PUBLISH 

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT 

_________________________________ 

KATHY M. GEORGE, on behalf of the 

Estate of Troy Bradshaw, 

 Plaintiff - Appellant, 

v. 

BEAVER COUNTY, by and through the 

Beaver County Board of Commissioners; 

CAMERON M. NOEL; RANDALL 

ROSE; DOES 1-10, inclusive, 

 Defendants - Appellees. 

No. 21-4006 

_________________________________ 

Appeal from the United States District Court 

for the District of Utah 

(D.C. No. 2:16-CV-01076-TS)

_________________________________ 

Eric Boyd Vogeler, Vogeler, PLLC, Salt Lake City, Utah, for Plaintiff-Appellant. 

Andrew R. Hopkins, Mylar Law, P.C. (Frank D. Mylar with him on the brief), Salt Lake 

City, Utah, for Defendants-Appellees. 

_________________________________ 

Before HOLMES, McHUGH, and CARSON, Circuit Judges. 

_________________________________ 

CARSON, Circuit Judge. 

_________________________________ 

Order requires respecting policy. And volatile prison environments demand 

consistent training on institutional policies. But failing to follow prison policy is not 

FILED 

United States Court of Appeals 

Tenth Circuit 

May 3, 2022

Christopher M. Wolpert 

Clerk of Court

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a constitutional violation in and of itself. Successful 42 U.S.C. § 1983 municipaland supervisory-liability claims involve a constitutional violation or pattern of 

constitutional violations. Violating policy alone supports neither. 

We treat jail-suicide claims, like Plaintiff’s, as failures to provide medical 

care. Such claims require proof that a prison official acted with deliberate 

indifference to the detainee’s serious medical needs, violating the Eighth, or 

Fourteenth, Amendment. Although Plaintiff proved that certain officers failed to 

follow Beaver County’s suicide-prevention policy, the district court granted summary 

judgment (1) to the County because Plaintiff failed to show it employed an 

unconstitutional policy and (2) to Sheriff Noel and Corporal Rose because the law 

entitles them to qualified immunity. We exercise jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 

and affirm. 

I. 

Beaver County Correctional Facility’s (“BCCF”) suicide-prevention policy 

requires officers to screen all prisoners for suicide risk. When screening suggests 

such a risk, officers must keep that prisoner in an observation cell in the booking 

area, check on him every fifteen minutes, and remove all property or implements that 

could be used for suicide. BCCF’s practice was to give inmates on suicide watch 

only a suicide smock to wear and only a suicide-proof blanket for bedding. Once an 

officer places a prisoner on suicide watch, only a medical or mental-health provider 

may remove him. BCCF Officers may view BCCF’s policy handbook, containing the 

suicide-prevention policy, on every computer in the facility. And officers must also 

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complete a twelve-week training program at the Utah Peace Officer Standards and 

Training (“POST”) Academy followed by forty hours of annual training, which 

includes a four-hour suicide prevention training. All deputies involved in this lawsuit 

are POST-certified officers in good standing. And before the events that occurred in 

this case, no inmate had ever committed suicide at the BCCF. 

On June 13, Beaver County officers responded to reports of a truck running 

into parked cars. The decedent, Troy Bradshaw, drove the truck. When officers 

encountered him at the scene, he smelled of alcohol, spoke incoherently, and could 

barely stand and walk. The officers arrested Bradshaw for driving under the 

influence and placed him in Deputy Nathan Bastian’s vehicle. Once in the patrol 

vehicle, Bradshaw complained of pain, so Deputy Bastian transported him to Beaver 

Valley Hospital. At the hospital, Bradshaw complained that his handcuffs hurt his 

left hand. When Deputy Bastian and Sergeant Laura Davis checked the cuffs, they 

discovered he was missing a finger from a previous injury. To avoid that injury from 

causing him discomfort, they instead uncuffed his wrists and cuffed his arms to the 

hospital bed. At the hospital, Bradshaw twice asked Sergeant Davis to kill him. The 

hospital cleared Bradshaw, and Deputy Bastian transported him to the BCCF. 

At the BCCF, Deputy Cody Allen had Bradshaw take a breath test. Deputy 

Allen then completed the Initial Arrestee Assessment (IAA), which reflects that 

Bradshaw previously considered suicide; was not thinking about it currently; had a 

brother who committed or attempted suicide; and was intoxicated. Bradshaw stated 

that he would kill himself if placed in a cell. 

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After the IAA, the officers placed Bradshaw on suicide watch. Three 

corrections officers and Deputy Allen walked Bradshaw to a holding cell in the 

booking area. Deputy Allen told Bradshaw that he would be in cell two—a “dry” cell 

without a toilet. Bradshaw moved away from Deputy Allen and said he would not go 

into the cell. Deputy Bastian grabbed Bradshaw’s arm, and Bradshaw resisted. The 

officers then forced Bradshaw down to the ground, where Sergeant Davis secured his 

legs. Sergeant Davis ordered Bradshaw to stop resisting. He complied, and the 

officers rolled him on his side and placed him in cell two. Bradshaw beat on the cell 

door for two to three hours. Officers did not place him in a safety smock or create a 

suicide watch log, in violation of BCCF’s suicide-prevention policy, but Corporal 

Sarah Kinross monitored Bradshaw by sitting in the booking area all night. Corporal 

Kinross’s June 14, 2014 shift-change report reflected that Bradshaw was suicidal and 

in cell two. Corporal Kinross stated that, as a matter of practice, she would have 

orally passed this information on to Corporal Randall (“Randie”) Rose, the oncoming 

corporal, but could not recall if that happened.1

 

By June 14, 2014, Bradshaw was no longer acting violently, and Officer 

Shawn Higgins transferred Bradshaw from cell two to cell three. While cell three is 

in the booking area, it has a toilet, sink, and bed. Some officers were unaware that 

Bradshaw was on suicide watch. Corporal Rose was on duty when Bradshaw moved 

1

 Defendant Rose testified that BCCF officers conveyed shift-change 

information to the oncoming shift orally, via handwritten notes in the control room, 

or by written reports. At least with oral shift-change reports, in 2014, BCCF had no 

specific written policy for how that should be done. 

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to cell three. While in cell three, Bradshaw received bedding, but the record does not 

reveal who gave it to him. Some officers may have thought that moving Bradshaw to 

cell three meant he was no longer on suicide watch because cell two ordinarily 

housed suicidal inmates (and without bedding), though BCCF sometimes kept 

suicidal inmates in cells one and three. 

That same day, officers completed a second assessment of Bradshaw as part of 

the booking process. Corporal Rose, present for the assessment, heard Bradshaw 

respond “yes,” when asked if he was thinking about committing suicide. The 

assessment conveyed Bradshaw was suicidal and should be on suicide watch. During 

the booking process, before officers placed him in a cell, a nurse saw Bradshaw, still 

wearing his street clothes. Concerned that Bradshaw would go into shock, the nurse 

directed officers to provide him a blanket. Bradshaw received his bedroll, which 

included a blanket, sheet, and pillowcase, while in cell three. Later that evening, 

officers took Bradshaw to the hospital to have his leg examined, and they returned 

him to cell three once back at the jail. The shift-change reports prepared on the 

evening of June 14, 2014, and on June 15, 2014, do not suggest that Bradshaw was 

suicidal. BCCF officers communicated a prisoner’s suicidal status via shift-change 

reports and word of mouth. Several officers said they did not know that Bradshaw 

was on suicide watch. 

By the time Corporal Rose arrived for his shift on June 15, 2014, Bradshaw 

had bedding and clothing. Bradshaw, seeming in good spirits, received breakfast and 

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lunch. Officers last saw him alive at 11:45 a.m. Just after noon, they found him dead 

in his cell after he hanged himself with a pillowcase or sheet. 

Plaintiff Kathy George, Bradshaw’s mother, sued on behalf of her son’s estate, 

asserting claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 that Defendants Corporal Randie Rose, 

Beaver County, and Beaver County Sheriff Cameron Noel violated Bradshaw’s 

Fourteenth Amendment rights and “Utah Code Article I, Section 7.” Plaintiff 

voluntarily dismissed her state-law claim against Defendants. The district court 

granted summary judgment to all parties on her remaining claims because the law 

entitled Rose and Noel to qualified immunity and no Beaver County policy violated 

Bradshaw’s constitutional rights. 

II. 

We review a grant of summary judgment based on qualified immunity de 

novo, applying the same standard as the district court. Becker v. Bateman, 709 F.3d 

1019, 1022 (10th Cir. 2013) (citation omitted). Summary judgment is appropriate 

when “the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and 

the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). “[O]n 

summary judgment the inferences to be drawn from the underlying facts must be 

viewed in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion.” Matsushita 

Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986) (citation and 

alterations omitted). But when a defendant asserts qualified immunity on summary 

judgment, the burden shifts, and the plaintiff must show that (1) the defendant’s 

conduct violated a constitutional right and (2) that the constitutional right was clearly 

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established at the time of the incident. Becker, 709 F.3d at 1022 (citation omitted). 

Courts may address either prong first. Id. (citation omitted). 

III. 

Plaintiff argues the district court wrongfully granted Beaver County summary 

judgment because a reasonable jury could find the County’s failure to implement 

sufficient safeguards or train its corrections officers on suicide prevention constituted 

deliberate indifference. Plaintiff also appeals the district court’s determination that 

the law entitled Noel and Rose to summary judgment based on qualified immunity. 

She argues that a reasonable jury could find Noel liable as a supervisor and that Rose 

acted with deliberate indifference to Bradshaw’s suicide risk. 

A. 

We conclude the district court properly granted summary judgment to Beaver 

County. Plaintiff cannot establish that the County was deliberately indifferent by 

failing to train its corrections officers on preventing suicide, failing to train on 

preparing shift-change reports, or failing to install CCTV monitoring cameras in 

certain cells. 

In enacting § 1983, Congress did not intend to subject municipalities to 

liability unless an official policy caused a constitutional tort. Schneider v. City of 

Grand Junction Police Dep’t, 717 F.3d 760, 770 (10th Cir. 2013) (quoting Monell v. 

Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 691 (1978)). Thus, municipalities are responsible 

only for their own illegal acts and “are not vicariously liable under § 1983 for their 

employees’ actions.” Connick v. Thompson, 563 U.S. 51, 60 (2011) (citations 

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omitted). Rather, to hold a municipality liable, a plaintiff must prove that (1) an 

official policy or custom (2) caused the plaintiff’s constitutional injury and (3) that 

the municipality enacted or maintained that policy with deliberate indifference to the 

risk of that injury occurring. See Schneider, 717 F.3d at 769−71. Municipal liability 

is “most tenuous where a claim turns on a failure to train.” Connick, 563 U.S. at 61 

(citation omitted). But a municipality’s decision not to train its officers rises to the 

level of an official government policy under § 1983 only when the failure to train 

“amount[s] to ‘deliberate indifference to the rights of persons with whom the 

[untrained employees] come into contact.’” Id. (second alteration in original) 

(quoting City of Canton v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 388 (1989)). 

Deliberate indifference requires proof that a municipal actor disregarded a 

known or obvious consequence of his action. Id. (citation omitted). For example, 

when policymakers have actual or constructive notice that a training deficiency 

caused city employees to commit constitutional violations, the city may be 

deliberately indifferent if it chooses to maintain its deficient training program. Id. 

(citation omitted). Ordinarily, a plaintiff must prove a pattern of untrained 

employees’ constitutional violations to show deliberate indifference. Id. at 62 

(citation omitted). “Evidence of a pre-existing pattern of violations is only 

unnecessary in a narrow range of circumstances . . . in which the unconstitutional 

consequences of a failure to train are highly predictable and patently obvious.” 

Waller v. City & Cnty. of Denver, 932 F.3d 1277, 1285 (10th Cir. 2019) (internal 

quotation marks omitted) (quoting Connick, 563 U.S. at 63−64). 

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Plaintiff contends Beaver County was deliberately indifferent to the 

“predictable consequences” of failing to train its officers on its suicide-prevention 

policy and shift-change reports and failing to install CCTV monitoring cameras in the 

cells housing suicidal inmates. First, concerning Plaintiff’s suicide-prevention-policy 

argument, Plaintiff argues Beaver County neither provided its officers a copy of its 

suicide-prevention policy nor trained them on it. But BCCF’s suicide-prevention 

policy, along with the rest of the policy handbook, was available to officers “on every 

computer in the facility.” And all Beaver County corrections officers complete a 

twelve-week training program at the Utah POST Academy. POST training includes a 

four-hour suicide-prevention training, and BCCF sponsors an annual mental-health 

training, which sometimes includes suicide-prevention training. After POST 

certification, BCCF officers also receive on-the-job training, called FTO training, to 

learn how more experienced officers implement BCCF policies. All deputies on duty 

June 13−15, 2014, were POST-certified officers in good standing. Although some 

officers testified that they were unfamiliar with BCCF’s specific suicide-prevention 

policy, BCCF officers received some suicide-prevention training and could view the 

policy. While BCCF could have offered more or better suicide-prevention training, 

“showing merely that additional training would have been helpful in making difficult 

decisions does not establish municipal liability.” Connick, 563 U.S. at 68. 

Plaintiff contends a pattern of misconduct exists showing Beaver County was 

deliberately indifferent “to the predictable consequences of failing to train its officers 

on suicide prevention.” She relies on the following: (1) the arresting officer failed to 

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notify a mental-health provider when Bradshaw asked her to kill him twice; (2) the 

intake officer placed Bradshaw on suicide watch but did not put him in a suicide 

smock, log fifteen-minute safety-checks, or notify a mental-health provider that he 

was suicidal; (3) a booking officer failed to notify a mental-health provider that 

Bradshaw was suicidal; (4) Corporal Rose transferred Bradshaw to cell three, which 

lacked CCTV monitoring, without authorization from a mental-health provider; and 

(5) Rose failed to ensure other officers knew Bradshaw was suicidal, placed him in a 

suicide smock, or performed fifteen-minute checks. But Plaintiff’s examples do not 

show a pattern of constitutional violations by untrained officers over time. They 

instead demonstrate that officers failed to comply with the County’s suicideprevention policy during this incident—a showing insufficient to establish deliberate 

indifference to suicide-prevention training. And Plaintiff does not argue that proving 

a pattern of constitutional violations is unnecessary here. See Waller, 932 F.3d at 

1285 (“Evidence of a pre-existing pattern of violations is only unnecessary in a 

narrow range of circumstances . . . in which the unconstitutional consequences of a 

failure to train are highly predictable and patently obvious.” (internal quotation 

marks omitted)). Thus, on the facts taken in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, 

Plaintiff cannot establish that BCCF has a policy of failing to train its officers on 

suicide prevention. See Connick, 563 U.S. at 61 (stating a municipality’s failure to 

train its officers rises to the level of an official government policy when that failure 

“amount[s] to ‘deliberate indifference to the rights of persons with whom the 

[untrained employees] come into contact’” (second alteration in original)). 

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Second, Plaintiff argues Beaver County failed to train its officers on shiftchange reports. As support, Plaintiff asserts that no report after the initial intake 

officer’s suggested Bradshaw was suicidal, even though Rose knew Bradshaw was. 

Rose also did not recall whether he orally communicated that information to the next 

shift. But, like Plaintiff’s suicide-prevention-policy argument, a failure to comply 

with BCCF’s shift-change-report policy does not evidence a pattern of constitutional 

violations amounting to a policy of failing to train on shift-change reports. See 

Appellant’s App. Vol. 1 Part II at 326 (BCCF officers conveyed shift-change 

information to the oncoming shift orally, via handwritten notes in the control room, 

or by written reports.). Failing to comply with jail policy does not amount to a 

constitutional violation on its own. See Davis v. Scherer, 468 U.S. 183, 194 (1984). 

Municipal-liability claims require proof that the municipal entity acted with 

deliberate indifference. Schneider, 717 F.3d at 770 (citations omitted). And proving 

deliberate indifference ordinarily requires showing a pattern of similar instances 

because “continued adherence to an approach that [policymakers] know or should 

know has failed to prevent tortious conduct by employees may establish the 

conscious disregard for the consequences of their action.” Connick, 563 U.S. at 62 

(citation omitted). Plaintiff offers no evidence showing that Beaver County failed to 

comply with its shift-change-report policy on any occasion other than this incident. 

Thus, Plaintiff cannot prove Beaver County acted with deliberate indifference in 

failing to train its officers on shift-change reports. 

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Last, Plaintiff argues that Beaver County’s failure to install CCTV monitoring 

cameras in the cells used for suicidal inmates in violation of its suicide-prevention 

policy amounted to deliberate indifference. But again, Plaintiff complains only that 

the County violated its policy here and offers no evidence of a pattern of 

constitutional violations showing the County’s deliberate indifference to the 

consequences of failing to install CCTV monitoring cameras in those cells. After all, 

no inmate had ever committed suicide at BCCF before this incident. And Plaintiff 

does not argue that proving a pattern of constitutional violations is unnecessary. 

Because Plaintiff cannot show that the County was deliberately indifferent in failing 

to train its corrections officers on preventing suicide and preparing shift-change 

reports or in failing to install CCTV monitoring cameras in certain cells, the district 

court properly granted summary judgment to Beaver County. 

B. 

The district court granted Sheriff Noel summary judgment on qualified 

immunity because “[t]here is no evidence that Sheriff Noel knew that . . . Bradshaw 

presented a substantial risk of suicide.” George v. Beaver County, No. 2:16-CV1076 TS, 2019 WL 3892940, at *5 (D. Utah Aug. 19, 2019). Plaintiff claims the 

district court erred because a reasonable jury could find Noel liable as a supervisor as 

a result of his “lax enforcement and utter lack of training on the BCCF Suicide 

Prevention Policy.” We disagree. 

Supervisory liability under § 1983 may attach to a defendant-supervisor who 

creates, promulgates, or implements a policy that injures that plaintiff’s constitutional 

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rights. Cox v. Glanz, 800 F.3d 1231, 1248 (10th Cir. 2015) (quoting Brown v. 

Montoya, 662 F.3d 1152, 1163–64 (10th Cir. 2011)). But supervisors are not vicariously 

liable for their employees’ acts. See id. So a plaintiff must “show an ‘affirmative link’ 

between the supervisor and the constitutional violation” to hold the supervisor 

liable. Est. of Booker v. Gomez, 745 F.3d 405, 435 (10th Cir. 2014) (quoting Schneider, 

717 F.3d at 767). To show an “affirmative link” between a supervisor and the alleged 

constitutional injury, a plaintiff must prove: “(1) the defendant promulgated, created, 

implemented or possessed responsibility for the continued operation of a policy that (2) 

caused the complained of constitutional harm, and (3) acted with the state of mind 

required to establish the alleged constitutional deprivation.” Dodds v. Richardson, 614 

F.3d 1185, 1199–200 (10th Cir. 2010) (citing Summum v. City of Ogden, 297 F.3d 995, 

1000 (10th Cir. 2002)). 

Courts treat jail-suicide claims as a failure to provide medical care, Barrie v. 

Grand County, 119 F.3d 862, 866 (10th Cir. 1997), which implicates the Eighth 

Amendment. Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 104 (1976) (holding that a prison official’s 

deliberate indifference to a prisoner’s “serious medical needs” violates the Eighth 

Amendment). The Fourteenth Amendment’s due-process clause provides pretrial 

detainees the same protection for medical attention as convicted inmates receive under 

the Eighth Amendment. Barrie, 119 F.3d at 867 (citation omitted). And we apply the 

same deliberate-indifference standard no matter which amendment provides the 

constitutional basis for the claim. Strain v. Regalado, 977 F.3d 984, 989 (10th Cir. 2020) 

(citing Est. of Hocker v. Walsh, 22 F.3d 995, 998 (10th Cir. 1994)), cert. denied, 142 S. 

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Ct. 312 (2021). Plaintiff’s supervisory-liability claim in this case requires 

“a particularized state of mind: actual knowledge by a prison official of an individual 

inmate’s substantial risk of suicide.” Cox, 800 F.3d at 1249. 

“[P]rison officials are deliberately indifferent if they fail to take reasonable steps 

to protect a pre-trial detainee or an inmate from suicide when they have subjective 

knowledge that person is a substantial suicide risk.” Crane v. Utah Dep’t of Corr., 15 

F.4th 1296, 1307 (10th Cir. 2021) (citation omitted). Thus, to hold Noel liable as a 

supervisor, Plaintiff must demonstrate that he had “actual knowledge . . . of [Bradshaw’s] 

substantial risk of suicide.” Cox, 800 F.3d at 1249. That knowledge could have come 

from his subordinates even if he “had no personal interaction with [the prisoner] or direct 

and contemporaneous knowledge of his treatment.” Id. at 1254. 

Plaintiff puts forth no evidence showing Noel had actual knowledge of 

Bradshaw’s substantial risk of suicide. See, e.g., Appellant’s App. Vol. 1 Part I at 93 

(stating that Noel “was unaware Mr. Bradshaw was incarcerated at the Jail on June 15, 

2014”). Instead, she contends Supreme Court precedent only requires Noel to have 

known of the “generalized risks presented by conditions at his jail,” rather than “the risk 

to a specific detainee,” to have the culpable state of mind. And she argues that she 

presented evidence to the district court from which a jury could reasonably conclude that 

Noel endorsed a widespread custom or policy at BCCF of failing to report suicide risks 

and that he failed to train officers on suicide prevention. According to Plaintiff, “[t]he 

very existence of the Suicide Prevention Policy and accompanying procedures . . . should 

have put Sheriff Noel on notice of the substantial risk presented by suicidal detainees” 

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because “those policies . . . required updating and implementation,” and Noel failed to act 

“in the face of a substantial risk of suicide to BCCF inmates.” 

Plaintiff is correct that Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825 (1994), “opened the door 

to a showing that a supervisory jail official could have the requisite mens rea if he knew 

of the generalized risks presented by conditions at his jail, not merely the risk to a 

specific detainee.” Indeed, Farmer states, “it does not matter whether the risk comes 

from a single source or multiple sources, any more than it matters whether a prisoner 

faces an excessive risk . . . for reasons personal to him or because all prisoners in his 

situation face such a risk.” 511 U.S. at 843. But Farmer concerned deliberate 

indifference to an inmate’s safety who “would be particularly vulnerable to sexual 

attack,” id. at 831, and we have applied its deliberate-indifference-to-a-generalized-risk 

requirement in cases involving the risk of sexual assault. See, e.g., Tafoya v. Salazar, 

516 F.3d 912, 915–16 (10th Cir. 2008) (stating “[t]he official’s knowledge of the risk 

need not be knowledge of a substantial risk to a particular inmate” in a prison-sexualassault case). But in Cox, we determined that supervisory-liability in the inmate-suicide 

context requires the prison official to have had actual knowledge of an individual 

inmate’s substantial risk of suicide. 800 F.3d at 1249. We acknowledged that “we have 

taken a different stance on the knowledge of risk that must be alleged” in the prisonsexual-assault context. Id. at 1251 n.11. But we found those cases distinguishable 

because one can assess the risk of sexual assault from the sexual victimizer’s 

characteristics and other external factors, while “a substantial risk of suicide may be 

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impossible to discern unless the particular inmate reveals indicia of that risk to prison 

officials.” Id. (citations omitted). 

Still, Plaintiff urges us to reject reading Cox to mean “that no supervisory liability 

can attach to a jail official unless that official subjectively knows of the suicide risk to a 

particular inmate.” Under that reading, Plaintiff contends, jail officials could implement 

unconstitutional policies leading directly to inmate suicide and “escape liability by 

simply maintaining ignorance of the day-to-day, inmate-specific operations of their jail.” 

But Cox is clear: § 1983 jail-suicide supervisory-liability claims require the supervisor to 

have known that the specific inmate at issue presented a substantial risk of suicide. Id. at 

1250; see also Crane, 15 F.4th at 1307 (“[A]s we explained in Cox v. Glanz, prison 

officials are deliberately indifferent if they fail to take reasonable steps to protect a pretrial detainee or an inmate from suicide when they have subjective knowledge that person 

is a substantial suicide risk.”). “[W]e are bound to follow our . . . precedent, absent en 

banc reconsideration or a super[s]eding contrary decision by the Supreme Court.” United 

States v. Austin, 426 F.3d 1266, 1278 n.4 (10th Cir. 2005) (citations omitted). Thus, to 

defeat Noel’s summary-judgment motion, Plaintiff must offer evidence showing Noel 

had actual knowledge of Bradshaw’s substantial risk of suicide, rather than a generalized 

risk. Plaintiff has pointed to no evidence showing Noel had actual knowledge of 

Bradshaw’s substantial risk of suicide.2 

2

 Plaintiff also argues that Cox is factually dissimilar to this case because 

“none of the jail officials in Cox knew or could have known that the detainee 

presented a suicide risk,” and therefore none of Sheriff Glanz’s subordinates could 

have communicated that knowledge to him. Appellant’s Br. at 38. In Plaintiff’s 

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Even if § 1983 jail-suicide supervisory-liability claims only required the actor to 

have known of a generalized risk of suicide at the prison, the record does not show Noel 

knew of any generalized risk. That officers ignored portions of the County’s suicideprevention policy is not enough to raise a fact issue that Noel knew about a generalized 

risk to suicidal detainees, contrary to Plaintiff’s argument, because no inmate had ever 

successfully committed suicide at the BCCF before this incident. Appellant’s App. Vol. 

1 Part I at 93 (declaring that Noel “had no reason to believe that there was any defect of 

[sic] problem with the way the policy was enforced or implemented at the Jail prior to 

Troy Bradshaw’s unfortunate death”). And, to the extent Plaintiff contends that Noel 

endorsed a custom or policy of failing to report suicide risks and train officers on suicideprevention, thus creating a generalized risk to suicidal detainees, Plaintiff failed to show 

such a custom or policy existed. As discussed above, Plaintiff demonstrated no pattern of 

untrained employees’ constitutional violations showing deliberate indifference to suicideprevention or shift-change-report training to rise to the level of County policy or custom. 

See Connick, 563 U.S. at 61.3 Rather, Plaintiff only showed a failure to comply with the 

case, the evidence shows that Corporal Rose was present during Bradshaw’s booking 

assessment and learned that Bradshaw was suicidal. But though at least some of 

Sheriff Noel’s subordinates knew that Bradshaw was suicidal, no evidence shows 

they communicated that to Noel. 

3

 “Deliberate indifference . . . is defined differently for Eighth Amendment and 

municipal liability purposes.” Barney v. Pulsipher, 143 F.3d 1299, 1307 n.5 (10th 

Cir. 1998). “In the prison conditions context, deliberate indifference is a subjective 

standard requiring actual knowledge of a risk by the official” while, “[i]n the 

municipal liability context, deliberate indifference is an objective standard which is 

satisfied if the risk is so obvious that the official should have known of it.” Id. 

(citation omitted). We do not equate the two deliberate-indifference standards here. 

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County’s policies in Bradshaw’s case. And any argument that Noel affirmatively 

endorsed not reporting suicide risks in shift-change reports, rather than failing to train on 

reporting them, also falls short because Plaintiff does not attempt to prove a pattern 

evidencing that custom. Because there is no evidence that Noel knew Bradshaw 

presented a substantial risk of suicide, the district court properly granted summary 

judgment to Sheriff Noel. 

C. 

Last, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment to Corporal 

Rose. Whether Rose violated Bradshaw’s constitutional rights by placing Bradshaw 

in a regular cell and failing to inform other officers of his suicide risk was not clearly 

established in June 2014. 

In the qualified-immunity context, “[a] clearly established right is one that is 

sufficiently clear that every reasonable official would have understood that what he is 

doing violates that right.” Cummings v. Dean, 913 F.3d 1227, 1239 (10th Cir. 2019) 

(internal quotation marks omitted) (citing Mullenix v. Luna, 577 U.S. 7, 11 (2015) (per 

curiam)). “Ordinarily, a plaintiff may satisfy this clearly-established-law standard by 

identifying an on-point Supreme Court or published Tenth Circuit decision that 

We note only that Plaintiff cannot show the County was deliberately indifferent 

(under the municipal-liability standard) in failing to train its corrections officers on 

preventing suicide and preparing shift-change reports. Plaintiff is therefore unable to 

show the County had a widespread custom or policy of failing to train on suicide 

prevention and shift-change reports. As a result, Plaintiff cannot rely on that policy 

or custom to raise a fact issue concerning whether Noel was deliberately indifferent 

(under the Eighth or Fourteenth Amendment standard) to a substantial risk of suicide 

to prison inmates. 

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establishes the unlawfulness of the defendant’s conduct,” or “the clearly established 

weight of authority from other courts must have found the law to be as the plaintiff 

maintains.” Id. (quotation and brackets omitted).4 “[T]he precedent must have clearly 

established the right ‘in light of the specific context of the case, not as a broad general 

proposition.’” Frasier v. Evans, 992 F.3d 1003, 1014 (10th Cir. 2021) (citation omitted). 

While we do not require a case directly on point, existing precedent “must have placed 

the statutory or constitutional question beyond debate.” Id. (citation omitted). “The 

plaintiff bears the burden of citing to us what he thinks constitutes clearly established 

law.” Crane, 15 F.4th at 1303 (quoting Thomas v. Durastanti, 607 F.3d 655, 669 (10th 

Cir. 2010)). 

Plaintiff contends she presented sufficient evidence from which a fact finder could 

determine that Rose knew Bradshaw presented a suicide risk and acted with deliberate 

indifference to that risk by placing him in a regular cell and failing to inform other 

officers of that suicide risk “formally or otherwise.” But, on June 13−15, 2014, when the 

incident occurred, no Tenth Circuit or Supreme Court decision put Rose on notice that his 

conduct violated Bradshaw’s constitutional rights. As of June 1, 2015, no Supreme Court 

4

 The Supreme Court has left open whether only its precedent may clearly 

establish law. See D.C. v. Wesby, 138 S. Ct. 577, 591 n.8 (2018) (“We have not yet 

decided what precedents—other than our own—qualify as controlling authority for 

purposes of qualified immunity.”); Rivas-Villegas v. Cortesluna, 142 S. Ct. 4, 8 

(2021) (per curiam) (“Even assuming that Circuit precedent can clearly establish law 

for purposes of § 1983, LaLonde is materially distinguishable and thus does not 

govern the facts of this case.”). Yet “we do not think only Supreme Court precedents 

are relevant in deciding whether a right is clearly established.” Ullery v. Bradley, 

949 F.3d 1282, 1292 (10th Cir. 2020). 

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decision established a right to the “proper implementation of adequate suicide prevention 

protocols” or “even discusse[d] suicide screening or prevention protocols.” Taylor v. 

Barkes, 575 U.S. 822, 826 (2015) (per curiam). In Cox, we determined that “an inmate’s 

right to proper prison suicide screening procedures during booking . . . was not clearly 

established in July 2009.” 800 F.3d at 1247. But even Cox did not establish in 2015 that 

Sheriff Glanz’s conduct violated a constitutional right. “There, we assumed the existence 

of a constitutional violation and held that the right at issue—‘an inmate’s right to proper 

prison suicide screening procedures during booking’—wasn’t clearly established.” Perry 

v. Durborow, 892 F.3d 1116, 1124 (10th Cir. 2018) (quoting Cox, 800 F.3d at 1247). 

But Plaintiff argues Barrie, 119 F.3d at 866−67, clearly established a suicidal 

pretrial detainee’s right to reasonable safeguards against harming himself in 1997, long 

before Bradshaw’s death in 2014. Barrie concerned a pretrial detainee’s post-booking 

suicide in the county jail’s “drunk tank.” Id. at 863−64. Grand County officers arrested 

Alan Ricks around 6:00 p.m. on October 26, 1991; at 7:30 p.m., they placed him in the 

drunk tank after booking and permitted him to keep his street clothes; and by 2:00 a.m., 

Ricks had hanged himself with his sweatpants draw cord. Id. Ricks’s estate and family 

members filed suit against the county and several county officials. Id. at 863. We 

clarified that prisoners—pretrial detainees or postconviction inmates—have claims 

against their custodians for failure to provide adequate medical attention, including jailsuicide claims, only when the custodian knows of the risk involved and is deliberately 

indifferent to it. Id. at 868–69. We determined that the defendants were not deliberately 

indifferent to a substantial risk of suicide, id. at 869, and did not hold that the defendants’ 

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conduct violated Ricks’s constitutional rights. Thus, Barrie did not clearly establish a 

right to proper implementation of prison-suicide-prevention protocols in this circuit. 

Plaintiff failed to carry her burden to point us to law clearly establishing that right, and, 

based on our review of the caselaw, circuit precedent did not clearly establish that right in 

June 2014. Thus, Rose’s conduct did not violate clearly established law, and he is 

entitled to qualified immunity. 

The district court properly granted summary judgment to the County, Noel, and 

Rose. 

AFFIRMED. 

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