# Patent

## Title
Non-explosive releasable coupling device

## Abstract

A device and method for holding or clamping components together, and with the clamping being selectively loosened to permit the components to move through a predetermined distance without being fully released. A bolt has its head end attached to one component and its threaded end attached to the other component. A portion of the bolt's shank is formed with a necked-down portion. An actuator of shape memory alloy material is mounted about the bolt. When energized by heat, the actuator expands and exerts a great force which stretches the bolt, permanently deforming the bolt. This enables limited movement of the components while still restraining them from separating.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO PRIOR APPLICATION 
This application claims the benefit under 35 USC §119(e) of U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/513,936 filed Oct. 23, 2003.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
1) Field of the Invention
This invention relates in general to the remote release of a clamping force, such as to secure payloads in spacecraft during space launch and to then release the payloads for deployment.
2) Description of the Related Art
In space vehicle it is usual to secure payloads during one part of the mission and to separate payload components after a particular phase of the mission is completed. Explosive bolts are typically used to separate stages during launch. Explosive bolts actuate quickly, usually in milliseconds, to achieve simultaneity of release. Other types of separation devices are preferred for releasing payloads or for freeing subsystems such as shutters or photovoltaic arrays after low gravity is achieved. Non explosive release devices, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,119,555 to A. David Johnson et. al., impart less mechanical shock to the system and have advantages of testing subsystems prior to launch so that the same actuator used for testing may be flown on a mission.
A special case is one in which it is not desired to separate the components completely but to change the fastening so that the components can move a limited amount relative to each other while still maintaining a secure mechanical coupling. In this case it is convenient to change the length of one component of the clamping mechanism so that tension is released. The present invention provides a new and safe way of achieving such a release.
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION 
A principal object of the present invention is to provide a new and safe way of achieving release of one or more components of a payload where it is not desired to separate the components completely but to change the fastening so that the components can move a limited amount relative to each other while still maintaining a secure mechanical coupling. Another object is to provide a convenient way to change the length of one component of the clamping mechanism so that tension is relieved.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a cross sectional view of a coupling device in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention improves on the non-explosive bolt separation device and method of U.S. Pat. No. 5,119,555 to A. David Johnson et. al., the disclosure of which is incorporated by this reference. That patent discloses the use of a shape memory alloy (SMA) which, when actuated by heat, elongates and exerts a sufficient force to stretch a segment of a bolt that hold two structures or components together. The SMA continues stretching the bolt beyond its elastic limit, causing the bolt to fail and separate into multiple parts. This separation fully releases the structures or components.
The present invention improves on non-explosive bolts of the type disclosed in the Johnson patent. The device and method of the present invention exerts sufficient force to stretch the bolt to the extent that it is permanently deformed, but the bolt elongation is not enough to cause it to fracture.
Materials have elastic properties. Up to some level of stress, a material yields elastically to stress; that is, when the stress is diminished the strain decreases in proportion to the diminished stress. Above a critical stress, however, the elastic elongation ceases and plastic, non-recoverable strain occurs. In some steels and special alloys this results in a plateau in the material's stress-strain curve. Continued elongation will cause the element to fail by fracture. In the method of the present invention the fastening element is elongated to the plateau but not to the point of fracture.
In the drawings, FIG. 1 shows fastener device 10 of the invention for holding or fastening a component 12, such as a part of a spacecraft payload, to another component (12′). Device 10 comprises a bolt 14 having a head end 16 and externally threaded end 18. The threaded end is screwed into an internally threaded hole 20 formed in component 12. The bolt's head end is formed with an internally threaded dead end hole 22 for fitment with a threaded part of the other component (12′) being fastened.
Bolt 14 is formed with at least one necked-down portion 23, as by machining a groove about the bolt's shank. The size of portion 23 is selected so that the bolt stays within the limits, that is, beyond its elastic limit but less than its ultimate tensile limit.
Device 10 further comprises an actuator 24 which is in the form of a cylinder or hollow shell encircling the bolt. The actuator is comprised of an SMA material. The SMA material when in a naive state is annealed into a crystalline state so that it undergoes a crystalline phase transformation from martensite to austenite when subsequently heated through the material's phase change transformation temperature. When below that temperature the material can be plastically deformed from its memory shape in response to a stress. When the deformed SMA material is heated through the transformation temperature, it forcefully reverts by elongating to its memory shape while exerting considerable force. The transformation temperature of the SMA alloy TiNi having equal atomic compositions of the two elements can be made in the range of about 50 to 70° C., and suitable adjustments of the alloy compositions can achieve transformation temperatures ranging from 0° C. to 100° C. During the alloying process, a third metal such as hafnium or palladium can be amalgamated with the Ti and Ni elements to raise the transition temperature, while iron or vanadium can be amalgamated with the Ti and Ni to lower the transition temperature, as required for particular applications.
The length and diameter of bolt are predetermined so that the bolt can sustain the tension of the clamp while remaining in the elastic portion of the bolt's stress-strain curve.
Actuator 24 is heated to its phase change crystalline transformation temperature for operation by suitable means such as an electric heater 27. The heater can have electric resistance coils mounted in close heat transfer relationship about the actuator's outer surface. An external power source (not shown) is connected by a suitable switch (not shown) through wires 30 for directing the current through the actuator. The rate of heating is controlled by use of a suitable controller (not shown), such as a computer, so that actuator takes place within a specified time. When heated to the transformation temperature, the actuator elongates to its memory shape.
A nut 25 threaded on the bolt end 18 is tightened to stretch the bolt. The mechanical strengths of the actuator and necked-down portion of the bolt are matched to each other so that the nut can be tightened, causing the bolt to stretch and the actuator to compress, within their respective elastic limits. Further elongation of the bolt occurs when the load (from the components) is applied to opposite ends of the bolt. This puts the bolt in tensile stress while remaining in the elastic region of the bolt. When electric current is applied through wires 30, the temperature of the resistive heater is gradually raised through the transformation temperature of the actuator, causing it elongate with great force. This force permanently deforms the necked-down portion of the bolt. Component 12 is then loosened, but not fully released, from the other component attached to the head end of the bolt. This permits the two components to move a small distance before encountering resistance, but they still are restrained by the clamp from moving more than the prescribed distance

## Claims

1. A device for holding a first and a second component together, the device comprising:
a bolt having a first end configured to secure to a first component, and a second end configured to secure to a second component, the bolt having a shank including a necked-down portion configured to concentrate axial stress;
a head near the first end;
a nut mounted about the second end, the second end extending through the nut for securing to the second component;
an actuator fitted about the shank between the head and the nut, the actuator being formed of a shape memory alloy material that is configured to elongate axially against the head and nut in response to being heated through the material's crystalline phase change transformation temperature;
wherein the bolt is configured to convert from a compressed configuration to an elongated configuration by heating the actuator and elongating the necked-down portion to plastically deform the bolt.

2. The device of claim 1, wherein the first end comprises threading configured to secure the first component.

3. The device of claim 1, wherein the first end comprises internal threading configured to secure the first component.

4. The device of claim 1, wherein the second end comprises threading configured to secure the second component.

5. The device of claim 1, wherein the second end comprises external threading configured to secure the second component.