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<title>Subject:  Justification for removing fruit fly cold treatment and trapping requirements for Shandong Province, China in conjun</title>
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<p><b>United States Department of Agriculture
</b></p>
<p><b>Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
</b></p>
<p><b>Plant Protection and Quarantine</b></p>
<p><b>Risk Management Document</b></p>
<p><b><i>Chufle </i>(Calathea macrosepala</b> <b><i>K. Schumm</i>)<i> from Central America into the Continental United States</i></b></p>
<p><b>July 16, 2009</b></p>
<p><b>Plant Health Programs (PHP)</b></p>
<p><b>Risk Management and Plants for Planting Policy (RMPPP)
</b></p>
<p><b>Contact Person: <i>Phillip B. Grove</i></b></p>
<p><b>Introduction
</b></p>
<p>In response to a request for market access to import fresh edible flowers of Chufle (<i>Calathea macrosepala</i> K. Schumm) from El Salvador into<i> </i>the continental United States, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) prepared a pest risk assessment (PRA) as per the <i>Guidelines for Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessment</i> (USDA. 2000).  </p>
<p>The pest risk assessment document, <i>Importation of Fresh Chufle, Calathea macrosepala</i> K. Schumm<i>, from El Salvador into the Continental United States</i> found several Lepidoptera quarantine pest of Chufle in Central America (USDA. 2008).  The PRA included pests distributed in the entire <i>Crotalaria</i> growing region, which added pests known to be in Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, and southern Mexico to those in El Salvador that will follow the pathway of fresh chufle.  The PRA determined the likelihood of introduction and consequences of introduction for these Lepidoptera species and found that the consequences of introduction were negligible because the pests were unsuited for the climates in the continental United States except in Southern Florida and there were no native <i>Calathea </i>spp. therefore the overall risk rating for these Lepidoptera was Low.  No risk mitigations other than port of entry inspection, commercial shipments only, and inspection by the NPPO and phytosanitary certificate indicating the commodity has been inspected and no pests are present is required.</p>
<p><b>Risk Management Measures
</b></p>
<p>· Chufle must be imported as commercial shipments only.</p>
<p>· Each consignment of Chufle must be accompanied by a phytosanitary certificate issued by NPPO of the exporting country stating that the Chufle in the consignment has been inspected and is free of pests.</p>
<p>· Each shipment is subject to inspection upon arrival at port of entry to the United States.
</p>
<p><b>Conclusion
</b></p>
<p>APHIS believes that the phytosanitary measures proposed in this document will result in the effective removal of any potential quarantine pests associated with the importation of fresh chufle from Central America.  Only pests whose risk was rated low were identified by the pest risk assessment as following the pathway of fresh chufle.  Inspection is considered effective at finding external feeding pests and excluding infested shipments from entering commerce (Cavey, 2003; Wittenberg and Cock, 2001).  </p>
<p><b>References:
</b></p>
<p>Cavey, J.F.  2003.  Mitigating introduction of invasive plant pests:  the APHIS-PPQ Mission.  
</p>
<p>From: Chapter 13, pp. 350-361 <i>in</i> Ruiz, G.M and J.T. Carlton. 2003. Invasive species: vectors and management strategies. Island Press, Washington, D.C. 518p.<b>

</b></p>
<p>USDA. 2000. Guidelines for Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessments, Version 5.02. USDA-APHIS, PPQ; <a href="http://oars.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/pra/commodity/cpraguide.pdf"><u>http://oars.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/pra/commodity/cpraguide.pdf</u></a></p>
<p>USDA. 2009.  Importation of Fresh Chufle, (<i>Calathea macrosepala</i> K. Schumm), from El Salvador into the Continental United States.  Qualitative, Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessment.  USDA, APHIS, CPHST, PERAL, Raleigh, NC. 
</p>
<p>Wittenberg, R. and M.J.W. Cock.  2001. Invasive Alien Species: A toolkit of best prevention and management practices.  CABI publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK.  228 pp.
</p>
<p><b>Authors</b></p>
<p>Walter P. Gould
</p>
<p>Senior Risk Manager
</p>
<div class="footer"><p class="footer">Version 2

July 16, 2009
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