Arrêt du Tribunal


**Case T-292/01**


**Phillips-Van Heusen Corp.
v
Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs) (OHIM)**

«(Community trade mark – Regulations (EC) No 40/94 and No 2868/95 – Opposition – Likelihood of confusion – Alteration of a decision of the Board of Appeal – Application for registration of Community word mark BASS – Earlier word mark PASH)»

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| | | | | --- | | Judgment of the Court of First Instance (Second Chamber), 14 October 2003 | | | |
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Summary of the Judgment

*1..
: Community trade mark – Appeal procedure – Appeal brought against a decision of the Opposition Division – Decision of the Board of Appeal going beyond the scope of the opposition – Unlawful

(Council Regulation No 40/94, Arts 43(5), 62(1) and 74(1))*

*2..
: Community trade mark – Definition and acquisition of the Community trade mark – Relative grounds for refusal – Opposition by the proprietor of an identical or similar earlier mark registered for identical or similar goods or services – Risk of confusion with the earlier mark – Similarity between the marks at issue – Whether semantic differences capable of counteracting visual or aural similarities – Conditions

(Council Regulation No 40/94, Art. 8(1)(b))*

*3..
: Community trade mark – Definition and acquisition of the Community trade mark – Relative grounds for refusal – Opposition by the proprietor of an identical or similar earlier mark registered for identical or similar goods or services – Risk of confusion with the earlier mark – Word marks BASS and PASH

(Council Regulation No 40/94, Art. 8(1)(b))*

*4..
: Community trade mark – Appeal procedure – Appeal against a decision of the Opposition Division – Suspensive effect – Contested decision taking effect following the final refusal of the Board of Appeal – Refusal incorporated into a decision of the Court of First Instance giving judgment by virtue of its power of alteration

(Council Regulation No 40/94, Arts 57(1), 59 and 63(3))*

1.
When deciding on an appeal against a decision of the Opposition Division of the Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market
(Trade Marks and Designs) the Board of Appeal of the Office cannot give a ruling which goes beyond the scope of the opposition,
as such an ultra petita decision is unlawful. As it is apparent from reading the first sentence of Article 43(5) in conjunction with the first sentence of Article 62(1)
and Article 74(1) in fine of Regulation No 40/94 on the Community trade mark, the Board of Appeal may reject the trade mark
application only to the extent applied for by the opponent in its opposition to the registration of that mark. see paras 23-24

2.
When assessing the likelihood of confusion, within the meaning of Article 8(1)(b) of Regulation No 40/94 on the Community
trade mark, visual and aural similarities between the two work marks may be counteracted to a large extent by the conceptual
differences which distinguish the marks. For there to be such a counteraction, at least one of the marks at issue must have,
from the point of view of the relevant public, a clear and specific meaning so that the public is capable of grasping it immediately.
The fact that the word mark does not refer to any characteristic of the goods in respect of which the registration of the
marks in question has been made or applied for does not prevent the relevant public from immediately grasping the meaning
of that word mark. For such a counteraction to occur, it is not necessary, however, that the other mark also has, from the
point of view of the relevant public, a meaning which is clear and specific. see para. 54

3.
There is no likelihood of confusion by the German public between the word mark
BASS for which registration as a Community trade mark is applied for
clothing falling with Class 25 within the meaning of the Nice Agreement, and the word mark
PASH previously registered in Germany to designate clothing, also made of leather, belts for clothing, footwear, headgear falling
within the same class, in so far as the degree of similarity between the marks is not sufficiently great for the Court to
find that the public might believe that the goods in question come from the same undertaking or, as the case may be, from
undertakings which are economically linked, or given the difference between the marks that finding is not invalidated by the
fact that the goods covered by the mark applied for are identical to some of the goods designated by the earlier trade mark.
see paras 56-57

4.
In the light of the second sentence of Article 57(1) of Regulation No 40/94 on the Community trade mark, under which the appeal
brought before the Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market has suspensive effect, a decision capable of forming the
subject of such an appeal, such as the Opposition Division's decision, takes effect if no appeal has been brought before the
Office within the time-limit referred to in the first sentence of Article 59 of Regulation No 40/94, or if such an appeal
has been dismissed by a definitive decision of the Board of Appeal. In that regard, a decision of the Court of First Instance
which, by virtue of the power of alteration, dismisses the appeal brought before the Office must be deemed as a decision to
that effect by the Board of Appeal. see para. 60


JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE (Second Chamber) 14 October 2003 [(1)](#Footnote1)

((Community trade mark – Regulations (EC) No 40/94 and No 2868/95 – Opposition – Likelihood of confusion – Alteration of a decision of the Board of Appeal – Application for registration of Community word mark BASS – Earlier word mark PASH))In Case T-292/01,**Phillips-Van Heusen Corp.,** established in New York (United States of America), represented by F. Jacobacci, lawyer,

applicant,

v

**Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs) (OHIM),** represented by E. Joly and S. Laitinen, acting as Agents,

defendant,

the intervener before the Court being**Pash Textilvertrieb und Einzelhandel GmbH,** established in Munich (Germany), represented by W. Städtler, lawyer,ACTION brought against the decision of the Third Board of Appeal of the Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (Trade
Marks and Designs) of 12 September 2001 (Case R-740/2000-3) relating to opposition proceedings between Pash Textilvertrieb
und Einzelhandel GmbH and Phillips-Van Heusen Corporation,


THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES (Second Chamber),


composed of: N.J. Forwood, President, J. Pirrung and A.W.H. Meij, Judges,Registrar: J. Palacio González, Principal Administrator,

having regard to the written procedure and further to the hearing on 4 March 2003,

gives the following


### Judgment


**: Legal background**

1
Articles 8, 43, 62 and 74 of Council Regulation (EC) No 40/94 of 20 December 1993 on the Community trade mark (OJ 1994 L 11,
p. 1) provide: Article 8Relative grounds for refusal1. Upon opposition by the proprietor of an earlier trade mark, the trade mark applied for shall not be registered:...(b) if because of its identity with or similarity to the earlier trade mark and the identity or similarity of the goods or
services covered by the trade marks there exists a likelihood of confusion on the part of the public in the territory in which
the earlier trade mark is protected; the likelihood of confusion includes the likelihood of association with the earlier trade
mark.2. For the purposes of paragraph 1,
Earlier trade marks means:(a) trade marks of the following kinds with a date of application for registration which is earlier than the date of application
for registration of the Community trade mark ...:...(ii) trade marks registered in a Member State ...;...Article 43Examination of opposition...5. If examination of the opposition reveals that the trade mark may not be registered in respect of some or all of the goods
or services for which the Community trade mark application has been made, the application shall be refused in respect of those
goods or services ...Article 62Decisions in respect of appeals1. ... The Board of Appeal may either exercise any power within the competence of the department which was responsible for
the decision appealed or remit the case to that department for further prosecution....Article 74Examination of the facts by the Office of its own motion1. In proceedings before it the Office shall examine the facts of its own motion; however, in proceedings relating to relative
grounds for refusal of registration, the Office shall be restricted in this examination to the facts, evidence and arguments
provided by the parties and the relief sought.2. The Office may disregard facts or evidence which are not submitted in due time by the parties concerned.

2
Rule 53 of Commission Regulation (EC) No 2868/95 of 13 December 1995 implementing Regulation No 40/94 (OJ 1995 L 303 p. 1)
is worded as follows: Rule 53Correction of errors in decisionsIn decisions of the Office, only linguistic errors, errors of transcription and obvious mistakes may be corrected. They shall
be corrected by the department which took the decision, acting of its own motion or at the request of an interested party.**Background to the proceedings**

3
By application written in English and received at the Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs)
(
the Office) on 1 April 1996, the applicant requested the registration of the word mark BASS as a Community trade mark.

4
Registration of the mark was requested for goods falling within Class 25 of the Nice Agreement concerning the International
Classification of Goods and Services for the Purposes of the Registration of Marks of 15 June 1957, as revised and amended,
and corresponding to the following description: Footwear and clothing. The trade mark application was published in
*Community Trade Marks Bulletin* No 28/97 of 17 November 1997.

6
On 13 February 1998 the intervener filed a notice of opposition pursuant to Article 42(1) of Regulation No 40/94 against the
registration of the mark in respect of all the categories of goods covered by the trade mark application. The opposition was
based on the existence of a trade mark registered in Germany with a date of priority of 14 October 1988. That trade mark (
the earlier trade mark) consists of the word mark PASH. It is registered for goods falling within Classes 18 and 25 for the purposes of the Nice
Agreement and corresponding to the following description:

─
Class 18:
Goods made of leather or of leather imitations and other plastic materials, as far as included in Class 18, namely handbags
and other cases not adapted to the product they are intended to contain as well as small articles of leather and plastic materials,
in particular purses, pocket wallets, key cases; duffel bags, knapsacks, shoulder straps;

Class 18:
Goods made of leather or of leather imitations and other plastic materials, as far as included in Class 18, namely handbags
and other cases not adapted to the product they are intended to contain as well as small articles of leather and plastic materials,
in particular purses, pocket wallets, key cases; duffel bags, knapsacks, shoulder straps;

─
Class 25:
Clothing, also made of leather, belts for clothing, footwear, headgear.

Class 25:
Clothing, also made of leather, belts for clothing, footwear, headgear.

7
In support of the opposition, the intervener raised the ground for refusal referred to in Article 8(1)(b) of Regulation No
40/94.

8
By letter of 4 August 1999 the intervener limited the opposition, restricting it to the registration of the trade mark for
the product categories described as
clothing.

9
By decision of 19 May 2000 the Opposition Division of the Office (
the Opposition Division) rejected the opposition. Essentially, the Opposition Division held that since the marks at issue were not similar visually,
aurally or conceptually, there was no likelihood of confusion within the meaning of Article 8(1)(b) of Regulation No 40/94
between the two marks in the relevant territory of the Community, namely Germany.

10
On 13 July 2000 the intervener filed an appeal at the Office under Article 59 of Regulation No 40/94. It requested that the
Opposition Division's decision be annulled and that the mark applied for be refused in respect of
clothing.

11
By decision of 12 September 2001, notified to the applicant on 28 September 2001 (
the contested decision), the Third Board of Appeal of the Office (
the Board of Appeal) gave a ruling on the case. It held, essentially, that the goods referred to in the trade mark application in respect of
which the intervener maintained its opposition to the registration of the mark, namely clothing, were identical to the goods
in Class 25 designated by the earlier trade mark, and that the accessories in respect of which the earlier trade mark was
also registered were often sold with the clothing manufactured by the same undertaking. The Board of Appeal held that the
marks at issue were similar. There was a visual similarity between the two marks, given that they had the same number of letters,
that the two central letters on which the public was likely to focus its attention were the same in both cases, and that the
first letters
B and
P were very similar. As for aural similarity, it held, in particular, that, at least in certain regions of Germany, the consonants
B and
P were pronounced in a very similar manner. In that context, it pointed out that the likelihood of confusion did not need to
be present in the whole of the relevant territory; it was sufficient if the likelihood of confusion existed in respect of
an important part of the public. Finally, as regards the comparison of the marks from a conceptual point of view, it held
that neither of the two word marks had a settled meaning in relation to the products concerned. Therefore, the Board of Appeal
held that, since the goods designated by the two marks were identical, there was a likelihood of confusion between them within
the meaning of Article 8(1)(b) of Regulation No 40/94 in the relevant territory of the Community, namely Germany.

12
The operative part of the contested decision states as follows: The Board hereby:

1.
Annuls the decision [of the Opposition Division].

2.
Upholds the opposition and rejects the application for a Community trade mark....

13
Paragraphs 1, 6 and 40 of the grounds of the contested decision are worded as follows:

1.
... the applicant sought to register the word mark [BASS] for the following goods (and others which are not in issue in the
present proceedings): Class 25 ─ clothing.

6.
The opponent filed an appeal against the decision of [the Opposition Division], requesting the Board to [annul] the decision
[of the Opposition Division] and refuse protection of the opposed mark only for the goods
clothing.

40.
The Community trade mark application is therefore ... not eligible for registration and the decision of the Opposition Division
must be annulled.

14
On 18 February 2002 the Board of Appeal adopted a decision, the operative part of which is worded as follows:

1.
In accordance with Rule 53 of ... Regulation (EC) No 2868/95 ... the Board, acting on its own motion, corrects an obvious
mistake in its decision of 12 September 2001 in Case R 740/2000-3.

2.
With regard to paragraph 1 and 6 of the decision, the order shall read now as follows: On those grounds, the Board ... : 2. Upholds the opposition and rejects the application for a Community trade mark as far as registration is requested for
clothing in Class 25.**Procedure and forms of order sought**

15
By application written in Italian and lodged at the Registry of the Court of First Instance on 28 November 2001, the applicant
brought the present action.

16
By letter of 19 December 2001 the intervener objected to Italian becoming the language of the case.

17
On 10 January 2002 the Registrar of the Court of First Instance determined that English was the language in which the trade
mark application had been filed and was thus the language of the case in accordance with Article 131(2) of the Rules of Procedure
of the Court of First Instance.

18
The Office lodged its response at the Registry of the Court of First Instance on 8 April 2002. The intervener lodged its response
at the Registry of the Court of First Instance on 28 March 2002.

19
The applicant claims that the Court should:

─
annul the contested decision;

annul the contested decision;

─
reject definitively and in its entirety the opposition to registration of the mark applied for in respect of goods in Class
25;

reject definitively and in its entirety the opposition to registration of the mark applied for in respect of goods in Class
25;

─
order the Office to grant registration of the mark applied for;

order the Office to grant registration of the mark applied for;

─
order the Office and the intervener to pay the costs, including those incurred in the opposition proceedings and before the
Board of Appeal.

order the Office and the intervener to pay the costs, including those incurred in the opposition proceedings and before the
Board of Appeal.

20
The Office contends that the Court of First Instance should:

─
reject as inadmissible the claim that the Office should be directed to grant registration of the mark applied for;

reject as inadmissible the claim that the Office should be directed to grant registration of the mark applied for;

─
uphold the application to the extent that the mark applied for covers
footwear, in the light of the Board of Appeal's corrigendum of 18 February 2002;

uphold the application to the extent that the mark applied for covers
footwear, in the light of the Board of Appeal's corrigendum of 18 February 2002;

─
reject the remainder of the application;

reject the remainder of the application;

─
order the Office to pay the costs on condition that the applicant withdraw its application in the light of the Board of
Appeal's corrigendum of 18 February 2002, and otherwise order the applicant to pay the costs.

order the Office to pay the costs on condition that the applicant withdraw its application in the light of the Board of
Appeal's corrigendum of 18 February 2002, and otherwise order the applicant to pay the costs.

21
The intervener contends that the Court of First Instance should:

─
reject the application for annulment of the contested decision;

reject the application for annulment of the contested decision;

─
order the applicant to pay the costs, including those incurred in the proceedings before the Opposition Division and before
the Board of Appeal.

order the applicant to pay the costs, including those incurred in the proceedings before the Opposition Division and before
the Board of Appeal.

22
By letter of 25 February 2003 the applicant withdrew the third head of its application in which it requested that the Office
be directed to register the mark applied for. It also submitted evidence in support of the substance of its action. By letter
of 28 February 2003 the Registrar of the Court of First Instance informed the applicant that that evidence would not be added
to the file.**Law**The subject-matter of the dispute

23
In the proceedings before the Opposition Division the intervener restricted the scope of the opposition, so that it was directed
solely against registration of the mark in respect of
clothing. However, in paragraph 2 of the operative part of the contested decision, the Board of Appeal refused the trade mark application
without limiting the scope of its refusal to that category of goods. Therefore, in so far as it ruled
*ultra petita* the contested decision is unlawful.

24
As is apparent from reading the first sentence of Article 43(5), in conjunction with the first sentence of Article 62(1) and
Article 74(1)
*in fine* of Regulation No 40/94, when deciding on an appeal against a decision of the Opposition Division, the Board of Appeal may
reject the trade mark application only to the extent applied for by the opponent in its opposition to the registration of
that mark. The Board of Appeal cannot give a ruling which goes beyond the scope of the opposition. Moreover, neither the Office
nor the intervener disputes that conclusion.

25
However, by its decision of 18 February 2002 the Board of Appeal corrected the operative part of the contested decision on
the basis of Rule 53 of Regulation No 2868/95, so that the refusal of the trade mark application is now limited to
clothing. It follows that, in so far as the contested decision refused the trade mark application in respect of goods other than those
classed as
clothing, the action has become devoid of purpose. Therefore, there is no longer any need to rule on the action in so far as it seeks
the annulment of the contested decision on that point.

26
Moreover, in response to a written question from the Court of First Instance, the applicant, by letter of 25 February 2003,
withdrew the plea that it had raised in its application alleging that the contested decision went beyond the scope of the
opposition.The application for annulment

27
The applicant raises a single plea, alleging an infringement of Article 8(1)(b) of Regulation No 40/94. That plea is subdivided
into two parts. The first part of the plea alleges that the word marks BASS and PASH co-exist as German national marks, the
second part, which it is appropriate to consider first, alleges that there is no inherent likelihood of confusion.Arguments of the parties

28
The applicant submits that, in order to determine whether there is a likelihood of confusion between the two marks, consideration
must first be given to the visual, aural or conceptual similarity of the marks at issue. Second, the assessment depends on
whether those marks have a highly distinctive character, either inherently or because of recognition of them on the market.
The third factor to take into consideration is the relative awareness of the relevant public. In that context the applicant
refers to the 10th recital in the preamble to First Council Directive 89/104/EEC of 21 December 1988 to approximate the laws
of the Member States relating to trade marks (OJ 1989 L 40, p. 1), paragraphs 22 and 23 of Case C-251/95
*SABEL* [1997] ECR I-6191 and to paragraphs 17, 26 and 28 of Case C-39/97
*Canon*[1998] ECR I-5507.

29
In this case the applicant argues that the marks at issue are not visually, aurally or conceptually similar. In that regard,
although they each have four letters, the two word marks have only the two central letters in common, which has no importance
from a visual and aural point of view, given that it is the initial letters which have greater weight as regards both pronunciation
and appearance.

30
Moreover, the applicant asserts that it is clear from the evidence of the genuine use of the earlier trade mark submitted
by the intervener in the proceedings before the Opposition Division that, in commercial practice, the word mark PASH is always
accompanied by an additional distinctive element, which further helps to distinguish the earlier trade mark from the mark
in respect of which registration is sought.

31
Furthermore, the applicant argues that Unit 15 of the Opposition Division, which issued the decision contested by the intervener
before the Board of Appeal, included a member whose mother tongue is German and that, therefore, the characteristics of that
language were taken into account when the Opposition Division ruled that the marks at issue were not aurally similar. That
conclusion is, in the applicant's submission, confirmed by the fact that the intervener uses the earlier trade mark in its
advertising campaigns with a pronunciation clearly orientated towards English.

32
As regards the absence of conceptual similarity, the applicant submits that the Opposition Division rightly held that the
average German consumer understands the word mark BASS as referring to the voice of a singer or even to a musical instrument,
while the word mark PASH is associated by that public with a well-known term used in German games.

33
Furthermore, the applicant states that the channels of distribution used by it and the intervener are different and that,
therefore, the relevant public is also different in the case of the two marks. In that regard it states, referring to extracts
from the internet reproduced in Annex 24 to the application, that the earlier trade mark is aimed at a public which tends
to purchase goods of a particular trade mark according to the fashion prevailing at the time of purchase. By contrast, according
to the applicant, which refers to documents reproduced in Annexes 17 to 19 of the application, the mark applied for is aimed
at a public which pays attention both to the trade mark under which the goods are marketed and the quality of those goods,
but which gives little thought to the current fashion at the time of purchase.

34
Finally, to substantiate its argument that on the German market there is no likelihood of confusion between the marks at issue,
the applicant refers to a market study carried out in November 2000. According to the applicant, it appears from that study
that the vast majority of people interviewed consider that there is no possibility of confusion between the two marks.

35
The Office contends that the Board of Appeal did not commit any error of law by holding that there is a likelihood of confusion
between the two marks.

36
In that regard it states, first, that the Board of Appeal rightly held that the relevant public was a German public, deemed
to be reasonably well informed and reasonably observant and circumspect.

37
Second, the Office points out that the goods designated by the marks at issue are identical.

38
Third, as far as concerns the relationship between the marks at issue, the Office observes, first of all, that the Board of
Appeal pertinently observed that they produced the same general impression visually and aurally. Next, the Office argues that
the Board of Appeal was right to hold that the two marks were visually similar, given that they had the same number of letters,
that the two central letters on which the attention of the public was likely to focus were the same in both cases, and that
the first letters
B and
P were very similar. As for the aural similarity, the Office also shares the view of the Board of Appeal that, at least in
certain regions of Germany, the consonants
B and
P are pronounced in a very similar manner. In that context the Office states that it is not necessary for the likelihood of
confusion to exist in the whole of the relevant territory, but it is sufficient if that likelihood exists in a significant
part of the relevant territory. In relation to the conceptual dissimilarities alleged by the applicant, the Office considers
that the Board of Appeal rightly held that they were irrelevant.

39
As regards the market study submitted by the applicant, the Office considers that the Court of First Instance should not take
account of that new piece of evidence.

40
Finally, in relation to the applicant's argument that the manner in which the earlier trade mark was actually used should
be taken into account, the Office contends that for the purpose of determining the likelihood of confusion account must be
taken of the earlier trade mark only as it was registered, irrespective of how it has actually been used in the market place.
In that regard, the Office relies on the principle that trade mark rights are acquired by registration.

41
The intervener considers that there is a likelihood of confusion between the marks at issue. In the first place, it submits
that the goods concerned by the opposition, namely clothing, are identical for both marks. The intervener takes the view,
moreover, that the marks are very similar aurally and visually. In that connection, it argues that the letters
B and
P are pronounced in a similar or even identical manner in many regions in Germany.Findings of the Court

42
As is apparent from Article 8(1)(b) of Regulation No 40/94, registration of a mark is to be refused if, because of its identity
with or similarity to an earlier trade mark and the identity or similarity of the goods or services covered by the trade marks,
there exists a likelihood of confusion on the part of the public in the territory in which the earlier trade mark is protected.
Moreover, under Article 8(2)(a)(ii) of Regulation No 40/94, an earlier mark must be understood as a trade mark registered
in a Member State with a date of application for registration which is earlier than the date of application for registration
of the Community trade mark.

43
In the present case, the earlier trade mark is registered in Germany. Therefore, when assessing the conditions referred to
in the previous paragraph, account must be taken of the point of view of the public in that Member State. Accordingly, it
must be held that the relevant public is essentially German-speaking. Moreover, given that the goods designated by the earlier
trade mark are everyday consumer goods, that public is composed of average consumers, as the Office rightly stated in paragraph
45 of its response.

44
It is common ground that the goods referred to in the trade mark application in respect of which the intervener has maintained
its opposition to registration of the mark sought are partly identical and partly similar to those designated by the earlier
trade mark.

45
Regarding the likelihood of confusion, it is clear from the Court's case-law on the interpretation of Article 4(1)(b) of First
Council Directive 89/104/EEC, which is in essence the same as Article 8(1)(b) of Regulation No 40/94, that this is the likelihood
that the public might believe that the goods or services in question come from the same undertaking or, as the case may be,
from economically-linked undertakings (
*Canon*, cited above, paragraph 29, and Case C-342/97
*Lloyd Schuhfabrik Meyer* [1999] ECR I-3819, paragraph 17). According to that case-law, the likelihood of confusion in the mind of the public must
be appreciated globally, taking into account all factors relevant to the circumstances of the case (
*SABEL*, cited above, paragraph 22;
*Canon*, paragraph 16;
*Lloyd Schuhfabrik Meyer*, cited above, paragraph 18; and Case C-425/98
*Marca Mode* [2000] ECR I-4861, paragraph 40). That assessment implies some interdependence between the relevant factors and, in particular,
a similarity between the trade marks and between the goods or services designated. Accordingly, a lesser degree of similarity
between these goods or services may be offset by a greater degree of similarity between the marks, and vice versa (
*Canon*, paragraph 17;
*Lloyd Schuhfabrik Meyer*, paragraph 19, and
*Marca Mode*, cited above, paragraph 40). The interdependence of those factors is expressly referred to in the seventh recital in the
preamble to Regulation No 40/94, according to which the concept of similarity is to be interpreted in relation to the likelihood
of confusion, the assessment of which depends,
*inter alia*, on the recognition of the trade mark on the market and the degree of similarity between the mark and the sign and between
the goods or services designated.

46
In addition, the perception of the average consumer of the goods or services in question plays a decisive role in the global
assessment of the likelihood of confusion. The average consumer normally perceives a mark as a whole and does not proceed
to analyse its various details (
*SABEL*, paragraph 23, and
*Lloyd Schuhfabrik Meyer*, paragraph 25). For the purposes of that global assessment, the average consumer is deemed to be reasonably well informed
and reasonably observant and circumspect. Moreover, account should be taken of the fact that the average consumer only rarely
has the chance to make a direct comparison between the different marks but has to place his trust in the imperfect image of
them that he has retained in his mind. It should also be borne in mind that the average consumer's level of attention is likely
to vary according to the category of goods or services in question (
*Lloyd Schuhfabrik Meyer*, paragraph 26).

47
Finally, it is clear from the case-law of the Court of Justice that the global assessment of the likelihood of confusion,
as far as concerns the visual, aural or conceptual similarity of the marks in question, must be based on the overall impression
given by the marks, bearing in mind,
*inter alia*, their distinctive and dominant components (
*SABEL*, paragraph 23, and
*Lloyd Schuhfabrik Meyer*, paragraph 25).

48
The question whether the degree of similarity between the marks at issue is sufficiently great for there to be a likelihood
of confusion between them must be examined in the light of those considerations.

49
As far as visual similarity between the two marks is concerned, the Board of Appeal pertinently observed in paragraph 17 of
the contested decision that they have the same number of letters and that two of the four letters of which they are composed
are identical.

50
On the other hand, with regard to the view taken by the Board of Appeal, in paragraph 18 of the contested decision, that the
public's attention is likely to focus on the central letters of a word mark, the Court finds that the public's attention focuses
with at least the same intensity on the first letters of such a mark. As regards the first letters of the marks at issue,
namely
B and
P, their visual similarity is only limited, contrary to what was stated by the Board of Appeal in paragraph 18 of the contested
decision.

51
As for aural similarity, it is indeed possible that, at least in certain regions of Germany, the consonants
B and
P are pronounced in a very similar manner, as the Board of Appeal observed in paragraph 20 of the contested decision. Moreover,
it stated pertinently in paragraph 37 of the contested decision that the only vowel contained in the two word marks at issue
is identical.

52
On the other hand, the view taken by Board of Appeal, in paragraph 23 of the contested decision, that a significant part of
the relevant public might be tempted to pronounce the final two consonants of the word mark PASH as
pass is unfounded. As the Board of Appeal itself pointed out, the combination of the letters
sh as part of a single syllable is not used in German. Rather, it must be held that a significant part of the relevant public
is sufficiently familiar with the pronunciation of current English words, such as
crash, to be likely to follow that pronunciation also in the case of the word mark
PASH.

53
Finally, as concerns the comparison of the marks at issue from a semantic point of view, the word mark BASS calls to mind
the voice of a singer or a musical instrument, while the word mark PASH, supposing that the relevant public attributes a clear
and specific meaning to it, may be associated with the German word
Pasch, which designates a dice game. Therefore, it must be held, first of all, that there is no similarity between the two marks
at the semantic level.

54
Next, it must be held that the conceptual differences which distinguish the marks at issue are such as to counteract to a
large extent the visual and aural similarities pointed out in paragraphs 49 and 51 above. For there to be such a counteraction,
at least one of the marks at issue must have, from the point of view of the relevant public, a clear and specific meaning
so that the public is capable of grasping it immediately. In this case that is the position in relation to the word mark BASS,
as has just been pointed out in the previous paragraph. Contrary to the findings of the Board of Appeal in paragraph 25 of
the contested decision, that view is not invalidated by the fact that that word mark does not refer to any characteristic
of the goods in respect of which the registration of the marks in question has been made. That fact does not prevent the relevant
public from immediately grasping the meaning of that word mark. It is also irrelevant that, since the dice game
Pasch is not generally known, it is not certain that the word mark PASH has, from the point of view of the relevant public, a clear
and specific meaning in the sense referred to above. The fact that one of the marks at issue has such a meaning is sufficient
─ where the other mark does not have such a meaning or only a totally different meaning ─ to counteract to a large extent
the visual and aural similarities between the two marks.

55
In making a global assessment of the likelihood of confusion, account must be taken of all the factors referred to in paragraphs
48 to 51 above. In that connection, as the applicant rightly stated, the degree of aural similarity between the two marks
is of less importance in the case of goods which are marketed in such a way that, when making a purchase, the relevant public
usually perceives visually the mark designating those goods. That is the case with respect to the goods in question here.

56
In the light of all those factors, it must be held that the degree of similarity between the marks at issue is not sufficiently
great for the Court to find that the public might believe that the goods in question come from the same undertaking or, as
the case may be, from undertakings which are economically linked. Therefore there is no likelihood of confusion between them.

57
Given the differences between the marks at issue, that finding is not invalidated by the fact that the goods covered by the
mark applied for, in respect of which the intervener opposed registration of the mark, are identical to some of the goods
designated by the earlier trade mark.

58
The second part of the single plea must, therefore, be upheld.

59
Therefore, it is not necessary to examine the applicant's other arguments, or to give a ruling on the first part of the plea,
and the contested decision, as rectified by the decision of 18 February 2002, must, in accordance with Article 63(3) of Regulation
No 40/94, be altered so that the intervener's appeal before the Office is dismissed.The application to reject definitively and in its entirety the opposition to registration of the mark applied for in respect
of goods falling within Class 25

60
It is not necessary to give a ruling on that head of claim, since the applicant has no interest in asking the Court of First
Instance itself to order that the opposition be rejected. The Opposition Division's decision to reject the opposition takes
effect as a result of the alteration of the contested decision in the way stated in the preceding paragraph. Moreover, under
the second sentence of Article 57(1) of Regulation No 40/94 an appeal brought before the Office has suspensive effect. Therefore,
a decision capable of forming the subject of such an appeal, such as the Opposition Division's decision, takes effect if no
appeal has been brought before the Office within the time-limit referred to in the first sentence of Article 59 of Regulation
No 40/94, or if such an appeal has been dismissed by a definitive decision of the Board of Appeal. In that regard, a decision
of the Court of First Instance which, by virtue of the power of alteration, dismisses the appeal brought before the Office
must be deemed as a decision to that effect by the Board of Appeal. **Costs**

61
Under Article 87(2) of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of First Instance, the unsuccessful party is to be ordered to pay
the costs if they have been applied for in the successful party's pleadings. Moreover, under Article 87(6) of the Rules of
Procedure, where a case does not proceed to judgment, the costs are to be in the discretion of the Court of First Instance.
Finally, according to Article 136(1) of the Rules of Procedure, where an action against a decision of a Board of Appeal is
successful, the Court of First Instance may order the Office to bear only its own costs.

62
In these proceedings, the applicant has sought an order that the Office and the intervener should pay the costs. However,
as the application concerns a relative ground of refusal, the Court finds that, although neither the Office nor the intervener
has been successful, the intervener is the party principally concerned by the outcome of the proceedings. However, the Office
was partly responsible for the dispute to the extent that, as was observed in paragraphs 23 and 24 above, the contested decision,
before it was corrected, was unlawful in so far as it was
*ultra petita*. Therefore, the Office must be ordered to pay, in addition to its own costs, one third of the costs incurred by the applicant,
and the intervener must be ordered to pay, in addition to its own costs, two thirds of the costs incurred by the applicant.

On those grounds,

THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE (Second Chamber),
hereby:**1.
Declares that it is unnecessary to rule on the action in so far as it is directed against the rejection in the contested decision
of the application for registration of the trade mark in respect of goods other than
clothing;

2.
Alters the decision of the Third Board of Appeal of the Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs)
of 12 September 2001 (Case R-740/2000-3), as rectified by the decision of 18 February 2002, so that the intervener's appeal
before the Office is dismissed;

3.
Declares that it is unnecessary to rule on the application to reject definitively and in its entirety the opposition to registration
of the trade mark applied for in respect of goods falling within Class 25;

4.
Orders the Office to pay, in addition to its own costs, one third of the costs incurred by the applicant;

5.
Orders the intervener to pay, in addition to its own costs, two thirds of the costs incurred by the applicant.**

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| Forwood | Pirrung | Meij |
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Delivered in open court in Luxembourg on 14 October 2003.

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| --- | --- |
| H. Jung | N.J. Forwood |

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| Registrar | President |

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[1](#Footref1) –
: Language of the case: English.