IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

No. COA22-902

Filed 19 September 2023

Perquimans County, No. 20CVD165

ALEXANDER N. ROOK, Plaintiff,

v.

DEBRA ANN ROOK, Defendant.

Appeal by defendant from judgment entered 31 March 2022 by Judge 

Meader W. Harriss III in Perquimans County District Court. Heard in the Court of 

Appeals 6 September 2023.

Melissa L. Skinner, for the plaintiff-appellee.

Woodruff Family Law Group, by Jessica S. Bullock, for the defendantappellant.

Rose & Johnson PC, by K. Brooke Johnson, for the defendant-appellant.

TYSON, Judge.

Debra Rook (“Mother”) appeals from a custody order granting joint custody to 

Mother and Alexander Rook (“Father”) on 31 March 2022. The trial court lacked 

subject matter jurisdiction. We vacate the order and remand.

I. Background

Mother and Father married on 22 February 2002. Thirteen years later, Mother 

and Father procreated one minor child (“the Child”) born 18 April 2015. Mother and 
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Father resided in Perquimans County while they were married.

The Perquimans County Department of Social Services (“DSS”) investigated 

Father in 2018 because the Child had allegedly been left in a locked vehicle, while 

Father exercised at the gym and shopped at an Ollie’s Bargain Outlet. DSS

determined Father had a lapse in judgment and closed the investigation.

In early 2019, Mother became concerned because Father continuously insisted 

upon showering with the Child. Mother purportedly observed the Child touching 

Father’s erect penis on 7 March 2019. Four days later, Mother removed the Child

and herself from the marital home and moved to Wake County.

Mother and Father entered into a Separation and Property Settlement 

Agreement on 28 March 2019. Mother and Father agreed for Mother to have legal 

and physical custody of the Child, and Father agreed to “accompanied visitation” with 

the Child “at times and locations agreed upon by the parties at minimum of twice a 

month for six (6) to ten (10) hour periods.” The agreement specified neither Mother 

nor Father were permitted to leave North Carolina with the Child without first 

providing written notice to the other parent, exempting certain enumerated family 

members who reside in Virginia and Kentucky.

Mother filed a complaint for child custody and attorney’s fees in Wake County 

on 11 December 2019.

Mother also filed a complaint and motion for a domestic violence protective 

order on 29 January 2020 in Wake County. An ex parte order of protection was 
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granted that day. A domestic violence protection order was granted on 10 June 2020.

Mother filed an amended complaint for absolute divorce, breach of contract, 

specific performance, and attorney’s fees in Wake County on 29 May 2020. Father 

filed his answer on 4 August 2020, counterclaiming for an absolute divorce and asking 

the court to incorporate the separation agreement entered into on 28 March 2019.

On the day Mother filed her amended complaint for divorce, Mother also filed 

a notice of voluntary dismissal of her custody claim. Without alerting Father in 

writing, Mother moved with the Child to Utah in May of 2020. Mother filed a petition 

for custody in Salt Lake County, Utah, on 30 October 2020.

Father filed a motion to change venue from Wake County to Perquimans 

County for the pending divorce claims on 16 November 2020. In his motion, Father 

stated he believed Mother had moved with the Child to Utah. The motion also 

acknowledged Mother had denied living in Wake County in her reply to Father’s 

counterclaims.

Father initiated this action by filing a complaint and motion for ex parte

temporary custody in Perquimans County on 23 November 2020. The trial court 

entered an order denying Father’s request for an ex parte temporary custody order on 

24 November 2020, but the court scheduled the matter for a 30 December 2020

hearing on the issue of temporary custody.

A summons for Mother’s Utah custody action was issued on 8 December 2020. 

Mother was served on 21 January 2021 with Father’s Perquimans County custody 
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action, which is the subject of this appeal. On 22 January 2021, Mother filed a pro se

motion to continue the temporary custody hearing and a “12(b)(1) Motion to Dismiss 

and Request for Judicial Conference” requesting that Father’s Complaint be 

dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.

An Order was entered that directed judicial communication between the 

Perquimans County District Court and the Utah court on 27 January 2021. On 18 

February 2021, Mother filed a notice of voluntary dismissal of her Rule 12(b)(1) 

motion to dismiss and request for judicial conference.

A “Consent Order on Subject Matter Jurisdiction” was entered on 25 February 

2021, asserting “[t]he State of North Carolina has subject matter jurisdiction to 

determine custody of the minor child[.]”

A judgment of divorce was entered in Wake County on 15 March 2021, which 

incorporated the contents of Mother’s and Father’s Separation Agreement, granted 

primary custody of the Child to Mother, and which retained the provisions 

constricting interstate travel.

The trial court entered an order on 29 April 2021 requiring Mother to return 

the Child to North Carolina for the duration of the custody trial in Perquimans 

County. On 12 May 2021, Mother filed an answer, motion to consolidate, motion to 

modify prior custody order, and counterclaim in Perquimans County, asking for the 

two Perquimans County files to be consolidated regarding current custody of the 

Child and the custody order originally entered in Wake County on 15 March 2021.
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The custody trial in Perquimans County began 18 May 2021. On 17 June 2021, 

the trial court entered an order granting Father supervised visitations with the Child

and ordered Mother to bring the Child back to North Carolina in August when the 

trial was scheduled to resume. The trial court entered another Temporary Custody 

Order granting the parties joint legal and physical custody on an alternating weekly 

basis on 2 September 2021. The order required the minor child “be enrolled 

immediately in either Grace Montessori School in Elizabeth City, North Carolina or 

the Perquimans County Public School System.”

The trial court entered a custody order granting joint custody to Mother and 

Father on 31 March 2022. Father was given the authority to make any final decisions 

regarding Child’s “education, health, medical and dental care, religious, athletic and 

extra-curricular activities” if Mother and Father disagreed. Mother was prohibited 

from taking the Child outside North Carolina except to visit her family in Virginia. 

Father was instructed to enroll the Child in Grace Montessori Academy in Elizabeth 

City or the Perquimans County Public School System.

Mother timely appeals.

II. Jurisdiction

Jurisdiction lies in this Court pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-27(b)(2) (2021).

III. Subject Matter Jurisdiction

Mother argues the trial court lacked subject matter jurisdiction over the 

Child’s custody determination.
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A. Standard of Review

The issue of whether a trial court possessed subject matter jurisdiction is a 

matter of law, and we review questions of law de novo. In re N.P., 376 N.C. 729, 731,

855 S.E.2d 203, 205-06 (2021) (citing In re K.J.L., 363 N.C. 343, 345-46, 677 S.E.2d 

835 (2009) and Willowmere Cmty. Ass’n, Inc. v. City of Charlotte, 370 N.C. 553, 556, 

809 S.E.2d 558, 560 (2018)).

If a trial court’s basis for whether subject matter jurisdiction exists is 

erroneous, this Court may review the record to determine if subject matter 

jurisdiction exists. Foley v. Foley, 156 N.C. App. 409, 412, 576 S.E.2d 383, 385 (2003)

(citing Reece v. Forga, 138 N.C. App. 703, 704, 531 S.E.2d 881, 882 (2000)).

B. Analysis

“Subject matter jurisdiction cannot be conferred by consent, waiver, or 

estoppel.” Id. at 411-12, 576 S.E.2d at 385 (citing In re Davis, 114 N.C. App. 253, 256, 

441 S.E.2d 696, 698 (1994)).

North Carolina has adopted the Uniform Child-Custody Jurisdiction and 

Enforcement Act (“UCCJEA”). The UCCJEA includes four bases for a trial court to 

obtain subject matter jurisdiction over a custody determination:

(1) This State is the home state of the child on the date of 

the commencement of the proceeding, or was the home 

state of the child within six months before the 

commencement of the proceeding, and the child is absent 

from this State but a parent or person acting as a parent 

continues to live in this State;
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(2) A court of another state does not have jurisdiction 

under subdivision (1), or a court of the home state of the 

child has declined to exercise jurisdiction on the ground 

that this State is the more appropriate forum under G.S. 

50A-207 or G.S. 50A-208, and:

a. The child and the child’s parents, or the child and 

at least one parent or a person acting as a parent, 

have a significant connection with this State other 

than mere physical presence; and

b. Substantial evidence is available in this State 

concerning the child’s care, protection, training, and 

personal relationships;

(3) All courts having jurisdiction under subdivision (1) or 

(2) have declined to exercise jurisdiction on the ground 

that a court of this State is the more appropriate forum to 

determine the custody of the child under G.S. 50A-207 or 

G.S. 50A-208; or

(4) No court of any other state would have jurisdiction 

under the criteria specified in subdivision (1), (2), or (3).

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50A-201(a) (2021). See also N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50A-202(a) (2021)

(explaining “a court of this State which has made a child-custody determination 

consistent with G.S. 50A-201 or G.S. 50A-203 has exclusive, continuing jurisdiction” 

unless certain determinations are made).

A child’s “home state” is “the state in which a child lived with a parent or a 

person acting as a parent for at least six consecutive months immediately before the 

commencement of a child-custody proceeding.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50A-102(7) (2021). 

The UCCJEA also requires the court who possesses subject matter jurisdiction 

over a child custody determination to make certain findings that another state is the 

more appropriate forum before declining to exercise its jurisdiction. See N.C. Gen. 
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Stat. §§ 50A-207 and 208 (2021). Mother argues the Utah court failed to make such 

findings.

A consent order does not waive challenges to subject matter jurisdiction, “and 

the jurisdictional requirements of the UCCJEA must be met for a court to have power 

to adjudicate child custody disputes.” Foley, 156 N.C. App. at 411, 576 S.E.2d at 385

(citation omitted).

The comments contained in the UCCJEA’s jurisdictional statute section also 

provide: “It should also be noted that since jurisdiction to make a child custody 

determination is subject matter jurisdiction, an agreement of the parties to confer 

jurisdiction on a court that would not otherwise have jurisdiction under this Act is 

ineffective.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50A-201, cmt. 2.

In Foley, this Court determined insufficient evidence in the record existed for 

the trial court to establish subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to the UCCJEA. 

Foley, 156 N.C. App. at 413-14, 576 S.E.2d at 386. The trial court had failed to include 

evidence concerning “whether the minor resided in North Carolina during the six 

months prior to the commencement of this proceeding” to determine if North Carolina 

was the child’s home state. Id. The record also contained “no evidence the West 

Virginia court was a court having subject matter jurisdiction but declining to exercise 

it on the grounds North Carolina was the more appropriate forum.” Id. This Court 

vacated the trial court’s custody order and remanded the matter to the trial court to 

determine whether it possessed subject matter jurisdiction under one of the four 
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bases in the UCCJEA. Id.

Here, as in Foley, the record does not indicate whether North Carolina 

possessed subject matter jurisdiction over the custody determination of the Child. Id. 

The trial court found Mother had resided in Utah since May 2020, which is more than 

six months prior to the commencement of this Perquimans County child custody 

matter by Father in November 2020. According to the terms of the Separation 

Agreement, the Child was residing with Mother during that period. Further, the 

following colloquy occurred before the trial court regarding whether it possessed 

subject matter jurisdiction:

THE COURT: So we have declared subject matter 

jurisdiction pursuant to a consent order in the –

[FATHER’S COUNSEL]: In –

THE COURT: – state of North Carolina, so that case is now 

–

[FATHER’S COUNSEL]: That case –

[MOTHER’S COUNSEL]: That’s correct.

The record is devoid of any findings from the court in Utah determining whether 

North Carolina is the more appropriate forum and Utah’s decision to decline to 

exercise its jurisdiction. See N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 50A-207 and 208. Without this 

evidence, the trial court’s custody order must be vacated for lack of subject matter 

jurisdiction and remanded. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50A-201(a), cmt. 2; Foley, 156 N.C. App. 

at 413-14, 576 S.E.2d at 386.
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IV. Conclusion

The trial court’s custody determination of the Child on 31 March 2022 is 

vacated for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Foley, 156 N.C. App. at 413-14, 576 

S.E.2d at 386. The trial court must find and resolve evidence concerning the Child’s 

home state in the six months prior to Father filing his motion for child custody in 

North Carolina. N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 50A-201(a) and 102(7). In the alternative, the 

trial court must include findings from the court in Utah indicating its decision to 

decline to exercise its jurisdiction and its determination concluding North Carolina is 

the more appropriate forum. See N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 50A-207 and 208. 

The custody order is vacated, and the matter is remanded to the trial court for 

hearing to determine whether it possesses subject matter jurisdiction over this 

custody determination. Foley, 156 N.C. App. at 413-14, 576 S.E.2d at 386; N.C. Gen. 

Stat. §§ 50A-102(7) and 201(a). Mother’s remaining arguments concerning the 

vacated order are dismissed as moot. It is so ordered.

VACATED AND REMANDED.

Judges CARPENTER and GORE concur.