**Case C-274/05**

**Commission of the European Communities**

**v**

**Hellenic Republic**

(Failure of a Member State to fulfil obligations – Directive 89/48/EEC – Workers – Recognition of diplomas)

Summary of the Judgment

1.        *Freedom of movement for persons – Freedom of establishment – Workers – Recognition of higher-education diplomas awarded on
completion of professional education and training of at least three years’ duration – Directive 89/48*

*(Council Directive 89/48, Arts 1 and 3)*

2.        *Freedom of movement for persons – Freedom of establishment – Workers – Recognition of higher-education diplomas awarded on
completion of professional education and training of at least three years’ duration – Directive 89/48*

*(Council Directive 89/48, Arts 4(1)(b), third subpara., and 10)*

3.        *Freedom of movement for persons – Freedom of establishment – Workers – Recognition of higher-education diplomas awarded on
completion of professional education and training of at least three years’ duration – Directive 89/48*

*(Council Directive 89/48, Art. 8(1))*

4.        *Freedom of movement for persons – Freedom of establishment – Workers – Recognition of higher-education diplomas awarded on
completion of professional education and training of at least three years’ duration – Directive 89/48*

*(Council Directive 89/48, Art. 3)*

1.        A Member State which fails to recognise the diplomas awarded by the competent authorities of another Member State following
education and training provided within the framework of an agreement pursuant to which education and training provided by
a private body in that Member State is homologated by those authorities fails to fulfil its obligations under Directive 89/48
on a general system for the recognition of higher education diplomas awarded on completion of professional education and training
of at least three years’ duration , as amended by Directive 2001/19. Subject to the provisions of Article 4 of Directive 89/48,
subparagraph (a) of the first paragraph of Article 3 of that directive entitles any applicant who holds a ‘diploma’, within
the meaning of that directive, enabling him to pursue a regulated profession in one Member State to pursue the same profession
in any other Member State.

Although it is true that the definition of the concept of ‘diploma’ set out in Article 1(a) of Directive 89/48 limits, to
a certain extent, the applicability of that directive to qualifications acquired in non‐Member States, neither Article 1(a)
nor any other provision of that directive contains any limitation as regards the Member State in which an applicant must have
acquired his professional qualifications. It follows expressly from the first paragraph of Article 1(a) that it is sufficient
that the education and training were received ‘mainly in the Community’. That expression covers both education and training
received entirely in the Member State which awarded the formal qualification in question and that received partly or wholly
in another Member State.

Furthermore, no reason can justify such a limitation, since the main question, for the purposes of adjudicating on the applicability
of Directive 89/48, is whether the applicant is or is not entitled to pursue a regulated profession in a Member State. According
to the system put in place by that directive, a diploma is recognised not on the basis of the intrinsic value of the education
and training to which it attests, but because it gives the right to take up a regulated profession in the Member State where
it was awarded or recognised. Differences in the duration or content of education and training acquired in another Member
State by comparison with that provided in the host Member State are not therefore sufficient to justify a refusal to recognise
the professional qualification concerned. At most, where those differences are substantial, they may, in accordance with Article
4 of that directive, justify the host Member State requiring that the applicant satisfy one or other of the compensatory measures
set out in that provision.

Moreover, according to the wording of Directive 89/48 itself, the education and training must not necessarily have been received
in a university or in a higher education establishment. According to the second indent of Article 1(a) of that directive,
it is sufficient that it is an ‘establishment of equivalent level’. Consequently, the condition imposed by that provision
is not intended to ensure that the educational establishment fulfils formal conditions as to its status, but refers essentially
to the level of the education and training provided. That condition is closely linked to the characteristics of the diploma
awarded. The assessment carried out in this respect must therefore fall within the purview of the competent authority awarding
the diploma; that authority must ensure that the diploma is conferred only on persons who are sufficiently qualified to pursue
the regulated profession to which it gives access.

The general system for the recognition of higher education diplomas laid down in Directive 89/48 is based on the mutual trust
that Member States have in the professional qualifications that they award. That system essentially establishes a presumption
that the qualifications of an applicant entitled to pursue a regulated profession in one Member State are sufficient for the
pursuit of that profession in the other Member States. It is inherent in that system, which does not harmonise the education
and training giving access to the regulated professions, that it is for the competent authorities awarding diplomas giving
such access alone to verify, in the light of the rules applicable within the framework of their professional education and
training system, whether the conditions necessary for their award are fulfilled. Article 8(1) of Directive 89/48 expressly
obliges the host Member State to accept, in any event, as proof that the conditions for recognition of a diploma are satisfied,
the certificates and documents issued by the competent authorities in the other Member States. The host Member State, by failing
to recognise the diplomas awarded by the competent authorities of another Member State following education and training provided
within the framework of an agreement pursuant to which education and training provided by a private body in the host Member
State is homologated by those authorities, fails to fulfil its obligations under Articles 1 and 3 of Directive 89/48.

(see paras 26-31, 34-35, 76, operative part 1)

2.        A Member State fails to fulfil its obligations under Directive 89/48 on a general system for the recognition of higher education
diplomas awarded on completion of professional education and training of at least three years’ duration, as amended by Directive
2001/19, if it provides for the application of compensatory measures in more cases than those allowed by that directive.

Notwithstanding Article 3 of Directive 89/48, Article 4 thereof authorises the host Member State, in certain circumstances
which are set out in that article, to require the applicant to provide evidence of professional experience of a specific duration,
to complete an adaptation period not exceeding three years or to take an aptitude test.

According to the third subparagraph of Article 4(1)(b) of that directive, the host Member State which imposes such measures
must, in principle, leave the choice between an adaptation period and an aptitude test to the applicant. By derogation from
that principle, the host Member State may stipulate either an adaptation period or an aptitude test for professions ‘whose
practice requires precise knowledge of national law and in respect of which the provision of advice and/or assistance concerning
national law is an essential and constant aspect of the professional activity’. The introduction of derogations for other
professions as regards an applicant’s right to choose is subject to the application of the procedure laid down in Article
10 of that directive, which presupposes in particular communication of the draft derogation to the Commission and gives the
latter the option of taking a decision to the contrary within three months of its notification.

Accordingly, a provision of national law is contrary to the third subparagraph of Article 4(1)(b) and Article 10 of Directive
89/48, in so far as it derogates from the principle that the choice of the type of compensatory measures is a matter for the
applicant, not only so far as concerns the professions which require knowledge of national law, but also ‘in respect of all
the other professions covered by various specific provisions’.

(see paras 42-43, 76, operative part 1)

3.        A Member State which gives power to an authority of the host Member to assess whether ‘the educational establishment in which
the applicant completed his education and training belongs to the higher education sector’ and whether ‘the applicant has
the necessary professional experience, in a case where the duration of the education and education falls short by at least
one year of that required in the Member State concerned in order to pursue that profession’ fails to fulfil its obligations
under Directive 89/48 on a general system for the recognition of higher education diplomas awarded on completion of professional
education and training of at least three years’ duration, as amended by Directive 2001/19.

Pursuant to Article 8(1) of Directive 89/48, the host Member State is to accept as proof that the conditions laid down in
Articles 3 and 4 of that directive are satisfied the certificates and documents issued by the competent authorities in the
Member States, which the person concerned is to submit in support of his application to pursue the profession concerned. Accordingly,
a provision of national law is contrary to Article 8(1) of Directive 89/48 in so far as it gives power to an authority of
the host Member State to verify facts which are, pursuant to that article, definitively established by certificates and documents
issued by the competent authorities of the Member State of origin.

(see paras 46-47, 76, operative part 1)

4.        A Member State fails to fulfil its obligations under Directive 89/48 on a general system for the recognition of higher education
diplomas awarded on completion of professional education and training of at least three years’ duration, as amended by Directive
2001/19, if it does not allow, in the public sector, the unconditional reclassification in a higher grade of persons recruited
at a level lower than that to which they would have been entitled if their diplomas had been recognised in accordance with
Article 3 of Directive 89/48.

The provisions of directives must be implemented with unquestionable binding force, and with the necessary specificity, precision
and clarity, in order to satisfy the requirements of legal certainty. Accordingly, a provision of national law which does
not ensure the necessary legal certainty for the persons concerned recruited at a level lower than that to which they would
have been entitled if their diplomas had been recognised in accordance with Article 3 of Directive 89/48 to the extent that
an official who has been incorrectly classified in a given grade must wait eight years from the time of his recruitment before
he is eligible for reclassification in a post in a higher category and can apply for his reclassification only if a post in
a higher category within the same ministry or the same public-law corporation becomes available is contrary to Article 3 of
Directive 89/48.

(see paras 54-59, 76, operative part 1)


JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (Second Chamber)

23 October 2008 ([\*](#Footnote*))

(Failure of a Member State to fulfil obligations – Directive 89/48/EEC – Workers – Recognition of diplomas)

In Case C-274/05,

ACTION under Article 226 EC for failure to fulfil obligations, brought on 4 July 2005,

**Commission of the European Communities,** represented by G. Zavvos and H. Støvlbæk, acting as Agents, with an address for service in Luxembourg,

applicant,

v

**Hellenic Republic,** represented by E. Skandalou, acting as Agent, with an address for service in Luxembourg,

defendant,

THE COURT (Second Chamber),

composed of C.W.A. Timmermans, President of Chamber, J.-C. Bonichot, K. Schiemann (Rapporteur), J. Makarczyk and L. Bay Larsen,
Judges,

Advocate General: Y. Bot,

Registrar: L. Hewlett, Principal Administrator,

having regard to the written procedure and further to the hearing on 18 January 2007,

after hearing the Opinion of the Advocate General at the sitting on 19 April 2007

gives the following

**Judgment**

1        By its application the Commission of the European Communities seeks a declaration from the Court that:

–        by failing to recognise the diplomas awarded by the competent authorities of another Member State in the context of franchised
education and training;

–        by providing for the application of compensatory measures in more cases than those allowed by the directive;

–        by entrusting to the Council Responsible for Recognising Professional Equivalence of Higher Education Qualifications (Symvoulio
Anagnoriseos Epangelmatikis Isotimias Titlon Tritovathmias Ekpaidefsis; ‘the Saeitte’) the power to assess whether ‘the educational
establishment in which the applicant completed his education and training belongs to the higher education sector’ and whether
‘the applicant has the necessary professional experience, in a case where the duration of the education and training falls
short by at least one year of that required in Greece in order to pursue that profession’;

–        by failing to take into account the professional recognition of qualifications as regards employment in the public sector
and registration in the Technical Chamber of Greece, and

–        by requiring, for registration in that technical chamber, the submission of supporting documents validated by a Greek consular
authority and translated by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs or by a lawyer,

the Hellenic Republic has failed to fulfil its obligations under Articles 1, 3, 4, 7, 8 and 10 of Council Directive 89/48/EEC
of 21 December 1988 on a general system for the recognition of higher education diplomas awarded on completion of professional
education and training of at least three years’ duration (OJ 1989 L 19, p. 16), as amended by Directive 2001/19/EC of the
European Parliament and of the Council of 14 May 2001 (OJ 2001 L 206, p. 1; ‘Directive 89/48’).

2        The principal question of law raised in this case is analogous to that in the case which gave rise to today’s judgment in
Case C‐286/06 *Commission* v *Spain* [2008] ECR I‐0000. These cases both concern the extent to which the provisions of Directive 89/48 may be relied upon in order
to oblige a Member State to recognise diplomas awarded following studies in an individual’s own Member State by the authorities
of another Member State.

**Legal context**

*Community legislation*

3        According to the third and fourth recitals in the preamble to Directive 89/48, the purpose of the directive is to introduce
a general system for the recognition of diplomas such as to enable nationals of Community countries to pursue all those professional
activities which in a host Member State are dependent on the completion of post-secondary education and training, provided
that they hold diplomas preparing them for those activities awarded on completion of a course of studies lasting at least
three years and issued in another Member State.

 The concept of ‘diploma’

4        Article 1(a) of Directive 89/48 provides:

‘For the purposes of this Directive the following definitions shall apply:

(a) diploma: any diploma, certificate or other evidence of formal qualifications or any set of such diplomas, certificates
or other evidence:

–        which has been awarded by a competent authority in a Member State, designated in accordance with its own laws, regulations
or administrative provisions;

–        which shows that the holder has successfully completed a post-secondary course of at least three years’ duration, or of an
equivalent duration part-time, at a university or establishment of higher education or another establishment of equivalent
level and, where appropriate, that he has successfully completed the professional training required in addition to the post-secondary
course, and

–        which shows that the holder has the professional qualifications required for the taking up or pursuit of a regulated profession
in that Member State,

provided that the education and training attested by the diploma, certificate or other evidence of formal qualifications were
received mainly in the Community, or the holder thereof has three years’ professional experience certified by the Member State
which recognised a third-country diploma, certificate or other evidence of formal qualifications.

The following shall be treated in the same way as a diploma, within the meaning of the first subparagraph: any diploma, certificate
or other evidence of formal qualifications or any set of such diplomas, certificates or other evidence awarded by a competent
authority in a Member State if it is awarded on the successful completion of education and training received in the Community
and recognised by a competent authority in that Member State as being of an equivalent level and if it confers the same rights
in respect of the taking up and pursuit of a regulated profession in that Member State’.

 The obligation to recognise

5        The first paragraph of Article 3 of Directive 89/48 provides that a host Member State which makes the taking up of a profession
subject to possession of a diploma may not, on the grounds of inadequate qualifications, refuse to authorise a national of
a Member State to take up that profession if the applicant adduces certain qualifications specified in that provision. That
is the case in particular if the applicant holds the diploma required in another Member State for the taking up or pursuit
of the profession in question in its territory, such diploma having been awarded in a Member State.

 The compensatory measures

6        Notwithstanding Article 3 of Directive 89/48, Article 4 thereof authorises the host Member State, in certain circumstances
which are set out in that article, to require the applicant to provide evidence of professional experience of a specific duration,
to complete an adaptation period not exceeding three years or to take an aptitude test (‘the compensatory measures’).

7        According to the third subparagraph of Article 4(1)(b) of Directive 89/48, the host Member State which imposes compensatory
measures must, in principle, leave the choice between an adaptation period and an aptitude test to the applicant. By derogation
from that principle, the host Member State may stipulate either an adaptation period or an aptitude test for professions ‘whose
practice requires precise knowledge of national law and in respect of which the provision of advice and/or assistance concerning
national law is an essential and constant aspect of the professional activity’. The introduction of derogations for other
professions as regards an applicant’s right to choose is subject to the application of the procedure laid down in Article
10 of that directive, which presupposes in particular communication of the draft derogation to the Commission and gives the
latter the option of taking a decision to the contrary within three months of its notification.

 Provisions relating to professions regulated by associations or organisations recognised by the State

8        Article 1(d) of Directive 89/48 draws a distinction between professional activities regulated directly or indirectly by the
State and those regulated by associations or organisations recognised by the State. According to that provision, the following
definitions apply:

‘regulated professional activity: a professional activity, in so far as the taking up or pursuit of such activity or one of
its modes of pursuit in a Member State is subject, directly or indirectly by virtue of laws, regulations or administrative
provisions, to the possession of a diploma. The following in particular shall constitute a mode of pursuit of a regulated
professional activity:

–        pursuit of an activity under a professional title, in so far as the use of such a title is reserved to the holders of a diploma
governed by laws, regulations or administrative provisions,

–        pursuit of a professional activity relating to health, in so far as remuneration and/or reimbursement for such an activity
is subject by virtue of national social security arrangements to the possession of a diploma.

Where the first subparagraph does not apply, a professional activity shall be deemed to be a regulated professional activity
if it is pursued by the members of an association or organisation the purpose of which is, in particular, to promote and maintain
a high standard in the professional field concerned and which, to achieve that purpose, is recognised in a special form by
a Member State and:

–        awards a diploma to its members,

–        ensures that its members respect the rules of professional conduct which it prescribes, and

–        confers on them the right to use a title or designatory letters, or to benefit from a status corresponding to that diploma.

A non-exhaustive list of associations or organisations which, when this Directive is adopted, satisfy the conditions of the
second subparagraph is contained in the Annex. Whenever a Member State grants the recognition referred to in the second subparagraph
to an association or organisation, it shall inform the Commission thereof, which shall publish this information in the *Official Journal of the European Communities’*.

9        Article 7(3) of Directive 89/48, which lays down a specific provision for professions regulated by an association or organisation
within the meaning of the second subparagraph of Article 1(d) of that directive, is worded as follows:

‘Where a profession is regulated in the host Member State by an association or organisation referred to in Article 1(d), nationals
of Member States shall only be entitled to use the professional title or designatory letters conferred by that organisation
or association on proof of membership.

Where the association or organisation makes membership subject to certain qualification requirements, it may apply these to
nationals of other Member States who are in possession of a diploma within the meaning of Article 1(a) or a formal qualification
within the meaning of Article 3(b) only in accordance with this Directive, in particular Articles 3 and 4.’

 Evidence which may be required by the host Member State

10      Pursuant to Article 8(1) of Directive 89/48, the host Member State is to accept as proof that the conditions laid down in
Articles 3 and 4 of that directive are satisfied the certificates and documents issued by the competent authorities in the
Member States, which the person concerned is to submit in support of his application to pursue the profession concerned.

*National legislation*

11      Presidential Decree 165/2000 of 28 June 2000 (FEK A’ 149), as amended by Presidential Decrees 373/2001 of 22 October 2001
(FEK A’ 251) and 385/2002 of 23 December 2002 (FEK A’ 334; ‘Decree 165/2000’), is intended to transpose Directive 89/48 into
the Greek legal system.

12      Article 10 of Decree 165/2000 conferred exclusive powers on the Saeitte, which, pursuant to Article 11 of that decree, was
made responsible for adjudicating on applications for recognition of higher education diplomas falling within the scope of
Directive 89/48.

13      Where the Commission challenges specific provisions of national law by its complaints, those provisions will be identified
in the context of the assessment of those complaints.

**The pre‐litigation procedure**

14      Following complaints from 37 individuals, the Commission took the view that the Greek legislation did not comply with Directive
89/48 on several points. It therefore sent the Hellenic Republic a letter of formal notice on 27 July 2001, followed, on 21
December 2001, by a supplementary letter of formal notice. The Greek Government replied to those communications by letters
of 12 October 2001 and 13 March 2002 respectively.

15      The Commission considered that those replies were inadequate and sent the Hellenic Republic a reasoned opinion on 1 July 2002
and, on 9 July 2004, a supplementary reasoned opinion, calling upon that Member State to adopt the measures necessary to comply
with those opinions within two months of their notification. The Member State concerned replied to those opinions by communications
of 3 September 2002, 26 August 2004 and 7 April 2005.

16      Whilst acknowledging that the information provided by the Hellenic Republic answers its complaints on certain points, the
Commission maintained its stance that that Member State had not taken all the measures necessary to transpose Directive 89/48.
It therefore decided to bring this action.

**The action**

17      In its application, the Commission puts forward seven complaints in support of its action for failure to fulfil obligations.
In the light of the arguments and clarifications provided by the Hellenic Government in its defence, the Commission, in its
reply, withdrew its fourth and seventh complaints, so that it is no longer necessary to examine them.

*The first complaint: failure to recognise education and training provided within the framework of a homologation agreement*

18      The first complaint put forward by the Commission alleges systematic refusal to recognise diplomas obtained following education
and training provided within the framework of an agreement pursuant to which education and training provided by a private
body in Greece is homologated by a competent authority of another Member State which awards diplomas to students who have
received that education and training (‘a homologation agreement’).

19      It is common ground in this respect that the Hellenic Republic reserves the provision of university and higher education to
public establishments only. It therefore refuses to recognise education and training provided in the framework of a homologation
agreement as well as diplomas awarded by the competent authorities of other Member States following such education and training.

20      According to the Commission, that refusal constitutes an infringement of Articles 1(a) and 3 of Directive 89/48. It maintains
that the diploma conferred following education and training provided in the framework of a homologation agreement is a diploma,
as defined in Article 1(a) of Directive 89/48, awarded by a competent authority in another Member State, which must therefore
be recognised by the Hellenic Republic pursuant to Article 3 of that directive.

21      By contrast, the Hellenic Republic submits that a host Member State is not obliged to recognise a diploma awarded by a competent
authority in another Member State if that diploma is awarded on completion of education and training received, in whole or
in part, in the host Member State and which, under the legislation of that State, is not recognised as higher education.

22      First, the Hellenic Republic observes that, pursuant to Articles 149 EC and 150 EC, the content and organisation both of the
education system and of professional education and training fall within the competence of the Member States. Education and
training provided on the territory of a Member State are therefore governed by the domestic law of that State, which is free
to establish in particular the legal form of higher education establishments, together with the content and level of the university
or higher education and training offered by the public or private establishments on its territory. An obligation on a Member
State to recognise education and training received on its territory as university or higher education and training, whilst,
according to national law, it does not constitute such education or training, would infringe the distribution of powers resulting
from Articles 149 EC and 150 EC.

23      The Hellenic Republic observes in that context that, pursuant to Article 16 of the Greek Constitution, university and higher
education is provided in that Member State solely and exclusively by public establishments and the creation of higher education
institutions by individuals is expressly prohibited. Any possibility of recognising, as a university or higher education diploma,
an educational qualification awarded by a private education institution of whatever nature established in Greece is therefore
precluded.

24      Second, as regards the specific provisions of Directive 89/48, the question whether an educational establishment situated
a Member State is ‘a university or establishment of higher education’ or ‘another establishment of equivalent level’, within
the meaning of the second indent of Article 1(a) of Directive 89/48, must be assessed solely by reference to the law of the
Member State on whose territory the education and training are provided. In the present case, it is therefore solely by reference
to Greek law that the status of the establishments in question must be assessed. In so far as the education and training provided
within the framework of a homologation agreement are provided in establishments situated in Greece which do not satisfy the
conditions required by Greek law, diplomas awarded following that education and training are not therefore diplomas within
the meaning of Article 1(a) of Directive 89/48. Consequently, no obligation to recognise flows from Directive 89/48 as regards
those qualifications.

25      The Commission contends in this regard that education and training provided within the framework of homologation agreements
and diplomas conferred on completion of such education and training fall entirely within the education system of the Member
State in which the establishment awarding the diploma is established, irrespective of the Member State where the courses took
place. According to the Commission, it is therefore, pursuant to Articles 149 EC and 150 EC, for the Member State in which
the establishment awarding the diploma is established to determine the content and organisation of the education and training
and evaluate the level of the courses provided. By the same token, Article 16 of the Greek Constitution is not applicable
to education and training provided within the framework of homologation agreements since they do not fall within the Greek
education system.

 Findings of the Court

26      Subject to the provisions of Article 4 of Directive 89/48, subparagraph (a) of the first paragraph of Article 3 of that directive
entitles any applicant who holds a ‘diploma’, within the meaning of that directive, enabling him to pursue a regulated profession
in one Member State to pursue the same profession in any other Member State.

27      The definition of the concept of ‘diploma’ set out in Article 1(a) of Directive 89/48 limits, to a certain extent, the applicability
of that directive to qualifications acquired in non‐Member States.

28      However, neither Article 1(a) nor any other provision of Directive 89/48 contains any limitation as regards the Member State
in which an applicant must have acquired his professional qualifications. It follows expressly from the first paragraph of
Article 1(a) that it is sufficient that the education and training were received ‘mainly in the Community’. It has already
been held that that expression covers both education and training received entirely in the Member State which awarded the
formal qualification in question and that received partly or wholly in another Member State (Case C‐102/02 *Beuttenmüller* [2004] ECR I‐5405, paragraph 41).

29      Furthermore, no reason can justify such a limitation, since the main question, for the purposes of adjudicating on the applicability
of Directive 89/48, is whether the applicant is or is not entitled to pursue a regulated profession in a Member State. According
to the system put in place by that directive, a diploma is recognised not on the basis of the intrinsic value of the education
and training to which it attests, but because it gives the right to take up a regulated profession in the Member State where
it was awarded or recognised. Differences in the duration or content of education and training acquired in another Member
State by comparison with that provided in the host Member State are not therefore sufficient to justify a refusal to recognise
the professional qualification concerned. At most, where those differences are substantial, they may, in accordance with Article
4 of that directive, justify the host Member State requiring that the applicant satisfy one or other of the compensatory measures
set out in that provision (see, to that effect, *Beuttenmüller*, paragraph 52, and Case C‐330/03 *Colegio* [2006] ECR I‐801, paragraph 19).

30      The general system for the recognition of higher education diplomas laid down in Directive 89/48 is based on the mutual trust
that Member States have in the professional qualifications that they award. That system essentially establishes a presumption
that the qualifications of an applicant entitled to pursue a regulated profession in one Member State are sufficient for the
pursuit of that profession in the other Member States.

31      It is inherent in that system, which does not harmonise the education and training giving access to the regulated professions,
that it is for the competent authorities awarding diplomas giving such access alone to verify, in the light of the rules applicable
within the framework of their professional education and training system, whether the conditions necessary for their award
are fulfilled. It may be observed, in this respect, that Article 8(1) of Directive 89/48 expressly obliges the host Member
State to accept, in any event, as proof that the conditions for recognition of a diploma are satisfied, the certificates and
documents issued by the competent authorities in the other Member States. Consequently, the host Member State cannot examine
the basis on which such documents have been issued, although they do have the possibility of carrying out a review as regards
those of the conditions laid down in Article 1(a) of Directive 89/48 which, on the face of those documents, do not appear
to have been satisfied already.

32      Consequently, it is also solely in the light of the rules applicable within the framework of the professional education and
training system of the Member State to which the competent authority awarding a diploma belongs that it can be assessed whether
the educational establishment in which the holder received his education and training is ‘a university or establishment of
higher education’ or ‘another establishment of equivalent level’ within the meaning of the second indent of the first paragraph
of Article 1(a) of Directive 89/48.

33      The approach advocated by the Hellenic Republic in this respect, which is to apply the rules laid down by the Member State
in which the education and training were received, would have the effect of obliging the competent authorities awarding the
diplomas to treat the persons who received education and training of an equivalent quality differently, depending on the Member
State in which they undertook their education and training.

34      It should also be noted that, according to the wording of Directive 89/48 itself, the education and training must not necessarily
have been received in a university or in a higher education establishment. According to the second indent of Article 1(a)
of that directive, it is sufficient that it is an ‘establishment of equivalent level’. Consequently, the condition imposed
by that provision is not intended to ensure that the educational establishment fulfils formal conditions as to its status,
but refers essentially to the level of the education and training provided. That condition is closely linked to the characteristics
of the diploma awarded. The assessment carried out in this respect must therefore fall within the purview of the competent
authority awarding the diploma; that authority must ensure that the diploma is conferred only on persons who are sufficiently
qualified to pursue the regulated profession to which it gives access.

35      It is apparent from the abovementioned considerations that Articles 1(a) and 3 of Directive 89/48 must be interpreted as meaning
that a host Member State is obliged, subject to the application of Article 4 of that directive, to recognise a diploma awarded
by an authority of another Member State even if that diploma is awarded on completion of education and training received,
in whole or in part, in the host Member State and even if, according to the legislation of that State, that education and
training is not recognised as higher education.

36      It should be added that that interpretation does not call into question the responsibility of the Hellenic Republic for the
content of teaching and the organisation of the education system.

37      First of all, it should be pointed out in this respect that Directive 89/48 does not concern the recognition of academic qualifications,
but relates solely to professional qualifications giving access to regulated professions.

38      Next, unlike the sectoral directives relating to specific professions, Directive 89/48 is not intended to harmonise the conditions
for the taking up or pursuit of the various professions to which it applies and the Member States therefore remain competent
to define such conditions within the limits imposed by Community law (Case C‐149/05 *Price* [2006] ECR I‐7691, paragraph 54).

39      Lastly, the recognition method established by Directive 89/48 does not lead to automatic and unconditional recognition of
the diplomas and professional qualifications concerned. Article 4 of that directive expressly makes it possible to impose
compensatory measures if it transpires that the education and training received by an applicant differs in terms of its duration
or content from the education and training required in Greece.

40      Similarly, since they are awarded by the competent authorities of other Member States solely in the light of the applicable
rules within the framework of their respective education and training systems, diplomas awarded on completion of education
and training provided within the framework of homologation agreements do not fall, in the context of Directive 89/48, within
the Greek education system. Consequently, the objective of ensuring a high level of Greek university education and training
is not called into question by such education and training, the quality of which it is for the competent authorities of the
other Member States issuing the diplomas awarded on completion of that education and training to ensure.

41      In the light of the above, the Court holds that the Commission’s first complaint is well founded.

*The second complaint: absence of choice in relation to the various types of compensatory measures*

42      Article 5(1)(b),(bb) of Decree 165/2000 lays down the principle that, where it is necessary to impose compensatory measures
on an applicant, that applicant may choose between an adaptation period and an aptitude test. That provision contains a derogation
to that principle, formulated in the following terms:

‘That right to choose does not apply in respect of professions whose practice requires precise knowledge of national law and
in respect of which the provision of advice and/or assistance concerning national law is an essential and constant aspect
of the professional activity, nor in respect of all the other professions covered by various specific provisions.’

43      According to the Commission, that provision is contrary to the third subparagraph of Article 4(1)(b) and Article 10 of Directive
89/48, in that it derogates from the principle that the choice of the type of compensatory measures is a matter for the applicant,
not only so far as concerns the professions which require knowledge of national law, but also ‘in respect of all the other
professions covered by various specific provisions’.

44      It must be held that the second complaint put forward by the Commission is well founded for the reason stated by the Commission.

45      The Hellenic Republic recognises moreover that that complaint is well founded and states that the provision at issue was caused
by a ‘drafting error’. It states that a presidential decree withdrawing the part of the sentence concerned is in the process
of adoption.

*The third complaint, relating to the powers of the Saeitte*

46      As provided in Article 10(1)(b),(aa) and (bb) of Decree 165/2000, the following powers were conferred on the Saeitte:

‘the assessment of any question which is decisive for the recognition of professional equivalence and, in particular, the
question whether:

(aa)  the educational establishment in which the applicant completed his professional education and training belongs to the higher
education sector,

(bb)      the applicant has the necessary professional experience, in a case where the duration of the education and training falls
short by at least one year of that required in Greece in order to pursue that profession.’

47      According to the Commission, the above provision is contrary to Article 8(1) of Directive 89/48 in so far as it gives power
to an authority of the host Member State to verify facts which are, pursuant to Article 8(1), definitively established by
certificates and documents issued by the competent authorities of the Member State of origin.

48      It must be held that the third complaint put forward by the Commission is well founded for the reason stated by the Commission.

49       The Hellenic Republic moreover recognises that that complaint is well founded and states that a presidential decree repealing
Article 10(1)(b), (aa) and (bb) of Decree 165/2000 is in the process of adoption.

*The fifth complaint: failure to recognise the diplomas of persons recruited in the public sector*

50      In the fourth indent of the claims made in its application, the Commission raised a fifth complaint relating to the progression
of salaries and careers of persons recruited in the public sector.

51      According to the Commission, the administrative practice followed by the Saeitte and the various services in the Greek public
sector is contrary to Article 3 of Directive 89/48 in so far as holders of diplomas within the meaning of that directive working
in the public sector are deprived of the possibility of having the professional equivalence of their qualifications recognised
for the purposes of obtaining a higher grade or salary and therefore the possibility of pursuing their profession in conditions
identical to those to which holders of national diplomas are entitled.

52      The Hellenic Republic contests those claims. In its rejoinder, it claimed that the provisions of the Civil Service Code resulting
from Law 2683/1999 (FEK A’ 19) entitle persons recruited after the entry into force of Decree 165/2000 who consider that they
have been classified incorrectly in a given civil service category to apply for reclassification in posts in higher grades,
on condition that they fulfil the conditions laid down by the provisions in force.

53      In response to a question put by the Court, the Hellenic Republic stated that the right to be reclassified applies to persons
recruited both before and after the entry into force of Decree 165/2000.

54      Article 70(1) and (2) of Civil Service Code, cited in that connection by the Hellenic Republic, is worded as follows:

‘Reclassification in a post in a higher category

1.      An official may, at his request, be reclassified in a vacant post in a higher category within the same ministry or the same
public-law corporation. The official must fulfil the formal and substantive conditions required to occupy the post in which
he is reclassified. A probationary official may not be reclassified.

2.      Officials who, at the time of their recruitment application, fulfilled the formal conditions to be recruited to a post in
a higher category may not be reclassified until eight years have elapsed since their recruitment.’

55      The Commission claimed at the hearing that that provision does not ensure the necessary legal certainty for the persons concerned
recruited before the entry into force of Decree 165/2000 at a level lower than that to which they would have been entitled
if their diplomas had been recognised in accordance with Article 3 of Directive 89/48. In that connection, the Commission
observed in particular that, pursuant to Article 70(2) of the Civil Service Code, an official who has been incorrectly classified
in a given grade must wait eight years from the time of his recruitment before he is eligible for reclassification in a post
in a higher category.

56      Further, in response to a question put by the Court at the hearing, the Hellenic Republic confirmed that, according to the
wording of Article 70(1) of the Civil Service Code, persons who have been classified incorrectly can apply for their reclassification
only if a post in a higher category within the same ministry or the same public-law corporation becomes available.

57      On those points, the Hellenic Republic stated at the hearing that ‘it [was] committed to settling all the applications for
reclassification in the best possible way’ and that it always endeavoured to reclassify the persons who had to be so reclassified
by reason of Community law. As regards the eight‐year waiting period provided for in Article 70(2) of the Civil Service Code,
that provision did not concern persons who, on account of an error by the administration, were not classified from the outset
in the grade to which they were entitled. Furthermore, the Hellenic Republic stated that it was prepared to regularise with
retroactive effect the situation of persons who had not been recruited at that grade on account of the belated transposition
of Directive 89/48 into the national legal system.

58      It should be recalled that the provisions of directives must be implemented with unquestionable binding force, and with the
necessary specificity, precision and clarity, in order to satisfy the requirements of legal certainty. In this respect, mere
statements, such as those made by the Hellenic Republic at the hearing, which, in the continued existence of express provisions
of the Civil Service Code, maintain, for the persons concerned, a state of uncertainty as regards the extent of their rights
in an area governed by Community law are not sufficient (see, to that effect, in particular Case C-80/92 *Commission* v *Belgium* [1994] ECR I-1019, paragraph 20; Case C‐151/94 *Commission* v *Luxembourg* [1995] ECR I-3685, paragraph 18; and Case C-415/01 *Commission* v *Belgium* [2003] ECR I-2081, paragraph 21).

59      The Court therefore holds that the fifth complaint put forward by the Commission is well founded in so far as it alleges a
failure by the Hellenic Republic to allow, in the public sector, the reclassification in a higher grade of persons recruited
at a level lower than that to which they would have been entitled if their diplomas had been recognised by the competent authority
in accordance with Article 3 of Directive 89/48.

*The sixth complaint: conditions for registration in the Technical Chamber of Greece*

60      In the fourth indent of the form of order sought in its application, the Commission also raised a sixth complaint concerning
the conditions for registration in the Technical Chamber of Greece (Techniko Epimelitirio Ellados; ‘the TEE’).

61      In Greece, the engineering profession is a regulated profession pursuit of which is reserved for members of the TEE. The latter
is a public-law corporation under the control of the Ministry of Public Works. It was established by the Presidential Decree
of 27 November and 14 December 1926 codifying the provisions on the composition of the TEE (FEK A’ 430), as amended by Law
1486/1984 (FEK A’ 161) and by Presidential Decree 512/1991 of 30 November and 12 December 1991 (FEK A’ 190).

62      Article 4(3) of Law 1486/1984 provides, inter alia, that the TEE is to conduct examinations, grant authorisations to pursue
the profession of engineer in accordance with the provisions in force and keep registers of engineers.

63      Interministerial Order ED 5/4/3399 of the Minister for Public Works and the Minister for Education and Religious Affairs of
14 September 1984 (FEK B’ 713) laid down the procedure for the granting, by the TEE, of authorisation to pursue the profession
of engineer. That interministerial order provides in the first and second paragraphs of its sole article as follows:

‘1.      Authorisation to pursue the profession shall be granted by the TEE, following an oral examination, to engineers holding diplomas
from national higher education institutions and to engineers holding equivalent diplomas from foreign higher education institutions.

2.      The persons concerned must submit to the TEE the following documents:

...

(d)       (for holders of diplomas from abroad): certificate of conformity of the diploma produced, issued by the Inter‐University Centre
for the Recognition of Foreign Diplomas (Diapanepistimiako Kentro Anagnoriseos Titlon Spoudon tis Allodapis, ‘the Dikatsa’);

...’

 Arguments of the parties

64      According to the Commission, the TEE makes registration, in its registers, of engineers qualified in another Member state
holding a diploma within the meaning of Directive 89/48 subject, first, to success in a competition and, second, to the presentation
of a certificate of conformity of that diploma issued by the Dikatsa. The Commission relies in this respect on the wording
of Interministerial Order ED 5/4/3399 and refers to complaints that dozens of applications for registration in the TEE remain
unanswered.

65      According to the Commission, those requirements are contrary to Article 7(3) of Directive 89/48, since, pursuant to that provision,
an association or professional organisation may make membership subject to certain qualification requirements only in accordance
with that directive, in particular its Articles 3 and 4.

66      The Hellenic Republic expressly acknowledges that the TEE cannot make registration, in its registers, of engineers holding
a diploma within the meaning of Directive 89/48 subject to success in a competition or the presentation of a certificate issued
by the Dikatsa. Once the Saeitte, which is alone competent in this respect, has recognised the diploma concerned, the TEE
is automatically required to register the person concerned in its registers.

67      However, the Hellenic Republic contests the Commission’s complaint on the facts. TEE’s practice has changed following the
adoption of Decree 165/2000, since registration of the persons concerned has since been automatic on the basis of recognition
of the diploma by the Saeitte.

68      Interministerial Order ED 5/4/3399 does not apply to holders of diplomas which fall within the scope of Directive 89/48 and
are recognised pursuant to Decree 165/2000. The competitions in question concern solely the other categories of applicants
wishing to take up the profession of engineer in Greece. Holders of diplomas which fall within the scope of Directive 89/48
are recognised pursuant to Decree 165/2000 and such holders are not therefore required to sit a competition. Accordingly,
the mere fact that the competition notice does not expressly refer to holders of such diplomas cannot give rise to an infringement
of Directive 89/48. The Hellenic Republic adds in its rejoinder that the TEE intends to amend the competition notices so that
no doubt subsists.

69      As regards the complaints received by the Commission, the Hellenic Republic emphasises the fact that each case is unique and
it refers moreover to six individual cases in which the TEE reacted immediately to applications by registering the persons
concerned in its register.

70      The Commission counters by stating that Article 1 of Interministerial Order ED 5/4/3399 refers in general terms to ‘engineers
holding diplomas from national higher education institutions and to engineers holding equivalent diplomas from foreign higher
education institutions’ without drawing a distinction according to whether or not the diplomas in question have been recognised
pursuant to Decree 165/2000. Even if the TEE’s practice has changed, the current situation is a source of legal uncertainty
for migrant workers.

 Findings of the Court

71      As the Hellenic Republic acknowledges, and as is moreover apparent from the case­‐law, the TEE cannot make registration, in
its registers, of engineers holding a diploma within the meaning of Directive 89/48 subject to success in a competition or
the presentation of a certificate issued by the Dikatsa (see, to that effect, Case C‐141/04 *Peros* [2005] ECR I‐7163, paragraphs 35 and 39). Such requirements are contrary to subparagraph (a) of the first paragraph of Article
3 of Directive 89/48.

72      None the less, it should be noted that the Commission bases its complaint in this respect entirely on Article 7(3) of that
directive.

73      However, Article 7(3) applies only to professions regulated in the host Member State by an association or organisation referred
to in the second subparagraph of Article 1(d) of Directive 89/48.

74      In this respect, it must be stated that the professional activities placed under the responsibility of the TEE fall not within
the second subparagraph of Article 1(d) of Directive 89/48 but within the first subparagraph of Article 1(d). In Greece, the
taking up and pursuit of the profession of engineer are made directly subject to the possession of a diploma by legislative
provisions.

75      In those circumstances, the sixth complaint raised by the Commission cannot succeed since it refers solely to a provision
of Directive 89/48 which is not applicable in the present case. The Commission’s sixth complaint must therefore be rejected.

76      In the light of all the above, it must be held that:

–        by failing to recognise the diplomas awarded by the competent authorities of another Member State following education and
training provided within the framework of a homologation agreement;

–        by providing for the application of compensatory measures in more cases than those allowed by Directive 89/48;

–        by entrusting to the Saeitte the power to assess whether ‘the educational establishment in which the applicant completed his
education and training belongs to the higher education sector’ and whether ‘the applicant has the necessary professional experience,
in a case where the duration of the education and training falls short by at least one year of that required in Greece in
order to pursue that profession’, and

–        by not allowing, in the public sector, the reclassification in a higher grade of persons recruited at a level lower than that
to which they would have been entitled if their diplomas had been recognised in accordance with Article 3 of Directive 89/48,

the Hellenic Republic has failed to fulfil its obligations under Articles 1, 3, 4, 8 and 10 of Directive 89/48.

**Costs**

77      Pursuant to Article 69(3) of the Rules of Procedure, where each party succeeds on some heads and fails on others, the Court
may order that the costs be shared. Further, according to Article 69(5) of the Rules of Procedure, a party who discontinues
or withdraws from proceedings shall be ordered to pay the costs if they have been applied for in the observations of the other
party on the discontinuance. In those circumstances, it is appropriate to order the Hellenic Republic to pay two thirds of
the Commission’s costs and to decide that, for the remainder, each party should bear its own costs.

On those grounds, the Court (Second Chamber) hereby declares that:

1.      **The Hellenic Republic,**

–        **by failing to recognise the diplomas awarded by the competent authorities of another Member State following education and
training provided within the framework of an agreement pursuant to which education and training provided by a private body
in Greece is homologated by those authorities;**

–        **by providing for the application of compensatory measures in more cases than those allowed by Council Directive 89/48/EEC
of 21 December 1988 on a general system for the recognition of higher education diplomas awarded on completion of professional
education and training of at least three years’ duration, as amended by Directive 2001/19/EC of the European Parliament and
of the Council of 14 May 2001;**

–        **by entrusting to the Council Responsible for Recognising Professional Equivalence of Higher Education Qualifications the
power to assess whether ‘the educational establishment in which the applicant completed his education and training belongs
to the higher education sector’ and whether ‘the applicant has the necessary professional experience, in a case where the
duration of the education and training falls short by at least one year of that required in Greece in order to pursue that
profession’, and**

–        **by not allowing, in the public sector, the reclassification in a higher grade of persons recruited at a level lower than that
to which they would have been entitled if their diplomas had been recognised in accordance with Article 3 of Directive 89/48,
as amended by Directive 2001/19,**

**has failed to fulfil its obligations under Articles 1, 3, 4, 8 and 10 of Directive 89/48.**

2.      **The action is dismissed as to the remainder.**

3.      **The Hellenic Republic shall pay two thirds of the costs of the Commission of the European Communities and bear its own costs.**

4.      **The Commission of the European Communities shall bear one third of its own costs.**

[Signatures]

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[\*](#Footref*) Language of the case: Greek.