# OAR Box 1115 Prepped by Ryan Dugan



## Document

Number: 

# 92 ) IV-A- 3 Docket Number: 

# A-84-2 2

Printed 4/18/2008 10:52:09 AM Sheet 92 of 94 p. 1

# MRIt

t A-84-2 2 IV-A- 3 P. 2

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# Opacit y Metho d Complianc e Guid e fo r Fugitiv e Source s

Fina l Repor

t

Fo r U.S . Environmenta l Protectio n Agenc y

Attn : Kare n Randolp h

EP A Contrac t No . 68-02-446 3 MR I Projec t No . 8913-K(43 ) Novembe r 27 , 199 1

MIDWES T RESEARC H INSTITUT E 425 Volke rBoulevard , Kansa s City , MO 64110-229 9 • (816 ) 753-760 0P. 3



### PREFAC E
Thi s repor t wa s prepare d fo rth e U.S
. Environmenta l Protectio n Agenc y (EPA ) b yMidwes t Researc h Institut e (MRI ) unde rAssignmen t 4 3 o f EPA Contrac t No
. 68-02-4463
. Thi s assignmen t wa s conducte d t o identif ycurrentl yuse d inspectio n procedure s fo rfugitiv e sources . Th e tas k wa s issue d o n Ma y23 , 1991 , fo rcompletio n b yNovembe r30 , 1991
. Ms
. Kare n Randolp h o f EPA' s Stationar y Sourc e Complianc e Divisio n (SSCD ) directe d th e wor k wit h th e ai d o f Mr
. Chri s Oh
. Thi s repor t wa s prepare d b yMr
. Fran k Pendleton
. H e wa s assiste d b yMs
. Kare n Connery , Mr
. DeWayn e Coffman , an d Mr
. GaryGarman
. Approved : MIDWES T RESEARC H INSTITUT E

Charle s F
. Holt , Ph.D. , Directo r Engineerin g an d Environmenta l Technolog yDepartmen t

Novembe r27 , 199 1

MRI-M\fl89.3-4 3 " | * |P. 4



### CONTENT S

Prefac e i i Acknowledgment s i v Executiv e Summar yES- 1 1
. Introductio n 1 2
. Telephon e Surve y3 3
. Literatur e Searc h 2 1 4
. Conclusion s - ' 2 7 5
. Recommendation s 2 8 6
. Reference s 2 9 Appendice s A
. Metho d 9 A- 1 B
. Metho d 2 2 B- 1 C
. Metho d 1 C- 1

MRI-M\R8913-4 3 1 * | * |P. 5



### ACKNOWLEDGMENT S
Th e MR I projec t tea m woul d lik e t o expres s ou rappreciatio n t o Ms
. Kare n Randolp h (EP A Wor k

Assignmen t Manager ) an d Mr
. Chri s O h o f EPA' s SSC D fo r thei rassistanc e an d directio n i n thi s assignment
. W e woul d als o lik e t o acknowledg e Mr
. Kir k Foste ro f EPA' s SSCD , Mr
. Ro yHuntle yo f th e EPA' s Emission s Measuremen t Branc h (EMB) , an d Mr
. Joh n Summerhay s o f EPA Regio n V fo rthei rparticipatio n i n th e projec t revie w wor k group . Finally , w e woul d lik e t o expres s ou rthank s t o everyon e wh o provide d inpu t t o th e "Telephon e Survey " o f thi s effort
.

Mfll-MVfv8913-* 3 T VP. 6



### EXECUTIV E SUMMAR Y
Th e U.S
. Environmenta l Protectio n Agenc y(EPA) Stationar ySourc e Complianc e Divisip n (SSCD ) ha s a nee d t o provid e guidanc e t o State s wishin g t o us e opacit ya s a n inspectio n an d enforcemen t too l fo rnonproces s fugitiv e particulat e emissio n sources . Som e State s alread yhav e promulgate d opacit yrules , whic h ar e use d o n variou s nonpoin t particulat e sources . I t wa s note d tha t thes e rule s utiliz e a variet y o f standard s an d method s t o accomplis h thei robjectives
. T o enhanc e th e sharin g o f informatio n betwee n State s intereste d i n developin g opacit yrule s fo rnontraditiona l sources , th e SSC D requeste d tha t Midwes t Researc h Institut e (MRI ) compil e th e experience s o f variou s State s i n a report
. Thi s repor t thu s present s practica l informatio n o n th e us e o f opacit ya s a n inspectio n techniqu e fo rnonproces s fugitiv e particulat e sources . Telephon e call s wer e mad e t o regulator s i n 7 Regiona l offices , 1 0 States , an d th e Distric t o f Columbia
. I n addition , inspector s i n nin e State s an d thre e federa l official s wer e contacted
. A goo d cross-section , rangin g fro m heavil y urbanize d t o largel yrura l states , wer e included
. Eac h wa s questione d abou t thei r view s o f th e advantage s an d disadvantage s o f opacit ya s a n inspectio n techniqu e fo rthei rspecifi c fugitiv e particulat e sources . Th e followin g conclusion s wer e derive d fro m th e telephon e interviews :

• Almos t everyon e contacte d state d tha t opacit ytechnique s provid e a n effective , inexpensive , an d immediat e mean s o f inspectin g particulat e emissio n sources .

• Althoug h som e state d tha t opacit ytechnique s coul d b e applie d t o almos t an yindustria l source , technique s wer e mos t ofte n use d t o inspec t emission s fro m vehicula rtraffic , storag e piles , an d materia l handling
.

• Althoug h mos t regulator s acknowledge d tha t opacit yviolation s coul d b e prosecute d o n thei row n merit , the yprefe raccompanyin g emission s measurement , records , o rwork-practic e violation s prio rt o goin g t o court
.

MHI-M\R8913-* 3 

### ES- 1P. 7



### I n addition , a numbe ro f refinement s t o generall yaccepte d technique s fo rreadin g opacit yfro m fugitiv e source s wer e identifie d durin g th e telephon e contacts
. T o supplemen t th e telephon e survey , a searc h wa s conducte d o f environmenta l literatur e fo rrelevan t information
. Th e followin g i s a summar yo f pertinen t informatio n obtaine d fro m thes e documents :

• On e stud yb yregulator s i n th e Stat e o f Tennesse e argue s convincingl y tha t mor e attentio n shoul d b e devote d t o th e trainin g o f smok e readers , especiall yfo rthos e inspector s wh o wil l b e require d t o measur e opacit yfro m nonproces s fugitiv e sources .

• A numbe ro f studie s emphasize d th e uniqu e benefit s (e.g. , immediacy ) an d limitation s (e.g. , measuremen t error ) o f opacit ymeasuremen t techniques
. Futur e opacit yrule s mus t b e writte n wit h thes e characteristic s i n mind
. Informatio n collecte d durin g thi s literatur e searc h suggest s tha t agencie s wishin g t o promulgat e ne w opacit ystandard s fo rfugitiv e source s should :

• Se t ne w standard s sufficientl yhig h t o allo w fo rth e observationa l erro r associate d wit h readin g fugitiv e plumes
.

• Cit e inspectio n method s addressin g factor s tha t influenc e reading s fro m fugitiv e sources . Thes e includ e th e tim e interva l betwee n

. readings , reade rorientatio n wit h respec t t o th e sourc e an d th e sun , win d spee d an d direction , an d th e backgroun d upo n whic h th e plum e i s viewed
.

• Follo w u p an ysourc e violatin g opacit ystandard s wit h investigatio n o f record s keeping , measurement , o rwor k practic e rules
. Finally , i t i s suggeste d tha t th e EPA conside rth e followin g recommendation s t o promot e opacit ya s a viabl e inspectio n tool :

• Develo p a unifor m se t o f fiel d procedure s an d a n accompanyin g qualit yassuranc e progra m fo rvisibl e emission s trainin g program s fo r fugitiv e plumes
. Th e program s nee d t o accoun t fo rhorizonta l plume s tha t ofte n originat e belo w ey e level , ar e locate d nea rinterferin g plumes , an d mus t b e rea d agains t noncontrastin g backgrounds)
.

• Furthe rinvestigat e th e relationshi p betwee n th e opacit yo f a fugitiv e emissio n plum e an d th e correspondin g mas s emissio n rate
. Suc h stud ywoul d improv e th e effectivenes s o f visua l inspectio n technique s fo renforcin g mas s concentratio n standards
.

MRI-M\H8913-1 3 

### ES- 2P. 8



### SECTIO N 1 INTRODUCTIO N
Th e U.S
. Environmenta l Protectio n Agenc y(EPA ) Stationar ySourc e Complianc e Divisio n (SSCD ) ha s a nee d t o provid e guidanc e t o State s wishin g t o us e opacit ya s a n inspectio n an d enforcemen t too l fo rnonproces s fugitiv e particulat e emissio n sources . Som e State s alread yhav e promulgate d opacit yrule s fo rvariou s nonpoin t particulat e sources . I n eac h instance , thes e rule s wer e tailore d t o addres s specifi c source s withi n th e jurisdictio n o f th e agenc yenforcin g them
. Becaus e o f th e variet yo f concern s face d b ydifferen t stat e agencies , a variet yo f method s an d standard s ar e found
. T o enhanc e th e sharin g o f informatio n betwee n State s intereste d i n developin g ne w opacit yrule s fo rnontraditiona l sources , th e SSC D requeste d tha t Midwes t Researc h Institut e (MRI ) stud yth e experience s o f state s currentl yusin g thes e rule s an d compil e thi s informatio n int o a report
. T o achiev e thes e goals , MRI :

• Contacte d a cros s sectio n o f th e regulator ycommunit yfo rinformatio n o n opacit ystandard s fo rfugitiv e particulat e emissions
.

• Searche d commercia l compute rdat a base s fo rliteratur e containin g informatio n o n th e us e o f opacit ymethod s fo rinspectin g nonpoin t particulat e emissio n sources .

• Searche d interna l MR I file s fo rreport s describin g th e us e o f opacit y technique s fo rnontraditiona l sources .

• Compile d thi s informatio n i n th e for m o f a detaile d descriptio n o f variou s methods , thei rsuccesse s an d failures , an d recommendation s fo rfutur e legislation
.

MRI-MvR8913->- 3P. 9



### Th e result s o f thi s activit yar e presente d i n th e followin g sections
. Sectio n 2 contain s a summar

yo f th e telephon e survey . Sectio n 3 contain s a summar yo f th e literatur e search
. Sectio n 4 summarize s thes e result s an d list s conclusions
. Sectio n 5 list s recommendations , an d Sectio n 6 contain s references
.

MRI-M\R8913-4 3P.1 0



### SECTIO N 2 TELEPHON E INTERVIEW S
Th e firs t tas k

wa s t o identif yState s wit h a n interes t i n opacity-base d regulator yapproache s t o monito rnonpoin t source s o f particulat e emission
. MR I bega n thi s tas k

b ycontactin g severa l federa l official s t o reques t th e name s an d phon e number s o f potentia l agenc ycontacts
. MR I contacte d eac h stat e o rregio n identifie d t o lear n o f thei roperatin g experienc e wit h opacit ystandards
. A broa d cross-sectio n o f th e regulator y communit ywa s included
. Thes e contact s include d federa l official s wit h particula r interes t i n opacit ymethods , stat e an d regiona l regulators , an d inspectors
. Representative s o f eac h Regio n an d th e States , shade d i h Figur e 1 , wer e contacted
. I t wa s expecte d tha t thes e agenc ypersonne l coul d provid e practica l insigh t int o th e utilit yan d reliabilit yo f variou s opacit yrule s fo rcontrollin g fugitiv e emissions
. Towar d thi s end , eac h regulator yofficia l wa s aske d th e followin g type s o f questions : 1
. Wha t typ e o f nonpoin t particulat e source s d o yo u regulat e wit h opacit ymethods ? 2
. Coul d yo u describ e th e opacit yfiel d inspectio n procedur e fo reac h o f thes e sources ? 3
. Wha t actio n i s potentiall ytriggere d b ya violatio n o f a n opacit ylimit ? 4
. Coul d yo u provid e a cop yo f you ropacit yprocedure s fo ral l nonpoin t particulat e sources ? 5
. Wha t othe rtechnique s ar e use d t o monito rthes e sources ? 6
. Coul d yo u specif yan yadvantage s o rdisadvantage s o f usin g opacit y inspectio n method s ove rothe rtechniques ?

MRI-M\fv8913-4 3

# Figur e 1
. State s Participatin g I n Thi s Stud y

Participatin g Stat eP.1 2



### 7
. I f yo u ha d th e opportunit yt o writ e a ne w opacit yinspectio n procedure , wha t woul d yo u d o differently ? 8
. Ar e yo u awar e o f an yothe rState s wit h opacit yrule s fo rnonpoin t sources ? Coul d yo u provid e u s wit h th e name s an d telephon e number s o f th e peopl e administerin g thes e programs ? 9
. Coul d yo u provid e th e name s an d phon e number s o f som e o f you r inspector s tha t hav e fiel d experienc e i n thes e procedures ? Call s wer e the n mad e t o th e inspector s identified
. Thes e inspector s wer e questione d abou t th e practica l aspect s o f opacit ycompare d t o othe rinspectio n techniques
. Inspector s wer e aske d th e followin g type s o f questions : 1
. Coul d yo u describ e th e opacit ymethod s tha t yo u us e t o inspec t nonpoin t sources ? 2
. Ho w lon g hav e yo u bee n usin g opacit ymethod s o n nonpoin t sources ? 3
. Wha t othe rmethod s o rtechnique s ar e yo u usin g t o inspec t thes e sources ? 4
. Ar e opacit ymethod s a n improvemen t ove rth e method s yo u use d previously ? 5
. I f yo u ha d th e opportunit yt o mak e change s i n you rcurren t opacit y methods , wha t change s woul d yo u make ? 6
. Wha t woul d b e containe d i n a n idea l opacit yinspectio n metho d fo r nonpoin t particulat e sources ? Regulator s i n ai l 7 Regiona l offices , 1 0 States , an d th e Distric t o f Columbi a provide d informatio n o n thei rexperience s i n th e monitorin g o f nonproces s fugitiv e source s wit h opacit ytechniques
. A summar yo f th e inspectio n technique s use d b y thes e agencie s i s provide d i n Tabl e 1
. I n addition , inspector s fro m nin e State s an d thre e federa l official s wit h specifi c interes t i n opacit ymethod s als o responded
. Finally , fiv e respondent s indicate d tha t the yhav e ver ylittl e knowledg e o f thi s topic , bu t eac h recommende d othe rcontacts
.

MRI-M\A8913-4 3P.1 3

TABL E 1 . SUMMAR Y O F INSPECTIO N TECHNIQUE S USE D BY VARIOU S STATE S Regio n I

I I

II I

I V

V Stat e

Connecticu t

Main e

Ne wYor k

Wes t Virgini a Distric t o

f Columbi a

Kentuck y

Tennesse e

MR1-MVR8913-4 3 Method s 9

9

9

9

9

9 9

9

9

9 Opacit y whe n violation s occu r Vane s fo r eac h stat e Exceedin g 40 % fo r more tha n 5 mi n ou t o f 1 h 20 % fo r proces s sources ; 5 % allowe d fo r fugitiv e source s 20 % limi t fo r fugitiv e emission s Varie s fo r eac h stat e

20 % "N o visibl e emissions " fo r fugitiv e source s

20 % fo r emission s outsid e property 2-40% , 40 % allowe d fo r source s no t subjec t t o ne w regulatio n Varie s fo r eac h stat e Comment s

Nuisanc e regulatio n use d Use d o n continuou s source s onl y N o universa l opacity limit s have bee n se t fo r fugitiv e source s Controlle d by nuisanc e regulatio n Considerin g a ne wmetho d

Average d Violatio n regulation s depen d o n dat e o f installatio n o

f sourc e Genera l actio n requirement s
Road s exclude d

Prefers t o bac k opacity violatio n wit h measure d violatio n

6 Potentia l remediatio n Enforce d by record s an d emissio n limit s Notic e o f violatio n Anythin g fro m a warnin g t o a fin e

Cas e Repor

t sen t t o enforcemen t divisio n I f opacit y i s a n issue , ther e i s usuall y anothe r proble m t o dea l wit h Notic e o f violatio n Citation , fine s

Onsit e notic e o

f violation , coul d lea d t o forma l actio n (Frankfort ) Trigge r a sourc e test , o r increas e monitorin g
Offende r give n chanc e t o refut e wit h tes t dat aP. M



### TABL E 1 (continued )
Regio n

V I

VI I

VII I

I X Stat e Illinoi s

Indian a
Michiga n
Minnesot a

Ohi o

Texa s

Sout h Dakot a Method s

9

9

9 D

9

9 , 2 2

9

9 , 2 2

9

9

9 Opacit y whe n violation s occu r 30 % stationary sources , 10 % nonstationary source s 0 % pave d roads , 8 % o r 10 % unpave d road s 5 % fo r a 3-mi n averag e ou t of 1 h r Excessiv e an d avoidabl e
20 % 6-mi n avg .

30 % fo r source s operatin g befor e 1972 ; al l other s 20 % Varie s fo r eac h stat e

Varie s fo r eac h stat e 20 %

20 % Comment s

8 mi n ou t of on e 60-mi n period , n o more tha n thre e time s a da y Propose d limit s

Fo r fugitiv e source s Metho d modifie d t o determin e i f fugitiv e dus t exist s Metho d 2 2 use d o n storag e pile s an d vehicl e emission s Road s exclude d

A violatio n trigger s a n inspectio n fo r wor k practic e violation s N o sourc e specifi c provision s No t use d o n fugitiv e source s No t use d o n fugitiv e source s Potentia l remediatio n Fines

Notic e o f violatio n
Notic e o f violatio n Notice-o f violation , fine s
Notic e of violatio n
Notic e o f violation , citatio n

Fin e

Notic e o f violation , orde r fo r complianc e Warnin g letter , notic e of violation , fine s Case Report sen t t o enforcemen t divisio n

MRI-MVR8913-4 3P.1 5



### TABL E 1 (continued )
Regio n X Stat e Alaska

Idah o
Washingto n Method s

9 , 2 2

9 , 2 2

9 Opacit y whe n violation s occu r Exceedin g 20 % fo r 2 5 reading s take n a t 15- s interval s Exceedin g 20 % fo r mor e tha n 3 mi n ou t of on e 60-mi n perio d 20 % fo r 3 mi n ou t o f 1 h o r 5 % fo r a 1- h averag e Comment s

Climat e help s t o contro l fugitiv e dus t Metho d 9 use d o n al l stationary source s Metho d 9 no t use d o n fugitiv e sources ; road s hav e a "n o visibl e emissions " limi t Potentia l remediatio n Notic e o f violatio n

Warnin g letter , notic e o f violatio n
Notic e o f violatio n

MR]-M\R8913-4 3 

### 8P.1 6



### Th e mos t importan t finding s fro m th e interview s are :

• Opacit ytechnique s provid e a n effective , inexpensive , an d immediat e mean s o f inspectin g particulat e emissio n sources .

• Mos t agencie s rel yo n som e variatio n o f Metho d 9 o f 4 9 CF R par t 6 0 o f th e Federa l Registe r(Appendi xA ) fo ral l o f thei ropacit y inspections , althoug h a fe w us e Metho d 2 2 (Appendi xB ) t o inspec t emission s fro m vehicula rtraffi c an d storag e piles
.

• Th e mos t commo n source s monitore d b yopacit yinclud e vehicula r traffic , storag e piles , an d materia l handling
.

• Man yo f th e respondent s recommende d tha t fewe rreading s b e take n ove rshorte rinterval s fo rvehicula remissions , an d tha t reading s b e take n immediatel yfollowin g vehicl e passes .

• Althoug h a fe w respondent s conside ran vvisibl e emission s t o b e a violation , mos t agencie s us e a "trigger " valu e betwee n 10 % an d 20 % opacit yfo rmos t sources .

• Man yregulator s acknowledge d tha t althoug h the ycoul d prosecut e a n opacit yviolatio n o n it s ow n merit , mos t woul d prefe ra n accompanyin g measuremen t o rwor k practic e violatio n prio rt o goin g t o court
. Followin g ar e brie f summarie s o f eac h interview : Stationar y Sourc e Complianc e Divisio n (SSCD ) (Mr . Kir k

Foster ) Mr
. Foste rbelieve s tha t opacit yinspectio n technique s provid e effectiv e method s o f monitorin g particulat e source s tha t shoul d b e considere d b yai l agencies
. Thes e technique s wer e originall yapplie d primaril yt o proces s sources , bu t ove rtim e som e o f th e fence-lin e an d nuisanc e standard s ra n int o problems
. I n response , som e State s bega n modifyin g Method s 9 an d 2 2 t o appl yt o source s suc h a s storag e pile s an d transfe rpoints
. Opacit ymethod s worke d wel l o n thes e sources . Eventuall yth e lis t wa s expande d t o includ e source s lik e acces s roads , wor k yards , hau l roads , an d agricultura l tilling
. Th e Stat e o f Tennesse e di d som e o f th e pioneerin g wor k i n applyin g thes e method s t o additiona l sources . Som e o f th e mos t appropriat e modification s tha t Mr
. Foste ri s awar e o f fo ropacit y inspectio n o f nonproces s fugitiv e source s include : shortene d interva l betwee n reading s (i.e. , 5 s) , shorte raveragin g times , an d citin g violation s fo rshort-ter m average s o f 10 % t o 15%
.

MR1-M\R8913-4 3P.1 7



### Althoug h h e woul d lik e t o se e mor e State s litigatin g opacit yviolation s o n thei rmerit , h e concede s tha t a bette rcas e exist s i f th e opacit yviolatio n i s paire d wit h a work-practic e violation
. H e prefer s tha t th e othe rviolatio n b e base d o n recor d keeping
. Thes e method s ar e attractiv e becaus e the yar e inexpensive , easy , generall yaccepted , versatile , an d requir e ver ylittl e forma l training , equipment , o r fiel d preparation
. Mr
. Foste rthink s tha t short-ter m averagin g method s (e.g. , 20 3 A , B , an d C ) wil l b e a ver yvaluabl e opacit ymetho d fo rth e future
. However , h e feel s tha t State s nee d t o d o a bette rjo b o f sharin g information , an d tha t bette r trainin g program s nee d t o b e instituted
. Emission s Measuremen t Branc h (Mr
. Ro yHuntley ) Mr
. Huntle yi s currentl ydevelopin g opacit ymethod s (203A , B , an d C ) fo r inspectin g fugitiv e sources . H e i s awar e o f procedure s use d b yman ystate s fo r opacit yinspectio n o f fugitiv e sources . Althoug h h e i s awar e o f som e goo d opacit y inspectio n technique s (i.e. , th e cok e ove n method) , h e believe s tha t availabl e method s ar e inadequat e fo rman yfugitiv e sources . Fo rexample , Metho d 9 i s no t compatibl e wit h th e requirement s o f som e state s tha t industria l road s b e fre e fro m visibl e emission s excep t durin g exemptio n period s (e.g. , 3 min/h)
. Regulator s i n othe rstate s believ e tha t fo rvehicula rsources , opacit yshoul d b e rea d a t mor e frequen t interval s (e.g. , 5 s) , bu t onl yimmediatel yfollowin g a vehicl e pass . T o accommodat e thes e needs , Mr
. Huntle yi s workin g o n Method s 203A , B , an d C
. Regio n I Regulato r (Mr
. Bria n Hennessey ) State s i n Regio n I usuall yus e Metho d 9 fo ropacit ymeasurement
. Ope n source s o f PM 1 0 

### hav e bee n implicate d i n th e onl ytw o PM 1 0 

### nonattainmen t area s i n thi s Region
. Presqu e Isle , Maine , ha s a proble m wit h reentrainmen t o f snow/ic e contro l materials , usuall yi n th e spring
. Ne w Haven , Connecticut , ha s a proble m wit h emission s fro m industria l activitie s i n ope n area s an d nearb ypave d publi c road s i n on e par t o f th e city
. Althoug h th e Connecticu t Stat e Agenc yha s no t ye t submitte d a PM 1 0 

### attainmen t plan , i t appear s tha t bot h Connecticu t an d Main e wil l prescrib e contro l standard s tha t wil l b e enforce d b ywor k practic e record s (e.g. , stree t cleaning , paving , roadwa yimprovements) , o remissio n limi t surrogate s tha t wil l b e enforce d b ya measuremen t (e.g. , surfac e sil t loadings)
. Elsewher e i n th e region , nuisanc e o rmeasuremen t regulation s ar e use d t o inspec t ope n source s o f PM 10 

### .

MRI-MVR8913-4 3 

### 1 0P.1 8



### Connecticu t Inspecto r (Mr . Bil l Wihbey ) Connecticu t regulation s defin e fugitiv e emission s a s "fugitiv e dus t o rthos e emission s whic h coul d no t reasonabl ypas s throug h a stack , chimney , vent , o r othe rfunctionall yequivalen t opening, " an d fugitiv e dus t a s "soli d airborn e particulat e matte remitte d fro m an ysourc e othe rtha n a stack. " Opacit y technique s ar e use d onl yt o inspec t source s wit h stacks , continuou s o rnot
. Opacit yi s no t use d t o inspec t fugitiv e emissio n sources . Fugitiv e source s no t inspecte d wit h opacit ymethod s ar e qualitativel ymonitore d visuall yo rb yHi-Vo l sampling
. Metho d 9 technique s ar e use d fo rvisua l emission s determination , a s wel l a s simpl e observatio n fo rstationar ysources . An yreadin g greate rtha n 40 % opacit yconstitute s a violation , regardles s o f th e tim e frame
. Mor e tha n 5 mi n o f 20 % t o 40 % opacit yi n a 60-mi n interva l als o constitute s a violation
. U p t o 20 % i s allowe d indefinitely
. Exceedin g th e 40 % opacit ylimi t result s i n a "Notic e o f Violation " followe d b ya grac e period
. I t i s als o possibl e fo ra sourc e t o compl ywit h th e opacit ylimi t whil e violatin g a proces s emissio n regulation
. Mos t fugitiv e dus t case s ar e inspecte d b yvisua l determination ; however , sample s ca n b e take n i n th e are a i n question
. Mr
. Wihbe y believe s th e bes t wa yt o inspec t stac k source s i s t o perfor m a n actua l stac k test
. Main e Inspecto r (Mr
. Joh n Chandler ) Main e use s Metho d 9 t o inspec t asphal t an d concret e batc h plant s an d th e storag e pile s an d road s containe d b ythes e an d othe rmanufacturin g sites
. Thi s metho d i s no t use d fo rpubli c roads , an d n o universa l opacit ylimit s hav e bee n se t fo rfugitiv e source s (i.e. , contaminate d ai rno t ducte d throug h a stack , flu , chimney , o rvent)
. However , i n mos t cases , inspector s attemp t t o maintai n fugitiv e source s t o 0 % opacity , an d 5 % i s generall yallowed
. I n addition , ne w source s ar e require d t o mee t th e provision s o f a "Bes t Availabl e Contro l Technology " (BACT ) regulation
. Main e als o use s a "Bes t Practica l Treatment " regulatio n fo rexistin g sources . A 20 % opacit ylimi t i s enforce d fo rproces s sources . License d source s exceedin g opacit ylimitation s coul d b e assesse d fo r anythin g fro m a "sla p o n th e wrist " t o a penalty , dependin g o n th e offense
. Mr
. Chandle rdoe s no t forese e an ychange s regardin g Maine' s opacit y regulatio n o f fugitiv e sources . Presqu e Isl e ha s a proble m wit h reentrainmen t deicin g agent s o n roadways , bu t opacit yinspectio n technique s ar e no t see n a s a solutio n t o thi s problem
. Mr
. Chandle rbelieve s tha t i t woul d b e difficul t t o regulat e PMi 0 

### emission s fro m thi s sourc e wit h a metho d tha t doe s no t differentiat e betwee n type s o f vehicle s travelin g o n th e road
. H e doe s se e opacit ya s a possibilit yfo r inspectin g diese l truc k tailpip e emissions , bu t thes e ar e no t considere d fugitiv e emissions
.

MRI-MVR8913-4 3 

### 1 1P.1 9



### Ne wYor k

Regulato r (Mr . Joh n Spencer ) Ne w Yor k

use s opacit ymethod s t o inspec t conveyo roperation s a t dro p points
. Ther e i s a 20 % limi t fo rthes e fugitiv e emissions
. Ther e i s a 20 % limi t fo r stac k operation s a s well
. I n eac h caase , a 6-mi n averag e take n pe rhour
. Opacit y measurement s fro m boile rstack s ar e no t averaged , an d ar e allowe d t o reac h 40 % 3 min/h
. I f thes e limit s ar e no t met , th e firs t ste p i n th e lega l proces s i s taken , whic h i s a cas e report
. H e see s opacit ya s a low-tec h wa yt o kee p fugitiv e emission s down
. Th e mai n objectiv e i s t o contro l emission s tha t pos e a n obviou s problem
. Fo rexample , a roa d i n a quarr ytha t give s 100 % opacit ywil l hav e a waterin g requiremen t adde d t o it
. Nuisanc e regulatio n als o ha s bee n use d t o contro l fugitiv e emission s fro m saltin g materia l pile s a t deliver ypoints
. A s a resul t o f publi c complaint , loading/unloadin g time s wer e regulated , an d pile s wer e covere d o n wind ydays
. Regio n II I Inspecto r (Mr . Ji m Gouvas ) Regio n II I use s variation s o f Metho d 9 t o inspec t fugitiv e source s i n iro n an d stee l facilities ; however , differen t state s us e differen t averagin g time s o n som e sources . T o dea l wit h short-ter m emissio n source s (i.e. , emission s fro m vehicula r traffic) , th e Regio n i s considerin g recommendin g a metho d tha t take s a readin g ever y5 s fo r2 min
. Fo rothe rsources , Metho d 9 work s i n thei rRegion , an d n o change s ar e foreseen
. I n general , i f ther e i s a n opacit yviolation , ther e i s a proble m tha t need s t o b e corrected
. However , enforcemen t issue s ar e no t a functio n o f thi s department ; therefore , h e ca n no t addres s "actio n taken. " Regio n II I Inspector/Regulato r (Mr . Ji m Topsale ) Mr
. Topsal e ha s use d Metho d 9 t o inspec t stationar ydus t sources . Eac h Stat e i n Regio n II I ha s it s ow n regulation s regardin g opacity
. Fo rexample , Marylan d enforce s a "N o Visibl e Emissions " la w tha t onl yallow s wate rvapo ri n uncombine d for m t o b e omitte d fro m stationar ydus t sources . However , i n Pennsylvania , a n opacit yviolatio n occur s i f 20 % i s exceede d b yth e averag e o f reading s fro m 3 mi n ou t o f 1 h , an d th e sourc e i s a t n o tim e t o excee d 40%
.

MRI-M\R8913-4 3 

### 1 2P.2 0



### Distric t o f Columbia , Chief o f Engineerin g Service s (Mr . Do n Wambsgans ) Th e Distric t o f Columbi a use s Metho d 9 t o inspec t stationar ydus t sources . Metho d 9 i s no t use d t o inspec t fugitiv e dus t sources ; however , an yvisibl e emission s o f fugitiv e dus t mayresul t i n a revie w o f "performanc e standards " an d a citatio n ma yb e issued
. Opacit ylimit s fo ra stationar ysourc e depen d o n th e ag e o f th e source . Fo rfue l burnin g equipmen t installe d befor e Januar y1 , 1977 , opacit y i s no t t o excee d 10 % unaveraged
. Whe n startin g a source , opacit yi s no t t o excee d 40 % fo ra tota l o f 1 2 mi n ou t o f a 24- h period
. Whe n shuttin g dow n a source , opacit yi s no t t o excee d 15 % unaveraged , an d i s no t t o excee d 30 % ove r an y3-mi n period
. Th e opacit ylimi t i s 0 % fo rfue l burnin g equipmen t installe d afte r Januar y1 , 1977
. However , u p t o 40 % opacity , unaverage d fo r2 min/h , i s allowe d fo rstart-u p an d shutdow n o f dus t sources , providin g tha t opacit ydoe s no t excee d 40 % fo rmor e tha n 1 2 mi n ou t o f a 24- h period
. Wes t Virgini a Complianc e Manager/Inspecto r (Mr . Robert Weiser ) Wes t Virgini a officiall yuse s Metho d 9 fo ropacit yinspection s o f al l fugitiv e sources . Fo rthes e sources , a violatio n woul d consis t o f a n averag e opacit y readin g exceedin g 20%
. T o accommodat e thes e sources , Metho d 9 ha s bee n modifie d slightly
. I f a n opacit yviolatio n i s measured , a "Notic e o f Violation " i s issued
. I f th e offende rdoe s no t com e int o compliance , th e matte rcoul d en d u p i n circui t court
. Generally , thes e matter s ar e take n car e o f wit h a claus e tha t require s th e us e o f "goo d engineerin g practice. " Mr
. Weise rthink s tha t th e bigges t problem s wit h thei ropacit ymetho d ar e th e lenien t 20 % limi t an d th e difficult yo f takin g opacit yreading s i n th e mids t o f multipl e sources . Rathe rtha n improvin g presen t opacit ymethods , h e suggest s rewritin g th e "bes t engineering... " clause
. Kentuck y Inspecto r (Mr . Phili p Barnett ) Kentuck yuse s Metho d 9 fo ral l fugitiv e emission s subjec t t o th e federall y approve d fugitiv e emission s regulation s (virtuall yan ysource ) an d fo rstac k sources . Ther e i s a genera l limi t o f 20 % fo remission s outsid e o f property
. Ther e ar e als o genera l actio n requirements , o raction s tha t mus t b e take n regardles s o f opacit ylimit
. Th e opacit ylimit s fo rstac k source s ar e 40 % fo rolde rsources , 20 % fo rmos t others , an d a selec t fe w unde rFedera l Ne w Sourc e Performanc e Standard s tha t ar e less
. H e see s a sligh t proble m wit h regard s t o thi s positio n whe n takin g reading s fo rfugitiv e sources , bu t h e see s opacit ya s th e bes t metho d a t thi s time , an d woul d mak e n o changes
.

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### 1 3P.2 1



### Regio n I V Inspecto r (Mr . Floy d Ledbetter ) Tennesse e use s Metho d 9 a s wel l a s a n aggregat e tim e coun t t o enforc e a zer o opacit yrul e (specifi c classe s ar e take n t o rea d 0 % opacity)
. Source s tha t ar e inspecte d b ythes e technique s includ e powe rplants , roc k quarries , asphal t an d cemen t plants , incinerators , an d combustio n sources . Storag e pile s ar e als o inspecte d whe n i n th e bound s o f a facilit ytha t i s bein g tested
. Opacit ylimit s ar e se t betwee n 2 % an d 40% , wit h 40 % allowe d fo rexistin g source s (i.e. , source s no t subjec t t o ne w regulation)
. T o excee d thes e limit s woul d resul t i n a violation , and " dependin g o n th e circumstances , coul d eithe rtrigge ra sourc e test , o rincreas e monitorin g t o detec t malfunctions
. Mr
. Ledbette rdoe s no t hav e a proble m wit h th e curren t methodology
. Th e onl yimprovemen t h e woul d recommen d woul d b e th e lowerin g o f curren t limits
. Forme r Regio n V Regulato r (Mr . Ji m Dewey ) Regio n V use s opacit yinspectio n technique s o n a numbe ro f particulat e source s includin g roadways , lots , storag e piles , roo f monitors , grai n elevators , hea d houses , spou t loading , an d smok e stacks
. Thes e technique s hav e bee n use d i n som e capacit ysinc e EP A bega n inspectin g industria l sources . H e believe s tha t thi s i s probabl ytru e fo rinspector s i n ever yState , becaus e opacit yi s mor e immediat e (therefor e a bette rassuranc e o f compliance) , faster , an d les s expensiv e tha n othe rtechniques
. H e doe s prefer , however , t o bac k a n opacit yviolatio n wit h a measure d violatio n prio rt o litigation
. Otherwise , th e offende rha s th e optio n o f providin g tes t dat a tha t coul d refut e th e opacit yviolation
. Mr
. Dewe ybelieve s mos t agencie s woul d agree . Althoug h h e i s awar e o f som e dat a tha t sugges t a correlatio n betwee n mas s emission s an d opacit ymeasurement s fro m fugitiv e sources , h e believe s tha t thi s are a deserve s furthe rstudy
. Illinoi s Regulato r (Mr . Berkley Moore ) Illinoi s use s Metho d 9 t o inspec t al l fugitiv e fiel d sources , boilers , an d ope n dus t sources . A n opacit yviolatio n i s currentl ya measure d valu e exceedin g 30 % (u p t o 60 % opacit yi s allowe d fo r8 mi n o f eac h hour , thre e time s eac h day)
. A measure d violatio n result s i n a lette ro f violation , an d coul d eventuall ylea d t o a fine
. Th e stat e ha s propose d a Stat e Implementatio n Pla n (SIP ) fo rattainmen t o f PMi 0 tna t wi 

### " requir e inspectio n o f vehicula rsource s b ymodifie d Metho d 9 techniques
. Thre e reading s wil l b e take n a t 5- s interval s fro m th e tim e o f a vehicl e pass . Fo rmos t othe rsources , th e limi t wil l dro p fro m 30 % t o 20 % wit h n o exceptio n periods
. I n addition , ther e wil l b e a 10 % opacit ylimi t fo r

MRI-M\fl8913-4 3 

### 1 4P.2 2



### crushing/screening , an d storag e piles
. A 5 % limi t wil l b e se t fo rsource s o f heav y metals
. Th e tes t metho d fo rsource s othe rtha n road s wil l b e Metho d 9
. Hearing s regardin g thi s propose d metho d ar e expecte d a t th e en d o f October
. Illinoi s Inspecto r (Mr
. Fre d Smith ) Fo rth e pas t 1 5 t o 1 6 years , Illinoi s ha s use d Metho d 9 , a s published , fo ra variet yo f sources . Prio rt o this , Ringlema n number s wer e use d briefly
. Mr
. Smit h believe s tha t fo rnoncontinuou s sources , a tim e interva l need s t o b e se t tha t i s muc h shorte rtha n 6 min , especiall yfo rroadway s (e.g. , thre e 5- s readings)
. H e als o believe s tha t a 1-mi n maximu m ou t o f 6 mi n woul d b e a mor e usefu l metho d fo rstockpile s an d transfe rpoints
. Indian a Regulato r (Mr
. Shr i Harsha ) Indian a use s Metho d 9 primaril yt o inspec t stack s an d powe rplants
. However , the yd o us e opacit yt o inspec t othe rsources . I f a n opacit yviolatio n i s noted , i t typicall ytrigger s a chec k fo ra work-practic e violation
. Fo rexample , road s ar e ofte n inspecte d fo ropacit yviolations
. I f opacit ylimit s ar e exceeded , surfac e loadin g i s measured
. A work-practic e violatio n woul d occu ri f mor e tha n 5 0 lb/mil e o f dus t wa s measure d o n a pave d road , o rles s tha n a 90 % contro l i s discovere d o n a n unpave d road
. A ne w procedur e ha s bee n propose d i n whic h fou rinstantaneou s reading s ar e take n an d averaged
. A 0 % opacit ylimi t wil l b e se t fo rvehicle s travelin g pave d roads , an d 8 % fo rthos e o n unpave d roads
. Indian a Inspecto r (Mr
. Rames h Tejuja ) Mr
. Tejuj a i s awar e tha t Regio n V i s suggestin g a n opacit ymetho d fo r emission s fro m vehicula rtraffic
. Thi s metho d woul d requir e tha t thre e reading s b e taken , onc e ever y5 s , immediatel yfollowin g a vehicl e pass . EP A recommend s tha t thi s procedur e b e repeate d fo rfou rvehicl e passes , an d th e reading s averaged
. Thi s metho d suggest s tha t fo runpave d roads , a violatio n woul d consis t o f a n averag e opacit yo f 10 % o rmore . H e i s als o awar e o f a stud ytha t suggeste d th e bes t methoda^of characterizin g a vehicula rsourc e i s on e instantaneou s readin g take n i n th e denses t par t o f th e plume
. H e believe s tha t i t woul d b e difficul t t o writ e a procedur e fo rnoncontinuou s source s lik e road s becaus e othe rfactor s com e int o play , suc h a s th e typ e o f vehicle , win d speed , vehicl e speed , an d s o forth
. A goo d metho d woul d tr yt o enforc e goo d wor k practice s (efficiency ) an d us e opacit y as a mechanis m t o trigge radditiona l control
. Mr
. Tejuj a like s recor d keepin g a s a n enforcemen t tool , becaus e i t allow s inspector s t o chec k ever yunpave d roa d i n a larg e facilit yi n a ver yshor t perio d o f time
.

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### 1 5P.2 3



### Michiga n Regulato r (Mr . Ra j Sinha ) Michiga n use s Stat e o f Michiga n Metho d 9 D t o inspec t fugitiv e sources . Thi s procedur e consist s o f Metho d 9 a s i n 4 0 CFR, Part 60 , wit h th e followin g modifications : Dat a reductio n provision s o f Sectio n 2. 5 ar e base d o n 1 2 consecutiv e reading s a t 15- s intervals
. Fo rroadway s an d parkin g lots , th e lin e o f visio n shoul d b e perpendicula rt o th e directio n o f th e plum e an d 4 f t abov e th e surfac e o f generation
. Th e reading s ar e take n momentaril ya t 15- s interval s lookin g a t th e denses t point
. Consecutiv e reading s ar e stoppe d i f a vehicl e passe s i n th e lin e o f sigh t an d resume d afte rth e vehicl e passe s (thi s interva l i s excluded)
. Reading s ar e als o stoppe d fo rplum e intermixin g an d resume d whe n interferenc e i s n o longe r apparent
. Fo rothe rfugitiv e sources , th e poin t o f observatio n mus t b e chose n wit h th e su n behin d th e observer , a clea rview , a t leas t 1 5 f t awa yfro m th e source , an d th e lin e o f sigh t perpendicula rt o th e flo w o f dus t an d th e longe raxi s of-emissions
. Fugitiv e source s teste d includ e pave d an d unpave d roads , storag e piles , material-handlin g operations , dumping , an d win d erosio n o f ope n areas . A violatio n consist s o f 5 % fo ra 3-mi n averag e ou t o f a n hour
. A violatio n o f thi s limi t result s i n a "Notic e o f Violation " an d a n investigatio n int o possibl e work practic e violations
. I f a work-practic e violatio n i s discovered , a penalt yfollows
. Al l fugitiv e source s hav e specifi c wor k practice s tha t mus t b e followed
. Mr
. Sinh a doe s no t se e an yshortcoming s regardin g thi s procedure ; i t work s well , an d violation s hav e bee n written
. Minnesot a Regulato r (Mr . Dou g Wetzstein ) Minnesot a use s Metho d 9 t o determin e th e exten t o f opacit yfro m fugitiv e dus t sources , bu t th e lengt h o f reading s i s no t specified
. Thi s opacit ymetho d i s use d o n source s suc h a s bul k storag e transfe roperations , grai n unloading , san d an d grave l operations , road s an d stockpiles
. Th e opacit ymetho d i s use d t o determin e i f fugitiv e dus t exists
. I f so , th e sourc e i s evaluate d fo rexcessiv e an d avoidabl e emissions
. I f a n opacit yviolatio n occurs , a "Notic e o f Violation " i s issued , wit h a reques t tha t th e offende rimplemen t adequat e contro l measures . I f the yd o no t comply , a negotiate d stipulatio n agreemen t wit h a fin e coul d result
. Th e opacit ymetho d ha s bee n use d extensivel yt o enforc e fugitiv e dus t contro l regulation , an d ha s me t wit h fe w problems
.

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### 1 6P.2 4



### Ohi o Regulato r (Mr . To m Kalman ) Ohi o use s Metho d 9 t o perfor m visibl e emissio n reading s fo rstack s an d proces s fugitiv e dus t sources , an d Metho d 2 2 t o inspec t roadways , parkin g areas , an d storag e piles
. Fo rstac k sources , Ohi o ha s a genera l opacit ylimitatio n o f 20% , base d o n 1 h o f 6-mi n averages ; however , on e 6-mi n tim e bloc k i s allowe d t o g o u p t o 60%
. Fo rproces s fugitiv e emissions , Ohi o ha s a genera l opacit ylimi t o f 20 % base d o n 3 mi n averaging
. Ope n dus t source s ar e allowe d n o visibl e emission s excep t durin g specifie d exemptio n periods
. Pave d roadway s an d parkin g area s ar e allowe d 6 mi n o f visibl e emission s eac h hour
. Unpave d roadways , unpave d parkin g areas , an d storag e pile s ar e allowe d 1 3 mi n o f visibl e emission s eac h hour
. Selecte d proces s fugitiv e dus t source s mus t mee t specifi c opacit y limit s (e.g. , iro n an d stee l source s hav e a 20 % limi t fo ra 6 mi n averag e o n fou r specifie d operations)
. A n opacit yviolatio n fo ra sourc e wit h a mas s emissio n limi t result s i n a stac k tes t t o determin e complianc e wit h th e mas s limit
. I f th e sourc e passe s th e mas s emissio n test , the n th e sourc e i s issue d a n "Equivalen t Visibl e Emissio n Limitation " (EVEL) , whic h allow s highe ropacit yreadings
. A n opacit yviolatio n woul d trigge rth e enforcemen t proces s fo rsource s withou t a mas s emissio n limits
. Thi s proces s begin s wit h th e issuanc e o f a "Notic e o f Violation, " fro m th e Fiel d Office , t o reques t a contro l pla n an d complianc e schedule
. I f a satisfactor ypla n i s submitted , th e mai n offic e formalize s th e pla n an d schedul e an d assign s an y penalt yaccordin g t o th e Ohi o EP A Ai rCivi l Contro l Policy
. I f a n acceptabl e contro l pla n i s no t received , th e offende ri s referre d t o th e Attorne yGeneral
. Texa s Inspecto r (Ms . Barbara Traham ) Opacit yi s no t a majo rissu e i n Texas
. Onl ystationar ysource s (e.g. , stacks , asphalt/concret e batc h plants ) ar e inspecte d b yopacit ymethods
. Th e Stat e o f Texa s ofte n consider s i t impossibl e t o isolat e a give n emissio n source . The y regulat e fugitiv e source s wit h Stat e provision s fo rpropert ylin e emission s (base d o n Hi-Vo l sampling ) an d nuisanc e regulations
. Fo rindustry , visua l emission s generall yar e no t a n alternative ; however , i f a facilit yi s operatin g withi n thei r permi t conditions , visua l emission s d o no t occur . The yregulat e source s (companies ) wit h on e o f thre e type s o f restrictions : grandfathere d (thos e operatin g befor e 1972) , standar d exemption , an d thos e operatin g unde rpermit
. Ther e i s a 30 % opacit ylimi t fo rcompanie s wit h grandfathere d restrictions , wherea s a permitte d compan ywoul d hav e t o compl ywit h lowe rlimit s (e.g. , 20 % fo rstac k sources)
. Th e resul t o f a n opacit yviolatio n (dependin g o n previou s and/o rothe r violations ) coul d b e a "Notic e o f Violation, " possibl yfollowe d b ya citation
.

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### Forme r Regio n VI I Regulato r (Mr . Dewayn e Durst ) Regio n VI I use s Method s 9 an d 2 2 t o inspec t a variet yo f sources . I f a sourc e inspectio n result s i n th e violatio n o f a n opacit ystandard , thi s generall y trigger s furthe rinvestigation
. Mr
. Durs t believe s tha t onc e visua l emission s ar e apparent , a wor k

practic e violatio n ca n usuall yb e found
. H e als o believe s tha t opacit yi s th e easies t inspectio n techniqu e t o enforce , i f i t i s backe d u p b ya permi t o rcontract
. Prio rt o usin g th e opacit ymethods , Regio n VI I relie d o n ambien t ai r samplin g (Hi-Vol ) an d Ringlema n number s t o inspec t fugitiv e sources . H e believe s tha t inspecto rlocatio n an d loca l ai rqualit ycoul d hav e adversel ybiase d som e o f thei rfugitiv e opacit ydat a i n th e past
. Compliance/Inspection s Regio n VII I (Mr . Ro n Rutherford ) Regio n VII I use s Metho d 9 t o inspec t a variet yo f source s wher e opacit y limit s ar e impose d b yregulatio n o rpermit
. Th e Regio n doe s no t us e an ysource specifi c variatio n o f Metho d 9 (i.e. , fo rpaved/unpave d road s o rstorag e piles)
. However , sinc e th e 6-mi n averag e i s no t appropriat e fo rinstantaneou s intermitten t sourc e emissions , th e Regio n i s ver yintereste d i n th e ne w method s (203A , 203 B an d 203C ) propose d fo rus e i n SIP s a t 4 0 CFR Part 51 , Appendi xM , fo rsuc h noncontinuou s sources . Source s inspecte d b yMetho d 9 technique s includ e asphal t plants , grave l pits , crushers , powe rplants , woo d product s manufacturin g plants , ope n pi t mines , an d an yothe rsourc e fo rwhic h opacit ylimit s apply
. I f a n opacit yviolatio n i s documente d b ya Metho d 9 inspection , th e Regio n take s th e appropriat e enforcemen t action , pursuan t t o th e Clea n Ai rAct
. Th e Regio n look s forwar d t o th e ne w administrativ e penalt yan d Fiel d Citatio n authoritie s tentativel y schedule d fo rimplementatio n i n Novembe r199 1 an d Ma y1993 , respectively
. Regiona l personne l believ e tha t violation s o f visibl e emission s wil l constitut e a significan t portio n o f th e ne w administrativ e order s an d citation s issue d b yth e Region
. Finally , th e Regio n ha s ha d problem s i n applyin g th e "n o visibl e emission " requirement s o f th e Asbesto s NESHA P regulation s an d ha s provide d comment s t o EPA fo rth e developmen t o f a metho d fo rdeterminin g complianc e wit h th e asbesto s NESHA P standard
. Sout h Dakot a Regulato r (Mr . Bria n Gustafson ) Sout h Dakot a doe s no t us e opacit yt o inspec t fugitiv e sources . Metho d 9 i s use d fo rstac k

sources . A 20 % limi t i s allowe d fo ral l source s excep t alfalf a pelletizin g (30% ) an d thos e source s regulate d b y"Ne w Sourc e Performanc e Standards " (EP A Federa l Regulatio n 40 , Part 60) , wher e allowance s var yaroun d 10 % fro m sourc e t o source . H e realize s tha t thes e standard s coul d b e use d t o .

MRI-M\fl8813-4 3 

### 1 8P.2 6



### monito rfugitiv e emissio n sources . A first-tim e opacit yoffens e result s i n a warnin g lette ran d reques t fo rpla n an d compliance
. A "Notic e o f Violation " an d fin e ar e th e resul t o f a secon d violation
. Sout h Dakota , Chief Enginee r fo r a Regulate d Industry (Mr . Denni s Hengen ) Contac t wa s mad e wit h a privat e minin g industr yi n Sout h Dakot a tha t doe s us e opacit yt o restric t fugitiv e emissions
. Thi s facilit yuse s Metho d 9 t o determin e th e necessit yt o appl ycontro l methods
. Mr
. Henge n i s awar e tha t thi s i s no t th e mos t accurat e metho d t o measur e fugitiv e emissions , bu t i t i s a n effectiv e techniqu e fo rtriggerin g contro l methods
. H e i s awar e o f a ne w metho d (TVE E Metho d 1 ) tha t i s bein g use d i n Tennesse e an d Colorad o fo rfugitiv e emissions
. Regio n I X Inspecto r (Mr . Kingsley Adeduro ) Regio n I X use s Metho d 9 fo rstac k sources , bu t doe s no t us e opacit yfo r fugitiv e sources . Ther e i s a 20 % limi t fo rstac k sources , bu t specifi c limit s ar e se t b yth e differen t districts
. Th e enforcemen t proces s consist s o f documentatio n o f th e case , an d sendin g i t t o th e enforcemen t division
. Usuall yther e i s a n evaluatio n o f contro l equipment : whethe ri t i s needed , o ri f ther e i s somethin g wron g wit h it
. Mr
. Adedur o doe s no t thin k opacit yi s a metho d tha t shoul d b e use d fo rfugitiv e sources . Alaska Progra m Manage r (Mr . Gar y Guay ) Alask a use s Method s 9 , 22 , an d PM 1 0 

### measurement s t o inspec t stationar y sources . Currently , Alask a ha s n o procedur e fo rdeterminin g opacit yfro m fugitiv e sources . A n opacit yviolatio n occur s whe n th e averag e readin g exceed s 20 % fo r 2 5 observation s take n a t 15- s intervals
. Afte rdeterminin g a violatio n ha s occurred , a n inspecto rexplain s th e violatio n t o th e compan yan d suggest s method s fo rbringin g th e sourc e int o compliance
. A "Notic e o f Violation " ma yb e sen t t o th e compan yan d fine s ma yb e accesse d a t th e discretio n o f th e regiona l administrator
. Numerou s violation s mayb e documente d befor e an ylega l actio n occurs . Mr
. Gua ybelieve s tha t th e climat e i n his stat e mayreduc e opacity
. Idah o Manage r (Mr . Davi d Pisarski ) Idah o use s Metho d 9 t o inspec t al l stationar ysources . Road s an d othe r fugitiv e dus t source s ar e governe d b yStat e Fugitiv e Emissio n Regulations
. Metho d 2 2 i s occasionall yuse d whe n a numerica l determinatio n o f opacit yi s necessary .

MRI-M\R8913-4 3 

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### Currently , a violatio n occur s whe n opacit yreading s excee d 20 % fo r3 mi n ou t o f a 60-mi n period
. Upo n receivin g a complaint , a n inspecto ri s dispatche d t o examin e th e source . I f a n opacit yo rothe rpermi t violatio n i s observed , th e inspecto rmake s a judgemen t o n ho w effectivel yth e sourc e i s bein g controlle d wit h existin g technology
. Al l violations , includin g opacity , resul t i n a warnin g letter
. Afte ra respons e i s receive d fro m th e company , th e sourc e i s reinspected
. I f th e sourc e stil l exceed s th e opacit ylimit , a "Notic e o f Violation " ma yb e sent , an d th e compan yma yb e assesse d a fine
. H e believe s th e syste m woul d b e bette ri f method s wer e develope d t o us e Continuou s Emissio n Monitorin g (CEM ) an d LIDA R (Lase rradar ) a s enforcemen t tool s an d a s th e basi s fo rlega l action
. Washingto n Inspecto r (Mr
. To m Husdon ) Th e Stat e o f Washingto n doe s no t normall yus e opacit yt o inspec t fugitiv e emissio n source s (i.e. , emission s tha t d o no t originat e fro m a stack)
. Fugitiv e source s ar e assesse d b ya "Bes t Availabl e Contro l Technology " (BACT ) regulatio n wit h a "n o visibl e emission " limit
. Thi s ha s neve rbee n teste d i n court
. A n offens e o f thi s rul e coul d resul t i n a "Notic e o f Violation. " Metho d 9 i s use d t o inspec t stac k sources . Industria l an d residentia l source s mus t no t "caus e o rallo w th e emissio n o f an yai rcontaminan t fro m an ysourc e subjec t t o Sectio n 9.03(a ) whic h i s greate rtha n 20 % opacit yfo ra perio d o r period s aggregatin g mor e tha n 3 mi n i n an y1 h
. Mr
. Husdo n doe s no t se e opacit ya s a feasibl e regulator ymetho d fo rmos t fugitiv e sources . Th e curren t method s ar e to o stringen t wit h regard s t o locatio n an d duration , an d ar e tim e consuming
. Hi s versio n o f a workabl e opacit ymetho d fo rfugitiv e source s woul d b e a relaxe d versio n o f Metho d 9 wit h instantaneou s reading s instea d o f average d reading s ove ra perio d o f time
.

MRI-MVR8913-4 3 

### 2 0P.2 8



### SECTIO N 3 LITERATUR E SEARC H
T o supplemen t th e telephon e survey , MR I personne l conducte d a searc h o f environmenta l literatur e fo rrelevan t information
. On e objectiv e o f thi s searc h wa s t o expan d th e lis t o f potentia l regulator ycontacts
. I n addition , researc h dat a wer e sough t describin g th e us e o f opacit ytechnique s o n nonpoin t particulat e sources . Som e ver yusefu l dat a wer e identifie d an d reviewe d i n th e literatur e search
. Th e followin g i s a summar yo f pertinen t informatio n containe d i n thes e documents :

• Mor e attentio n shoul d b e devote d t o th e trainin g o f smok e readers
. Thi s i s especiall yimportan t fo rinspector s wh o wil l b e require d t o determin e opacit yfro m nonproces s fugitiv e sources .

• Observationa l erro ri s typicall ygreate rfo robserver s readin g opacit y fro m fugitiv e source s tha n fo rthos e readin g traditiona l stac k sources . Therefore , i t i s recommende d tha t visibl e emissio n standard s conside r thi s erro ri n specifyin g opacit ystandard s necessar yt o provid e appropriat e control
.

• Smok e reader s measurin g visibl e emission s fro m horizonta l plume s originatin g belo w ey e leve l an d rea d agains t noncontrastin g background s ten d t o underestimat e th e opacity
. Thi s phenomeno n wa s exaggerate d fo rdens e (i.e. , greate rtha n 40% ) an d fo rblac k smok e plumes
.

• Althoug h severa l report s hav e demonstrate d a positiv e correlatio n betwee n fugitiv e particulat e emission s an d opacity , factor s suc h a s win d spee d an d directio n an d th e backgroun d o n whic h th e plum e i s viewe d influenc e thi s relationship
. However , th e onl ystud yo f differen t site s demonstrate d tha t goo d correlation s betwee n opacit y an d mas s emission s ar e ver ysite-specifi c (Referenc e 3)
. Developmen t o f a universall yapplicabl e opacit ytechniqu e wil l requir e mor e fiel d investigation
.

MRI-MVRB913-4 3 

### 2 1

### Th e literatur e searc h consiste d o f fou rinquirie s o f file s containe d withi n th e

Dialo g Informatio n Service s fo rabstract s o f document s containin g informatio n relatin g opacit yt o PM 10 

### . Searche d file s include d NTIS , Compde xPlus , Matadex , Dissertatio n Abstract s Online , Chemica l Engineerin g Biotechnica l Abstracts , Engineerin g Index , Environmenta l Bibliography , Enviroline , an d Pollutio n Abstracts
. Eac h searc h wa s conducte d fo rdocument s containin g variou s combination s o f th e ke ywords : opacity , visibl e emissions , TSP , PM 10 

### , an d particulate
. Abstract s o f th e selecte d file s wer e printe d an d reviewe d fo rpertinen t information
. Th e firs t searc h wa s conducte d fo rarticle s i n th e NTI S fil e containin g th e words : (opacit yO R visibl e emissions ) AN D (TS P O R PM 1 0 

### O R particulate ) AN D fugitiv e AN D (correlat e o rrelation)
. Thi s searc h identifie d tw o documents ; on e o f thes e wa s requested
. Th e secon d searc h wa s o f th e NTI S fil e fo rarticle s containin g th e words : [(opacit yo rvisibl e emission ) an d (TS P o rPM 1 0 

### o rparticulate ) an d (correlat e o r relation) ] o r(opacit yo rvisibl e emission ) an d (TS P o rPMi 0 

### o rparticulate ) an d fugitive ] NO T [(opacit yo rvisibl e emission ) an d (TS P o rPMi 0 

### o rparticulate ) an d (correlat e o rrelation) ] an d (opacit yo rvisibl e emission ) an d (TS P o rPMi 0 

### o r particulate ) an d fugitive]
. Thi s searc h identifie d 2 1 documents
. Non e o f thes e document s wer e requested
. Th e thir d searc h wa s o f th e NTIS , Compende xPlus , Metadex , Dissertatio n Abstract s Online , Enviroline , Pollutio n Abstracts , Environmenta l Bibliography , Pascal , an d Che m Engineerin g c i Biotechnica l Abstract s file s fo rarticle s containin g th e words : (opacit yo rvisibl e emission ) an d (TS P o rparticulat e o rPM,o ) an d fugitive
. Thi s searc h identifie d 1 6 documents , 4 o f whic h wer e requested
. Th e fina l searc h wa s o f NTI S fo rdocument s containin g th e words : opacit y AN D particl e AN D size
. Thi s searc h identifie d 2 5 documents
. Tw o o f thes e document s wer e requested
. O f th e si xdocument s identifie d an d ordere d a s a resul t o f thi s search , fiv e document s wer e receive d an d reviewe d i n tim e fo rinclusio n i n thi s report
. Followin g ar e brie f summarie s o f eac h o f th e document s produce d b ythi s effort
. 1
. CAR B Revise s Blastin g Regulations 1 

### Thi s documen t describe s th e revise d abrasiv e blastin g regulation s enacte d b y th e Californi a Ai rResource s Board
. Thi s rul e set s opacit ylimit s fo rabrasiv e blastin g insid e an d outsid e o f buildings
. Unde rth e revise d regulation , permissibl e abrasiv e blastin g no t conducte d withi n a permanen t buildin g mus t no t excee d a 40 % opacit ylimit
. Blastin g conducte d withi n a permanen t buildin g mus t no t excee d a 20 % opacit ylimit
.

MRI-MVR8913-4 3 

### 2 2

### 2
. Th e AST M Dus t Index
. It s Uses , an d Potentia l fo rQualit vControl 2



### Thi s documen t propose s th e us e o f th e AST M D547-4 1 "Inde xo f Dustines s o f Coa l an d Coke " techniqu e t o remotel ymeasur e th e dust-generatin g potentia l o f treate d o runtreate d surface s (e.g. , coa l piles)
. I t suggest s thi s techniqu e fo r determinin g th e performanc e o f dus t suppressant s o rt o premeasur e th e dus t potentia l o f coal
. Th e documen t contain s littl e informatio n tha t i s pertinen t t o thi s study
. I t wa s identifie d b you rsearc h fo rit s criticis m o f Metho d 9 o n fugitiv e sources . I t claim s tha t Metho d 9 wa s develope d fo rcontinuou s source s an d criticize s th e us e o f Metho d 9 o n sporadi c source s (e.g. , i n a coa l yard)
. I t als o cite s th e problem s create d b yvaryin g weathe rcondition s o n opacit ymeasurement s o f nonstationar y sources . 3
. Deveioomen t o f Measuremen t Methodolog yfo rEvaluatin g Fugitiv e Particulat e Emissions 3 

### Thi s documen t describe s a stud yo f th e applicabilit yo f lase rrada r(LIDAR ) fo rmeasurin g th e flu xo f particulat e passin g throug h a vertica l plan e downwin d o f a fugitiv e source . Testin g wa s performe d a t thre e site s usin g fou rsurrogat e an d on e actua l fugitiv e particulat e source . I n eac h test , attempt s wer e mad e t o correlat e LIDA R back-scatte rdat a wit h opacit yan d mas s concentratio n data
. Thes e attempt s wer e moderatel ysuccessful
. Thi s stud yconsiste d o f testin g a t site s nea rCam p Park , Woodland , an d Cupertino , California
. Surrogat e particulat e wa s generate d a s pneumaticall y disperse d silic a powde r( 5 /y m i n physica l diameter) , smok e fro m a smok e generato r (i.e. , use d t o trai n smok e readers) , smok e pots , an d smok e candles
. Th e su m o f airborn e particulat e release d b ya cemen t plan t i n Cupertin o provide d th e actua l particulat e sourc e fo rthi s study
. Th e bes t correlation s betwee n LIDA R back-scatterin g an d mas s emission s appeare d t o occu ri n lo w densit yplume s create d bycommerciall yavailabl e smok e candles
. I n highe rdensit yplumes , th e LIDA R signa l increase d wit h particulat e emissio n rate s a t les s tha n a 1: 1 correlation , a s evaluate d b ya traine d Metho d 9
. observer
. Bette rrelationship s appeare d t o exis t betwee n downwin d LIDA R back scatte ran d opacities
. Althoug h positiv e correlation s wer e found , the ytende d t o b e muc h lower , fo rdat a take n a t differen t win d speeds , differen t sites , o rfo rdifferen t type s o f particulate
.

MRI-M\R8913-4 3 

### 2 3P.3 1



### 4
. Fugitiv e Dus t Readin g Technique s Fro m Road s an d Parkin g Lots 4 

### Thi s documen t describe s th e effor t b yth e Tennesse e Divisio n o f Ai r Pollutio n Contro l t o develo p an d implemen t a fugitiv e dust-readin g techniqu e fo r road s an d parkin g lots
. Thi s metho d i s a n adaptatio n o f Metho d 9 an d i s designate d Tennesse e Visibl e Emissio n Evaluatio n (TVEE ) Metho d T an d i s containe d i n Appendi xC
. Thi s techniqu e wa s develope d t o b e th e enforcemen t too l fo rreducin g fugitiv e emission s fro m vehicle s travelin g o n unpave d road s an d parkin g lots
. Tennesse e Stat e official s credi t thi s metho d a s a leadin g caus e o f Kingsport' s reclassificatio n t o attainmen t status
. TVE E Metho d 1 wa s develope d t o enforc e a 90 % reductio n standar d fo r emission s fro m vehicle s travelin g o n unpave d road s an d parkin g lots
. A 10 % opacit yi s assume d t o correspon d t o a 90 % emissio n reductio n (a n additiona l 10 % wa s allowe d t o accommodat e observationa l error)
. Therefore , a violatio n i s no t issue d i f les s tha n 20 % opacit yi s observe d fo r2 min
. 5
. Hoo d Svstem s Desig n fo rCaptur e o f Proces s Fugitiv e Particulat e Emissions 5 

### Thi s documen t i s a guid e fo rth e prope rdesig n an d constructio n o f captur e hoo d system s fo rfugitiv e particulat e emissio n sources . Prope rdesig n technique s ar e illustrate d b ycas e examples
. Thi s documen t contain s littl e informatio n tha t i s pertinen t t o ou rstudy
. I t wa s identifie d b you rsearc h fo ra discussio n o f fugitiv e hoo d desig n t o yiel d 0 % sourc e opacity
. Th e followin g documen t wa s requested , bu t wa s no t receive d i n tim e fo r inclusio n i n thi s report
.

• Pendleton , D
. R. , 1977
. "Evaluatio n o f Sourc e Complianc e Wit h Existin g Particulat e Standard s Withi n NonAttainmen t Stud yArea s I n Texas, " Ai rPollutio n Contro l Association , pp . 195-203
. I n additio n t o th e compute rliteratur e search , file s fro m pas t MR I project s wer e reviewe d fo radditiona l document s relevan t t o thi s project
. Followin g ar e brie f summarie s o f eac h o f th e document s produce d b ythi s effort
. 1
. Evaluatio n o f Traine d Visibl e Emissio n Observer s fo rFugitiv e Emissio n Opacit yMeasurements 6 

### Thi s documen t describe s a stud yo f th e biases , i f any , introduce d b y certifie d Metho d 9 smok e reader s measurin g opacit yclos e t o groun d leve l an d viewe d agains t non-sk ybackgrounds
. A conventiona l smok e generato rwa s modifie d t o emi t smok e plume s horizontall yagains t a terrestria l backgroun d an d belo w th e ey e leve l o f th e observers
.

MRI-M\R8913-4 3 

### 2 4

### Th e stud yindicate d tha t th e pane l o f si xsmok e reader s evaluate d simulate d

whit e horizonta l smok e plume s wit h accuracie s simila rt o thos e fro m vertica l stac k plume s whe n opacit ylevel s wer e aroun d 15 % t o 20%
. A s opacit ylevel s increased , however , th e pane l increasingl yunderestimate d them ; opacit ywa s lowe ro n averag e b yabou t 8 % a t th e 40 % opacit ylevel
. Blac k horizonta l smok e plume s wer e underestimate d a t al l opacit ylevels
. A t 15 % opacity , th e observer s measure d th e opacit y5 % lo w o n average ; a t 40 % opacity , th e underestimatio n wa s 1 1 % o n average . Overall , th e observe rpanel' s sensitivit yt o opacit ychange s wa s les s fo rhorizonta l plume s tha n fo rconventiona l vertica l stack-typ e plumes
. Th e chang e i n pane l opacit ymeasuremen t pe rchang e i n transmissomete ropacit ymeasuremen t decline d fro m nea r1.0 0 fo rstac k plume s t o 0.6 2 an d 0.7 7 fo rwhit e an d blac k fugitiv e plumes , respectively
. 2
. Investigatio n o f Relationshi p o f Visibl e Emission s t o TSP/PM ^ Contro l Efficiency 7 

### Thi s repor t describe s a fiel d stud yo f th e relationshi p betwee n plum e opacit y an d mas s emission s fro m vehicula rtraffi c o n unpave d roads
. Test s wer e conducte d o n a n unpave d roa d i n a n integrate d iro n an d stee l plant
. Fro m thi s limite d tes t scenario , th e dat a sugges t a relationshi p betwee n plum e opacit yan d particulat e mas s emissions , an d betwee n plum e opacit yan d dus t suppressan t contro l efficiency
. Mas s an d visibl e emissio n measurement s wer e take n o f a dum p truc k travelin g o n a n unpave d roa d i n a n integrate d iro n an d stee l facility
. Consecutiv e segment s o f th e roa d remaine d untreate d o rwer e treate d wit h on e o f thre e dus t suppressants
. Dus t suppressant s include d water , Asphota c , an d Soi l SementTM
. Measurement s mad e durin g th e stud ysugges t a relationshi p betwee n opacit yimmediatel yfollowin g a vehicl e an d TS P fo rcontrolle d unpave d roa d segment s bu t no t fo rth e uncontrolle d unpave d segments
. I n addition , a relationshi p wa s establishe d betwee n opacit yan d PM 1 0 

### emission s fo rchemicall y treate d roads
. Finally , th e dat a sugges t a relationshi p betwee n visibl e emission s an d dus t suppressan t contro l efficiency
. I n summary , a n opacit yvalu e o f 15 % represent s abou t a 90 % contro l o f PM 1 0 

### emission s o ra n emissio n facto ro f abou t 0.6 1 I b PM, 0 

### pe rvehicl e mil e travele d fo rchemicall ytreate d unpave d roads
. Opacit yvarie d significantl ywit h win d speed , however , bu t i s no t include d i n th e relationship
. Furthermore , n o attemp t wa s mad e t o stud yth e effec t o f roa d o r vehicl e characteristic s o n opacity
. Finally , th e stud yfoun d tha t th e standar d erro r associate d wit h readin g opacit yo f a vehicle-generate d plum e wa s 7.5%
.

MRI-MVR8913-4 3 

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### 3
. Qualit vAssuranc e Program s fo rVisibl e Emissio n Evaluations 8 

### Thi s repor t document s th e histor yo f Tennessee' s trainin g program s fo r smok e reader s an d describe s th e qualit yassuranc e progra m tha t ha s evolve d fro m thi s program . Base d o n th e experienc e o f thei rqualit yassuranc e program , Tennesse e make s th e followin g recommendation s fo rsmok e reade rtrainin g programs : 1
. EPA shoul d fiel d audi t ever ysmok e schoo l tha t certifie s observer s t o ensur e tha t th e trainin g schoo l meet s th e federa l requirements
. I f a fiel d audi t i s impossible , a pape raudi t requirin g a positiv e statemen t tha t th e schoo l meet s th e requirement s shoul d b e instituted
. 2
. EP

A shoul d publis h a listin g o f al l school s tha t i t believe s ar e qualifie d t o certif yreader s unde rMetho d 9 criteria
. Tennesse e woul d sugges t tha t thi s b e accomplishe d a t leas t ever y2 year s becaus e o f problem s wit h olde rsmok e machines
. 3
. Tennesse e support s th e audi t procedur e concep t fo ral l observers , no t jus t first-yea rreaders
. I t believe s tha t th e remedia l actio n t o b e followe d fo rfailur e o f th e audi t shoul d b e specifie d i n th e audi t document
. 4
. Tennesse e support s th e audi t o f dat a form s an d calculations
. I t ha s foun d tha t eve n "experience d readers " ca n complet e th e readin g form s incorrectl yan d thu s invalidat e th e reading s unde rMetho d 9 requirements
. 5
. Tennesse e believe s tha t th e smok e schoo l i s th e mos t vita l par t o f an y agency' s trainin g progra m an d shoul d b e adequatel ysupported
. I t suggest s tha t al l schoo l operator s b e require d t o maintai n certificatio n a t anothe rschool
. 6
. Tennesse e believe s tha t th e mor e credenc e tha t ca n b e give n t o visibl e emissions , th e easie ri t i s t o ge t complianc e wit h visibl e emissio n standards
. T o date , experienc e ha s indicate d tha t complianc e wit h visibl e emissio n standard s ca n b e attaine d irrespectiv e o f mas s emissions
.

MRI-MVR8913-4 3 

### 2 6

### SECTIO N 4 CONCLUSION S
Th e followin g conclusion s wer e suggeste d b yth e telephon e interview s conducte d durin g thi s study :

• Opacit ytechnique s provid e a n effective , inexpensive , an d immediat e mean s o f inspectin g source s o f fugitiv e particulat e emissions
.

• Althoug h opacit ytechnique s coul d b e applie d t o almos t an yindustria l source , thes e technique s ar e frequentl yuse d t o inspec t emission s fro m vehicula rtraffic , storag e piles , an d materia l handling
.

• Man yregulator s acknowledge d tha t the ycoul d prosecut e opacit y violation s o n thei row n merit , bu t mos t prefe raccompanyin g measuremen t o rwork-practic e violation s prio rt o goin g t o court
.

• Althoug h mos t inspector s us e standar d inspectio n techniques , suc h a s Method s 9 o r22 , man yhav e modifie d thes e technique s fo rman y fugitiv e sources . I n addition , th e followin g conclusion s wer e derive d fro m th e literatur e search :

• Mor e attentio n shoul d b e devote d t o th e trainin g o f smok e readers
. Thi s i s especiall ytru e fo rinspector s wh o wil l b e require d t o measur e opacit yfro m nonproces s fugitiv e sources .

• Futur e opacit yrule s shoul d b e writte n t o accommodat e th e uniqu e benefit s an d limitation s o f opacit ymeasuremen t techniques
. Fro m thes e conclusions , recommendtion s ca n b e made ; thes e ar e containe d i n Sectio n 5
.

MRI-MVR8913-4 3 

### 2 7P.3 5



### SECTIO N 5 RECOMMENDATION S
Informatio n collecte d durin g thi s stud ysuggest s tha t agencie s shoul d conside rth e followin g point s whe n contemplatin g opacit ytechnique
.

• Al l ne w standard s shoul d b e se t sufficientl yhig h t o allo w fo rth e typica l observationa l erro rassociate d wit h readin g fugitiv e sources .

• Factor s suc h a s th e interva l betwee n readings , reade rpositioning , win d spee d an d direction , an d th e backgroun d o n whic h th e plum e i s viewe d influenc e readings
. Thes e shoul d al l b e addresse d i n trainin g an d i n method s provide d t o inspector s fo rreadin g fugitiv e sources .

• Opacit yviolation s ar e muc h mor e enforceabl e a s violation s i f the yar e accompanie d b yanothe rviolation
. Therefore , i n mos t instances , opacit yviolation s shoul d b e use d t o trigge ra searc h fo raccompanyin g measuremen t o rwork-practic e violations
. Finally , dat a collecte d durin g thi s stud ysugges t tha t th e EP A shoul d tak e th e followin g step s t o promot e th e futur e us e o f opacit ya s a viabl e inspectio n tool :

• Standardize d nationa l regulation s an d a n accompanyin g qualit y assuranc e progra m shoul d b e installe d fo rtrainin g program s o f smok e readers
. Thes e program s shoul d addres s fugitiv e plume s (i.e. , horizonta l plume s originatin g belo w ey e level , locate d nea rinterferin g plume s an d rea d agains t noncontrastin g backgrounds)
.

• Furthe rinvestigatio n o f th e relationshi p betwee n opacit yan d mas s emission s i s warranted
. Currentl ythes e relationship s ar e sourc e specific
. Testin g woul d improv e th e effectivenes s o f visua l inspectio n technique s fo rquantitativ e emissio n estimation
.

MRI-MVR8913-4 3 

### 2 8

### SECTIO N 6 REFERENCE S

1
. Anon. , "CAR B Revise s Blastin g Regulations, " Journal of Protective

Coatings and Linings, Marc h 1991 , pp . 33-37
. 2
. Kestner , M
. 0. , "Th e AST M Dus t Index—It s Use s an d Potentia l fo rQualit y Control, " Journal

of Coal Quality, Apri l 1986
. 3
. Uthe , E
. E. , e t al. , Development of Measurement

Methodology

for Evaluating Fugitive Particulate

Emissions, EP

A 600/2-81-070 , Prepare d fo rth e Offic e o f Researc h an d Development , U.S
. Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , Researc h Triangl e Park , NC , 1981
. 4
. Walton , J
. W
. an d E
. C
. Koontz , Fugitive Dust Reading

Technique

From Roads and Parking Lots, Tennesse e Divisio n o f Ai rPollutio n Control , Nashville , TN
. 5
. Kashdan , Edwar d R. , Hood System Design for Capture

of Fugitive Particulate Emissions, 1986
. 6
. Rose , T
. H. , Evaluation of Trained Visible Emission

Observers

for Fugitive Emission Opacity Measurements, EPA 600/3-84-093 , Prepared fo rth e Offic e o f Researc h an d Development , U.S
. Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , Researc h Triangl e Park , NC , 1984
. 7
. Unger , M. , Investigation of Relationships

of Visible Emissions

to TSP/PM W 

### Control Efficiency, EPA 600/2-81-070 , Prepare d fo rth e Offic e o f Researc h an d Development , U.S
. Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , Researc h Triangl e Park , NC , 1981
. 8
. Walton , J
. W
. an d E
. C
. Koontz , "Qualit yAssuranc e Program s fo rVisibl e Emissio n Evaluations, " Tennesse e Divisio n o f Ai rPollutio n Control , Nashville , TN,1985
.

MRI-M\R8913-4 3 

### 2 9P.3 7



### APPENDI X A METHO D 9

MRI-M\R8913-a 3 

### A- 1MXTHO D 9—VlSXJA tDmaJCIKATIO W O f TH2 OPACIT Y o r AMISSION S FRO M STATtotcui-

r SotTRCZ S [Metho d 9 correcte d b y 5 2 F R34639 . Septembe rU . 198? ]

Man y stationar y source s discharg e visibl e emission s into th e atmosphere : thes e emis sions ar e usuall y i

n th e shap e o

f a plume . Thi s metho d involve s th e determinatio n o f plum e opacity b

y qualified observers . Th e aetho d include s procedures fo rth e training an d certificatio n o

f observers , an

d procedure s t o b e use d t n th e field fordetermina tion o f plum e opacity . Th e appearance o f a plume a s viewe d b

y a n observerdepends upo n a numbe ro

f variables , some o

f whic h ma y b e controllabl e an

d som e o f whic h ma y notb e controllabl e i

n th e field . Variable

s whic h can b e controlle d t

o a n exten tt

o whic h tiie y n o longe rexertasignificantinfluence upo n plume appearance include : Angle o f th e observe rwit

h respectt

o th e plume : angi e o

f th e observerwit

h respec tt o th e sun : poin to i observatio n o f attache d an d detache d stea m plume : an d angl e o f th e ooserve rwith respectt o a plume emitte d !ro m arectangula rstack wit h alarge lengl h * o widt h ratio . Th e metho d include s specifi c criten aapplicabl e t

o thes e variables . Othe rvariable s which ma y no tb e control lable in th e fiel d ar

e luminescenc e an

d colo r contras tbetwee n th e plume an d th e back

groun d agains twhich th e plume i s viewe d Thes e variable s exer ta

n influenc e upo

n th e appearance o

f a plume a

s viewe d b y a n ob server, an d ca n affectch

e abilit y o f th e ob servert o accuratel y assign opacit y values t o :h e observed plume . Studie s o f th e theor

y o f plum e opacity an

d field studie s hav

e demonstrate d tha ta plume i s mostvisible an apresents th e greates tapparentopacit y whe n viewed agains ta contrastin g background. I

tfollow s fro

m this , an

d i s con firme d b y fiel d trials , tha tth e opacit y o f a piume . viewe d unde rcondition s wher e a contrastin g background i s presentca

n b e as signed wit

h che greates tdegree o

f accuracy . However , th e potentia l forapositiv e erro ri s als o che greates twhe

n a plume i

s viewe d unaersuch contrastin g conditions . Unde r condition s presentin g a les s contrastin g background , th e apparentopacit y o f a plum e i s les s and approaches zer o a s th e coloran d luminescenc e contras tdecrease :owar d :ero . As a result, significan tnegative tua s an d r.egaciv e error s co n b e mad e wtie n aplum e i s viewe d underies s contrastin g conditions . A negativ e bia s decrease s ratne r '..-.ar . increase s :.i e possibilit y •.na ta pian t ocerato rwil

l b e cue d fo raviolatio n o

f opac - :;•• ' itancaro s au e c

o ooserve rerror. iitucie s nave beer

, unaertaxe n c

o ieter T.:.-. e tn e magnitud e o i positive error s wnic n car . o e rnaa e b v auaiifie aobserver

s wniie readin g plume s undercontrastin g condi tion s an d usin g th e procedures se tfort h i n thi s method . Th e results o f thes e studie s (fiel d trials ) whic h involve atotal o f 76 9 set s o f 2 5 reading s each ar

e a s follows : (1 ) Fo rblack plume s (133 set s at. asmok e generator) . 10

0 percen to

f th e set s wer

e rea d wit h a positiv e error ' o

f les s tha n T.

S percen topacity* . 9

9 percentwer

e rea d wit h a positiv e erro ro

f les s tha n 5 percen topacity . (2 ) Fo rwhit e plumes (170 set s atasmok e generator . 16

8 set s ata coal-fired powe r plant . 298 set s a

c a sulfuri c aci

d plant) . 9

9 percen to f th e set s wer

e rea d wit h apositive erroro f les s tha n 7.3 percen topacity . 9 5 percen twer e rea

d wit h a positiv e erroro

f les s tha n 3 percen topacity . Th e positiv e observational errorassociat e d wit h a n averag e o

f twenty-fiv e readings i

s therefor e established . Th e accurac y o f th e metho d mus tb e taken into accountwhe n determinin g possibl e violation s o f applicable opacit y standards . 1. .Pnnespi e and

avpliccMiCv. 1.1 Principle . Th e opacit y o f emission s fro m stationar y source s i

s determine d visu all y b y aqualifie d observer . 1. 2 Applicability . Thi s metho d i s applica ble fo rch e determinatio n o f th e opacit

y o f emission s from stationary sources pursuan t t o ! 60.11(b ) and forqualifyin g observers fo r visuall y determinin g ooacity o f emissions . 2 . Procedures . Th e observe rqualified in accordance wit h Sectio n 3 o

f (his metho d shall us e :h e followin g procedures (or-.Tsuail y determin ing th e opacity o

f emissions : [2 . amende d b

y 5 5 F R-'-''.. Novembe r U . 1990 ! 2. 1 Position . Th e qualifie d observe rshal l stan d ata distanc e sufficien tt o provide a clearview o

f ch e emission s wit

h ch e sun ori ente d i n th e 140

* secto rto ni s back. Consisten twit h maintainin g tii e abov e require ment , th e observe rshall , a s muc h a s possi ble , make hi s observation s fro m a positio n such tha thi s lin e o

f visio n i s approximately perpendicula rto th e plume direction , an d when observin g opacit

y o f emission s fro

m rectangula routlet s 'e.g. roo f monitors , ope

n baghouses . noncircularstacks) , approxi matel y perpendicula r*.

o th e longe raxi s o

f th e outlet . Th e observer' s lin e o f sigh t shoul d no tinclud e mor

e tha n one plume at atim e whe n multipl e stack s ax e involved . an d i n an y cas e th e observershoul d mak e hi s observation s wit

h ^is Un e o f sigh tperpendicula rt o th e longe raxi s o f suc h a se

c o f multipl e stack s (e.g . stub stack s on baghouses) . 2 J Fiel d records . Th e observe rshai l recor d th e nam e o

f ch e plant , emissio n !ocanon . typ e :'ic:iiiy . observer' , .nam

e ind affili

ation , asivsic n o f th e ooserve rs positio n rsiativ e '. « tn e jourc: . .n d m

e dat e o n z riei d ca n shee

t 1 Fieur e •"• ; • . Th e ume . cjumate c distanc e 'Fo raset . positiv e error» average ooaci t y determine d b

y ooservers ' - 5 aoservations—average opacit

y determine d fro

m transmissometer s 2

5 recordings .P.3 9

t o th e emissio n location , approximat e win d direction , estimate d win d speed , descriptio n o f th e sky conditio n (presenc e an d colo ro f clouds) , and plum e backgroun d are recorded o aafiel d dat ashee ta tth e tim e opacit y readina s are initiate d and completed . [2.2 . correcte d b

v 5 2 F R3-1-539 . Septem be r14 . 19ST] 2 J Observations . Opacity observation s shal l be made atth e poin to f greates topaci t y i n tha tportio n o

f th e plum e where con dense d wate rvapo ri s no tpresent . Th e ob serve rshal l no tloo k continuousl y atth e plume , butinstea d snai l observ e th e plume momentaril y a

c 15-secon d intervals . 2J. 1 Attache d stea m plumes . When con dense d wate rvapo ri s presen twithi n th e plum e a s i temerge s from th e emissio n outlet , opacity observation s shal l b e mad e beyon d th e poin ti n th e plum e a twhic h con dense d wate rvapo ri s n o longe rvisible . Th e observe rshal l record th e approximate dis tanc e fro m th e emissio n outle tt o th e point I n th e plum e a twhic h th e observation s ar e made . 2.3. 2 Detache d stea m plume . When wace r vapo ri n th e plum e condense s an d becomes visibl e a tadistinc tdistanc e fro m th e emis sio n outlet , th e opacity o f emission s shoul d b s evaluate d a tth e emissio n outle tpriorto th e condensatio n o

f wate rvapo ran

d th e formatio n o

f th e stea m plume . 2.4 Recordin g observations . Opacit y observation s shal l b e recorde d to th e neares tS percen ta t15-secon d interval s o n a n observationa l record sheet . (Se e Figur e 9- 2 fo ra n example. ) A *i'"'*i"i n o f 2 4 observation s shal l b e recorded . Eac h momentary observa tio n recorded shal l b e deeme d to represent th e averag e opacity o

f emission s fora15

- secon d period . 2.5 Dat aReduction . Opacity shal l b e determine d a s a n averag e o f 2 4 consecutiv e ob servation s recorde d ata5-second intervals . Divid e th e observation s recorded on th e recor d shee ttnto set s o f 2 4 consecutiv e ob servations . A se ti

s compose d o

f an y 2 4 con secutiv e observations . Set s nee d no tb e con secutiv e in tim e and i n n o cas e shal l tw

o set s overlap . Fo reac h se to

f 2 4 observations , cal culat e th e averag e by summin g th e opacit y o f th e 2 4 observation s and dividin g thi s su m b y 24 . I f a n applicabl e standar d specifie s a n averagin g tim e requirtn g mor e tha n 2 4 ob servations , calculat e th e average forall ob servation s mad e durin g tn e specifie d time period . Record th e averag e opacit y o n a record sheet - :Se e Figur e 9- 1 fora n exam ple. ) 3 . Quaii/icalianj

and testing. 3. 1 Certificatio n requirements . To receive certificatio n a

s aqualifie d observer , acandi dat e mus tb e teste d and demonstrate th e ability t o assig n opacity reading s in 3 percen tincrement s c

o 2 3 differen tblac

k plume s an

d 2 5 differen twntte plumes , wit h a n erro rnotto excee d 1

3 percen topacit

y o n any on e readin g an

d a n averag e errornott

o excee d 7. 3 percen topacity i

n each category . Candldaces sr.ai ! b

e teste d accordin g : o tn e procedure s describe d : n Sectio n j.; . Smok e zenertv.or

s use e ru.-suar. : t

o Sec - : .:o n 3. 2 sr.i: : : e eduirtrt c .-wr. a;rnoK t -nete rwhic

h -r.eet s -..i e .*5su:rtme**i

s ii Sectio n 3.3 . ]3. l amende d b y 5 5 F R47472 . Novembe r 14 . 1990 1 Th e certificatio n shal l b e valid fo ra perio d o f 6 months , a twhic h time th e quali ficatio n procedure mus tbe repeated b y any observe rin orderto retai n certification . 3.2 Certificatio n procedure . Th e certifica tio n tes tconsist s o

f showin g th e candidate a complet e run o

f S O plumes—2

3 blac k plume s an d 2 3 whit e plumes—generated b y asmok e generator . Plume s withi n eac h se to f 2 3 blac k and 2 3 white run s shal l b

e presente d in random order . Th e candidate assign s a n opacit y valu e t o eac h plum e an

d records hi s observatio n o n asuitabl e form . A tth e com pletio n o f eac h run a

f S O readings , th e scor e o f th e candidate i

s determined . I

f acandi date fail s to qualify , th e complete ru n o f S O reading s mus tbe repeate d in an y retest . Th e smok e tes tma

y b e administere d a

s part o f asmok e schoo l ortrainin g program, an d ma y b e preceded b

y trainin g o

rfamiliariza tio n run s o

f th e smok e generato rdunn g which candidate s ar

e show n bloc

k an d whit e plume s o f know n opacity . 3 J Smok e generato rspecifications . An y smoke generato ruse d forth e purposes o f Sectio n 3. 2 shal

l b e equippe

d wit h a smoke mete rinstalle d to measur e opacity acros s th e diamete ro

f che smok

e generato r stack . Th e smoke mete routpu tshal l display inswvi.1*: opacit

y based upo n apathlengt h equa l t o th e stack exi tdiameter , o n aful l 0 t o 10 0 percen tchar trecorderscale . Th e smoke mete roptica l desig n an d perform ance shal l mee tth e specification s shown i n Tabl e 9-1 . Th e smoke mete rshal l b e cali brated a s prescribed i

n Sectio n 3.3. 1 prior to th e conduc to

f eac h smoke reading test . Atth e completio n o

f each test , th e zer

o and span drif tshal l be checke d an

d i f th e drif t exceed s = 1 percentopacity , ch e conditio n shal l b e correcte d priorc o conductin g an y subsequen ttes truns . Th e smok e mete r shal l b e demonstrated , atche time o f instal lation , to mee tche specification s liste d i n Tabl e 9-1 . Thi s demonstratio n shal l b e re peate d followin g an

y subsequen trepairo r replacemen to

f ch e photocel l o

rassociate d electroni c circuitr

y includin g tli e char

trecorde ro routpu tmeter , o rever

y 6 months , whicheve roccur

s first . (3. 3 amende d b

v 5 5 F R-7472 . Novembe r 14 . 1990 ]

TABL E 9-1—SMOK E METE* * DESIG N AN O PSS**O«MANC E SPECIFICATION S
Pcfanovc r S o t ilmico w 0 . L-jnt sovc o incs/vtjooccn t lorn o oocrotc o ot

rsomzscs rnic o v->ict)a . 0 . Soccn-c l rooooftc o o t ' -***otoo x (aovtta m sscctr a r » iinanocui . soons o of m o numef l Cfiuuu n ; c . Anqt o o t v-«c » 'V Tvajamu m tot a antpa . a Amji o o l oroiccfto n ?5, " fiojumuiT i tota l cngto . 0 . ("ass&nmoi ' erro r =3 % ooccrry . monrnum . 1 . Zero an a see n arm —i X ogcary . " 0 iTVfaVilOfJ . 3 . .-loaasono o am o 5 scconoa . (Tabi e 9- 1 amerce d Novembe r; -i

. :990 l F R -T 3.3. 1 Calibration . Th e smok e mete rI s cali brate d afte rallowin g aminimu m o f 30 min ute s warrau

p b y alternatel y producin g simu late d opacity o

f 0 percen tan d 10

0 percent . Whe n stabl e respons e a t0 percen to r10 0 percen ti s noted , th e smok e mete ri s adjust ed t o produce a

n outpu to

f o percen to r10

0 percent , a

s appropriate . Thi s calibratio n shal l b e repeate d unti l stabl e 0 percen tand 10 0 percen treading s are produced withou t adjustment . Simulate d 0 percen tan d 10 0 percen topacit

y value s ma

y be produced b

y alternatel y switchin g th e powe rto th e ligh t sourc e o n an

d of f whil e th e smok e generato r i s no tproducin g smoke . 3.3. 2 Smok e mete revaluation . Th e smok e mete rdesig n an

d performanc e ir e t o b e evaluate d a

s follotTs : 3.3.2. 1 Lightsource . Verif y from manufac turer' s dataand fro

m voltag e measurement s mad e atth e lamp , a

s Installed , tha tth e lam p i s operate d withi n = 5 percen to f th e nomina l rated voltage . 3.3.2. 2 Spectral respons e o f photocell . Verif y fro m manufacturer' s datacha tth e photocel l has aphotopi c response : I.e. . th e spectra l sensitivity o

f the . cel l shal l closel y approximat e th e standard spectral-luminosi t y curv e fo rphotopi c visio n which i s refer ence d l n (b ) o

f Tabl e 9-1 . 3.3.2. 3 Angl e o

f view . Check constructio n geometry c

o ensure tha tth e total angl e o f vie w of th e smok

e plume , a

s see n b y th e photocell , does notexcee d 15' . Th e *'- : angl e o f vie w ma y b e calculate d froi.

< - > - tan~'d/2L . wher

e Sat o ta l angl e o

f d o th e sum o

f th e photocel l diameter-ch e diamete ro

f th e limitin g aperture : an d L=ch e distanc e .'ro

m th e photocel l t

o th e limitin g aperture . Th e limitin g aperture i s th e poin ti

n ch e pat h betwee n che photocel l and th e smok

e plume where tn e angl e a : view i s mos trestricted . In smok e generato r smok e meters thi s i

s normall y a

n o.-ifice plate . ;3.3.2. 3 correcte d S

v5 2 F R 3-639
. Seo - .embe rI-i
. 198" : 5 2 r R 42061
. Novembe r 2 . :*s-} m. 3.2.4 Angle o

f projection . Chec

k con structio n geometr

y to ensur e tha tth e tota l angl e o f projectio n o

f tn e tam

p o n th e smok e plume does notexcee d 15". Th e tota l angl e o f projectio n ma

y b e calculate d from : < J - < 2 tan " 'd/2I

_wher e »• » tota l angl e o

f pro jection : d = th e su

m o f th e lengt h o

f th e lamp filamen t- th e diamete ro f th e limit in g aperture : an

d Lo th e distanc e fro

m th e lamp c o th e limitin g aperture . 3.3.2. 3 Calibration error . Usin g neut.-aJdensity filters o

f Know n opacity , cnec k th e erro rbetween ci-.

e actual respons e an

d th e theoretica l linearrespons e o f th e smok e meter . Thi s chec

k i s accomplishe d b

y firs t calibratin g ch

e smok e mete raccordin g to 3.2. 1 an d the n insertin g i serie s o f •.-..-• ? neutral-density filters o

f nominal opacity o

f 20 . 50 . a.*i

d 7 3 percen ti n th e smoke mete r patnie.ngth . Filters calibrate d -vitnir. = 2 percen tsnai l b

e used . Car

e shoui d b

e taxe n wnen insertin g tri

e filters t

o preventstra y '.ig.-. tfro m affectin g th e meter . Max e atota l

Wr-nT^ T w>^il|l « iilli.iili.i lP.4 0

o f fiv e nooconsecutlv e reading s foreach filter . Th e manmn m erro ro n an y on e read in g shal l b e 3 percen topacity . 3.3a-*Li 5 Zer o and spa n drift . Determin e th e zero an d spa n drif

tby calibratin g and oper atin g th e smok e generato rI n anorma

l manne rove ra

' 1-hourperiod . Th e drif tl s measure d b y checkin g th e zer o an d span at th e en d o f thi s period . 3J.2. 7 Respons e time . Determin e th e re spons e tim e by producin g th e serie s o f five simulate d 0 percen tand 10 0 percen topacit

y value s an d observin g th e tim e required to reac h stabl e response . Opacit y value s o

f 0 percen tan d 10

0 percen tma

y b e simulate d b y alternatel y switchin g th e powe rto th e ligh tsourc e of

f and o n whil e th e smok e gen erato ri s no toperating . 4 . Bibliography . [4 . revise d by 55 F

R47472 , Novembe r14 . 1990 1 1 . Ai rPollutio n Control District e Rule s an d Regulations . Lo

s Angele s Count

y Ai r Pollutio n Control District , Regulatio n IV ,

Prohibitions . Rul e 50 . 2 . Weisbui-d. Meivi

n I , Fiel d Operation

s and Enforcemen tManua l fo rAir . U-S . Envi ronmenta l Protectio n Agency . Researc h Tri angl e Park . N.C. . .*PTD-U00 . Augus t1972 . pp . 4.1-4.36 . 3 . Condon . E.U . an

d Odishaw. H - Handboo k o f Physics . McGraw-Hill Co , N.Y. . N.Y , 1938 , Tabl e 3.1 . p . S-52 .

FIGUR E * M XECOR O o rVISUM . orrnwiMT.o n v ofAcrrr r* g af CCTM T 10CAT.0I * TES T KU*ttER

_ OAT E TYP E f*CIl.ITT
_ or-ist x DEVIC

E HOUR S O f 08SERVAT:C*.
_ OBSERVE R OBSERVE RCERTIFICATIO N DATE , 08SERVE RAFFILIATIO N POINT O F EMSS'.OM S HEIGH T Of OtSCHAAG

E POIN T

aoc x T W 08SERVE R IXATIO N 3 1 stanc e t s 3 1 se*i»f** « Slrtctie n froa

Ctsealirvje Hafi-n t of

0Bs«r-f«t1O R Pain t &ACH***CU*l

O OESCRtfTIO] . 'dEATHCR ccnorrfSM S Win s "Hreetta n mirtm Sorr

t Aaaim tTtrperitur t
» T CSOITtM

S (elenr . avcr-ust , - claim , (te. ) P*.L*** E 3ESCRIPT.C N Ca l o r Distinc t Visibl e CTIUJ R IflfOBTlATIO n InltU I 1



### 1 1 Min i



### 1 1 1 ! 1 

# 1 1 1 1 1 1 'Mt Nutte r

1 StMWR

T O F AVERAG

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FIGUR E 9-2—OBSERVATIO N RECOR O

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.•U.TIMAT X MXTHO

D 1—OaRXiuaMArioi

ro r TH * OPACXT

T o rEMISSION S FIO H STATIOHAJ- T Sotntcx s Rato-m rs rLOAM. Thi s alternat e metho d provide s th e quan titativ e determinatio n o f th e opacit

y o f a n emission s olum e remotel y b y amobile lidar syste m (lase rrada rLightDetectio n and Ranging) . Th e metho d include s procedures fo rth e calibratio n o

f th e lida rsnd procedure s to b e use d i n th e fiel d fo rth e lidardeterminatio n o

f plum e opacity . Th e lidari s use d t o measure plume opacit y durin g eithe rda

y o rnighttim e hours becaus e i t contain s it s ow

n pulsed ligh tsource o r transmitter . Th e operatio n o f th e lidarI

s no tdependen tupo n ambientlightin g condi tion s (light , dark, sunn y o rclouay) . Th e lidarmechanis m o rtechniqu e I s ap plicabl e t ameasurin g plum e opacit y a tnu merous wavelength s o

f lase rradiation . How ever, th e performance evaluatio n an d cali bratio n tes tresults given i n supporto f thi s metho d apply onl y t o auaa rtha temploy s a rub y (re d light ) lase r'Referenc e 5.11 . 1.4°nncipt> and

Applicability 1. 1 Principle . Th e opacit y o f visibl e emis sion s fro m stationary source s (stacits . roo f vents , etc. ) i

s measure d remotel y by a mobil e lidar(lase rradar) . 1. 2 Applicability . Thi s metho d I s applica ble .'o rth e remot

e measuremen to

f th e onadt y o f vistbie emission s fro

m stauonar y source s dunn g bot

h nighttim e and oayiign tP.4 3

conditions , pursuan tto 40 CTR5 60.11(b) . I t l adsa applicabl e fo rth e calibratio n end performanc e verificatio n o f th e mobil e lido r fo rth e measuremen to

f th e opacity o

f emis sions . A performance/

de3ig n specificatio n fora basi c lidarsyste m i s als o incorporate d int o thi s method . 1. 3 Definitions . AHmut h angle : Th e anfl e i n th e horizon tal plan e tha tdesignate s wher e th e lase r bea m i s pointed..I ti

s measure d from a n ar

bitrary fixe d referenc e lin e i n tha tplane . Bacltscatter * Th e scatterin g o f lase rLigh

t l n a directio n opposit e to tha to f th e inci den tlase rbea

m du e c o reflectio n (rom par

ticulate s alon g th e beam' s atmospheri c pat h whic h ma

y includ e a smoite plume . Backscatte rsignal : Th e general ter m fo r th e lida rretur n signa l whic h results fro m lase rUghtbein g bacsscatiere d b y atmos pheri c an d smoite plum e particulates . Convergenc e distance : Th e distanc e fro m th e lida rt o th e poin to

f overla p o

f th e Ud& r receiver' s (ield-of-vie w and th e lase rbeam . Elevatio n angle : Th e angl e o f inclinatio n o f th e lase rbea

m reference d t o th e horizon ta l plane . Pa rregion : Th e regio n o f th e atmos phere' s path alon g th e lida rline-of-sigh t beyon d orbehin d th e plum e bein g meas ured . Lida rAcronym fo rLigh tDetectio n and Ranging . Lida rrange : Th e range o rdistanc e (ro m th e lida rto a poin to

f interes talon g th e Lida rllne-of-sight . Nea rregion : Th e regio n o f th e atmospher i c pat h alon g th e lidarUne-of-sigh tbetwee n th e lidar' s convergenc e distanc e an d th e plum e bein g measured . Opacity : On e minu s th e optica l transmit tanc e o f a smoit e plume , scree n target , etc . Plcl tinterval : Th e tim e o rrange interval s in th e lidarbackscatte rsigna l whos e mini mu m averag e amplitud e i s used t o calculate opacity . Two picl

tinterval s ar

e required , on e in th e nea rregio n and on e i n th e (a rregion . Plume : Th e plume bein g measured b y lidar . Plum e signal : Th e bacicscatte rsignal resultin g 'rom th e lase rlign tpuls e passin g throug h a plume . l/R * correction : Th e correctio n made fo r th e systemati c decreas e i n lidarbackscatte r signal amplitud e wit

h range . Referenc e signal : Th e bacicscatte rsignal resultin g .'ro

m th e lase rligh tpuls e passing throug h ambien tair. Sampl e interval : Th e tim e perio d betwee n successiv e sample s (o ra digita l signal o rbetwee n successiv e measurement s (o ra n analo g siunai . Signal srike : A

n abrupt , momentar

y in creas e and decreas e in signa l amplitude . Source : Th e sourc e bein g teste d b y lidar. Tim e reference : Th e tim e (t. ) when th e lase rpuls e emerge s (ro

m th e laser , used a

s th e referenc e in al l lida rtim e o rrange measurements . 2. Procedures . Th e mooii e lida

rcalibrate d in accoraance wtta h Paragrap h 3 o

f this metho d shal l us e th e followin g procedure s (o rremotel y meas urin g th e opacity o

f stauonar y sourc e emis sion s 1 1 Lida rPosition . Th e lidarshal l b e po sitione d a

ta distanc e (ro

m th e plume suffi cien tt o provide a

n unobstructe d vie

w o f th e sourc e emissions . Th e plume mustb e a ta rang e o f a tleas tS O meter s o rthre e consecu tiv e picl tinterval s (whicheve ri s greater ) (rom th e lidar' s transmitter/receive rcon vergenc e distanc e alon g th e llne-o(-sight Th e maximu

m effectiv e opacit

y measure men tdistanc e o

f th e lidari

s a functio n o

f local atmospheri c conditions , lase rbea m di ameter , and plume diameter . Th e tes tposi tio n o f th e lidarshal l be selecte d s o tha tth e diamete ro

f th e lase rbea

m a tch e measure men tpointwithi n th e plume shal l b e n o large rtha n three-fourth s th e plume diame ter . Th e bea

m diamete rI

s calculate d b

y Equatio n (<YM1-1) : D(lidOar)oA-v.l-U<0.7

3 D(Plume ) (.-IM1-1 ) where : D<Plume)°diamete ro

f th e plume (cm) . *=lase rbea

m divergenc e measured i n radi an s R=rang e (ro

m th e lidarto th e source (cm ) D < Lidar)=diamete ro

f th e lase rbea

m at rang e R(cm) . Aodiamete ro

f ch e lase rbea

m orpuls e where itleave s th e laser . Th e lidarrange . R

. i s obtaine d b

y aimin g and firing ch

e lase ra tth e emission s sourc e structur e immediatel y belo w th e outlet . Th e rang e valu e I

s chen determine d (ro

m th e bacicscatte rsignal whic

h consists o

f a signal spik e (retur n fro

m sourc e structure ) an

d th e atmospheri c backscatte rsignal (Referenc e 5.11 . Thi s backscatte rsignal shoul d b e recorded . Whe n ther e i s mor

e tha n on e source o

f emission s i

n th e immediat

e vicinit y o f th e plume , che lidarshai l be positione d s o cha t ch e lase rbea

m passe s throug h onl y a singl e plume , free fro

m an y interferenc e o

f che othe rplume s fo

ra minimu

m o f S O meters or thre e consecutiv e pic

k interval s (whicheve r i s greater ) in each region befor e an d beyond th e plume alon g th e llne-of-sigh c (deter mine d fro

m th e backscatte rsignals) . Th e lidarshal l initiall y b

e positione d s o tha tits llne-of-sigh ti s approximatel y perpendicular to th e plume . Whe n measuring th e opacit y o f 'mission s (ro m rectangula routlet s (e.g. . roo f moni tors , ope n baghouses . noncircularstacks , etc) , th e lidarshal l b

e placed i

n - positio n s o tha tits line-of-sigh ti s approximatel y perpendicula rc

o th e longe r(major) axi s o f th e outlet. 2. 2 Lida rOperational Restrictions . Th e lidarreceive rshai l no tbe aimed withi n a n angl e o f = IS * (con e angle ) o

f ch e sun . Thi s metho d shal l notb e use d c o mak e opacity measurements i f thunderstorms , snowstorms , nail storms , hign wind, high ambien tdus tlevels , (o g o rothe ratmospher i c condition s caus e the-referenc e signal s t o consistentl y excee d th e limits specified i n Sectio n 2.3 . 2. 3 Referenc e Signai Requirements . Once placed i

n it s prope rpositio n fo

ropaci t y measurement , th e lase ri s aime d and fired with th e llne-of-.«'"*'i t-ies rth e outle t heigh tand rotate d horizontall y t o a posi tio n clea ro

f ch e source structur e an d th e associate d plume . Th e backscatte rsigna l ob taine d (ro

m thi s positio n i

s calle d th e ambi

> ent-ai ro rreference signal . Th e lidaropera to rshal l Inspec

tthi s signal (Sectio n V o f Referenc e S.1

J to : (1 ) determin e i

f th e lidar line-of-sigh ti

s (ree (rom interferenc e (ro m othe rplume s an

d 'rom physical obstruc tion s suc h a

s cables , powerlines , et c (o ra minimu m o

f S O meters o rthre e consecutiv e pic k interval s (whicheve ri s greater ) in eac h regio n before an

d beyond che plume , and (3 ) obtai n a qualitativ e measure o f th e homoge neit y o f th e ambientai rb

y notin g any signa l spikes . Shoul d there b

e an y signal spike s on* th e referenc e signa

l withi n a minimum o f S O meter s orthre e consecutiv e pic k interval s (whicheve ri s greater) i n eac h regio n befor e and beyon d th e plume , th e lase rshal l be fired thre e mor

e time s and th e operato r shal l inspec tch

e referenc e signal s o n th e display . I f th e spikets ) remains , che azimut h angl e shal l b

e change d and th e above proce dure s conducte d again . I f th e spike(S ) disap pears in all thre e reference signals , ch e lida r line-of-sigh ti

s acceptabl e i

f ther e i s shot-co sho tconsistenc y an

d ther e i

s n o interfer enc e (ro m othe rplumes . Shot-to-sho tconsistency o f a serie s o

f referenc e signal s ove

ra peno d o

f twenty sec ond s i s venfle d m eithe ro f two ways . (1 ) Th e lida roperato rshal l observ e th e refer enc e signa

l amplitudes . Po rshot-to-sho t consistenc y th e ratio o f R . to R « (ampli tude s o f che nea ran d (arregio n pic

k inter val s (Sectio n 15.1) 1 shal l var y b y no tmore tha n = S

% between shots : or(2 ) th e lida r operato rshal l accep tan y on e o f th e refer enc e signal s an

d treatth e othe rtwo a s Slum s signals : then th e opacit y (o reacr . o

f t.*i e subsequen treference signal s i s calculat e d (Equatio n AM1-2) . Porshot-to-sho c con sistency , th e opacit

y value s shal l b

e -vithi n z r3 % o f 0 % opacit y an d th e associate d 5 , value s les s tha n o

requa l t o 3% (ful l scale ) 'Section 2.61 . I f a se to f reference signal s fail s C o mee t tii e requirement

s o ( thi s section , the n all plume signal s (Sectio n 2.41 (ro m th e las tse t o f acceptabl e reference signal s t o th e faile d se tshal l b

e discarded . 2.3. 1 Initial an

d Pina l Referenc e Signals . Thre e reference signal s shal l b e ootatne c withi n a 90-secon

d tim e peno d pno rt

o ir. y dat arun . A fina

l se to f thre e referenc e sig nal s shal l b

e obtained withi n thre e (3 ) min ute s afte rth e completio n o f th e sam e aat a run . 2.3. 2 Tempora

l Criterio n (o rAdditiona l Referenc e Signals . A

n additional se to

f referenc e signal s snai l b

e obtaine d durin g a dataru n i( there i

s a chang e i

n win d direc tio n o rolume dn( to

f 30 * ormor e fro m th e directio n thatwa

s prevalent••••he

n th e ias t seto f reference signal s wa

s obtained . A

n ac ditiona i se to

f reference signal s shal l als o oe obtaine d i

f there i s a n increas e : n valu e o

f Si . <nea rregion stancar d deviation . Equatio n AMl-S i or3. , fa

rregion stanaar d devi ation . Equation AMI-6) "ha ti s jreate r•..-.a

n

jm 

## msaakmiBaBia m-Miinimiu-6% (ful l scale ) ove rth e respectiv e value s

calculate d fro

m th e Immediatel y previou s plume signal , and thi s increas e i n valu e re main s fo r30 second s o rlonge r.An additional se to f referenc e signal s shal l als o be ob taine d i f ther e i s achang e i n amplitud e i n eithe rth e nea rorch e (arregio n o f th e plum e signa l tha ti s greate rtha n 5 % o f th e nea rsigna l amplitud e and this chang e i n amplitud e remain s (o r3 0 second s o rmore . 2. 4 Plum e Signal Requirements . Once properly aimed , th e lida ri s placed i n oper atio n wit h ch e nomina l puls e orfirin g rat e o f si x pulses/minut e ( 1 pulse/1 0 seconds) . Th e lida roperato rshal l observe th e plume backscatte rsignal s to determin e th e nee d fo radditiona l referenc e signal s a s required by Sectio n 2.3.2 . Th e plum e signal s ar e recorded (ro m lidarstar tto sto p and ar e calle d adat arun . Th e lengt h o f adat arun i s determine d b

y operato rdiscretion . Short ter m stop s o

f th e lidarto recor

d additional referenc e signal s do no tconstitut e th e end o f adatarun i

f plum e signal s ar

e resume d withi n 90 second s afte rth e referenc e signal s hav e bee n recorded , an d th e tota l sto p o rin terrup ttim e doe s no texcee d 3 minutes . 2.4. 1 Non-hydrate d Plumes . Th e lase r shal l be aime d a

tth e regio n o

f che plume whic h display s ch e greates topacity . Th e lidaroperato rmus tvisuall y verif y tha tth e lase ri s aime d cieari y abov e th e sourc e exi t structure . 2.4-2 Hydrate d Plumes . Th e lida rwill b e use d to measur e th e opacity o f hydrate d or so-calle d stea m plumes . A s liste d in che ref

erenc e method , ther e ar e tw o types . i.e„ attache d an adetache d stea m plumes . 2.4.2. 1 Attache d Stea m Plumes . When condense d wate rvapo ri s presen twithi n a plume , lida ropacity measurement s shal l be mad e atapoin twithi n th e raridua i plume wher e th e condense d wate r/apo ri s n o longe rvisible . Th e lase rsnai l be aimed into th e mos tdens e regio n i regio n o f highes t opacity ) o

f th e residual plume . Durin g dayllgn thours th e lidaroperato r locates ' th e mos tdens e portio n o f th e residu a l plum e visually . Durin g nighttim e hours a high-intensit y spotlight , nigh tvisio n scope . o rlo w iign tleve l TV . etc. . can be use d a s a n aid c o locat e th e residual plume . I f visua l determinatio n i

s ineffective , ch

e Lida rma y b e use d c

o locat e th e mos tdens e regio n o f che residua

l plume by repeatedl y measuring opacity , alo m th e longitudina l axi s o r cente ro f th e plume (ro m th e emission s outle tto apointjus tbeyon d th e steam plume . Th e lidaroperato rshoul d als o ob serve colo rdifference s and plume reflectiv it y to ensur e cha

tth e lidari s aime

d com pletel y withi n th e residual plume . I f th e op erato rdoe s no tobtai n aclea rindicatio n o f th e locatio n o

f th e residual plume , thi s metho d shal l no tb e used . Once th e regio n o

f highes topacit

y o f th e residua l plum e ha s bee n located , aiming adjustment s shal l be mad e t o th e lase rline-ofsigh tto correctforth e following : movement c o th e regio n o

f highes topacity ou to

f th e lidarline-of-sigh t(away (rom th e lase r beam) fo rmor

e tha n IS seconds , expansio n o f che stea m plume (ai rtemperatur e lowers and/o rrelativ e humidity increases ) s o cha t itjus tbegin s to encroach on th e field-ofvie w o f th e lidar' s optica l telescop e receiver , o radecreas e in th e size o f th e steam plume (ai rtemperatur e highe rand/o rrelativ e hu midit y decreases ) so tha tregion s withi n th e residua l plum e whos e opacity i s highe rtha n th e on e bein g monitored , are present . 2.4.2. 2 Detache d Stea m Plumes . Whe n th e wate rvapo rin ahydrate d plume con dense s and become s visibl e atafinite dis tanc e (ro m th e stack o rsourc e emission s outlet , th e opacit

y o f che emission s snai l b

e measured l n th e regio n o f th e plume clearl y abov e th e emission s outle tand below con densatio n o

f th e wate rvapor . Durin g dayligh thours th e lida roperators ca n visuall y determin e I

f th e stea m plume i s detache d (ro

m th e suet

outlet . During nighttim e hours ahigh-intensity spotlight , nigh tvisio n scope , low ligh tleve l TV . etc
_ ca n be used a

s a n aid in determinin g i

f th e steam plume i s detached . I f visua l determi natio n i s ineffective , th e lidarma y be used c o determin e i

f th e stea m plume i

s detache d b y repeatedl y measurin g plume opacit y (ro m th e outle tto th e stea m plume along ch e plume' s longitudinal axi s orcente rline . Th e lidaroperato rshoul d als o observe colo r difference s and plume reflectivity t o detec t adetache d plume . I f th e operato rdoe s no t obtai n aclea rindicatio n o f th e locatio n o

f th e detache d plume , thi s metho d shal l no t b e use d t o make opacit y measurements be twee n th e outle tan

d ch e detache d plume . Onc e th e determinatio n o f adetache d stea m plum e ha s bee

n confirmed , che lase r shai l b e aimed int

o th e regio n o

f highes t opacity i n th e plum

e between th e outle tand th e formatio n o

f th e steam plume . Aimin g adjustment s shal l b

e mad e t o th e lidar' s llne-of-sigh twithi n th e plume t o correctfo r change s i n th e locatio n o f th e mos tdens e regio n o f th e plume du

e to change s in win

d directio n an

d spee d o ri

f th e detache d stea m plum e move s close rto th e source outle ten croachin g o n th e mostdens e regio n o f th e plume . L f th e detache d steam plum e shoul d mov e to o clos e c

o ch e source outle tfo rch e lida rt o mak

e interference-fre e opacity measurements , thi s metho d shal l no tbe used . 2 J Fiel d Records . I

n additio n to che recordin g recommendation s liste d i n othe r section s o

f thi s metho d th e followin g record s shoul d b

e maintained . Eac

h plum e measure d shoul d b

e uniquel y identified . Th e nam e o

f th e facility , typ e o

f facility , emissio n sourc e type , geographi c locatio n o f th e lida rwit

h respec tt o th e plume , an

d plum e characteristic s shoul d b e recorded . Th e dat e o

f th e test , ch

e Um e period tha ta sourc e was monitored , ch e tim e (t o che near es tsecond ) o

f eac h opacit y measurement , and th e sampl e interva l shoul d als o b

e re corded . Th e win

d speed , win

d direction , air temperature , relative humidity , visibilit y (measure d a tth e lidar' s position) , and clou d cove rshoul d b

e recorde d a tth e beginnin g and en d o

f eac h tim e peno d (o ragiven source . A small sketcn deoictin g che loca tio n o f ch e lase rbea

m withi n che plume shoul d b e recorded . I f adetache d o

rattache d steam plum e i s presen tatth e emissions source , thi s fact shoul d b e recorded . Pigures AM1- I an d AM1-I I ar

e examole s o

f logooo k forms ti-.a

t ma y be use d t

o recor d thi s typ e o

f data . Magneti c tap e o

rpape rtap e ma

y als o be use d t o recor

d dat aI II I ti l 101 . HI M HO I MHIIII l IVHI I UHl \ l.ii y II1 1 n l Niimbrr - (Allll * I CONIIO l NUMII I l l Iit k lllililll l IIIK I Mil l lul l
IHIIO I DMIl l OA K

ASSIfiM f B rioiic i cm . su n

ciilliu l u m l III I M M U UM . 4 0.MII0I . \fSIU KIUHI . \ 1 1 (I N (.uai ) |Aili| i I CONTIIOl NUUM I l l lic k l.i\ui-.\ nvit i ult i lul | C0NII0 1 NUMII I OA

M ASSItM K rioiic i •:m . iiAi f

Not l le t In k

t.t>aboi * Figur o AMI- I Lida r Lo g Contro l Numbe r Tabulatio ntattllll - •«• » H | I* . Ill * I I d ti l 101 . 0 1 01* 1 H I Ml»\ » I ..„,,. I a-a.l.. . llH I I . . . IIIM H OMHtlll H > MITI N lllllal l »a|llli a I t lul l III * •••tl * III*!- - llllllt l llaai . (l | |

I . Il l ll.l i ill . . I.iall. a i l Ilk* * II.ia l llavl )

ll'lll'l ' I f lli' l •. tl.f- l 1 1 laHli l llll . ia(l.a.l>a * - *C|I | i | b | • •.|k*|| l | | Ita.i a l|* « aa l all!.Ia l 4»il|aalla a

•la« a .laifiiailuli . Ital. i .iaaa - ii.aa v |iaiaa l al l I

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_ _ I I I laava.ialai a aa a i i

•aiaai.l. i | < | . a II.. . Il i a _ « R i Ia l la v t i tia l llia.lla a la|i a I ia l . I ' lalalla a aa*lil. | lf|< a . |. a IliltUil i lt|i a aa l ia |

• « • . aa *
__ _ ' aa l

a a ll.l i llaaa . filalaal . v aal a a al . | MUalli tMil l iiji / IIII * • iiia i

OMIIIO I I IlaHllUI I

•lim n ticriiiui i .•'i l .ni l IIII I imunt i milium * •al l r l lll l cilituli M

I (llililla t l»i<il | (allillll l •••(•I f
•lllila l • •Iii i lian aunti l (lllnll l I I llilla i | I U u ln l tiuKI I • •llll * lull * I « til l

trillio n iiiaimit ;

•11*11 1 IIMIIUII : . Itll :

. 1*11 : Fiyur e AM1-I I Lida i Lo g O l Operation sP.4 7

a) •a s (a ) Referenc e Signal , 1/ R Correcte d



# C 

# ° " l "" ' (Fa r Region )

**3
a. Tim e o r Range (b ) Plum e Signal . 1/R a Correcte d 

# An -4-r * 

# L * * • Plum e Spik e

Tim e o r Rang e


### (a ) Referenc e signal , I/ R-corrected . Thi s referenc e signa l i s fo r plum e signa l (b) . R , R f 

### ar e chose nt o coincid e wit hI , [, . (b ) Plum e signal , 1/ R -corrected . Th e plume spik e an d th e decreas e i nth e backscatte r signa l amplitud e in th e fa r regio nar e du e t o th e opacit y

o f th e plume . I , I, ' ar e chose na s indicate din Sectio n2.5 .
Figur e AM1-III . Plot s o f Lida r Backscatte r Signal sP.4 8

2.S Opacity Calculatio n an d Data.Analyst* . Referrin g t o th e referenc e signal an d plum e signa l i n Figur e AMI-in . th e meas ured opacity (0« J i n percen tfo reac h lida r measurementi s calculate d usin g Equatio n AM1-2 . (O.-l-T ^ T . i s th e plume trans * •Pittance. )

0 p = (1QQS ) 1 - R f l n (AMI-2 ) Th e averag e amplitude s fo resuc h of th e pick Intervals . U . U R » R . shal l be calculat e d b y averagin g th e respectiv e Individua l amplitude s o

f th e sampl e interval s fro m tn e plum e signa l an

d th e associate d referenc e signa l eac h corrected for1/R* . Th e ampli tud e o f I , sha U b e calculate d accordin g t o Equatio n (-AAI-3).

. 1

~ a r

n I I .= 1 m (AMI-3 )
where : I,-near-regio n pick interva l signa l ampli tude , plum e signal , 1/R * corrected . 1V » far-regio n pic

k interva l signa l amplitude . plum e signal . 1/R * corrected , R,-near-regio n pick interva l signal ampli tude , referenc e signal . 1/R ' corrected . aa d R, « far-regio n pick interva l signal ampli tude , referenc e signal . 1/R ' corrected . Th e 1/R - correctio n to th e plum e and referenc e signa l amplitude s i s made b y multi plyin g th e amplitud e fo reac h successiv e sampl e interva l from th e tim e reference , b y th e squar e o

f th e lida rtim e (o rrange ) asso ciate d with tha tsampl e interva l (Referenc e 5.11 . Th e firs tste p l n selectin g th e pic k inter val s fo rEquatio n AMI- 2 i s to divid e th e plum e signa l amplitud e by th e referenc e signal amplitud e atth e sam e respectiv e range s t o obtai n a•normalized " signal . Th e pic k interval s selecte d usin g thi s normalize d signa l are aminirrmr

i o f I S a(10 0 nanose conds ) i n lengt h an d consis to f a tleas t5 contiguou s sampl e intervals . In addition , th e followin g cntena . liste d in ordero f Importance , govern pic

k interva l selection . (1 ) Th e interval s shal l b e i n aregio n o f th e normalize d signa l wher e th e referenc e signal meet s th e requirement s o f Sectio n - 3 an

d i s everywher e greate rtha n zero . C2 ) Th e inter val s (nea rand (ar) with th e minimu m averag e amplitud e are chosen . (3 ) I f acr e tha n on e Interval with th e sam e minimum averag e amplitud e i s found , th e interval closes t t o th e plum e i s chosen . (4 ) Th e standard deviation . S „ fo rth e calculate d opacit y shal l be 8 % o rless . (S . i s calculate d b y Equation AM1-T>. t f S . i s greate rtha n 8%. the n th e fa rpic k interva l shal l b e change d to :h e nex tinter va l o f minimal averag e amplitude . I f S , i s stil l greate rtha n 3% . the n this procedur e i s repeate d fo rth e fa rpic k interval . Thi s procedure ma

y b e repeate d onc e again forth e nearpick interval , bu ti f 5 . remain s greate r tha n 3% . th e plum e signa l shal l b e discard ed . Th e referenc e signal pic k intervals . R , and R . mus tbe chose n ove rth e sam e tim e inter va l as th e plum e signa l pic k Intervals . I , and I * respectivel y CFtgur

e AM1-HI1 . Othe r method s o

f selectin g pic

k interval s ma

y b e used I f the y give equivalen tresults . Field oriente d example s o

f pic k interva l selectio n ar e availabl e I

n Referenc e S.l .

X 

### f " \ 

### 4 J 

### f i 

### ' R



### n 

### - where :

I«»th e amplitud e o

f th e it h sampl e interval (sear-region) . Z-su m o f th e individua

l amplitude s fo rth e sampl e intervals . m « numbe ro

f sampl e interval s i n th e pic k interval , an

d I . a.averag e amplitud e o f th e near-regio n pick interval . Similarly , th e amplitude s forI, . R, . and R t ar e calculate d wit

h th e thre e expression s in Equatio n (.AMI-.) .
1 " 1 M m 1a l m f

a - f i

(AMI-4 )
Th e standard deviation . SM . o f th e se to

f Similarly , th e standard deviation s Sa., So . amplitude s fo rth e near-regio n pick Interval , an d S « ar e calculate d wtt h th e thre e ezpres L. , shal l b e calculate d usin g Equatio n sion s l aEquatio n (AMI-<3) . (AM1-S) .
'I n 'I f 

### I 

### < 

### -f i * h 

### >*" i= l (m-1 ) (AM1-5 )
S R n



### hi 

# • [

3 

### " ! < R 

### n i 

### - R 

### n >' ] .1= 1 (m-1 )

" m ( a . - R f) 2 " 2 -^

. 1 = 1 (31-1 ) (AM1-6 )P.4 9

Th e standar d deviation . S. . fo reac h associate d opacity value . 0 „ stitU b e calculate d »«-<-*

g Equatio n (AMI-?. .

R f r n S 2 S 2 S 2 

# V (AM1-7 )
Th e calculate d value s o f L . t . R . R

» Sa. . Sw . St.. . S- » O . and S . shoul d b e recorded . An y plum e signa l with a n S , greate rtha n 87 . sha U b e discarded . 2.8. 1 Azimuth Angl e Correction . I f th e azimut h angl e correctio n t o opacity speci fie d I n thi s sectio n i s performed , the n th e elevatio n angl e correctio n specifie d i n Sec tio n 2.8. 2 shal l no tb e performed . Whe n opacit y i s measure d i n th e residual regio n o f a n attache d stea m plume , an d th e lida rline of-sigh ti s no tperpendicula rt o th e plume , i t ma y b e necessary to correc tth e opacity measure d b y th e lida rt o obtai n th e opacit y tha twoul d b e measure d o n apat h perpen diculart o th e plume . Th e followin g method , o ran y othe rmetho d whic h produce s equiv alen tresults , shal l b e use d t o determin e th e nee d fo racorrection , t o calculat e th e cor rection , and to documen tth e poin twithi n th e plum e a twhic h th e opacit y was meas ured . Figur e AMl-rV(b ) show s th e geometr y of th e opacity correction . L ' l s th e pat h throug h th e plum e alon g whic h th e opacity measuremen ti s made . P * i s th e pat h perpen dicula rt o th e plum e a tth e sam e point . Th e angl e < l s th e angl e betwee n L' and th e plum e cente rline . Th e angl e (ir/2-t) . i s th e angl e betwee n th e V

an d P* . Th e measure d opacity . 0 „ measure d alon g th e path 1/ shal l b e correcte d t o obtai n th e correcte d opacity , O. . fo rth e pat h P \ usin g Equatio n (AM I -8) .



### o p c 

### = (100% ) [ I - ( 1 - 0.0 1 o p 

### ) Co s (T-./2-S ) 

## 0%) [ = (100% ) 1 1 - ( 1 - o.o i o p 

### ) Si n e l (AMI-8 )

Th e correctio n i n Equatio n (AM1-8 ) shal l b e performe d I f th e inequalit y i n Equatio n CAM1-9 ) i atrue .

Si n I n (1.0 1 - 0 o )

I n ( 1 - 0 p ) (AM1-9 )

Figur e .*aMl-IV(a

) show s th e geometry use d t o cilrnlst r< and th e positio n i n th e plum e a twhic h th e lida rmeasuremen ti s made . Thi s analysi s assume s tha tfo ra give n lida rmeasurement , th e rang e from th e lida rt o th e plume , th e elevatio n angl e o f th e lida rfro

m th e horizonta l plane , and th e azimut h angl e of

th e lida rfro

m a n arbi trar y fixe d referenc e i n th e horizonta l plan e ca n al l b e obtaine d directly .Projectio n o f P ont o the yzplane . P " J P P Plum e measuremen t positio nP ( R, 4>' , P ) Plum e drif t angl e positio n P a (R

a . +••«' . p a )

l Itla r Positio n

L ida r Line-of-Sight . Positio n P (b ) P 

## NI / Projectio no f P f l ont o th e xy-plane , P '

figur e AM I - IV . Correctio nInOpacit y fo r Drif t o f th e Residua l Regio no f a nAttache d Steam Plume .P.5 1

R, » rang e fro m lida rt o source * S, - elevatio n angl e o

f R. * R,-rang e fro m lida rt o plum e a tth e opaci t y measuremen tpoint * $,m elevation angl e o

f R, " R,-rang e fro m Uda

rt o plum e a tsom e arti trar y point . P . s o th e drif tangl e o f th e plum e ca n b e determined * £, « elevatio n angl e o

f R, * a-angl e betwee n R . an d R , R',-projectio n o f R , t n th e horizonta l plan e R",-projectio n o f

R , i n th e horizonta l plan e R*, - projectio n o

f R , i n th e horizonta l plan e *-• > angl e betwee n R"

, an d R V
a '.angl e betwee n R' , an d R', * R*S-distanc e from th e sourc e t o th e opaci ty measuremen tpoin tprojecte d I n th e horizonta l plan e IW-distanc e fro m opacit y measuremen t poin tP , t o th e poin tIn th e plum e P , 

# V s 1 ( 1 - Q ) C 0 S <* /2
- C
- * = 1

P 

### d 

# V Si n c (AMI-8 )

Th e correctio n angl e < shal l b e determine d usin g Equatio n AM1-10 . where: ' a-Cos' 1 (Costvt

, Cos3, Cosa'+Slnfl . Slnfl.) . an d R»-(R,*+-R,'- 2 R , R , Cosa)" ' Rfi . th e distanc e fro m th e sourc e t o th e opacity measuremen tpoin tprojecte d I n th e horizonta l plane , shal l b e determine d usin g Equatio n AMI-11 .

« , •(«; - 

# y - 2R'R'Cosi|r ) s P (AMI-11 )

wher e R'.-R , Co s 3. an d R'.-R , Costf. . Z n th e specia l cas e wher e th e plum e center lin e a tth e opacity measuremen tpoin tt s horizontal , paralle l t o th e ground . Equatio n AM1-1 2 ma

y b e use d t o determin e < instea d o f Equatio n AMI-10 .

= Cos - i 

# 11 P . 2 R M 2
2 R p R 5 (AMI-12 )

where : R-.«<R*\->R.*Sln-W M . I I th e angl e < i s suc h tha t« 30 * o r< > 150* . th e azimut h angl e correctio n shal l no tb e performe d and th e associate d opacity valu e shal l b e discarded . 2.5-2 Elevatio n .Angle Correction . An in dividual lldar-measure d opacity . 0 „ shal l b e correcte d fo relevatio n angl e i f th e lase rele - •Obtaine d directl y fro m value s shoul d b e recorded . Udar. These .P.5 2 T • • - -r*-:*-r*»*r 3 v

vatlo n o rInclinatio n angle . 3. CPtgur e A2dl- V* . i s greate rtha n o requa l t o th e valu e cal culate d t n Equatio n AMI-13 .


### S > Co s - » I n (10 1 - O J

P I n (10 0 - 0 ) (AMI-13)

Th e measure d opacity . 0 „ alon g th e Uda rpat h la , l s adjuste d t o obtai n th e correcte d opaci ty . O Mfo rth e actua l plum e (horizontal ) path . P . b y usin g Equatio n (AMl-14) . 

### ( 1 = (100%) [ l - ( 1 - 0.0 1 0J CoS3 

### pl , (AMl-14 ) P C L p J

where : Th e value s fo r2 „ O . an d 0 „ shoul d b e re 5,-Uda relevatio n o rInclinatio n angle . corded . O.—measure d opacity alon g pat h L . an d O--correcte d opacity fo rth e actua l plum e thicknes s P .Stack' s Vertica l Axi s

Horizonta l Plan e

Lida r Lini_*-of-Si<|h

t Keference d t o Leve l Groun d (llo i -12111 1 ta l IMane ) Vertica l Smok e Plum e

8 . Lida r Elevatio no r • Inclinatio nAngl e

= Effectiv e Plum e Thicknes s

= Actua l Plum e Thicknes s

= LCosi *
3 Opacit y

measure d alon g pat hL

= Opacit y

valu e correcte d t o th e actua l plum e thickness , P

Figur e AMI-V . Elevatio n Angl e Correctio n fo r Vertica l Plumes .2.8.2 Determinatio n o f Actual Plum e Opacity . Actua l opacity of th e plum e shal l b e determine d b

y Equatio n aAMl-13 . 0 •0 - [ 2 S „ * > 5S] . p a p c o (AMI-IS ) 2.6. 4 Calculatio n o

f Averag e Actua

l Plum e Opacity . Th e averag e o f th e actua

l plum e opacity . 0

_shal l b e calculate d a s th e averag e o

f th e consecutiv e individua l actua l opacity values . O

— b y Equatio n AM1-16 .

_1 p a n

I lc*** l 

# <v * ( AMI-16)

where : (O-J.-th e tt h actua l opacity valu e I n a n averagin g interva l containin g n opacit y values : i ti s asummin g index . I-th e su m o

f th e individual actua l opacit y values , n-th e numbe ro

f individual actua l opacit y value s containe d i n th e averagin g inter val . O - - averag e actual opacity calculate d over th e averagin g interval . 3 . LidarPerformance Verification. Th e lida rshal l b e subjecte d t o tw o type s o f performanc e verification s tha tshal l b e peforme d i

n th e field . Th e annual calibra tion , conducte d atleas tonc e ayear , shal l b e use d to directl y verif

y operatio n an

d performance o

f th e entir e Uda

rsystem . Th e routin e verification , conducte d foreac h emissio n sourc e measured , shal l be used to Insur e prope rperformance o

f th e optical re ceive rand associate d electronics . 3. 1 Annual CaUbration Procedures . Eithe raplum e fro

m asmok e generato ro r screen target s shal l b e use d t o conductthis calibration . I f th e scree n targe tmetho d i s selected , fiv e screen s shal l be fabricate d b y placin g a n opaqu e mes h matena l ove ranarrow fram e (wood , metal extrusion , etc.) . Th e scree n shal l hav e asurfac e areao f a tleas t one squar e meter . Th e scree n material shoul d b e chose n forprecis e optical opac itie s o f abou t10. 20 . 40 . SO

. an d 80% . Opaci t y o f etch, targe tshal l be opticall y deter mined and shoul d b

e recorded . I

f asmoite generato rplum e i s selected , i tshal l mee t th e requirements o

f Sectio n 3.3 o

f Refer ence Metho d 9 . Thi s calibratio n shal l b e performed i n th e fiel d durin g calm (as prac tical ) atmospheri c conditions . Th e Uda r shal l b e positione d I

n accordanc e wit

h Sec tion 2.1 . Th e scree n targets mus tb e placed perpen diculart o and coinciden twith th e Uda rline of-sigh ta tsufficien theigh tabov e th e groun d (sugges tabout3

0 ft) t o avoid ground-leve

l dus tcontamination . Referenc e signal s shal l b

e obtaine d jus tpriort

o con ductin g th e calibratio n test . Th e Uda rshal l be aimed through th e cente ro f th e plume withi n I stac k diamete r o f th e exit , o rthroug h th e geometri c cente r o f th e scree n targe tselected . Th e Uda rshal l b e se tin operatio n fora6-minute dat aru n a tanominal puls e rat

e o f I puls e ever

y 1 0 seconds . Each au&scatte rreturn signa l an d eac h respectiv e opacit

y valu e obtaine d fro

m th e smoit e generato rtransmissometer . shal l b e obtaine d i

n tempora

l coincidence . Th e dat ashal l be analyzed an

d reduced i

n accordance with Sectio n 2- S o f thi s method . Thi s calibratio n shal l be performed fo r0 % (clea n air) , and atleas tfive othe ropacitie s (nominall y 10 . 20 . 40 . 60 . an d 80%) . Th e aveng e o

f the . Uda ropacit y value s ob taine d durin g aS-rhinut e calibratio n ru

n shal l b e calculate d an

d shoul d be recorded . Als o th e average o

f th e opacit

y value s ob taine d fro m th e smok

e generato rtransmis somete rfo rth e sam e 6-minut e run shal l b

e calculate d and shoul d b

e recorded . Alternat e calibratio n procedures tha td o no tmee tth e abov

e requirements bu

t produc e equivalen tresults ma y b e used . 3. 2 Routin e Verificatio n Procedures . Eithe ron e o

f tw o technique s shal l b

e use d to conduc tthi s verification . I tshal l b e performe d a tleas tonce ever y 4 hour s foreach emissio n source measured . Th e followin g parameter s shal l b e directl y verified . 1 ) Th e opacit

y valu e o f 07 aplu s amini mum of S (nominall y 10

. 20 . 40 . 60 . and 30%) opacity value s shal l b

e verifie d throug h che PM T detecto ran

d dat aprocessin g electron ics . 2 ) Th e zero-signa

l level (receive rsignal wit h n o optical signa

l fro m th e source present ) shal l b

e inspecte d to insur e tha tno spuriou s nois e i

s presenti

n th e signal . Wit

h th e entir e Uda

rreceiveran

d analog/digita l electronic s turned on an d adjuste d for normal operatin g performance , th e follow in g procedure s shal l b

e use d forTechnique s 1 and 2 . respectively . 3.2. 1 Procedure fo

rTechniqu e I . Thi s tes tshal l be performe

d wit h no ambientor stra y ligh treaching th e PMT detector . Th e narrow ban

d .'liter< 694.3 nanometer s peak) shal l b e remove

d fro m it s positio n in front o f th e PM T detector . Neutral densit y fUter s o f nomina l opacitie s o

f 10 . 20 . 40 . 60 . an

d 80 % shal l b

e 'used . Th e recommended tes t configuratio n i

s depicted i

n Figur e AM1-VT

.P.5 5



### PM T Entranc e Windo w Completel y Covere d Lida rReceive r Photcmultiplie r Oetecto r (a ) Zero-Signa l Leve l Tes t

! C

W Lase ro r ! Light-Emittin g Oiod e (Ligh t Source ) 1 ight ' pat h 

# M Lida rReceive r Photomultiplie r| Detecto r'
(b ) Clear-Ai ro rOf: Opacit yTes t

JA Lase ro r Light-Emittin g Diod e (Ligh t Source ) Neutral-densit y optica l filte r



### ligh t pat h Lida r Receive r Photcmultip ! ie r Detecto r
(c ) Optica l Filte r Tes t (simulate d opacit yvalues )
'Test s shal l b e performe d wit h n o ambien t o r stra yligh t reachin g th e detector .

igur e AMI-VI . Tes t Configuratio n fo r TechnicL.t r iP.5 6

Th e zero-signal leve l shal l b e measured and shoul d be recorded , as indicate d i n Figur e AMl-VT(a) . Thi s simulate d clear-ai r o r0 % opacity valu e shai l b e teste d i n usin g th e selecte d ligh tsourc e depicte d i n Figur e AMl-VNb) . Th e ligh tsourc e eithe rshal l b e acontinu ou s wave (CW

) lase rwit h th e bea

m mechanicall y choppe d o raligh temittin g diode controUe d wit

h apuls e generato r(rectangu la rpulse) . (

A lase rbeam ma

y hav e to b e attenuate d s o as no tt o saturat e th e PMT de tector) . Thi s signa l leve l shal l b e measured an d shoul d b e recorded . Th e opacity valu e i s calculate d b

y takin g tw o pic

k interval s [Sec tio n 2.6 1 abou t1 microsecon d apar tin time an d usin g Equatio n (AM1-2 ) settin g th e rati o R,/R<-1 . Thi s calculate d valu e shoul d b e recorded . Th e simulate d clear-ai rsigna l level i s als o employed.i n th e optica l tes tusin g th e neu tra l density filters. Usin g th e tes tconfigura tio n i n Figure AMl-VKc) . each neutral den sit y fUtershal l be separatel y place d int o th e Ughtpath from th e ligh tsourc e to th e PMT detector . Th e signa l leve l shal l be measured and shoul d b

e recorded . Th e opacity valu e foreac h fUteri s calculate d b y takin g th e signa l level fo rtha trespectiv e filte r(I,) , dividin g i tb

y th e 0 % opacity signal level (I, ) an d performin g th e remainde ro f th e calcu latio n t>y Equatio n (AM1-2 ) wit h R./R.-1 . Th e calculate d opacity valu e foreach fUte r shoul d b e recorded . Th e neutra l densit y fUters used forTeen niqu e 1 shal l b e calibrate d fo ra«ua l opacit y with accuracy o

f =2 % o rbetter . Thi s cali bratio n shal l be don e monthl y whU e th e fil ter s ar e i

n us e and th e calibrate d value s shoul d be recorded . 3.2 ^ Procedure fo rTechniqu e 2 . A n opti ca l generato r(built-i n calibratio n mecha nism ) tha tcontain s alight-emittin g diod e (re d ligh tfo raUda

rcontainin g arub y laser) i s used . B y injectin g a

n optical signa l int o th e Uda

rreceive rimmediatel y ahea d o f th e PM T detector , abackscatte rsigna l i s simulated . Wit

h th e entir e lidarreceive r electronic s turne d on an d adjuste d for norma l operatin g performance , th e optica l generato ri s turne d on and th e simulatio n signal (correcte d forl/R* ) i s selecte d wit h n o plume spike signal an

d with th e opacity valu e equal t o 0%. Thi s simulate d clear-ai r atmospheri c retur

n signal i s displaye d on th e system' s video display . Th e Uda ropera -

. . . .„.. . _.k, ^ .„, . « m eidjustment s max. •aay b e necessary to maintai n th e system' s norma l operatin g range . Th e opacit

y value s o

f 0 % and th e othe r fiv e value s are selecte d on e a tatim e l n any order. Th e simulate d return signal data shoul d b e recorded . Th e opacity valu e shal l b e calculated . Thi s measurement/calcula tio n shal l b

e performed a

tleas tthre e time s foreach selecte d opacit y value . Whil e th e orderi s no timportant , each o f th e opacity value s fro

m th e optical generato rshal l be verified . Th e calibrated optica l generato r opacit y valu e foreach selectio n shoul d be recorded . Th e optical generato rused forTechniqu e 2 shal l be calibrate d foractual opacit y with a n accurac y o f =1 % o x better . Thi s calibra tio n sha U be don e monthl y whU e th e gener ato ri s in us e and calibrate d valu e shoul d be recorded . Alternate verificatio n procedure s tha td o notmeetth e abov

e requirements bu t produc e equivalen tresults ma

y b e used . 3. 3 Deviation . Th e permissibl e erro rfo r

th e annua l calibratio n an d routin e vertfica . Uon are : "*" " 3.3. 1 Annual

Calibration Deviation . 3J.1. 1 Smok e Generator . I f th e Udar

. measure d average opacit y foreach datarun i s no twithi n =3 % (fu

U scale ) o

f th e respec Uv e smok e generator' s average opacity ove r th e rang e o

f 0 % through 80% . the n th e Uda r sha U b e considere d outo

f calibration . 3.3.1. 2 Screens . I

f th e Udar-measure

d averag e opacity foreac

h dataru

n I s no t withi n =3 % (ful l scale ) o f th e laboratory-de termine d opacity foreac h respectiv e simula Uo n scree n targe tove

rth e rang e o

f 0 % throug h 80% . the n th e Uda rshal l b e consid ere d ou to

f calibration . 3.3. 2 Routin e VeriflcaUon Error . I f *.h e lidar-measure d averag

e opacit y fo rtac h neutra l density fUte

r(Techniqu e 1) oropti ca l generato rselectio n (Techniqu e 2 ) i s no t withi n =3 % (fu

U scale ) o

f th e respectiv e laborator y calibratio n value the n th e lidar shal l b e considere d non-operational . 4 . ."er/ormance/Deint

m Specificatio n San e LidarSusiem. for 4. 1 LidarDesign Specification . Th e es sentia l component s o

f th e basi c Uda

rsyste m ar e apulse d lase r(transmitter) , optical receiver , detector , signa

l processor , recorder, and a n aimin g device thati s use d i n aimin g th e lida rtransmitte ran d receiver . Figur

e AMl-VT I show s afunctiona l bloc k diagra m o f abasi c lidarsystem .

Transmitte d ligh t Pulse

aaasatte r Retur n Signa l ; 'ifle e 5iqna i

?tyjr» AM

I -'/l l functional

Slock

Oxigram

af a Sasi c lida r Syile mP.5 7

4. 2 Performanc e Evaluatio n Testa . Th e owne ro f

a Uda rsyste m shal l subjec tsuc h a Uda rsyste m t o th e performanc e verificatio n test s describe d i n Sectio n 3 . prio rt o firs tus e o f thi s method . Th e annua l calibratio n sha U b e performe d fo r thre e separate , complet e run s an d th e result s o f eac h shoul d b e re corded . Th e requirement s of Sectio n 3.3. 1 mus tb e fulfille d fo reac h o f th e thre e runs . Onc e t»*i

e condition s o f

th e annua l calibra Uo n ar e fulflUe d th e Uda rshal l b e subjecte d t o th e routin e verificatio n fo r thre e sepa rat e complet e runs . Th e requirement s o f Sectio n 3.3. 2 mus tb e fulfille d fo r eac h o f th e thre e run s an d th e result s shoul d b e re corded . Th e Administrato rma y reques ttha t th e result s o f

th e performanc e evaluatio n b e submitte d fo rreview . 3 . References. 5. 1 Th e Us e o f

Lida rfo r Emission s Sourc e Opacit y Determination . TJ-S. Envi ronmenta l Protectio n Agency . Nationa l En forcemen tInvestigation s Center . Denver . CO . EPA-330/1-T9-O03-R . Arthu rW . Dyb dahl . curren teditio n CiNTL S No . PB81 - 2466621 . 5. 2 Fiel d Evaluatio n o f MobU e Lida rfo r th e Measuremen to f

Smok e Plum e Opacity . U.S . Environmenta l Protectio n Agency . Na tiona l Enforcemen tInvestigation s Center . Denver . CO. ' EPA/NEIC-TS-128 . February . 1976 . 5. 3 Remot e Measuremen to f Smok e Plum e Transmittanc e Usin g Lidar . C . S . Cook . G . W . Bethke . W . D . Conne r(EPA / RTP) . AppUe d Optic s 11 . p g 1742 . Augus t 1972 . 5. 4 Lida rStudie s o f Stac k Plume s i n Rura l an d Urba n Environments . EFA-550 / 4-73-002 . Octobe r1973 . 5. 5 America n Nationa l Standar d fo r th e Saf e Us e o f

Laser s ANS I Z 136.1-178 . S Marc h 1976 . 5. 6 U.S . Arm y Technica l Manua l T B ME D 279 . Contro l o f Hazard s : o Healt h fro m Lase rRadiation . Februar y 1969 . 5. 7 Lase rInstitut e o f Americ aLase r Safet y Manual . 4t h Edition . S.3 U.S . Departmen tof Health . Educa tio n an d Welfare . Regulation s fo r th e Ad ministratio n an d Enforcemen to f th e Radi atio n Contro l fo r Healt h an d Safet y Ac to f 1968 . Januar y 1976 . S. 9 Lase rSafet y Handbook . Ale x Mallow , Leo n Chabot . Va n Nostran d Reinhol d Co 1978 . UTT-HO O 10—Drrrxj.cc f AI-IO N o r CAUO N Mow orxo rEuxssxotf

s nau STATMKAa

T Some n 1 . Principle and

Applicability. 1. 1 Principle. A n integrate d o rcontinuou s ga s sampl e I

s extracte d fro m asamplin g pome an d analyze d fo rcarbo n monoxid e (CO ) con ven tusin g aLoft-typ e aondlsperslv e infra re d analyze r(NI5n*. , o r equivalent . 1. 2 A.pplicadillty. Tils taetao d i s ippll cabl e to r:a e decermlaatto ao f carbo n mon oxid e emission s fro m stationar y source s onl y wne aspecifie d by th e tas tprocedure s fo r determinin g complianc e Tri m ne w sourc e performanc e standards . Th e tau tprocedur e wu l indicat e whethe ra continuou s o r a a integrate d sampl e I s t o b e used . 2 . Range and

sensitivity, -X Range. 0 t o 1.000 ppm . 22 Sensitivity. Minimu m detectabl e con centratio n l s 2 0 pp m fo r a 0 c o 1.00 0 pp m span . 3 . interference- . An y substanc e havin g a stron g absorptio n o f infrare d energ y wil l Interfer e t o som aextent . Fo rexample , dis criminatio n ratio s fo rwate r(E.O ) an d car bo adioxid e (CO, ) ar e U percen tS. O pe r 7 pp m C

O aa d 1 0 percen tCO . pe r1 0 pp m CO , reapecttTgiy , fo rdevice s meaauna g i n th * 1.50 0 t o 3.00 0 pp m range . To rdevice s meaa wia g l n th e 0 t o 100 pp m range , interferenc e ratio * ca n b e a

ahig h a s 3. 3 percen tH, 0 pe r 2 9 pp m C

O an d 1 0 percen tCO , pe rS C pp m CO . Th e us e of

silic age l an d ascattt acrap e wil l alienat e th e majo rInterferenc e prob lems . Th tmeasure d ga a volum e mus tb a correcte d if

thea e sap s are

- used . 4 . Precisio n an d accuracy .
. 4. 1 Precision . Th e precisio n a f moa tN"DIB

. analyzer s i s approximatel y —2 percen tof spaa . 4. 2 Accuracy . Th e accurac y of moa tNOQ t analyzer s t

aapproximatel y —

5 percen to t (pa n afte rcalibration . 3 . Apparatus. 3- 1 Continuou s sample (Figur e L0—1) . Su. 1 Probe . Stainles s stee l or ihestha d Pyrex l glass , equippe d wit h aflltatrt o remove parnculat e matter . 50- 2 Atr-eooUd

condenserorequivalent. T o remov e aa y exees amoisture . SJ Integrated

tample (Figur e 10-2) . 3.2. 1 Probe . Stainles s stea l o r sheatbe d Pyre x glass , equippe d wit h a filtert o remov e -Martlculat

amatter . S22 AlT-coola- d condense ro r equivalent. T o remov e an y exces s moisture . SJL2 Valve. Needl e valve , o requivalent , t o t o adjus tflow rata . S i tPump. Leak-fre e diaphrag m type , o r equivalent , t o transpor tgaa . 5.2. 5 Hate meter. Rotameter , o requivalent . t o measur e a lo w rang e fro m 0 t o 1. 0 lite r pe rmin . (0.03 3 cfm) . 5.2. 6 Flexible bag. Tedlar . o r v^uiv alent . wit h i capacit y o f 6 0 t o 9 0 liter s ( 2 t o 3 ft') . Leak-tes tth e ba g i n th e labora tor y befor e usin g b y evacuatin g ba g wit h a pum p followe d b y a dr y ga s meter . Whe n evacuatio n i s complete , ther e shoul d b e n o flow throug h th e meter .

aixocup cowau

m numna '•aavaiav L m n •mmajr . 5.2. 7 Pitot

tube. Typ e 3 . o requivalent . at tacha d t o th e pron e s o tha tth a samplin g rat e ca n ba reguisu d proportiona l t o th e itaas k ga avelocit y whe n velocit y i s varyin g wit h th e tim e or a sampl e travers e i a con ducted . S J ainofysi s (Figur e 10-3) .

• Mentio n o f

tr-ul e Tiami-

ao rspecifi c prod uct adoa aao tcoastltut aendorsemen tb y th e Za « Uuameata l Protectio n Agency . 5 J. l Carbo n monoxid s analyzer . Nondlsper sir e infrare d spectrometer , or equivalent . Thi s instrumen tshoul d b a damo-oscrated . preferabl y b y th e maaufacrurer . t o mee to r excee d manufacturer' s rpectficatloa aan d thoa e describe d l athi s method . 3.3. 2 Drying tube . T o contai n approxl matal y 20 0 g o

f silic agel . 5. 3 J Calibration gas. Refe rt o Sectio n 6.1 . [5.3. 3 amende d b v 5 3 F R41333 , Octobe r 21 . 1988 ] 5.3. 4 /"titer . A

s recommeade d b y KDQ t maaufacturer . 5 J J. CO. removal

tube . T o co n uo n aoproxi matai y SO

b % o f ascarite . 5.3. 6 fe e ujore

rbatfi. Po raacant aaa d silic a ge l tubas . 3.3. 7 Valve. Needl e valve , o r equivalent , t o adjus tflow rata 5.3. 3 flare meter . Rotamete ror equivalen t t o measur e ga s flow rat e o f 0 t o 1. 0 Sta rpe r mm . (0.03 S cfm ) throug h HDIR . 3 J j Recorderioptional) . T o provid e per - •*""» • recor d o

f NDI 8 readings . S . Reagents.

UU : U U

R«rja)l4.t . ZmmmM mmmmm\t*m> 6. 1 ColibraCao n gases. KaoiT i concentratio n of C O l a nitroge n IN, ) fo ricstrumea s spaa , prepurtfie d grad e o

f X , forzero , sa d rsro.aaldl tloas d concentration s eorrespoadla g approxi matel y t o 6 0 percen tsa d 3 0 percen tspaa . Th e spa n concentratio n snai l no texcee d 1. 5 time s th aapplicabl e sourc e performanc e standard . Th acalibratio n gase s snai l be cercfla d b y ti « maaufacture rto be 7itai a—i percen t o f tn e specifie d concentration .P.5 8

• J -Wile d gel. Indicatin g typ* . 6 t o 1 6 mash , drie d a c 178 * C (347 - T) tat 2 hotxra . .2 Jjcarite. Commerciall y available . 7 . Proeedure . 7 aSdmj»«n«7 . 7a. 1 Conrinwou s sampling. Sa tu p th a equipmen ta s show n l n l*1gur » 10- 1 T *** v

ln g sur e al l eoanecnoa * ar e lea k free . Pla n th a prob e i n th astac k a tasamplin g poin taa d purg e th e samplin g Una . Connec tth aaaa lya « aa d begi n drawta g sampl e int o th e aaalyxar . Allo w 5 mlauta afo rth asysta m t o f • t "'1—*i tae n racar d th aaaalyza rread la g a s require d b y th * tsar tprocedure . (Sa

w Seaio n 7. 2 an d 8) . CO . conten to f th e ga s ma y b e deterrnine d b y usin g th e Metho d 3 integrate d sampl e procedure , o rb y weigh in g th e ascarit e CO , remova l tub e ar. d computin g CO - concentratio n fro m th e ga s volum e sample d an d th e weigh tgai n o f ih e mbe . [7.1. 1 amende d b y 5 3 F R41333 , Octobe r 21 . 1988 ] T. U Integrated sampling. Evacuat e th a flexible bag . Se tu p th e equipmen ta ashow n i n Figur e 10- 3 wit h th aba g disconnected . Plac e th e prob e i n th e stac k aa d purg e th a samplin g Una . Connec tth e bag , makin g sur e tha tal l connection s ar alea k free . Sampl e a t arat aproportiona l t o th e statt k velocity . CO , coataa tof

th aga s ma y b adetenaias d b y usin g th aMetho d 3 lategrata d sampl * procedures , orb

y weighin g ih e ascarite CO . remova

l tub e an

d computin g CO , concentratio n fro

m the ga s volum e sam ple d and th e weightgai n o

f th e tube . [7.1. 2 amende d by 5 3 FR41333 . Octobe r 21 . 1988 ] 12 C O atnoiysu . Aasembl e th * apparatu s a a show n l n Figure . 10-3 . calibrat e eh * taatra meat , an d partot m othe rrequire d operation s a s describe d i

n sectio n 8 . Purge analyze r wit h N i prio rt o introductio n o f eac h sampl* . Direc tth * sampl e strea m throug h th atnstra men tfo rtb * tes tperiod, recordin g th * read ings . Chac k th * zer o aa d spa n agsd n artat rth * tsar s t o aaeur * tha taa y drif to rmattuaetjo n ladetected . Recor d th asampl * dat ao n Tail * 10- L [7. 2 amende d b y 5 3 F R41333 , Octobe r 21 . 1988 ]

-. Calibration, .Assembl e th * apparatu s ac cordin g t o Ptgur * 10-3 . Oanarafl y « iastrn m*n trequire * awarm-u p perio d baror * sta bilit y u obtained . Follo w th * maa.xLtactax.r-* mstruetlea afo rspecifi c procedura . iUio w a auannu m tins * oroa * bom - ro rwarm-up . Otma g thi s tim e chac k th * sampj #coadi Oonla g apparatus . Ls , Altar , condaaae rdry la g tuba , aa d CO , rtmova l tub* , t o ensur e sha teac h componen tl attgoo d op«r»cri g caadiaoa . Zer o aa d caUbrat * th * lastnimaa t acoordln g t o th * maauracturer' aprocedure * Uatiag . rasspeetivaiy . aicoga n aa d th acallbra uoagaaam .

**•'-"* * 10-L— r-tu . data LoeatiaUl . Comments : Tes t Dat a Operator . Clock Mm * Rotametersetting. Men perminute (cubic feet

permsnutt )

9. Calculatio

n —Calatiat

ath aconcentrsOo

n o f carbo n monoxid

e i n th e soc k using aquaaon 10-t . Cco.^j , *

» Cco^^Q. - ?co,) equatio n 10- 1 where : CCO.M.V,* " concentratio n ot * C O i n stack , pp m b y volum e (dr y basis) . Cco.._.,_*" t !o* m - f 'eaiTado n of C O xneaiure d b y NDI E .uulyter , pp m b y volum e (dr y 'N-DI R basis) . /co,** * volum e (ractio n of CO tI n sample , Le. , percen tCO i fro m Orta tanalysi s divide d b y 100 . [9 . amende d b y 5 5 F R47472 , Novembe r 14 , 1990 ] 10 . Alternative Procedures 10. 1 Interferenc e Trap . Th e sampl e con ditionin g syste m describe d i n Method ' 10A . section s 2.1. 2 an d 4.2 . ma y b e use d a s a n alternativ e t o th e silic age i an d ascarit e craps . [Ne w 10 . adde d b y 5 3 F R41333 . Octobe r 21 . 1988 ] 11 . Bibliography. [Forme r1 0 redesignate d a s 11 . b y 5 3 F R 41333 . Octobe r21 . 1988 : 11. 1 —11. 6 a s 1 . —6 . b v 5 5 F R47472 . Novembe r14 , 1990 ] 1 . MeHnry

. Frank . Th e Intmec aNDIR-C

O Analyser . Preaaate d a t:it h Matboo a CoaXer-mc * o aAirPollution . TTnivantt y o

f auromia . Berkeley . Calif - Apri l I , 1970 . Jscaca . M.S. . e

tsi . Continuou

s Deteria_..i».io ao f

Carso n Monoxid e aa d Hy drocarbon s l aAi rb y aModifie d laxra red Analyser . J. Ai rPolluno aContro l Association . $(3 ) : 110-114 . Augus t1959 . MS A LIR A Intrare

d Cs s in

d Liqui d Analyze rlhstraeno a3ook , Min e Saiet y Appliance s Co . Teeaaloa l Product s Ol vision . PlttaOurgh . Pa . Mood s 215a . 3I3A . in

d 4I5 A Ininre

d Analyzes-* . "•——•» " tostrameuta . Is c 3*ckm« alastr-aenoa s 1835-a . Fuller toa . Calif

. Octooe r1907 . Continuou s C

O Monitonn i Svstem . Model A5611 . IntartaK

A Corp . Princeton , UNO RInfrare

d O u Aoslvters , Betial i Corp . aoacrferta . Wes tVirginia .P.5 9



### APPENDI X B
METHO D 2 2

MRI-MvR8913-4 3 

### B- 1P.6 0

MiTHO D 22—VIS-.U , DETZailE * ATIO N O F FtfGrnv z EMISSION S Faoa t MAISRLU
. Soiracs s . .o mSMOK S AMISSION S FRO M 1
. Introduction Thi s metho dinvolve s di e visua l determi

natio n o f fugitiv e emissions
. i.e.
. emission s r.oc emitte ddirectl y fro maprocss s stac k o r due:
. Fugitiv e emission s includ e emission s tha t <i ) escap e captur e b y proces s equip

men t e.xhaus t hoeds : (2 ) ar e emitte ddurin g materia l transfer
. (3 5 ar e emitte dfro m building s housin g mater.a l processin g o r handlin g equipment : an d(-.) ar e emitte ddi

rectl y fro mproces s equipment
. Thi s metho d i s use dals o t o determin e visibl e smoit e emis

sion s fro mflare s use dfo r combustio n of wast e proces s materials
. Thi s metho ddetermine s th e amoun t o f tim e tha t an y visibl e emission s occu r durin g th e observatio n period
. Le.
. th e accumulate d emissio n time
. Thi s metho ddee s no t requir e tha t th e opacit y o

f emi^ion s b e determined
. Sine s thi s procedur e require s onl y th e de

terminatio n o

f •whethe r

avisibl e emissio n occur s an ddoe s no t

requir e th e determina

tio n o f opacit y levels , observe r certificatio n accordin g t o th e procedure s of Metho d9 ar e no t required
. However , i t i s necessar y tha t th e observe r

i s educate do n th e genera l pro cedure s fo r

determinin g th e presenc e o f via

bl e emissions
. A s a•ninirrmm , -, a e observe r mus t c e "raine dan dknowledgeabl e regard

in g th e effect s o n th e visibilit y o f emi^ion s cause db y backgroun dcontrast , ambien t lighting , observe r

positio n relativ e t o light

ing , wind , an dth e presenc e o f uncombine d •wate r (condensin g -water

vapor)
. Thi s train

in g i s * o b e obtaine dfro m"writte n material s :'=un di n Reference s 7. 1 an d7. 2 o r fro mth e lectur e portio n of

th e Metho d9 certifica

tio n course . 2
. Applicability and

Principle 2. 1 Applicability
. Thi s metho dapplie s t o th e determinatio n o

f th e frequenc y o

f fugi

tiv e emission s fro mstationar y source s (lo

cate dindoor s o r

outdoors ; whe n specifie da s th e tes t metho dfo r

determinin g complianc e wit h ne w sourc e performanc e standards
. Thi s metho dais o i s applicabl e fo r th e de

terminatio n o

f th e frequenc y o

f visibl e smok e esiussion s fro mflares
. 2. 2 Principle
. Fugitiv e emission s pro duce ddurm g materia l processing , handling
. m dTransfe r

operation s o r

smok e emission s frc mflare s ar e visuall y determine db y a a observe r withou t th e ai do

f instruments
. 2 . Definitions 3. 1 Emissio n Frequency
. Percentag e of tim e tha t

eaLUSsion

s ar e visibl e durin g th e observatio n period
. 3. 2 Emisio n Time
. Accumulate damoun t o f tim e tha t

emission s ar e visibl e durin g th e observatio n period
. 3. 3 Fugitiv e Eai^ons
. Pollutan t gener ate db y a n affecte dfacilit y whic h i s no t col

lecte db y acaptur e syste man di s release dt o th e atmosphere
. 3. 4 Smok e Emissions
. Pollutan t generat
e db y combustio n i n aflar e an doccurrin g Immediatel y downstrea mo f th e flame
. Smok e occjirrin g withi n th e flame , bu t no t downstrea mo

f th e flame , i s no t

considere d asmok e emission
. 3. 5 Observatio n Period
. Accumulate d tim e perio ddurin g whic h observation s ar e conducted , no t

t o b e les s tha n th e perio d specifie di n th e applicabl e regulation
. 4
. Eauipment 4. 1 Stopwatches
. Accumulativ e typ e wit h uni t diviaon s o

f a t leas t 0. 5 seconds : tw o re quired
. 4. 2 Ligh t

Meter
. Ligh t

mete r capabl e o

f measurin g illuminanc e i n th e 50

- *. o 200-lu. t range : requiredfo r

indoo r observation s only
. 5
. Procedur e 5. 1 Position
. Surve y th e affecte dfacilit y o r buildin g o r

structur e housin g th e proces s t o b e observe dan ddetermin e th e location s o f potentia l emisions
. I

f th e affecte dfacili

t y i s locate dinsid e abuilding , determin e a n observatio n locatio n tha t i s consisten t

wit h th e requirements of

th e applicabl e regula

tio n (Le-
. out3id e observatio n o f emision s esc-ipin g th e building/strictur e o r insid e ob

servatio n o

f emission s diirwtl y emitte dfro m th e affecte dfacilit y proces s unit)
. The n selec t apositio n tha t

enable s aclea r

'ne w o f th e potentia l essisao n point(s ) o f th e affect

e dfacility o r

of th e buildin g o r

structur e housin g th e affecte dfacility , a s appropriat e fo r th e applicabl e .subpart
. A positio n ac leas t 1 5 feet , bu t

no t mor e tha n 0.25 miles , fro mth e emissio n sourc e i s recommended
. Fo r outdoo r

locations , selec t

apositio n •where th e su n i s no t

directl y i n th e observ

er' s eyes . * 5. 2 Fiel dP.ecords
. 5.2. 1 Outdoo r

Location
. Recor dth e fol

lowin g informatio n o n th e fiel ddat ashee t (Figur e 22-1) : compan y name , industry
. proces s unit , observer s name , observer' s af

filiation , an ddate
. Recor dals o th e estimat

e dwin dspeed , win ddirection , an dsky con dition
. Sketc h th e proces s uni t oe.r. g ob

serve dan dnot e th e observe r locatio n rela

tiv e to th e sourc e an dth e sun . Indicat e :h e • potentia l an dactua l emissio n point s o n th a sketch
. 5.11* 2 Indoo r Location
. Recor dth e follow

in g Informatio n o n th e fiel ddat ashee t (Figur e 22-2) : compan y name , industry
. proces s unit , observer s name , observer s af

- 

# "irwwm"P.6 1

filiation , an ddate
. Recor da s appropriat e th e type , location , an dintensit y o f lightin g o n th e dat asheet
. Sketc h th e proces s uni t bein g obser/e dan dnot e obser/e r locatio n relativ e t o th e source . Indicat e th e potentia l an dactua l fugitiv e emissio n point s o n th e sketch
. 5. 3 Indoo r

Lightin g Requirements
. Fo r indoo r locations , us e aligh t

mete r t o meas ur e th e leve l o

f illuminatio n a t

alocatio n a s clos e t o th e emissio n source(s ) a s i s feasible
. A n illuminatio n of

greate r tha n 10 0 lu x (1 0 foo t candles ) i s considere dnecessar y fo r prope r applicatio n o

f thi s method
. 5. 4 Observations
. Recor dth e cloc k tim e . whe n obser/ation s begin
. Us e on e stopwatc h t o monito r

th e duratio n o

f th e observatio n period : star t

thi s stopwatc h whe n th e obser

vatio n perio dbegins
. I f th e observatio n perio di s divide dint o tw o o r mor e segment s b y proces s shutdown s o r observe r

res t breaks , sto p th e stopwatc h whe n abrea k begin s an drestar t

i t withou t resettin g whe n th e brea k

ends
. Sto p th e stopwatc h a t th e en do f th e observatio n period
. Th e accumu late dtim e indicate db y thi s stopwatc h i s th e duratio n o

f th e observatio n period
. Whe n th e observatio n perio di s completed , recor d th e cloc k time
. Durin g th e observatio n period , continous

i y watc h th e emi^io n source . Upo n observ

in g a n emissio n (condense dwate r vapo r i s no t considere da n emission) , star t th e secon daccumulativ e stopwatch : sto p th e watc h whe n th e emissio n stops . Continu e thi s procedur e fo r

th e entir e obser/atio n period
. Th e accumulate delapse dtim e o n thi s stopwatc h i s th e tota l tim e emission s wer e visibl e durin g th e obser/atio n period
. i.e. , th e eimssio n time
. 5.4. 1 Observatio n Period
. Choos e a n ob

servatio n perio do

f sufficien t

lengt h t o mee t th e requirement s fo r

determinin g compli

anc e wit h th e emissio n regulatio n i n th e ap plicabl e subpart
. Whe n th e lengt h o f th e ob

serratio n perio di s specificall y state di n th e applicabl e subpart , i t

ma y no t

b e necessar y t o observ e th e sourc e fo r thi s entir e perio d L f th e emissio n tim e require dt o indicat e noncomplianc e (base do n th e specifie dob

servatio n period ) i s obser/e di n ashorte r tim e period
. I n othe r

words , i

f th e regula

tio n prohibit s emission s fo r mor e tha n 6 minutes ' L

n an y hour , the n observation s ma y (optional ) b e stoppe dafte r a n emissio n tim e o f o -ninute s i s e.xceeded
. Similarly , whe n th e regulatio n i s e.tpresse da s a n emissio n frequenc y an dth e regulatio n prohibit s emission s fo r

greate r tha n 1 0 percen t

o f th e tim e i n an y hour , the n observation s ma y (optional ) b e terminate dafte r 5 minute s o

f emission s ar e observe dsinc e 5 minute s i s 1 0 percen t o f a n hour
. I n an y case , th e observa

tio n perio dsnai l no t

b e les s tha n S minute s i n duration
. I n som e cases , th e proces s oper atio n ma y b e intermitten t o r cycli c I n suc h cases , i t ma y b e convenien t

fo r th e observa

tio n perio dt o coincid e wit h th e lengt h o f th e proces s cycle
. 5.4. 2 Obser/e r

Res t 3reaks
. D o no t

ob

serv e emi^ion s continuousl y fo r aperio do

f mor e tha n 1 5 t o 2

0 minute s withou t

takin g ares t break
. Fo r

source s requirin g obser/a

tio n period s o

f greate r tha n 2 0 minutes , th e obser/e r shal l tak e abrea k

o f no t les s tha n 3 minute s an dno t

.more tha n 1 0 minute s afte r ever / 1 5 t o 20 minute s o

f observation
. I f continuou s observation s ar e desire dfo r extende dtim e periods , tw o observer s ca n al

ternat e betwee n makin g obser/ation s an d takin g breaks
. 5.4. 3 Visua l Interference
. Occasionally , fugitiv e emission s fro msource s othe r tha n th e affecte dfacilit y (e.g.
. roa ddust ) ma y preven t aclea r vie w o f th e affecte dfacility
. Thi s ma y particularl y b e aproble mdurin g period s o f hig h wind
. I

f ch e view o

f th e po tentia l e*aissio n point s i s obscure dt o suc h a degre e tha t

th e obser/e r

question s ch e validit y o f continuin g observations , the n th e observation s ar e terminated , an dth e observ

e r cieari y note s thi s fac t o n ch e dat aform
. • 5. 5 Recordin g Observations
. Recor dth e accumulate dtim e of

th e observatio n perio d ' o n th e dat ashee t

a s th e observatio n perio d duration
. Recor dch e accumulate dtim e emission s wer e obser/e do n th e dat ashee t a s th e emissio n time
. Recor dch e cloc k tim e th e observatio n perio dbega n an dended , a s wel l a s th e cloc k

tim e an y observe r

break s bega n an dended
. S
. CcUc-,latians If ch e applicabl e subpar t

require s tha t

ch e emissio n rat e b e expresse da s a n e.missio n frequenc y (i n percent) , determin e thi s valu e a s follows : Divid e ch e accumulate demissio n tim e f-i n seconds ) b y th e du-racio n o f th e ob

servatio n perio d(i n seconds ) o r b y an y mini

mu mobservatio n perio drequire di n ch e ap plicabl e subpart , i

f th e acuta ! observatio n perio di s les s tha n th e require dper.o dan d multipl y thi s quotien t

b y LOO
. 7
. References. 7. 1 Missan
. Rober t

an dArnol dStein
. Guideline s fo r

Evaluatio n o

f "isibi e Emis

i sion s Certification
. Fiel dProcedures
. Lega l .Aspects , an dBackgroun dMaterial
. ZFA.
• Publicatio n No
. EF.*.-340/1-75-007
. Apri l 197 5 7. 2 Wohiscfciege L P
. an dD
. E
. Wagoner
. Guidelin e for

Developmen t

o f aQualit y As

suranc e Pr e gram : Volum e IU—Visual Deter

minatio n o

f Opacit y Emi^ioti s Fro mSta

tionar y Sources
. EP A Publicatio n No
. ZPA- •350/4-74-005-1
. Novembe r L975
.P.6 2

rTJGmV « O R SMQKZ £WIS*5IO N INS?*C7.C N OUTDOO R LflCATIC N Csmoan y —__—_ _ Locatio n -._______ _ Cjrnpan y raortsantanv- a Cbaarva r Affiliatio n Oat a __ _ Sk y Csn^hion a f*****CTJ* t atio n . _ Win d dtracao n Win d seaa d — Incuaar v Procaa auni t Sltate n grocaa r unit : indicat a afiaarva r gcaitie n raiaxiv a i s jcurc a an d sun ; indicat a gctantia i ttmiuic n goint a and/o r actua l atniaaio n gcir.ts .

OSSeSVATION S
3a*ji n Cfcaarvatic n Coc x lim a Observatio n

paario d duration . min:3« c Xaz-(m..a\wd

•inisxton lima , min.sa c

*..-. « cesarvatic nP.6 3

Itjgitiv * .toisaior . Ins-pacnio n Indoo rLocatio n Tacla t 

### •njcrnve aissio i INSPSCTIC N DfXXT RLOCATIC

N Coapany ..vScacic n Csacan y **apre9a-»ncativ« CCaarva r__ _ Affiliatio n Cac a
Industr y Proces s uni t Licri ttyp a (IluoirescBnt , incandeaacent, natura l Li . en tlocatio n (cvwrha-wd , Se n in d coserwar , etc. ) Illu«ira*nc e (lu x o rJootcandlea ) Skats . proces s unit ; indicat acOaervs rpositio n relativ e co source ; indicat apocencia l missio n point s and/o ractua l amissio n poinca .

v**BS£RVXnCN

S
•Jaqinnin

j observatio n 

## acc x tun * cesar/atio n

perio d duration . ram : se c Aaccuauiate d

oeissicn . tune . rain-se c

Sin d coaarvatio nP.6 4



### APPENDI X C METHO D 1

MRI-M\H8913-4 3 

### C- 1P.6 5

33-39. 3 

### TENNESSEE VISIBL

E E. M 155ION

S EVALUATIO N

METHOD I

Visual Determinatio n o f Opacit y of

Emission s Fro mNontraditiona l Source s (Road s an dParkin g Areas )

Tennesse e Divisio n of

Ai r Pollutio n Contro l Sourc e Samplin g Sectio n TERRA ' Suiidin g 15 0 9t h Avenue
. Nor m Nashville , Tennesse e 3720 3

May , 198 1
Approve r

By : On : Tennesse e Ai r . D 

### ollutio n Contro l Boar d A on l 29 , 198 2 Amended : Seotemoe r I J
. 198 2

### 33-39. 3 TVE E Metho dI Sectio n No
. 2 Revisio n No
. 5 Dat e Apri l 26 , 198 2 Pag e I o f

I Page s 33-39. 3 Opacit y o f Emission s Fro mNontraditiona l Source s (Road s an dParkin g Areas ) 1
. Principl e an dapplicabilit y 1. 1 Principle
. Th e opacit y of emission s fro mnontraditiona l source s (road s an dparkin g areas ) i s determine dvisuall y b y a n observe r qualifie din accordanc e wit h criteri aapprove dby th e Tennesse e Ai r Pollutio n Contro l Boar d''o n Marc h 20 , 1973)
. 1. 2 Applicability
. Thi s metho di s applicabl e fo r th e determinatio n o f

th e opacit y o

f emission s fro mnontraditiona l source s (road s an dparkin g areas)
.

### TVE E Metho d! Sectio n No
. 2 33-39
. j 

### Revisio n No
. 5 Dat e Apri l 26
. i 93 2 Pag e 1 o f

I Page s
33-39. 3 

### Opacit y o f Emission s Fro mNontraditiona l Source s (Road s an dParkin g Areas ) Procedures
. Tr.e observe r qualifie di

n accordanc e wit h th e criteri ase t fort h by th e Tennesse e Ai r Pollutio n Contro l Boar dshai l us e th e followin g procedure s fo r

visuall y determinin g th e opacit y o f emissions : 2. 1 Position
. Th e qualifie dobserve r shal l stan da t

adistanc e sufficien t t o provid e aclea r

vie w o f th e emission s wit h th e sun oriente di n th e I->Q 0 

### secto r t o hi s back
. Consisten t wit h maintainin g th e abov e requirements , th e observe r shall , a s muc h a s possibl e mak e hi s observation s fro mapositio n suc h tha t hi s lin e of

visio n i s •approximatel y perpendicula r t o th e olum e an dwin ddirection
. Th e observer' s lin e o f

sigh t shoul dno t

includ e mor e Cha

n on e olum e a t

a tim e whe n multipl e plume s ar e involved
. 2. 2 Fiei c records
. Th e observe r shal l recor dth e nam e o f th e plant , nontraditiona l sourc e location , typ e (roa dor parkin g lot) , metho do f contro l used , observer' s name , certificatio n dat e an daffiliation , an d th e dat e o

n afiel ddat asheet
. Th e time , estimate ddistanc e t o th e nontraditiona l sourc e location , approximat e win ddirection , estimate d win dspeed , descriptio n o f th e sk y conditio n (presenc e an dcolo r o f clouds) , observer' s positio n with respec t t o nontraditiona l source , an d coio r of plum e an dtyp e o

f backgroun dar e recorde do n afiel ddat a shee t a t th e tim e opacit y reading s ar e initiate dan dcompleted
. 2. 3 Observations
. Opacit y observation s shal l b e mad e usin g acontrastin g backgroun da t

apoin t tha t i s perpendicula r

t o th e observer' s lin e of vision an dapproximatel y four fee t directl y abov e th e surfac e of th e roa do r parkin g are afro mwhic h th e emission s ar e bein g generated
. Thi s initia l readin g shal l commenc e immediatel y afte r aplum e ha s bee n create dfro mth e surfac e involved
. Th e observe r shal l no t

loo k continuousl y a t

th e plume , bu t

instea dshal l observ e th e plum e momentaril y a t

15-secon dintervals
. !.'•*• Recordin g observations
. Opacit y observation s shal l b e recorde dt o th e neares t

5 percen t

a t '15-secon dinterval s o n a n observationa l recor dsheet

- A minimum.o f S observation s shal l b e recorded
. Eac h momentar y observatio n recorde dshal l b e deeme dt o represen t th e averag e opacit y of

emission s fo

r a15-secon dperiod
. A watc h shal l b e use dfo r

determinin g 1 5 secon dintervals
. 2. 5 Dat areduction
. Opacit y shal l b e determine da s a n averag e of

S consecutiv e observation s recorde da t 15-secon dintervals
. Divid e th e observation s recorde do n arecor dshee t

int o set s o

f 8 consecutiv e observations
. Set s nee dno t b e consecutiv e i

n tim e an din.n o cas e shal l tw o set s overlap
. For eac h se t o f 8 observations , calculat e th e averag e by summin g th e opacit y o f th e 3 observations , an ddividin g thi s su mb

y 3
. Recor dth e averag e opacit y on arecor dsheet
.P.6 8

83-39. 3 

### TVE E Met.ho d' Sect'o n No
. 3 Revisio n Vo
. •

* Dat e Septembe r

1 ( Pag e 1 o f

1 Page s 33-39. 3

! a 3 2


### Opacit y o f

Emission s Fro mNcntraditicna i Source s CRoad s an dParkin g Areas ^ 3. 0 Prohibitions
. Certai n condition s ca n occi r whic h prohibi t

th e accurat e visua l determinatio n b y aqualifie dobserver : 3. 1 Vehicles
. Consecutiv e reading s ca n b e suspende dfo r an y 1 5 secon d perio dt o compensat e fo r avehicl e bein g i

n th e lin e o

f sight
. I

f thi s occur s th e readin g mus t b e -narke d"V " fo r

vehicle
. Reading s wil l continu e a t

th e nex t 1 5 secon dperio dan db e considere da s lon g a s 3. 2 i s complie dwith
. 3. 2 Intermixin g of

plumes
. Reading s mus t terminat e i

f avehicl e passe s throug h th e are agoin g in th e opposit e directio n an dcreate s aplum e tha t i s intermixe dwit h t*** * plum e bein g read
. A ne w se t of reading s mus t b e starte dwhe n th e plum e ha s settle dan danothe r plum e ha s bee n generated
. Intermixin g o f plume s fro mvehicle s travelin g i n th e sam e directio n represent s th e roa dcondition s an dreading s wil l continu e i

n th e prescribe dmanner . 3. 3 Representativ e reading
. A readin g encompassin g a n unusua l conditio n (such a s abroke n ba g o f cemen t o n th e pavement ) canno t b e use dt o represen t

th e entir e surfac e conditio n involved
. I n suc h cases , anothe r

se t o f readings , encompassin g th e averag e surfac e condition , mus t

b e conducted
. A reasonabl e amoun t o f tim e wil l b e allowe dt o correc t

a n unusua l condition
.P.6 9



### TVE E Metho d ! Sectio n .No

. 4 Revisio n No . 3 Date Apri

l 26 , 1982 Page I o f 1 Page s 83-39. 3

83-39. 3 

### Opacit

y of Emission s Fro

m Nontraditiona

l Sources (Road s an

d Parkin g Areas)

•+. 0 Observationa

l Erro r ->. l A positiv e observational erro ro f 10.0 percentopacit

y shall b e taken int

o accoun tprio

rt o issuin g aNotic e o

f Violatio n o n nontraditiona

l source s (road s an d parkin g areas) . Thi

s positive observationa

l errorof

10. 0 percen topacity include s th e observer s highesttw

o minute averag e positiv e deviatio n (certification' * u p t o an d no texceedin g 10. 0 percent .