2017:10

Neosiphonia savatieri (Hariot) M.-S. Kim et I. K. Lee, 1999:279

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, to Nueva Guaymas, Bahía San 

Carlos, SON. WC: Puertecitos to Bahía de Las Ánimas, BC. IS: 

Rocas Consag and Isla la Ventana, BC.

Type Locality. Epiphytic on larger algae; Yokosuka, 

on Tokyo Bay, Kanagawa Prefecture, Honshū Island, Japan. 

Melanothamnus simplex (Hollenberg) Díaz-Tapia et Maggs, in 

Díaz-Tapia et al., 2017:9

Neosiphonia simplex (Hollenberg) Y.-P. Lee, 2008:316

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía la Choya, Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Lo de Marcos y Playa 

San Francisco, NAY. WC: Bahía San Luis Gonzaga, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla San Jorge, SON; Isla Estanque, Isla 

Turner, and Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo), ISG; Isla San Ildefonso 

and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS; Isla de Venados, SIN. 

Type Locality. On intertidal rocks; Laguna Beach, 

Orange County, southern California, USA. 

Remarks. McIvor et al. (2001) found that “Neosiphonia simplex” in San Diego, California, had been incorrectly 

identified and was actually an introduced species, N. harveyi (J. 

W. Bailey) M.-S. Kim, H.-G. Choi, Guiry et G. W. Saunders, in 

Choi et al. (2001), which is now Melanothamnus harveyi (Bailey) Díaz-Tapia et Maggs, in Díaz-Tapia et al. (2017). Gulf of 

California specimens identified as “N. simplex” should be reexamined and morphologically and molecularly compared to type 

locality M. simplex and M. harveyi to determine if one or both 

are in the Gulf (Norris, 2014).

Melanothamnus sphaerocarpus (Børgesen) Díaz-Tapia et 

Maggs, in Díaz-Tapia et al., 2017:9

Neosiphonia sphaerocarpa (Børgesen) M.-S. Kim et I. K. Lee, 

1999:280

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: La 

Cruz de Huanacaxtle, NAY, to Careyes, JAL. 

Type Locality. Magens Bay (Store Nordsidebugt), 

St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands.

Rhodomelaceae tribe Polysiphonieae

Ardissone, 1883:357

Polysiphonia Greville, 1823: pl. 90

Polysiphonia beaudettei Hollenberg, 1961:348

Neosiphonia beaudettei (Hollenberg) M.-S. Kim et I. A. Abbott, 

2006:33

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de La Paz, BCS.

Type Locality. On sand bottom, 4–6 m depth; 

Isla Ixtapa (Isla Grande), northwest of Zihuatanejo, Guerrero, 

Mexico.

Remarks. Described from Pacific Mexico it has been 

recorded in the Gulf of California as N. beaudettei. Díaz-Tapia 

et al. (2017) recommend referral of the species to P. beaudettei

until its phylogenetic affinities and generic assignment can be 

elucidated. 

Polysiphonia bifurcata Hollenberg, in Taylor, 1945:301

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de La Paz, BCS.

Type Locality. Dredged 92 m depth off sandy bottom; Bahía Gardner, Isla Española, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador.

Polysiphonia confusa Hollenberg, 1961:350

Neosiphonia confusa (Hollenberg) J. N. Norris, 2014:271

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía la Choya, Puerto Peñasco, to El Desemboque de los Seris, 

SON.

Type Locality. Mid-intertidal rocks; Corona del 

Mar, Orange County, southern California, USA. 
NUMBER 106 • 4 5

Polysiphonia decussata Hollenberg, 1942:780

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de La Paz, BCS.

Type Locality. On intertidal boulders; near mouth 

of Topanga Canyon (northwest of Santa Monica and east of 

Malibu), Los Angeles County, southern California, USA. 

Polysiphonia flaccidissima Hollenberg, 1942:783 

Neosiphonia flaccidissima (Hollenberg) M.-S. Kim et I. K. Lee, 

1999:279

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Gorda to Bahía Bacochibampo, SON; Playa Guayabitos and Playa Las Peñas, NAY. WC: Santa Rosalía to Puerto 

Escondido, BCS. IS: Canal de San Lorenzo, Isla Espíritu 

Santo, BCS.

Type Locality. On a coralline alga; rocky point, 

Laguna Beach, Orange County, California, USA.

Remarks. Although treated as conspecific with Neosiphonia sertularioides (Grateloup) M.-S. Kim et I. K. Lee by Mamoozadeh and Freshwater (2012) and Nam and Kang (2012), 

the phylogenetic relationship of the eastern Pacific P. flaccidissima and the European P. sertularioides (Grateloup) J. Agardh 

(1863) needs further study.

Polysiphonia hendryi N. L. Gardner, 1927d:101

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de La Paz, BCS.

Type Locality. Cast ashore; Santo Domingo 

(about 30°40′N), Pacific coast of northern Baja California, 

Mexico.

Polysiphonia hollenbergii J. N. Norris, 2014:275

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla la 

Ventana, BC.

Type Locality. Isla la Ventana, Bahía de Los Ángeles, Baja California, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Polysiphonia homoia Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1930:162

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de La Paz, BCS.

Type Locality. Epiphytic on Codium; Isla Guadalupe, off Pacific coast of northern Baja California, Mexico.

Polysiphonia nathanielii Hollenberg, 1958:63

Type Locality. On rocks, low tide level; 3 miles 

(4.8 km) north of Santa Monica, Los Angeles County, southern California, USA (Hollenberg, 1958:63; see also Hollenberg, 

1944:479, as Polysiphonia dictyurus; non P. dictyurus J. Agardh, 

1847). 

Remarks. Polysiphonia nathanielii is reported from 

Tenacatita (Sentíes, 1995), which is about 128 km (80 miles) 

south of Cabo Corrientes, the southeastern entrance to the Gulf 

of California. It is listed here to call attention to its possible presence in the Gulf.

Polysiphonia pacifica Hollenberg, 1942:777

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Chueca to Estero Santa Rosa, SON; Mazatlán, SIN. WC: 

Estero Zacatecas (Ensenada de La Paz) to Bahía de La Paz and 

Cabo Pulmo to Los Frailes, BCS.

Type Locality. Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz County, 

central California, USA.

Polysiphonia pacifica var. delicatula Hollenberg, 1942:778

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Playa Estación, Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Lo de Marcos y Playa 

San Francisco, NAY. WC: San Felipe, BC, to Bahía de San Lucas, 

BCS. IS: Isla Cholla, BCS. 

Type Locality. Low-tide level on wharf pilings; 

Monterey Municipal Wharf, Monterey, Monterey County, central California, USA. 

Polysiphonia pacifica var. gracilis Hollenberg, 1942:778

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de La Paz, BCS.

Type Locality. Dredged; Orcas Island, San Juan 

Islands, San Juan County, northwest Washington, USA.

Polysiphonia paniculata Montagne, 1842:254

Neosiphonia paniculata (Montagne) J. N. Norris, 2014:273

Gulf of California Distribution. EC:

Punta Gorda to Guaymas, SON. WC: San Felipe, BC. IS: Isla 

Alcatráz, SON; Canal de Infiernillo (between Campo Víboras 

and Campo Oona on Sonora coast and E coast of Isla Tiburón) 

and Bahía Agua Dulce, Isla Tiburón, ISG.

Type Locality. Intertidal, on Ulva nematoidea; Peru. 

Polysiphonia scopulorum var. villum (J. Agardh) Hollenberg, 

1968:81

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Playa Estación, Puerto Peñasco, SON. EC: Punta Arena to Cabo 

Pulmo, BCS. IS: Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo), Isla Turner, and Isla Estanque, ISG.

Type Locality. “Ad littus americae tropicae” 

(Agardh, 1863:941); “probably on the central coast of [Pacific] 

México” (Dawson, 1944:333).

Polysiphonia sonorensis Hollenberg, 1942:779

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía Empalme to Guaymas, SON.

Type Locality. Afloat along southeastern shore of 

bay; Bahía Empalme, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. 

Polysiphonia sp. of Hollenberg and Norris, 1977:16

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía San Francisquito, BC.

Remarks. The characteristics of Polysiphonia sp. 

(see: Norris, 2014:275−276) suggest it may be a new species and 

probably belongs in another genus, possibly Melanothamnus.
4 6 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

Polysiphonia subtilissima Montagne, 1840:199

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, SON.

Type Locality. Cayenne, Arrondissement of Cayenne, French Guiana (Guyane).

Uncertain Record: Polysiphonia scopulorum Harvey, 1855a:540

Remarks. Recorded in the southern Gulf from 

Mazatlán with a taxonomic query (Mendoza-González et al., 

1994), its taxonomic identification should be reinvestigated.

Rhodomelaceae tribe Pterosiphonieae

Falkenberg, 1901:261, 723, 752

Amplisiphonia Hollenberg, 1939:380

Remarks. Amplisiphonia had been placed in the “Placophora Group” sensu Kylin (1956:497, 528) (e.g., Womersley, 

2003; Norris, 2014), but the genus was recently supported as a 

member of tribe Pterosiphonieae (Savoie and Saunders, 2016). 

Amplisiphonia? pacifica Hollenberg, 1939:382

Gulf of California Distribution. WC:

Puerto Calamajué, BC.

Type Locality. On lower intertidal rocky shore; 

Corona Del Mar, Orange County, southern California, USA.

Remarks. The generic placement of the Gulf specimens 

has been queried by Norris (2014, as Amplisiphonia? pacifica).

Pterosiphonia Falkenberg, in F. Schmitz 

and Falkenberg, 1897:443

Pterosiphonia californica Kylin, 1941:39

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco to Guaymas, SON. WC: Cabeza Ballena to Cabo 

San Lucas, BCS.

Type Locality. La Jolla, San Diego County, southern California, USA.

Pterosiphoniella E. Y. Dawson, 1963b:422

Pterosiphoniella williamsii E. Y. Dawson, 1963b:423

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Cabeza Ballena, BCS.

Type Locality. On fine sand and rock bottom, 

dredged 6 m depth; Isla Concha, Laguna Ojo de Liebre (Scammon’s Lagoon), El Vizcaíno Biosphere Reserve (UNESCO World 

Heritage Site), Pacific coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico.

Symphyocladia Falkenberg, in Schmitz 

and Falkenberg, 1897:443

Symphyocladia dendroidea (Montagne) Savoie et G. W. 

Saunders, 2016:929

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Gorda to Guaymas, SON. WC: San José del Cabo, 

BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, and Isla 

Tiburón, ISG.

Type Locality. Callao (city), Bahía Callao, Provincia Callao, Peru.

Remarks. Previously reported in the Gulf of California as Pterosiphonia dendroidea (Montagne) Falkenberg (1901), 

the species was recently shown to belong in the genus Symphyocladia (Savoie and Saunders, 2016). 

Tayloriella Kylin, 1938:18

Tayloriella dictyurus (J. Agardh) Kylin, 1956:505

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Segundo Cerro Prieto (N of Kino Nuevo), Bahía Kino, SON; 

Lo de Marcos y Playa San Francisco, NAY. WC: La Paz, 

BCS.

Type Locality. “Pochetti” (Agardh, 1847:16); 

“presumably in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca” (Dawson, 

1963b:417); probably near Pochutla, Oaxaca, Mexico.

Remarks. Gulf of California specimens referred to 

T. dictyurus need to be genetically compared to the Pacific Mexico type with the South Africa generitype, Tayloriella tenebrosa 

(Harvey) Kylin (see Savoie and Saunders, 2016). 

Rhodomelaceae tribe Herposiphonieae F. Schmitz

et Falkenberg, 1897:421, 428, 457

Herposiphonia Nägeli, 1846:238

Herposiphonia hollenbergii E. Y. Dawson, 1963b:430

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía Concepción to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. 

Type Locality. “Surf-dashed” granite headland; 

Salina Cruz, Oaxaca, Mexico.

Herposiphonia littoralis Hollenberg, 1970:69

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco to Guaymas, SON; Punta de Mita, NAY. WC: 

Puerto Escondido to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla Patos, ISG; 

Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS; Isla María Magdalena, NAY. 

Type Locality. Corona del Mar, Orange County, 

southern California, USA.

Herposiphonia plumula (J. Agardh) Hollenberg, 1970:68 

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Bahía Agua Verde to San José del 

Cabo, BCS. IS: Isla San Jorge, SON; Isla Patos and Isla San Esteban, ISG; Isla Carmen and Isla San Ildefonso, BCS. 

Type Locality. Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara 

County, southern California, USA. 

Herposiphonia plumula var. parva (Hollenberg) Hollenberg, 

1970:69

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON.
NUMBER 106 • 4 7

Type Locality. Lady’s Harbor, Santa Cruz Island, 

Santa Barbara County, California Channel Islands (Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary), southern California, USA. 

Herposiphonia spinosa E. Y. Dawson, 1959a:34

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, to Cabo 

San Lucas, BCS. IS: Bahía Agua Dulce, Isla Tiburón, ISG; Isla 

Partida, BCS. 

Type Locality. Isla Partida [sur] (off N end of 

Isla Espíritu Santo), Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, 

Mexico. 

Herposiphonia verticillata (Harvey) Kylin, 1925:74

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta de Mita, NAY. WC: Bahía Concepción, BCS. 

Type Locality. “California” (Harvey, 1833:165); 

“either San Francisco or Monterey” (Dawson, 1963b:437); 

“probably Monterey” (Abbott and Hollenberg, 1976:720), 

Monterey County, central California, USA.

Rhodomelaceae tribe Chondrieae

J. Agardh, 1841:20

Acanthophora J. V. Lamouroux, 1813:132

Acanthophora spicifera (M. Vahl) Børgesen, 1910:201

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Playa El Caimancito, Bahía de La Paz, BCS.

Type Locality. St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands.

Remarks. Native to the Caribbean Sea, Acanthophora spicifera is a highly invasive species. First recorded in 

the Pacific from Hawaii (Russell, 1992), more recently, A. spicifera has been recognized in the southern Gulf on Sargassum in 

Bahía de La Paz (Ávila et al., 2012). Méndez-Trejo et al. (2014) 

studied the effects of A. spicifera on the epibiotia of the southern Gulf. Its potential spread elsewhere in the Gulf should be 

monitored. 

Chondria C. Agardh, 1817: xviii, 443

Chondria acrorhizophora Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:766

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía 

Agua Verde to Bahía de San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla Patos and Isla 

Partida (Isla Cordonazo), ISG. 

Type Locality. Eureka, near La Paz, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Chondria arcuata Hollenberg, 1945:447

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Mazatlán, SIN, to Yelapa, JAL. 

Type Locality. In algal turf, on low intertidal 

rocks; Laguna Beach, Orange County, southern California, 

USA.

Chondria decipiens Kylin, 1941:41

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía de Banderas, NAY/JAL.

Type Locality. On low intertidal rocks; Pacific 

Grove, Monterey County, central California, USA.

Remarks. A California species, specimens of C. decipiens from the southernmost end of the Gulf should be reexamined to verify their identification.

Chondria repens Børgesen, 1924a:299

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía 

de La Paz, BCS. 

Type Locality. Rapa Nui (Easter Island), Province 

Isla de Pascua (Valparaiso Region), Chile. 

Chondria species A of Bucher and Norris, 2014a:242

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Gorda, SON, to Bahía Topolobampo, SIN. WC: Playa

El Coloradito to Bahía San Luis Gonzaga, BC; Bahía Coyote to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Patos and Isla Tiburón, 

ISG. 

Remarks. Morphologically, Chondria species 

A is in general agreement with the Gulf of California specimens identified as “Chondria dasyphylla” following Dawson 

(1963b), but it appears closer to C. pacifica Setchell et N. L. 

Gardner (Bucher and Norris, 2014a) or may possibly be a new 

taxon.

Rhodomelaceae tribe Laurencieae

F. Schmitz, 1889:447

Erythrocystis J. Agardh, 1876:638

Erythrocystis saccata (J. Agardh) P. C. Silva, 1952:308

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Punta Palmilla to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. 

Type Locality. “Hab. ad oras Californiae” 

(Agardh, 1849:89); “probably in vicinity of Monterey” (Smith, 

1944:380; Dawson, 1963b:441), Monterey County, central California, USA. 

Laurencia J. V. Lamouroux, 1813:130

Laurencia aguilar-rosasorum J. N. Norris, 2014:250

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Playa Estación to Playa Las Conchas, Puerto Peñasco, SON.

Type Locality. On intertidal platform; Playa Estación, Puerto Peñasco, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Laurencia decidua E. Y. Dawson, 1954a:8

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de La Paz, BCS.

Type Locality. Intertidal rocks; Isla San Benedicto, 

Islas Revillagigedo, Colima, Mexico.
4 8 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

Laurencia fenicalii J. N. Norris, 2014:252

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Playa Estación to Playa Las Conchas, Puerto Peñasco, to Bahía 

San Carlos, SON. 

Type Locality. On intertidal platform; Cumpleaños Tide Pool, Playa Estación, Puerto Peñasco, Sonora, Gulf of 

California, Mexico.

Laurencia hancockii E. Y. Dawson, 1944:328

Gulf of California Distribution. EC:

Ensenada de San Francisco, SON, to Punta de Mita, NAY. WC: 

Bahía Agua Verde to Cabeza Ballena, BCS.

Type Locality. Low intertidal rocks; Bahía Agua 

Verde, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Laurencia iriei J. N. Norris et Fenical, in Norris, 2014:253

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Playa Estación to Playa Las Conchas, Puerto Peñasco, SON. 

WC: Bahía Concepción, BCS.

Type Locality. Intertidal; attached to sides of

Cumpleaños Tide Pool, Playa Estación, Puerto Peñasco, Sonora, 

Gulf of California, Mexico.

Laurencia johnstonii Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:764

Gulf of California Distribution. EC:

Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía Topolobampo, SIN. WC: Bahía 

de Los Ángeles, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Bahía Agua 

Dulce, Isla Tiburón, and Isla Turner, ISG; Isla San Marcos, Isla 

Carmen, Isla San Diego, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS.

Type Locality. Isla San Marcos (southeast of Santa 

Rosalía), Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Laurencia lajolla E. Y. Dawson, 1958:77

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON; Mazatlán, SIN. WC: Bahía Concepción 

to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Isla Bargo, BCS.

Type Locality. Among coralline algal turf; reef flat 

below north end of Neptune Place, Wind-and-Sea Beach (“Windansea” surfing beach), La Jolla, San Diego County, southern 

California, USA.

Laurencia masonii Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1930:155

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de La Paz, BCS. 

Type Locality. Cast ashore, epiphytic on Sargassum palmeri; South Anchorage, Isla Guadalupe, off Pacific coast 

of northern Baja California, Mexico. 

Remarks. Known in the southern Gulf only from the 

report of Huerta-Múzquiz and Mendoza-González (1985), the 

finding of additional specimens will be helpful to verify its presence in the Gulf of California.

Laurencia richardsii E. Y. Dawson, 1954a:7

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Mazatlán, SIN.

Type Locality. Intertidal rocks exposed to heavy 

surf; NE side of Isla San Benedicto, Islas Revillagigedo, Colima, 

Mexico.

Laurencia subcorymbosa E. Y. Dawson, 1963a:467

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de La Paz to Punta Palmilla, BCS. 

Type Locality. Beach drift, epiphytic on Sargassum; 5 km north of Cabo Pulmo, Baja California Sur, Gulf of 

California, Mexico.

Laurencia voragina W. R. Taylor, 1945:290

Gulf of California Distribution. EC:

Punta Arena, BCS.

Type Locality. Forming turfs, low intertidal exposed to severe surf; Morros del Potosí (White Friars Islands 

or White Friars Rocks), 15 km east of Zihuatanejo, Guerrero, 

Mexico.

Uncertain Record: Laurencia glandulifera (Kützing) Kützing, 

1849:855

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON. IS: Isla Tiburón, ISG.

Type Locality. Trieste, Gulf of Trieste (in northern 

Adriatic Sea, near border with Slovenia), northeastern Italy. 

Remarks. Mateo-Cid et al. (2006, as L. glandulifera) recorded “Chondrophycus glandulifera” in the upper 

Gulf. There has been much confusion and misapplication 

of the species name and its generic placement. Although Yamada (1931), Saito (1985), and Cecere et al. (1996) recognized 

L. glandulifera (Kützing) Kützing and L. paniculata Kützing 

(1849) as distinct taxa, others considered the two conspecific 

(e.g., Silva et al., 1996; Abbott, 1999; Lipkin and Silva, 2002; 

Lobban and Tsuda, 2003; Norris, 2014). Recently, Furnari et al. 

(2016) provided support that L. glandulifera and L. paniculata

were taxonomically different taxa. Gulf specimens need critical 

studies to determine their generic placement and species identification (Norris, 2014).

Excluded Species: Laurencia pacifica Kylin, 1941:42

Remarks. Northern Gulf of California specimens 

identified as “L. pacifica” (Dawson, 1963b) were shown to be 

three new species, each distinct from the northeastern Pacific L. 

pacifica Kylin (Fenical and Norris, 1975; Norris, 2014), and it 

was excluded from the Gulf of California marine flora (Norris, 

2014).

Osmundea Stackhouse, 1809:56, 79

Osmundea blinksii (Hollenberg et I. A. Abbott) K. W. Nam, in 

Nam et al., 1994:393

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC.

Type Locality. Exposed rocky shores; just south of 

Malpaso Creek, Monterey County, central California, USA. 
NUMBER 106 • 4 9

Osmundea estebaniana (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) J. N. 

Norris, 2014:257

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta de Mita, NAY, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía de 

Los Ángeles, BC, to Bahía de Loreto, BCS; IS: Isla Patos, Bahía 

Agua Dulce, Isla Tiburón, and Isla San Esteban, ISG; Isla Coronado, BC.

Type Locality. On rocks; Isla San Esteban, Sonora, 

Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico.

Osmundea sinicola (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) K. W. Nam, in 

Nam et al., 1994:393

Gulf of California Distribution. EC:

Puerto Peñasco to Guaymas, SON. WC: Bahía Concepción to 

Bahía San José del Cabo, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de 

la Guarda, Isla Patos, Isla Turner, and Isla San Esteban, ISG; Isla 

San Marcos, Isla Cholla, and Isla San Ildefonso, BCS. 

Type Locality. Epiphytic on Sargassum; Eureka 

(23°36′N, 109°36′W), vicinity of La Paz, Baja California Sur, 

Gulf of California, Mexico.

Palisada K. W. Nam, 2007:53

Palisada paniculata (Kützing) J. N. Norris, 2014:259

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto 

Peñasco, SON, to Guaymas, SON. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles, 

BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla San Jorge, SON; Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Patos, Bahía Agua Verde, Isla 

Tiburón, Isla San Esteban, and Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo), ISG. 

Syntype Localities. In Adriatic and Mediterranean Seas (Kützing, 1849). 

Lectotype Locality. “Mari mediterraneo” (Kützing, 1865:22). 

Palisada pedrochei J. N. Norris, 2014:261

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco to Bahía Topolobampo, SIN; Punta de Mita, 

NAY. WC: Playa El Coloradito, BC, to Punta Palmilla, BCS. IS: 

Isla Turner, ISG; Isla Tortuga, Isla San Marcos, Isla San Ildefonso, Isla Carmen, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. 

Type Locality. On tidal platform; Playa Estación, 

Puerto Peñasco, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Remarks. Norris (2014) recognized the southern 

Gulf Laurencia papillosa var. pacifica Setchell et N. L. Gardner 

(1924a) to belong in the genus Palisada. Since there is no priority outside of rank (International Code of Nomenclature . . . 

[ICN], McNeill et al., 2012), he described it as a new species, 

Palisada pedrochei, to avoid confusion in using the name “pacifica,” an epithet already used not only for the variety, L. papillosa var. pacifica, but also in a different species, L. pacifica Kylin 

(1941). 

Palisada perforata (Bory de Saint-Vincent) K. W. Nam, 2007:54

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de La Paz, BCS. 

Type Locality. Rade de Sainte-Croix (Santa Cruz 

de Tenerife), Islas Canarias, Spain.

Remarks. An Atlantic species, Palisada perforata

has been reported in the southern Gulf (Cruz-Ayala et al., 2001). 

More collections will be helpful to verify its identification in the 

Gulf of California.

Gigartinales F. Schmitz, 1892:18

Caulacanthaceae Kützing, 1843:389

Caulacanthus Kützing, 1843:395

Caulacanthus okamurae Yamada, 1933:278

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Playa Estación, Puerto Peñasco, to Punta San Pedro, SON. WC: 

Bahía Agua Verde, BCS. IS: Isla Turner, ISG.

Syntype Localities. “Hokkaidô to Formosa” 

(Yamada, 1933:278); although not specifically designated by Yamada (1933), type locality is probably Hokkaidô Island, Hokkaidô Prefecture, Japan. 

Remarks. Recorded in Pacific Mexico and the Gulf 

of California, it is considered to be an introduced species (L. 

Aguilar-Rosas et al., 2014, as C. ustulatus). Although genetically 

separable, the morphological distinction between the western Pacific C. okamurae and the European C. ustulatus, remains problematic (see Norris, 2014). Gulf of California specimens referred 

to C. okamurae, as well as those of Pacific Mexico, need further 

comparisons with type materials to verify their identification.

Cystocloniaceae Kützing, 1843:390, 404

Hypnea J. V. Lamouroux, 1813:131

Hypnea cervicornis J. Agardh, 1852a:451

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Playa Tucson, Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Playa Norte and 

Punta Derecha, SIN. WC: San Felipe, BC, to Bahía de San 

Lucas, BCS. IS: San Jorge, SON; Isla San Pedro Mártir, ISG; 

Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, Isla Partida, and Isla Espíritu 

Santo, BCS.

Syntype Localities. Warm Atlantic from Brazil, West Indies, and Mexico and Indian Ocean from Mauritius 

(Agardh, 1852a). 

Lectotype Locality. Near Bahia (city; now Salvador), Bahia (state), northeastern Brazil (Haroun and Prud’homme 

van Reine, 1993; Yamagishi and Masuda, 1997:140).

Hypnea johnstonii Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:758

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía 

Concepción to Arrecife de Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Isla Ángel 

de la Guarda, Isla Estanque, Isla Tiburón, Isla Turner, and 

Isla San Esteban, ISG; Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON; Isla 

Tortuga, BCS.
5 0 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

Type Locality. On upper sublittoral rocks; Isla 

Ángel de la Guarda (Setchell and Gardner, 1924a); Isla Estanque 

(Pond Island), off southeastern end of Isla Ángel de la Guarda 

(Dawson, 1961a), Baja California, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico.

Hypnea nidulans Setchell, 1924:161

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía Catalina (near Guaymas), SON. WC: Bahía Agua Verde, 

BCS. IS: Isla Estanque and Isla Turner, ISG.

Type Locality. Forming dense clumps among staghorn corals (Acropora pharaonis); Aua Reef, Tutuila Island, Samoan Islands, American Samoa.

Remarks. Although considered conspecific with H. pannosa by Dawson (1961a), Geraldino et al. (2010) showed type locality H. nidulans Setchell and H. pannosa J. Agardh were distinct 

species. Later Norris (2014) treated Gulf “H. nidulans” sensu Dawson (1944; non H. nidulans Setchell, 1924) as H. pannosa. Reexamination of Gulf records and genetic studies of new specimens are 

required to confirm the presence of H. nidulans in the Gulf.

Hypnea pannosa J. Agardh, 1847:14

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto 

Peñasco, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía San Luis 

Gonzaga, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Estanque and Isla 

Turner, ISG; Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON; Isla Cholla, Isla San Ildefonso, Isla San Diego, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS; Isla de Venados, SIN; Isla Isabel, Isla Larga, and Isla María Magdalena, NAY.

Type Locality. San Agustín (St. Augustín), Bahías 

de Huatulco, Oaxaca, Mexico.

Hypnea spicifera (Suhr) Harvey, in J. Agardh, 1847:14

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Mazatlán, SIN.

Type Locality. “Algoa-Bai” (Suhr, 1834:731); 

Algoa Bay, Cape Province, South Africa. 

Remarks. Specimens were referred to the South African Hypnea spicifera by Dawson (1961a) with a taxonomic 

query. Additional collections are needed to verify its presence in 

the Gulf of California. 

Hypnea spinella (C. Agardh) Kützing, 1847:23

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Piedras 

del Burro, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: El Machorro, BC, 

to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS.

Type Locality. “Indiae occidentalis” (Agardh, 

1822:323); collected in coral, West Indies, Caribbean Sea (Dawson, 1961a). 

Lectotype. Dansk “Vestindien” [Danish West Indies; now U.S. Virgin Islands] (Haroun and Prud’homme van 

Reine, 1993:122).

Hypnea valentiae (Turner) Montagne, 1841:161

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa 

Hermosa, Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Tecapán, SIN. WC: Playa 

El Coloradito, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Ángel de la 

Guarda, Isla Patos, Isla Tiburón, Isla Turner, and Canal de Infiernillo (channel between Isla Tiburón and Campo Víboras on Sonora 

coast), ISG; Isla San Diego, Isla Carmen, Isla Monserrate, Isla San 

Juan Nepomuceno, Isla Partida, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS.

Type Locality. Red Sea. 

Hypnea variabilis Okamura, 1909:21

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Cabo San Lucas, BCS.

Remarks. A Japanese species, it has been reported 

from the Pacific coast of Baja California (Dawson, 1961a). There 

is also one record of Hypnea variabilis in the southern Gulf of 

California (Martínez-Lozano et al., 1991). Additional collections are needed to verify its presence in the Gulf of California. 

Hypnea volubilis Searles, in Schneider and Searles, 1976:53

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Playa Estación, Puerto Peñasco, SON.

Type Locality. At 23–24 m depths; offshore reef, 

North Carolina, USA.

Dicranemataceae Kylin, 1932:65

Dicranema Sonder, 1845:56

Dicranema rosaliae Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:745

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Playa Hermosa, Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Topolobampo, SIN. 

WC: Santa Rosalía to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Ángel de la 

Guarda, ISG; Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS.

Type Locality. Santa Rosalía, Baja California Sur, 

Gulf of California, Mexico.

Remarks. The generic placement of the Gulf endemic 

Dicranema rosaliae is uncertain and requires further morphological and genetic analyses to resolve its status (Norris, 2014).

Dumontiaceae Bory de Saint-­Vincent, 1828:197

Dudresnaya P. Crouan et H. Crouan, 

1835:98, nom. cons.

Dudresnaya colombiana W. R. Taylor, 1945:162

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Playa Santa Teresa, BC. IS: Isla Mejía, and Isla Estanque, ISG.

Type Locality. Intertidal; Isla Gorgona (Parque 

Nacional Natural Isla Gorgona), off the Pacific coast of Departamento de Valle del Cauca, Colombia.

Gigartinaceae Bory de Saint-­Vincent, 1828:149

Chondracanthus Kützing, 1843:399

Chondracanthus acicularis? (Roth) Fredericq, in Hommersand 

et al., 1993:117
NUMBER 106 • 5 1

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, to Puerto Lobos, SON. WC: 

Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC. IS: Isla La Ventana, BC.

Syntype Localities. “In variis submarinis corporibus” (Wulfen, 1803:63). 

Lectotype Locality. Adriatic Sea (Dixon and Irvine, 1977b:237).

Remarks. Northern Gulf of California specimens 

were tentatively referred to C. acicularis by Norris and Fredericq 

(2014a). Hughey and Hommersand (2008) noted that their Gulf 

G. acicularis differed molecularly from the Atlantic C. acicularis

and suggested that herbarium specimens of Gulf C. acicularis

sensu Dawson (1961a) may possibly be ecological forms of 

C. squarrulosus. It is also possible it may be another species.

Chondracanthus chamissoi (C. Agardh) Kützing, 1843:399

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: La 

Paz, BCS. IS: Isla San Jorge, SON; Isla San Esteban, ISG.

Type Locality. Chile.

Chondracanthus exasperatus (Harvey et Bailey) Hughey, in 

Hughey et al., 1996:23

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Punta Los Frailes, BCS. 

Type Locality. Opposite Fort Nisqually (near DuPont, Pierce County), Puget Sound, Washington, USA (Hughey 

and Hommersand, 2008). 

Chondracanthus intermedius (Suringar) Hommersand, in 

Hommersand et al., 1993:115

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Playa Los Algodones, SON, to Mazatlán, SIN. WC: Playa Santa 

Teresa, BC, to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. 

Type Locality. Sea of Japan (East Sea), on west 

coast of Japan.

Chondracanthus squarrulosus (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) 

Hughey, P. C. Silva et Hommersand, 2001:1105

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta 

Gorda to Bahía Bacochibampo, SON. WC: El Machorro, BC, to 

Bahía de Loreto, BCS. IS: Isla San Jorge, SON; Isla Coronado, 

BC; Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Patos, Bahía 

Agua Dulce, Isla Tiburón, Isla Turner, and Isla San Esteban, ISG.

Type Locality. Isla Coronado (Isla Smith), northeast of Bahía de Los Ángeles, Baja California, Gulf of California, 

Mexico. 

Remarks. A Gulf endemic (Norris, 2014), it was apparently accidentially introduced with Gulf of California clams 

transported into Bahía San Quintin, Pacific coast of Baja California (L. Aguilar-Rosas et al., 2014).

Chondracanthus tepidus (Hollenberg) Guiry, in Hommersand 

et al., 1993:115

Gulf of California Distribution. EC:

Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía Topolobampo, SIN. WC: Playa 

El Coloradito, BC, to La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla San Jorge and Isla San 

Pedro Nolasco, SON; Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, 

Isla Patos, Bahía Agua Dulce, Isla Tiburón, and Isla Rasa, ISG; 

Islas de Los Gemelos, BC.

Type Locality. Balboa, upper Newport Bay, Orange County, southern California, USA. 

Chondracanthus zertuchei J. N. Norris et Fredericq, in Norris 

and Fredericq, 2014a:333

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Bahía San Francisquito, BC. IS: Isla 

Las Ánimas, ISG; Isla Tortuga, BCS.

Type Locality. Bahía San Francisquito, Baja California, Gulf of California, Mexico. 

Uncertain Record: Chondracanthus canaliculatus (Harvey) 

Guiry, in Hommersand et al., 1993:115

Remarks. Recorded in the northern Gulf from Segundo Cerro Prieto, Bahía Kino, SON, with a taxonomic query 

by Mendoza-González and Mateo-Cid (1986); its presence in the 

upper Gulf of California is doubtful. 

Uncertain Record: Chondracanthus harveyanus (Kützing) 

Guiry, in Hommersand et al., 1993:115

Remarks. A temperate species known in northern 

Pacific Baja California (Dawson, 1961a; Hughey and Hommersand, 2008), there is only one record for the Gulf of California 

from Cabo Corrientes, JAL (Huerta-Múzquiz, 1978, as Gigartina harveyana). Additional collections are needed to verify its 

presence in the Gulf of California.

Mazzaella G. De Toni, 1936:[4]

Mazzaella diffusa (E. Y. Dawson) J. N. Norris et Fredericq, in 

Norris and Fredericq, 2014a:335

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Puerto 

Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG; Isla la Ventana, BC.

Type Locality. Intertidal rocky shore; Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Baja California, Islas Grandes (Islas 

de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico.

Mazzaella digitata (E. Y. Dawson) J. N. Norris et Fredericq, in 

Norris and Fredericq, 2014a:336

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla 

Partida and Isla Rasa, ISG.

Type Locality. On rocky shore in lower intertidal; 

Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo), Baja California, Islas Grandes 

(Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. 

Mazzaella hancockii (E. Y. Dawson) Fredericq, in 

Hommersand et al., 1993:110

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla 

Patos and Isla San Esteban, ISG; Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON.

Type Locality. On rocks, low intertidal; Isla San 

Esteban, Sonora, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. 
5 2 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

Uncertain Record: Mazzaella affinis (Harvey) Fredericq, in 

Hommersand et al., 1993:110

Remarks. Recorded in the northern Gulf from Roca 

Rojo, Bahía Kino, SON, by Mendoza-González and Mateo-Cid 

(1986), more collections are needed to verify its presence.

Uncertain Record: Mazzaella leptorhynchos Leister, in 

Hommersand et al., 1993:110

Remarks. Recorded from Roca Rojo, Bahía Kino, 

SON, with uncertainty as to its identification (MendozaGonzález and Mateo-Cid, 1986), its occurrence in the Gulf of 

California is doubtful.

Kallymeniaceae Kylin, 1928:56

Kallymenia J. Agardh, 1842:98

Kallymenia baldwinii E. Y. Dawson, 1966b:62

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Islas 

Santa Inés, BCS.

Type Locality. On subtidal rocks, from trawl at 

about 20 m depth; off Islas Santa Inés (Islas Santa Inez), about 

6.4 km southeast of Punta Chivato (Bahía Concepción), Baja 

California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Kallymenia bleckii E. Y. Dawson, 1966b:59

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Punta El Púlpito, BCS. IS: Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON.

Type Locality. Subtidal, 15 m depth; Punta El Púlpito, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Kallymenia norrisii Hollenberg et I. A. Abbott, 1965:1183

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla 

San José and Isla Santo Espíritu, BCS.

Type Locality. Dredged on shale, 5−10 fathoms 

(9.1−18.3 m) deep; south end of Monterey Bay, off Monterey 

[city], Monterey County, central California, USA.

Kallymenia pertusa Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:746

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Punta La Gringa, BC. IS: Isla Mejía, Roca Blanca and Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Canal de Ballenas (between W coast 

of Isla Ángel de la Guarda and E coast of Baja California), Isla San 

Esteban, and Isla San Pedro Mártir, ISG; Isla San José, BCS.

Type Locality. Isla San Pedro Mártir (about 35 km 

south of Punto de Monumento on southern end of Isla Tiburón), 

Baja California, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico.

Pugetia Kylin, 1925:30

Pugetia mexicana E. Y. Dawson, 1966b:62

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Punta La Gringa to Bahía San Francisquito, BC. IS: Isla Mejía, 

Roca Blanca and Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla 

Estanque, Isla San Esteban, and Isla San Lorenzo, ISG. 

Type Locality. Dredged 19–30 m depth; off Isla San 

Lorenzo (Isla San Lorenzo Sur), Islas San Lorenzo, Baja California, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico.

Erythrophyllum J. Agardh, 1872:10

Erythrophyllum oblongifructum (Setchell) Saunders, in 

Saunders et al., 2017:92

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla 

San Pedro Nolasco, SON.

Type Locality. Cast ashore, on stipes of kelp; 

Whidbey (Whidby) Island, Island County, Puget Sound, Washington, USA. 

Remarks. Previously recorded in the Gulf of California as Kallymeniopsis oblongifructa (Setchell) G. I. Hansen 

(1997). Saunders et al. (2017) provided phylogenetic evidence 

that K. oblongifructa belongs in the genus Erythrophyllum and 

relegated the Crossocarpaceae Perestenko (1975, 1977) to synonymy with Kallymeniaceae. Its presence in the Gulf needs to be 

reexamined.

Excluded Species: Callophyllis violacea J. Agardh, 1885:34

Remarks. Its report from Bahía Bacochibampo 

(Norris, 1973) was based on an incorrectly labeled locality of the 

specimen (Norris, 2014). Although also reported from Guaymas 

(Mendoza-González and Mateo-Cid, 1986), its presence in the 

northern Gulf is doubtful.

Phyllophoraceae Willkomm, 1854:148

Ahnfeltiopsis P. C. Silva et DeCew, 1992:576

Ahnfeltiopsis gigartinoides (J. Agardh) P. C. Silva et DeCew, 

1992:577

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Sayulita, NAY, to Playitas, JAL.

Type Locality. San Agustín (St. Augustín), Bahías 

de Huatulco, Oaxaca, Mexico.

Remarks. Gametangial and tetrasporic phases were 

described from Bahía de Banderas in the vicinity of southeastern 

entrance to the Gulf (León-Álvarez et al., 1997). 

Ahnfeltiopsis hancockii (E. Y. Dawson) J. N. Norris et 

Fredericq, in Norris and Fredericq, 2014b:347

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Lobos, SON, to Mazatlán, SIN. WC: San Felipe, BC, to 

Santa Rosalía, BCS. IS: Isla Alcatraz and Isla Ardilla, SON; Isla 

Patos and Isla Tiburón, ISG. 

Type Locality. “Point approximately 3 miles [~4.8 

km] north of Kino” (Dawson, 1944:300); probably in the vicinity of Kino Nuevo (north of Kino Viejo), Bahía Kino, Sonora, 

Gulf of California, Mexico.
NUMBER 106 • 5 3

Ahnfeltiopsis serenei (E. Y. Dawson) Masuda, 1993:3

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía de Banderas, NAY/ JAL. WC: Cabo San Lucas, BCS. 

Type Locality. On “roches noires” (rhyolite rock); 

north end of Con Se Tre Island (Île de Tre), off Nha Trang, 

Khanh Hoa Province, south central Vietnam.

Besa Setchell, 1912:237

Besa divaricata (Holmes) M. S. Calderon et S. M. Boo, in 

Calderon et al., 2016:3(e-version)/433(print)

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Lobos, SON. IS: Isla Turner, ISG.

Type Locality. Shimoda, southern Izu Peninsula, 

Shizuoka Prefecture, Honshū Island, Japan. 

Remarks. Besa divaricata has been reported in the 

northern Gulf as Ahnfeltiopsis divaricata (Holmes) Masuda 

(1993). 

Besa leptophylla (J. Agardh) M. S. Calderon et K. A. Miller, in 

Calderon et al., 2016:3(e-version)/433(print)

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Chueca to Segundo Cerro Prieto, SON; Punta de Mita, 

NAY, to Cabo Corrientes, JAL. IS: Isla Pelícano and Roca Rojo, 

Bahía Kino, SON. 

Type Locality. Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz County, 

central California, USA.

Remarks. Besa leptophylla was recorded in the 

northern Gulf as Ahnfeltiopsis leptophylla (J. Agardh) P. C. Silva 

et DeCew (1992). Gulf of California specimens need critical 

study to confirm its identification in the Gulf.

Gymnogongrus Martius, 1833:27

Gymnogongrus? carnosus Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:745

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla 

San Pedro Mártir, ISG.

Type Locality. Cast ashore; Isla San Pedro Mártir, 

Baja California, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. 

Gymnogongrus guadalupensis E. Y. Dawson, 1961a:249

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Mazatlán, SIN. WC: Cabeza Ballena to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. 

IS: Isla de la Piedra, SIN.

Type Locality. Outer reef and pools; southernmost tip of Isla Guadalupe, off Pacific coast of Baja California, 

Mexico. 

Gymnogongrus johnstonii (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) E. Y. 

Dawson, 1954b:294

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Mazatlán, SIN, to Lo de Marcos, NAY. WC: Campo Hawaii, 

BC, to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la 

Guarda, and Isla San Esteban, ISG; Isla Coronado, BC; Isla 

Tortuga, BCS.

Type Locality. Isla Tortuga (off Puerto Santa Rosalía), Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Gymnogongrus martinensis Setchell et Gardner, 1937:78

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía de Banderas, NAY/JAL.

Type Locality. Isla San Martín, off Pacific coast of 

Baja California, Mexico. 

Gymnogongrus tenuis J. Agardh, 1849:88

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Lo 

de Marco and Playa San Francisco, NAY.

Type Locality. “Hab. ad insulae lndiae occidentalis” (Agardh, 1849:88); West Indies, Caribbean Sea.

Remarks. A Caribbean species (Wynne, 2011), 

Gymnogongrus tenuis has also been reported in the southern 

Gulf from Nayarit (Mateo-Cid and Mendoza-González, 1992).

Petroglossum Hollenberg, 1943:571

Petroglossum parvum Hollenberg, 1945:450

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla 

Salsipuedes, ISG.

Type Locality. Intertidal; Laguna Beach, Orange 

County, southern California, USA.

Solieriaceae J. Agardh, 1876:502

Solieriaceae tribe Agardhielleae P. W. Gabrielson

et Hommersand, 1982:57

Agardhiella F. Schmitz, in Schmitz 

et Hauptfleisch, 1896:371

Agardhiella mexicana E. Y. Dawson, 1944:288

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía la Choya, Puerto Peñasco, to Ensenada de San Francisco, 

SON. WC: Bahía San Luis Gonzaga, BC, to Bahía de San Lucas, 

BCS. IS: Canal Mejía (channel off Isla Mejía) and Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG. 

Type Locality. Dredged 4 m depth; south shore of 

Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Baja California, Islas 

Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico.

Solieriaceae tribe Solierieae J. Agardh, 1852b:721

Sarcodiotheca Kylin, 1932:15

Sarcodiotheca dichotoma (M. Howe) E. Y. Dawson, 

1944:290

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Libertad to Bahía Bacochibampo, SON. WC: Bahía de 
5 4 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

Los Ángeles, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, 

Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla San Esteban, and Isla San Pedro 

Mártir, ISG; Isla La Ventana, BC; Isla Tortuga, Isla Carmen, and 

Canal de San Lorenzo, off Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. 

Type Locality. Vicinity of La Paz, Baja California 

Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Sarcodiotheca furcata (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) Kylin, 

1932:16

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Ensenada Grande, Bahía San Pedro (between Bahía San Carlos 

and Tastiota), SON. WC: Punta La Gringa, Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, and Isla San 

Esteban, ISG; Isla María Magdalena, NAY.

Type Locality. West coast of Whidbey (Whidby) 

Island, Island County, Puget Sound, Washington, USA.

Sarcodiotheca gaudichaudii (Montagne) P. W. Gabrielson, 

1982:93

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía La Choya (?) to Guaymas, SON. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, to San Jose del Cabo, BCS. IS: Isla Coronado and Isla 

La Ventana, BC; Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG. 

Type Locality. Paita (seaport on south side of 

Bahía de Paita), Paita Province, northwestern Peru. 

Sarcodiotheca linearis Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1937:80

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Punta Gorda to Bahía de San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla Tiburón (?), ISG.

Type Locality. Bahía de San Lucas, Baja California 

Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Sarcodiotheca taylorii E. Y. Dawson, 1961a:227

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Punta Los Frailes, BCS. IS: Isla Estanque, ISG; Isla La Ventana, 

BC; Isla María Magdalena, NAY.

Type Locality. Isla María Magdalena, Islas Marías, 

off Nayarit, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Tacanoosca J. N. Norris, P. W. Gabrielson 

et D. P. Cheney, in Norris, 2014:360

Tacanoosca uncinata (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) J. N. Norris, 

P. W. Gabrielson et D. P. Cheney, in Norris, 2014:361

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Mazatlán, SIN. WC: Playa El Coloradito to Bahía San Francisquito, BC. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla 

Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Estanque, Isla Tiburón, Isla Turner, Isla 

San Esteban, Isla Las Ánimas, Isla San Lorenzo, and Isla San 

Pedro Mártir, ISG; Isla Coronado, and Isla de Los Gemelos. 

Type Locality. On rocks; Isla Las Ánimas (Isla 

San Lorenzo Norte), Islas de San Lorenzo, Baja California, Islas 

Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico.

Wurdemannia Harvey, 1853:245

Wurdemannia miniata (Sprengel) J. Feldmann et G. Hamel, 

1934:544

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía San Carlos, SON. WC: Bahía de Loreto to Bahía La Paz, 

BCS. IS: Isla Carmen, BCS.

Type Locality. Vicinity of Montpellier, Hérault 

Department, France, Mediterranean Sea. 

Weeksiaceae I. A. Abbott, 1968:181

Weeksia Setchell, 1901:128

Weeksia coccinea (Harvey) S. C. Lindstrom, 1986:531

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

El Desemboque de los Seris, SON. EC: Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC. WC: Bahía de San Lucas, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, 

Isla Ángel de la Guarda, and Isla Tiburón, ISG; Islas de Los 

Gemelos, BC. 

Type Locality. Griffin Bay (south of Friday Harbor), San Juan Island, San Juan County, Washington, USA.

Weeksia templetonii Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1937:76

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de Loreto to Punta Los Frailes, BCS. IS: Isla Coronado, 

BC; Canal de San Lorenzo, off Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. 

Type Locality. Dredged 38 m depth; off Isla Cedros, off Pacific coast of Baja California, Mexico.

Peyssonneliales Krayesky, Fredericq

et J. N. Norris, in Krayesky et al., 2009:384

Peyssonneliaceae Denizot, 1968:86, 308

Cruoriella P. Crouan et H. Crouan, 

1859:289

Cruoriella fissurata E. Y. Dawson, 1953:109

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Guaymas, SON. WC: Punta Aguja to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: 

Isla San Lorenzo, ISG.

Type Locality. On intertidal rocks; Cabeza Ballena, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. 

Cruoriella mexicana (E. Y. Dawson) Denizot, 1968:149

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Playa Estación, Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Punta de Mita, NAY. 

WC: San Felipe, BC, to Bahía de Loreto, BCS. 

Type Locality. On mollusk shells, dredged 

13–15 m depths; Isla Coronado Sur (South Island; 32°24.5′N, 

117°13.8′W), Islas Los Coronados, off Pacific coast of northern 

Baja California, Mexico.
NUMBER 106 • 5 5

Metapeyssonnelia Boudouresque, 

Coppejans et Marcot, 1976:288

Metapeyssonnelia mexicana (E. Y. Dawson) D. L. Ballantine et 

H. Ruíz, 2011:50

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Peñasco, Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Manzanillas, NAY.

Type Locality. On granite outcrop; southeast side 

of Bahía de Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico.

Metapeyssonnelia sp. A of Krayesky and Norris, 2014:370

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Playa Estación to Playa Las Conchas, Puerto Peñasco, SON.

Peyssonnelia Decaisne, 1841:168

Peyssonnelia conchicola Piccone et Grunow, in Piccone, 1884b:317

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía Concepción to Cabo San Lucas, BCS.

Type Locality. Massawa, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Red 

Sea. 

Peyssonnelia dubyi P. Crouan et H. Crouan, 1844:368

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Pelícano, SON, to Miramar, NAY. IS: Isla Isabel, NAY.

Type Locality. Brest, Finistère Département, Brittany, northwest France. 

Peyssonnelia hancockii (E. Y. Dawson) Denizot, 1968:135, 310

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de Loreto to Cabeza Ballena, BCS.

Type Locality. South shore, Isla Benito del Este 

(East Island or East Benito), Islas San Benito (~25 km west of 

Isla Cedros), off Pacific coast of Baja California, Mexico. 

Peyssonnelia japonica (Segawa) Yoneshigue, 1984:134

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Playa Estación to Playa Las Conchas, Puerto Peñasco, SON.

Type Locality. Crusts on gastropod mollusk shell, 

Omphalius rusticus (=Tegula rustica); Sirahama, Miyake-jima, Izu 

Islands (Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park), Japan, Philippine Sea. 

Peyssonnelia mexicana E. Y. Dawson, 1953:106

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Manzanillas, NAY. IS: Isla Las Ánimas, ISG. 

Type Locality. Granite rock outcrop; southeast 

side of Bahía de Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico.

Peyssonnelia orientalis (Weber-van Bosse) Cormaci et G. 

Furnari, 1987:757

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Cabo Corrientes, JAL. WC: San Felipe, BC, to Punta Palmilla, BCS. IS: Isla San Jorge, Isla Pelícano, 

and Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON; Isla Cholla, Bahía Salinas, 

Isla Carmen, Isla Monserrate, Isla San Francisco, and Bahía San 

Gabriel and Canal de San Lorenzo, Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS; Isla 

Larga, NAY.

Syntype Localities. “None specifically designated, seventeen Dutch East Indian localities [were] indicated 

from intertidal to 120 m depth” (Dawson, 1953:104); “Philippine Islands and various locales in Indonesia, including Semau 

and Solor” (Silva et al., 1996:213).

Peyssonnelia pacifica Kylin, 1925:25

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Mazatlán, SIN.

Type Locality. On shell of limpet, Patella (mollusk); south of False Bay, southwest coast of San Juan Island, 

San Juan County, Washington, USA.

Peyssonnelia rubra (Greville) J. Agardh, 1851:502

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa 

Norte and Punta Derecha, SIN. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS.

Type Locality. Ionian Islands (seven principal islands and numerous smaller islands), Ionian Sea, six off west 

coast and one off the southern tip of Greece. 

Peyssonnelia squamaria (S. G. Gmelin) Decaisne ex J. Agardh, 

1842:93

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: San 

José del Cabo, BCS. IS: Isla San Ildefonso and Islas Santa Inés 

(Islas Santa Inez), BCS. 

Type Locality. Mediterranean Sea.

Cryptonemiales F. Schmitz, 1892:21

Halymeniaceae Bory de Saint-­Vincent, 1828:158

Cryptonemia J. Agardh, 1842:100

Cryptonemia angustata (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) 

E. Y. Dawson, 1954b:261

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco to Guaymas, SON. WC: Punta La Gringa, Bahía 

de Los Ángeles, BC, to Bahía de San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla Coronado and Isla de Los Gemelos, BC.

Type Locality. Dredged 30 m depth; Bahía Santa 

María, west coast of Isla Magdalena (outside of Bahía Magdalena), Pacific Coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico. 

Cryptonemia borealis Kylin, 1925:19

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: El 

Colorado, SON.

Syntype Localities. Two locales (Kylin, 1925): 

Canoe Island and Peavine Pass (channel between Orcas Island 

and Blakely Island), Washington. 
5 6 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

Lectotype Locality. Canoe Island (off SE of 

Shaw Island and NW end of Lopez Island), San Juan County, 

Washington, USA (Abbott and Hollenberg, 1976).

Remarks. Gabrielson et al. (2004) noted difficulty in 

separating NE Pacific Cryptonemia borealis, C. angustata, and 

C. obovata. Should molecular systematic studies reveal them to 

be a single species, the oldest validly published name is C. obovata. Northern Gulf specimens referred to Cryptonemia borealis

(Serviere-Zaragoza et al., 2012) should be compared to the type 

as well as northern Gulf specimens of C. obovata.

Cryptonemia decolorata W. R. Taylor, 1945:202

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía Concepción, BCS. IS: Isla María Magdalena, NAY.

Type Locality. Dredged on coralline algal bottom 22 

m depth; AHF sta. 970 (106°21′10′′W, 21°25′40′′N), off Isla María 

Magdalena, Islas Marías, Nayarit, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Cryptonemia guaymasensis (E. Y. Dawson) E. Y. Dawson, 

1954b:263

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Playa Estación, Puerto Peñasco, to Guaymas, SON. WC: Playa 

El Coloradito, BC, to Bahía de San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla Patos, 

ISG; Canal de San Lorenzo, Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS.

Type Locality. At 4–6 m depths on muddy bottom; 

outer harbor, Guaymas, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. 

Cryptonemia obovata J. Agardh, 1876:681

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Canal de Infiernillo (channel between E coast of Isla Tiburón 

and El Desemboque de los Seris), SON. IS: Isla San Esteban, ISG.

Type Locality. San Francisco Bay entrance (probably the westernmost entrance at Land’s End or Fort Point or 

below the Presidio, in vicinity of Golden Gate Bridge), San Francisco, San Francisco County, northern California, USA.

Cryptonemia opuntioides E. Y. Dawson, 1966b:59

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla 

La Ventana, BC; Isla Salsipuedes, ISG. 

Type Locality. At 12–18 m depths; Isla Salsipuedes, Islas de San Lorenzo, Baja California, Islas Grandes (Islas 

de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. 

Cryptonemia veleroae (E. Y. Dawson) E. Y. Dawson, 1954b:262

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Guaymas, SON. WC: Rocas Consag, BC. 

Type Locality. On broken shell and mud at 12–20 

m depths; outside Guaymas Harbor entrance, Guaymas, Sonora, 

Gulf of California, Mexico.

Grateloupia C. Agardh, 1822:221, nom. cons.

Grateloupia catenata Yendo, 1920:9

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Playa Arenosa, Puerto Peñasco, SON, to San Blas, NAY. IS: Isla 

Tiburón, ISG.

Syntype Localities. Six locales in Japan (Yendo, 

1920): five on Honshū Island—Tsugaru, [Cape] Tappi-zaki, 

Shimofuro, and Ajigasawa (all four Aomori Prefecture) and Fukuyama (Hiroshima Prefecture)—and one on Hokkaidō Island, 

Hakodate (Hokkaidō Prefecture).

Lectotype Locality. Ajigasawa, Aomori Prefecture, Honshū Island, Japan (Wang et al., 2000).

Grateloupia dactylifera E. Y. Dawson, 1954b:257

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Ensenada de San Francisco, SON. IS: Bahía San Gabriel, Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS.

Type Locality. Ensenada de San Francisco (vicinity 

of Puerto San Carlos), Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Grateloupia filicina (Lamouroux) C. Agardh, 1822:223

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Ensenada de San Francisco, SON, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: 

Campo Hawaii, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Pelícano, 

SON; Isla Coronado, BC.

Type Locality. Trieste, Gulf of Trieste, northeast 

Italy (De Clerck et al., 2005:392).

Remarks. Most Gulf of California of “Grateloupia 

filicina,” including G. filicina var. lomentaria (Dawson, 1954b), 

were referred to G. catenata (Norris, 2014). Other Gulf records 

need to be reexamined to verify their identification. 

Grateloupia hancockii E. Y. Dawson, 1944:280

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía la Choya, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. IS: Isla Estanque and Isla Turner, ISG.

Type Locality. “Rocky headland about 3 miles [~4.8 

km] north of Kino [Bahía Kino (town)]” (Dawson, 1944:280), 

Bahía Kino (bay), Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. 

Grateloupia howei Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924b:782

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Robinson, SON, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Bahía de 

Los Ángeles, BC, to Roca El Solitario, BCS. IS: Isla Alcatráz, 

SON; Isla Patos, Isla Tiburón, Isla Turner, Isla San Esteban, and 

Isla San Pedro Mártir, ISG; Isla Coronado, BC.

Type Locality. Cast ashore; Isla San Esteban, Sonora, 

Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. 

Grateloupia prolongata J. Agardh, 1847:10

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Lobos, SON, to Mazatlán, SIN. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Angel de la Guarda, Isla 

Patos, Isla San Esteban, Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo), and Isla 

Rasa, ISG; Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON; Isla Coronado, BC; Isla 

San Francisco, BCS. 

Type Locality. “Pochetti” (Agardh, 1847:10); 

“Guatulco (Mexico)” (Kützing, 1849:730), probably 

Huatulco, Oaxaca; “probably on the coast of Oaxaca” (Dawson, 1954b); “Pochutla,” Oaxaca, Mexico (De Clerck et al., 
NUMBER 106 • 5 7

2005:392; Pochutla District is in the east of the Costa Region, 

Oaxaca).

Grateloupia versicolor (J. Agardh) J. Agardh, 1851:181

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Playa Arenosa, Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. 

WC: Bahía San Francisquito, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: 

Isla Pelícano, SON; Isla Turner and Isla San Esteban, ISG; Isla 

San Ildefonso, BCS; Isla Larga, NAY. 

Type Locality. “St. Augustín in littore Mexicano 

Oceani Pacifici, Liebman” (Agardh, 1851); San Agustín, Bahías 

de Huatulco, Oaxaca, Mexico. 

Grateloupia violacea (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) E. Y. Dawson, 

1961a:200

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de Los Ángeles to Bahía San Francisquito, BC. IS: Isla 

Patos, Bahía Agua Dulce, Isla Tiburón, Isla San Esteban, and Isla 

Partida (Isla Cordonazo), ISG. 

Type Locality. On upper sublittoral rocks; Isla San 

Esteban, Sonora, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico.

Uncertain Record: Grateloupia abreviata Kylin, 1941:10

Remarks. Reported from Isla Pelícano in the upper 

Gulf by Mendoza-González and Mateo-Cid (1986) with a query. 

Grateloupia abreviata was described from La Jolla, southern 

California, and is generally accepted as a synonym of G. doryphora (Montagne) M. Howe (Abbott and Hollenberg, 1976); its 

presence in the Gulf of California needs to be verified.

Uncertain Record: Grateloupia doryphora (Montagne) M. 

Howe, 1914:169

Remarks. A common species on the Pacific coast of 

Baja California. The Gulf record from Cabo Corrientes, Jalisco 

(Mendoza-González and Mateo-Cid, 1992), needs to be verified. 

Grateloupia doryphora as identified in the NE Pacific appears to 

be confused with the Japanese G. turuturu Yamada (1941). In 

the Atlantic off the U.S. coast “G. doryphora” was found to be 

G. turuturu by Gavio and Fredericq (2002), who also noted that 

distribution of G. doryphora was probably restricted to waters 

off of Chile and Peru. On the Pacific coast of northern Baja California G. turuturu has been reported as an introduced species 

(Miller et al., 2011; L. Aguilar-Rosas, et al. 2014).

Halymenia C. Agardh, 1817:xix, nom. cons.

Halymenia actinophysa M. Howe, 1911:509

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Peñasco, Puerto Peñasco, to Ensenada de San Francisco, 

SON. WC: Playa El Coloradito, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: 

Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, and Bahía Agua Dulce, 

Isla Tiburón, ISG; Isla La Ventana and Isla de Los Gemelos, BC; 

Bahía Salinas, Isla Carmen, Isla San José, and Canal de San Lorenzo, Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS.

Type Locality. La Paz, Baja California Sur, Gulf of 

California, Mexico.

Halymenia bifida E. Y. Dawson, 1954b:269

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Punta Los Frailes to 

Bahía de San Lucas, BCS. 

Type Locality. Rock and sand bottom, 8–15 m 

depths; Bahía Los Frailes adjoining Punta Los Frailes, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. 

Halymenia californica G. M. Smith et Hollenberg, 1943:216

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Ensenada de San Francisco, SON. WC: Bahía de Loreto to Arrecife de Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Isla San Esteban and Isla Tiburón, 

ISG; Isla Partida [sur], BCS.

Type Locality. Moss Beach, San Mateo County, 

central California, USA.

Halymenia megaspora E. Y. Dawson, 1954b:272

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía Los Frailes, BCS. IS: Canal de San Lorenzo, Isla Espíritu 

Santo, BCS. 

Type Locality. Rock-sand bottom, 8–15 m depths; 

south side of Punta Los Frailes, Bahía Los Frailes, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. 

Halymenia refugiensis E. Y. Dawson, 1944:278

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Puerto 

Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG.

Type Locality. Dredged 22–44 m depths; Puerto 

Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Baja California, Islas Grandes 

(Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico.

Remarks. Dawson (1954b) and Abbott (1967) considered H. refugiensis conspecific with H. actinophysa. Apparently resurrecting the species but without comment, Littler and 

Littler (2010) reported it in Pacific Panama. Thus far, the northern Gulf H. refugiensis is known only from the type specimen, 

and its taxonomic status should be further investigated and molecularly tested (Norris, 2014).

Excluded Species: Halymenia gardneri (Kylin) P. G. Parkinson, 

1980:12

Remarks. Mistakenly recorded in the northern Gulf 

of California from Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, by Pacheco-Ruíz 

et al. (2008).

Prionitis J. Agardh, 1851:185, 

nom. cons.

Prionitis abbreviata Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:785

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía Topolobampo, SIN. WC: 

Campo Hawaii, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla San 

Jorge and Isla Alcatráz, SON; Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la 
5 8 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

Guarda, Isla Patos, Bahía Agua Dulce, Isla Tiburón, Isla Turner, 

Isla San Esteban, and Isla Rasa, ISG; Isla Coronado, BC; Isla 

Tortuga, Isla Cholla, Isla Carmen, and Bahía San Gabriel, Isla 

Espíritu Santo, BCS.

Type Locality. On rocks; Isla San Esteban, Sonora, 

Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. 

Prionitis abbreviata var. guaymasensis (E. Y. Dawson) E. Y. 

Dawson, 1959a:25

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco to Guaymas, SON. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel 

de la Guarda, ISG; Isla Alcatráz and Isla San Pedro Nolasco, 

SON. 

Type Locality. On rocks intertidal tide pools; 

Punta San Pedro (about 41 km north of Guaymas), Sonora, Gulf 

of California, Mexico. 

Prionitis acroidalea (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) E. Y. Dawson, 

1961a:424

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía 

Kino to Guaymas, SON. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Alcatraz, SON; Isla Tiburón and Isla Turner, ISG; Isla Tortuga, BCS. 

Type Locality. On rock, upper sublittoral; Isla 

Tortuga (off Puerto Santa Rosalía), Baja California Sur, Gulf of 

California, Mexico. 

Prionitis cornea (Okamura) E. Y. Dawson, 1958:71

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, to Mulegé, BCS.

Type Locality. Kazusa, Bōsō Peninusula, Chiba 

Prefecture, Honshū Island, Japan.

Prionitis delicatula (W. R. Taylor) E. Y. Dawson, 1961a:424

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON.

Type Locality. On rocks; Bahía Sur (“South Bay”), 

Isla Cedros (“Isla Cerros”), off Pacific coast of Baja California, 

Mexico. 

Remarks. Dawson’s (1966a) upper Gulf specimens 

of Prionitis delicatula were noted to differ from those of Pacific 

Baja California (Norris, 2014:426). More Gulf specimens are 

needed to be confirm its identification.

Prionitis mexicana E. Y. Dawson, 1944:283

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía de Banderas, NAY/JAL. WC: San José del Cabo to Cabeza 

Ballena, BCS. 

Type Locality. Middle littoral on rocky reef; San 

José del Cabo, Baja California, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Prionitis sternbergii (C. Agardh) J. Agardh, 1851:190

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Ensenada de San Francisco, SON, to Mazatlán, SIN. IS: Isla San 

Jorge, SON; Isla Tortuga and Isla San Marcos, BCS.

Type Locality. Uncertain. Note that Gabrielson 

(2008:96) gave two possible locales: Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, or Monterey, California, 

USA. 

Remarks. Gabrielson (2008) stated Prionitis sternbergii was a temperate species distributed from British Columbia to northern Pacific coast of Baja California and noted it was 

not possible that P. sternbergii could have been collected at these 

previously cited locales: “in mari Australi” (Agardh, 1822; see 

also Silva, 1996); Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico (Kylin, 1941); 

and Punta St. Agustín, Oaxaca, Mexico (Dawson, 1954b). Gulf 

specimens referred to this species need to be reexamined to verify 

their identification.

Uncertain Record: Prionitis australis (J. Agardh) J. Agardh, 

1851:188

Remarks. Reported from Segundo Cerro Prieta, 

Bahía Kino, in the upper Gulf (Mendoza-González and MateoCid, 1986), it has not been recently collected, and their specimen 

should be reexamined to verify its identity.

Norrissia Balakrishnan, 1980:284

Uncertain Record: Norrissia setchellii (Kylin) Balakrishnan, 

1980:284

Remarks. Norrissia setchellii was reported from

Segundo Cerro Prieto, Bahía Kino, by Mendoza-González and 

Mateo-Cid (1986, as “Grateloupia setchellii”). Until upper Gulf 

specimens can be reexamined, the presence of Norrissia Balakrishnan remains unconfirmed. 

Pachymenia J. Agardh, 1876:145

Uncertain Record: Pachymenia saxicola W. R. Taylor, 

1945:207

Remarks. In recording “Pachymenia saxicola”

from Punta de Mita, Nayarit, Mateo-Cid and MendozaGonzález (1992) queried its identification. Further studies and 

more collections are need to verify its presence in the Gulf of 

California. 

Tsengiaceae G. W. Saunders et Kraft, 2002:1259

Tsengia K.-C. Fan et Y.-P. Fan, 1962:191

Tsengia abbottiana (J. N. Norris et Bucher) J. N. Norris et 

Bucher, in Bucher and Norris, 2014b:426

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Canal 

Mejía, channel off Isla Mejía, ISG.

Type Locality. On rock at 23 m depth; in narrow, deep channel off SE side of Isla Mejía (29°33′07′′N, 

113°35′19′′W) on the NW side of Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de 

la Guarda, Baja California, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), 

Gulf of California, Mexico.
NUMBER 106 • 5 9

Nemastomatales Kylin, 1925:39

Nemastomataceae F. Schmitz, 1892:22

Predaea G. De Toni, 1936:[5]

Predaea japonica T. Yoshida, 1980:69

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Puerto Calamajué, BCS. IS: Isla Ángel de la Guarda and Isla Estanque, ISG; Islas de Los Gemelos, BC.

Type Locality. Mitsuse, near Cape Nomo, Nagasaki Prefecture, Kyūshū Island, Japan.

Predaea masonii (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) G. De Toni, 

1936:[5]

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de Loreto to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Carmen and 

Canal de San Lorenzo, Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS.

Type Locality. On a crustose coralline; dredged, 

off Isla Claríon, Islas Revillagigedo, west of Colima, Mexico.

Schizymeniaceae Masuda et Guiry, 1995:66

Platoma Schousboe ex F. Schmitz, 1894:627

Platoma? fanii E. Y. Dawson, 1961a:197

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla 

San Esteban, ISG.

Type Locality. Isla San Esteban, Sonora, Islas 

Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico.

Remarks. The type of Platoma fanii needs to be molecularly tested to verify its generic placement (Bucher and Norris, 2014c).

Schizymenia J. Agardh, 1851:158

Schizymenia pacifica (Kylin) Kylin, 1932:10

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía Willard to Bahía de Las Ánimas, BC. IS: Puerto Refugio, 

Isla Ángel de la Guarda, and Bahía Agua Dulce, Isla Tiburón, ISG.

Syntype Localities. Five locales listed by Kylin 

(1925:21, as Turnerella pacifica): two on San Juan Island—on 

pilings of Friday Harbor’s docks, Friday Harbor, and south of 

False Bay—and three on other islands, Brown Island, Turn Island 

(Turn Rock), and Canoe Island. 

Lectotype Locality. Friday Harbor, Washington 

(Smith, 1944); San Juan Island (Dawson, 1961a); on intertidal 

rocks, near pilings of Friday Harbor dock, Friday Harbor, San 

Juan Island, San Juan Islands, San Juan County, Washington, USA.

Haematocelis J. Agardh, 1851:492

Remarks. The genus Haematocelis has been treated 

as a synonym of Schizymenia (e.g., Guiry and Guiry, 2015) on 

the basis of culture studies of Ardré (1977) that showed the generitype H. rubens J. Agardh to be the sporophyte phase of Schizymenia dubyi (Chauvin ex Duby) J. Agardh. 

Haematocelis zonalis E. Y. Dawson et Neushul, 1966:176

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía Agua Verde, BCS.

Type Locality. On living mollusk shell, 28–30 m 

depth; Anacapa Island, Ventura County, California Channel Islands (Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary), southern 

California, USA.

Remarks. Culture and genetic studies are needed to 

determine if tetrasporophytic specimens of Gulf H. zonalis are 

involved in the life history of Gulf Schizymenia, if they could 

possibly be a different species, or if they are the tetrasporophyte/

Haematocelis-phase of another genus.

Plocamiales G. W. Saunders et Kraft, 1994:1260

Plocamiaceae Kützing, 1843:442, 449, 

nom. cons.

Plocamium J. V. Lamouroux, 

1813:137, nom. cons.

Plocamium katinae J. N. Norris, 2014:437

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, to El Desemboque de los Seris, 

SON. WC: Cabeza Ballena, BCS.

Type Locality. Mid intertidal; Cumpleaños Tide 

Pool (on tidal platform), Playa Estación, Puerto Peñasco, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Uncertain Record: Plocamium violaceum Farlow, 1877:240

Remarks. Specimens from Puerto Peñasco, SON, referred to “P. violaceum” (Mendoza-González and Mateo-Cid, 

1986) are probably not this species and should be reexamined.

Excluded Species: Plocamium pacificum Kylin, 1925:42

Remarks. Only the Gulf of California specimens referred to Plocamium pacificum, P. coccineum, and P. coccineum

var. pacificum sensu Dawson (1961a, 1966a; US Alg. Coll.) were 

identified to be P. katinae (Norris, 2014). The presence of P. pacificum in the upper Gulf remains doubtful.

Sebdeniales Withall et G. W. Saunders, 2007:388

Sebdeniaceae Kylin, 1932:12

Sebdenia (J. Agardh) Berthold, 1882:530

Sebdenia flabellata (J. Agardh) P. G. Parkinson, 1980:12

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Punta de Mita, NAY. WC: Bahía de 

Los Ángeles, BC, to Caleta Santa María, BCS. IS: Isla Coronado, 

Isla La Ventana, and Islas de Los Gemelos, BC; Isla Mejía, Puerto 
6 0 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Estanque, and Isla San 

Esteban, ISG; Isla María Magdalena, NAY.

Type Locality. Guadeloupe, French West Indies, 

Lesser Antilles, Caribbean Sea.

Rhodymeniales Nägeli, 1847:226, 239, 254

Champiaceae Kützing, 1843:438

Champia Desvaux, 1809:245

Champia caespitosa E. Y. Dawson, 1944:311

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Puerto 

Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, and Isla Estanque, ISG.

Type Locality. on articulated corallines, midintertidal rocky shore; Isla Estanque (Pond Island; off SE end of 

Isla Ángel de la Guarda), Baja California, Islas Grandes (Islas de 

la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico.

Champia disticha E. Y. Dawson, 1944:310

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Puerto 

Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, and Isla San Esteban, ISG.

Type Locality. Epiphytic on Laurencia, mid intertidal; Isla San Esteban, Sonora, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico.

Champia cf. parvula (C. Agardh) Harvey, 1853:76

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: El 

Tornillal, SON, to Punta de Mita, NAY. WC: Playa Santa Teresa, 

BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la 

Guarda, Isla Estanque, Isla Patos, Isla Turner, and Isla San Esteban, ISG; Isla Coronado, BC; Isla San Juan Nepomuceno and 

Isla Monserrate, BCS.

Type Locality. “Ad Gades” (Agardh, 1824:207); 

Cádiz, Iberian Peninsula, southwestern Spain.

Remarks. Widely reported in subtropical to tropical 

seas, its presence in the Gulf of California needs verification.

Gastroclonium Kützing, 1843:441, nom. cons.

Gastroclonium compressum (Hollenberg) C. F. Chang et B.-M. 

Xia, 1978:209, 213

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa 

Estación, Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Arrecife de Cabo Pulmo, 

BCS. IS: Isla Estanque, ISG.

Type Locality. On intertidal rock; ~0.8 km east of 

Corona del Mar, Orange County, southern California, USA.

Gastroclonium pacificum (E. Y. Dawson) C. F. Chang et B.-M. 

Xia, 1978:209

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía la Choya, Puerto Peñasco, to Bahía Bacochibampo, SON. 

WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC; Punta Los Frailes (?), BCS. IS: 

Bahía Agua Dulce, Isla Tiburón, Isla Estanque, Isla Patos, and 

Isla San Esteban, ISG.

Type Locality. Cobble shore; south side of Bahía Bacochibampo, near Guaymas, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Gastroclonium parvum (Hollenberg) C. F. Chang et B.-M. Xia, 

1978:209

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Roca 

Rojo, Bahía Kino, SON. WC: Puertecitos, BC. 

Type Locality. On large intertidal rock; Redondo 

Beach, Los Angeles County, southern California, USA.

Faucheaceae I. M. Strachan, G. W. Saunders et

Kraft, in Saunders et al., 1999:36

Gloiocladia J. Agardh, 1842:87

Gloiocladia hoshawii (E. Y. Dawson) J. N. Norris, 2014:450

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Islas 

de Los Gemelos, BC; Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON.

Type Locality. Subtidal, ~15 m depth; Isla San Pedro 

Nolasco (“Seal Island”), Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Gloiocladia mollis (M. Howe) J. N. Norris, 2014:450

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla San Esteban, ISG.

Type Locality. “Apparently dredged”; vicinity of 

La Paz, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico (Dawson, 1963a:441). 

Gloiocladia sefferi (M. Howe) J. N. Norris, 2014:450

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de Loreto to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Estanque, Isla 

San Esteban, and Isla San Lorenzo, ISG; Isla Coronado, BC. 

Type Locality. “Apparently dredged”; vicinity of 

La Paz, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico (Dawson, 1963a:441).

Gloioderma J. Agardh, 1851:243

Gloioderma conjuncta (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) E. Y. 

Dawson, 1959a:26

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco to Ensenada Bacochibampo, SON. WC: Bahía 

de Los Ángeles, BC, to La Paz, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla 

Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Patos, Bahía Agua Dulce, Isla Tiburón, Isla San Esteban, and Isla San Pedro Mártir, ISG; Isla 

Tortuga, BCS.

Type Locality. Floating and entangled with other 

algae; Isla San Esteban, Sonora, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico.

Remarks. Although some have treated it as Gloiocladia conjunctata (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) R. E. Norris 

(1991), Rodríguez-Prieto et al. (2007) and Dalen and Saunders 

(2007) concluded that the genus Gloioderma should be reinstated (see also Norris, 2014:452).
NUMBER 106 • 6 1

Lomentariaceae J. Agardh, 1876:606, 630

Lomentariaceae tribe Ceratodictyeae F. Schmitz

et Hauptfleisch, 1897a:384, 388

Ceratodictyon Zanardini, 1878:36

Ceratodictyon tenue (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) J. N. Norris, 

2014:455

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Ensenada San Francisco, SON, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: 

Santa Rosalía to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Cholla, Isla San 

Francisco, and Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS. 

Type Locality. Cast ashore; Santa Rosalía, Baja 

California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico (Dawson, 1953).

Ceratodictyon variabile (Greville ex J. Agardh) R. E. Norris, 

1987:243

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Puertecitos, 

BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON; 

Isla Tortuga, BCS.

Type Locality. Chennai (formerly Madras), Tamil 

Nadu, Bay of Bengal, southeastern India.

Lomentariaceae tribe Lomentarieae

Endlicher, 1843:42

Fushitsunagia Filloramo 

et G. W. Saunders, 2016:348

Fushitsunagia catenata (Harvey) Filloramo et G. W. Saunders, 

2016:348

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco to Cabo Arco, SON. WC: Playa El Coloradito, 

BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla San Jorge, SON; Isla Ángel 

de la Guarda, Isla Estanque, Isla Patos, Bahía Agua Dulce, Isla 

Tiburón, Isla Turner, Isla San Esteban, and Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo), ISG; Isla Coronado, BC; Isla Tortuga and Isla San Marcos, BCS. 

Type Locality. Shimoda (near southern end of Izu 

Peninsula), Shizuoka Prefecture, Honshū Island, Japan (Harvey, 

1860; Dawson, 1959b).

Remarks. Previously reported in the Gulf of California as Lomentaria catenata Harvey (1857), Filloramo and Saunders (2016:344, fig. 1) found the western Pacific L. catenata to 

be allied with species of Ceratodictyon and described it as a new 

genus Fushitsunagia.

Lomentaria Lyngbye, 1819:101

Lomentaria? hakodatensis Yendo, 1920:6

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Libertad, SON, to Miramar, NAY. WC: Bahía Concepción 

to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, 

Isla Patos, and Isla Tiburón, ISG; Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. 

Syntype Localities. Seven locales (Yendo, 

1920:6): “Hakodate, Otaru, insulam Rishiri, prov. Hidaka, prov. 

Inaba, prov. Bōshū, [and] prov. Owari.” 

Lectotype Locality. Hakodate, Hokkaidō Prefecture (Oshima Subprefecture), Hokkaidō Island, Japan (Lee, 1978).

Remarks. Filloramo and Saunders (2016: fig. 1) 

found the western Pacific Lomentaria hakodatensis did not 

group with the Lomentaria lineage that included the generitype 

but resolved to be a sister to Binghamiopsis I. K. Lee, J. A. West 

et Hommersand (1988) and noted its generic placement could 

not be determined at that time.

Rhodymeniaceae Harvey, 1846:viii

Botryocladia (J. Agardh) Kylin, 1931:17

Botryocladia datilensis (E. Y. Dawson) J. N. Norris, 2014:462

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Ensenada de San Francisco, SON. IS: Isla Turner, ISG; Isla La 

Ventana, BC.

Type Locality. On lower intertidal rocks; Isla 

Turner (El Dátil), off southeast end of Isla Tiburón, Sonora, Islas 

Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. 

Botryocladia guaymasensis E. Y. Dawson, 1963a:451

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa 

Estación, Puerto Peñasco, to Ensenada de San Francisco, SON.

Type Locality. Beach drift; Bahía San Francisco, 

within eastern shore of Bahía San Carlos (~11 km northwest of 

Guaymas), Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Botryocladia uvarioides E. Y. Dawson, 1944:306

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Puertecitos, 

BC, to Bahía San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla Ángel de la Guarda and 

Isla Turner, ISG; Isla Coronado and Isla La Ventana, BC; Isla 

San Pedro Nolasco, SON; Isla San Ildefonso, BCS; Isla María 

Magdalena, NAY.

Type Locality. Dredged 40 m depth; off San José 

del Cabo, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. 

Uncertain Record: Botryocladia pseudodichotoma (Farlow) 

Kylin, 1931:18

Remarks. Recorded from estero Punta Perla, Isla Tiburón (Mendoza-González and Mateo-Cid, 1986), the species 

needs to be reexamined to verify its presence in the Gulf.

Excluded Species: Botryocladia pyriformis (Børgesen) Kylin, 

1931:18

Remarks. Recorded from Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel 

de la Guarda (Norris, 1973), when reexamined, the specimens 

were found to be B. uvarioides (Norris, 2014:463).
6 2 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

Irvinea Guiry, in Saunders et al., 1999:36

Irvinea hancockii (E. Y. Dawson) R. Wilkes, L. McIvor et 

Guiry, 2006:488

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, to Punta Perico, Bahía Los Frailes, 

BCS. IS: Isla Mejía and Isla Estanque, ISG; Bahía Salinas, Isla 

Carmen, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. 

Type Locality. Dredged 20–40 m depths; Bahía 

Agua Verde, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Rhodymenia Greville, 1830:xlviii, 84, 

nom. cons.

Rhodymenia arborescens E. Y. Dawson, 1941:149

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla 

Isabel, NAY. 

Type Locality. Cast ashore on a barnacle; Laguna 

Beach, Orange County, southern California, USA.

Remarks. The southern Gulf record originally reported as “Rhodymenia lobata” (Dawson, 1944) was later reidentified to be R. arborescens (Dawson, 1963a). 

Rhodymenia californica Kylin, 1931:21

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Punta Arena to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla María Magdalena 

(identification queried by Dawson, 1963a), NAY.

Type Locality. Near “Biological Station” (Kylin, 

1931:31); low intertidal, Mussel Point (Cabrillo Point), Hopkins 

Marine Station of Stanford University, Pacific Grove, Monterey 

County, central California, USA (Smith, 1944). 

Rhodymenia dawsonii W. R. Taylor, 1945:251

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía 

Agua Verde, BCS. IS: Isla San Francisco and Isla Cholla, BCS. 

Type Locality. Dredged; off Punta Hughes, about 

5.6 km southeast of Cabo San Lázaro, Pacific coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico. 

Rhodymenia divaricata E. Y. Dawson, 1941:141

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: El 

Desemboque de los Seris to Bahía Guaymas, SON. WC: Bahía 

Coyote to Puerto Escondido, BCS. IS: Isla Mejía and Puerto 

Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG; Canal de San Lorenzo, 

Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS.

Type Locality. Dredged 3.7–5.5 m depths on mud 

bottom; Bahía Guaymas, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. 

Rhodymenia hancockii E. Y. Dawson, 1941:146

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa 

Hermosa, Puerto Peñasco, to El Desemboque de los Seris, SON. IS: 

Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG; Isla Coronado, BC.

Type Locality. Dredged on shell bottom, 42 m 

depth on shell bottom; west side of Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de 

la Guarda, Baja California, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), 

Gulf of California, Mexico.

Rhodymenia huertae J. N. Norris, 2014:469

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla 

Mejía, Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, and Isla Tiburón, ISG.

Type Locality. Dredged 10.9–20.1 m depths; Isla 

Mejía (off northwest side of Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la 

Guarda), Baja California, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), 

Gulf of California, Mexico.

SYNOPSIS OF BROWN ALGAL TAXA

The synoptic list below of Phaeophyceae of the Gulf of California is of the phylum, classes, orders, families, and genera of 

brown algae presented in the accounts following this list.

STRAMENOPILES

OCHROPHYTA

 PHAEOPHYCEAE

 ISHIGEOPHYCIDAE

 Ishigeales

 Ishigeaceae

 Ishige Yendo

 DICTYOTOPHYCIDAE

 Dictyotales

 Dictyotaceae

 Dictyotaceae tribe Dictyoteae

 Canistrocarpus De Paula et 

De Clerck

 Dictyota J. V. Lamouroux

Rugulopteryx De Clerck et 

Coppejans

 Dictyopteris J. V. Lamouroux

 Lobophora J. Agardh

Padina Adanson

Spatoglossum Kützing

 Sphacelariales

 Sphacelariaceae

 Sphacelaria Lyngbye

 Lithodermataceae

 Pseudolithoderma Svedelius

 FUCOPHYCIDAE

 Desmarestiales

 Desmarestiaceae

 Desmarestia J. V. Lamouroux

 Ectocarpales

 Acinetosporaceae

 Feldmannia Hamel

Hincksia J. E. Gray

 Pylaiellaceae

 Pylaiella Bory de Saint-Vincent
NUMBER 106 • 6 3

 Chordariaceae

 Compsonema Kuckuck

Haplogloia Levring

Hecatonema Sauvageau

Myriactula Kuntze

Nemacystus Derbès et Solier

Streblonema Derbès et Solier

 Leathesiaceae

 Leathesia S. F. Gray

 Ectocarpaceae

 Ectocarpus Lyngbye

 Chnoosporaceae

 Chnoospora J. Agardh

 Scytosiphonaceae

 Colpomenia (Endlicher) 

Derbès et Solier

 Hapterophycus Setchell et 

N. L. Gardner

 Hydroclathrus Bory de SaintVincent

 Rosenvingea Børgesen

Petalonia Derbès et Solier

Stragularia Strömfelt

 Ralfsiales 

 Hapalospongiaceae

 Hapalospongidion 

De A. Saunders

 Neoralfsiaceae

 Neoralfsia P.-E. Lim et 

H. Kawai

 Ralfsiaceae

 Endoplura Hollenberg

Ralfsia Berkeley 

 Scytothamnales

 Asteronemataceae

 Asteronema Delépine et Asensi

 Sporochnales

 Sporochnaceae

 Sporochnus C. Agardh

 Tilopteridales

 Cutleriaceae

 Cutleria Greville

 Fucales

 Sargassaceae

 Sargassum C. Agardh

 EXCLUDED PHAEOPHYCEAE (Laminariales)

Stramenopiles D. J. Patterson, 1989:372

Ochrophyta Cavalier-Smith, in Cavalier-Smith

and Chao, 1996:508

Remarks. Heterokontophyta Hoek (1978) and Heterokontophyta Moestrup (1992) are also used as the name for 

the phylum; however, both have been noted to be invalid (Guiry 

and Guiry, 2017). Ochrophyta Cavalier-Smith (in Cavalier-Smith 

and Chao, 1996; Cavalier-Smith, 1998) is used herein.

Phaeophyceae Kjellman, 1891:196

Ishigeophycidae Silberfeld, F. Rousseau

et Reviers, 2014:124, 140

Ishigeales G. Y. Cho et S. M. Boo, 

in G. Y. Cho et al., 2004:934

Ishigeaceae Okamura, in Segawa, 1935:65

Ishige Yendo, 1907:154

Ishige sinicola (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) Chihara, 1969:3

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Sistema Lagunar Navachiste–San 

Ignacio, Macapule, SIN. WC: Playa El Coloradito, BC, to 

Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la 

Guarda, Isla Patos, Isla Tiburón, Isla Partida, and Isla San 

Esteban, ISG. 

Type Locality. On rocks; Isla Partida [norte] (Isla 

Cordonazo), Baja California, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), 

Gulf of California, Mexico.

Dictyotophycidae Silberfeld, F. Rousseau

et Reviers, 2014:125, 140

Dictyotales Bory de Saint-­Vincent, 

1828:142

Dictyotaceae J. V. Lamouroux

ex Dumortier, 1822:72, 101

Dictyotaceae tribe Dictyoteae Greville, 

1833:252, 275

Remarks. Although the infrafamilial tribes Dictyoteae and Zonarieae O. C. Schmidt (1938) were divided on 

morphological characters, phylogenetic analyses did not support 

their separation, and Bittner et al. (2008) concluded they should 

be merged (see also Silberfeld et al. (2014).

Canistrocarpus De Paula et De Clerck, 

in De Clerck et al., 2006:1285

Canistrocarpus cervicornis (Kützing) De Paula et De Clerck, in 

De Clerck et al., 2006:1285

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía Concepción to Punta Arena, BCS. 

Type Locality. Key West, Florida Keys, Monroe 

County, Florida, USA.
6 4 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

Dictyota J. V. Lamouroux, 1809a:38, 

nom. cons.

Dictyota bartayresiana J. V. Lamouroux, 1809a:43

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Sayulita, NAY, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Faro de San Felipe, 

BC, to Punta Los Frailes, BCS. IS: Isla San José, BCS. 

Type Locality. Antilles, West Indies [archipelago 

in Caribbean Sea composed of the islands of the Greater Antilles 

and the Lesser Antilles]. 

Dictyota concrescens W. R. Taylor, 1945:89

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, to El Colorado, SON. WC: 

Bahía de La Paz to Cabo Pulmo, BCS.

Type Locality. Punta Hughes (vicinity of Bahía 

Magdalena), about 5.6 km southeast of Cabo San Lázaro, Pacific 

coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico.

Dictyota coriacea (Holmes) Hwang, H.-S. Kim et W. J. Lee, 

2004:189

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco to Guaymas, SON. WC: Punta La Gringa, Bahía 

de Los Ángeles, BC, to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, 

Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Tiburón, Isla Turner, Isla Partida 

(Isla Cordonazo), and Isla San Esteban, ISG; Isla San Marcos, 

Isla San Ildefonso, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS.

Type Locality. “Neighborhood of Tokio [Tokyo]” 

(Holmes, 1896:149); Enoura, Sagami Bay, Kanagawa Prefecture, 

Honshū Island, Japan. 

Dictyota crenulata J. Agardh, 1847:7

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía de Banderas, NAY/JAL. WC: Los Pocitos (vic. La Concha), SW Bahía Concepción, to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla 

San Diego and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS.

Type Locality. “St. Augustin, Stilla Oceanen” 

(Agardh, 1847:7); San Agustín, Oaxaca, Mexico.

Dictyota dichotoma var. intricata (C. Agardh) Greville, 1830:58

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco to Bahía Kino, SON. WC: Faro de San Felipe, 

BC, to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON; 

Isla Tortuga, Isla San Diego, Isla San Ildefonso, Isla San Juan 

Nepomuceno, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. 

Type Locality. Cádiz, Bahía de Cádiz, Andalusia 

region, Cádiz Province, southwestern Spain. 

Dictyota flabellata (Collins) Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924b:12

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: El 

Tornillal to Guaymas, SON. WC: Faro de San Felipe, BC, to Arrecife de Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Isla Tiburón and Isla Turner, ISG; 

Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON; Isla Tortuga, Isla San Marcos, Isla 

San Juan Nepomuceno, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. 

Type Locality. La Jolla, San Diego County, southern California, USA.

Dictyota pinnata (E. Y. Dawson) Hörnig, Schnetter et 

Prud’homme van Reine, 1993:170

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Sayulita, NAY, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Punta Arena to 

Cabo Pulmo, BCS.

Type Locality. Miramar, Nayarit, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Dictyota stolonifera E. Y. Dawson, 1962b:392

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto 

Peñasco, SON. WC: San José del Cabo to Cabo San Lucas, BCS.

Type Locality. Intertidal; volcanic reef, Masachapa, Managua (department), Pacific coast of Nicaragua.

Dictyota vivesii M. Howe, 1911:497

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto 

Peñasco to Bahía San Francisco, SON. WC: Playa El Coloradito, 

BC, to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla Tiburón, ISG; Isla Partida 

and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS; Isla María Magdalena, NAY.

Type Locality. La Paz, Baja California Sur, Gulf of 

California, Mexico.

Uncertain Record: Dictyota binghamiae J. Agardh, 1894:72

Remarks. Described from southern California (Abbott and Hollenberg, 1976, as Pachydictyon binghamiae (J. 

Agardh) E. Y. Dawson), it was recorded in the southern Gulf from 

Cabo San Lucas (Martínez-Lozano et al., 1991). More collections 

are necessary to verify its presence in the Gulf of California.

Uncertain Record: Dictyota dichotoma (Hudson) J. V. 

Lamouroux, 1809a:42

Remarks. Gulf specimens referred to as “Dictyota 

dichotoma” need to be reinvestigated (Pedroche et al., 2008; 

Norris, 2010). Dictyota dichotoma sensu stricto is probably restricted to the NE Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea (De Clerck, 

2003). Norris (2010) referred some Gulf specimens previously 

identified as “D. dichotoma” to D. vivesii.

Uncertain Record: Dictyota volubilis Kützing, 1849:445

Remarks. “Dictyota volubilis” as identified in the 

Gulf also needs to be reinvestigated (Pedroche et al., 2008; Norris, 2010). De Clerck (2003) considered D. volubilis to be conspecific with D. dichotoma.

Rugulopteryx De Clerck et Coppejans, 

in De Clerck et al., 2006:1286

Rugulopteryx okamurae (E. Y. Dawson) I.-K. Hwang, W. J. Lee 

et H.-S. Kim, in Hwang et al., 2009:5

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto 

Peñasco, SON. WC: Cabeza Ballena to Bahía de San Lucas, BCS.
NUMBER 106 • 6 5

Type Locality. Enoshima [island], Kanagawa Prefecture, offshore in Sagami Bay, Honshū Island, Japan.

Dictyopteris J. V. Lamouroux, 1809b:332

Dictyopteris delicatula J. V. Lamouroux, 1809b:332

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía de Banderas, NAY/JAL. WC: Bahía de La Paz to Arrecife 

de Cabo Pulmo, BCS. 

Type Locality. Antilles, West Indies [archipelago 

in Caribbean Sea composed of the islands of the Greater Antilles 

and the Lesser Antilles]. 

Dictyopteris repens (Okamura) Børgesen, 1924a:265

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla 

Cholla, BCS.

Type Locality. Chuuk (Turk) Islands, part of the 

Caroline Islands group, Federated States of Micronesia.

Dictyopteris undulata Holmes, 1896:251

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Peñasco to Bahía Tepoca, SON. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la 

Guarda, and Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo), ISG; Isla Conchas 

and Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON; Isla Tortuga, Isla Partida, and 

Isla San Ildefonso, BCS. 

Type Locality. Misaki, Kanagawa Prefecture, 

Honshū Island, central Japan. 

Uncertain Record: Dictyopteris johnstonei N. L. Gardner, 

1940:270

Remarks. Dictyopteris johnstonei has been recorded 

as “possibly into the Gulf of California” (Abbott and Hollenberg, 1976:212). Its taxonomic status is problematic, and the 

southern California D. johnstonei (type locality: Santa Cruz Island, California Channel Islands [Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary]) needs to be reinvestigated (Silva, 1957). Until 

the phylogenetic relationships of Gulf specimens referable to “D. 

johnstonei” are comparatively tested with type specimens of D. 

johnstonei, Japanese D. undulata Holmes, and California D. zonarioides Farlow, its taxonomic status and presence in the Gulf 

remain uncertain (Norris, 2014).

Lobophora J. Agardh, 1894:21

Lobophora variegata? (J. V. Lamouroux) Womersley ex E. C. 

Oliveira, 1977:217

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Sayulita, NAY, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Punta Arena to 

Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Isla San Diego, Isla Partida, Isla Espíritu 

Santo, and Isla San Francisco, BCS.

Type Locality. Antilles, West Indies [archipelago 

in Caribbean Sea composed of the islands of the Greater Antilles 

and the Lesser Antilles]. 

Remarks. Recent molecular systematic studies of 

specimens assumed to be a broadly defined “Lobophora variegata” (Sun et al., 2012; Vieira et al., 2014, 2016; Schultz et al., 

2015) have revealed numerous new species that were previously 

misidentified or unrecognized. The species L. variegata is likely 

restricted to the Caribbean Sea (Schultz et al., 2015; Vieira et al., 

2016). Vieira et al. (2016, 2017) estimated there are more than 

100 species of Lobophora, of which only 21−30 species are currently recognized. The Gulf of California specimens referred to 

“L. variegata” should be critically studied and molecularly compared to determine their correct identity and if there is possibly 

more than one species in the Gulf.

Padina Adanson, 1763:13, 586, nom. cons.

Padina arborescens Holmes, 1896:251

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: El 

Huerfanito to Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC; Santa Rosalía, BCS. IS: 

Isla San Pedro Mártir, ISG.

Type Locality. Enoshima [island], Fujisawa, 

Kanagawa Prefecture, offshore in Sagami Bay, Honshū Island, 

Japan. 

Remarks. Molecular data of Díaz-Martínez et al. 

(2016:679) indicated their Gulf specimens were probably this 

species.

Padina caulescens Thivy, in Taylor, 1945:99

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Playa La Concha, Ensenada de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla María Magdalena, NAY. 

Type Locality. Isla María Magdalena, Islas Marías, 

Nayarit, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Remarks. Padina caulescens has been treated as a 

synonym of P. durvillei by Riosmena-Rodríguez et al. (2009). 

Padina concrescens Thivy, in Taylor, 1945:102

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Golfo de Santa Clara, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, NAY/JAL. 

WC: Bahía de los Muertos to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS.

Type Locality. Anchorage, Black Beach, Isla Floreana 

(Charles Island; Isla Santa María), Galápagos Islands, Ecuador.

Remarks. Díaz-Martínez et al. (2016) noted that P. 

concrescens may possibly be a procumbent growth form of P. 

durvillei, but type material of the Galápagos P. concrescens must 

be analyzed to resolve their relationship and taxonomic status.

Padina crispata Thivy, in Taylor, 1945:100

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Estero Tastiota, SON, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Playa El Coloradito, BC, to San José del Cabo, BCS. IS: Isla Monserrat and 

Isla Partida, BCS; Isla María Madre, NAY. 

Type Locality. Gulfo Dulce, Puntarenas Province, 

Pacific coast of Costa Rica.
6 6 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

Remarks. Although Riosmena-Rodríguez et al. 

(2009) treated Padina crispata as a synonym of P. mexicana, 

molecular analysis by Díaz-Martínez et al. (2016) supported it 

being a distinct species from P. mexicana. 

Padina durvillei Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1827a:591

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: El 

Tornillal, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Playa El Coloradito, BC, to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla San Jorge, Isla Alcatráz, and Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON; Puerto Refugio, Isla 

Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Estanque, Isla Patos, Isla Tiburón, Isla 

Turner, Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo), Isla San Esteban, and Isla 

San Pedro Mártir, ISG; Isla Tortuga, Isla San Marcos, Isla San 

Ildefonso, Isla Cholla, Isla Danzante, and Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS; Isla de Venados and Isla de la Piedra, SIN; Isla Larga, 

Isla María Madre, and Isla María Magdalena, NAY.

Type Locality. Concepción, Bío Bío Region, Province Concepción, Chile (Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1827a). 

Remarks. Dawson et al. (1964:22) suspected the 

type locality of P. durvillei was incorrect, noting “from the present known distribution of the species it is questionable whether 

the alga was taken from such cool southern waters.” However, 

Concepción, Chile, is generally accepted as the type locality 

(Ramírez and Santelices, 1991; Guiry and Guiry, 2014). 

Padina glabra Gaillard, 1966:226

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla 

Espíritu Santo, BCS.

Type Locality. Punta de Fann, Dakar, Senegal.

Remarks. Molecular analyses by Díaz-Martínez et 

al. (2016:679) indicated their Gulf specimen was possibly this 

species.

Padina mexicana E. Y. Dawson, 1944:231

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Punta de Mita, NAY. WC: Playa Santa 

Teresa, BC, to Arrecife de Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Isla Tiburón and 

Isla Turner, ISG; Isla San Diego, Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, and 

Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS.

Type Locality. Reef; Isla Turner, off southeast end 

of Isla Tiburón, Sonora, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf 

of California, Mexico.

Padina mexicana var. erecta Ávila-Ortiz, 2003:70

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Bahía Concepción to Punta Arena, BCS. 

Type Locality. Puerto Vicente Guerrero, Guerrero, 

Mexico.

Remarks. Separated primarily by their different 

thallus habits; that is, P. mexicana var. erecta has an erect habit 

versus a procumbent habit of P. mexicana var. mexicana. It was 

treated as a synonym of P. mexicana by Riosmena-Rodríguez 

et al. (2009). Subsequently, Díaz-Martínez et al. (2016) found 

no genetic differences between the two varieties and recognized 

them as morphological varieties. 

Padina ramonribae Ávila-Ortiz, Pedroche et Díaz-Martínez, in 

Díaz-Martínez et al., 2016:667

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Los 

Tornados, BCS. 

Type Locality. Cayaquitos, Guerrero, Mexico.

Remarks. Described from Guerrero, tropical Pacific 

Mexico, Padina ramonribae has also been reported in the southern Gulf from Los Tornados (Ávila-Ortiz and Pedroche, 2005;

Pedroche et al., 2008). 

Uncertain Record: Padina sanctae-crucis Børgesen, 1914:45

Remarks. Further investigation of southern Gulf 

specimens referred to P. sanctae-crucis from Bahía del Rincón 

is required to verify their identification (Pedroche et al., 2008).

Excluded Species: Padina tetrastromatica Hauck, 1887:43

Remarks. Ávila-Ortiz and Pedroche (1999), 

Pedroche et al. (2008), and Norris (2010) concluded Pacific 

Mexico specimens of “Padina tetrastromatica” were misidentified and were actually P. crispata (see also Remarks above under 

P. crispata).

Excluded Species: Padina gymnospora (Kützing) Sonder, 1871:47

Remarks. Ávila-Ortiz and Pedroche (2005) found 

that tropical Pacific Mexico specimens identified as “Padina 

gymnospora” were either P. crispata or P. mexicana and noted 

P. gymnospora should be applied only to material from the Atlantic. Riosmena-Rodríguez et al. (2009) also concluded Gulf of 

California records of “P. gymnospora” and “P. vickersiae” (note 

P. vickersiae Hoyt in Howe, 1920, is a synonym of P. gymnospora; see Allender and Kraft, 1983) were misidentified and referred them to P. mexicana.

Spatoglossum Kützing, 1843:339

Spatoglossum howellii Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1937:74

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía de Banderas, NAY/JAL.

Type Locality. Isla Isabela (Isla Albemarle), Galápagos Islands, Ecuador.

Spatoglossum lanceolatum E. Y. Dawson, 1954c:328

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Ensenada de San Francisco, SON. 

Type Locality. In beach drift; north shore of 

Ensenada de San Francisco, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Spatoglossum schroederi (C. Agardh) Kützing, 1859:21

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla 

San Pedro Nolasco, SON.

Type Locality. Brazil. 
NUMBER 106 • 6 7

Remarks. The species concept of Spatoglossum 

schroederi (C. Agardh) Kützing (1859:21) is based on a specimen (Liebmann; Herb. Sonder) that was illustrated from Veracruz, Gulf of Mexico (Kützing, 1859: table 51, fig. 1). That 

specimen was not from the type locality in Brazil. Gulf of California S. schroederi needs to be compared with the type materials of Zonaria schroederi C. Agardh (1823) from Brazil to verify 

its identification in the Gulf of California.

Spatoglossum subflabellatum E. Y. Dawson, 1954c:326

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, to Ensenada de San Francisco, 

SON. 

Type Locality. Dredged 11–18 m depths; near 

Punta de Las Cuevitas, Ensenada de San Francisco, Sonora, Gulf 

of California, Mexico.

Sphacelariales Migula, 1908:173, 237

Sphacelariaceae Decaisne, 1842a:329, 341

Sphacelaria Lyngbye, in Hornemann, 

1818:8, pl. MDC

Sphacelaria brevicornis Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 

1924a:725

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Bahía San Gabriel, Isla Espíritu Santo, 

and Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS. 

Type Locality. On Sargassum polyacanthum f. 

americanum Setchell et N. L. Gardner (1924a; now S. sinicola 

Setchell et N. L. Gardner); La Paz, Baja California Sur, Gulf of 

California, Mexico. 

Sphacelaria californica (Sauvageau) Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 

1925:395

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Mazatlán, SIN, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Puertecitos, BC, 

to San José del Cabo, BCS. 

Type Locality. San Diego, San Diego County, 

southern California, USA (Setchell and Gardner, 1925). 

Sphacelaria hancockii E. Y. Dawson, 1944:225

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía Balandra to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Turner, ISG; Isla 

Carmen, BCS. 

Type Locality. On mid-intertidal rocks; San José 

del Cabo, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Sphacelaria rigidula Kützing, 1843:292

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: El 

Tornillal, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Playa El Coloradito, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Tiburón, ISG; Isla 

San Francisco and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS.

Type Locality. On Hormophysa cuneiformis (J. F. 

Gmelin) P. C. Silva; Nuweiba, Sinai, Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea, 

Egypt.

Sphacelaria sp. of Rocha-Ramírez and Siqueiros-Beltrones, 1991

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía Balandra, BCS.

Sphacelaria tribuloides Meneghini, 1840:[2]

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto 

Peñasco, SON. WC: Playa Santa Teresa, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, 

BCS. IS: Isla San Diego and Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS. 

Type Locality. On submerged rocks; La Spezia, 

Gulf of Spezia, Ligurian Sea, northern Italy.

Lithodermataceae Hauck, 1883:188, 318

Pseudolithoderma Svedelius, in Kjellman 

and Svedelius, 1910:175

Pseudolithoderma nigrum Hollenberg, 1969:297

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Playa Los Muertos, NAY, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía 

de La Paz, BCS.

Type Locality. Corona del Mar, Orange County, 

southern California, USA.

Fucophycidae Cavalier-Smith, 1986:341

Desmarestiales Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 

1925:554

Desmarestiaceae (Thuret) Kjellman, 1880:10

Desmarestia J. V. Lamouroux, 1813:43

Desmarestia filamentosa E. Y. Dawson, 1944:236

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Punta La Gringa, Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC. IS: Isla Mejía, Roca 

Blanca, and Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, and Isla 

San Esteban, ISG. 

Type Locality. Dredged 27.4 m (15 fathoms) 

depth; Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Baja California, 

Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Baja California, Gulf of California, Mexico. 

Desmarestia munda subsp. mexicana (E. Y. Dawson) J. N. 

Norris, 2010:146

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Roca 

Blanca and Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, and Isla 

Estanque, ISG. 

Type Locality. Dredged 27.4 m (15 fathoms) 

depth; Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Baja California, 

Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico.
6 8 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

Ectocarpales Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1922c:403

Acinetosporaceae Hamel, 1931:8

Feldmannia Hamel, 1939:xli

Feldmannia indica (Sonder) Womersley et A. Bailey, 1970:288

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Isla 

María Magdalena, NAY.

Type Locality. Pulo Kambing, Bima Bay, Sumbawa (Bima Island), Indonesia.

Feldmannia irregularis (Kützing) Hamel, 1939:xvii

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco to Canal de Infiernillo, SON.

Type Locality. On Laurencia obtusa; Adriatic Sea. 

Feldmannia mitchelliae (Harvey) H.-S. Kim, 2010:51

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Playa Los Cerritos, SIN. WC: Playa 

Santa Teresa to Puertecitos, BC; Bahía Concepción to San José 

del Cabo, BCS. IS: Isla San Diego, BCS.

Type Locality. Nantucket, Nantucket County, 

Massachusetts, USA. 

Remarks. Previously, Feldmannia mitchelliae has 

been reported as Hincksia mitchelliae (Harvey) P. C. Silva (in Silva 

et al., 1987) in the Gulf of California (Pedroche et al., 2008).

Hincksia J. E. Gray, 1865:12

Hincksia bryantii (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) J. N. Norris, 

2010:169

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla San 

Juan Nepomuceno and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. 

Type Locality. Epiphytic on Codium brandegeei; 

La Paz, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Hincksia granulosa (J. E. Smith) P. C. Silva, in Silva et al., 

1987:130

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla 

Pelícano and Isla Alcatráz, SON.

Syntype Localities. Brighton (Brighthelmston) 

[East Sussex] and Shoreham [West Sussex], England, UK (Silva 

et al., 1996). 

Remarks. Womersley (1987) noted the type was 

from England, but it has not been located (Clayton, 1974; see 

Guiry and Guiry, 2015).

Pylaiellaceae P. M. Pedersen, 1984:50

Pylaiella Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1823:393

Remarks. More recently Pylaiella has been treated 

as a member of the Acinetosporaceae (see Silberfeld et al., 2014).

Pylaiella sp. A of Norris, 2010:187

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, SON.

Chordariaceae Greville, 1830:44

Compsonema Kuckuck, 1899:58

Compsonema immixtum Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:724

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla 

Partida [norte], ISG.

Type Locality. On Colpomenia sinuosa f. deformans—now C. phaeodactyla (M. J. Wynne et J. N. Norris); Isla 

Partida (Isla Cordonazo), Baja California, Islas Grandes (Islas de 

la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. 

Compsonema intricatum Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1922a:354

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Mazatlán, SIN.

Type Locality. On Fucus gardneri; Carmel Bay, 

Monterey County, central California, USA. 

Compsonema serpens Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1922a:363

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Playa El Coloradito to 

Puertecitos, BC.

Type Locality. Carmel Bay, Monterey County, 

central California, USA. 

Haplogloia Levring, 1939:48

Haplogloia andersonii (Farlow) Levring, 1939:50

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía Concepción, BCS.

Type Locality. Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz County, 

California, USA.

Hecatonema Sauvageau, 1898:248

Hecatonema streblonematoides (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) 

Loiseaux, 1970:253

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco to Segundo Cerro Prieto, Bahía Kino, SON; 

Playa de Guayabitos and Las Peñas, NAY, to Puerto Vallarta, 

JAL. IS: Isla Pelícano, SON.

Type Locality. On Nereocystis luetkeana (K. 

Mertens) Postels et Ruprecht; Tomales Bay, Marin County, 

northern California, USA.

Myriactula Kuntze, 1898:74, 415

Myriactula johnstonii (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) Feldmann, 

1945:223

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla 

San Marcos, BCS.
NUMBER 106 • 6 9

Type Locality. On Sargassum insulare Setchell et 

N. L. Gardner (now S. lapazeanum Setchell et N. L. Gardner); 

Isla San Marcos, northern Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. 

Myriactula marchantiae (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) Feldmann, 

1945:223

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: La 

Paz, BCS.

Type Locality. On Sargassum horridum Setchell 

et N. L. Gardner; La Paz, Baja California, Gulf of California, 

Mexico.

Nemacystus Derbès et Solier, 1850:269

Nemacystus brandegeei (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) Kylin, 1940:49

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto 

Peñasco, SON. WC: Playa El Coloradito, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, 

BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, and Bahía Agua 

Dulce, Isla Tiburón, ISG; Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS.

Type Locality. La Paz, Baja California Sur, Gulf of 

California, Mexico.

Streblonema Derbès et Solier, 1851:100

Streblonema transfixum Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1922b:391

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla 

Coronado, BC.

Type Locality. On Desmarestia herbacea (Turner) 

J. V. Lamouroux; San Pedro, Los Angeles County, southern California, USA. 

Streblonema sp. A of Norris, 2010:180

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, SON.

Remarks. Record is from the finding of filaments 

of Streblonema sp. on intertidal Cutleria hancockii in the upper 

Gulf (La Claire and West, 1977).

Leathesiaceae Farlow, 1881:16, 79

Leathesia S. F. Gray, 1821:279, 301

Remarks. Leathesia has also been treated as a member of the Chordariaceae (see Peters and Ramírez, 2001; Silberfeld et al., 2014).

Leathesia nana Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924b:3

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Playa El Coloradito, BC.

Type Locality. Monterey, Monterey County, central California, USA.

Ectocarpaceae C. Agardh, 1828:9

Ectocarpus Lyngbye, 1819:130

Ectocarpus acutus Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1922c:404

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS.

Type Locality. Carmel, Monterey County, central 

California, USA.

Ectocarpus chantransioides Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1922c:406

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Cabo Pulmo, BCS.

Type Locality. Santa Monica, Los Angeles County, 

southern California, USA.

Ectocarpus commensalis Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1922c:407

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Playa Carelleros (Careyeros), NAY, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. 

IS: Isla Alcatráz, SON; Isla Turner, ISG; Isla Larga, NAY.

Lectotype Locality. On Codium setchellii N. L. 

Gardner; Carmel Bay, Monterey County, central California, USA. 

Ectocarpus corticulatus De A. Saunders, 1898:152

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla de la Piedra, SIN. 

Type Locality. Pacific Grove, Monterey County, 

central California, USA.

Ectocarpus gonodioides Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 

1924a:721

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto 

Peñasco, SON. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC; Bahía Agua Verde to 

Punta Arena, BCS. IS: Isla Coronado, BC; Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS.

Type Locality. On Codium cuneatum Setchell et 

N. L. Gardner (now C. simulans Setchell et N. L. Gardner); Isla 

Coronado (Isla Smith), north of Bahía de Los Ángeles, Baja California, Gulf of California, Mexico. 

Ectocarpus hancockii E. Y. Dawson, 1944:222

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: El 

Faro de San Felipe, BC. IS: Isla Turner, ISG.

Type Locality. Reef; Isla Turner (off southeast end 

of Isla Tiburón), Sonora, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf 

of California, Mexico. 

Ectocarpus parvus (De A. Saunders) Hollenberg, 1971:283

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Playa Norte and Punta Derecha, SIN, 

to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla 

Pelícano, SON.

Type Locality. On “sand-colored rocks;” San 

Pedro, Los Angeles County, southern California, USA.

Ectocarpus rallsiae Vickers, 1905:59

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de los Muertos to Punta Arena, BCS.

Type Locality. Barbados, Lesser Antilles, Caribbean Sea.
7 0 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

Remarks. Ectocarpus rallsiae was recorded in the 

southern Gulf of California by Mateo-Cid et al. (2000, as Hincksia rallsiae (Vickers) P. C. Silva). 

Ectocarpus siliculosus (Dillwyn) Lyngbye, 1819:131

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: El 

Tornillal to Punta Gorda, SON; Playa de Guayabitos and Playa 

Las Peñas, NAY. WC: Playa Santa Teresa to Puertecitos, BC. 

Syntype Localities. Cromer, Norfolk [county], 

and Hastings, East Sussex [county], England, UK.

Remarks. Phylogenetic analyses by Montecinos et al. 

(2017) of specimens identified as E. siliculosus revealed at least 15 

cryptic species within the “E. siliculosi-group.” Four of these, including E. siliculosus, were found in the North and South Pacific. 

They noted it was impossible in the field to distinguish between 

species of this E. siliculosi-group. Molecular analyses of Gulf of 

California specimens will help elucidate their identifications.

Ectocarpus simulans Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1922c:412

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa 

de Guayabitos and Playa Las Peñas, NAY, to Bahía de Banderas, 

JAL. WC: Bahía de La Paz to Cabo Pulmo, BCS.

Type Locality. Cypress Point, Monterey County, 

central California, USA.

Ectocarpus sonorensis E. Y. Dawson, 1944:221

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Guaymas, SON.

Type Locality. On rocks in tidal stream; 3 km east 

of Guaymas, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Chnoosporaceae Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 

1925:400, 552

Remarks. This family has also been treated as being 

synonymous with the Scytosiphonaceae (e.g., Silberfeld et al., 

2014).

Chnoospora J. Agardh, 1847:7

Chnoospora implexa J. Agardh, 1848:172

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Santa 

Rosalía to Punta San Evaristo, BCS. IS: Isla Mejía and Isla Ángel 

de la Guarda, ISG; Isla Cholla and Isla San Francisco, BCS. 

Type Locality. Near El-Tor, Sinai Peninsula, Gulf 

of Suez, Egypt.

Chnoospora minima (K. Hering) Papenfuss, 1956:69

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Playa Carelleros (Careyeros), NAY, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. 

WC: Bahía Concepción to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Cholla 

and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS; Isla Larga, NAY.

Type Locality. Port Natal, Durban, South Africa.

Remarks. Some Gulf of California records of C. 

minima may be C. pacifica; they need to be critically compared 

with Fucus minimus K. Hering (1841), the type of South African 

C. minima.

Chnoospora pacifica J. Agardh, 1847:7

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía San Pedro, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía 

de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla María Magdalena, NAY. 

Type Locality. San Agustín, Oaxaca, Mexico.

Scytosiphonaceae Farlow, 1881:15, 62

Colpomenia (Endlicher) 

Derbès et Solier, 1851:95

Colpomenia durvillei (Bory de Saint-Vincent) M. E. Ramírez, 

in Ramírez and Rojas, 1991:17

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: “Las 

Cuevas, SON” (Lee et al., 2012:371, table 1).

Type Locality. Concepción, Bío Bío Region, Province Concepción, Chile.

Remarks. Specimens from “Las Cuevas, Sonora” 

(probably Punta Las Cuevas, SON; note there is also a Las Cuevas 

near Sayulita, NAY) were found to be genetically identical to the 

Chilean C. durvillei (Lee et al., 2012:371, fig. 2). The South American C. durvillei may be a species recently introduced to the northern 

Gulf or it possibly has been overlooked. Similar in appearance to 

some C. phaeodactyla, the phylogenetic relationship of these two 

needs further elucidation (see also Remarks under C. phaeodactyla).

Colpomenia peregrina Sauvageau, 1927:321

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Tarabillas to Punta León, Bahía de La Paz, BCS.

Lectotype Locality. Brittany, northwest France. 

Colpomenia phaeodactyla M. J. Wynne et J. N. Norris, 1976:5

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta 

Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, to Bahía Kino, SON. WC: El Huerfanito to Bahía San Francisco, BC. IS: Isla Mejía, Puerto Refugio, 

Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Turner, and Isla San Esteban, ISG.

Type Locality. On tidal platform; Playa Estación, 

Puerto Peñasco, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Remarks. Specimens resembling C. phaeodactyla

from “Las Cuervas” were genetically identified as C. durvillei by 

Lee et al. (2012). The two are distinct morphologically (Wynne 

and Norris, 1976; Norris, 2010; Lee et al., 2012), with both now 

recognized in the northern Gulf of California. The type of upper 

Gulf C. phaeodactyla should be molecularly analyzed to further 

elucidate its relationship to Chilean type of C. durvillei (note 

that if the locale is Punta Las Cuevas, Sonora, it is about 444 km 

south of Puerto Peñasco, type locality of C. phaeodactyla; see 

also Remarks under Colpomenia durvillei). 

Colpomenia ramosa W. R. Taylor, 1945:84

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía Tepoca, SON, to Mazatlán, SIN. WC: Bahía San Luis 
NUMBER 106 • 7 1

Gonzaga to Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC; Bahía de La Paz, BCS. 

IS: Isla San Luis Gonzaga, BC; Bahía San Gabriel, Isla Espíritu 

Santo, BCS; Isla de la Piedra, SIN. 

Type Locality. Bahía Sur, Isla Cedros, off Pacific 

coast of Baja California, Mexico.

Colpomenia sinuosa (Mertens ex Roth) Derbès et Solier, 

1851:95

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto 

Peñasco, SON, to Mazatlán, SIN. WC: Puerto San Felipe, BC, to 

Cabo San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla San Luis Gonzaga, BC; Isla Mejía, 

Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, and Isla Tiburón, ISG; 

Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON; Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS.

Type Locality. Near Cádiz, Bahía de Cádiz, Andalusia region, southwestern Spain. 

Colpomenia sinuosa f. expansissima Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 

1924a:726

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía San Francisquito, BC.

Type Locality. “Floating in large billowy masses 

out in the bay” (I. M. Johnson, in Setchell and Gardner, 

1924a:726); Bahía San Francisquito, Baja California, Gulf of 

California, Mexico.

Remarks. Colpomenia sinuosa f. expansissima was 

described by Setchell and Gardner (1924a) as large, thin fronds 

that were very similar to C. sinuosa f. expansa De A. Saunders 

(1898). Although it was later considered a form of C. tuberculata by Dawson (1944, as C. sinuosa f. tuberculata), its taxonomic status needs to be reinvestigated. 

Colpomenia sp. A of Norris, 2010:193

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Ensenada de San Francisco, SON. WC: Puerto Calamajué to 

Punta La Gringa, BC; Puerto Escondido, BCS. IS: Isla La Ventana, BC; Isla San Esteban, ISG; Bahía Salinas, Isla Carmen, 

BCS.

Remarks. Colpomenia sp. A is morphologically the 

same as “C. sinuosa? open-expanded sheet form” of Wynne and 

Norris (1976:5) and “C. sinuosa f. expansa” of Pedroche et al. 

(2008). The minute, spine-like projections of Colpomenia sinuosa f. expansissima are lacking on the expanded sheet-like Colpomenia sp. A (Wynne and Norris, 1976; Norris, 2010; see also 

Remarks under Colpomenia sinuosa f. expansissima).

Colpomenia tuberculata De A. Saunders, 1898:164

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Mazatlán, SIN. WC: El Machorro, BC, 

to San José del Cabo, BCS. IS: Isla Alcatráz, SON; Isla San Luis 

Gonzaga and Islas de Los Gemelos, BC; Isla Mejía and Puerto 

Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Estanque, Isla Turner, and 

Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo), ISG; Isla Espíritu Santo and Isla 

Partida [sur], BCS. 

Type Locality. Near San Pedro, Los Angeles 

County, southern California, USA.

Hapterophycus Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 

in Setchell, 1912:233

Remarks. Kogame (1996) considered the genus synonymous with Scytosiphon (see also Silberfeld et al., 2014). Although Hollenberg (1941) concluded Hapterophycus was close 

to Ralfsiaceae, others treat the genus as belonging in the Scytosiphonaceae. Phylogenetic analyses will help resolve familial 

placement of the genus (Norris, 2014).

Hapterophycus? anastomosans E. Y. Dawson, 1966b:56

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla 

San Lorenzo and Isla Rasa, ISG.

Type Locality. Isla Rasa, Baja California, Islas 

Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico.

Remarks. The taxonomic placement of this endemic 

species was queried by Norris (2014). Molecular phylogenetic 

analyses will help resolve its generic and familial placement.

Hydroclathrus Bory de Saint-Vincent, 

1825:419

Hydroclathrus clathratus (C. Agardh) M. Howe, 1920:590

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Playa El Coloradito, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Punta 

Perla, Isla Tiburón, ISG; Isla San José, Isla San Francisco, Isla 

San Juan Nepomuceno, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS.

Syntype Localities. Three locales for the basionym, Encoelium clathratum C. Agardh (1823): Belle-Île, Brittany, France; Rauki, Waigeo Island, Moluccas, Indonesia; and 

Shark Bay, Western Australia. 

Lectotype Locality. Belle-Île, Brittany, France 

(Howe, 1920; Womersley, 1987); however, this locale may be 

incorrect since the mollusk shells found associated with the lectotype collection are not known from this locality (Hamel, 1937; 

Silva et al., 1996).

Rosenvingea Børgesen, 1914:22

Rosenvingea antillarum (P. Crouan et H. Crouan) M. J. 

Wynne, 1997:334

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: El 

Tornillal to Punta Gorda, SON.

Type Locality. Le Moule, Grande-Terre, Guadeloupe, French West Indies.

Rosenvingea floridana (W. R. Taylor) W. R. Taylor, 

1955:72

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: El 

Tornillal to Punta Gorda, SON. WC: Punta La Gringa, Bahía 

de Los Ángeles, BC. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, 

and Estanque (?), ISG.

Type Locality. East Cay, Dry Tortugas (Dry Tortugas National Park), Florida Keys, Monroe County, Gulf of 

Mexico, Florida, USA. 
7 2 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

Rosenvingea intricata (J. Agardh) Børgesen, 1914:26

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía Tepoca, SON. WC: Punta Bufeo to Bahía San Luis Gonzaga, BC; Bahía Concepción to Punta Arena, BCS. 

Type Locality. Veracruz [city], Veracruz [state], 

Gulf of Mexico, Mexico.

Petalonia Derbès et Solier, 1850:266

Remarks. The recorded presence of the two species 

of Petalonia below in the Gulf of California requires further investigation (see also Remarks under Stragularia clavata). 

Uncertain Record: Petalonia binghamiae (J. Agardh) 

Vinogradova, 1973:31

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Cabo Tepoca, SON. 

Uncertain Record: Petalonia fascia (O. F. Müller) Kuntze, 

1898:419

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Libertad, SON; Mazatlán, SIN.

Stragularia Strömfelt, 1886:49

Remarks. The generic status of species of Stragularia

requires further investigation. Culture studies on some encrusting species of Stragularia, Ralfsia, or “Ralfsia-like” found them 

to be a phase in heteromorphic life history of an erect blade-like 

thallus such as those of Petalonia (e.g., Wynne, 1969, 1972; 

Nakamura and Tatewaki, 1975; Fletcher, 1978). Many are probably life history phases of members of the Scytosiphoniaceae 

(Guiry and Guiry, 2016).

Stragularia clavata (Harvey) Hamel, 1939:70

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Las 

Cuevas, NAY. IS: Isla Larga, NAY. 

Remarks. A prostrate species recorded in the 

southeastern Gulf of California (León-Alvarez and GonzálezGonzález, 1993). Culture and genetic studies will elucidate 

what genus/species is part of the life history of the Gulf taxon. 

Ralfsiales Nakamura ex P.-­E. Lim et H. Kawai, 

in Lim et al., 2007:464

Hapalospongiaceae Reyes-Gómez et León-Álvarez, 

in León-Álvarez et al., 2017:13

Hapalospongidion De A. Saunders, 1899:7

Hapalospongidion gelatinosum De A. Saunders, 1899:37

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Cabo Corrientes to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Punta Santa 

Rosalía, BC; Cabo Pulmo and Punta Frailes to Cabeza de Ballena, BCS.

Type Locality. Point Aulon (Lover’s Point), Pacific Grove, Monterey County, central California, USA. Lectotype and epitype were selected by León-Alvarez et al. (2017: 

4, 5, fig. 2).

Neoralfsiaceae P.-­E. Lim et H. Kawai, 

in Lim et al., 2007:464

Neoralfsia P.-E. Lim et H. Kawai, 

in Lim et al., 2007:464

Neoralfsia hancockii León-Álvarez et Núñez-Reséndiz, in LeónÁlvarez et al., 2014a:145

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Sayulita, NAY, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Puertecitos, BC, 

to San José del Cabo, BCS. IS: Isla Larga, NAY.

Type Locality. Southern end of San José del Cabo, 

Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. 

Remarks. Previous Gulf of California records of Neoralfsia hancockii were referred to as “morph A” sensu LeónÁlvarez and González-González (1995), “Ralfsia expansa”

(León-Álvarez and González-González, 2003), and “Ralfsia hancockii” (León-Álvarez and Norris, 2010).

Ralfsiaceae Farlow, 1881:17, 86

Endoplura Hollenberg, 1969:298

Endoplura aurea Hollenberg, 1969:300

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: La 

Paz to Punta Los Frailes, BCS.

Type Locality. Laguna Beach, Orange County, 

southern California, USA.

Ralfsia Berkeley, in Smith and Sowerby, 

1843:pl. 2866+[2]pp.

Ralfsia confusa Hollenberg, 1969:291

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto San Carlos, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía 

Concepción to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS; 

Isla Larga, NAY.

Type Locality. Corona del Mar, Orange County, 

southern California, USA. 

Ralfsia fungiformis (Gunnerus) Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 

1924b:11

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Playa de Guayabitos and Playa Las Peñas, NAY.

Type Locality. Iceland.

Ralfsia hesperia Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924b:2

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Playa Los Cerritos, Punta Chile, and Cerro El Crestón (Isla El 

Crestón), SIN. IS: Isla Los Lobos, SIN.
NUMBER 106 • 7 3

Type Locality. Carmel Bay, Monterey County, 

central California, USA.

Ralfsia integra Hollenberg, 1969:295–296

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Manzanillas, NAY.

Type Locality. Laguna Beach, Orange County, 

southern California, USA. 

Ralfsia pacifica Hollenberg, in Smith, 1944:95

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Pelícano, Puerta Peñasco, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, 

JAL. WC: Playa Santa Teresa, BC, to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Isla 

Turner and Isla San Esteban, ISG.

Syntype Localities. Three locales given by Hollenberg (in Smith, 1944:96): “along the shore near: Bird Rock 

[largest of Seal Rocks], Pebble Beach, and north end of Carmel 

Beach,” all Monterey County, central California, USA.

Remarks. The publication of R. pacifica Hollenberg 

(in Smith, 1944:95) supercedes the publication of Hollenberg 

(1969), which included another choice for its type and type 

locality. Therefore a lectotype specimen in agreement with the 

original protologue of Hollenberg (in Smith, 1944:95–96) needs 

to be chosen from the listed syntype localities of Hollenberg’s 

Monterey Peninsula collections of that time.

Ralfsia-like crust 1 of Dawson, 1966a:9, as “Ralfsia spp.”

 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON.

Ralfsia-like crust 2 of Dawson, 1966a:9, as “Ralfsia spp.”

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON.

Uncertain Record: Ralfsia californica Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 

1924b:2

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto San Carlos, SON. IS: Isla Turner, ISG; Bahía San Gabriel, 

Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. 

Remarks. The nonfertile northern Gulf (Dawson, 

1944) and the Jalisco specimens (Taylor, 1945) referred to “R. 

californica” need reinvestigation (Pedroche et al., 2008; LeónÁlvarez and Norris, 2010).

Scytothamnales A. F. Peters et M. N. Clayton, 

1988:111

Asteronemataceae Silberfeld, Racault, 

R. L. Fletcher, F. Rousseau et B. de Reviers, 

in Silberfeld et al., 2011:375

Asteronema Delépine et Asensi, 1975:296

Asteronema breviarticulatum (J. Agardh) Ouriques et Bouzon, 

2000:271

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de La Paz, BCS. 

Type Locality. San Agustín, Oaxaca, Mexico.

Remarks. It has also been reported outside the entrance to the Gulf to the south from Playa Mezcales, Jalisco 

(Mendoza-González and Mateo-Cid, 1992).

Sporochnales Sauvageau, 1926:364

Sporochnaceae Greville, 1830:36

Sporochnus C. Agardh, 1817:xii

Sporochnus anomalus (Pallas) M. J. Wynne, 2003:78

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC. IS: Roca Blanca and Puerto Refugio, 

Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG. 

Type Locality. Not given by Pallas (1766, as Fucus 

anomalus); Mediterranean (Gmelin, 1768). 

Sporochnus neushulii J. N. Norris, 2010:153

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Roca 

Blanca and Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG. 

Type Locality. At 20−30 m depths; off west side 

of Roca Blanca, Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Baja 

California, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, 

Mexico.

Tilopteriadales Bessey, 1907:290

Remarks. Cuteriales Oltmann (1922) is also used 

for this order, but see comments of Silberfeld et al. (2014) and 

Guiry and Guiry (2014–2017).

Cutleriaceae Griffith et Henfrey, 1856:179

Remarks. Although usually cited as Cutleriaceae 

Hauck (1883), Griffith and Henfrey (1856) is an older publication 

of the family name.

Cutleria Greville, 1830:xliv, 59

Cutleria hancockii E. Y. Dawson, 1944:226 (gametophytes) 

and Aglaozonia-phase of C. hancockii (sporophyte)

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Mazatlán, SIN. WC: Playa El Coloradito, BC, to Punta Arena, BCS. IS: Isla Alcatráz and Isla San 

Pedro Nolasco, SON; Isla San Luis Gonzaga, BC; Isla Estanque, 

Isla Tiburón, and Isla Turner, ISG.

Type Locality. Cutleria hancockii (gametophyte): 

low intertidal on rocky reef; Isla Turner (off SE end of Isla Tiburón), Sonora, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of 

California, Mexico; [and] Aglaozonia-phase (sporophyte): low intertidal on rock-shingle beach; SW shore of Isla Tiburón (opposite 

Isla Turner), Sonora, Islas Grandes, Gulf of California, Mexico.
7 4 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

Fucales Bory de Saint-­Vincent, 1827b:62

Sargassaceae Kützing, 1843:349, 359

Sargassum C. Agardh, 1820:1

Sargassum acinacifolium Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:732

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco to Guaymas, SON. WC: Bahía San Francisquito, 

BC. IS: Isla Tiburón, ISG.

Type Locality. Cast ashore; “Guaymas (?)” (locality questioned by Setchell and Gardner, 1924a:732), Sonora, 

Gulf of California, Mexico. 

Sargassum brandegeei Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:736

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa 

Norse, Puerto Peñasco, to Guaymas, SON. IS: Puerto Refugio, 

Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Patos, Isla Tiburón, and Isla San 

Esteban, ISG; Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON.

Type Locality. Cast ashore; “Guaymas (?)” (locality questioned by Setchell and Gardner, 1924a:736), Sonora, 

Gulf of California, Mexico.

Remarks. Sargassum brandegeei was treated as a 

synonym of S. herporhizum by Andrade-Sorcia et al. (2014).

Sargassum herporhizum Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 

1924a:739

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco to Punta Las Cuevitas, SON. WC: Puertecitos, 

BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla San Jorge, SON; Isla San 

Pedro Mártir, ISG. 

Type Locality. Isla San Jorge (“Georges Island,” 

Setchell and Gardner, 1924a:739), about 40 km southeast of 

Puerto Peñasco, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Sargassum horridum Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:734

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Mazatlán, SIN. WC: Bahía Concepción 

to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla Tiburón and Isla San Esteban, 

ISG; Isla Cholla, Isla San José, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS.

Type Locality. Cast ashore; La Paz, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Remarks. Andrade-Sorcia et al. (2014) considered the 

Gulf endemic species, S. camouii E. Y. Dawson (1944; S. sinicola 

subsp. camouii (E. Y. Dawson) J. N. Norris et Yensen, in Norris,

2010), to be a synonym of S. horridum and selected S. horridum

as the type for S. sect. Horridum Andrade-Sorcia et S.-M. Boo. 

Sargassum howelli Setchell, 1937:132

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Rincón de Guayabitos, NAY, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Bahía 

de La Paz, BCS.

Type Locality. Isla Clarión, Islas Revillagigedo, 

Colima, Mexico. 

Sargassum johnstonii Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:737

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: El 

Tornillal to Ensenada de San Francisco, SON. WC: Playa Santa 

Teresa to San José, BC; Bahía Agua Verde to Bahía de La Paz, 

BCS. IS: Isla San Jorge and Isla Alcatráz, SON. 

Type Locality. Isla San Jorge (“Georges Island,” 

Setchell and Gardner, 1924a), about 40 km southeast of Puerto 

Peñasco, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Remarks. Sargassum johnstonii, the type of S. sect. 

Johnstonii E. Y. Dawson ex J. N. Norris (in Norris, 2010), was 

treated by Andrade-Sorcia et al. (2014) as a synonym of S. sect. 

Lapazeanum E. Y. Dawson ex J. N. Norris (in Norris, 2010). 

Sargassum johnstonii f. gracile Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 

1924a:738

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto 

Peñasco to Guaymas, SON. WC: Bahía San Francisquito, BC.

Type Locality. Cast ashore; Guaymas, Sonora, 

Gulf of California, Mexico. 

Remarks. Dawson (1944) noted that S. johnstonii f. 

gracile and S. johnstonii f. laxius were possibly only variants of a 

single polymorphic S. johnstonii (Pedroche et al., 2008). AndradeSorcia et al. (2014) commented specimens of S. johnstonii f. gracile

either lacked mature reproductive structures or were incomplete 

and could not be separated from S. johnstonii f. johnstonii.

Sargassum lapazeanum Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:734

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco to Guaymas, SON. WC: Puertecitos, BC, to 

Cabo San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla Alcatráz and Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON; Isla Mejía and Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la 

Guarda, Isla Patos, Isla Turner, Isla Tiburón, and Isla Partida 

(Isla Cordonazo), ISG; Isla Coronado and Isla la Ventana, BC; 

Isla Tortuga, Isla San Marcos, Isla San José, Isla Danzante, Isla 

San Juan Nepomuceno, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. 

Type Locality. Cast ashore; near La Paz, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Remarks. Sargassum macdougalii E. Y. Dawson 

(1944), a previously recognized Gulf endemic species, was treated 

as a synonym of S. lapazeanum by Andrade-Sorcia et al. (2014). 

Sargassum liebmannii J. Agardh, 1847:8

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa 

Los Cerritos, SIN, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía de La 

Paz to San José del Cabo, BCS. IS: Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, 

BCS; Isla María Magdalena, NAY.

Type Locality. Bahía de San Agustín, Oaxaca, Mexico.

Sargassum pacificum Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1828:123

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta 

de Mita, NAY, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. 

Syntype Localities. Three locales: Chile; Port 

Praslin, New Ireland [Latanga Island, Papua New Guinea]; and 

Tahiti (Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1828). 
NUMBER 106 • 7 5

Lectotype Locality. Concepción, Bío Bío Region, Province Concepción, Chile (Howe, 1914).

Sargassum pacificum var. megaphyllum W. R. Taylor, 1945:122

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía de Banderas, NAY/JAL. 

Type Locality. Shore drift; Punta Albemarle, Isla 

Isabela, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador.

Sargassum palmeri Grunow, 1915:338

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Turner, ISG; Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS.

Type Locality. Isla Guadalupe, off Pacific coast of 

Baja California, Mexico.

Sargassum sinicola Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:736

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Piedras de La Salina, SON, to Sistema Lagunar Altata-Ensenada del 

Pabellón, SIN. WC: Faro de San Felipe, BC, to Cabo San Lucas, 

BCS. IS: Isla Alcatráz and Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON; Isla 

Estanque, Isla Patos, Isla Turner, and Isla San Pedro Mártir, ISG; 

Isla Tortuga, Isla San Ildefonso, Isla Carmen, Isla Danzante, and 

Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS. 

Type Locality. Cast ashore; Eureka, near La Paz, 

Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Remarks. Sargassum sinicola, the type of S. sect. 

Sinicola E. Y. Dawson ex J. N. Norris (in Norris, 2010), was 

later treated by Andrade-Sorcia et al. (2014:216, table 6) as a 

member of another section, S. sect. Sargassum. 

Sargassum sonorense E. Y. Dawson, 1960a:36

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco to Guaymas, SON.

Type Locality. On shore; southern end of Isla Tiburón (opposite Isla Turner), Sonora, Islas Grandes (Islas de la 

Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. 

Remarks. Although it was originally described as 

Sargassum asymmetricum E. Y. Dawson (1944), a homonym of 

S. asymmetricum Yamada (1942), Dawson (1960a) gave it a replacement name. Sargassum sonorense was treated as a synonym 

of S. lapazeanum by Andrade-Sorcia et al. (2014).

Sargassum ulixei Andrade-Sorcia et S.-M. Boo, in AndradeSorcia et al., 2014:212

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco to Bahía Kino, SON.

Type Locality. On subtidal rocks; Playa Las Conchas, Puerto Peñasco, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Invasive Species: Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt, 1955:306

Remarks. Since its introduction in the 1950s to the 

northeastern Pacific, the Japanese S. muticum has been found 

from Alaska to Baja California. It has continued to spread 

southward along the Pacific Mexico coasts of Baja California 

to Baja California Sur (R. Aguilar-Rosas and Machado-Galindo, 

1990; Pedroche at al., 2008; L. Aguilar-Rosas et al., 2014). The 

distribution of this highly invasive species should be monitored; 

if its expansion continues southward, it could potentially invade 

the Gulf of California (Riosmena-Rodríguez et al., 1992; Norris, 

2010). 

Uncertain Record: Sargassum agardhianum Farlow ex J. 

Agardh, 1889:93

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Guaymas, SON; Puerto Vallarta, JAL. EC: Cabo San Lucas, BCS.

Remarks. Described from San Diego, California, 

Sargassum agardhianum is known on the Pacific coast from 

southern California to central Baja California (Dawson et al., 

1960; Abbott and Hollenberg, 1976; Pacheco-Ruíz, 1982; R. 

Aguilar-Rosas et al., 1990). The reported presence of this species 

in the Gulf of California needs to be verified.

Excluded Phaeophyceae (Laminariales)

Excluded Species: Egregia laevigata Setchell, 1896:44

Remarks. Dawson (1949b) noted that his earlier report of E. laevigata in the Gulf of California (Dawson, 1946) 

was erroneous (Pedroche et al., 2008; Norris, 2010).

Excluded Species: Macrocystis pyrifera (Linnaeus) C. Agardh, 

1820:47

Remarks. Since the early report of M. pyrifera, apparently adrift, in the Gulf (Setchell and Gardner, 1924a; Dawson, 1944), there has been no further mention of it in published 

accounts, nor has it been collected by others in the Gulf (Pedroche et al., 2008; Norris, 2010).

SYNOPSIS OF GREEN ALGAL TAXA

The synoptic list below of Chlorophyta of the Gulf of California is of the phylum, classes, orders, families, and genera of 

green algae presented in the accounts following this list.

CHLOROPHYTA

 CHLOROPHYTINA

 ULVOPHYCEAE

 Ulvales

 Kornmanniaceae

 Blidingia Kylin

Stromatella Kornmann et 

Sahling

 Phaeophilaceae

 Phaeophila Hauck

 Ulvaceae

 Ulva Linnaeus

 Ulva sect. Ulva
7 6 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

 Ulva sect. Enteromorpha 

(Link in Nees) 

Endlicher

 Ulvellaceae

 Entocladia Reinke

Epicladia Reinke

Ulvella P. Crouan et H. Crouan

 CLADOPHOROPHYCEAE

 Cladophorales

 Cladophoraceae

 Chaetomorpha Kützing

Cladophora Kützing

Rhizoclonium Kützing

Willeella Børgesen

 Siphonocladales

 Boodleaceae

 Boodlea (Dickie) G. Murray 

et De Toni

 Cladophoropsis Børgesen

Phyllodictyon J. E. Gray

Struvea Sonder

 Siphonocladaceae

 Dictyosphaeria Decaisne ex 

Endlicher

 Ernodesmis Børgesen

 Valoniaceae

 Valonia C. Agardh

Valoniopsis Børgesen

 BRYOPSIDOPHYCEAE

 Bryopsidales

 Bryopsidaceae

 Bryopsis J. V. Lamouroux

 Derbesiaceae

 Derbesia Solier

Halicystis-phase

 Codiaceae

 Codium Stackhouse

Geppella Børgesen

 Caulerpaceae

 Caulerpa J. V. Lamouroux

 Halimedaceae

 Halimeda J. V. Lamouroux

 Udoteaceae

 Chlorodesmis Harvey et Bailey

 DASYCLADOPHYCEAE

 Dasycladales

 Dasycladaceae

 Batophora J. Agardh

Neomeris J. V. Lamouroux

 Polyphysaceae

 Acetabularia J. V. Lamouroux

Parvocaulis S. Berger, 

Fettweiss, Gleissberg, 

Liddle, U. Richter, 

Sawitzky et Zuccarello

Chlorophyta Pascher, 1914:158

Chlorophytina Cavalier-Smith, 1998:450

Ulvophyceae Mattox et K. D. Stewart, 

1984:41, 66, nom. invalid.

Ulvales Blackman et Tansley, 1902:136

Kornmanniaceae L. Golden et K. Cole, 1986:272

Blidingia Kylin, 1947:181

Blidingia marginata (J. Agardh) P. J. L. Dangeard ex Bliding, 

1963:32

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Calerita, Bahía de La Paz, BCS.

Type Locality. “Ad Nizzam” (Agardh, 1842:146); 

Nice, Alpes-Maritimes, France.

Blidingia minima (Nägeli ex Kützing) Kylin, 1947:181

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Calerita, Bahía de La Paz, BCS.

Type Locality. Helgoland (Heligoland), small archipelago in North Sea, Germany.

Stromatella Kornmann et Sahling, 1985:223

Stromatella monostromatica (P. J. L. Dangeard) Kornmann et 

Sahling, 1985:223

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla 

Coronado and Isla la Ventana, BC. 

Type Locality. Collioure, Pyrénées-Orientales, 

southern France.

Phaeophilaceae Chappell, O’Kelly, L. W. Willcox

et G. L. Floyd, 1990:516

Remarks. The Phaeophilaceae, originally described within Phaeophilales Chappell, O’Kelly, L. W. Willcox et 

G. L. Floyd (1990), is now generally placed in the Ulvales (e.g., 

Brodie et al., 2007).

Phaeophila Hauck, 1876:56

Phaeophila dendroides (P. Crouan et H. Crouan) Batters, 

1902:13

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. IS: Isla María 

Magdalena, NAY.

Type Locality. Brest, Finistère, France.

Ulvaceae J. V. Lamouroux ex Dumortier, 1822:71

Ulva Linnaeus, 1753:1163, nom. cons.

Remarks. O’Kelly et al. (2010) suggested that species of Ulva in tropical and subtropical regions are largely unique 
NUMBER 106 • 7 7

to those areas, and the use of names based on types from temperate and boreal European and North American is probably 

misapplied (Guiry and Guiry, 2014).

Ulva sect. Ulva

Ulva californica Wille, in Collins et al., 1899: P.B.-A. Exsiccate 

no. 611

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía de 

La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla San Luis Gonzaga, BC.

Type Locality. La Jolla, San Diego County, southern California, USA.

Remarks. Mora-Valdés and Riosmena-Rodríguez 

(2016) mistakenly stated that Norris (2010) cited U. taeniata as 

a synonym of U. californica. Only “U. taeniata sensu Dawson, 

1945b:59” was cited (Norris, 2010:34; i.e., only specimens of 

Dawson, 1945, were referred to U. californica; and U. taeniata 

(Setchell) Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1920, was not treated as 

being conspecific). 

Ulva expansa (Setchell) Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1920:25

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Estero del Urías, SIN, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía de La 

Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS; Isla Larga, NAY. 

Type Locality. Monterey, Monterey County, central California, USA.

Ulva fasciata Delile, 1813:297

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Playa El Sábalo, SIN, to Cabo Corrientes, JAL.

Type Locality. Alexandria, Mediterranean Sea, 

Egypt.

Remarks. Ulva fasciata has been identified in 

the southern Gulf and on the Pacific coast of Baja California 

(R. Aguilar-Rosas et al., 2005; L. Aguilar-Rosas et al., 2014). A 

potential invasive, its distribution in the Gulf should be monitored. O’Kelly et al. (2010) treated U. fasciata as a synonym of 

U. lactuca, and Pacific Mexico and Gulf of California materials need to be comparatively studied with type and type locality 

specimens to verify their identity.

Ulva lactuca Linnaeus, 1753:1163

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto 

Peñasco, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Punta Bufeo, BC, 

to Arrecife de Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON; 

Isla Carmen, Isla San Ildefonso, Isla Espíritu Santo, Isla Partida, 

and Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS; Isla de la Piedra, SIN. 

Type Locality. “In Oceano” [Atlantic Ocean] (Linnaeus, 1753:1163). 

Lectotype Locality. West coast of Sweden (Papenfuss, 1960; Womersley, 1984).

Remarks. Gulf of California specimens referred to 

“U. lactuca” need to be investigated to clarify their relationship 

to type material of Ulva lactuca Linnaeus.

Ulva lobata (Kützing) Harvey, 1855b:265

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Mazatlán, SIN, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Playa Santa Teresa, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Espíritu Santo and Isla 

Partida, BCS.

Type Locality. Chile.

Ulva nematoidea Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1828:190

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Chueca, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Playa 

Santa Teresa, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. 

Type Locality. Concepción, Bío Bío Region, Province Concepción, Chile. 

Remarks. Wynne (2002) placed U. fasciata f. costata

M. Howe (1914; =U. costata (M. Howe) Hollenberg, 1971, 

nom. illeg.) in synonymy with Ulva nematoidea.

Ulva rigida C. Agardh, 1823:410

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa 

Estación, Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Bahía San Felipe to Bahía de 

La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla San Jorge, SON; Isla Patos and Isla Turner, 

ISG; Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS; Isla María Madre, NAY.

Type Locality. Cádiz, Bahía de Cádiz, Andalusia 

region, Cádiz Province, southwestern Spain. 

Ulva taeniata (Setchell) Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1920:286

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía de Banderas, NAY/JAL. WC: El Malecón to Calerita, 

Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla San Gabriel, Isla Espíritu Santo, 

and Isla Partida, BCS; Isla de la Piedra, SIN.

Type Locality. Monterey, Monterey County, central California, USA.

Remarks. Although this species is sometimes 

treated as being conspecific with U. nematoidea (e.g., Norris, 

2010), it is probable they are distinct, and studies are needed 

to see if one or both may be present in the Gulf. Although U. 

dactylifera Setchell et N. L. Gardner (1920) was listed as the 

currently accepted name (Guiry and Guiry, 2015), Haden and 

Waaland (2004) had previously placed it in synonymy with U. 

taeniata.

Invasive Species: Ulva pertusa Kjellman, 1897:4

Syntype Localities. Three locales in Japan, “Hakodate, Yenoshima et Yokohama, Japoniae” (Kjellman, 1897:4): 

(1) Hakodate, Hōkkaido Island; (2) Enoshima Island (Yenoshima), offshore in Sagami Bay; and (3) Yokohama, Tokyo Bay, 

Kanagawa Prefecture, both Honshū Island.

Remarks. A western Pacific species, Ulva pertusa is 

also recorded in the eastern Pacific from northern Baja California (R. Aguilar-Rosas et al., 2008; L. Aguilar-Rosas et al., 2014). 

It is invasive, and should it spread into the Gulf of California, 

it could become a problem (Norris, 2010). Kraft et al. (2010) 

reinstated the South Australian U. australis Areschoug (1854) 

and found it was related to California material referred to “U. 

pertusa.” Couceiro et al. (2011) concluded the Iberian Peninsula 
7 8 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

“U. pertusa” was also related to those from California and likely 

conspecific with U. australis. The relationship of Baja California 

“U. pertusa” to Japanese U. pertusa and South Australian U. 

australis needs to be elucidated.

Ulva sect. Enteromorpha (Link in Nees) 

Endlicher, 1843:19

Ulva acanthophora (Kützing) Hayden, Blomster, Maggs, P. C. 

Silva, Stanhope et Waaland, 2003:288

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía Tepoca to Guaymas, SON. WC: Bahía San Luis Gonzaga 

to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Estanque, ISG; Isla San Juan 

Nepomuceno, Isla Partida, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. 

Type Locality. Bay of Islands, northeast coast of 

North Island, New Zealand. 

Remarks. Gulf of California specimens referred to 

Ulva acanthophora need to be genetically compared to New 

Zealand type locality material. Mora-Valdés and RiosmenaRodríguez (2016) mistakenly stated Norris (2010) treated Enteromorpha ramulosa as a synonym of U. acanthophora. Only 

“E. ramulosa sensu Adams, 1994” and not E. ramulosa (J. E. 

Smith) Carmichael in W. J. Hooker (1833) was listed by (Norris, 2010:41). (The latter had been noted to be conspecific with 

U. clathrata; Norris, 2010:43.)

Ulva clathrata (Roth) C. Agardh, 1811:23

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Laguna de Agua Brava, NAY. EC: 

Bahía Concepción to Punta Arena, BCS. IS: Isla Espíritu Santo 

and Isla La Partida, BCS; Isla de la Piedra, SIN.

Type Locality. Fehmarn, SW Baltic Sea (Roth, 

1806; type missing [Hayden et al., 2003:288, table 4]). 

Neotype Locality. Landskoma, Baltic Oresund 

(neotype, an illustration of Bliding [1963: fig. 69a,b] was selected by Blomster et al., 1999; Hayden et al., 2003).

Remarks. Brodie et al. (2007) noted reports of the 

European U. clathrata from the Pacific Ocean require reassessment. Gulf of California and European type materials should 

be molecularly compared to resolve their relationships and the 

identity of Gulf specimens. 

Ulva compressa Linnaeus, 1753:1163

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Piedras del Burro, SON, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Bahía San 

Francisco, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Espíritu Santo 

and Isla La Partida, BCS. 

Type Locality. “Habitat in Europae mari & tectis 

maritimis” (Linnaeus, 1753:1163; probably Bognor, West Sussex, England, UK [Hayden et al., 2003:289]).

Ulva flexuosa Wulfen, 1803:1

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

El Tornillal, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía 

Concepción to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Espíritu Santo, 

BCS; Isla Larga, NAY.

Type Locality. Duino, near Trieste, Adriatic Sea, 

Italy.

Ulva flexuosa subsp. paradoxa (C. Agardh) M. J. Wynne, 

2005:107

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Laguna de Agua Brava, NAY.

Type Locality. Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales, UK 

(Berger et al., 2003).

Syntype Localities. Bangor, Wales, and Brighton, England, UK (O’Kelly et al., 2010). 

Remarks. Ulva flexuosa subsp. paradoxa (=Enteromorpha flexuosa subsp. paradoxa (C. Agardh) Bliding, 1963) 

was reported in the southern Gulf from Nayarit as Ulva paradoxa C. Agardh (1817).

Ulva intestinalis Linnaeus, 1753:1163

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Gorda, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Punta San 

Felipe, BC, to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Isla Tiburón, ISG.

Type Locality. “Woolwich, London, England?” 

(Hayden et al., 2003:289); “in Mari omni” (South and Skelton, 

2003). 

Lectotype Locality. ‘‘In ditches near Woolwich,’’ River Thames, London; locale, lectotype specimen, and 

illustration of Dillenius (1742: pl. 9, fig. 7, as “Tremella marina 

tubulosa, intestinorum figura . . .”) were selected by Blomster et 

al. (1998:332, fig. 49).

Remarks. Mora-Valdés and Riosmena-Rodríguez 

(2016) mistakenly stated Pedroche et al. (2005:26) treated 

U. intestinalis as a synonym of U. flexuosa Wulfen (1803); they 

cited only the subspecific taxon “E. [Enteromorpha] intestinalis var. tubulosa Kützing, 1845,” and not the species, U. intestinalis Linnaeus (1753). Also, one forma listed in the Gulf 

by Mora-Valdés and Riosmena-Rodríguez (2016), E. intestinalis f. maxima J. Agardh (1883), is a taxonomic synonym of 

U. intestinalis.

Enteromorpha marchantiae Setchell et N. L. Gardner 

(1924a; type locality: La Paz, Baja California Sur) was treated as 

a synonym of U. intestinalis by Dawson (1944, as E. intestinalis), Pedroche et al. (2005), and Norris (2010). However, some 

recognize E. marchantiae as a distinct species (e.g., Guiry and 

Guiry, 2015; Mora-Valdés and Riosmena-Rodríguez, 2016). Its 

generic placement, taxonomic status, and relationship to U. intestinalis need to be tested.

Ulva linza Linnaeus, 1753:1163

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Las 

Piedras del Burro to Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, 

JAL. WC: Faro de San Felipe, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS.

Type Locality. “In Oceano” (Linnaeus, 1753:

1163). 
NUMBER 106 • 7 9

Lectotype Locality. Sheerness, Kent, England, 

UK (Hayden et al., 2003:289).

Ulva radiata (J. Agardh) Hayden, Blomster, Maggs, P. C. Silva, 

Stanhope et Waaland, 2003:290

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Guaymas, SON, to NAY. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, to 

Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Tiburón, ISG.

Type Locality. Arctic Norway (Hayden et al. 

2003:290, table 4).

Remarks. Mora-Valdés and Riosmena-Rodríguez 

(2016) mistakenly stated U. prolifera was listed as a synonym 

of U. radiata by Norris (2010). Only “E. [Enteromorpha] prolifera sensu Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1920, 1924, . . .” was 

cited, and it was noted not to be Ulva prolifera O. F. Müller 

(1778; Norris, 2010:48–49).

Uncertain Status and Record: Enteromorpha? intestinalis var. 

clavata (J. Agardh) Scagel, 1966:50

Remarks. Listed in the Gulf of California as “E. 

intestinalis f. clavata” (Mora-Valdés and Riosmena-Rodríguez, 

2016), its correct name is E. intestinalis var. clavata (J. Agardh) 

Scagel (Guiry and Guiry, 2015). Pedroche et al. (2005) noted 

that some have cited names of forms to “U. intestinalis” (e.g., 

Dawson, 1946, 1961c), but Setchell and Gardner (1920, as 

U. intestinalis) did not refer the La Paz specimen to a form. If 

Enteromorpha intestinalis var. clavata is recognized, the taxon 

probably belongs in Ulva, and its generic status is queried until 

molecular analysis of type materials is performed to verify its 

taxonomic placement.

Excluded Species: Ulva intestinalis f. attenuata (Ahlner) M. J. 

Wynne, 2014, in Cormaci et al., 2014:393

Remarks. Ulva intestinalis f. attenuata was recorded 

in the Gulf by Mora-Valdés and Riosmena-Rodríguez (2016, as 

“E. [Enteromorpha] intestinalis f. cylindracea”), but with no 

specific Gulf locales. Both E. intestinalis f. cylindracea J. Agardh 

(1883) and U. intestinalis var. cylindracea (J. Agardh) M. J. 

Wynne (2005) are nom. illeg. (see Cormaci et al., 2014). Pedroche et al. (2005) earlier noted “U. intestinalis f. cylindracea” was 

misinterpreted by Dawson (1946) and is not in Gulf flora.

Ulvellaceae Schmidle, 1899:57

Entocladia Reinke, 1879:476

Entocladia polysiphoniae Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 

1924a:718

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: El 

Desemboque de los Seris to Guaymas, SON. WC: Bahía de La 

Paz, BCS.

Type Locality. In cell wall of Polysiphonia marchantiae (now Melanothamus johnstonii); Guaymas, Sonora, Gulf 

of California, Mexico.

Entocladia sp. A of Norris, 2010:23

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: west 

island (isla oeste), Islas de Los Gemelos, BC. 

Remarks. An endophyte, found in shallow subtidal 

Cladophora in the northern Gulf (Norris, 2010).

Epicladia Reinke, 1889:31

Epicladia condensata (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) J. N. Norris, 

2010:25

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Libertad, SON. WC: Bahía San Francisquito, BC. IS: Isla 

San Esteban, ISG.

Type Locality. In utricles of Codium; Bahía San 

Francisquito, Baja California, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Epicladia mexicana (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) J. N. Norris, 2010:26

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la 

Guarda, ISG. 

Type Locality. Endophytic in cell walls of Chaetomorpha; La Paz, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Ulvella P. Crouan et H. Crouan, 1859:288

Ulvella lens P. Crouan et H. Crouan, 1859:288

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Puerto 

Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG.

Type Locality. Rade de Brest, Finistère, Atlantic 

coast of France. 

Ulvella marchantiae (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) R. Nielsen, 

O’Kelly et Wysor, in Nielsen et al., 2013:51

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Coronado, BC.

Type Locality. Epiphytic on Laurencia; La Paz, 

Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. 

Remarks. A Gulf of California endemic originally 

described as Pringsheimia marchantiae Setchell et N. L. Gardner 

(1924a), Ulvella marchantiae has also been reported in the Gulf 

as Entocladia marchantiae (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) Cribb 

(1995; Norris, 2010). 

Ulvella setchellii Dangeard, 1931: 317

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía Kino, SON; Playa Los Cerritos, SIN. IS: Bahía de Agua 

Dulce, Isla Tiburón, ISG; Isla María Magdalena, NAY.

Syntype Localities. Three locales given by Dangeard (1931): on Polysiphonia, Roscoff, Finistère, France; on 

Phyllophora, Croisic, Loire Inférieure, France; and on Laurencia, Pacific Grove, California. 

Lectotype Locality. Pacific Grove, Monterey 

County, central California, USA (Nielsen et al., 2013:52, selected 

lectotype illustration and an epitype).
8 0 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

Ulvella viridis (Reinke) R. Nielsen, O’Kelly et Wysor, in 

Nielsen et al., 2013:53

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco to Estero de Bacorehuis, Laguna de Agiabampo, 

SON; Playa Los Cerritos, SIN. WC: Bahía de La Paz to Bahía 

Balandra, BCS.

Type Locality. Napoli (Naples), Golfo di Napoli, 

Campania, Mar Tirreno, Italy.

Remarks. Ulvella viridis was previously reported in 

the Gulf of California as Entocladia viridis Reinke (1879; Norris, 2010).

Cladophorophyceae C. Hoek, D. G. Mann

et Jahns, 1995:408, nom. invalid.

Cladophorales Haeckel, 1894:302

Remarks. Some phycologists place the Cladophorales within the class Ulvophyceae Mattox et Stewart (1984), 

but future studies are needed to resolve the class placement of the 

order (Rindi and Verbruggen, 2016).

Cladophoraceae W. Wille, in Warming, 1884:30

Chaetomorpha Kützing, 1845:203

Chaetomorpha aerea (Dillwyn) Kützing, 1849:379

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía Tepoca, SON, to Bahía Chacala, NAY. WC: Puertecitos 

to Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de 

la Guarda, ISG. 

Type Locality. Cromer, Norfolk, England, UK. 

Chaetomorpha antennina (Bory de Saint-Vincent) Kützing, 

1847:166

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía Kino, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía San 

Luis Gonzaga, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Turner, 

ISG; Isla San Ildefonso, BCS; Isla María Magdalena and Isla 

Larga, NAY. 

Type Locality. Réunion (Bourbon Island), Mascarene Islands (Mascarenhas Archipelago), Indian Ocean. 

Chaetomorpha bangioides E. Y. Dawson, 1950b:149

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta de Mita, NAY, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Puerto 

Escondido, BCS. IS: Isla Patos, ISG. 

Type Locality. Isla Patos (off N end of Isla Tiburón), Sonora, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico.

Chaetomorpha clavata Kützing, 1847:166

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Playa Los Cerritos, SIN, to Punta de Mita, NAY.

Type Locality. West Indies (Silva et al., 1996).

Chaetomorpha javanica Kützing, 1849:773

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de La Paz, BCS.

Type Locality. Java (Jawa), Greater Sunda Islands, 

Indonesia.

Chaetomorpha ligustica (Kützing) Kützing, 1849:376

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Guaymas to Laguna de Agiabampo, SON/SIN. IS: Bahía San 

Gabriel, Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS.

Type Locality. Gulfo di Genova, northernmost 

Mar Ligure, Italy.

Remarks. Previously recorded in the Gulf of California as Lola lubrica (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) A. Hamel et 

G. Hamel (1929), which is now considered a synonym of C. ligustica (Kützing) Kützing (e.g., Brodie et al., 2007).

Chaetomorpha linoides Kützing, 1847:167

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Mazatlán, SIN. WC: Cabo San Lucas, BCS. 

Type Locality. Cumaná, state of Sucre, Venezuela. 

Chaetomorpha linum (O. F. Müller) Kützing, 1845:204

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Piedras de La Salina, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: 

Puertecitos, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Carmen, 

BCS.

Syntype Localities. Nakskov Fjord and Rødby 

Fjord [both on island of Lolland], Denmark. 

Lectotype Locality. Nakskov Fjord, Lolland 

[municipality], Region Sjælland, island of Lolland, south Denmark (Lipkin and Silva, 2002).

Chaetomorpha minima Collins et Hervey, 1917:41

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: San 

Juan de la Costa, Bahía de La Paz, BCS.

Type Locality. “On fronds of Codium, Cladophora 

etc.; Bermuda” (Collins and Hervey, 1917:41). 

Chaetomorpha pachynema (Montagne) Kützing, 

1847:166

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Punta Palmilla, BCS.

Type Locality. “In littore; Islas Canarias” (Montagne, 1841:184); Canary Islands, Spain.

Cladophora Kützing, 1843:262

Cladophora albida (Nees) Kützing, 1843:267

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía Kino, SON, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Bahía de Los 

Ángeles, BC, to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. 

Type Locality. Isle of Selsey, southwestern England, UK. 
NUMBER 106 • 8 1

Cladophora coelothrix Kützing, 1843:272

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Playa La Rumorosa, JAL. 

Type Locality. “Golf von Genua” (Kützing, 

1843:272); Livorno, Province of Livorno, Ligurian Sea, west 

coast of Italy (Womersley, 1984).

Cladophora columbiana Collins, in Setchell and Gardner, 

1903:226

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía Kino to Guaymas, SON. WC: Bahía de La Paz to Bahía 

del Rincón, BCS. IS: Isla Espíritu Santo, Isla Partida, and Isla San 

Juan Nepomuceno, BCS. 

Type Locality. Port Renfrew, Vancouver Island,

British Columbia, Canada.

Remarks. Mora-Valdés and Riosmena-Rodríguez 

(2016) incorrectly stated that Norris (2010) had listed C. columbiana as a synonym of C. trichotoma, but actually Norris (2010:56) cited only “C. trichotoma sensu Collins 1909” 

and not C. trichotoma (C. Agardh) Kützing (1849; now Acrocladus pellucidus (Hudson) Boedeker, in Boedeker et al., 

2016). 

Cladophora flexuosa (O. F. Müller) Kützing, 1843:270

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía de Banderas, NAY/JAL. 

Type Locality. Denmark. 

Remarks. Some consider Cladophora flexuosa and 

C. sericea (Hudson) Kützing to be synonyms (Hoek, 1963; John 

et al., 2004). Herein we follow others in maintaining them as 

separate species (Pedroche et al., 2005; Guiry and Guiry, 2014) 

until studies can resolve their relationship and the identity of 

Gulf specimens can be verified. 

Cladophora glomerata (Linnaeus) Kützing, 1843:266

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de La Paz, BCS.

Type Locality. Europe.

Cladophora glomerata var. crassior (C. Agardh) van den Hoek, 

1963:163

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Ensenada Ampe, BCS. 

Type Locality. Sussex, England, UK.

Remarks. Reported in the southern Gulf as 

Cladophora crispata (Roth) Kützing, which is now a synonym of 

C. glomerata var. crassior.

Cladophora graminea Collins, 1909:19

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco to Guaymas, SON. WC: Punta Bufeo, BC, to 

Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Tiburón, ISG.

Type Locality. Pacific Grove, Monterey County, 

central California, USA.

Cladophora hesperia Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:713

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Piedras de La Salina, SON, to Mazatlán, SIN. WC: Faro de San 

Felipe, BC, to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. IS: Bahía San Gabriel, Isla 

Espíritu Santo, and Isla Partida, BCS.

Type Locality. “Muddy habitat, at the southern extremity of Lower California” (Setchell and Gardner, 1924a:714); 

“Distrito de Cabo San Lucas” (Pedroche et al., 2005:44), Baja 

California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. 

Cladophora laetevirens (Dillwyn) Kützing, 1843:267

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Sayulita, NAY, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. 

Type Locality. Swansea, Glamorgan, Wales, UK.

Cladophora lehmanniana (Lindenberg) Kützing, 1843:268

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla 

San Francisco, BCS.

Type Locality. Helgoland (Heligoland), small archipelago in the North Sea, Germany. 

Cladophora liebetruthii Grunow, in Piccone, 1884a:53

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Lo 

de Marcos and Playa San Francisco, NAY.

Type Locality. Gran Canaria, Islas Canarias (Canary Islands), Spain.

Cladophora macdougalii M. Howe, 1911:491

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: El 

Machorro, SON. EC: San Felipe to Puertecitos, BC. 

Type Locality. Bahía San Felipe, Baja California, 

Gulf of California, Mexico. 

Remarks. An endemic species, apparently restricted 

in distribution to the Upper Gulf of California.

Cladophora microcladioides Collins, 1909:17

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Gorda, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Playa Santa 

Teresa, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Tiburón, ISG; Isla 

Espíritu Santo and Isla Partida, BCS.

Type Locality. San Pedro, Los Angeles County, 

southern California, USA.

Cladophora prolifera (Roth) Kützing, 1843:271

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: El 

Tornillal, SON, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Campo Hawaii (N 

of San Felipe), BC, to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. 

Type Locality. “In mare Corsicam” (Roth, 

1797:183). Type from Mediterranean lost. 

Neotype Locality. Miramare, near Trieste, Adriatic Sea, Italy (Hoek, 1963:208).

Cladophora rivularis (Linnaeus) van den Hoek, 1963:113

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de La Paz, BCS.
8 2 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

Type Locality. Europe.

Remarks. Reported in the southern Gulf as 

“Cladophora insignis” (Huerta-Múzquiz and Mendoza-González, 

1985). Although C. rivularis has been reported in brackish water 

(Kamenarska et al., 2004), it is generally considered to be a freshwater species (Hoek and Chihara, 2000; Boedeker et al., 2016). 

Cladophora sericea (Hudson) Kützing, 1843:264

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Empalme, Guaymas, SON; Mazatlán, SIN, to Playa de Guayabitos, 

NAY. EC: Punta Arena to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. 

Syntype Localities. “Coast near Sheerness, and 

‘Rivus Novus,’ near London, are both mentioned by Dillenius 

(1741: 31)” (Hoek, 1963:77).

Lectotype Locality. Isle of Sheppey, Kent, England, UK.

Cladophora stimpsonii Harvey, 1860:334

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de La Paz, BCS.

Type Locality. Hakodate Bay, Oshima Subprefecture, Hokkaido [island], Japan. 

Cladophora tiburonensis E. Y. Dawson, 1944:211

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Mazatlán, SIN. IS: Isla Turner, ISG.

Type Locality. Isla Turner, off southeast end of 

Isla Tiburón, Sonora, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of 

California, Mexico.

Cladophora vagabunda (Linnaeus) van den Hoek, 1963:144

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Gorda to Puerto Peñasco, SON; Playa Guayabitos, NAY, 

to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. 

Lectotype Locality. Salt marsh; on island of 

Selsey, Sussex, England, UK.

Rhizoclonium Kützing, 1843:261

Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum (C. Agardh) Kützing, 1845:206

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de La Paz, BCS. 

Type Locality. “Carlsbad in udis speluncis rupium” (Agardh, 1827:636), Czech Republic.

Remarks. Pedroche et al. (2005) questioned its record in the southern Gulf, and its presence needs to be verified. 

Rhizoclonium lubricum Setchell et Gardner in Gardner, 1919:492

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Guaymas, SON, to Laguna de Agiabampo, SON/SIN. IS: Isla 

Partida and Bahía San Gabriel, Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. 

Syntype Localities. Three localities given by Gardner (1919): Roche Harbor, NW San Juan Island, San Juan County, 

Washington, USA; and Berkeley and Alameda (both Alameda 

County), California, USA. 

Lectotype Locality. Oakland, Alameda County, 

northern California, USA (Abbott and Hollenberg, 1976).

Remarks. Reported in the Gulf as Lola lubrica

(Setchell et N. L. Gardner) A. Hamel et Hamel (1929; Dawson, 

1944). Pedroche et al. (2005) have questioned its generic placement. Norris (2010) later referred some Gulf Rhizoclonium lubricum to R. tortuosum. However, the latter two are considered 

to be distinct taxa (Guiry and Guiry, 2014; Mora-Valdés and

Riosmena-Rodríguez, 2016). The taxonomic status of R. lubricum (Silva, 1979) and its identification in the Gulf are in need of 

clarification (Norris, 2010).

Rhizoclonium riparium (Roth) Harvey, 1849:238

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Guaymas, SON, to Punta de Mita, NAY. WC: Puertecitos, BC, 

to Punta Arena, BCS. IS: Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS.

Type Locality. Norderney Island, East Frisian Islands, Wadden Sea, Germany.

Remarks. Rhizoclonium riparium has been recognized to be a “species-complex” that contains several cryptic, 

misidentified, or unrecognized species (Brodie et al., 2007).

Rhizoclonium riparium var. implexum (Dillwyn) Rosenvinge, 

1894:915

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Guaymas, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. EC: Puerto Escondido to Punta Arena, BCS. 

Type Locality. Bantry, County Cork, Ireland.

Remarks. Pedroche et al. (2005) and Norris 

(2010:66) recognized the variety, R. riparium var. implexum,

and did not treat it as a synonym of R. implexum as incorrectly 

stated by Mora-Valdés and Riosmena-Rodríguez (2016).

Rhizoclonium tortuosum (Dillwyn) Kützing, 1845:205

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Guaymas, SON, to Laguna de Agiabampo, SON/SIN. IS: Bahía 

San Gabriel, Isla Espíritu Santo, and Isla Partida, BCS. 

Type Locality. Not designated and apparently lost 

(Chapman, 1939).

Lectotype Locality. Swansea, Glamorgan, 

Wales, UK (Chapman, 1939; Blair, 1983).

Remarks. Rhizoclonium tortuosum is tentatively 

recognized in the Gulf until its relationship with type locality 

material can be elucidated (Norris, 2010). Silva et al. (1996) and 

Pedroche et al. (2005) have discussed its complex nomenclature 

and taxonomy. 

Willeella Børgesen, 1930:155

Willeella brachyclados (Montagne) M. J. Wynne, 2016:1

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco to Río Mayo, SON.

Type Locality. Havana, Cuba.

Remarks. Cladophora montagneana Kützing (1849) 

was recently shown to belong in Willeella by Boedeker et al. 
NUMBER 106 • 8 3

(2016, as W. montagneana (Kützing) Boedeker); a taxon found 

nom. illeg. and subsequently treated as W. brachyclados (Montagne) M. J. Wynne (2016). 

Siphonocladales (Blackman et Tansley) 

Oltmanns, 1904:134, sensu stricto

Boodleaceae Børgesen, 1925:19

Boodlea (Dickie) G. Murray et De Toni, 

in Murray, 1889:245

Boodlea composita (Harvey) F. Brand, 1904:187

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Mazatlán, SIN, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía Concepción, BCS. IS: Isla María Magdalena, NAY. 

Type Locality. Mauritius, Republic of Mauritius, 

Mascarene Islands, Indian Ocean.

Cladophoropsis Børgesen, 1905:288

Cladophoropsis gracillima E. Y. Dawson, 1950b:149

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Calerita to Punta Palmilla, BCS. IS: 

Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG. 

Type Locality. Punta Palmilla, Baja California Sur, 

Gulf of California, Mexico. 

Cladophoropsis macromeres W. R. Taylor, 1928:64

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Guaymas, SON.

Type Locality. Fort Jefferson, Garden Key, Dry 

Tortugas (Dry Tortugas National Park), Monroe County, Gulf 

of Mexico, Florida, USA.

Remarks. The northern Gulf record of MendozaGonzález and Mateo-Cid (1986) is the only known report of 

C. macromeres outside of the western Atlantic (Pedroche et al., 

2005). 

Cladophoropsis membranacea (Hofman Bang ex C. Agardh) 

Børgesen, 1905:289

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Ensenada Ampe, BCS. 

Type Locality. Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, 

Leeward Islands, Caribbean Sea.

Phyllodictyon J. E. Gray, 1866:70

Phyllodictyon anastomosans (Harvey) Kraft et M. J. Wynne, 

1996:139

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Playa de Guayabitos to Playa Las Peñas, NAY. WC: Bahía de La 

Paz to Punta Arena, BCS. 

Type Locality. Fremantle, Western Australia, 

Australia. 

Phyllodictyon pulcherrimum J. E. Gray, 1866:70

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Punta Concepción, BCS.

Type Locality. Gulf of Mexico.

Phyllodictyon robustum (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) Leliaert et 

Wysor, in Leliaert et al., 2008:230

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Gorda, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: El Machorro, BC, to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Isla Alcatráz and Isla San 

Pedro Nolasco, SON; Isla Tortuga and Isla San Ildefonso, BCS.

Type Locality. On upper intertidal rocks; Isla Tortuga (off Puerto Santa Rosalía), Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Struvea Sonder, 1845:49

Struvea sp. of Huerta-Múzquiz and Mendoza-Gonzalez, 1985

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de La Paz, BCS.

Siphonocladaceae F. Schmitz, 1879:20

Dictyosphaeria Decaisne 

ex Endlicher, 1843:18

Dictyosphaeria australis Setchell, 1926:79

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Punta Palmilla to Cabeza Ballena, BCS.

Type Locality. Arue Reef, Tahiti, French Polynesia.

Dictyosphaeria cavernosa (Forsskål) Børgesen, 1932:2

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de La Paz to Cabo Pulmo, BCS.

Syntype Localities. Two locales: Gomfodae (AlQunfudhah), Saudi Arabia, and Mokha, Yemen. 

Lectotype Locality. Mokha, Yemen (Leliaert 

and Coppejans, 2004). 

Dictyosphaeria versluysii Weber-van Bosse, 1905:144

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Calerita, Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Bahía San Gabriel, Isla Espíritu Santo, and Isla Partida, BCS. 

Syntype Localities. “Plusieurs récifs dans 

l’Archipel Malaisien” (Weber-van Bosse, 1905:144) [many reefs 

in the Malay Archipelago].

Ernodesmis Børgesen, 1912:259

Ernodesmis verticillata (Kützing) Børgesen, 1912:259

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto 

Peñasco, SON. WC: Bahía Concepción to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. 

IS: Isla Cholla, Isla Partida, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. 

Type Locality. St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Leeward Islands, Caribbean Sea.
8 4 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

Valoniaceae Kützing, 1849:507

Valonia C. Agardh, 1823:428

Valonia macrophysa Kützing, 1843:307

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de La Paz to 

Calerita, BCS. 

Type Locality. Leesina [Hvar Island], Adriatic Sea, Croatia.

Valoniopsis Børgesen, 1934:10

Valoniopsis hancockii E. Y. Dawson, 1944:207

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Puerto 

Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG.

Type Locality. Rocky shore, in low intertidal; 

Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Baja California, Islas 

Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico.

Valoniopsis pachynema (G. Martens) Børgesen, 1934:10

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco to Guaymas, SON. WC: Puertecitos, BC, 

to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la 

Guarda, Isla Tiburón, and Isla Turner, ISG; Isla Espíritu Santo, 

BCS; Isla Isabel, NAY. 

Syntype Localities. Benkulen (Bengkulu) and 

Pulau Tikus (near Bengkulu), Sumatra, Indonesia.

Bryopsidophyceae Bessey, 1907:287

Bryopsidales J. H. Schaffner, 1922:133

Bryopsidaceae Bory de Saint-­Vincent, 1829:203

Bryopsis J. V. Lamouroux, 1809b:333

Bryopsis corticulans Setchell, in Collins, Holden and Setchell, 

1899: P.B.-A. Exsiccate no. 626

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía Kino, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL.

Syntype Localities. Carmel Bay and Pacific 

Grove, California. 

Lectotype Locality. Pacific Grove, Monterey 

County, central California, USA (Smith, 1944).

Bryopsis galapagensis W. R. Taylor, 1945:60

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Sayulita, NAY, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. IS: Isla Larga, NAY.

Type Locality. In intertidal pools; Wolf Island 

(Wenman Island), Galápagos Islands, Ecuador.

Bryopsis hypnoides J. V. Lamouroux, 1809b:333

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Punta 

San Felipe, BC, to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Isla Partida and Isla 

Espíritu Santo, BCS; Isla de la Piedra, SIN; Isla Larga, NAY.

Type Locality. “Cerca Cette” (Lamouroux, 

1809b:333) [Sète, Hérault], Mediterranean coast of France.

Bryopsis muscosa J. V. Lamouroux, 1809b:333

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Puerto Escondido to El Solitario, Bahía Agua Verde, BCS. IS: Isla 

Tortuga, Isla Cholla, and Isla San Ildefonso, BCS.

Type Locality. Mediterranean coast of France.

Bryopsis pennata J. V. Lamouroux, 1809b:333

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía 

de los Ángeles, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Tiburón and 

Isla Turner, ISG. 

Type Locality. Antilles, West Indies [archipelago 

in Caribbean Sea composed of the islands of the Greater Antilles 

and the Lesser Antilles]. 

Bryopsis pennata var. minor J. Agardh, 1887:23

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Chueca, SON, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Bahía de La 

Paz to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Isla Espíritu Santo and Isla Partida, 

BCS.

Type Locality. San Agustín, Oaxaca, Mexico.

Bryopsis salvadoreana E. Y. Dawson, 1961b:405

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla 

Rasa, ISG.

Type Locality. Arrecife de Sacate, off Punta 

Chiriquín, Golfo de Fonseca, El Salvador.

Derbesiaceae Hauck, 1884:421

Derbesia Solier, 1846:452

Derbesia hollenbergii W. R. Taylor, 1945:75

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: El 

Solitario, Bahía Agua Verde, BCS. IS: Isla San Pedro Nolasco (?), 

SON; Isla Cholla and Isla Carmen, BCS. 

Type Locality. Isla Floreana (Charles Island; Isla 

Santa María), Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. 

Derbesia marina (Lyngbye) Solier, 1846:453

Gulf of California Distribution. Derbesia marina (sporophyte)—EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to 

Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Punta San Felipe, BC, to San 

José del Cabo, BCS. IS: Isla San Luis Gonzaga, BC; Isla Larga, 

NAY. 

Halicystis-phase (gametophyte of Derbesia)—EC: Bahía 

Concepción, BCS.

Type Locality. Derbesia marina: Kvívík (Kvivig), 

[Strømø], Streymoy [island], Faroe (Faeroe) Islands, Denmark. 
NUMBER 106 • 8 5

Remarks. Record of Halicystis-phase in the southern Gulf is presumed to be a vesicular gametangium of Derbesia marina (Mateo-Cid et al., 1993); its life history should be 

investigated.

Derbesia sp. A of Norris, 2010:840

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, SON.

Derbesia sp. of Rocha-Ramírez and Siqueiros-Beltrones, 1991:18

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía Balandra, BCS.

Derbesia turbinata M. Howe et Hoyt, 1916:106

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla 

Las Ánimas, ISG.

Type Locality. Beaufort, Carteret County, North 

Carolina, USA.

Remarks. A western Atlantic species, it presence in 

the northern Gulf needs to be verified (Pedroche et al., 2005). 

Halicystis-phase

Halicystis ovalis of Norris and Bucher, 1976:3

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla 

San Luis Gonzaga, BC. 

Remarks. Gulf of California specimens are epiphytic 

on Amphiroa; it is uncertain if these vesicles are gametophytes or 

sporophytes (Norris, 2010). Life history studies and molecular 

analyses of the Isla San Luis Gonzaga Halicystis will help clarify 

its taxonomic identity and whether it is distinct or perhaps a life 

history phase of Derbesia or of another genus.

Codiaceae Kützing, 1843:302, 308

Codium Stackhouse, 1797:xvi, xxiv

Codium amplivesiculatum Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 

1924a:709

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta Chueca, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía de 

Los Ángeles, BC, to Punta Arena, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla 

Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Estanque, Isla Rasa, and Isla San Esteban, ISG; Isla Monserrate, Isla Carmen, Isla Santa Catalina, and 

Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. 

Type Locality. Floating; “near south end of [Isla] 

Ángel de la Guarda, Gulf of California” (Setchell and Gardner, 

1924a:710); probably near Isla Estanque, Baja California, Islas 

Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico.

Remarks. Mora-Valdés and Riosmena-Rodríguez 

(2016) mistakenly state C. decorticatum, C. dichotomum, and

C. fernandezianum were listed as synonyms of C. amplivesiculatum by Pedroche et al. (2005) and Norris (2010). Pedroche 

et al. (2002, 2005) did note that these were misapplied names 

(misidentifications), and Norris (2010:87) cited only “C. decorticatum sensu Howe, 1911, C. dichotomum sensu Taylor, 

1945, and C. fernandezianum sensu Taylor, 1945,” noting that 

the species C. decoticatum (Woodward) M. Howe (1911), C. dichotomum (Hudson) S. F. Gray (1821), and C. fernandezianum

Setchell (1937) were distinct taxa.

Codium brandegeei Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:712

Gulf of California Distribution. Punta 

Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: 

San Felipe, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla San Jorge and 

Isla Alcatráz, SON; Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla 

Patos, Isla Tiburón, and Isla Turner, ISG; Isla Carmen, Isla San 

Diego, Isla San José, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS.

Type Locality. “Habitat unknown, probably at La 

Paz (?)” (locale questioned by Setchell and Gardner, 1924a:712), 

Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Remarks. Mora-Valdés and Riosmena-Rodríguez 

(2016) mistakenly stated that Codium tomentosum was treated 

as a synonym of C. brandgeei by Norris (2010). Only “C. tomentosum sensu Mendoza-González and Mateo-Cid, 1986” was 

referred to C. brandegeei and not the species C. tomentosum 

Stackhouse, 1797 (Norris, 2010:90). Pedroche et al. (2005:71) 

earlier noted “C. tomentosum” was a misapplied name (misidentified) in the Gulf of California and Pacific Mexico.

Codium giraffa P. C. Silva, 1979:264

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Mazatlán, SIN, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. IS: Isla Larga, NAY.

Type Locality. Papanoa, Guerrero, Mexico.

Codium isabelae W. R. Taylor, 1945:70

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Mazatlán, SIN, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. IS: Isla de Venados, 

SIN; Isla Larga, NAY. 

Type Locality. On intertidal rock; near entrance toTagus Cove, Isla Isabela (Isla Albemarle), Galápagos Islands, Ecuador.

Remarks. Pedroche et al. (2005:74) did not list C. isthomocladum as a synonym of C. isabelae as stated by Mora-Valdés 

and Riosmena-Rodríguez (2016:216) but noted C. isthomocladum

was one of several misapplied names and was not the species C. isthomocladum Vickers, 1905 (see Pedroche et al., 2002). 

Codium picturatum Pedroche et P. C. Silva, 1996:2

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía Chamela, JAL. WC: Puerto Escondido to Cabo Pulmo, 

BCS. IS: Isla Carmen, Isla San Ildefonso, Isla Partida, and Isla 

Espíritu Santo, BCS. 

Type Locality. Playa La Audiencia (near Manzanillo), Colima, Mexico.

Codium simulans Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:706

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía la Choya, Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, 
8 6 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

JAL. WC: Punta San Felipe, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: 

Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Patos, Isla Estanque, Isla San Esteban, and Isla Rasa, ISG; Isla Coronado, BC; 

Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON; Isla Tortuga, Isla Monserrate, Isla 

San Marcos, Isla San Ildefonso, Isla Danzante, Isla Santa Catalina, Isla San José, Isla Carmen, Isla San Francisco, Isla Partida, 

and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. 

Type Locality. Isla San Marcos, Baja California 

Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. 

Codium sp. A

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Puerto 

Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG. 

Remarks. Norris (2010:92, fig. 44) observed that 

the exceptionally large Codium sp. A, with broad flattened axes, 

was somewhat similar to the “C. cuneatum-form” of C. simulans. Its taxonomic status and phylogenetic relationship to other 

species of Codium require further study. 

Uncertain Record: Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot, 1889:32

Remarks. Pedroche et al. (2005) noted Gulf records 

of Martínez-Lozano et al. (1991) and Casas-Valdéz et al. (1997) 

were not representative of C. fragile (now C. fragile subsp. californicum Maggs et J. Kelly, in Brodie et al., 2007), and its presence in the Gulf of California needs to be verified.

Uncertain Record: Codium setchellii N. L. Gardner, 1919:489

Remarks. Southern Gulf records of “C. setchellii” 

are probably not this species, and most are referable to C. picturatum (Pedroche et al., 2005; Norris, 2010). 

Excluded Species: Codium elongatum (Turner) C. Agardh, 

1823:454

Remarks. Mora-Valdés and Riosmena-Rodríguez 

(2016) noted C. elongatum was considered conspecific with 

C. decorticatum (Woodward) M. Howe (1911) by Silva et al. 

(1996). Pedroche et al. (2005:72) stated most of Gulf specimens 

of “C. decorticatum” were misidentified and probably were 

C. giraffa or C. amplivesiculatum. 

Excluded Species: Codium fernandezianum Setchell, 1937:592

Remarks. Although noting that C. fernandezianum was 

not recorded in the Gulf, Mora-Valdés and Riosmena-Rodríguez 

(2016) mistakenly stated it was treated as a synonym of C. amplivesiculatum by Norris (2010). However, only some specimens identified as “C. fernandezianum sensu Taylor, 1945” were referred to C. 

amplivesiculatum by Pedroche et al. (2002) and Norris (2010), and 

C. fernandezianum Setchell (1937) was not treated as being conspecific with C. amplivesiculatum Setchell et N. L. Gardner. Codium 

fernandezianum Setchell (1937) is a distinct species.

Geppella Børgesen, 1940:55

Remarks. The generitype, Geppella mortensenii

Børgesen (1940), was transferred to Rhipiliopsis by Farghaly 

and Denizot (1979, as R. mortensenii Farghaly et Denizot), thus 

leaving the generic placement of the remaining species, including 

the southern Gulf G. decussata, uncertain. 

Geppella? decussata E. Y. Dawson, 1959a:14

Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla 

San Francisco, BCS. 

Type Locality. Off southeast Isla San Francisco 

(off southern end of Isla San José), Baja California Sur, Gulf of 

California, Mexico.

Remarks. A Gulf of California endemic that is 

known only from the type, the generic placement of G.? decussata is in need of elucidation (e.g., Norris, 2010; see also Remarks above under Geppella).

Caulerpaceae Kützing, 1843:302, 307

Caulerpa J. V. Lamouroux, 1809b:332

Caulerpa antoensis Yamada, 1940:100

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de La Paz to estero Balandra, BCS. IS: Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS. 

Type Locality. Ant Atoll, off west coast of Pohnpei (Ponape), Senyavin Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, 

central Pacific Ocean.

Remarks. Originally reported in the southern Gulf 

as C. arenicola W. R. Taylor (1950), a species that is now considered conspecific with C. antoensis (Abbott and Huisman, 2004).

Caulerpa chemnitzia (Esper) J. V. Lamouroux, 1809b:332

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Mazatlán, SIN, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía Agua 

Verde to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Monserrate, Isla San Francisco, Isla Partida, Isla Espíritu Santo, and Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS; Isla Larga, NAY. 

Type Locality. “Aus den Malabarische Küsten” 

(Esper, 1800:167); Malabar Coast, Arabian Sea, southwest coast 

of India, northern Indian Ocean (Belton et al., 2014). 

Remarks. Three taxa reported in the Gulf were 

found to be conspecific with C. chemnitzia by FernándezGarcía et al. (2016): C. peltata J. V. Lamouroux (1809b; =C. 

racemosa var. peltata (J. V. Lamouroux) Eubank in T. A. Stephenson, 1944), C. racemosa var. turbinata (J. Agardh) Eubank 

(1946; Belton et al., 2014), and C. vanbosseae Setchell et N. L. 

Gardner (1924a). Fernández-García et al. (2016) also proposed 

use of the term “ecad” to recognize different morphologies 

within C. chemnitzia: “C. chemnitzia ecad laetevirens” with 

clavate fronds, “C. chemnitzia ecad peltata” with peltate or 

disklike fronds, and “C. chemnitzia ecad intermedia,” a transitional form between “ecad peltata” and “ecad laetevirens.” 

Ecad is not a valid taxon name (ICN, McNeill et al., 2012). 

However, the taxon variety (varietas) has been employed in 

botany in several senses; for example, a variety is morphologically distinct and may be geographical, ecological, cytological, 
NUMBER 106 • 8 7

or combinations of these (e.g., Davis and Heywood, 1963; 

ICN, McNeill et al., 2012). 

There are four varieties of Caulerpa chemnitzia now recorded in the Gulf of California, including three herein with proposed new combinations in acknowledgment of the studies of 

Dra. Cindy Fernández-García (Universidad de Costa Rica) and 

the late Dr. Rafael Riosmena-Rodríguez (Univeridad Autónoma 

de Baja California Sur), and their colleagues. 

Caulerpa chemnitzia var. laetevirens (Montagne) FernándezGarcía et Riosmena-Rodríguez, comb. nov.

Basionym. Caulerpa laetevirens Montagne, 1842a:13.

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía de Banderas, NAY/JAL.

Type Locality. Toud Island (Warrior Inlet), Torres 

Strait, between Queensland, Australia, and Papua New Guinea. 

Caulerpa chemnitzia var. peltata (J. V. Lamouroux) Zanardini, 

1858:287

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Mazatlán, SIN, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía de La Paz to 

Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Isla San Francisco, Isla Partida, Isla Espíritu 

Santo, and Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS; Isla Larga, NAY.

Type Locality. Antilles, West Indies [archipelago 

in Caribbean Sea composed of the islands of the Greater Antilles 

and the Lesser Antilles]. 

Caulerpa chemnitzia var. turbinata (J. Agardh) FernándezGarcía et Riosmena-Rodríguez, comb. nov.

Basionym. Caulerpa clavifera var. turbinata J. 

Agardh, 1837:173.

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Mazatlán, SIN, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía Agua 

Verde to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Monserrate, Isla San Francisco, Isla Partida, Isla Espíritu Santo, and Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS; Isla Larga, NAY. 

Type Locality. Near Tor, Sinai Peninsula, Egypt. 

Caulerpa chemnitzia var. vanbosseae (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) 

Fernández-García et Riosmena-Rodríguez, comb. nov.

Basionym. Caulerpa vanbosseae Setchell et N. L. 

Gardner, 1924a:704.

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Playa Tucson, Puerto Peñasco, to Ensenada de San Francisco, 

SON. WC: Bahía Concepción to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: 

Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG; Isla Tortuga, Isla 

San Ildefonso, Isla Cholla, Isla San José, Isla Partida, and Isla 

Espíritu Santo, BCS.

Type Locality. “Habitat unknown; vicinity of La 

Paz” (Setchell and Gardner, 1924a), Baja California Sur, Gulf of 

California, Mexico.

Remarks. Originally described from the southern 

Gulf, Caulerpa vanbosseae was treated as synonym of C. chemnitzia by Fernández-García et al. (2016). Caulerpa chemnitzia 

var. vanbosseae has also been reported along Pacific coast of Baja 

California Sur (Pedroche et al., 2005; Norris, 2010, as C. vanbosseae). In the upper Gulf, its intertidal habitat in Puerto Peñasco is ecologically different from the tropical habitat of La 

Paz (type locality) in the southern Gulf. Molecular comparisons 

of type locality C. vanbosseae to those of the upper Gulf would 

test their phylogenetic relationship (see also Remarks under 

C. chemnitzia).

Caulerpa cupressoides (H. West ex Vahl) C. Agardh, 1817:xxiii

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Playa Los Cerritos, SIN, to Playa de Guayabitos and Playa Las 

Peñas, NAY.

Type Locality. St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Leeward Islands, Caribbean Sea. 

Remarks. “Caulerpa mexicana” as cited by Pedroche et al. (2005:64) on the basis of records from Mazatlán 

(Carballo et al., 2002) and tropical Pacific Mexico (GonzálezGonzález, 1993) were both found to be C. cupressoides (non 

C. mexicana Sonder ex Kützing, 1849) by Fernández-García et 

al. (2016).

Caulerpa cupressoides var. lycopodium Weber-van Bosse, 

1898:335, 336

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Sayulita, NAY, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. 

Type Locality. Guadeloupe (Weber-van Bosse, 

1898), Leeward Islands, Lesser Antilles, Caribbean Sea. 

Remarks. Silva et al. (1996) noted the intended basionym, C. lycopodium J. Agardh (1847), as a later homonym of 

C. lycopodium C. Agardh (1817) is a nom. illeg. and treated C. 

cupressoides var. lycopodium Weber-van Bosse (1898) as a nom. 

nov. (see also Pedroche et al., 2005).

Caulerpa mexicana f. pectinata (Kützing) W. R. Taylor, 

1960:141

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía la Choya to Playa Estación, Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: 

Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC. IS: Canal Mejía (channel between Isla 

Mejía and Isla División), NW side of Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel 

de la Guarda, ISG.

Type Locality. La Guaira, Vargas State, Venezuela.

Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskål) J. Agardh, 1873:35

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Guaymas, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía de La 

Paz to Arrecife de Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Isla Partida and Bahía 

San Gabriel, Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS.

Type Locality. Suez, Gulf of Suez, Egypt. 

Remarks. Belton et al. (2014) found at least 11 

distinct species were in the C. racemosa-peltata complex. Since 

none of their specimens from its type locality matched the type 

of C. racemosa, Belton et al. (2014) suggested that until topotype specimens can be located to resolve its taxonomic status, C. 

racemosa should be recognized on the basis of specimens closely 

resembling the type specimen from other locales. They also noted 
8 8 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

Papenfuss and Egerod (1957) were likely correct in considering 

C. racemosa var. uvifera (C. Agardh) J. Agardh (1873) as a synonymy of C. racemosa; it has been treated as such in the Gulf of 

California (Pedroche et al., 2005). 

Caulerpa racemosa var. macrophysa (Sonder ex Kützing) W. R. 

Taylor, 1928:101

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía de Banderas, NAY/JAL. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. 

Type Locality. Central America, Eastern Pacific 

(Verlaque et al., 2003).

Remarks. Fernández-García et al. (2016) treated C. 

racemosa var. macrophysa as a synonym of C. racemosa, noting 

its distribution is apparently restricted to the southern region of 

the eastern tropical Pacific. Although Belton et al. (2014) found no 

differences between specimens they identified as C. racemosa var. 

macrophysa and C. racemosa var. racemosa, they noted comparative testing of type locality Chauvinia macrophysa Sonder ex Kützing (1857) was necessary before the synonymy could be accepted. 

Caulerpa sertularioides (S. G. Gmelin) M. Howe, 1905:576

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía San Carlos, SON, to Playa de Guayabitos and Playa Las 

Peñas, NAY. WC: Bahía Concepción to Punta Los Frailes, BCS. 

IS: Isla Monserrate, Isla Partida, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS.

Type Locality. “In coralliis americanis” (Gmelin, 

1768); possibly “tropical Atlantic America” (Hodgson et al., 2004).

Caulerpa sertularioides f. brevipes (J. Agardh) Svedelius, 1906:114

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Laguna de Agiabampo, SON/SIN. 

Syntype Localities. West Indies [Caribbean Sea], 

Pacific Ocean, Sri Lanka [Indian Ocean], and Red Sea. 

Remarks. Fernández-García et al. (2012, 2016) 

suggested two tropical eastern Pacific taxa, C. sertularioides f. 

brevipes and C. sertularioides f. longiseta, were possibly morphological adaptations to variable substrata and/or depths.

Caulerpa sertularioides f. longiseta (Bory de Saint-Vincent) 

Svedelius, 1906:114

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Partida and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS.

Type Locality. Not specified (Silva et al., 1996).

Remarks. See Remarks above under C. sertularioides f. brevipes.

Uncertain Record: Caulerpa fastigiata Montagne, 1837:353

Remarks. Recorded in the southern Gulf from Bahía 

Concepción (Riosmena-Rodríguez et al., 1998), its presence in 

the Gulf needs to be verified.

Uncertain Record: Caulerpa mexicana Sonder ex Kützing, 

1849:496

Remarks. Belton et al. (2014) discovered several 

distinct genetic species that have been misidentified as “C. 

mexicana.” Gulf of California specimens identified as “C. mexicana” need to be reexamined to determine their identifications 

(see also Remarks under C. cupressoides).

Halimedaceae Link, 1832:115

Halimeda J. V. Lamouroux, 1812:186

Halimeda cuneata Hering, in Krauss, 1846:214

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía Chacala, NAY, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. 

Type Locality. Natal Bay, South Africa (Silva et 

al., 1996).

Halimeda discoidea Decaisne, 1842a:102

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Guaymas, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Santa Rosalía 

to San José del Cabo, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la 

Guarda, ISG; Isla San Francisco, Isla Monserrate, Isla Cholla, 

Isla Partida, Isla Espíritu Santo, and Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, 

BCS; Isla María Magdalena and Isla Larga, NAY. 

Type Locality. “Not certain” (Silva et al., 1996). 

Herbarium label (PC) indicates “Kamtschatka” (Russia), collected during the voyage of the ship Venus (Decaisne, 1842b). 

Hillis (1959; Hillis-Colinvaux, 1980) noted “at least the locality 

[is] incorrect,” as waters of the Kamchatka Peninsula are far too 

cold for this tropical to subtropical species.

Halimeda opuntia (Linnaeus) J. V. Lamouroux, 1816:308

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía Balandra, BCS. 

Type Locality. Jamaica (Hillis, 1959).

Remarks. Mora-Valdés and Riosmena-Rodríguez 

(2016) mistakenly stated Pedroche et al. (2005) listed “H. opuntia” as a synonym of H. hederacea. Only two subspecific taxa, 

H. opuntia f. hederacea Barton (1901) and H. opuntia var. hederacea (Barton) Hillis-Colinvaux (Hillis, 1959), were listed as 

synonyms of H. hederacea (Barton) Hillis-Colinvaux (1968) by 

Pedroche et al. (2005:80) and not the species H. opuntia (Linnaeus) J. V. Lamouroux (1816). 

Halimeda tuna (J. Ellis et Solander) J. V. Lamouroux, 1816:309

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía de Banderas, NAY/JAL. 

Type Locality. Mediterranean Sea.

Udoteaceae J. Agardh, 1887:12

Chlorodesmis Harvey et Bailey, 1851:373

Chlorodesmis caespitosa J. Agardh, 1887:49

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta de Mita, NAY.

Type Locality. Colombo, Sri Lanka, Indian 

Ocean.
NUMBER 106 • 8 9

Chlorodesmis hildebrandtii A. Gepp et E. S. Gepp, 1911:16

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Playa Los Muertos, NAY, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Punta 

Arena, BCS. IS: Isla San Francisco, Isla Partida, and Isla Espíritu 

Santo, BCS; Isla Larga, NAY. 

Syntype Localities. Localities listed by Gepp 

and Gepp (1911:16): “Comoros Islands, Johanna, Pomona, 

[and] Selayer [sic] Island”; Selayar Island, Selayar Islands, South 

Sulawesi Province, Indonesia.

Lectotype Locality. “Johanna, Pomona” (Gepp 

and Gepp, 1911:16); Domoni, Anjouan Island (Johanna; Ndzouani; Ndzuwani), Comoros Islands, Indian Ocean (Ducker, 1967).

Chlorodesmis mexicana W. R. Taylor, 1945:64

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de Banderas, NAY/JAL.

Lectotype Locality. In tide pools; Bahía Braithwaite, Isla Socorro, Islas Revillagigedo, Colima, Mexico. 

Remarks. Although listed as a synonym of C. caespitosa by Pedroche et al. (2005), others recognize it as a distinct 

taxon (e.g., Guiry and Guiry, 2014; Mora-Valdés and RiosmenaRodríguez, 2016).

Dasycladophyceae C. Hoek, D. G. Mann

et Jahns, 1995:436, nom. invalid.

Remarks. The class name is not validly published 

(see McNeill et al., 2012: Art. 44), and some include members of 

the class in the Ulvophyceae (see Guiry and Guiry, 2016).

Dasycladales Bessey, 1907:287

Dasycladaceae Kützing, 1843:302, 312

Batophora J. Agardh, 1854:107

Batophora oerstedii J. Agardh, 1854:108

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Laguna de Agiabampo, SON/SIN.

Type Locality. Among the red mangroves, Rhizophora mangle; Krause lagoon, Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, 

Leeward Islands, Caribbean Sea.

Neomeris J. V. Lamouroux, 1816:241

Neomeris annulata Dickie, 1874:198

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Ensenada de Muertos to Arrecife de Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Canal de 

San Lorenzo, Isla Espíritu Santo, Isla Partida, and Isla Cerralvo, BCS. 

Type Locality. Mauritania, on Atlantic coast of 

western North Africa.

Polyphysaceae Kützing, 1843:302, 311

Acetabularia J. V. Lamouroux, 1812:185

Acetabularia caliculus J. V. Lamouroux, in Quoy et Gaimard, 

1824:621

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Bahía la Choya, Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Bahía de La Paz to 

Arrecife de Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. 

Type Locality. “Baie des Chiens-Marins” 

(Lamouroux in Quoy and Gaimard, 1824:261); Shark Bay, Gascoyne region, Western Australia, Australia.

Acetabularia crenulata J. V. Lamouroux, 1816:249

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Laguna de Agiabampo, SON/SIN. WC: Bahía de La Paz to Bahía 

Balandra, BCS.

Type Locality. Caribbean Sea.

Acetabularia farlowii Solms-Laubach, 1895:27

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Laguna de Agiabampo, SON, to Laguna Altata-Ensenada del Pabellón, SIN.

Type Locality. Key West, Florida Keys, Monroe 

County, Florida, USA. 

Acetabularia schenckii K. Möbius, 1889:318

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Lagunas Santa María-Topolobampo-Ohuira to Laguna AltataEnsenada del Pabellón, SIN. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla 

Espíritu Santo, BCS.

Type Locality. Rio de Janeiro, [state of] Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Oliveira Filho, 1977).

Parvocaulis S. Berger, Fettweiss, 

Gleissberg, Liddle, U. Richter, Sawitzky 

et Zuccarello, 2003:559

Parvocaulis parvulus (Solms-Laubach) S. Berger, Fettweiss, 

Gleissberg, Liddle, U. Richter, Sawitzky et Zuccarello, 

2003:559

Gulf of California Distribution. EC: 

Punta de Mita, NAY, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Punta 

Arena to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. 

Syntype Localities. Two locales were given for 

Acetabularia parvula by Solms-Laubach (1895:29): tropical 

India and Celebes, Indonesia. 

Lectotype Locality. Makasar, Sulawesi (Celebes), Indonesia (Lipkin and Silva, 2002). 

Parvocaulis pusillus (M. Howe) S. Berger, Fettweiss, 

Gleissberg, Liddle, U. Richter, Sawitzky et Zuccarello, 

2003:560

Gulf of California Distribution. WC: 

Bahía de La Paz to Arrecife de Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Isla San 

Juan Nepomuceno, BCS. 

Type Locality. Montego Bay, Jamaica, Greater 

Antilles, Caribbean Sea.
9 0 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank Katina E. Bucher and David L. Ballantine (National Museum of Natural History [NMNH] Department of 

Botany), Michael S. Foster (Moss Landing Marine Laboratories 

[MLML]), and Abel Sentíes Garanados (Universidad Autónoma 

Metropolitana [UAM] Iztapalapa) for comments on the manuscript; Laurence J. Dorr and Robert J. Soreng (NMNH Dept. 

of Botany) for helpful nomenclature discussions; Alice R. Tangerini (NMNH Botany illustrator) for creating the Gulf of 

California maps and cover images; Daniel G. Cole (GIS coordinator and chief cartographer, NMNH IT Office) for helping 

place the cited Gulf of California locales on the maps and cover 

images; Paul Peterson (NMNH Dept. of Botany and Smithsonian Contributions to Botany editorial board chair) for help and 

encouragement throughout the review process; and along with 

the reviewers, the Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, particularly publications specialist Meredith McQuoid-Greason and 

freelance technical copyeditor Tshawna Byerly, for the editorial 

comments and queries that have led to the improvement of this 

work. Author J.N.N. acknowledges partial support from NSFPEET grant DEB-0328491, NSF-BS&I grant 0742437, and NSF 

Bioinventory grants SI-DSCG-542079 and SI-DSGC-642079. 

Author F.F.P. acknowledges support from Proyecto Diversidad 

de Macroalgas Marinas Mexicanas: Filogenia y Biogeografía 

(UAM-Lerma).
TABLE A1. Localities cited in Gulf of California Distribution sections, including state (estado) and geographic coordinates for each. 

Abbreviations: BC = Baja California; BCS = Baja California Sur; GUER = Guerrero; IS = Islas; ISG = Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura; 

Midriff Islands); JAL = Jalisco; MICH = Michoacán; NAY = Nayarit; SIN = Sinaloa; SON = Sonora; vic. = in the vicinity of.

Locality State Latitude (N) Longitude (W)

Arrecife de Cabo Pulmo BCS 23°26′ 109°25′

Bahía Agua Verde BCS 25°31′ 110°56′

Bahía Bacochibampo (Bocochibampo) SON 27°55′ 110°58′

Bahía Balandra BCS 24°19′ 110°18′

Bahía Catalina (inlet, Canal de Guaymas, vic. Punta Narizón) SON 27°52′ 110°52′

Bahía Chacala NAY 21°10′ 105°14′

Bahía Concepción BCS 26°39′ 111°48′

Bahía Coyote (Bahía El Coyote; inside Bahía Concepción) BCS 24°41′ 110°43′

Bahía de Agua Dulce (Bahía Tecomate), Isla Tiburón SON/ISG (IS) 29°00′ 112°23′

Bahía de Banderas JAL 20°40′ 105°25′

Bahía de La Paz BCS 24°20′ 110°25′

Bahía de Las Ánimas BC 28°48′ 113°21′

Bahía de Loreto BCS 26°01′ 111°21′

Bahía de Los Ángeles BC 28°55′ 113°32′

Bahía de los Muertos (Bahía de los Suenos) BCS 23°59′ 109°49′

Bahía del Rincón BCS 23°30′ 109°30′

Bahía de Navachiste SIN 25°27′ 108°50′

Bahía de San Lucas BCS 22°53′ 109°52′

Bahía Empalme SON 27°55′ 110°48′

Bahía Kino SON 28°46′ 111°53′

Bahía la Choya (Bahía Cholla) SON 31°20′ 113°37′

Bahía La Ventana (SE of La Paz) BCS 24°03′ 109°59′

Bahía Salinas (Isla Carmen) BCS 26°01′ 111°07′

Bahía San Carlos SON 27°56′ 111°03′

Bahía San Felipe BC 31°00′ 114°51′

Bahía San Francisco SON 27°57′ 111°00′

Bahía San Francisquito BC 28°26′ 112°53′

Bahía San Gabriel (Isla Espíritu Santo) BCS (IS) 24°25′ 110°20′

Bahía San José del Cabo BCS 23°02′ 109°40′

Bahía San Luis Gonzaga BC 29°48′ 114°22′

Bahía San Pedro SON 28°03′ 111°14′

Bahía Tenacatita JAL 19°17′ 104°48′

Bahía Tepoca SON 29°22′ 112°53′

Appendix: Localities Cited 

in Distribution Sections
9 2 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

Bahía Topolobampo SIN 25°33′ 109°05′

Bahía Willard BC 29°49′ 114°23′

Barra de Navidad JAL 19o 12′ 104o 41′

Boca del Río Mayo SON 27°01′ 109°59′

Cabeza Ballena (E of Cabo San Lucas) BCS 22°54′ 109°51′

Cabo Arco (N of Guaymas) SON 27°52′ 110°57′

Cabo Corrientes JAL 20°24′ 105°41′

Cabo Los Machos (Bahía Concepción) BCS 26°52′ 111°54′

Cabo Pulmo BCS 23°26′ 109°25′

Cabo San Lucas BCS 22°52′ 109°53′

Cabo Tepoca (reef of Punta Tepoca) SON 30°16′ 112°50′

Calerita (vic. La Paz) BCS 24°21′ 110°16′

Caleta Partida (between Isla Partida and Isla Espíritu Santo) BCS (IS) 24°31′ 110°23′

Caleta Santa María (N of Santa Rosalía) BCS 27°25′ 112°19′

Caleta Santa María (NE of Cabo San Lucas) BCS 23°05′ 109°37′

Campo Hawaii (Playa Hawaii) BC 31°03′ 114°49′

Campo Oona (S of Campo Víboras) SON 28°58′ 112°09′

Campo Víboras (“Quipcō Coospoj” in Seri language; N of Punta Chueca) SON 28°57′ 112°09′

Canal de Ballenas (between W coast of Isla Ángel de la Guarda and E coast BC 29°34′ to 28°23′

of Baja California) 

Canal de Infiernillo (“Xepe Coosot” in Seri language; between Isla Tiburón SON/ISG (IS) 29°01′ 112°10′

and Sonora coast)

Canal de San Lorenzo (off S end of Isla Espíritu Santo) BCS 24°24′ 110°16′

Canal Mejía (between Isla Mejía and Isla División) BC/ISG (IS) 29°32′ 113°33′

Cerro El Crestón (W of Bahía de Mazatlán) SIN 23°10′ 106°25′

El Colorado SON 28°17′ 111°25′

El Desemboque (Desemboque; El Desemboque Asunción) SON 30°34′ 113°00′

El Desemboque de los Seris (“Haxöl Iihom” in Seri language; El Desemboque SON 29°30′ 112°23′

de San Ignacio)

El Faro MICH 18°19′ 103°29′

El Huerfanito BC 30°07′ 114°38′

El Machorro BC 31°11′ 114°53′

El Malecón (La Paz) BCS 24o10′ 110o18′

El Pardito-El Lobera (Isla San José) BCS (IS) 24o51′ 110o35′

El Requesón (Bahía Concepción) BCS 26°38′ 111°50′

El Tecolote BCS 24°21′ 110°19′

El Tornillal (Golfo de Santa Clara) SON 31°34′ 114°18′

Ensenada Ampe BCS 24°20′ 110°25′

Ensenada Bacochibampo SON 27°55′ 110°58′

Ensenada de La Paz BCS 24°08′ 110°23’

Ensenada de San Francisco (NE of Guaymas) SON 27°56′ 111°04′

Ensenada Lalo (vic. Bahía San Carlos) SON 27°56′ 111°05′

Estero Balandra BCS 24°19′ 110°20′

Estero de Bacorehuis (SE Lagnua de Agiabampo) SIN 26°17′ 109°08′

Estero del Urías SIN 23°11′ 106°26′

Estero Santa Rosa SON 28°58′ 112°09′

Estero Zacatecas (Bahía de La Paz) BCS 24°10′ 110°26′

Eureka (Rancho Eureka; near La Paz) BCS 23°36′ 109°36′

TABLE A1. (Continued)

Locality State Latitude (N) Longitude (W)
NUMBER 106 • 9 3

Faro de San Felipe BC 31°03′ 114°51′

Guaymas SON 27°55′ 110°55′

Golfo de Santa Clara SON 31°30–34′ 114°09–18′

Isla Ardilla (vic. Guaymas) SON 27°55′ 110°54′

Isla Alcatráz SON (IS) 28°48′ 111°58′

Isla Ángel de la Guarda BC/ISG (IS) 29°15′ 113°22′

Isla Bargo (Bahía Concepción) BCS 26°43′ 111°53′

Isla Carmen BCS (IS) 25°57′ 111°12′

Isla Cerralvo BCS 24°14′ 109°53′

Isla Cholla (vic. Isla Carmen) BCS (IS) 26°03′ 111°13′

Isla Coronado (Isla Smith) BC (IS) 29°04′ 113°32′

Isla Danzante BCS (IS) 25°47′ 111°15′

Isla de la Piedra (vic. Mazatlán) SIN (IS) 23°11′ 106°25′

Isla de Venados (Isla Vernados) SIN 23°14′ 106°29′

Isla El Choyero SON (IS) 28°44′	 112°18′

Isla Espíritu Santo BCS (IS) 24°30′ 110°22′

Isla Estanque (Isla Pond, Isla la Bibera) BC/ISG (IS) 29°03′ 113°06′

Isla Gallina (La Gallina) BCS (IS) 24°27′ 110°23′

Isla Gallo (El Gallo; “Gallo-Gallina”) BCS (IS) 24°27′ 110°23′

Isla Gaviota (Bahía de La Paz) BCS 24°17′ 110°20′

Isla Isabel NAY (IS) 21°51′ 105°54′

Isla Ixtapa (Isla Grande) GUER 17°41′ 101°39′

Isla [Islote] La Ballena BCS 24°29′ 110°24′

Isla Larga NAY (IS) 20°42′ 105°35′

Isla Las Ánimas (Isla San Lorenzo del Norte), Islas San Lorenzo BC/ISG (IS) 28°41′ 112°55′

Isla La Ventana BC (IS) 29°00′ 114°31′

Isla Los Lobos SIN 23°13′ 106°27′

Isla María Cleofas, Islas Marías (Islas Tres Marías) NAY (IS) 21°18′ 106°15′

Isla María Madre, Islas Marías (Islas Tres Marías) NAY IS) 21°35′ 106°36′

Isla María Magdalena, Islas Marías (Islas Tres Marías) NAY (IS) 21°27′ 106°28′

Isla Mejía (NW of Puerto Refugio, I. Ángel de la Guarda) BC/ISG (IS) 29°33′ 113°34′

Isla Monserrate BCS (IS) 25°41′ 111°03′

Isla Partida [norte] (Isla Cordonazo; NW of Isla Rasa) BC/ISG (IS) 28°53′ 113°04′

Isla Partida [sur] (N of Isla Espíritu Santo) BCS (IS) 24°32′ 110°21′

Isla Patos (off N end of Isla Tiburón) SON/ISG (IS) 29°16′ 112°27′

Isla Pelícano (WNW of Isla Alcatráz) SON (IS) 28°48′ 111°58′

Isla Rasa (Isla Raza) BC/ISG (IS) 28°48′ 112°56′

Isla Salsipuedes (Islas de San Lorenzo) BC/ISG (IS) 28°43′ 112°57′

Isla San Diego BCS (IS) 25°11′ 110°42′

Isla San Esteban SON/ISG (IS) 28°42′ 112°36′

Isla San Francisco (off S end of Isla San José) BCS (IS) 24°45′ 110°34′

Isla San Ildefonso (E of Bahía de San Nicolas) BCS (IS) 26°37′ 111°26′

Isla San Jorge (SE of Puerto Peñasco) SON (IS) 31°00′ 113°15′

Isla San José BCS (IS) 25°00′ 110°36′

Isla San Juan Nepomuceno BCS (IS) 24°16′ 110°20′

Isla San Lorenzo (Isla San Lorenzo del Sur), Islas San Lorenzo BC/ISG (IS) 28°34′ 112°49′

Isla San Luis Gonzaga (Isla Willard) BC (IS) 29°58′ 114°24′

Isla San Marcos BCS (IS) 27°13′ 112°06′

TABLE A1. (Continued)

Locality State Latitude (N) Longitude (W)
9 4 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

Isla San Pedro Mártir SON/ISG (IS) 28°23′ 112°19′

Isla San Pedro Nolasco SON (IS) 27°58′ 111°23′

Isla Santa Catalina BCS (IS) 25°40′ 110°47′

Isla Santa Cruz BCS 25°17′ 110°43′

Islas de Los Gemelos (isla oeste and isla este) BC (IS) 28°57′ 113°29′

Islas Santa Inés (Islas Santa Inez) BCS 27°02′ 111°54′

Isla Tiburón SON/ISG (IS) 29°00′ 112°22′

Isla Tortuga BCS (IS) 27°26′ 111°52′

Isla Turner (Isla Turners; El Dátil; Isla Dátil) SON/ISG (IS) 28°43′ 112°19′

La Concha Beach (vic. La Paz) BCS 24°10′ 110°19′

La Cruz de Huanacaxtle (NW Bahía de Banderas) NAY 20°45′ 105°23′

Laguna Altata-Ensenada del Pabellón SIN 24°24′ 107°31′

Laguna, Bahía San Gabriel (Isla Espíritu Santo) BCS (IS) 24°25′ 110°20′

Laguna de Agiabampo (estero de Agiabampo) SON/SIN 26°21′ 109°12′

Laguna de Agua Brava NAY 22°09′ 105°30′

Laguna Santa María y Laguna La Reforma SIN 25°02′ 108°03′

Lagunas Santa María-Topolobampo-Ohuira SIN 25°33′ 109°05′

La Paz BCS 24°10′ 110°18′

Las Cruces BCS 24°17′ 110°12′

Las Cuevas NAY 21°09′ 105°14′

Las Peñas NAY 21°01′ 105°16′

Las Piedras del Burro SON 31°37′ 114°23′

La Ventana BCS 24°02′ 110°01′

Lo de Marcos (“Los de Marco”) NAY 20°57′ 105°20′

Los Planes BCS 24°01′ 109°48′

Los Pocitos (SW Bahía Concepción) BCS 26°40′ 111°48′

Los Tornados BCS 24°15′ 110°10′

Mazatlán SIN 23°13′ 106°25′

Miramar NAY 21°26′ 105°11′

Mulegé BCS 26°53′ 111°56′

Nopoló BCS 25°56′ 111°22′

Nueva Guaymas (Bahía San Carlos) SON 27°56′ 111°03′

Pichilinque BCS 24°16′ 110°19′

Piedras de La Salina (Golfo de Santa Clara) SON 31°30′ 114°09′

Piedras del Burro (Golfo de Santa Clara) SON 31°33′ 114°17′

Playa Arenosa (vic. Puerto Peñasco) SON 31°19′ 113°35′

Playa Carelleros (Careyeros) NAY 20°47′ 105°31′

Playa de Guayabitos (Rincón de Guayabitos) NAY 21°03′ 105°17′

Playa El Caimancito BCS 24°20′ 110°30′

Playa El Coloradito BC 30°34′ 114°40′

Playa El Sábalo (Punta Sábalo) SIN 23°15′ 106°27′

Playa Estación and Cumpleaños Tide Pool (Puerto Peñasco) SON 29°59′ 111°11′

Playa Hermosa (vic. Puerto Peñasco) SON 31°19′ 113°33′

Playa Las Conchas (vic. Puerto Peñasco) SON 31°17′ 113°29′

Playa Las Peñas (vic. Playa de Guayabitos) NAY 21°03′ 105°17′

Playa Los Algodones (NW of San Carlos) SON 27°57′ 111°06′

Playa Los Cerritos (vic. Mazatlán) SIN 23°19′ 106°29′

Playa Los Muertos NAY 20°51′ 105°28′

TABLE A1. (Continued)

Locality State Latitude (N) Longitude (W)
NUMBER 106 • 9 5

Playa Mezcales JAL 19°36′ 105°08′

Playa Norte (vic. Mazatlán) SIN 23°13′ 106°25′

Playa Olas Altas (vic. Mazatlán) SIN 23°11′ 106°25′

Playa San Francisco NAY 20°54′ 105°24′

Playa Santa Teresa BC 30°20′ 114°38′

Playa Tucson (vic. Puerto Peñasco) SON 31°19′ 113°33′

Puertecitos BC 30°21′ 114°37′

Puerto Ballandra (I. Carmen) BCS (IS) 26°01′ 110°10′

Puerto Calamajué BC 29°40′ 114°10′

Puerto Escondido BCS 25°48′ 111°19′

Puerto Libertad SON 29°55′ 112°41′

Puerto Lobos SON 30°16′ 112°51′

Puerto Peñasco SON 31°20′ 113°40′

Puerto Refugio (Isla Ángel de la Guarda) BC/ISG (IS) 29°32′ 113°33′

Puerto San Carlos SON 27°56′ 111°01′

Puerto Vallarta JAL 20°37′ 105°14′

Puerto Viejo (vic. Mazatlán) SIN 23°12′ 106°25′

Punta Aguja BCS 26°53′ 111°49′

Punta Arena (Punta Arenas; N of Cabo Pulmo) BCS 23°03′ 109°48′

Punta Bufeo BC 29°55′ 114°26′

Punta Cabeza de Mechudo (Bahía de La Paz) BCS 24°48′ 110°39′

Punta Chile SIN 23°12′ 106°25′

Punta Chivato (Punta Santa Inés[z]) BCS 27°04′ 111°56′

Punta Chueca (“Socaaix” in Seri language) SON 29°01′ 112°10′

Punta Cirio SON 29°50′ 112°39′

Punta Colorado (near Candeleros, vic. Guaymas) SON 28°46′ 112°22′

Punta Coyote (E of La Paz) BCS 24°20′ 110°13′

Punta Concepción BCS 23°34′ 111°49′

Punta Derecha SIN 23°12′ 106°26′

Punta El Púlpito (Púlpito, vic. Loreto) BCS 26°31′ 111°26′

Punta Gallito BCS 26°52′ 111°56′

Punta Gorda (NE end of Bahía San José del Cabo) BCS 23°05′ 109°35′

Punta Gorda (Golfo de Santa Clara) SON 31°30′ 114°12′

Punta La Gringa (vic. Bahía de Los Ángeles) BC 29°03′ 113°32′

Punta Las Cuevas SON 27°56′ 112°03′

Punta Las Cuevitas SON 29°16′ 112°30′

Punta Los Frailes BCS 23°23′ 109°25′

Punta Palmilla (vic. San José del Cabo) BCS 23°00′ 109°43′

Punta Pelícano (vic. Puerto Peñasco) SON 31°20′ 113°38′

Punta Perico (ESE of Bahía Salinas, I. Carmen) BCS (IS) 25°58′ 111°05′

Punta Perico[s] (N end of Bahía de los Muertos) BCS 24°10′ 109°80′

Punta Piaxtla SIN 23°39′ 106°48′

Punta Prieta (in Bahía Topolobampo) SIN 25°33′ 109°05′

Punta Robinson (between Punta Tepoca & Punta Cirio) SON 29°54′ 112°43′

Punta San Evaristo BC 24°55′ 110°42′

Punta San Felipe BC 31°03′ 114°51′

Punta San Marcial BCS 25°31′ 111°01′

Punta San Pedro (N of entrance to Bahía San Pedro) SON 28°03′ 111°14′

TABLE A1. (Continued)

Locality State Latitude (N) Longitude (W)
9 6 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

Río Mayo (near mouth of river) SON 26°42′ 109°31′

Roca El Solitario (northern Bahía Agua Verde) BCS 25°32′ 110°56′

Roca Roja (Bahía Kino) SON 28°50′ 111°59′

Roca San Marcial BCS 25°32′ 111°00′

San Blas NAY 21°31′ 105°17′

San Felipe BC 31°01′ 114°52′

San José del Cabo BCS 23°02′ 109°40′

San Juan de la Costa (Bahía de La Paz) BCS 24°20′ 110°39′

Santa Rosalía BCS 27°20′ 112°17′

Sayulita NAY 20°52′ 105°28′

Segundo Cerro Prieto (vic. Kino Nuevo, Bahía Kino) SON 28°53′ 112°02′

Tarabillas BCS 24°27′ 110°41′

Teacapán SIN 22°32′ 105°45′

Topolobampo SIN 25°36′ 109°03′

Yelapa JAL 20°16′ 105°26′

TABLE A1. (Continued)

Locality State Latitude (N) Longitude (W)
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Abbott, I. A. 1968. Studies in Some Foliose Red Algae of the Pacific Coast, III: Dumontiaceae, Weeksiaceae, Kallymeniaceae. Journal of Phycology 4: 180–198. doi: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.1968.tb04714.x.

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All taxa recognized in the Gulf of California are shown in bold type. Names of all 

genera and species, subpsecies, varietas, and forma of the benthic marine red, brown, and 

green algae are shown in bold italics, and higher taxa (phyla, classes, subclasses, orders, 

families, and subfamilies) are in bold Small capital letters. 

Names of genera and species that are uncertain records, excluded species, or synonyms; have uncertain taxonomic status; have a distribution outside of the Gulf; or are 

referred to in Remarks are in nonbold italics, and higher taxa are in nonbold Small 

capital letters.

Page numbers in bold type refer to the start of the taxonomic accounts for currently 

accepted names of the Gulf taxa. Page numbers in nonbold type refer to taxa mentioned 

in the synopses lists, Remarks of other accounts, or elsewhere in the text (excluding 

tables of contents and references). 

Acanthophora, 12, 47

Acanthophora spicifera, 47

Acetabularia, 76, 89

Acetabularia caliculus, 89

Acetabularia crenulata, 89

Acetabularia farlowii, 89

Acetabularia parvula, 89

Acetabularia schenckii, 89

Acinetosporaceae, 62, 68, 68

Acrochaetiaceae, 9, 15

Acrochaetiales, 9, 15

Acrochaetium, 9, 15

Acrochaetium arcuatum, 15

Acrochaetium bornetii, 15

Acrochaetium crassipes, 15

Acrochaetium microscopicum, 16

Acrochaetium porphyrae, 16

Acrochaetium secundatum, 16

Acrochaetium seriaspora, 16

Acrocladus

Acrocladus pellucidus, 81

Agardhiella, 12, 31, 53

Agardhiella mexicana, 53

Aglaothamnion, 11, 32

Aglaothamnion endovagum, 32

Aglaozonia-phase of Cutleria, 73

Ahnfeltia, 10, 27

Ahnfeltia plicata, 27

Ahnfeltia svensonii, 27

Ahnfeltiaceae, 10, 27

Ahnfeltiales, 10, 27

Ahnfeltiophycidae, 10, 27

Ahnfeltiopsis, 12, 52

Ahnfeltiopsis divaricata, 53

Ahnfeltiopsis gigartinoides, 22, 52

Ahnfeltiopsis hancockii, 52

Ahnfeltiopsis leptophylla, 53

Ahnfeltiopsis serenei, 53

Amphiroa, 10, 21, 85

Amphiroa beauvoisii, 21

Amphiroa brevianceps, 21

Amphiroa compressa var. tenuis, 21

Amphiroa curreae, 22

Amphiroa foliacea, 21

Amphiroa franciscana, 22

Amphiroa magdalenensis, 21

Amphiroa mexicana, 21

Amphiroa misakiensis, 21

Amphiroa polymorpha, 21

Amphiroa rigida, 21

Amphiroa subcylindrica, 22

Amphiroa taylorii, 21

Index of Scientific Names
118 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

Amphiroa (continued)

Amphiroa valonioides, 21

Amphiroa vanbosseae, 22

Amplisiphonia, 12, 46

Amplisiphonia? pacifica, 46

Anotrichium, 11, 38

Anotrichium anthericephalum, 38

Anotrichium furcellatum, 38

Anotrichium multiramosum, 38

Anotrichium secundum, 38

Antithamnion, 11, 33

Antithamnion antillanum, 33

Antithamnion decipiens, 33

Antithamnion defectum, 33

Antithamnion hubbsii, 33

Antithamnion kylinii, 33

Antithamnion nipponicum, 33

Antithamnion pacificum, 37

Antithamnion plumulum, 33

Antithamnion plumulum var. plumulum, 33

Antithamnionella, 11, 36

Antithamnionella breviramosa, 36

Antithamnionella pacifica, 37

Antithamnionella cf. spirographidis, 37

Antithamnionella sublittoralis, 37

Apoglossum, 11, 40

Apoglossum gregarium, 40

Asparagopsis, 11, 32

Asparagopsis taxiformis, ii, 32

Asteronema, 63, 73

Asteronema breviarticulatum, 36, 73

Asteronemataceae, 63, 73

Balliella, 11, 36

Balliella pseudocorticata, 36

Bangia, 9, 14

Bangia enteromorphoides, 14

Bangia vermicularis?, 14

Bangiaceae, 9, 14, 14

Bangiales, 9, 14, 14

Bangiophyceae, 9, 14

Batophora, 76, 89

Batophora oerstedii, 89

Besa, 12, 53

Besa divaricata, 53

Besa leptophylla, 53

Blidingia, 75, 76

Blidingia marginata, 76

Blidingia minima, 76

Bonnemaisonia, 11, 32

Bonnemaisonia hamifera, 32

Bonnemaisoniaceae, 11, 32

Bonnemaisoniales, 11, 32

Boodlea, 76, 83

Boodlea composita, 83

Boodleaceae, 76, 83

Bossiella, 19

Bossiella californica, 19

Bossiella orbigniana, 19

Bostrychia, 11, 42

Bostrychia moritziana, 42

Bostrychia radicans, 42

Botryocladia, 13, 61

Botryocladia datilensis, 61

Botryocladia guaymasensis, 61

Botryocladia pseudodichotoma, 61

Botryocladia pyriformis, 61

Botryocladia uvarioides, 61

Branchioglossum, 11, 40

Branchioglossum bipinnatifidum, 40

Branchioglossum undulatum, 40

Bryopsidaceae, 76, 84

Bryopsidales, 76, 84

Bryopsidophyceae, 76, 84

Bryopsis, 76, 84

Bryopsis corticulans, 84

Bryopsis galapagensis, 84

Bryopsis hypnoides, 84

Bryopsis muscosa, 84

Bryopsis pennata var. minor, 84

Bryopsis pennata, 84

Bryopsis salvadoreana, 84

Bryothamnion, 11, 42

Bryothamnion pacificum, 42

Callithamniaceae, 11, 32

Callithamniaceae subfam. Callithamnioideae, 11, 32

Callithamniaceae subfam. Crouanioideae, 11, 33

Callithamnioideae tribe Callithamnieae, 11, 32

Callithamnion, 11, 32

Callithamnion bisporum var. australe, 32

Callithamnion catalinense, 32

Callithamnion compactum, 32

Callithamnion marshallense, 32

Callithamnion paschale, 32

Callithamnion ramosissimum, 32

Callithamnion rupicola, 33

Callophyllis

Callophyllis violacea, 52

Caloglossa, 11, 40

Caloglossa apomeiotica, 40

Caloglossa leprieurii?, 40

Canistrocarpus, 62, 63

Canistrocarpus cervicornis, 63

Caulacanthaceae, 12, 49

Caulacanthus, 12, 49

Caulacanthus okamurae, 49

Caulacanthus ustulatus, 49

Caulerpa, 76, 86

Caulerpa antoensis, 86

Caulerpa arenicola, 86

Caulerpa chemnitzia, ii, 1, 86, 87

Caulerpa chemnitzia var. laetevirens, 87

Caulerpa chemnitzia var. peltata, 87

Caulerpa chemnitzia var. turbinata, 87

Caulerpa chemnitzia var. vanbosseae, 87

Caulerpa clavifera var. turbinata, 87

Caulerpa cupressoides, 87, 88

Caulerpa cupressoides var. lycopodium, 87

Caulerpa fastigiata, 88

Caulerpa laetevirens, 87

Caulerpa lycopodium, 87

Caulerpa mexicana, 87, 88

Caulerpa mexicana f. pectinata, 87

Caulerpa peltata, 86

Caulerpa racemosa, 87, 88

Caulerpa racemosa var. macrophysa, 88

Caulerpa racemosa var. peltata, 86

Caulerpa racemosa var. turbinata, 86

Caulerpa racemosa var. uvifera, 88

Caulerpa sertularioides, 88

Caulerpa sertularioides f. brevipes, 88, 88

Caulerpa sertularioides f. longiseta, 88, 88

Caulerpa vanbosseae, 86, 87

Caulerpaceae, 76, 86

Centroceras, 11, 33

Centroceras clavulatum, 33, 34

Centroceras gasparrinii, 34

Ceramiaceae, 11, 33

Ceramiaceae subfam. Ceramioideae, 11, 33

Ceramiaceae subfam. Spongoclonioideae,

11, 37

Ceramiales, 11, 32

Ceramiales subord. Ceramiineae, 11, 32

Ceramiales subord. Spermothamniineae, 

11, 38

Ceramioideae tribe Antithamnieae, 11, 33

Ceramioideae tribe Ceramieae, 11, 33

Ceramioideae tribe Delesseriopsieae,

11, 36

Ceramioideae tribe Dohrnielleae, 11, 36

Ceramioideae tribe Pterothamnieae, 11, 

37

Ceramium, 11, 34

Ceramium aduncum, 34, 34

Ceramium affine var. affine, 34

Ceramium affine var. peninsularis, 34

Ceramium camouii, 34

Ceramium caudatum, 34

Ceramium clarionense, 34

Ceramium codicola, 34

Ceramium codii, 34

Ceramium comptum, 34

Ceramium equisetoides, 34

Ceramium giacconei, 34

Ceramium gracillimum var. byssoideum, 36

Ceramium hamatispinum, 35

Ceramium horridulum, 35, 35

Ceramium howellii, 35

Ceramium interruptum, 35

Ceramium mazatlanense, 35

Ceramium monacanthum, 35

Ceramium obesum, 35

Ceramium pacificum, 35

Ceramium paniculatum, 35

Ceramium periconicum, 35

Ceramium personatum, 35

Ceramium procumbens, 35

Ceramium serpens, 35

Ceramium sinicola, 35, 36

Ceramium sinicola var. johnstonii, 36

Ceramium vagans, 36

Ceramium zacae, 36

Ceratodictyon, 12, 61, 61

Ceratodictyon tenue, 61

Ceratodictyon variabile, 61

Chaetomorpha, 76, 79, 80

Chaetomorpha aerea, 24, 80

Chaetomorpha antennina, 80
NUMBER 106 • 119

Chaetomorpha bangioides, 80

Chaetomorpha clavata, 80

Chaetomorpha javanica, 80

Chaetomorpha ligustica, 80

Chaetomorpha linoides, 80

Chaetomorpha linum, 80

Chaetomorpha minima, 80

Chaetomorpha pachynema, 80

Chamaedoris, 24

Champia, 12, 60

Champia caespitosa, 60

Champia cf. parvula, 60

Champia disticha, 60

Champiaceae, 12, 60

Chauvinia, 

Chauvinia macrophysa, 88

Chelonia, 

Chelonia mydas agassizii (black sea turtle), 43

Chlorodesmis, 76, 88

Chlorodesmis caespitosa, 88, 89

Chlorodesmis hildebrandtii, 89

Chlorodesmis mexicana, 89

Chlorophyta, ii, 1, 75, 76

Chlorophytina, 75, 76

Chnoospora, 63, 70

Chnoospora implexa, 70

Chnoospora minima, 70

Chnoospora pacifica, 70

Chnoosporaceae, 63, 70

Chondracanthus, 12, 50

Chondracanthus acicularis?, 50

Chondracanthus canaliculatus, 51

Chondracanthus chamissoi, 51

Chondracanthus exasperatus, 51

Chondracanthus intermedius, 51

Chondracanthus harveyanus, 51

Chondracanthus squarrulosus, 51, 51

Chondracanthus tepidus, 51

Chondracanthus zertuchei, 51

Chondria, 12, 47

Chondria acrorhizophora, 47

Chondria arcuata, 47

Chondria dasyphylla, 47

Chondria decipiens, 47

Chondria pacifica, 47

Chondria repens, 47

Chondria species A, 47

Chondrophycus, 

Chondrophycus glandulifera, 48

Chordariaceae, 63, 68, 69

Choreonematoideae tribe Choreonemateae, 10, 26

Choreonema, 10, 26

Choreonema thuretii, 26

Chroodactylon, 9, 13

Chroodactylon ornatum, 13

Cladophora, 76, 79, 80, 80

Cladophora albida, 80

Cladophora coelothrix, 81

Cladophora columbiana, 81

Cladophora crispata, 81

Cladophora flexuosa, 81

Cladophora glomerata, 81

Cladophora glomerata var. crassior, 81

Cladophora graminea, 81

Cladophora hesperia, 81

Cladophora insignis, 82

Cladophora laetevirens, 81

Cladophora lehmanniana, 81

Cladophora liebetruthii, 81

Cladophora macdougalii, 81

Cladophora microcladioides, 81

Cladophora montagneana, 82

Cladophora prolifera, 81

Cladophora rivularis, 81, 82

Cladophora sericea, 81, 82

Cladophora stimpsonii, 82

Cladophora tiburonensis, 82

Cladophora trichotoma, 81

Cladophora vagabunda, 82

Cladophoraceae, 76, 80

Cladophorales, 76, 80

Cladophorophyceae, 76, 80

Cladophoropsis, 76, 83

Cladophoropsis gracillima, 83

Cladophoropsis macromeres, 83

Cladophoropsis membranacea, 83

Codiaceae, 76, 85

Codium, 33, 34, 35, 39, 45, 76, 79, 80, 85, 86

Codium amplivesiculatum, 85, 86

Codium brandegeei, 68, 85

Codium cuneatum, 69, 86

Codium decorticatum, 85, 86

Codium dichotomum, 85

Codium elongatum, 86

Codium fernandezianum, 85, 86

Codium fragile, 36, 86

Codium fragile subsp. californicum, 86

Codium giraffa, 85, 86

Codium isabelae, 85

Codium isthomocladum, 85

Codium picturatum, 85, 86

Codium setchellii, 69, 86

Codium simulans, 34, 69, 85, 86

Codium sp. A, 86

Codium sp., 39

Codium tomentosum, 85

Coeloseira, 

Coeloseira pacifica, 36

Colaconema, 9, 16

Colaconema daviesii, 16

Colaconema hancockii, 16

Colaconema pacificum, 16

Colaconema pectinatum, 16

Colaconema punctatum, 16

Colaconema savianum, 16

Colaconema scinaiae, 16

Colaconema sinicola, 16

Colaconema tenuissimum, 17

Colaconema variabile, 17

Colaconemataceae, 9, 16

Colaconematales, 9, 16

Colpomenia, 63, 70

Colpomenia durvillei, 70, 70

Colpomenia peregrina, 70

Colpomenia phaeodactyla, 68, 70, 70

Colpomenia ramosa, 70

Colpomenia sinuosa, ii, 71

Colpomenia sinuosa?, 71

Colpomenia sinuosa f. deformans, 68

Colpomenia sinuosa f. expansissima, 71, 71

Colpomenia sinuosa f. expansa, 71

Colpomenia sinuosa f. tuberculata, 71

Colpomenia sp. A, 71

Colpomenia tuberculata, 71, 71

Compsonema, 63, 68

Compsonema immixtum, 68

Compsonema intricatum, 68

Compsonema serpens, 68

Compsopogonophyceae, 9, 13

Conchocelis, 

Conchocelis-phase, 14

Conchocelis-phase of Pyropia hollenbergii, 14

Conferva,

Conferva plumula, 37

Conferva vasta, 24

Corallina, 10, 19, 24, 27, 35

Corallina officinalis var. chilensis, 19

Corallina pilifera, 24

Corallina pinnatifolia var. digitata, 19

Corallina pinnatifolia, 19

Corallina polysticha, 19

Corallina vancouveriensis, 19

Corallinaceae, 10, 19

Corallinaceae subfam. Amphiroideae, 21

Corallinaceae subfam. Corallinoideae, 

10, 19

Corallinaceae subfam. Metagoniolithoideae, 10, 20

Corallinales, 10, 19

Corallinales subord. Corallinineae, 10, 

19

Corallinales subord. Mesophyllineae,

10, 25

Corallinoideae tribe Corallineae, 10, 19

Corallinoideae tribe Janieae, 10, 19

Corallinophycidae, 10, 19

Corallophila, 11, 36

Corallophila bella, 36

Crossocarpaceae, 52

Crouania, 11, 33

Crouania attenuata, 33

Crouanioideae tribe Crouanieae, 11, 33

Crouanophycus, 11, 33

Crouanophycus mcnabbii, 33

Cruoriella, 12, 54

Cruoriella fissurata, 54

Cruoriella mexicana, 54

Crusticorallina, 10, 19

Crusticorallina muricata, 19, 23

Cryptonemia, 12, 55

Cryptonemia angustata, 55, 56

Cryptonemia borealis, 55, 56

Cryptonemia decolorata, 56

Cryptonemia guaymasensis, 56

Cryptonemia obovata, 56, 56

Cryptonemia opuntioides, 56

Cryptonemia veleroae, 56

Cryptonemiales, 12, 55

Cutleria, 63, 73

Cutleria hancockii, 69, 73

Cutleriaceae, 63, 73
120 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

Cutleriales, 73

Cystocloniaceae, 12, 49

Dasya, 11, 39

Dasya pedicellata subsp. stanfordiana, 39

Dasya pedicellata subsp. stanfordiana var. 

nudicaulis, 39

Dasya sinicola var. abyssicola, 39

Dasya sinicola var. californica, 39

Dasya sinicola var. sinicola, 39

Dasya spinigera, 39

Dasyaceae, 11, 39

Dasyaceae subfam. Dasyoideae, 11, 39

Dasyaceae subfam. Heterosiphonioideae, 

11, 40

Dasycladaceae, 76, 89

Dasycladales, 76, 89

Dasycladophyceae, 76, 89

Delesseriaceae, 11, 40

Delesseriaceae subfam. Delesserioideae, 

11, 40

Delesseriaceae subfam. Nitophylloideae, 

11, 41

Delesseriaceae subfam. Phycodryoideae, 

11, 41

Delesserioideae tribe Apoglosseae, 11, 40

Delesserioideae tribe Caloglosseae, 11, 

40

Delesserioideae tribe Grinnellieae, 11, 

40

Delesserioideae tribe Hypoglosseae, 11, 

40

Derbesia, 76, 84, 85

Derbesia hollenbergii, 84

Derbesia marina, 84

Derbesia sp., 85

Derbesia sp. A, 85

Derbesia turbinata, 85

Derbesiaceae, 76, 84

Dermonema, 10, 17

Dermonema pulvinatum, 17

Dermonema virens, 17

Desmarestia, 62, 67

Desmarestia filamentosa, 67

Desmarestia herbacea, 69

Desmarestia munda subsp. mexicana, 67

Desmarestiaceae, 62, 67

Desmarestiales, 62, 67

Dichotomaria, 9, 17

Dichotomaria marginata, 17

Dichotomaria spathulata, 17

Dicranema, 12, 50

Dicranema rosaliae, 50

Dicranemataceae, 12, 50

Dictyopteris, 62, 65

Dictyopteris delicatula, 65

Dictyopteris johnstonei, 65

Dictyopteris repens, 65

Dictyopteris undulata, 65, 65

Dictyopteris zonarioides, 65

Dictyosphaeria, 76, 83

Dictyosphaeria australis, 83

Dictyosphaeria cavernosa, 83

Dictyosphaeria versluysii, 83

Dictyota, 62, 64

Dictyota bartayresiana, 64

Dictyota binghamiae, 24, 64

Dictyota concrescens, 64

Dictyota coriacea, 64

Dictyota crenulata, 64

Dictyota dichotoma, 64

Dictyota dichotoma var. intricata, 64

Dictyota flabellata, 64

Dictyota pinnata, 64

Dictyota stolonifera, 64

Dictyota vivesii, 64

Dictyota volubilis, 64

Dictyotaceae, 62, 63

Dictyotaceae tribe Dictyoteae, 62, 63

Dictyotaceae tribe Zonarieae, 63

Dictyotales, 62, 63

Dictyotophycidae, 62, 63

Digenea, 11, 42

Digenea simplex, 20, 42

Dudresnaya, 12, 50

Dudresnaya colombiana, 50

Dumontiaceae, 12, 50

Ectocarpaceae, 63, 69

Ectocarpales, 62, 68

Ectocarpus, 63, 69

Ectocarpus acutus, 69

Ectocarpus breviarticulatus, 36

Ectocarpus chantransioides, 69

Ectocarpus commensalis, 69

Ectocarpus corticulatus, 69

Ectocarpus gonodioides, 69

Ectocarpus hancockii, 69

Ectocarpus parvus, 69

Ectocarpus rallsiae, 69, 70

Ectocarpus siliculosi-group, 70

Ectocarpus siliculosus, 70

Ectocarpus simulans, 70

Ectocarpus sonorensis, 70

Egregia, 

Egregia laevigata, 75

Encoelium, 

Encoelium clathratum, 71

Endoplura, 63, 72

Endoplura aurea, 72

Enteromorpha, 

Enteromorpha flexuosa subsp. paradoxa, 78

Enteromorpha intestinalis, 78

Enteromorpha intestinalis f. clavata, 79

Enteromorpha intestinalis f. cylindracea, 79

Enteromorpha intestinalis f. maxima, 78

Enteromorpha? intestinalis var. clavata, 79

Enteromorpha intestinalis var. tubulosa, 78

Enteromorpha marchantiae, 78

Enteromorpha prolifera, 79

Enteromorpha ramulosa, 78

[section of Ulva], 76, 78

Entocladia, 76, 79

Entocladia marchantiae, 79

Entocladia polysiphoniae, 79

Entocladia sp. A, 79

Entocladia viridis, 80

Epicladia, 76, 79

Epicladia condensata, 79

Epicladia mexicana, 79

Ernodesmis, 76, 83

Ernodesmis verticillata, 83

Erythrocladia, 9, 13

Erythrocladia endophloea, 13

Erythrocladia irregularis, 13

Erythrocystis, 12, 47

Erythrocystis saccata, 47

Erythroglossum, 11, 41

Erythroglossum californicum, 41

Erythropeltales, 9, 13

Erythropeltidales, 13

Erythropeltis, 9, 13

Erythropeltis discigera, 13

Erythrophyllum, 12, 52

Erythrophyllum oblongifructum, 52

Erythrotrichia, 9, 13

Erythrotrichia ascendens, 13

Erythrotrichia biseriata, 13

Erythrotrichia carnea, 13

Erythrotrichia carnea f. tenuis, 13

Erythrotrichia parksii var. minor, 14

Erythrotrichia tetraseriata, 14

Erythrotrichiaceae, 9, 13

Eurhodophytina, 9, 14

Falkenbergia, 

Falkenbergia-phase [of Asparagopsis], 32

Faucheaceae, 12, 60

Feldmannia, 62, 68

Feldmannia indica, 68

Feldmannia irregularis, 68

Feldmannia mitchelliae, 68

Florideophyceae, 9, 15

Fosliella, 10, 24

Fosliella? paschalis, 24

Fucales, 63, 74

Fucophycidae, 62, 67

Fucus, 

Fucus anomalus, 73

Fucus gardneri, 68

Fucus minimus, 70

Fushitsunagia, 13, 61

Fushitsunagia catenata, 61

Galaxaura, 9, 13, 17

Galaxaura ramulosa, 17

Galaxaura rugosa, 17

Galaxauraceae, 9, 17

Ganonema, 10, 17

Ganonema farinosum, 17

Gastroclonium, 12, 60

Gastroclonium compressum, 60

Gastroclonium pacificum, 36, 60

Gastroclonium parvum, 60

Gayliella, 11, 36

Gayliella fimbriata, 36

Gayliella recticortica, 36

Gayliella species A, 36

Gayliella taylorii, 36

Gelidiaceae, 10, 27

Gelidiales, 10, 27

Gelidiella, 10, 28

Gelidiella acerosa, 28

Gelidiella hancockii, 28

Gelidiellaceae, 10, 28
NUMBER 106 • 121

Gelidiocolax, 11, 31

Gelidiocolax microsphaericus, 11, 31

Gelidium, 10, 16, 27

Gelidium coronadense, 27

Gelidium coulteri, 28

Gelidium crinale, 27

Gelidium crinale f. luxurians, 29

Gelidium decompositum, 27

Gelidium johnstonii, 27

Gelidium mcnabbianum, 28

Gelidium microdentatum, 28

Gelidium microphysa, 28

Gelidium pulchrum, 31

Gelidium pusillum, 28

Gelidium refugiense, 28

Gelidium sclerophyllum, 14, 28

Geppella, 76, 86

Geppella? decussata, 86

Geppella mortensenii, 86

Gigartina, 

Gigartina harveyana, 51

Gigartinaceae, 12, 50

Gigartinales, 12, 49

Gloiocladia, 12, 60

Gloiocladia conjunctata, 60

Gloiocladia hoshawii, 60

Gloiocladia mollis, 60

Gloiocladia sefferi, 60

Gloioderma, 12, 60

Gloioderma conjuncta, 60

Gracilaria, 29, 31

Gracilaria ascidiicola, 29

Gracilaria cerrosiana, 29

Gracilaria crispata, 29

Gracilaria cunninghamii, 29, 31

Gracilaria hancockii, ii, 1, 30, 31

Gracilaria marcialana, 29

Gracilaria pachydermatica, 29

Gracilaria pacifica, 29, 31

Gracilaria papenfussii, 29, 31

Gracilaria parvispora, 30

Gracilaria pinnata, 30

Gracilaria ramisecunda, 30

Gracilaria rubrimembra, 30

Gracilaria sp., 41

Gracilaria spinigera, 30

Gracilaria subsecundata, 1, 30, 31

Gracilaria tepocensis, 30

Gracilaria textorii, 31

Gracilaria turgida, 30

Gracilaria veleroae, 30

Gracilaria vermiculophylla, 30, 31

Gracilaria verrucosa, 31

Gracilaria vivesii, 30, 31

Gracilariaceae, 29, 31

Gracilariaceae subfam. Gracilarioideae,

10, 29

Gracilariales, 29

Gracilarioideae tribe Gracilarieae, 10, 

29

Gracilariophila, 11, 31

Gracilariophila gardneri, 31

Gracilariopsis, 11, 31, 31

Gracilariopsis andersonii, 31, 31

Gracilariopsis animasensis, 31, 31

Gracilariopsis longissima, 31, 31

Gracilariopsis megaspora, 31, 31

Gracilariopsis rhodotricha, 31

Grateloupia, 12, 56

Grateloupia abreviata, 57

Grateloupia catenata, 56

Grateloupia dactylifera, 56

Grateloupia doryphora, 18, 57

Grateloupia filicina, 56

Grateloupia filicina var. lomentaria, 56

Grateloupia hancockii, 56

Grateloupia howei, 56

Grateloupia prolongata, 32, 35, 56

Grateloupia setchellii, 58

Grateloupia turuturu, 57

Grateloupia versicolor, 57

Grateloupia violacea, 57

Griffithsia, 11, 38

Griffithsia pacifica, 38

Grinnellia, 11, 40

Grinnellia lanceolata, 40

Gymnogongrus, 12, 53

Gymnogongrus? carnosus, 53

Gymnogongrus guadalupensis, 53

Gymnogongrus johnstonii, 53

Gymnogongrus martinensis, 53

Gymnogongrus tenuis, 53

Haematocelis, 12, 59

Haematocelis-phase, 59

Haematocelis zonalis, 59

Halicystis, 85

Halicystis ovalis, 85

Halicystis-phase, 76, 85

Halicystis-phase [of Derbesia marina], 84, 85

Halimeda, 76, 88

Halimeda cuneata, 88

Halimeda discoidea, 88

Halimeda hederacea, 88

Halimeda opuntia, 88

Halimeda opuntia f. hederacea, 88

Halimeda opuntia var. hederacea, 88

Halimeda tuna, 88

Halimedaceae, 76, 88

Haliptilon, 10, 19

Haliptilon roseum var. verticillatum, 19

Haliptilon squamatum, 27

Halymenia, 12, 57

Halymenia actinophysa, 57, 57

Halymenia bifida, 57

Halymenia californica, 57

Halymenia gardneri, 57

Halymenia megaspora, 57

Halymenia refugiensis, 57

Halymeniaceae, 12, 55

Hapalidiaceae, 10, 26

Hapalidiaceae subfam. Choreonematoideae, 10, 26

Hapalidiaceae subfam. Melobesioideae, 

10, 22, 27

Hapalidiales, 10, 26

Hapalospongiaceae, 63, 72

Hapalospongidion, 63, 72

Hapalospongidion gelatinosum, 72

Haplogloia, 63, 68

Haplogloia andersonii, 68

Hapterophycus, 63, 71

Hapterophycus anastomosans, 71

Harveylithon, 10, 20

Harveylithon samoënse, 20

Hecatonema, 63, 68

Hecatonema streblonematoides, 68

Helminthora, 10, 17

Helminthora sp., 17

Herposiphonia, 12, 46

Herposiphonia hollenbergii, 46

Herposiphonia littoralis, 46

Herposiphonia plumula, 46

Herposiphonia plumula var. parva, 46

Herposiphonia spinosa, 47

Herposiphonia verticillata, 47

Heteroderma, 10, 24

Heteroderma corallinicola, 24

Heteroderma gibbsii, 24

Heteroderma subtilissimum, 24

Heterokontophyta, 63

Heterosiphonia, 11, 40

Heterosiphonia crispella var. laxa, 40

Heterosiphonia erecta, 40

Hildenbrandia, 9, 15

Hildenbrandia dawsonii, 15

Hildenbrandia prototypus, 15

Hildenbrandia rubra, 15

Hildenbrandiaceae, 9, 15

Hildenbrandiales, 9, 15

Hildenbrandiophycidae, 9, 15

Hincksia, 62, 68

Hincksia bryantii, 68

Hincksia granulosa, 68

Hincksia mitchelliae, 68

Hincksia rallsiae, 70

Hormophysa, 

Hormophysa cuneiformis, 67

Hydroclathrus, 63, 71

Hydroclathrus clathratus, ii, 71

Hydrolithon, 10, 23, 25

Hydrolithon chamaedoris, 23

Hydrolithon farinosum, 24

Hydrolithon reinboldii, 24

Hydrolithon samoënse, 21

Hypnea, 12, 23, 49

Hypnea cervicornis, 49

Hypnea johnstonii, 49

Hypnea nidulans, 50

Hypnea pannosa, 50

Hypnea spicifera, 50

Hypnea spinella, 50

Hypnea valentiae, 50

Hypnea variabilis, 50

Hypnea volubilis, 50

Hypoglossum, 11, 41

Hypoglossum attenuatum var. abyssicolum, 

41

Hypoglossum attenuatum var. attenuatum, 

41

Hypsypops,

Hypsypops rubicundus (garibaldi fish), 43

Irtugovia, 11, 37

Irtugovia pacifica, 37
122 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

Irvinea, 13, 62

Irvinea hancockii, 62

Ishige, 62, 63

Ishige sinicola, 63

Ishigeaceae, 62, 63

Ishigeales, 62, 63

Ishigeophycidae, 62, 63

Izziella, 10, 18

Izziella orientalis, 18

Jania, 10, 20

Jania adhaerens, 20

Jania capillacea, 20

Jania decussato-dichotoma, 20

Jania huertae, 20

Jania longiarthra, 20

Jania mexicana, 20

Jania pacifica, 20

Jania subpinnata, 20

Jania tenella, 20

Jania tenella var. zacae, 20

Jania ungulata f. brevior, 20

Kallymenia, 12, 52

Kallymenia baldwinii, 52

Kallymenia bleckii, 52

Kallymenia norrisii, 52

Kallymenia pertusa, 52

Kallymeniaceae, 12, 52

Kallymeniopsis, 

Kallymeniopsis oblongifructa, 52

Kornmanniaceae, 75, 76

Laminaria, 

Laminaria andersonii, 17

Laminaria setchellii, 17

Laurencia, 12, 27, 35, 47, 60 79

Laurencia aguilar-rosasorum, 47

Laurencia decidua, 47

Laurencia fenicalii, 48

Laurencia glandulifera, 48

Laurencia hancockii, 48

Laurencia iriei, 48

Laurencia johnstonii, 48

Laurencia lajolla, 48

Laurencia masonii, 48

Laurencia obtusa, 68

Laurencia pacifica, 48, 49

Laurencia paniculata, 48

Laurencia papillosa var. pacifica, 49

Laurencia richardsii, 48

Laurencia subcorymbosa, 48

Laurencia voragina, 48

Leathesia, 63, 69

Leathesia nana, 69

Leathesiaceae, 63, 69

Lejolisia, 11, 38

Lejolisia colombiana, 38

Lejolisia hoshawii, 39

Liagora, 10, 18

Liagora abbottiae, 18

Liagora californica, 18

Liagora ceranoides, 18

Liagora ceranoides f. leprosa, 18

Liagora magniinvolucra, 18

Liagoraceae, 10, 17

Litholepis, 10, 23

Litholepis accola, 27

Litholepis sonorensis, 23

Lithophyllaceae, 10, 21

Lithophyllaceae subfam. Lithophylloideae, 10, 21

Lithophylloideae tribe Amphiroeae, 10, 21

Lithophylloideae tribe Dermatolitheae, 

10, 21

Lithophylloideae tribe Lithophylleae, 

10, 21

Lithophyllum, 10, 22

Lithophyllum? brachiatum, 22

Lithophyllum? californiense, 22

Lithophyllum corallinae, 22

Lithophyllum diguetii, 22

Lithophyllum hancockii, 23

Lithophyllum imitans, 23

Lithophyllum lichenare, 23

Lithophyllum margaritae, 23

Lithophyllum pallescens, 23

Lithophyllum proboscideum, 23

Lithophyllum samoënse, 21

Lithophyllum sp. 1, 23

Lithophyllum sp. 2, 23

Lithophyllum sp., 23

Lithothamniaceae, 10, 25

Lithothamniaceae subfam. Lithothamnioideae, 10, 25

Lithothamnioideae tribe Lithothamnieae, 10, 25

Lithothamnioideae tribe Phymatolitheae, 10, 26

Lithothamnion, 10, 25, 26

Lithothamnion australe, 25

Lithothamnion australe f. tualensis, 25

Lithothamnion crassiusculum, 25

Lithothamnion engelharatii, 26

Lithothamnion fruticulosum, 25

Lithothamnion lichenare, 19

Lithothamnion microsporum, 26

Lithothamnion muelleri, 26

Lithothamnion phymatodeum, 26

Lithothamnion sp. 1, 26

Lithothamnion sp. 2, 26

Lithothamnion sp. 3, 26

Lithothamnion sp. 5, 26

Lobophora, 62, 65

Lobophora variegata?, 65

Lola, 

Lola lubrica, 80, 82

Lomentaria, 13, 61

Lomentaria catenata, 61

Lomentaria? hakodatensis, 61

Lomentariaceae, 12, 61

Lomentariaceae tribe Ceratodictyeae,

12, 61

Lomentariaceae tribe Lomentarieae, 13, 61

Lophosiphonia, 12, 43

Lophosiphonia gruppe, 43

Lophosiphonia? mexicana, 43

Macrocystis, 40, 41

Macrocystis pyrifera, 75

Mazzaella, 12, 51

Mazzaella affinis, 52

Mazzaella diffusa, 51

Mazzaella digitata, 51

Mazzaella hancockii, 51

Mazzaella leptorhynchos, 52

Melanothamnus, 12, 43

Melanothamnus bajacali, 43

Melanothamnus cheloniae, 43

Melanothamnus concinnus, 43

Melanothamnus eastwoodiae, 43

Melanothamnus harveyi, 44

Melanothamnus johnstonii, 44

Melanothamnus masonii, 44

Melanothamnus savatieri, 44

Melanothamnus simplex, 44

Melanothamnus sphaerocarpus, 44

Melobesia, 10, 27

Melobesia accola, 27

Melobesia marginata, 27

Melobesia mediocris, 27

Melobesia membranacea, 27

Melobesia polystromatica, 27

Melobesioideae tribe Melobesieae, 10, 27

Melyvonnea, 

Melyvonnea erubescens, 26

Mesophyllaceae, 10, 26

Mesophyllum, 10, 26

Mesophyllum crassiusculum, 25, 26

Mesophyllum engelhartii, 26

Mesophyllum erubescens, 26

Metapeyssonnelia, 12, 55

Metapeyssonnelia mexicana, 55

Metapeyssonnelia sp. A, 55

Murrayellopsis, 12, 43

Murrayellopsis dawsonii, 43

Myriactula, 63, 68

Myriactula johnstonii, 68

Myriactula marchantiae, 69

Myriogramme, 11, 41

Myriogramme auricularis, 41

Myriogramme caespitosa, 41

Myriogramme divaricata, 41

Nemacystus, 63, 69

Nemacystus brandegeei, 69

Nemaliales, 9, 17

Nemaliophycidae, 9, 15

Nemastomataceae, 12, 59

Nemastomatales, 12, 59

Neogoniolithon, 10, 24

Neogoniolithon setchellii, 24

Neogoniolithon trichotomum, 25

Neomeris, 76, 89

Neomeris annulata, 89

Neoralfsia, 63, 72

Neoralfsia hancockii, 72

Neoralfsiaceae, 63, 72

Neosiphonia, 43

Neosiphonia bajacali, 43

Neosiphonia beaudettei, 44

Neosiphonia cheloniae, 43

Neosiphonia concinna, 43

Neosiphonia confusa, 44

Neosiphonia eastwoodiae, 43
NUMBER 106 • 123

Neosiphonia flaccidissima, 45

Neosiphonia harveyi, 44

Neosiphonia johnstonii, 44

Neosiphonia masonii, 44

Neosiphonia? mexicana, 43

Neosiphonia paniculata, 45

Neosiphonia savatieri, 44

Neosiphonia sertularioides, 45

Neosiphonia simplex, 44

Neosiphonia sphaerocarpa, 44

Nereocystis, 

Nereocystis luetkeana, 68

Nitophylloideae tribe Valeriemayaeae, 

11, 41

Norrissia, 12, 58

Norrissia setchellii, 58

Ochrophyta, 62, 63

Omphalius, 

Omphalius rusticus (gastropod), 55

Osmundea, 12, 48

Osmundea blinksii, 48

Osmundea estebaniana, 49

Osmundea sinicola, 49

Pachydictyon, 

Pachydictyon binghamiae, 64

Pachymenia, 12, 58

Pachymenia saxicola, 58

Padina, 20, 62, 65

Padina arborescens, 22, 65

Padina caulescens, 65

Padina concrescens, 65

Padina crispata, 65, 66

Padina durvillei, 65, 66

Padina gymnospora, 66

Padina mexicana, 66, 66

Padina mexicana var. erecta, 66

Padina mexicana var. mexicana, 66

Padina ramonribae, 66

Padina sanctae-crucis, 66

Padina tetrastromatica, 66

Padina vickersiae, 66

Palisada, 12, 49

Palisada paniculata, 49

Palisada pedrochei, 49

Palisada perforata, 49

Palmariales, 10, 18

Parvocaulis, 76, 89

Parvocaulis parvulus, 89

Parvocaulis pusillus, 89

Patella (mollusk; limpet), 55

Petalonia, 63, 72

Petalonia binghamiae, 72

Petalonia fascia, 72

Petroglossum, 12, 53

Petroglossum parvum, 53

Peyssonnelia, 12, 55

Peyssonnelia conchicola, 55

Peyssonnelia dubyi, 55

Peyssonnelia hancockii, 55

Peyssonnelia japonica, 55

Peyssonnelia mexicana, 55

Peyssonnelia orientalis, 55

Peyssonnelia pacifica, 55

Peyssonnelia rubra, 55

Peyssonnelia squamaria, 55

Peyssonneliaceae, 12, 54

Peyssonneliales, 12, 54

Phaeophila, 75, 76

Phaeophila dendroides, 76

Phaeophilaceae, 75, 76

Phaeophilales, 76

Phaeophyceae, ii, 1, 62, 63, 75

Phycodryoideae tribe Myriogrammeae,

11, 41

Phycodryoideae tribe Phycodryeae, 11, 41

Phycodryoideae tribe Schizoserideae, 

11, 42

Phycodrys, 11, 41

Phycodrys amplissima, 41

Phycodrys lucasana, 42

Phycodrys simplex, 42

Phyllodictyon, 76, 83

Phyllodictyon anastomosans, 83

Phyllodictyon pulcherrimum, 83

Phyllodictyon robustum, 83

Phyllophoraceae, 12, 52

Phyllospadix, 27, 40

Phymatolithon, 10, 26

Phymatolithon sp., 26

Placophora Group, 46

Platoma, 12, 59

Platoma? fanii, 59

Platysiphonia, 11, 42

Platysiphonia decumbens, 42

Pleonosporium, 11, 37

Pleonosporium globuliferum, 37

Pleonosporium mexicanum, 37

Pleonosporium rhizoideum, 38

Pleonosporium squarrulosum, 38

Pleonosporium vancouverianum, 38

Plocamiaceae, 12, 59

Plocamiales, 12, 59

Plocamium, 12, 59

Plocamium coccineum, 59

Plocamium coccineum var. pacificum, 59

Plocamium katinae, 59

Plocamium pacificum, 59

Plocamium violaceum, 59

Pneophyllum, 10, 24

Pneophyllum confervicola, 24

Pneophyllum conicum, 24

Pneophyllum fragile, 24

Pneophyllum nicholsii, 24

Polyneurella, 11, 41

Polyneurella hancockii var. hancockii, 41

Polyneurella hancockii var. rhizoidea, 41

Polyphysaceae, 76, 89

Polysiphonia, 12, 13, 44, 79

Polysiphonia beaudettei, 44

Polysiphonia bifurcata, 44

Polysiphonia confusa, 44

Polysiphonia decussata, 45

Polysiphonia dictyurus, 45

Polysiphonia flaccidissima, 45

Polysiphonia hendryi, 45

Polysiphonia hollenbergii, 45

Polysiphonia homoia, 45

Polysiphonia marchantiae, 79

Polysiphonia nathanielii, 45

Polysiphonia pacifica, 45

Polysiphonia pacifica var. delicatula, 45

Polysiphonia pacifica var. gracilis, 45

Polysiphonia paniculata, 45

Polysiphonia scopulorum, 46

Polysiphonia scopulorum var. villum, 45

Polysiphonia sertularioides, 45

Polysiphonia sonorensis, 45

Polysiphonia sp., 45

Polysiphonia subtilissima, 46

Porolithon, 10, 25

Porolithon onkodes, 25

Porolithon sonorense, 25

Porphyra, 14

Porphyra perforata, 16

Porphyraceae, 9, 14

Porphyrales, 9, 14

Porphyrostromium, 9, 14

Porphyrostromium boryanum, 14

Porphyrostromium ciliare, 14

Predaea, 12, 59

Predaea japonica, 59

Predaea masonii, 59

Pringsheimia, 

Pringsheimia marchantiae, 79

Prionitis, 12, 57

Prionitis abbreviata, 57

Prionitis abbreviata var. guaymasensis, 58

Prionitis acroidalea, 58

Prionitis australis, 58

Prionitis cornea, 58

Prionitis delicatula, 32, 58

Prionitis mexicana, 58

Prionitis sternbergii, 58

Pseudolithoderma, 62, 67

Pseudolithoderma nigrum, 67

Pseudolithophyllum, 10, 23

Pseudolithophyllum muricatum, 19

Pseudolithophyllum neofarlowii, 23

Pterocladia, 10, 28

Pterocladia media, 29

Pterocladia sonorensis, 28

Pterocladiaceae, 10, 28

Pterocladiella, 10, 28, 29

Pterocladiella caloglossoides, 28

Pterocladiella capillacea, 28

Pterocladiella luxurians, 29

Pterocladiella media, 29

Pterocladiophilaceae, 11, 31

Pterosiphonia, 12, 46

Pterosiphonia californica, 46

Pterosiphonia dendroidea, 46

Pterosiphoniella, 12, 46

Pterosiphoniella williamsii, 46

Pterothamnion, 11, 33, 37

Pterothamnion orbignianum, 37

Pterothamnion pectinatum, 37

Pterothamnion plumula, 37

Pterothamnion tepocense, 37

Pugetia, 12, 52

Pugetia mexicana, 52

Pylaiella, 62, 68

Pylaiella sp. A, 68

Pylaiellaceae, 62, 68
124 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY

Pyropia, 9, 14

Pyropia hollenbergii, 14

 Conchocelis-phase of, 14

Pyropia lanceolata, 14

Pyropia pendula, 15

Pyropia perforata, 15, 16

Pyropia sp. GCI, 15

Pyropia sp. GCII, 15

Pyropia sp. GCIII, 15

Pyropia thuretii, 15

Ralfsia, 63, 72

Ralfsia californica, 73

Ralfsia confusa, 72

Ralfsia expansa, 72

Ralfsia fungiformis, 72

Ralfsia hancockii, 72

Ralfsia hesperia, 72

Ralfsia integra, 73

Ralfsia-like, 72

Ralfsia-like crust 1, 73

Ralfsia-like crust 2, 73

Ralfsia pacifica, 73

Ralfsia spp., 73

Ralfsiaceae, 63, 71, 72

Ralfsiales, 63, 72

Rhipiliopsis, 86

Rhipiliopsis mortensenii, 86

Rhizoclonium, 76, 82

Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum, 82

Rhizoclonium lubricum, 82

Rhizoclonium riparium, 82

Rhizoclonium riparium var. implexum, 82

Rhizoclonium tortuosum, 82

Rhizophora, 

Rhizophora mangle (red mangrove), 40, 89

Rhododrewia, 9, 16

Rhododrewia porphyrae, 16

Rhodomelaceae, 11, 42

Rhodomelaceae tribe Alsidieae, 11, 42

Rhodomelaceae tribe Bostrychieae, 11, 

42

Rhodomelaceae tribe Chondrieae, 12, 47

Rhodomelaceae Tribe Herposiphonieae, 

12, 46

Rhodomelaceae Tribe Laurencieae, 12, 47

Rhodomelaceae Tribe Lophosiphonieae, 

12, 43

Rhodomelaceae Tribe Lophothalieae, 

12, 43

Rhodomelaceae Tribe Polysiphonieae, 

12, 44

Rhodomelaceae tribe Pterosiphonieae, 

12, 46

Rhodomelaceae tribe Streblocladieae, 

12, 43

Rhodonematella, 10, 18

Rhodonematella subimmersa, 18

Rhodophysemataceae, 10, 18

Rhodophyta, ii, 1, 9, 13 

Rhodophytina, 9, 13

Rhodymenia, 13, 62

Rhodymenia arborescens, 62

Rhodymenia californica, 62

Rhodymenia dawsonii, 62

Rhodymenia divaricata, 62

Rhodymenia hancockii, 62

Rhodymenia huertae, 62

Rhodymenia lobata, 62

Rhodymeniaceae, 13, 61

Rhodymeniales, 12, 60

Rhodymeniophycidae, 10, 27

Rosenvingea, 63, 71

Rosenvingea antillarum, 71

Rosenvingea floridana, 71

Rosenvingea intricata, 72

Rugulopteryx, 62, 64

Rugulopteryx okamurae, 64

Sahlingia, 9, 14

Sahlingia subintegra, 14

Sarcodiotheca, 12, 53

Sarcodiotheca dichotoma, 53

Sarcodiotheca furcata, 54

Sarcodiotheca gaudichaudii, 54

Sarcodiotheca linearis, 54

Sarcodiotheca taylorii, 54

Sarcomeniaceae, 11, 42

Sargassaceae, 63, 74

Sargassum, 16, 24, 39, 41, 47, 48, 49, 63, 74

Sargassum acinacifolium, 74

Sargassum agardhianum, 75

Sargassum asymmetricum, 75

Sargassum brandegeei, 74

Sargassum camouii, 74

Sargassum herporhizum, 74

Sargassum horridum, 69, 74

Sargassum howelli, 74

Sargassum insulare, 69

Sargassum johnstonii, 74

Sargassum johnstonii f. gracile, 74

Sargassum johnstonii f. johnstonii, 74

Sargassum johnstonii f. laxius, 74

Sargassum lapazeanum, 69, 74, 75

Sargassum liebmannii, 27, 74

Sargassum macdougalii, 74

Sargassum muticum, 75

Sargassum pacificum, 74

Sargassum pacificum var. megaphyllum, 75

Sargassum palmeri, 37, 48, 75

Sargassum polyacanthum f. americanum, 67

Sargassum sect. Horridum, 74

Sargassum sect. Johnstonii, 74

Sargassum sect. Lapazeanum, 74

Sargassum sect. Sargassum, 75

Sargassum sect. Sinicola, 75

Sargassum sinicola, 67, 75

Sargassum sinicola subsp. camouii, 74

Sargassum sonorense, 75

Sargassum ulixei, 75

Schizoseris, 11, 42

Schizoseris pygmaea, 42

Schizymenia, 12, 59

Schizymenia dubyi, 59

Schizymenia pacifica, 59

Schizymeniaceae, 12, 59

Scinaia, 10, 18

Scinaia articulata, 16

Scinaia confusa, 18

Scinaia interrupta, 18

Scinaia johnstoniae, 18

Scinaia latifrons, 18

Scinaiaceae, 10, 18

Scytosiphon, 71

Scytosiphonaceae, 63, 70, 71, 72

Scytothamnales, 63, 73

Sebdenia, 12, 59

Sebdenia flabellata, 59

Sebdeniaceae, 12, 59

Sebdeniales, 12, 59

Siphonocladaceae, 76, 83

Siphonocladales, 76, 83

Solieriaceae, 12, 53

Solieriaceae tribe Agardhielleae, 12, 53

Solieriaceae tribe Solierieae, 12, 53

Sorella, 11, 42

Sorella delicatula, 42

Sorella pinnata, 42

Spatoglossum, 62, 66

Spatoglossum howellii, 66

Spatoglossum lanceolatum, 66

Spatoglossum schroederi, 66, 67

Spatoglossum subflabellatum, 67

Spermothamnion, 11, 39

Spermothamnion sp., 39

Sphacelaria, 62, 67

Sphacelaria brevicornis, 67

Sphacelaria californica, 67

Sphacelaria hancockii, 67

Sphacelaria rigidula, 67

Sphacelaria sp., 67

Sphacelaria tribuloides, 67

Sphacelariaceae, 62, 67

Sphacelariales, 62, 67

Sphaerococcus, 

Sphaerococcus coronopifolius, 24

Spongitidaceae, 10, 23

Spongitidaceae subfam. Hydrolithoideae, 

10, 23

Spongitidaceae subfam. Mastophoroideae, 

10, 22, 24

Spongitidaceae subfam. Neogoniolithoideae, 10, 24

Spongitidaceae subfam. Porolithoideae, 

10, 25

Spongitis, 10, 25

Spongitis decipiens, 25

Spongitis fruticulous, 25

Spongitis yendoi, 25

Spongoclonioideae tribe Spongoclonieae, 11, 37

Sporochnaceae, 63, 73

Sporochnales, 63, 73

Sporochnus, 63, 73

Sporochnus anomalus, 73

Sporochnus neushulii, 73

Spyridia, 11, 38

Spyridia cf. filamentosa, 38

Spyridia filamentosa, 38

Spyridia filamentosa?, ii

Spyridiaceae, 11, 38

Spyridiaceae tribe Spyrideae, 11, 38
NUMBER 106 • 125

Stragularia, 63, 72

Stragularia clavata, 72

Stramenopiles, 62, 63

Streblonema, 63, 69

Streblonema sp. A, 69

Streblonema transfixum, 69

Stromatella, 75, 76

Stromatella monostromatica, 76

Struvea, 76, 83

Struvea sp., 83

Stylonema, 9, 13

Stylonema alsidii, 13

Stylonema cornu-cervi, 13

Stylonemataceae, 9, 13

Stylonematales, 9, 13

Stylonematophyceae, 9, 13

Symphyocladia, 12, 46

Symphyocladia dendroidea, 46

Synarthrophyton, 26

Tacanoosca, 12, 54

Tacanoosca uncinata, 54

Taenioma, 11, 40

Taenioma perpusillum, 40

Tayloriella, 12, 46

Tayloriella dictyurus, 46

Tayloriella tenebrosa, 46

Tegula, 

Tegula rustica (gastropod mollusk), 55

Tiffaniella, 11, 39

Tiffaniella phycophila, 39

Tiffaniella saccorhiza, 39

Tiffaniella snyderae, 39

Tilopteridales, 63, 73

Titanoderma, 10, 22

Titanoderma canescens, 22

Titanoderma confine, 22

Titanoderma dispar, 22

Titanoderma pustulatum, 22

Titanoderma pustulatum var. confine, 22

Trailliella-phase, 32

Tricleocarpa, 10, 17

Tricleocarpa cylindrica, 17

Tricleocarpa fragilis, 17

Tsengia, 12, 58

Tsengia abbottiana, 58

Tsengiaceae, 12, 58

Turnerella, 

Turnerella pacifica, 59

Udoteaceae, 76, 88

Ulva, 75, 76, 79

Ulva acanthophora, 78

Ulva australis, 77

Ulva californica, 77

Ulva clathrata, 78

Ulva compressa, 78

Ulva costata, 77

Ulva dactylifera, 77

Ulva expansa, 77

Ulva fasciata, 77

Ulva fasciata f. costata, 77

Ulva flexuosa, 78

Ulva flexuosa subsp. paradoxa, 78

Ulva intestinalis, 78

Ulva intestinalis f. attenuata, 79

Ulva intestinalis f. cylindracea, 79

Ulva intestinalis var. cylindracea, 79

Ulva lactuca, 77

Ulva linza, 78

Ulva lobata, 77

Ulva nematoidea, 45, 77

Ulva paradoxa, 78

Ulva pertusa, 77

Ulva prolifera, 79

Ulva radiata, 79

Ulva rigida, 77

Ulva sect. Enteromorpha, 76, 78

Ulva sect. Ulva, 75, 77

Ulva taeniata, 77

Ulvaceae, 75, 76

Ulvales, 75, 76

Ulvella, 76, 79

Ulvella lens, 79

Ulvella marchantiae, 79

Ulvella setchellii, 79

Ulvella viridis, 80

Ulvellaceae, 76, 79

Ulvophyceae, 75, 76, 80, 89

Valonia, 76, 84

Valonia macrophysa, 84

Valoniaceae, 76, 84

Valoniopsis, 76, 84

Valoniopsis hancockii, 84

Valoniopsis pachynema, 84

Veleroa, 12, 43

Veleroa subulata, 43

Weeksia, 12, 54

Weeksia coccinea, 54

Weeksia templetonii, 54

Weeksiaceae, 12, 54

Willeella, 76, 82

Willeella brachyclados, 82

Willeella montagneana, 83

Wrangeliaceae, 11, 38

Wrangeliaceae tribe Griffithsieae, 11, 

38

Wrangeliaceae tribe Lejolisieae, 11, 38

Wrangeliaceae tribe Spermothamnieae, 11, 39

Wurdemannia, 12, 54

Wurdemannia miniata, 54

Zonaria, 

Zonaria schroederi, 67

Zostera [seagrass], 16, 44

Zostera marina, 14
SUMMARY OF REQUIREMENTS FOR SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS SERIES

For comprehensive guidelines and specifications, visit https://scholarlypress.si.edu. 

ABSTRACTS must not exceed 300 words. 

TEXT must be prepared in a recent version of Microsoft Word; use a Times font in 12 point for regular text; be double 

spaced; and have 1” margins. 

REQUIRED ELEMENTS are title page, abstract, table of contents, main text, and references.

FIGURES must be numbered sequentially (1, 2, 3, etc.) in the order called out; have components lettered consistently (in 

size, font, and style) and described in captions; include a scale bar or scale description, if appropriate; include any legends 

in or on figures rather than in captions. Figures must be original and must be submitted as individual TIF or EPS files.

FIGURE FILES must meet all required specifications in the Digital Art Preparation Guide. Color images should be 

requested only if required. 

TAXONOMIC KEYS in natural history manuscripts should use the aligned-couplet form for zoology. If cross referencing 

is required between key and text, do not include page references within the key, but number the keyed-out taxa, using the 

same numbers with their corresponding heads in the text.

SYNONYMY IN ZOOLOGY must use the short form (taxon, author, year:page), with full reference at the end of the 

manuscript under “References.”

REFERENCES should be in alphabetical order, and in chronological order for same-author entries. Each reference should 

be cited at least once in main text. Complete bibliographic information must be included in all citations. Examples of the 

most common types of citations can be found at SISP’s website under Resources/Guidelines & Forms.