A History of the 

Committee on Science and Technology 

85th-110th Congresses 

1958-2008 

Closing Date of Compilation: August 1, 2008 

Cover Design by Sarah Noble 
2 
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Committee on Science and Technology

110th Congress 

(2008) 

BART GORDON, TN, Chairman 

Democrats Republicans

JERRY F. COSTELLO, IL RALPH M. HALL, TX

EDDIE BERNICE JOHNSON, TX F. J. SENSENBRENNER, JR., WI 

LYNN C. WOOLSEY, CA LAMAR SMITH, TX 

MARK UDALL, CO DANA ROHRABACHER, CA 

DAVID WU, OR ROSCOE G. BARTLETT, MD 

BRIAN BAIRD, WA VERNON J. EHLERS, MI 

BRAD MILLER, NC FRANK D. LUCAS, OK 

DANIEL LIPINSKI, IL JUDY BIGGERT, IL 

NICK LAMPSON, TX W. TODD AKIN, MO 

GABRIELLE GIFFORDS, AZ TOM FEENEY, FL 

JERRY MCNERNEY, CA RANDY NEUGEBAUER, TX 

LAURA RICHARDSON, CA BOB INGLIS, SC 

DONNA F. EDWARDS, MD DAVID REICHERT, WA

STEVEN R. ROTHMAN, NJ MICHAEL T. MCCAUL, TX 

JIM MATHESON, UT MARIO DIAZ-BALART, FL 

MIKE ROSS, AR PHIL GINGREY, GA 

BEN CHANDLER, KY BRIAN P. BILBRAY, CA 

RUSS CARNAHAN, MO ADRIAN SMITH, NE 

CHARLIE MELANCON, LA PAUL BROUN, GA 

BARON P. HILL, IN 

HARRY E. MITCHELL, AZ 

CHARLES A. WILSON, OH 

ANDRÉ CARSON, IN 
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Foreword 

Congressman Bart Gordon (D-TN) 

Chairman, 

U.S. House Committee on Science and Technology 

 My goal as chairman has been 

for this to be the Committee of good 

ideas and consensus. I’m proud that 

we pass the overwhelming majority 

of our bills with unanimous, 

bipartisan support. 

 In the 50 years since the 

Committee on Science and 

Technology was created, the U.S. 

has made tremendous 

breakthroughs. We’ve watched a 

man walk on the moon. We’ve peered into the future revealed 

by our own DNA. We send ideas, currency, and images in 

seconds, instead of hours or days, since the advent of the 

Internet. 

The next 50 years will see a country and a world even 

hungrier for scientific progress. One of the most compelling 

issues we will face is ensuring our own country’s 

competitiveness in the global marketplace. Today, half of the 

world’s workers make less than $2 a day. We cannot and should 

not compete with that. Instead, we have to compete at a higher 

level with better skills and higher productivity. We have to 

nurture the scientists who will be making discoveries and the 

students who will fill technical jobs in all sectors of the 

economy. 

With this in mind, in 2005 the Committee asked the National 

Academies to look down the road and determine what we needed 

to stay competitive. The ensuing report, “Rising Above the 

Gathering Storm,” painted a picture of a stagnating U.S. 

economy, an educational system that did not prepare its students 

for the jobs needed, and the U.S. losing its place as a world 
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leader in scientific progress and made recommendations on how 

to address these issues. 

At the beginning of the 110th Congress, we put these 

recommendations into legislation that became the America 

COMPETES Act. Signed into law in August 2007, COMPETES 

invests in basic research, strengthens science, technology, 

engineering and math (STEM) education programs, and 

addresses our need for innovation in the energy sector by 

creating an Advanced Research Projects Agency for Energy 

(ARPA-E) modeled after the successful DARPA program that 

brought us stealth technology, GPS, and the Internet. 

In addition, the Committee played a central role in enacting 

the Energy Independence and Security Act, which was signed 

into law in December 2007. The Committee moved eight bills 

plus several other amendments that were packaged into this law 

– addressing energy technology needs on biofuels, solar, 

geothermal, ocean and hydrokinetic, carbon capture and 

sequestration (CCS), energy storage, industrial energy 

efficiency, and hydrogen, as well as smart grid technologies and 

energy efficiency for appliance, buildings, and vehicles. 

I hope that this is just the beginning of what this Committee 

will do over the next 50 years. From scientists in the lab and 

students in the classroom to researchers in the field and 

consumers in the marketplace, I expect the Science and 

Technology Committee will continue to rise to meet a bright and 

sustainable future. 

 

 Bart Gordon 

 Chairman 
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Foreword 

Congressman Ralph Hall (R-TX) 

Ranking Member, 

U.S. House Committee on Science and Technology 

 In the 28 years since I was first 

elected to the U.S. House of 

Representatives, I have been pleased 

to be an active member of the 

Science and Technology 

Committee, including service as 

ranking member, both as a 

Republican and as a Democrat, and 

as chairman of the Space 

Subcommittee. The Committee’s 

rich history reflects how 

bipartisanship, coupled with science-based policymaking, can 

advance innovation and research that benefit all Americans. 

Recognizing that innovation is the key to U.S. economic 

success, the Committee has recently focused its efforts on 

strengthening the U.S. research enterprise and American hightech industry. By aggressively promoting STEM education at all 

levels, this Committee has made a determined commitment to 

make America more competitive for generations to come. 

In my capacity throughout the years, I am proud to have 

maintained strong support for a robust manned spaceflight 

program at NASA. I believe that manned spaceflight has 

contributed more to securing America’s technological and 

economic leadership in the world than any other civilian 

government program. Through both great success and 

occasional tragedy, NASA has captured the hearts and 

imaginations of the American people and spawned decades of 

technological innovation, the benefits of which have far 

exceeded the cost of investment. If we want to remain 

economically competitive for future generations, it is imperative 

that we continue to support manned spaceflight. 
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Another focus that is sure to remain at the top of the 

Committee’s agenda is the need for cheap, clean, reliable and 

abundant energy. The U.S. relies too heavily on unstable 

regimes to provide the energy that runs our economy. The 

Science and Technology Committee has been at the forefront of 

efforts to diversify our energy portfolio by promoting renewable 

and alternative energy sources. This Committee is strategically 

positioned to help find real solutions to our energy problems, 

along with finding ways to use our abundant domestic fossil fuel 

resources more cleanly and efficiently. 

I am proud to have served on the Science and Technology 

Committee for over half of its remarkable history. Our 

Committee has made great strides in supporting America’s 

scientific enterprise and will continue to play a key role in 

meeting our nation’s challenges in the years to come. 

 

 Ralph Hall 

 Ranking Member 
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 Astronaut Buzz Aldrin, lunar module pilot of the first lunar landing 

 mission, and the U.S. flag on the Moon. (Photo courtesy of NASA) 
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Table of Contents 

Committee for the 110th Congress, 2008 2 

Foreword 4 

Table of Contents 9 

Introduction 10 

Chronology of Major Events in Federal 

Science Policy, 1787-2007 12 

The Development of Federal Science Policy, 

1787-1957 15 

The Committee on Science and Technology, 

1958-2008 

A History of the Committee 23 

 Jurisdictional History 57 

 Landmark Legislation 61 

 Full and Joint Committee Hearings 75 

Committee Leaders 

Biographies of the Chairmen 93 

Ranking Members 106 

Members of the Committee 

 Committees and Subcommittees 109 

 Members’ Service in Other Offices 152 

Bibliography 154 
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Introduction 

The U.S. House of Representatives established the 

Committee on Science and Technology more than 50 years ago. 

As one of the newer committees on Capitol Hill, it has a long 

history of bipartisanship and tackling some of the most important 

challenges facing the nation. The Committee successfully 

oversaw the reorganization of the space program and ensured 

NASA met its goal of landing a man on the moon by the end of 

the 1960s. During the difficult times of the 1970s, the House 

gave the Committee new jurisdiction in the energy and emerging 

environmental fields. With a further expansion of 

responsibilities in the 1980s and 1990s, the Committee’s 

legislative and oversight work included a wide assortment of 

technology issues as well as intellectual property rights, 

homeland security, and the development of super-computers and 

the Internet. In the 21st century the Committee had to confront 

natural and manmade disasters as well as maintain the nation’s 

technological lead in the sciences and education. 

The first written history of the Committee covered the period 

from its inception through 1979. It was an all encompassing 

review prepared by subcommittee Chairman Ken Hechler of 

West Virginia. The work reflected firsthand knowledge of the 

major events, legislation passed, the Members who served on the 

Committee and the expert staff assembled to help them in their 

work. Through the use of its extensive table of contents and 

epilogue, the researcher can review the wide-ranging activities of 

the Committee and read extensive quotes by the principals. 

When preparing this updated history of the Committee, it 

was readily apparent that an entirely different approach had to be 

developed to recount the significant events of the past 50 years. 

In writing this edition, the authors felt it important not to 

overburden the reader with a long narrative. Since this project 

would be done by individuals outside the Committee, Hechler’s 

approach could not be repeated. The new format would be 

multifaceted and focus on the nature of the Committee’s 

legislative efforts and the presentation of short biographies of 

each committee chairman. 
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The landmark legislation component of the project formed 

the necessary framework for the narrative, but it was insufficient 

to provide a full picture of the Committee’s history. To better 

understand the Committee’s activities and areas of inquiry, the 

project included a complete review of its jurisdictional history, 

which afforded the authors the necessary structure as to the 

scope of the Committee’s responsibilities. We made the decision 

to list all of the full and joint Committee hearings and a review 

of all the subcommittee hearings in an effort to provide future 

scholars with the foundation for additional research on the 

Committee. 

The authors would like to thank the Committee and its staff 

for their assistance and access to Committee records. Special 

thanks is extended to the Committee’s Chief Counsel Jim Turner 

who provided the essential guidance in identifying the landmark 

legislation passed between 1958 and the present and to Deborah 

Samantar for her help with the records of the Committee’s 

hearings. Also, a note of appreciation must be given to the 

American Law Division of the Library of Congress for their help 

in accessing Committee records. David Mao, Stuart Carmody, 

and Joyce Thorpe were especially supportive and demonstrated a 

superb understanding of the library’s collection. As a final thank 

you, the authors wish to express their gratitude to other members 

in the Office of the Historian, Dr. Robert V. Remini, Historian of 

the House, Research Analyst Anthony Wallis, and Office 

Director Michael Cronin. 

 

 Andrew R. Dodge, author 

 Senior Fellow 

 Office of the Historian 

 Fred Beuttler, co-author 

 Deputy Historian 

 Office of the Historian 
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Chronology of Major Events in 

Federal Science Policy, 1787-2007 

1787 U.S Constitution gives Congress power “to promote the Progress 

of Science and useful Arts” 

1789 First Congress passes Patent and Copyright Acts 

1804-06 Lewis and Clark Expedition 

1844 Samuel F. B. Morse receives $30,000 from Congress to build first 

telegraph line 

1849 Smithsonian Institution develops weather observation network 

1863 National Academy of Sciences Act 12 Stat. 806-07 

1870 Congress creates Weather Bureau in War Department 

1890 Congress creates civilian Weather Bureau in Dept. of Agriculture 

1901 National Bureau of Standards created 31 Stat. 1449-1450 

1915 national Advisory Committee on Aeronautics created 

1930 National Institute of Health created, consolidates other federal 

Medical research programs 

1941-47 Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) created 

by executive order; coordinated federal scientific R&D during 

World War II, including the Manhattan Project 

1945 Science—The Endless Frontier, report by Vannevar Bush, head of 

OSRD 

1946 Atomic Energy Act of 1946, created Atomic Energy Commission; 

commercial nuclear power made possible in 1954 

1950 National Science Foundation Act, PL 507, with a mission “to 

promote the progress of science; to advance the national health, 

prosperity, and welfare; and to secure the national defense.” 

1957-58 International Geophysical Year 

1957 Soviet Union launches Sputnik on October 4 

1958 National Aeronautics and Space Act, PL 85-568 

 Advanced Research Projects Agency (later DARPA) in DOD 

1959 Treaty on Antarctica 

1960 NSF Institutional Support Program, a capital program for 

university research infrastructure 

1961 NASA Mercury Program begins; Alan Shepard becomes the first 

American in space on May 5 

1962 NASA John Glenn becomes the first American to orbit the earth 

1962-69 ARPA develops early Internet, ARPAnet launched in 1969 

1965 NASA First American Space Walk 

Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA) created 

1967 Weather Bureau renamed National Weather Service 

NASA Loss of Apollo 1 

1969 NASA Apollo 11 lands on the moon 
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1970 First “Earth Day” 

 NASA Apollo 13 

ESSA becomes National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration 

1972 NSF takes over management of twelve labs of DARPA 

 Space Shuttle Program authorized, PL 92-304 

1973 NASA Skylab 

 Yom Kippur War; first oil embargo by OPEC on October 17 

1974 Energy Research and Development Administration ERDA 

created in response to oil crisis 

1975 NASA Apollo-Soyuz 

1976 National Science and Technology Policy, Organization and 

Priorities Act, PL 94-282; Established Office of Science and 

Technology Policy in Executive Office of President 

 NASA Viking 1 and 2 probes reach Mars 

1977 NASA Voyager “Grand Tour” of the Solar System 

1978 Department of Energy created 

1979 Voyager 1 reached Jupiter’s orbit 

 Creation of the Department of Energy 

1979 Three Mile Island accident, March 28 

Beginning of second oil crisis, April 

1980 Synthetic Fuels Corporation created 

1981 NASA Space Shuttle Program begins, first launch, April 12

1983 US Antarctic Program established 

1985 NSF research in South Pole for ozone loss 

 Synthetic Fuels Corporation created and abolished 

1986 NASA space shuttle Challenger disaster 

1980s NSF assumes primary financial support and coordination of 

Internet, NSFnet 

1990 NASA Hubble Space Telescope 

1990s NSF develops math education standards with National Council of 

Teachers of Mathematics 

1992 Land Remote Sensing Policy Act (Landsat), PL 102-555 

1993 NSF supported National Center for Supercomputing Applications 

at Univ. of Illinois, develop “Mosaic,” first web browser 

1994 NSF, NASA, and DARPA launch Digital Library Initiative, 

predecessor of “Google” 

1996 NSF discovers Antarctic Ozone hole 

1998 NASA International Space Station (ISS) 

2000 NSF, with other agencies, develops National Nanotechnology 

Initiative 

2003 NASA space shuttle Columbia disaster 

2007 America COMPETES (Creating Opportunities to Meaningfully 

Promote Excellence in Technology, Education, and Science) Act, 

PL 110-69 
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The Very Large Array, located near Socorro, New Mexico, consist of 27 

radio antennas that are each 25 meters (82 feet) in diameter. It is the most 

scientifically productive ground-based telescope in the history of astronomy. 

(Photo courtesy of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory/Associated 

Universities, Inc.) 

 Carbon-free electricity from solar and nuclear power. (Photo courtesy 

 of Warren Gretz/Department of Energy/National Renewable Energy Library) 
15 

The Development of 

Federal Science Policy, 1787-1957 

Americans have always sought to explore new frontiers. Vannevar 

Bush, one of the architects of federal science policy, stated in 1945 that 

the expansion and prosperity of the United States has been through “the 

product of three factors – the free play of initiative of a vigorous people 

under democracy, the heritage of great natural wealth, and the advance 

of science and its applications.” In his report, Science—The Endless 

Frontier, Bush affirmed the fact that without scientific progress, “no 

amount of achievement in other directions can ensure our health, 

prosperity, and security as a nation in the modern world.” 

Federal government involvement in science, technology, and the 

advancement of knowledge began with the Continental Congress, in the 

Northwest Ordinances of 1785 and 1787. Congress ordained that the 

Northwest Territory be explored and surveyed into townships, with one 

section reserved to endow public schools. Since the 18th century, the 

relationship between science, technology, research, and development 

has been a close one, as Americans created a decentralized system for 

the advancement of scientific and technological innovation, combining 

federal government backing with university and privately funded 

research. The House Committee on Science and Technology is heir to 

a long history of federal support for exploration, developing technical 

standards, and energy and environmental research. 

In Article I, section 8 of the Constitution, the Founding Fathers 

granted Congress the power “to promote the Progress of Science and 

the useful Arts,” initially through granting limited times for “Authors 

and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and 

discoveries,” along with the power to “fix the Standard of Weights and 

Measures.” Congress also was given power to “regulate Commerce,” 

and to make all laws “necessary and proper for carrying into Execution 

the foregoing Powers.” 

Congress quickly assumed its role in encouraging science and 

technology, passing the first patent and copyright laws in the spring of 

1790. Two years later, the Second Congress authorized the first U.S. 

Mint to set standards of weight for U.S. coinage. In addition to such 

regulatory legislation, Congress adopted most of Treasury Secretary 

Alexander Hamilton’s recommendations in his Report on 

Manufactures, December 1791, which proposed that it should be U.S. 

policy to encourage manufacturing and domestic industries through a 

system of tariff protection and subsidy to industry. Although most 

federal policy was designed to protect private innovation, Congress did 
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subsidize two military arsenals, at Springfield, Massachusetts, and 

Harpers Ferry, Virginia. It was under this federal sponsorship that the 

first practical system of interchangeable parts for manufacturing was 

developed. 

The “commerce clause” was the rationale for the most significant 

scientific study of the early national period, the Lewis and Clark 

Expedition. After gaining a $2,500 appropriation from Congress for 

exploration, President Thomas Jefferson instructed his secretary, 

Meriwether Lewis, to not only find a passage to the Pacific, but also to 

make systematic scientific observations of regional geography, soils, 

animals, mineral production, and record as much as possible about the 

Indian tribes encountered. With these instructions, the Corps of 

Discovery was practical and also scientific, revealing the wide range of 

federal interest during the period. 

Federal science policy also encouraged the relation between 

commerce, science, technological development, and exploration. On 

March 30-31, 1824, Speaker of the House Henry Clay proposed the 

adoption of a “genuine American system” that would expand markets 

and lessen dependence upon foreign trade, providing protective tariffs 

to safeguard domestic manufacturing and a government sponsored 

system of internal improvements. In the General Survey Act of 1824, 

Congress authorized “necessary surveys, plans, and estimates” of roads 

and canals of national importance for commercial, military, or postal 

uses. 

Although most federal legislation created the broad conditions 

conducive to technological innovation, Congress occasionally 

sponsored large, capital-intensive projects. On March 3, 1843, 

Congress appropriated $30,000 “for testing the capacity and usefulness 

of the system of electro-magnetic telegraphs invented by Samuel F. B. 

Morse,” and for constructing a telegraph line for government use. By 

May 1844, Morse had completed his telegraph line between the U.S. 

Capitol and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad’s Mt. Clare Station near 

Baltimore, Maryland. On May 24, he made his first public 

demonstration from the Capitol by sending the message, “What Hath 

God Wrought.” 

In 1829, British scientist James Smithson died and left his entire 

estate to the United States, to endow “an establishment for the increase 

and diffusion of knowledge among men.” Congress accepted this 

unprecedented gift in 1836, and, after much debate, created the 

Smithsonian Institution in 1846 as a trust administered by a board of 

regents and a secretary. This private gift to the whole nation provided 

one model for the support of scientific research and now has grown to 

become the world’s largest museum complex. Attempts to establish a 
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national university, however, failed. Americans held a deep suspicion 

of any single national institution of higher learning and preferred a 

decentralized, entrepreneurial model for education and research. 

President Abraham Lincoln and the 37th Congress (1861-63) 

enacted two critical pieces of legislation during the Civil War that 

helped develop the institutions for scientific and technological research. 

Lincoln signed into law the Land-Grant College Act on July 2, 1862, 

which Congressman Justin Morrill of Vermont introduced that granted 

states public lands to endow a college dedicated to the teaching of 

“agriculture and the mechanic arts.” This federal effort to support state 

institutions developed into a network of land-grant universities that 

emphasized practical, scientific research. On March 3, 1863, Congress 

passed a second piece of legislation which chartered the National 

Academy of Sciences. Established as a self-perpetuating organization, 

the academy comprised 50 of the nation’s top scientists named “to 

investigate, examine, experiment, and report upon any subject of 

science,” for the federal government. While the scholars served 

without compensation, Congress authorized appropriations for 

expenses, which was an early form of contract research. Anticipating 

the nation’s involvement in World War I, President Woodrow Wilson 

requested that the Academy establish the National Research Council in 

1916 to recruit scientists and technicians, which continued to expand 

after the war under executive order. Since its chartering, the National 

Academy of Sciences has expanded several times through peer 

selection of individuals distinguished in their fields as well as through 

the establishment of the National Academy of Engineering in 1965 and 

the Institute of Medicine in 1970. 

In the late 19th century, Congress continued its sponsorship of 

scientific exploration. On March 3, 1879, it authorized the creation of 

the U.S. Geological Survey as a bureau in the Interior Department with 

responsibility to examine “the geological structure, mineral resources 

and products of the national domain.” In the Hatch Experiment Station 

Act of 1887, Congress supported the development of scientific research 

in agriculture. Administered by land-grant colleges, these research 

stations promoted “scientific investigation and experiment respecting 

the principles and applications of agricultural science.” Although 

under the jurisdiction of congressional agricultural committees, the 

Hatch Station Act furthered the principle of direct federal support of 

scientific research, a precedent that would later be extended to other 

scientific fields. 

The development of standard time zones provided an excellent 

example of the essential technical initiatives that benefited both private 

enterprise and public institutions. The British Royal Observatory had 
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first established Greenwich Mean Time in 1675, but this was only a 

voluntary standard. Americans initially relied on local sun time to 

indicate the time of the day, but with the expansion of railroads and the 

quick movement of people and freight, a national standard was 

necessary. Meeting privately in Chicago in the fall of 1883, American 

and Canadian railroad executives standardized four time zones across 

North America. Congress formally adopted this as a national standard 

during World War I with the Daily Standard Time Act of March 19, 

1918. While daylight saving time proved controversial at the time and 

was repealed in 1919, standard time zones have remained the law. 

Building upon the complexity of rapid industrialization and the 

expansion of engineering demands, Congress created the National 

Bureau of Standards (NBS) on March 3, 1901. The federal government 

invested in it the responsibility for comparing the “standards used in 

scientific investigations, engineering, manufacturing, commerce, and 

educational institutions with the standards adopted by the 

Government.” NBS established the first federal government physical 

science research laboratory with authority to develop precision 

instruments to set standards on length, mass, temperature, time, 

electrical power, as well as develop safety standards for commerce and 

industry. Within a few years, NBS acquired experimental factories to 

test manufacturing processes on product quality, which became 

especially useful during World War I, and also performed the first 

government studies of aerodynamics. 

Although the federal government provided standardization and 

some encouragement to technological innovation, most scientific 

research was conducted by private industries and in research 

universities. In the late 19th century, the dynamic element in higher 

education shifted from liberal arts colleges to research universities 

dedicated to the advancement of knowledge. Johns Hopkins University 

took a leadership role in this approach. Other institutions, such as the 

University of Chicago, Cornell, Harvard, Columbia, and University of 

Michigan, soon followed and began to emphasize basic research in the 

sciences. New philanthropic foundations, such as those created by 

Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller, funded much of the growth 

in basic research in the theoretical sciences, medicine, and the social 

sciences. 

The rise and development of research universities and large 

philanthropic foundations created the research infrastructure necessary 

for scientific advances, producing not only graduate training programs, 

but also incubating basic research. By the early 20th century, a tacit 

division of labor emerged where basic research belonged in private 

research universities while the federal government sponsored applied 
19 

research, with technical and land grant institutions such as 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology and University of Illinois 

occupying a middle ground. The new universities emphasized basic 

research and graduate instruction for those seeking advanced degrees 

and those who would work for government agencies. These three 

institutions, government bureaus, private foundations, and research 

universities, created a dynamic that strengthened each component and 

encouraged new avenues of research. The funding of basic scientific 

investigation in universities by private foundations insulated such 

research from democratic pressures, allowing the federal government to 

focus generally on the application and dissemination of knowledge. 

The impact of World War I on research and development increased 

the coordination among universities, government bureaus, and 

foundations. Wartime necessity accelerated the pace of adaptation of 

laboratory results into production, not only increasing the scale, but 

also enabling coordination of scientific effort across disciplinary lines. 

The war effort also enhanced the research capacities of private industry, 

such as Bell Labs, which made significant advancements in applied 

industrial research. 

The conclusion of World War I and America’s growing 

apprehension of the realities of the militarization of science, such as the 

development of poison gas, led to the rapid dismantling of federal 

government control of scientific research. The military virtually 

abandoned research and focused almost exclusively on procurement of 

standard types of weapons and material. During the 1920s, Secretary 

of Commerce Herbert Hoover, who had made his fortune as a mining 

engineer, created a voluntary system to encourage “pure and applied 

scientific research as the foundation of genuine labor-saving devices, 

better processes, and sounder methods.” Utilizing the expertise of 

NBS, Hoover encouraged cooperative scientific enterprises and trade 

associations to increase industrial research. Hoover also tried to shift 

business and especially government agencies to fund basic research, 

attempting to reverse the trend toward applications. However, with the 

onset of the Great Depression, most of the support for basic research 

was left to private universities and philanthropic foundations, as 

governmental resources were focused on dealing with the immediate 

economic crisis. 

Scientific research was significantly disrupted during the early 

years of the 1930s, as government, industry and universities 

dramatically cut back research funding. By 1935, however, the 

immediate emergency had passed, and the Roosevelt administration 

was able to concentrate more on long term solutions. The Works 

Project Administration, initially designed for emergency relief, began 
20 

to fund technicians, scientists, and engineers to assist in state university 

research projects under faculty supervision. President Roosevelt called 

upon the National Academy of Sciences to help coordinate federal 

research policy, which led to the creation of a National Resources 

Board and their support of both the physical and social sciences. In 

1937, the board published Research–A National Resource, the first 

comprehensive study of the federal research establishment, which 

looked not only at federal bureaus and the military, but also placed 

federal scientific programs in the context of the entire research 

community, seeing scientific research as a “national resource.” 

As the world situation became significantly more threatening in the 

late 1930s, the American scientific community welcomed a large 

number of refugee scientists from Europe. These refugees, many 

funded by private foundations, entered the American university system 

with the latest European scientific research methodology. In August 

1939, at the urging of Leo Szilard, Albert Einstein wrote to President 

Roosevelt informing him of German research on nuclear fission and 

uranium and urged the president to begin a federal program to fund 

experiments in atomic energy. Scientific mobilization continued, and 

on June 28, 1941, President Roosevelt created by executive order the 

Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD), naming MIT 

president Vannevar Bush as director. OSRD was to “serve as a center 

for mobilization of the scientific personnel and resources of the Nation” 

and to develop and apply “the results of scientific research to defense 

purposes.” OSRD supervised a massive increase in government 

research funding, with total expenditures growing from approximately 

$100 million in 1940, to $1.6 billion in 1945. The most important 

program was the Manhattan Project and the development of the atomic 

bomb, but numerous other critical research activities led to the creation 

of additional weapons that helped defeat the Axis Powers. 

World War II transformed the relationship between the federal 

government and the scientific community. The war convinced most 

individuals of the vast powers of science and technology, and the 

American people continued to support and willingly financed federal 

programs. However, military control, secrecy, and security clashed 

with the scientific principle of the free exchange of ideas. OSRD was a 

temporary wartime measure, and its continued existence ran counter to 

civilian scientific research efforts. President Roosevelt asked Vannevar 

Bush in November 1944 to address this issue. Bush presented his 

report, Science—The Endless Frontier, on July 5, 1945, calling for the 

creation of a centralized National Research Foundation, which would 

award grants, contracts, and fellowships for training and basic research 

in the natural and medical sciences, along with military research. 
21 

Due in part to the enormous expanse and centralization of the 

organization Bush proposed, the creation of the National Science 

Foundation (NSF) took five years of political compromises. The 

military, unlike in the aftermath of World War I, realized the utility of 

research and set up its own infrastructure, such as the Office of Naval 

Research, authorized in 1946, and the privately contracted Rand 

Corporation. Also in 1946, Congress reestablished the principle of 

civilian control, transferring all aspects of atomic energy research from 

the War Department to the new Atomic Energy Commission (AEC). 

The president appointed AEC commissioners with oversight provided 

by the congressional Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, comprised of 

nine senators and nine representatives. In an effort to retain the 

scientific infrastructure created during the war, Congress also 

authorized the establishment of numerous laboratories, such as 

Brookhaven and Argonne National Laboratories, which operated in 

cooperation with universities under federal contracts. 

Although Bush’s vision had included medical research, the 

separate and competing tradition for federal funding for medical 

research originated in the late 1880s as part of the Public Health 

Service. In 1902 Congress established the Hygienic Laboratory as a 

medical research center. It expanded dramatically during World War I, 

and in 1930 Congress changed its name to the National Institute of 

Health (NIH). During World War II, NIH concentrated on war-related 

medical issues through its own labs and expanded its efforts after the 

war by providing grants for university based researchers. Congress 

authorized numerous other institutes dealing with specific diseases and 

consolidated them into the National Institutes of Health in 1948. NIH 

has expanded in the last 60 years to include approximately 30 separate 

institutes and centers. 

On May 10, 1950, five years after it was originally proposed, 

President Truman signed the National Science Foundation Act. The act 

was to encourage “a national policy for the promotion of basic research 

and education in the sciences . . . [and] to initiate and support basic 

scientific research in the mathematical, physical, medical, biological, 

engineering, and other sciences” through contracts and grants. NSF 

was also required to support research and development activities with 

the Department of Defense (DOD), maintain a register of scientific and 

technical personnel, and coordinate private and public research 

projects. NSF was granted only limited funding in its early years, but it 

provided the support structure for later growth in federal funding for 

basic scientific research. 

By the mid 1950s, federal support for scientific and technological 

research had been institutionalized in a wide range of government 
22 

agencies, such as NSF, NIH, DOD, and AEC. In the decade after 1957, 

the total federal research budget would almost quadruple, much of it 

going to the newly created National Aeronautics and Space 

Administration (NASA). While most federal research dollars were still 

focused on applied research for the military during the Cold War, by 

1960 the decentralized system of public and private institutions created 

over the previous century provided the foundation for the United States 

to become the world’s leader in science and technology. As Thomas 

Jefferson stated, “Liberty . . . is the great parent of science and of 

virtue; and . . . a nation will be great in both always in proportion as it 

is free.” 
23 

A History of the 

Committee on Science and Technology, 

U.S. House of Representatives 

1958-2008 

America, Science, and Sputnik

On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union startled the political and 

scientific world with the launch of a 184-pound satellite called Sputnik

into a 143 to 584 mile high orbit around the Earth. This event would 

reverberate for more than a decade, and was summarized by Georgia 

Senator Richard Russell: “Sputnik confronts America with a new and 

terrifying military danger and a disastrous blow to our prestige.” The 

United States faced a new level of intensive international scientific 

competition, and the individuals tasked with the job of tackling this 

dangerous situation would have to dramatically refocus the nation’s 

scientific and educational efforts. Shocked Americans were forced to 

question their nation’s longstanding belief in its own scientific and 

technological superiority. 

America had become the world leader in the sciences in part by 

welcoming many top European scientists who were fleeing Nazi 

persecution in the 1930s and 1940s. Scientists from many European 

countries sought teaching and research positions in the nation’s best 

universities prior to the war. During World War II, scientists such as 

Enrico Fermi, Hans Bethe, and Edward Teller joined the Manhattan 

Project to build an atomic bomb. Other physicists like Walter Elsasser 

refused to work in weapons research. He lent his expertise to the study 

of meteorology and the physical properties of the atmosphere regarding 

radio transmissions, while Léon Brillouin employed his talents in the 

field of radar research. Scientists of that generation were trained in an 

environment based on the premise that scientific progress and 

professional judgments would be the model for the development of a 

better society. In conjunction with the change in the scientific world, 

the United States government had revolutionized its relationship with 

its citizens through the implementation of the New Deal. With the 

convergence of these two forces, Americans by 1945 had come to an 

almost unquestioning belief in the benefits of science and technology. 

At the conclusion of World War II, scientists returned to academia 

and pursued research to gain a better understanding of nature from the 

subatomic level to the immensity of the universe. In a desire to 

maintain its advantage over any potential adversary, America made 

every attempt in 1945 to augment its scientific resources by bringing 
24 

the best German scientists to the United States. One of the most 

important programs was code named Operation Paperclip and sought to 

utilize such German scientists as Wernher von Braun to develop 

rockets. Von Braun was Germany’s leading scientist in the V2 rocket 

program, which would prove to be the foundation for America’s effort 

to land a man on the moon. 

Although the United States and the Soviet Union had actively 

pursued attempts to reach the threshold of space through rocket 

development during the early 1950s, both nations made a concerted 

effort in 1957 to launch a satellite to assert its national prestige and 

fulfill the promise of learning more about our own planet as part of the 

International Geophysical Year, July 1957-1958. This worldwide 

scientific effort led to such discoveries as the Van Allen radiation belt 

around the Earth, a better understanding of the oceans, and 

establishment of permanent research stations in Antarctica. In the 

arena of space exploration, few Americans thought the Russian’s 

centralized system capable of being the first nation to launch a satellite 

into Earth orbit. In the wake of Sputnik, the United States quickly 

attempted to catch up by launching its own satellite aboard the 

Vanguard rocket on December 6, 1957. It ended in dismal failure as 

the rocket achieved an altitude of only a few feet before exploding, 

which the public watched on television broadcasts during the following 

week. This and other setbacks led many Americans to question their 

long held belief in the nation’s scientific superiority and the 

advisability of having the nation’s space effort placed in the hands of so 

many diverse organizations such as the Army, Navy, and Air Force, as 

well as civilian agencies. The first successful American missile launch 

on January 31, 1958, was through a joint effort led by von Braun at the 

Army Ballistic Missile Agency in Huntsville, Alabama, and the Jet 

Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. 

DOD also immediately understood the potential threat posed by a 

Russian missile launch with an atomic bomb on the top of a rocket 

instead of a satellite. As part of its response, DOD created the 

Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in February 1958 to 

counter Soviet military technology capabilities. DOD also accepted the 

need to establish and put into place long term research and 

development projects. In 1960, the nonmilitary space programs under 

ARPA came under the jurisdiction of a newly formed congressional 

committee. 

The Select Committee 

In light of the success of the Soviet space program and after 

preliminary discussions with other leaders in the U.S. House of 
25 

Representatives, Speaker Sam Rayburn on March 5, 1958, moved to 

create a Select Committee on Astronautics and Space Exploration with 

the authority to study all facets of the American space effort. To fulfill 

its responsibilities, the House provided the Select Committee with the 

jurisdiction to utilize all necessary government facilities and personnel 

resources. To lead the first completely new committee created since 

1892, Rayburn turned to Majority Leader John McCormack of 

Massachusetts and Minority Leader Joseph Martin, also of 

Massachusetts, who readily agreed to join the new committee in order 

to ensure bipartisanship. McCormack and Martin proceeded to choose 

Members based on their expertise. On the Democratic side, 

McCormack selected Overton Brooks from Louisiana who served with 

Carl Vinson on the Armed Forces Committee. Brooks Hays of 

Arkansas came to the Committee from Foreign Affairs, and Leo 

O’Brian of New York moved over from the Commerce Committee. 

From the important Appropriations Committee, McCormack picked 

William Natcher from Kentucky, and Martin tapped Gerald Ford of 

Michigan. McCormack completed his majority by naming Lee Metcalf 

of Montana from the Education and Labor Committee and B. F. Sisk of 

California who served on the Interior Committee. In order to add 

balance to the Select Committee, Martin named Minority Whip Leslie 

Arends of Illinois from the Armed Forces Committee and Kenneth 

Keating of New York from the Judiciary Committee. Gordon 

McDonough of California joined the minority from the Joint 

Committee on Defense Production, and James Fulton of Pennsylvania 

came over from Foreign Affairs. 

During the spring and summer of 1958, the Select Committee held 

hearings on the nation’s space projects. To coordinate the nation’s 

space program, the Select Committee crafted the National Aeronautics 

and Space Act of 1958, which President Dwight Eisenhower signed 

into law on July 29, 1958. This law created NASA, and the new 

agency would absorb its predecessor, the National Advisory Committee 

for Aeronautics (NACA). President Woodrow Wilson had created 

NACA in 1915 to research aeronautics for government and commercial 

enterprises. During its 43 years, NACA provided the nation with 

invaluable information on aeronautics, sponsored the XS-1 program in 

high speed and altitude flights, and in 1952 developed spacecraft 

designs to ensure safe reentry into Earth’s atmosphere.

The Select Committee also created the National Aeronautics and 

Space Council (NASC) in the 1958 act, in order to coordinate NASA’s 

programs with other government and international agencies. President 

Eisenhower objected to Senate Majority Leader Lyndon Johnson’s 

initial proposal of a board because it infringed upon executive 
26 

authority, but Eisenhower agreed to the creation of NASC as a policy 

advisory group with the president as the chairman. NASC included the 

secretaries of State and Defense, NASA administrator, chairman of the 

AEC, and other presidential appointees. The council also had an 

executive secretary who was allowed to hire a staff. In addition to the 

creation of NASA and NASC in the 1958 act, the Select Committee put 

in place initial guidelines to define intellectual property rights, a major 

issue as government employees, private corporations, and individual 

scientists were collaborating and outlining the three-stage program to 

land an American on the moon. 

To meet these objectives, the Committee passed a bill that 

provided NASA the financial resources and authorization to set up its 

own research facilities. The legislation became law on August 14, 

1958, and NASA moved immediately to establish the Goddard Space 

Flight Center (GSFC) in Greenbelt, Maryland. GSFC has developed 

into one of the largest institutions studying our planet, the solar system, 

and the universe. It also managed the development and operations of 

unmanned spacecraft and related technologies. With the establishment 

of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) on 

October 3, 1970, the Space Flight Center also took charge of 

monitoring flight tracking, data retrieval, and the development of new 

satellite technologies. 

As an ancillary activity of the Select Committee, Chairman 

McCormack chose William Natcher and Les Arends to act as a 

subcommittee to investigate Unidentified Flying Objects (UFO). The 

topic had become a subject of great public interest and speculation 

since the beginning of the Atomic Age and the reputed sightings at 

Roswell, New Mexico, in 1947. Natcher and Arends primarily wanted 

to know what the Air Force knew about UFOs and their activities 

relating to UFO sightings. In an effort to minimize attention to a rather 

standard review of U.S. Air Force files, the Members referred to the 

meetings as the “Subcommittee on Atmospheric Phenomena.” 

Chairman J. Edward Roush of Indiana, who would serve on the 

Committee from 1959-1969, was perhaps the most outspoken member 

of the Committee on UFOs. He wanted to investigate the issue during 

a seminar on July 29, 1968, which ended without any official action. 

Although the topic of UFOs had never been a priority or even listed as 

a jurisdictional issue, the question of extraterrestrial life has been the 

subject of subcommittee hearings during the 95th, 104th, and 107th

Congresses. 

While the Select Committee went about its work, the House 

leadership debated the structure of a permanent committee. Since both 

the House and Senate wanted to establish similar committees, the 
27 

concept of a joint committee was considered over the objections of 

Speaker Rayburn. Many thought that such a committee would have the 

advantages of representing the entire Congress and the benefit of input 

from a larger number of Members and staff. However, some House 

Members were concerned that any contribution they made in the 

legislative process would be overshadowed by the Senate. The House 

and the Select Committee debated the joint committee issue during 

May and June of 1958, and the consensus shifted from endorsing the 

idea to supporting the creation of a separate House committee. On July 

21, the House considered and unanimously passed the resolution to 

establish the Committee on Science and Astronautics when the 86th

Congress convened on January 3, 1959. 

The House authorized the Committee to oversee NSF, which 

Congress had established in 1950. NSF managed a multimillion dollar 

operation that funded scientific and engineering projects dealing with 

earth sciences, economics, education, and astronomy. Currently, NSF 

provides grants in the social sciences, mathematics, and computer 

studies to colleges and universities that demonstrate the ability to make 

significant advancements in their field. In 2007, Congress authorized a 

budget in excess of $6 billion for NSF, which provided grants to 

approximately 200,000 researchers.

In 1958, the House also authorized the Committee to have 

jurisdiction over the Department of Commerce’s National Bureau of 

Standards (NBS). Congress created NBS in 1901, which had the 

responsibility to establish and maintain standards in weights and 

measures. NBS also had the duty to employ the highest level of 

engineering and physical sciences available in its laboratories and to 

ensure that all products comply with the bureau’s standards. 

The Committee on Science and Astronautics and Chairman 

Overton Brooks 

On January 3, 1959, the 86th Congress convened and selected 

Brooks as chairman of the Committee on Science and Astronautics. 

The Committee was comprised of 25 Members, with a larger 

proportion of Democrats to Republicans than were seated on the Select 

Committee. During the 85th Congress, House Democrats maintained a 

narrow majority of 234 to 201, and in the Select Committee each party 

held six seats plus the Democratic Chairman. Democrats gained almost 

50 seats in the 1958 elections, increasing their majority in the 86th

Congress, 283-153. As a result, Democrats on the Committee on 

Science and Astronautics were allotted 16 seats while the Republicans 

numbered only nine. 
28 

An energetic leader, Chairman Brooks immediately took the 

initiative seeking to personally direct everything under the Committee’s 

jurisdiction. Brooks had earlier served as a member of the Armed 

Services Committee, where he clashed with Chairman Carl Vinson 

over Vinson’s restrictive methods that included directly controlling the 

activities at the subcommittee level. Brooks chaffed under Vinson’s 

refusal to delegate authority to other Members on his Committee. 

Ironically, Brooks ran the Committee on Science and Astronautics in 

much the same manner. He asserted his power in order to keep a tight 

rein on NASA’s projects and refused to create a permanent set of 

subcommittees. He also expended considerable effort testing the limits 

of his Committee’s jurisdiction by unsuccessfully pressuring other 

committees whose areas of jurisdiction seemed to overlap with those of 

his Committee. 

Under Brooks’ leadership, the Committee was able to pass several 

important pieces of legislation. The most significant concerned 

NASA’s annual budget authorization of $485,300,000, which became 

public law on June 15, 1959. The Committee established strict rules 

governing NASA’s expenditure of funds to ensure that the agency 

would progress toward its goal of being the world’s leader in space. 

With this new government focus and financial support, several NASA 

scientists projected that the agency could safely land a man on the 

moon within seven to ten years. 

The Committee also encouraged additional scientific research 

under the jurisdiction of NSF. The Committee amended the NSF act 

by including a provision for the granting of scholarships and graduate 

fellowships in the fields of math, physics, medicine, engineering and 

the sciences. The National Defense Education Act of 1958, passed in 

the wake of Sputnik, became a major component of the nation’s science 

policy and provided grants to individuals on a geographic basis and not 

strictly on academic achievement. The act mandated that NSF create a 

Science Information Service, which would support information 

systems, promote publications, and serve as a repository for foreign 

scientific information. The Committee also called upon NSF and the 

National Academy of Sciences to create the National Medal of Science, 

which the president would present to scientists and mathematicians as 

acknowledgment of their important work in physics, biology, 

mathematics, and engineering. In 1980, Congress expanded the scope 

of the award to include the social sciences and behavioral studies. 

In 1959 and 1960, Chairman Brooks, with the encouragement and 

unwavering support of Majority Leader McCormack, assembled a 

professional staff grounded in the scientific and technical fields. The 

Committee and NASA also benefited by the transfer in 1960 of all 
29 

nonmilitary personnel and projects in DOD’s ARPA program to 

NASA. As a result of these organizational changes and hard work, the 

Committee and Brooks were able to see the first fruits of their efforts 

through NASA’s Mercury Program. The Mercury Program was 

America's space effort designed to discover whether manned 

spaceflight was even possible. On May 5, 1961, astronaut Alan 

Shepard became America’s first man in space onboard Freedom 7, 

which was launched atop von Braun’s Redstone rocket. Ten weeks 

later, astronaut Gus Grissom successfully rode the second American 

manned suborbital flight into space. 

By mid-1961, the Mercury program was well underway, and 

President John Kennedy used the Shepard flight as the political 

platform on May 25, 1961, to announce his vision of going to the 

moon: “I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the 

goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and 

returning him safely to the earth.” Unfortunately, the Russians 

presented NASA and the nation with another psychological setback 

when, on August 7, 1961, they orbited a man 17 times around the 

Earth. That unhappy turn of events was shortly followed by the 

untimely death of Chairman Brooks. The Chairman had suffered from 

ill health, and overwork led to a fatal heart attack on September 16, 

1961. 

New Leadership and the Race to the Moon 

George Miller of California became chairman of the Committee on 

September 21, 1961, and served until 1973. Chairman Miller had a 

background in civil engineering and, like his predecessor, had served 

on the Armed Services Committee under Chairman Vinson. With 

NASA’s expanding budget, which was approximately $1 billion in 

1961 and would increase another five or six times in four years, Miller 

wanted to ensure the best use of public funds. Miller charted a new 

course for the Committee by establishing permanent subcommittees, 

much to the delight of senior Democrats who would now be able to 

chair their own subcommittees. The subcommittees included: Manned 

Space Flight chaired by Olin Teague; Advanced Research and 

Technology chaired by Victor Anfuso; Space Science chaired by 

Joseph Karth of Minnesota; Applications and Tracking and Data 

Acquisition chaired by Ken Hechler; Patents and Scientific Inventions 

chaired by Emilio Daddario; and Women as Astronauts also chaired by 

Victor Anfuso. 

With a lengthening list of programs and timetables, NASA 

experienced organizational and planning problems in the early 1960s 

that delayed the first orbital flight. The Committee, in its oversight 
30 

role, confronted NASA concerning its launch vehicle Nova. The 

second-stage rocket program was ill-defined, massive in its scope, and 

well beyond its projected cost. The Manned Space Flight 

Subcommittee chaired by “Tiger” Teague of Texas refrained from 

dictating policy to NASA, but by the spring of 1962, he led his 

subcommittee in voting to cut $72 million from the authorization bill 

for construction of the Nova facilities at Cape Canaveral and in 

Mississippi. This move sent a clear message to the agency that they 

should establish more clearly defined goals. 

Chairman Karth of Minnesota on the Space Science Subcommittee 

faced a similar problem. After successfully helping NASA deal with 

its relationship with private contractors, the agency drew a less than 

positive response from Karth’s subcommittee for its Centaur rocket 

program, whose purpose was to launch unmanned satellites to explore 

the moon. Through the subcommittee’s oversight role, the agency 

transferred the project out of von Braun’s department in Huntsville, 

Alabama, and moved it to the Lewis Research Center in Cleveland, 

Ohio. Von Braun’s group of scientists had been focusing their efforts 

in developing the liquid-fueled Saturn V rocket and did not have the 

ready expertise then available at the Lewis Center to deal with a 

hydrogen-fueled engine. 

Despite several problems attributable to unprecedented growth in 

such a short period of time, NASA succeeded in achieving one of its 

primary goals in early 1962. Although delayed by several months, 

astronaut John Glenn piloted Friendship 7 around the Earth three times 

on February 20, 1962. Glenn’s flight would be followed by three more 

successful Mercury missions with the final flight lasting 24 hours. 

In the midst of the Mercury program, the Committee passed a 

piece of legislation that provided NASA with an important degree of 

independence from the Government Services Administration (GSA). 

After Chairman Teague led his subcommittee in a successful fight to 

stop the Air Force from taking control of some of the facilities at Cape 

Canaveral, the Committee helped pass a bill that removed GSA from 

setting standards for NASA facilities. The legislation allowed NASA 

to develop a set of its own specialized building guidelines and 

standards for its facilities instead of allowing GSA officials to oversee 

projects that were outside their expertise. 

With the Committee’s oversight role and guidance, NASA 

completed the Mercury program in 1963 and began the two-man 

Gemini program, which was followed by the three-man Apollo project. 

The agency proved through the Mercury flights that man could survive 

in space. NASA’s Gemini program provided astronauts and ground 

personnel the opportunity to experiment with docking procedures 
31 

between two space vehicles, study the effects on man of long space 

flights, and test if man could venture outside of his spacecraft. 

Astronaut Edward White achieved fame on June 3, 1965, with the first 

space “walk” by an American. 

Once NASA finished with the two-man Gemini program in 

November 1966, it commenced work on Apollo, which was projected 

to take a three-man crew on a mission to the moon. Unfortunately, on 

January 7, 1967, a fire in the Apollo 1 capsule killed White and the 

other two members of the crew, Gus Grissom and Roger Chaffee. 

Several days after the fire, Chairman Miller asked Chairman Teague to 

conduct a series of oversight hearings that would follow the 

presidential investigation to determine the extent of the problem while 

ensuring that the Apollo program not be needlessly delayed or derailed 

by Members who opposed manned space flight. Prior to the accident 

Chairman Teague had met privately with the astronauts and received 

their assurances that they were fully aware of the potential risks and felt 

confident in NASA’s safety procedures. The technical aspect of the 

investigation determined that a fault in the wiring had caused a spark 

which ignited the oxygen-rich atmosphere inside the capsule. As a 

result of the Teague hearings, the Committee’s NASA Authorization 

Act, 1968, called for the establishment of an Aerospace Safety 

Advisory Panel. The entire process was completed during the summer 

of 1968, and NASA was able to quickly put in place a new and 

effective set of safety procedures. 

NASA’s new guidelines helped the agency achieve a great 

milestone on December 21, 1968, with the launch of Apollo 8 on top of 

von Braun’s brand new Saturn V rocket. The event captured the 

imagination of the country as man ventured for the first time to another 

celestial body. On a Christmas Eve television broadcast, astronauts 

Frank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anders had one of the 

largest audiences in history as they read from the book of Genesis

while transmitting images of the Earth from lunar orbit. Seven months 

later NASA fulfilled President Kennedy’s call to land a man on the 

moon. On July 20, 1969, Apollo 11 astronauts Neil Armstrong and 

Buzz Aldrin landed in the Sea of Tranquility while Michael Collins 

orbited above the surface until their return. 

Even in the light of so many successes, the public soon lost interest 

in NASA’s moon program until a near catastrophic systems failure 

aboard Apollo 13 on its outward voyage to the moon in April 1970. 

The hour by hour suspense captured the attention of the entire world 

until they landed safely in the Pacific Ocean near American Samoa. On 

December 19, 1972, the Apollo moon program ended with the return of 

Apollo 17. By the conclusion of the Apollo program, NASA had 
32 

launched nine missions to the moon carrying 27 astronauts, and of 

those individuals, only 12 had set foot on the surface of our nearest 

celestial neighbor. 

Although the space program was perhaps the most spectacular 

achievement of the Committee, the Members also worked on other 

significant legislation. They rewrote NSF’s authorizing legislation as a 

result of its expanding and increasingly complex mission. Also, as part 

of its jurisdiction, the Committee worked with NBS to improve fire and 

safety research and develop standard reference materials. 

The Benefits of Science Come into Question 

While NASA was receiving huge increases in its budget and 

achieving spectacular goals in space, more and more Americans began 

to question the benefit of science, technology, and industry versus the 

costs to the environment. This new attitude became more pervasive in 

the mid-1960s and continued well into the 1970s. During the 1940s 

and 1950s, the symbol of progress had been smoke spewing from 

factory chimneys and the production of coal and oil to fulfill the 

nation’s energy needs. However, serious questions were being raised 

by individuals like Rachel Carson, in her book Silent Spring (1962), 

concerning the environmental effects of insecticides, which 

encompassed the very basic chemical products of science. In 1966 

Harry Harrison wrote the science fiction novel Make Room! Make 

Room! set in a waste-filled, overpopulated New York City. In 1973 the 

book was turned into the movie Soylent Green, which repeatedly 

referred to the environmental problem of the “Green House Effect.” 

Environmental concerns, the oil embargo crisis of 1973, and the 

belatedly acknowledged fact that Americans in 1966 began using more 

oil than they produced contributed to the feeling that science could not 

answer all questions. 

In this atmosphere, the Committee had to confront questions 

concerning plans for the future and pressing environmental and energy 

issues. Among the general population, citizens lost interest in manned 

space projects after Apollo 11 and saw no direct benefits to justify the 

continuation of an expensive program. President Richard Nixon also 

failed to present any new goals or actively promote the space program 

after 1969. Spending millions on Apollo 14 to put Alan Shepard on the 

moon and having him hit a golf ball was seen by some as frivolous. 

During the first half of the 1970s, NASA deflected some of the critical 

questions by contributing to US-Soviet détente with its joint 1975 

Apollo-Soyuz program. Committee Chairmen Miller and Teague knew 

the Apollo program would end shortly after the first moon landing, so 

they began looking ahead to NASA’s next project. 
33 

The effort to place a man on the moon began in the late 1950s and 

utilized large multi-stage rockets to lift a payload into Earth orbit, 

which proved to be expensive and wasteful since the hardware could 

only be used one time. Chairman Teague was committed to manned 

space flight and envisioned a craft that could repeatedly achieve Earth 

orbit and return safely. Out of this vision, the shuttle program, 

officially known as the Space Transportation System, became the 

nation’s successor launch vehicle that would take NASA astronauts 

into space through the year 2010. However, the introduction of the 

shuttle program in 1970 exposed a significant rift in the Committee. 

Ranking Member James Fulton of Pennsylvania joined Chairmen 

Miller and Teague in supporting the shuttle program, while 

subcommittee Chairmen Karth and Hechler opposed the project. At the 

center of the debate was the question of whether manned or unmanned 

missions were more cost effective and scientifically productive. The 

president’s science advisor, a position President Franklin D. Roosevelt 

had created in 1939 and Kennedy formalized in 1961 as the Office of 

Science and Technology, supported increasing NASA’s budget to pay 

for the shuttle and the construction of a space station. In light of the 

escalating cost of the Vietnam War and budget shortfalls, Karth, 

Hechler, and their supporters could not justify an increase in resources 

and took the extraordinary action on the floor of the House of openly 

contesting the nature and breadth of Chairman Teague’s hearings in an 

attempt to defeat the shuttle program. However, Chairman Miller and 

Ranking Member Fulton succeeded in winning the debate by defeating 

Karth’s amendment to strip NASA’s budget of $240 million for the 

shuttle by a tie vote in the House and passed NASA’s 1970 

authorization bill. 

In addition to supervising the space program, the Committee also 

had to confront the ever increasing complexity of other scientific 

projects under its jurisdiction, which included a wide area of research 

and development activities at various national laboratories, NBS, 

NASC, and NSF. To meet the need to improve interagency 

communications and better coordinate activities, the Committee 

proposed the establishment of the Office of Technical Assessment, 

which Congress created in 1972. This congressional office studied 

scientific and technical issues at a depth not possible by regular 

congressional staff and provided reports, studies, and findings to the 

public and congressional committees. Former Member and 

subcommittee Chairman Emilio Daddario served as the director until 

1977. In 1995 the Republican majority in the House and Senate 

disbanded the board in a move to reduce waste and duplication. 
34 

Because of the expansion of world trade, the Committee studied 

the feasibility of the United States’ adopting the metric system. 

Chairman George Brown was a strong proponent of the conversion, and 

on December 23, 1975, the Metric Conversion Act of 1975 became 

public law. Although the change was voluntary, the legislation created 

the U.S. Metric Board, which was charged with overseeing the 

transition to the new system. President Ronald Reagan eliminated the 

Board by presidential order in 1982 due to public resistance and strong 

opposition, especially from machinists. Even though the general public 

rejected the metric system, the American scientific community 

universally utilized the system in engineering, space projects, and joint 

international programs. 

The Emergence of Energy and Environmental Policies 

As a direct result of U.S. support of Israel during the Yom Kippur 

War in the fall of 1973, the Middle Eastern dominated Organization of 

Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) imposed an embargo on oil 

shipments to America, causing a severe gas shortage. This crisis 

presented a major threat to the economic stability of the nation and new 

problems for the Committee. Although the Committee faced major 

technical and managerial hurdles in dealing with NASA and the space 

program in the 1960s, the interests of all involved had focused on the 

primary objective of landing a man on the moon. As the energy crisis 

evolved and Congress attempted to develop a coherent policy, the 

Committee faced a plethora of technical issues and an incompatible 

array of special interests pushing their divergent points of view on ways 

to address the energy issues. 

Olin Teague became chairman (1973-1979) of the Committee 

during the 93rd Congress, and, under his leadership, the Committee 

created a new subcommittee to deal with the energy crisis. Mike 

McCormack of Washington State became chairman of the Energy 

Subcommittee, which initiated several important pieces of legislation. 

Its first bill was the Solar Heating and Cooling Demonstration Act of 

1974. The act required the federal government to “initiate, support, and 

carry out such research, development, demonstrations, and other related 

activities in solar heating and cooling technologies...” The 

subcommittee focused the legislation to address means to reduce utility 

demands, replace fossil fuels with commercially viable solar 

technology, and protect the environment. The act had a $50 million 

budget and called upon NBS, in consultation with the director of NSF, 

to monitor and report to Congress the results of tests conducted in 

commercial, educational, and residential applications. 
35 

Expanding on this, Chairman McCormack and the subcommittee 

put forward two additional acts: the Geothermal Energy Research, 

Development, and Demonstration Act, which was shortly followed by 

the Solar Energy Research, Development, and Demonstration Act. 

Included in both pieces of legislation was a provision that no action 

should adversely affect the environment. These acts became law on 

September 3, 1974, and came under the authority of the newly created 

Energy Research Development Administration (ERDA), which would 

officially begin work in 1975. To oversee the research and 

development of pilot projects, both laws called for the creation of a 

committee, which would be directly under the jurisdiction of the 

Committee on Science and Technology, comprised of several ranking 

secretaries in the executive branch, an assistant director of NSF, and an 

associate director of NASA. 

Although the Committee was not directly involved in the passage 

of the Federal Nonnuclear Energy Research and Development Act of 

1974, it would become a primary participant in amending the act in 

later years. One of the longstanding issues that the Committee would 

confront concerned the first section of the law, which stated that the 

nation needed to find “environmentally acceptable forms of energy.” 

Chairman Teague reorganized the Committee during the 94th

Congress and created several new subcommittees. The new 

subcommittee structure included: Energy Research, Development, and 

Demonstration (Fossil Fuels) chaired by Hechler; Environment and the 

Atmosphere chaired by Brown; Aviation and Transportation Research 

and Development chaired by Dale Milford; Domestic and International 

Scientific Planning and Analysis chaired by Ray Thornton; and Energy 

Research, Development and Demonstration chaired by McCormack. 

Only the Space Science and Applications Subcommittee retained its 

original name, but its composition changed under its new chairman, 

Don Fuqua, with the Democrats increasing their majority over the four 

Republicans from five Members to eleven. 

Under this new structure, Teague placed a great deal of reliance on 

two subcommittees in the field of energy legislation. Chairmen 

Hechler and McCormack worked to pass the ERDA authorization 

during 1976, and Chairman Brown’s subcommittee added the 

environmental component to the final bill. As part of the authorization, 

ERDA assumed responsibility for and management of energy research 

and development activities along with some military nuclear programs. 

Early in the 95th Congress in 1977, the House expanded the 

Committee’s jurisdiction over energy research and development 

programs to include nuclear power. 
36 

One of the most divisive issues that came before the Committee 

during the late 1970s was the Clinch River Breeder Reactor Program. 

In the post-war period, scientists and government officials desired to 

develop a type of reactor which would create more fissionable material 

than a reactor would consume. Scientists suggested that the building of 

this new type of fast-neutron nuclear reactor could prove to be one 

answer to the nation’s energy needs. During Teague and Fuqua’s 

chairmanships, a majority of Members on the Committee supported the 

breeder reactor research program. In late May and early June 1977, 

Chairman Teague led a group of Members and staff to France to study 

its national programs and to Austria to meet with the International 

Atomic Energy Agency. Upon their return, Chairman Walter Flowers 

of Alabama of the Fossil and Nuclear Energy Research, Development, 

and Demonstration Subcommittee began holding budget hearings on 

the Clinch River Breeder Reactor project. President Jimmy Carter in 

mid-May 1977 declared his intent to cancel the program because of 

nuclear proliferation concerns. 

Chairman Teague, who initially questioned the program, had 

become a supporter along with Chairman McCormack, Marilyn Lloyd 

Bouquard (Rep. Marilyn Lloyd) of Tennessee and a majority of the full 

Committee Democrats. All but one of the committee Republicans also 

supported Clinch River. Congresswoman Bouquard had the additional 

impetus to support the project since it would be built in her home 

district. Chairman McCormack felt so strongly about the reactor 

program that he even met directly with President Carter, without the 

knowledge or approval of Chairman Teague. McCormack’s effort 

proved fruitless and only succeeded in creating a major rift between 

himself and Chairman Teague. Although Teague agreed with 

McCormack’s position on the reactor, Teague’s approach to running 

the Committee precluded other Members from opening a dialogue with 

the president without the Chairman’s knowledge. 

The opponents on the Committee included f Richard Ottinger of 

New York and other antinuclear Democrats who cringed at the prospect 

of expending more funds for a project they considered flawed and 

dangerous. Experts such as Edward Teller, father of the H-Bomb, and 

Admiral Hyman Rickover, father of the nuclear submarine and Jimmy 

Carter’s mentor, generally agreed with their premise that the project 

was of a poor technical design and presented nuclear proliferation 

dangers. Chairman Teague repeatedly tried to put forth compromises 

that would satisfy both groups and not trigger a presidential veto of the 

ERDA authorization bill of 1977. Following some bitter debates, 

Teague finally won a temporary victory. The bill’s passage proved to 

be a sharp rebuff of the president’s policy, but support remained weak 
37 

in later Congresses to continue funding the Clinch River Breeder 

Reactor. 

Besides the major energy authorization bills, subcommittee 

Chairman McCormack and Ranking Republican Barry Goldwater, Jr., 

from California worked together on the Electric and Hybrid Vehicle 

Research, Development, and Demonstration Act of 1976. Batterypowered automobiles had been a dream for many years, and this 

legislation brought government researchers into the program. The bill 

made note of the advantages of improving the nation’s economic and 

national security needs, and it also addressed the benefit of cutting 

down noise levels and reducing pollutants. Although the technology 

was not advanced enough at the time for commercial applications, 

research continued. 

The Committee also had jurisdiction over fire safety, and 

Chairman John Davis of Georgia, who headed the Science, Research, 

and Development Subcommittee, worked on legislation that would 

reduce the number of deaths by fire in America. As a result of the loss 

of approximately 250 firefighters and 12,000 citizens through fires in 

the single year of 1971, Davis put forth the Federal Fire Prevention and 

Control Act of 1974. This legislation created the United States Fire 

Administration (USFA) and the National Fire Academy (NFA) in 

Emmittsburg, Maryland. Since the act’s inception, the death toll due to 

fires has declined by approximately 50 percent. 

Chairman Brown proved to be a strong leader of the Environment 

and the Atmosphere Subcommittee and succeeded in passing several 

important pieces of environmental legislation. As part of NASA’s 

1975 authorization bill, the subcommittee included a section entitled 

Upper Atmospheric Research, which directed the agency to investigate 

and monitor the chemical and physical composition of the troposphere. 

The subcommittee also utilized its jurisdictional authority over the 

National Weather Service (NWS) to work for the passage of the 

National Weather Modification Policy Act of 1976, which established a 

program to protect or warn the public concerning weather related 

events such as hurricanes and tornados. 

During the 1970s the Committee worked with NBS to begin to 

focus on environmental questions relating to offices, factories, and 

homes. NBS established a number of commercial guidelines dealing 

with pollution and the conservation of energy. In keeping with other 

ecological issues, the Committee helped enact the Environmental 

Research, Development, and Demonstration Authorization Act of 1976. 

The act provided the authority to the Environmental Protection Agency 

(EPA) to conduct research into the effectiveness of a wide range of 
38 

legislation dealing with clean air and water, waste disposal, noise 

pollution, and pest control. 

The Committee’s long held desire to have a cabinet level energy 

department came to fruition soon after the inauguration of President 

Carter. During an April 18, 1977, television address to the nation 

concerning energy, Carter stated: “Our decision about energy will test 

the character of the American people and the ability of the President 

and the Congress to govern. This difficult effort will be the ‘moral 

equivalent of war’ -- except that we will be uniting our efforts to build 

and not destroy.” Subcommittees under the leadership of Flowers and 

McCormack worked to pass the Department of Energy Act of 1977, 

which united ERDA and the Federal Energy Administration to form the 

main components of the new department. Carter signed the legislation 

and declared October 1, 1977, as the effective date when the 

Department of Energy (DOE) would begin operations. The act 

provided research and development funds, facilities for expanded 

geothermal study, and electric and hybrid car research. Another 

important aspect of the act required the new department to investigate 

the impact of automobiles on energy use and the environment. 

The Environment and the Atmosphere Subcommittee under 

Chairman Brown continued to champion environmental issues and 

worked for the passage of several important pieces of legislation. One 

bill of particular interest to Brown was the Earthquake Hazards 

Reduction Act of 1977. As a resident of California and a witness to the 

damage done during the 1971 Sylmar Quake in California, along with 

understanding the effects of other quakes such as the 1964 Good Friday 

Quake in Alaska and the August 1959 Hebgen Lake Quake in Montana, 

Chairman Brown crafted legislation to involve NBS, NSF, NASA, 

NOAA, DOD, and the Department of Housing and Urban Development 

(HUD) to help deal with the aftermath of any future events. Due to the 

threat quakes posed to the safety of individuals, the economy, and 

national security interests, the Committee established the National 

Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP). NEHRP staff 

worked under the auspices of NSF, NBS, the Federal Emergency 

Management Administration (FEMA) and the United States Geological 

Survey (USGS) and was charged with the responsibility of developing 

better construction standards, monitoring land use, improving 

preparedness, and investigating techniques to predict quakes. 

By the early 1970s, large scale dumping of waste off the coasts of 

New York and New England had become a major concern to the 

citizens in Wydler’s New York district in Nassau County on Long 

Island. This and other environmental concerns occupied a major part 

of the Environment and the Atmosphere Subcommittee’s time during 
39 

the 95th Congress. With input from Wydler, the full Committee’s 

ranking member, the subcommittee drafted legislation that created the 

National Ocean Pollution Research and Development and Monitoring 

Planning Act of 1978. The act established a comprehensive five-year 

program that called upon NOAA to monitor the environmental impact 

of dumping waste along the coastline. 

In addition to the question of dumping waste into the ocean, 

Committee members began to focus on the long-term environmental 

effects of industrialization and gas emissions. The Committee began 

work in 1976 to examine this emerging issue, which led them to write 

the National Climate Program Act in 1978. The act was more 

expansive than the National Ocean Pollution Research and 

Development and Monitoring Planning Act of 1978’s mandate to 

monitor the situation and produce a report. The Climate Act created a 

national climate research program under the authority of the 

Department of the Interior and administered through the Commerce 

Department designed to give scientists around the world a better 

understanding and ability to react to natural and manmade climate 

changes and their implications. 

The Committee’s view of understanding and protecting the 

environment extended far beyond the United States to include 

Antarctica, one of the best places to study long-term environmental 

issues. Major expeditions during the International Geophysical Year, 

July 1957–1958, established the first permanent bases since Richard 

Byrd wintered on the ice shelf in the early 1930s. In the 1970s, 

Chairman Brown led his subcommittee to write legislation to protect 

the flora and fauna and prohibit the introduction of any new life forms 

into Antarctica’s ecosystem. Because of the continent’s fragile 

environment, where it would take hundreds or thousands of years for 

any disruptions in the ecology to correct itself, the Committee also 

included in the legislation a prohibition against the release of pollutants 

on the ice or in the surrounding waters. The Antarctica Conservation 

Act of 1978 gave NSF, NOAA, and other government agencies the 

power to enforce laws and treaties concerning the continent. To 

oversee their work, Committee members, such as Tom Harkin of Iowa, 

Committee staff, and leaders of NSF were part of a long list of visitors 

who have traveled to and studied Antarctica. 

Science Policy under Chairman Don Fuqua 

In 1978 Chairman Teague retired, passing the reins to Don Fuqua 

of Florida at the beginning of the 96th Congress. Soon after Fuqua 

assumed the chairmanship (1979-1987), the nation was confronted with 

a revolutionary movement in Iran which precipitated a new energy 
40 

crisis. With the return of long lines at the gas pumps, energy concerns 

reemerged as a top priority in Congress. In addition to the gas crisis, 

on March 28, 1979, a nuclear accident occurred at Three Mile Island, 

near the cities of Harrisburg and Hershey, Pennsylvania, which raised 

questions of safety and the long term viability of nuclear power plants 

in the U.S. Congressional oversight of the near disaster involved the 

full Committee and two subcommittees. Members and staff had to 

wade through a litany of technical and design issues complicated by the 

fact that every nuclear power plant in the nation was of a different 

design. In this atmosphere, Members who distrusted fission power 

renewed their opposition to funding nuclear energy but failed to offer 

practical alternatives. The majority of the Members, however, worked 

to help calm the public mood and succeeded in keeping other nuclear 

facilities from being closed. However, the direct result of the accident 

was a general aversion to nuclear power and the suspension of building 

any new facilities. 

Chairman Fuqua also had to confront the ongoing controversy over 

the Clinch River Breeder Reactor. He supported the program and 

weathered contentious Committee debates and lobbying efforts by 

major power companies. The main opposition to the Clinch River 

project predated the Three Mile Island event and centered on the issues 

of proliferation, the technical feasibility of the plan, and general 

opposition to nuclear projects. As more and more Members voiced 

their opposition, the full Committee held its last hearing on the subject, 

“Closeout Costs-Clinch River Breeder Reactor Project,” during the first 

session of the 97th Congress. On October 26, 1983, Congress 

terminated all funding over the objections of President Reagan. 

The Committee held a range of hearings concerning energy issues 

that eventually made their way into the Energy Security Act, which 

became law on June 30, 1980. One of the most significant aspects of 

the legislation concerned the creation of the Synthetic Fuels 

Corporation. The legislation tasked this public-private corporation to 

develop methods of deriving energy from hydrogen found in water and 

from coal, lignite, peat, shale, tar sands, biomass, alcohol, geothermal, 

solar, wind, and other renewable sources. The legislation also put in 

place programs designed to conserve energy by giving homeowners 

and businesses incentives to improve and update heating and cooling 

systems and install insulation. Shortly after the passage of this bill, oil 

prices declined precipitously during President Carter’s last year in 

office. In this environment and with the new administration of Ronald 

Reagan exerting a great amount of influence on the Hill, the executive 

branch succeeded in abolishing the corporation in 1985. 
41 

In conjunction with the work on the Energy Security Act, 

Chairman Richard Ottinger of the Energy Development and 

Applications Subcommittee took the lead in developing wind and ocean 

thermal energy legislation. The subcommittee membership included 

two future chairmen of the full Committee, Robert Roe of New Jersey 

and Robert Walker of Pennsylvania, and future Senators Bill Nelson of 

Florida and Albert Gore, Jr., of Tennessee, who would become vice 

president in 1993. The energy bills exemplified the widespread and 

thematic approach the Committee pursued in an attempt to deal with 

the crisis. Work on the production of electricity from ocean thermal 

conversion had begun and was soon accelerated to test the program on 

a larger scale. The wind energy proposal called upon NASA, EPA, and 

NOAA administrators to supply support and expertise to research the 

project. NASA’s input was deemed crucial because of the work done 

at the Lewis Research Center on rotors and stators, which comprised 

the most important part of wind driven devices. 

With the Three Mile Island accident still fresh in people’s minds, 

the Committee fought a divisive battle to help pass the Nuclear Waste 

Policy Act of 1982. The topic of nuclear waste had become a very 

touchy subject in Congress after it disbanded the Joint Committee on 

Atomic Energy on August 5, 1977. Congress’ dealing with nuclear 

issues became more fragmented as different committees assumed 

various aspects of the Joint Committee’s jurisdictional duties. 

Although the Interior and Energy Committees dealt with the bulk of 

waste policy legislation, the Committee on Science and Technology 

played an important role in crafting the final bill. Chairwoman 

Bouquard of Tennessee and Ranking Member Manuel Luján, Jr., of 

New Mexico, led the Energy Research and Production Subcommittee 

in a hearing entitled “Nuclear Waste Management Comprehensive 

Legislation.” The result of the hearings was to add their 

recommendations to H.R. 5016 and DOE’s authorization to proceed 

with analysis and procurement of suitable sites to store nuclear waste. 

The debate pitted those who saw science as a means to solve the 

nation’s energy problems against those who feared precipitating an 

environmental crisis. After years of debate concerning the site for a 

repository, in 1987 DOE selected Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Despite 

the dangers of currently holding nuclear waste in aboveground 

containers of dubious quality, the storage issue is still unresolved due to 

an array of legal challenges emanating at the state, national, and Native 

American tribal level. 

In an effort to more effectively confront another environmental 

concern during the 97th Congress, the Natural Resources, Agriculture 

Research and Environment Subcommittee, led by Chairman James 
42 

Scheuer of New York, held hearings on hazardous waste disposal as 

part of its oversight of EPA’s 1982 budget. Eight years after the 

creation of EPA in 1970, the agency became deeply involved in the 

cleanup of the environmental disaster at Love Canal in Niagara Falls, 

New York. Subcommittee Chairman Scheuer, a resident of New York 

City, helped craft a set of amendments to the 1980 Comprehensive 

Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act, known as 

the Superfund. The fund enabled EPA to conduct its own research to 

determine the condition of different sites and the most effective cleanup procedures for removing deadly contaminants found in the ground. 

During Fuqua’s chairmanship in the 96th-99th Congresses, the 

Committee worked to pass several new research and educational pieces 

of legislation. One of the more important changes enabled NSF to 

expand its Antarctic research and include the Arctic. The Committee 

also helped fund DOE research and development projects as well as 

continuing to support earthquake and fire prevention programs. In the 

field of education, Fuqua and the Committee, in conjunction with the 

Education Committee, held hearings and worked to pass the Education 

for Economic Security Act, which became law on August 11, 1984. 

The act directed NSF to help develop science and technology curricula 

for primary and secondary education, which has become known as the 

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Program. 

The Committee continued its long support of NASA, focusing in 

the 1980s on the space shuttle program, the agency’s major manned 

space project, and the shuttle’s main mission of ferrying men and 

material for the construction of the International Space Station. The 

Committee held almost a dozen hearings between 1981 and 1986 where 

NASA personnel presented shuttle flight information and the astronauts 

personally appeared as witnesses. Unfortunately, after five years of 

success, tragedy struck the shuttle program on January 28, 1986, when 

the space shuttle Challenger suffered a rocket failure. The accident 

resulted in the loss of all aboard and made news around the world. 

Especially tragic was the death of Christa McAuliffe, who the House 

had named as the “First Teacher in Space.” The full Committee held 

two investigations into the disaster and helped NASA identify the 

technical and administrative problems and oversee the necessary 

corrective procedures. The Committee also conducted oversight 

hearings into NASA’s much delayed space telescope project, which 

ultimately led to the successful use of the shuttle to carry the Hubble 

Space Telescope into Earth orbit in 1990. 

During the 97th Congress, the Committee helped pass the Small 

Business Innovation Development Act of 1982, which set aside 

research funding for small technology businesses. The program 
43 

originally had a budget of $100 million per annum, which has 

expanded in recent years to approximately $2 billion. The most farreaching piece of legislation the Committee enacted during the 99th

Congress was the passage of the NSF Authorization for 1987, which 

became law on August 21, 1986. Included in the legislation was a 

codicil that called for the networking of research computers. The 

concept of interconnecting computers began in the early 1960s, and 

DARPA created the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network 

(ARPAnet) in 1968-1969. This networking of government research 

laboratories and universities was the foundation for the Internet. 

Chairman Gore headed the Investigations and Oversight 

Subcommittee during the 97th and 98th Congresses and contributed to 

the Committee’s work on NSF authorization legislation. Gore also 

conducted several important subcommittee hearings that focused on the 

development and potential uses of computers. Hearings topics 

included: “Small, High Technology Firms, Inventors and Innovation;” 

“Emergency Management Information and Technology;” “Local 

Incentives for High Technology Firms and Innovation;” and 

“Computers and Education.” As the subcommittee’s chairman for four 

years, Gore conducted a total of 64 hearings that ranged from sodium in 

food and high blood pressure, forecasting energy demands, synthetic 

fuels development, genetic screening, carbon dioxide in the climate, 

diesel technology, robotics, to human genetic screening, and carbon 

dioxide and the greenhouse effect. 

To integrate scientific and technological advancements into the 

activities of people and businesses, Chairman Fuqua oversaw the 

passage of a wide range of technology transfer legislation. 

Subcommittee Chairman Brown held hearings that led to the passage of 

the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980, which 

established the legal and administrative framework for cooperation 

among government labs, universities, and private industry. The 

legislation created offices in the federal government to promote 

technology transfer and established laws governing patents and 

commercial use of government inventions. The provisions in the act 

were expanded in the 98th and 99th Congresses to redefine the treatment 

of intellectual property and create cooperative research and 

development agreements between government and private labs. 

In the 99th Congress, Fuqua led the Committee to pass the NBS 

Authorization for 1986 that included an important new area of 

responsibility for the bureau. Ranking Member Larry Winn of Kansas 

had become very interested in the issue of structural integrity of 

buildings after an elevated walkway in his hometown of Kansas City, 

Missouri, collapsed. The Hyatt Regency hotel disaster of July 17, 1981, 
44 

resulted in the deaths of 114 people and the injury of more than 200. 

Winn worked with Chairman Gore’s Investigations and Oversight 

Subcommittee to review the reasons for the failure and improve 

construction standards. With the passage of the authorization, NBS 

assumed the authority to reexamine its testing procedures and develop 

new building standards. During the 107th Congress, these standards 

became a critical subject of the Committee’s investigation into the 

collapse of the World Trade Center buildings in New York City on 

September 11, 2001. 

During his last term as chairman, Fuqua initiated 24 hearings to 

review government science policy. This was the Committee’s first 

comprehensive study of where the nation stood in science since the 

Committee’s inception 28 years earlier. Chairman Fuqua envisioned 

the project as an examination of what advancements had been achieved 

since the 1945 Vannevar Bush report Science—The Endless Frontier 

and areas where renewed efforts should be pursued. 

The hearings allowed the Members to refocus on the broad agenda 

of science and technical concerns facing the nation. The ultimate 

impact of the hearings, however, was limited. Bush’s position in the 

government as the head of NACA and the Office of Scientific Research 

and Development (OSRD) during the 1940s afforded him the unique 

position to influence policy in both the executive branch and Congress. 

Unlike the Bush report, which President Roosevelt initiated, Chairman 

Fuqua’s review was generated within the Committee, and thus its 

impact did not extend substantially beyond the jurisdiction of the 

Committee. 

The Committee on Science, Space and Technology, 1987-1995 

At the beginning of the new Congress, the House named Robert 

Roe chairman of the Committee (1987-1991). One of his first 

decisions was to rename it the Committee on Science, Space, and 

Technology. Chairman Roe felt it only proper that the name of the 

Committee reflect the fact that a large percentage of its work focused 

on NASA and the space program. 

Chairman Roe and the Committee promoted the advancement of 

scientific research by passing the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality 

Improvement Act of 1987. Named after the late Secretary of 

Commerce Malcolm Baldrige, a personal friend of President Reagan, 

the act was an amendment to the Stevenson-Wydler Act and created an 

award the president would personally present to “American business 

and other organizations,” which practiced “effective quality control in 

the provision of their goods and services.” The Committee placed the 

authority to oversee the operation of the program under NBS, which 
45 

Congress and the executive branch renamed in 1988 as the National 

Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). 

In another effort to promote scientific advances in the private 

sector and to secure information systems, the Committee developed 

two important pieces of legislation. On January 8, 1988, the Computer 

Security Act of 1987 became law. The Committee supported this bill 

that called upon NIST, instead of the National Security Agency, to 

develop a set of standards for the security of civilian computers. 

Chairman Doug Walgren of Pennsylvania and Ranking Member Luján 

led their subcommittee, Science, Research, and Technology, in the 

passage of the Steel and Aluminum Energy Conservation and 

Technology Competitiveness Act, which became law on November 17, 

1988. The Committee pushed for the passage of the act in order to 

reduce energy use in the nation’s metals industries. The act called upon 

DOE to find energy efficient techniques of producing steel and 

aluminum because private companies in the Members’ home districts 

were unable to do the research or stay in business unless they could 

reduce fuel costs. 

The final landmark piece of legislation the Committee helped 

develop in the 100th Congress was in the area of providing electricity 

more cost-effectively through the development of high-temperature 

superconducting materials. Chairwoman Lloyd of the Energy Research 

and Development Subcommittee, Chairman Dave McCurdy of the 

Transportation, Aviation, and Materials Subcommittee, and Chairman 

Doug Walgren of the Science, Research, and Technology 

Subcommittee held hearings on the subject of superconductivity. The 

full Committee also conducted hearings later and helped draft the 

National Superconductivity and Competitiveness Act. The objective of 

the legislation, which became law on November 19, 1988, was to 

engage government laboratories in the search for a superconducting 

material that could handle high amounts of electricity without 

significant cooling with almost no loss of energy over long distances. 

Although no immediate breakthroughs were achieved, subsequent 

research has led to limited commercial applications. 

Beginning with Chairman Roe’s second term, the Committee 

focused much of its work on environmental, safety, energy, and 

education issues. In conjunction with other House committees, the 

Committee crafted the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. The legislation 

required government agencies to research and develop methods that 

would solve the problems of oil-related accidents in light of the Exxon 

Valdez oil spill in Alaska’s Prince William Sound on March 24, 1989. 

It also sought different methods to intercede and limit damage as well 

as implement effective cleanup methods when dealing with multiple 
46 

types of petroleum products. The Committee continued its work to 

update the Clean Air Act and supported research dealing with the 

Water Resources Development Act of 1990. In a renewed emphasis on 

climate change, Chairman James Scheuer of New York held hearings in 

the Natural Resources, Agriculture, Research, and Environment 

Subcommittee concerning global food production and population. 

These hearings resulted in the passage of two pieces of legislation, the 

Global Change Research Act of 1990 and Food, Agriculture, 

Conservation and Trade Act of 1990, which addressed the 

consequences of climate change on agriculture. 

While various subcommittees conducted hearings concerning 

earthquake preparedness, high-definition television standards, Antarctic 

environmental issues, and increased highway speed limits, the full 

Committee worked to pass two important fire safety laws. After years 

of reports detailing fires started by cigarette smokers, Congress passed 

the Fire Safe Cigarette Act, which gave NIST the authority not only to 

review the characteristics of lit cigarettes, but also the habits of 

smokers themselves. The act led to changes in the composition of 

cigarettes and how they burn when left unattended, which resulted in 

cutting the death rate in cigarette-related accidents by half. The second 

piece of legislation was the Hotel-Motel Fire Safety Act of 1990. As a 

result of the deaths of 97 people and the injury of 140 others in the 

DuPont Plaza fire in Puerto Rico, which was set by striking workers in 

1986 on New Year’s Eve, the Committee crafted the act to protect 

federal employees from having to stay in any facility that lacked a 

sprinkler system. The legislation further stated in two codicils that the 

law was “applicable to all places of public accommodation.”

Late in the 101st Congress, Chairman Roe led the full Committee 

into another series of hearings concerning NASA. They wanted to 

know why scientists only discovered that the Hubble Space Telescope 

had a flaw in its lens after launch and what they intended to do to 

correct the problem. The telescope program had been in the planning 

stages for years, and scientists hoped it would be a major advance by 

providing a view of the universe free from the distortions of Earth’s 

atmosphere. Although NASA assured the Committee that the problem 

could be fixed, it left a feeling of unease with many. 

On a more positive subject, Chairman Bill Nelson of the Space 

Science and Applications Subcommittee conducted hearings into 

President George H. W. Bush’s proposed Mars and Lunar programs, 

and a review of NASA’s Voyager Missions. The origins of the 

Voyager project began when NASA started to focus on planetary 

exploration in the 1960s. NASA launched the two Voyager crafts in 

1977, and the spacecrafts continued to transmit data long after passing 
47 

the orbit of Pluto. In addition to requesting that NASA update the 

status of the program, Nelson’s subcommittee also conducted hearings 

concerning the increased interest in commercial space activities and 

NASA’s compliance with the November 15, 1988, Commercial Space 

Launch Act passed during the preceding Congress. 

With the beginning of the 102nd Congress in 1991, Chairman Roe 

left the Committee and became head of the Committee on Public 

Works and Transportation. George Brown became the new chairman 

of the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology. Under Brown’s 

leadership during the next two Congresses, the Committee conducted a 

range of hearings but increasingly focused on government technology 

transfer to the private sector. He also succeeded in passing three 

important bills that strengthened the preeminence of the nation in the 

field of technology. By the 1990s computers had become an important 

tool for many government operations, and as a result, the Committee 

helped pass the High-Performance Computing Act of 1991, which 

became public law on December 9, 1991. The legislation, first 

introduced by former Committee member Senator Gore and known as 

the “Gore Bill,” called for the government’s most advanced computer 

systems to be organized into an interagency configuration administered 

by the Office of Science and Technology Policy in the White House. 

To further integrate and enhance government computer activities, the 

American Technology Preeminence Act of 1992 made the National 

Technical Information Service the repository of all federal 

technological journals and mandated that they be made available to 

other government agencies and the public.

Included in the same act, the Committee incorporated language 

that allowed national research laboratories to transfer older computer 

hardware, operating programs, and software to college and university 

science departments. As part of the Committee’s long-standing interest 

in the training of new generations of scientists and technicians, 

Chairman Brown oversaw the passage of the Scientific and Advanced 

Technology Act of 1992, which put in place for the first time a program 

designed to improve the curricula and standards of engineering and 

science instructors in community colleges nationwide in an effort to 

increase the number of students pursuing degrees in these all important 

fields. 

Because of its interest in transportation issues, the Committee 

continued its efforts to promote efficient means of moving people and 

materials. As part of the Energy Policy Act of 1992, Chairman Brown 

pressed hard to guide the nation’s energy policy to include conservation 

and develop renewable energy sources for motor vehicles. The 

legislation built upon previous bills to promote the development of 
48 

usable electrical storage systems that would lead to commercially 

viable electric automobiles. 

A second and equally important bill was the Intermodal Surface 

Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991. Committee Chairman Brown 

and former Chairman Roe led the joint effort to pass the act. In the 

102nd Congress, Roe became Chairman of the Committee on Public 

Works and Transportation with Chairman Norman Mineta heading its 

Surface Transportation Subcommittee. Mineta also had the distinction 

of serving on the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology’s 

subcommittee on Technology and Competitiveness. Chairman Brown 

and Chairmen Roe and Mineta crafted a transportation bill for fiscal 

years 1992-1997 with a $155 billion budget. The purpose of the bill 

was: “to develop a National Intermodal Transportation System that is 

economically efficient, environmentally sound, provides the foundation 

for the Nation to compete in the global economy and will move people 

and goods in an energy efficient manner.” 

Although the title of the act indicated the primacy of container 

freight, the legislation was the first major modification in transportation 

planning and policy since the creation of the Interstate Highway 

System in the 1950s. The act encompassed a full array of 

transportation issues and incorporated many different elements to 

improve the national and interstate highway systems, mitigate urban 

congestion, and replace outdated bridges. It also advanced 

metropolitan planning, the building of toll roads, promoted highway 

safety and addressed the problems of alcohol and drugs, promoted air 

transportation and intermodal freight transport, and supported research 

projects. 

With the beginning of the 103rd Congress in January 1993, 

Chairman Brown made some minor changes in the Committee’s 

procedures. Because of one-party control at both ends of Pennsylvania 

Avenue, a large portion of congressional legislation passed through the 

Committee as part of the appropriations process instead of separate 

bills. Chairman Brown and the Committee held a total of 174 hearings 

during 1993 and 1994. However, only six separate pieces of legislation 

were passed instead of the usual 20 or 30 bills passed in each of the two 

previous Congresses. With the end of the Cold War, a “peace 

dividend” allowed for the reallocation of resources from defense to 

civilian projects. The most important Committee work was on the 

Defense Authorization Acts for 1994 and 1995, which redirected 

resources to technology transfer projects and enlarged the 

Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP). As part of NIST, MEP 

provided small manufacturers access to services to promote growth, 
49 

improve productivity, and expand capacity in public and private sector 

enterprises.

Even with an alteration in the legislative process, the Committee 

continued its work to safeguard the environment and oversee science 

projects. Chairman Rick Boucher of the Science Subcommittee held 

hearings on NSF and its work in Antarctica. The condition of the 

ozone layer over the continent had first come to the attention of 

researchers in the late 1950s, and scientists had detected a major 

decline in the ozone beginning in the early 1970s. The subcommittee 

focused its attention on the government’s compliance with the Clean 

Air Act and the use of chlorofluorocarbons. Other subcommittees 

continued work on electric vehicles, developing green technology, and 

monitoring global climate issues. In the space program, the Hubble 

Space Telescope project was the subject of hearings as were possible 

threats from asteroids and the oversight of NASA’s launch capabilities. 

One of the more difficult questions the full Committee faced in the 

103rd Congress dealt with the funding of two important projects. Since 

the 1950s, one of the most common themes or objectives in the space 

program was the construction of a space station. NASA had designed 

the shuttle to be the primary delivery system of men and material to the 

station. Competing with NASA for funds was the Super Collider 

program. A project involving pure scientific research, scientists wanted 

to use the collider to accelerate particles of matter almost to the speed 

of light to study the dynamics and structure of matter, space, and time. 

DOE commenced preliminary work on the $4.4 billon collider project 

in the mid-1980s and construction began in Texas in 1988. Chairman 

Roe co-sponsored the House Superconducting Super Collider Project 

Authorization Act of 1990, but the Senate had begun to question the 

program and let it die in committee. By 1993 the cost had ballooned to 

three times the original estimate. 

In light of efforts to reduce the federal budget deficit during the 

first term of President Bill Clinton, the space station and the collider 

became targets for cancellation. Both programs had similar budgets, 

and it quickly became a question of which program would be 

eliminated. The full Committee held hearings on the collider project, 

but even with five Members on the Committee from Texas, Congress 

voted to cancel it in 1993. Part of the reason for the collider’s 

cancellation and growing disagreements in the Committee was 

political. On the national and state level, the collider became a victim 

of presidential and gubernatorial infighting between Democratic and 

Republican administrations. In the Committee an increasingly 

adversarial relationship developed between Chairman Brown and his 

Democratic supporters and Ranking Member Robert Walker. 
50 

Republicans Take Control of the House 

In 1994, for the first time in 40 years, Republicans won a majority 

in the House with a gain of 54 seats, 230-204-1. As part of its Contract 

with America, Republicans introduced new procedures in the House, 

imposing a three-term limit for committee chairs, slashing committee 

staff by one-third, and limiting most committees to only four 

subcommittees. With the opening of the 104th Congress in January 

1995, Robert Walker of Pennsylvania became the one-term chairman of 

the newly renamed Committee on Science. 

Although the House expanded the Committee’s overall jurisdiction 

in several minor areas, its primary responsibilities remained unchanged. 

Chairman Walker began his term by reorganizing his Committee into 

four subcommittees: Basic Research chaired by Steven Schiff of New 

Mexico; Energy and Environment chaired by Dana Rohrabacher of 

California; Space and Aeronautics chaired by F. James Sensenbrenner, 

Jr., of Wisconsin; and Technology chaired by Constance Morella of 

Maryland. With the objective of increasing efficiency and reducing the 

number of hearings, the Chairman shifted the Committee’s emphasis 

from the subcommittee level to the full Committee. In the preceding 

two Congresses, the Committee had averaged 174 hearings, with 

approximately 140 of those held at the subcommittee level. Under 

Chairman Walker, followed by Chairmen Sensenbrenner and Sherwood 

Boehlert of New York, the Republican majority conducted an average 

of only 85 hearings per Congress, and of those more than 40 percent 

were full Committee hearings. 

The first full Committee hearing was entitled “Is Today’s Science 

Policy Preparing Us for the Future?” and set forth the basic approach 

Walker wanted the Committee to follow for the remainder of the 104th

Congress. Under Chairman Walker’s direction, the Committee worked 

to pass eight bills, many of which were reauthorizations of previous 

acts. The National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 

further defined intellectual rights and permitted all participants to 

obtain licenses for their specific contribution in research and 

development contracts under the Cooperative Research and 

Development Agreement. The act updated the Stevenson-Wydler 

Technology Innovation Act of 1980, which allowed government and 

non-government partners to share resources, technical information, and 

intellectual property. The Committee also was involved with the 

passage of two laws that reworded or updated the government’s use of 

the metric system in procurement and building standards. In the field 

of energy research, the Committee continued its work on the 

advancement of hydrogen fuel cells. 
51 

Before the end of the second session of the 104th Congress, 

Chairman Walker decided to retire from Congress. In his last year on 

the Committee, NASA presented him with the Distinguished Service 

Medal for his leadership in advancing the nation's space effort and its 

commercialization. This was the first time the agency had extended the 

honor to a sitting Member of the House. In January 1997, Chairman 

Walker left Congress to become a lobbyist. 

During the 105th and 106th Congresses, Chairman Sensenbrenner 

led the Committee, and one of the important bills passed during his first 

term in 1998 concerned women’s issues. Chairwoman Constance 

Morella of Maryland, who chaired the Technology Subcommittee, 

championed the legislation that established a Commission on the 

Advancement of Women and Minorities in Science, Engineering, and 

Technology. The commission was vested with the authority to study 

and submit a report to the president, Congress, and the states on the 

participation of women and minorities in the sciences and ways to 

increase their numbers. Although the legislation ordered the 

dissolution of the commission after issuing its report, the topic has been 

a continuing point of interest at NSF. 

Under Sensenbrenner’s leadership, the Committee continued its 

emphasis on space and energy issues. The Space and Aeronautics 

Subcommittee held extensive hearings on commercialization and one 

on NASA’s future entitled, “What Kind of Space Program Does 

America Need for the 21st Century?” The Committee worked with 

NASA and other lawmakers to pass the Commercial Space Act of 

1998, which called upon the agency to expand its efforts to privatize 

space technology. In the field of energy, the Committee passed a 

methane law during the 106th Congress concerning the exploration of 

gas deposits on the ocean floor, but the Energy and Environment 

Subcommittee held the most important hearings, which involved the 

effects of fossil fuels on the environment. With the increasing interest 

in environmental issues and the Committee’s jurisdiction in the field, 

Speaker Newt Gingrich appointed Chairman Sensenbrenner, who 

opposed international agreements concerning environmental issues, to 

head the House delegation to the global climate conferences held in 

Kyoto, Japan, in 1997 and in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1998. 

In 1999, national priorities temporarily shifted away from energy 

problems and the space program and toward a looming technical crisis. 

Information technology had increased dramatically in the preceding 

decade as computers became part of everyday life, but early computers 

had limited memory, forcing programmers to make shortcuts. It was 

unclear how the beginning of the new millennium would affect the 

world’s computer systems. Known as the Y2K problem, many 
52 

computer experts worried that the date change from the 20th to the 21st

century would cause massive computer disruptions and possible shut 

downs. The Technology Subcommittee held several hearings during 

the 105th Congress on how the Y2K problem would affect the Postal 

Service, satellites and global positioning systems, national security, the 

Federal Aviation Administration, international travel, state 

governments, and nuclear power. The full Committee also examined 

how the Y2K issue would impact space and air travel. While no major 

computer related problems occurred with the beginning of the new 

millennium, the hearings helped increase national preparedness through 

its review of computer operations throughout the federal government. 

During Sensenbrenner’s last term as chairman of the Committee 

(1999-2000), he presided over several hearings to investigate the 

quality of and ways to improve science and mathematics education. He 

placed particular emphasis on the primary and secondary levels. His 

first hearing, “Why and How You Should Learn Math and Science,” 

was followed by three hearings that focused on math and science 

teachers and kindergarten through 12th grade curricula. 

Chairman Sensenbrenner also oversaw two hearings dealing with 

minority issues. As a follow-up to Chairwoman Morella’s Commission 

on the Advancement of Women and Minorities in Science, 

Engineering, and Technology passed into law on October 14, 1998, the 

Committee conducted a hearing to review the commission’s report and 

ways to increase the representation of minority students, which had 

been a major theme at a number of the national laboratories including 

Argonne National Laboratory, outside of Chicago, Illinois. One of the 

last hearings conducted before Chairman Sensenbrenner and the full 

Committee during the 106th Congress concerned EPA. As the result of 

civil rights questions, the Committee held the hearing, “Intolerance at 

EPA-Harming People, Harming Science,” to ensure the agency 

complied with federal laws and continued its scientific mission in an 

effective manner. 

After September 11, 2001: New Priorities for the Committee on 

Science 

With the beginning of the 107th Congress in 2001, Sherwood 

Boehlert of New York became Chairman and served as the 

Committee’s leader through the end of the 109th Congress in 2007. 

Chairman Boehlert desired to focus the Committee’s work on energy, 

education, and environment; but several important national events 

changed his agenda. During the first session, the Committee held 

hearings on science and mathematics education, acid rain, combating 

the introduction of non-native species to the environment, and climate 
53 

change. However, the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, required 

an immediate and comprehensive readjustment of priorities. 

Reacting to the collapse of the World Trade Center and operating 

under its jurisdictional oversight authority of NIST, the Committee 

worked for the passage of the National Construction Safety Team Act 

that became law on October 1, 2002. The act directed NIST, through 

its mandate of “assuring maximum application of the physical and 

engineering sciences to the development of technology in industry and 

commerce,” to ascertain the causes of structural failure, review 

evacuation measures, provide guidance on increasing safety standards, 

and conduct research into improving building material safety. In 

addition to the act, the full Committee held two hearings on the 

collapse of the World Trade Center buildings to determine what was 

learned from the disaster and the strengths and weaknesses of the 

response at the federal and state levels. 

In the post-9/11 environment, the Committee conducted a number 

of hearings examining the nation’s vulnerabilities to a terrorist attack. 

Before the end of 2001, Capitol Hill became the target of an anthrax 

attack that resulted in hearings once the House office buildings were 

reopened. In this environment the Committee exercised its jurisdiction 

to investigate the safety of water systems and the security of America’s 

computer systems. The protection of the nation’s computers was 

addressed in the Cyber Security Research and Development Act and 

called upon the auspices of NSF and NIST to oversee its 

implementation. 

One of the most important laws that passed through the Committee 

was the Homeland Security Act of 2002, which was enacted on 

November 25, 2002. In early June, Chairman Vernon Ehlers of 

Michigan conducted hearings in his Environment, Technology, and 

Standards Subcommittee on the homeland security issue. Chairman 

Boehlert held a hearing two weeks later to examine the possibilities of 

creating a new federal bureau. The Committee’s main responsibility 

set forth in the 2,147-page act called for it to oversee research and 

development processes and establish a set of standards for the new 

agency. After passage of the act, the last meeting of the full Committee 

during the 107th Congress examined, “Conducting Research during the 

War on Terrorism: Balancing Openness and Security,” which proved 

to be a timely and ongoing question. 

As part of the Committee’s jurisdiction of overseeing “standards,” 

the Members became involved in the balloting problems surrounding 

the 2000 presidential election. In the aftermath of the Florida election 

and its many recounts, the Committee conducted hearings beginning on 

May 22, 2001, with “Improving Voting Technologies: The Role of 
54 

Standards.” As a result of the hearings, on October 31, 2001, the 

Committee approved and sent to the House, the Voting Technology 

Standards Act of 2001, which failed to pass. However, elements of the 

Committee’s proposed act were incorporated into the Help America 

Vote Act of 2002, which became law on October 29, 2002. The 

Committee’s main responsibility under the act concerned oversight of 

NIST’s work to ensure the establishment of a set of election standards 

and eliminate the infamous punch card ballots. Even though the act 

was designed to solve future election issues, more questions were 

raised with each change, which led the Committee during the 109th

Congress to hold a hearing entitled, “Voting Machines: Will the New 

Standards and Guidelines Help Prevent Future Problems?’’ 

During Boehlert’s last two terms as chairman, the Committee 

worked on improving education and the expansion of the Malcolm 

Baldrige Quality Award to include non-profit organizations. The 

promise of hydrogen fuel in the nation’s future continued to be a topic 

of Committee hearings as did the desire to secure America’s energy 

independence. Chairman Boehlert also took particular interest in 

NSF’s work in the development of nanotechnology and conducted a 

series of four full and subcommittee hearings on its scientific potential 

as well as expressing concerns about its environmental and safety 

implications. 

NASA and the crisis caused by the space shuttle Columbia’s

disintegration upon reentry on February 1, 2003, forced the Committee 

to face a new set of problems. In its oversight role, the full Committee 

conducted several hearings into the tragedy and NASA’s response to 

the accident. Subsequent hearings during the following three years 

sought answers concerning NASA’s future and the projected 

termination of the shuttle program by the end of 2010, its financial 

management, manned space flight in general, and President George W. 

Bush’s call for a return to the moon and an expedition to Mars. In 

addition, the Committee worked to develop the Commercial Space 

Launch Amendment Act of 2004, which placed all business-related 

space ventures under the control of the Department of Transportation 

and required the Department to ensure the implementation of safe 

programs for humans traveling into space. 

As a result of the tragedy surrounding the tsunami that occurred in 

the Indian Ocean on December 26, 2004, Chairman Boehlert called for 

a hearing as soon as the 109th Congress convened. The Committee had 

a direct and jurisdictional interest in the disaster through their oversight 

of the National Weather Service (NWS) and NOAA. The primary 

question concerned America’s preparedness in light of its vulnerable 

coastlines. The Committee helped craft legislation that called upon 
55 

NOAA to establish and operate a tsunami detection system, including 

in the Indian Ocean, which would provide timely warnings to 

populations along ocean coastlines. 

New Directions in the 110th Congress 

In November 2006, the Democratic Party captured the majority of 

seats in the House. Party leaders designated Bart Gordon of Tennessee 

the Chairman of the newly renamed Committee on Science and 

Technology. Chairman Gordon, who had succeeded to Gore’s seat in 

1984, promptly set to work on many of the same issues that faced his 

predecessors. One of the first pieces of legislation that worked its way 

through the Committee, the Energy Independence and Security Act of 

2007, was a collection of various provisions relating to conservation, 

renewable marine and geothermal energy research and development, 

solar energy, and biofuels. The Committee also played an important 

role in the passage of the Methamphetamine Remediation Research Act 

of 2007, an area of interest in the previous Congress, which tasked EPA 

to develop new detection technologies and oversee the cleanup of 

contaminated sites. 

Chairman Gordon’s most significant piece of legislation during the 

first session of the 110th Congress was the passage of the America 

COMPETES Act (The America Creating Opportunities to 

Meaningfully Promote Excellence in Technology, Education, and 

Science Act). Chairman Gordon stated for the Committee the 

overriding importance of the legislation: “This bill will strengthen 

long-term basic research in the physical sciences, mathematical 

sciences, and engineering. It directs funding toward graduate students 

and early career researchers in these areas. It also establishes a 

Presidential Innovation Award to stimulate scientific and engineering 

advances in the national interest. Investing in science education and 

research along these lines is necessary if the U.S. is to maintain its 

position as a global leader in technology and innovation.” The various 

components of the act are based on the recommendations of the 

Council on Competitiveness, a nonpartisan, nongovernmental group of 

CEOs, university and labor leaders, and the National Academy of 

Sciences report, Rising above the Gathering Storm. This report, 

compiled under the leadership of Norman Augustine, former Chairman 

and CEO of Lockheed Martin Corporation, examined the question of 

the nation’s ability to compete in the 21st century. The act 

encompassed work on promoting innovations and funding a full range 

of research projects for NASA, NOAA, and NIST.

One of the main facets of the act focused on the continuing energy 

problem and called upon DOE to create an organization modeled after 
56 

DOD’s DARPA program, which had originally been designated as 

ARPA in 1958. The COMPETES Act mandated that the new office in 

DOE, ARPA-E, reduce the nation’s dependence on foreign energy in 

the next decade while constructively dealing with the issue of global 

climate change. ARPA-E was structured to enhance results through its 

semi-independent relationship with DOE and its ability to provide 

funds to laboratories making progress while being able to eliminate 

funding for laboratories that failed to show meaningful results. 

The act also increased the financial support of NSF during the next 

several years and established a number of new long and short term 

educational programs at the state and local levels. The legislation was 

designed to ensure America’s scientific and technological preeminence 

and encompassed a full spectrum of science and technology issues 

facing the nation’s research labs and its entire educational system. 

Toward the Endless Frontier 

Looking toward the future, the Committee still must confront many 

of the central issues that were present in the wake of the launch of 

Sputnik in 1957. It was obvious to America’s leaders 50 years ago that 

maintaining our scientific and technical leadership in the world 

required a robust educational system. The Committee has supported 

that effort through the years and the America COMPETES Act is only 

the latest example of that dedication. As a result of the Committee’s 

work during the space race with the Soviets, its Members and the world 

have witnessed the successful landing of men on the moon. In the 

future, the Committee will work with NASA’s long term objectives of 

returning to the moon and eventually going to Mars. The Committee 

began in the 1970s to confront environmental issues. In 1968, Apollo 8 

astronauts gave us a unique and unforgettable view of our 

environmentally fragile planet set against the backdrop of the limitless 

universe. That image brought into focus the need to protect our 

environment, one of the most important challenges facing America and 

the world. 
57 

Jurisdictional History of the 

Committee on Science and Technology 

Introduction: 

On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, which created a 

feeling of vulnerability and a sense that America was no longer the world’s 

leader in science. In response, the U.S. Houses of Representatives created a 

select, bipartisan committee. This select committee was established on March 

5, 1958, and the House created a new permanent committee on astronautics and 

space exploration on July 21, 1958. In order to perform its duties, the House 

invested the Committee on Science and Astronautics with certain areas of 

jurisdiction. Like all institutions, the Committee has evolved during the past 50 

years and so has its jurisdiction and oversight responsibilities. 

Committee on Science and Astronautics 

85th (1957-1959) — 92nd Congress (1971-1973) 

(From the inception of the Select Committee on March 5, 1958, 

and through the end of the 92nd Congress, the Committee had 

jurisdiction in the following areas.) 

a) Astronautical research and development, including 

resources, personnel, equipment, and facilities. 

b) Bureau of Standards, standardization of weights and 

measures and the metric system. 

c) National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 

d) National Aeronautics and Space Council. 

e) National Science Foundation. 

f) Outer space, including exploration and control thereof. 

g) Science Scholarship. 

h) Science research and development. 

Committee on Science and Technology 

93rd Congress (1973-1975)

(The House renamed the committee on January 3, 1975, and gave 

it jurisdiction over several new areas. In addition, the committee 

was provided general and specific oversight duties listed in clause 

2 (b) and 3 (f) of Rule X.) See citation after the 110th Congress. 

1) Astronautical research and development including 

resources, personnel, equipment, and facilities. 

2) Bureau of Standards, standardization of weights and 

measures and the metric system. 

3) National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 

4) National Aeronautics and Space Council. 

5) National Science Foundation. 

6) Outer space, including exploration and control thereof. 
58 

7) Science Scholarships. 

8) Scientific research and development. 

New Jurisdictions 

9) Civil aviation research and development. 

10) Environmental research and development. 

11) All energy research and development 

except nuclear research and development. 

12) National Weather Service. 

94th (1975-1977) — 95th Congress (1977-1979) 

(On January 4, 1977, the House gave the committee jurisdiction 

over nuclear R&D, which had belonged to the House Joint 

Committee on Atomic Energy [H. Res. 5.]. Jurisdictional area 11 

was revised to reflect the committee’s new duties.) 

11) All energy research and development. 

 All other jurisdictional areas remained the same as the 93rd. 

96th Congress (1979-1981) 

(The Committee was granted additional concurrent jurisdiction on 

September 24, 1978, in conjunction with the Armed Services and 

Interior and Insular Affairs committees concerning the 

development of oil shale technologies.) 

All other jurisdictional areas remained the same as the 95th.

. 

 97th (1981-1983) — 99th Congress (1985-1987) 

(The House extended the jurisdiction of the committee on March 

25, 1980, to become effective on January 3, 1981, to include new 

duties in the field of energy. To reflect the new duties, 

jurisdictional areas 8 and 11 were reworded.) 

8) Scientific research, development, and demonstration, 

and projects therefor, and all federally owned or 

operated nonmilitary energy laboratories. 

11) All energy research, development, and demonstration, 

and projects therefor, and all federally owned or 

operated nonmilitary energy laboratories. 

All other jurisdictional areas remained the same as the 95th. 

Committee on Science, Space and Technology 

100th Congress (1987-1989) 

(January 6, 1987, the House renamed the committee under H.R. 5.) 

 All jurisdictional areas remained the same as in the 99th

101st (1989-1991) — 102nd Congress (1991-1993) 

(Jurisdictional area 8 was reworded and the phrase, “and all 

federally owned or operated nonmilitary energy laboratories.” 

was deleted. Also, the committee acquired concurrent jurisdiction, 

shared by four other committees and EPA, regarding federal 

research into the contamination of ground water.) 

All other jurisdictional areas remained the same as the 99th. 
59 

103rd Congress (1993-1995) 

(Due to a change in the name of agencies in the executive branch, 

jurisdictional areas 2 and 4 were reworded.) 

 2) National Institute of Standards and Technology, 

standardization of weights and measures and the metric 

system. 

4) National Space Council. 

All other jurisdictional areas remained the same as the 99th. 

Committee on Science 

104th (1995-1997) — 105th Congress (1997-1999) 

(On January 4, 1995, the House renamed the committee and 

expanded its jurisdiction to include areas that once belonged to the 

Merchant Marine and Fisheries, and Energy and Commerce 

committees. All of the jurisdictional areas were reorganized along 

with the expanded duties as set forth in areas 5 and 6.) 

1) All energy research, development, and 

demonstration, and projects therefor, and all 

federally owned or operated nonmilitary energy 

laboratories. 

2) Astronautical research and development, including 

resources, personnel, equipment, and facilities. 

3) Civil aviation research and development. 

4) Environmental research and development. 

5) Marine research. 

6) Measures relating to the commercial 

application of energy technology. 

7) National Institute of Standards and 

Technology, standardization of weights 

and measures and the metric system. 

8) National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 

9) National Space Council. 

10) National Science Foundation. 

11) National Weather Service. 

12) Outer space, including exploration and control 

thereof. 

13) Science Scholarships. 

14) Scientific research, development, and 

demonstration, and projects therefor. 

106th (1999-2001) — 109th Congress (2005-2007) 

(Due to clerical and stylistic adjustments passed by the House on 

January 9, 1999, jurisdictional area 6 was reworded during the 

106th Congress.) 

 6) Commercial application of energy technology. 

 All other jurisdictional areas remained the same as the 105th. 
60 

Committee on Science and Technology 

110th Congress (2007-2009) 

(January 4, 2007, the House renamed the committee under H.R. 6.) 

 All jurisdictional areas remained the same as in the 105th . 

Special Oversight Functions of the Committee on Science and 

Technology, 93rd-110th Congresses as cited in the Rules of the House 

of Representatives for the 110th Congress: 

“3.(k) The Committee on Science and Technology shall 

 review and study on a continuing basis, laws, 

 programs, and Government activities relating to 

 non-military research and development. 
61 

Landmark Legislation of the 

Committee on Science and Technology 

85th Congress National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 PL: 85-568 

(Congress has amended the act several times, but this 

legislation created NASA out of the original National 

Advisory Committee on Aeronautics. The legislation laid 

out the manned space programs of the 1960s and 1970s 

and the possibility of international efforts. It also included 

guidelines for the protection of intellectual property.) 

NASA Authorization: Construction Authority PL: 85-657 

(This legislation provided the funds for NASA to begin 

constructing facilities at the Goddard and Beltsville Space 

Centers in Maryland.) 

86th Congress 

NASA Authorization Act, 1960 PL: 86-45 

(This act set in place the committee’s oversight authority of 

NASA’s manned space operations and ensured the timely 

completion of each program.) 

National Science Foundation Act of 1950, Amendment 

PL: 86-232 

(President Truman signed the original act of 1950 into act 

(81-507) to create the Foundation and the National Science 

Board to oversee the federal funding and promotion of 

research in the sciences. This new act permitted NSF to 

present scholarships and expands the Board’s work to 

include international projects.) 

87th Congress 

NASA Act of 1958, Amendment: National Aeronautics and 

Space Council PL: 87-26 

(This legislation amended the original act and named the 

vice president as the chairman of the Council instead of 

having the president listed as its head.) 

NASA Authorization Act, 1963 PL: 87-584 

(The government removed GSA from management of 

NASA’s facilities.) 

88th Congress 

Standards of Electrical and Photometric Measurements, 

Amendment to Act of July 21, 1950 PL: 88-165 

(An act of minor significance dealing with a word change 

in light intensity, but it is important because it was the 

Committee’s first use of its jurisdictional authority.) 
62 

89th Congress 

NASA Authorization Act, 1967 PL: 89-528 

(For the first time, the Committee included information 

concerning the dispensing of research grants by 

geographical regions, which would be of major importance 

to each Member and the citizens in their districts.) 

90th Congress 

NASA Authorization Act, 1968 PL: 90-67 

(In response to the fire that killed the three astronauts of 

Apollo 1, this legislation created an Aerospace Safety 

Advisory Panel.) 

Fire Research and Safety Act of 1968 PL: 90-259 

(The Committee established its jurisdiction concerning fire 

safety and research programs under the National Bureau of 

Standards (1901-1988), and subsequently under the 

National Institute of Standards and Technology (1988-

Present). The act also set up a research grant program 

and the National Commission on Fire Prevention and 

Control.) 

Standard Reference Data Act PL: 90-396 

(The act sets standards for all products involved in 

commerce through the National Bureau of 

Standards/National Institute of Standards and Technology.) 

Metric Study PL: 90-472 

(With most of the world adopting the metric system, the 

Committee employed its jurisdictional powers and began a 

feasibility study with the purpose of converting America 

from the English to the metric system of measurement.) 

91st Congress 

NASA Authorization Act, 1970 PL: 91-119 

(This legislation addresses a conflict of interest issue 

dealing with personnel who leave the agency and are hired 

by nonfederal contractors.) 

92nd Congress 

National Bureau of Standards Act of March 3, 1901, 

Amendment PL: 92-317 

(Congress amended the original organic act in order to let 

NBS (NIST) personnel take part in educational programs 

and deal with all levels of state, local, and international 

governmental offices.) 

Technology Assessment Act of 1972 PL: 92-484 

(The legislative branch created the Office of Technology 

Assessment with the objective of providing Congress with 

expert advice on science and technological issues. With the 

change in majority leadership in 1995, the Republicans 

disbanded it.) 
63 

93rd Congress 

Solar Heating and Cooling Demonstration 

Act of 1974 PL: 93-409 

(As the first piece of legislation to come out of the Energy 

subcommittee, this act predates the Committee’s 

jurisdiction by several months, but did include issues under 

the responsibility of NASA, NSF, and NBS. It is the first in 

a wide series of energy related acts that will come before 

the Committee during the next several years.) 

Geothermal Energy Research, Development, and 

Demonstration Act PL: 93-410 

(Congressman Mike McCormack worked on this in tandem 

with the Committee’s work on the Solar Energy act. It was 

another example of the importance of energy research 

following the oil crisis of 1973.) 

Solar Energy Research, Dev., and Demo. Act PL: 93-473 

(The act created one office to oversee all solar energy 

projects, and it predates the Energy Research Development 

Administration, which Congress approved in October 

1974.) 

Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1974 PL: 93-498 

(This legislation created the National Fire Prevention and 

Control Administration under the Department of 

Commerce and the Fire Academy in Emmitsburg, MD. 

This area of authority is currently under FEMA.) 

Fed. Nonnuclear Energy R. and D. Act of 1974 PL: 93-577 

(This is considered to be one of the most important pieces 

of legislation passed by the 93rd Congress because it 

created an energy program similar to the Atomic Energy 

Act of 1946 and 1954. It would come under the auspices of 

the Committee in the 94th Congress through its new 

jurisdictional authority.) 

94th Congress 

NASA Authorization Act, 1976 PL: 94-39 

(With the end of the Apollo program, this act expanded 

NASA’s area of operations to include atmospheric studies 

and the earth’s environment.) 

Metric Conversion Act of 1975 PL: 94-168 

(Although a national mandatory metric conversion was 

politically impossible, this legislation attempted a 

voluntary conversion and created the U.S. Metric Board, 

which President Reagan later abolished.) 

Energy Research and Development Administration 

Authorization, 1976 PL: 94-187 

(Under jurisdictional area 11 in House Rules X, the 

Committee took the lead in this energy act during the crisis 
64 

of the 1970s, which included the work of three 

subcommittees: Energy Research, Development, and 

Demonstration (Fossil Fuels), Energy Research, 

Development and Demonstration, and Environment and the 

Atmosphere.) 

National Science and Technology Policy, Organization, and 

Priorities Act of 1976 PL: 94-282 

(Established under President Kennedy and abolished by 

President Nixon, Congress reestablished the office of 

Science Advisor along with the Office of Science and 

Technology Policy. In conjunction with the White House 

office, the legislation also established the Federal 

Coordinating Council on Science, Engineering, and 

Technology, which was charged with the responsibility to 

manage the science programs throughout the government. 

Congress has direct control of this office in the White 

House.)

Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Research, and Development, and 

Demonstration Act of 1976 PL: 94-413 

(Congress and the Committee promoted research into 

alternative forms of power and propulsion, which failed to 

meet its expected goals due to limited electrical and battery 

technology.) 

Environmental Research, Development, and Demonstration 

Authorization Act of 1976 PL: 94-475 

(The legislation began in the Environment and the 

Atmosphere subcommittee and was the initial annual 

authority to develop research programs under the Noise 

Control; Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide; 

Public Health Service’s environmental activities of the 

Clean Air Act; Water Pollution Control; and Solid Waste 

Disposal Acts.) 

Nat. Weather Modification Policy Act of 1976 PL: 94-490 

(This act was the Committee’s first use of its jurisdictional 

authority granted in area 12 under House Rule X during 

the 93rd Congress to enact policy relating to the National 

Weather Service.) 

Resource Conservation and Rec. Act of 1976 PL: 94-580 

(Congress debated this new environmental legislation, part 

of which was referred to the Committee under 

jurisdictional rule 11 passed during the 93rd Congress. The 

subcommittee on Environment and the Atmosphere 

reviewed the research aspects of the act while the 

Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce 

considered the remaining parts of the act.) 

95th Congress 

National Energy Act of 1978 PL: 95-617-621 
65 

(In response to the energy crisis of 1973, the Committee 

supported other House Committees to pass this 

congressional legislation.) 

Energy Research and Development Administration 

Authorization, 1977 PL: 95-39 

(Realizing the energy problems of declining supplies, the 

Committee acted to promote conservation and introduce 

new forms of energy at the earliest opportunity.) 

Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977 PL: 95-124 

(Put forth by Chairman George E. Brown, Jr., the 

legislation established an ongoing interagency research 

program, NEHRP.) 

Environmental Research, Development, and Demonstration 

Authorization Act of 1978 PL: 95-155 

(The legislation was the committee’s first authorization of 

EPA.) 

Department of Energy Act of 1978 PL: 95-238 

(This was the Committee’s first legislation dealing with its 

new jurisdictional mandate concerning nuclear power and 

a wide range of energy sciences.) 

National Ocean Pollution Research and Development and 

Monitoring Planning Act of 1978 PL: 95-273 

(As environmental issues developed in the 1970s into a 

major concern for a large number of people, especially the 

dumping of waste along the northeast coast, Congressman 

John Wydler from New York pushed for the passage of this 

legislation.) 

National Climate Program Act PL: 95-367 

(Preliminary work on this legislation began in 1976 and 

was completed in 1978. The Committee initiated an overall 

review of weather and environmental issues and the impact 

and implications of human activities.) 

Solar Photovoltaic Energy Research, Development, and 

Demonstration Act of 1978 PL: 95-590 

(Chairman McCormack supported this reauthorization of 

the program for the conversion of solar energy into 

electricity.) 

Antarctic Conservation Act of 1978 PL: 95-541 

(Because of NSF’s and NOAA’s longstanding interest in the 

Arctic and Antarctic dating back to the International 

Geophysical Year during 1957, the Committee has taken a 

great interest in their programs and many of the members 

and staff have participated in a number of on-sight 

inspections.) 

96th Congress 

Energy Security Act PL: 96-294 
66 

(After several years of work dealing with energy issues 

concerning the conversion of coal into synthetic fuels, the 

Committee in conjunction with the Committees on 

Agriculture, Banking, and Commerce passed one of the 

most important acts during this Congress.) 

Additional Energy Issues during the 96th Congress 

Ocean Thermal Energy Conservation Research, Development, 

and Demonstration Act PL: 96-310 

Wind Energy Systems Act of 1980 PL: 96-345 

Magnetic Fusion Energy Act of 1980 PL: 96-386 

Methane Transportation Research, Development, and 

Demonstration Act of 1980 PL: 96-512 

Nuclear Safety Research, Development an Demonstration Act 

of 1980 PL: 96-567 

(The Committee dealt with a wide range of energy 

legislation as a result of the 1979 gas crisis.) 

Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation 

Act of 1980 PL: 96-480 

(Congressman George Brown worked to pass this 

legislation, which President Carter promoted to develop a 

network of cooperative technical programs. It also 

established a policy of technical transfer within many 

government agencies.) 

97th Congress 

 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981 PL: 97-35 

(Due to the fact that President Reagan threatened not to 

sign any new spending legislation, this act became a means 

to get around a veto threat and obtain a three year budget 

for DOE instead of the usual annual budget, and it also 

provided a means to continue funding the fire and 

earthquake programs.) 

Small Business Innovation Dev. Act of 1982 PL: 97-219 

(As part of the movement by the government to get private 

business more involved with research and development 

programs, this legislation created a set-aside of more than 

$100 million per year, which has presently grown to almost 

$2 billion. This program is the largest of its type and is coadministered with the Committee on Small Business.) 

Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 PL: 97-425 

(After the abolishment of the Joint Committee on Atomic 

Energy, the Committee became deeply involved in the 

problem of waste disposal. Working in concert with the 

committees on Energy and the Interior, a compromise was 

put in place to deal with establishing a repository, the type 

and place of which has still not been finalized.) 
67 

98th Congress 

Arctic Research and Policy Act of 1984 PL: 98-373 

(Six years after the passage of the Antarctica Conservation Act 

(see Public Law 95-541) the Committee extended NSF’s role 

to include the Arctic.) 

Education for Economic Security Act PL: 98-377 

(Referred to the Committee by the Education Committee, 

this legislation was an effort to integrate NSF activities 

with teacher and curriculum programs at both the 

elementary and secondary levels.) 

National Cooperative Research Act 1984 PL: 98-462 

(As part of an antitrust action and one of the most 

important acts to improve competition, the Committee, 

operating in conjunction with the Judiciary Committee, 

developed legislation that removed much of the legal 

obstacles that deterred joint lab projects. This act marked 

the decline of the large research facilities and an expanded 

number of smaller companies.) 

Commercial Space Launch Act PL: 98-575 

(In the Committee’s first actions in this arena, it enacted 

legislation to create a partnership between commercial 

enterprises interested in the exploration and utilization of 

space and the government, which would transfer 

technology and make facilities available for launches that 

complied with international laws.) 

 Trademark Clarification Act of 1984 PL: 98-620 

(This legislation was an adjustment to the Lanham 

Trademark Act (15 U.S.C. 1064(c) of 1946, the Bayh-Dole 

Amendment to the Patient and Trademark Laws (PL 96-

517), and the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act 

(PL 96-512). These acts radically altered the relationships 

between private and federal labs and the definition of 

intellectual property.) 

99th Congress 

National Bureau of Standards Authorization Act for 

Fiscal Year 1986 PL: 99-73 

(In an effort to boost the NBS, the Committee raised its 

budget and established its investigative role in the safety of 

bridges and other structures.) 

 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985: 

Title VI PL: 99-272 

(To ensure the full budgeting of NOAA on an annual basis, 

the Committee sought to include its budget in this type of 

omnibus act.) 

 National Science Foundation Authorization Act for 

 Fiscal Year 1987 PL: 99-383 
68 

(This was the important pieces of legislation that would 

promote the networking of powerful computers, which 

would be the precursor of the Internet.) 

Superfund Amend. and Reauth. Act of 1986 PL: 99-499 

(Under EPA’s administration, Congress passed The 

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, 

and Liability Act in 1980 in response to the Love Canal 

emergency. The new act allowed the government to 

establish research programs under EPA’s control as part 

of the CERCLA.) 

 Federal Technology Transfer Act of 1986 PL: 99-502 

(This act was a means to require the Reagan 

Administration to revive the Stevenson-Wydler Act (PL96-

480) and establish Cooperative Research and Development 

Agreements. The objective of the legislation was to create 

an exchange of technology and grants from the federal 

government to private industry.) 

100th Congress 

Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Improvement Act of 1987 

PL: 100-107 

(Chairman Fuqua wished to establish a National Quality 

Award under NBS/NIST that would be equal to any other 

national award and be prestigious enough for the president 

to present. With the death of Commerce Secretary 

Baldrige, Congress named the award after him.) 

 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 PL: 100-203 

(This legislation was used as a means to enact several 

important amendments dealing with nuclear waste policies 

and storage, and the act put forward the possible utilization 

of the Yucca Mountain site in Nevada as a permanent 

storage facility, which has never been resolved.) 

Computer Security Act of 1987 PL: 100-235 

(Due to computer security concerns, NSA sought the 

adoption of Security Decision Directive 145, which would 

encompass the security issues of all military and civilian 

systems. The legislation placed all civilian computer 

standards under the control of NBS/NIST.) 

Omnibus Trade and Competitive. Act of 1988 PL: 100-418 

(Chairman Roe oversaw the passage of this legislation that 

renamed the NBS, the National Institute of Standards and 

Technology. Included in the act was a new organic act, the 

establishment of the Manufacturing Extension Partnership, 

Advanced Technology Programs, and National Advisory 

Committee on Semiconductor R&D. Also, despite 

opposition at the presidential level, the legislation stated 

that the preferred system of measurement was the metric 

system.) 
69 

National Institute of Standards and Technology Authorization 

Act PL: 100-519 

(This first authorization for NIST established a new 

structure for the Institute’s technical programs and 

included the legal foundation for its organic act.) 

Steel and Aluminum Energy Conservation and Technology 

Competitiveness Act of 1988 PL: 100-680 

(With the national steel industry unable to perform its own 

research, Congressman Walgren from Pennsylvania 

worked for the passage of this legislation, which called for 

the Department of Energy to help find ways to reduce 

energy costs. Congressman Luján of New Mexico was able 

to include the aluminum industry in the act.) 

National Superconductivity and Competitiveness Act of 1988 

PL: 100-697 

(With the high cost and relative inefficient means of 

transmitting electrical energy, the Committee passed this 

legislation in an effort to pursue research into finding high 

efficiency transmission materials with the added feature of 

the materials remaining at a low temperature. After two 

decades of research, the goal has never been achieved, but 

some advances have had limited commercial applications.) 

101st Congress 

National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Years 1990-

1991 PL: 101-189 

(Under CRADA program, members of the Committee were 

made conferees on this defense authorization legislation 

dealing with the relationship between government owned 

labs operated by contractors.) 

 Fire Safe Cigarette Act PL: 101-352 

(With the Committee’s jurisdiction over NBS/NIST and a 

strong interest in fire issues, this legislation charged the 

NIST to do studies on the ignition of cigarettes and the 

behavior of smokers.) 

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 PL: 101-380 

(Working with several other committees, the Committee 

developed legislation that called upon the Secretary of 

Commerce to establish the Prince William Sound Oil Spill 

Recovery Institute, which would perform environmental 

R&D on the characteristics and types of oil spills and the 

use of various methods to contain and diminish their 

impact on the flora and fauna.) 

The Clean Air Act Amendment of 1990 PL: 101-549 

(This legislation was an update, which takes place 

approximately every ten years, and is primarily focused on 

R&D programs.) 
70 

The Spark M. Matsunaga Hydrogen Research, Development 

and Demonstration Act of 1990 PL: 101-566 

(Due to the continuing interest in developing new nonpetroleum forms of energy, Chairmen Brown and Walker 

worked on this legislation to promote research into 

methods of storage and use. This program has seen a large 

infusion of funds under President George H. Bush.) 

The Excellence in Mathematics, Science, and Engineering 

Education Act of 1990 PL: 101-589 

(In keeping with the Committee’s longstanding interest in 

science based educational activities, this legislation 

establishes additional programs that are currently under 

the America COMPETES Act of 2007.) 

Fastener Quality Act PL: 101-592 

(This legislation came to the Committee because of its 

jurisdiction dealing with weights and measures, NBS/NIST, 

and the oversight of labs that test the quality of fasteners.) 

The Global Change Research Act of 1990 PL: 101-606 

(The Committee has a long record of interest in global 

climate issues and also serves as a coordinator between the 

Office of Science and Technology Policy and the Federal 

Coordinating Committee on Science, Engineering, and 

Technology through its jurisdictional authority.) 

Food, Agriculture, Conservation and Trade Act of 1990 

PL: 101-624 

(Although the subject of the jurisdiction of other 

committees, this legislation became part of the Committee’s 

work because it dealt with the impact of climate change on 

food production.) 

 The Hotel-Motel Fire Safety Act PL: 101-591 

(After a fire at the DuPont Plaza Hotel in San Juan, which 

caused the death of approximately 100 people in part 

because of the lack of sprinklers, the Committee through its 

jurisdiction on fire issues helped pass this legislation. This 

act restricted any government employee from using or 

staying in a facility without a sprinkler system.) 

102nd Congress 

High-Performance Computing Act of 1991 PL: 102-194 

(This legislation called for the organized development of 

high output computers. The Office of Science and 

Technology Policy in the White House would oversee the 

interagency program.) 

Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency 

Act of 1991 PL: 102-240 

(The Committee’s jurisdictional authority was extended for 

the first time to include surface transportation. Chairman 

Norm Mineta led the subcommittee hearings. Mineta 
71 

would become Secretary of Commerce in 2000-2001 and 

then Secretary of Transportation 2001-2006.) 

American Technology Preeminence Act of 1991 PL: 102-245 

(This legislation established NIST as the repository of all 

federal publications dealing with technologies. It also 

allowed federal research labs to give their old or surplus 

computer hardware to educational institutions.) 

Scientific and Advanced Tech. Act of 1992 PL: 102-476 

(This act was an effort by the Committee to improve 

technical and scientific programs at two-year colleges.) 

Energy Policy Act of 1992 PL: 102-486 

(With the cooperation of several other committees, this 

important energy legislation of the 1990s included the 

Committee’s contribution of allowing non-government 

organizations to enrich uranium by the establishment of the 

U.S. Enrichment Corporation. Electric car technology was 

put forward again in the hope that private enterprise could 

be persuaded to develop new methods of storing 

electricity.) 

Small Business Research and Development Enhancement Act 

of 1992 PL: 102-564 

(This act was a reorganization of SBIR to increase its 

commercial programs and established the Small Business 

Technology Transfer, which would interact with national 

and academic labs.) 

103rd Congress 

National Defense Authorization Acts, 1993 and 1994 

PL: 103-160 and 103-337 

(With the executive and legislative branches under 

Democratic control, much of the work on these acts went 

through appropriations acts in a rather informal manner. 

The major impact of this legislation was the transfer of a 

large amount of defense funds to civilian areas of the 

budget.) 

104th Congress 

National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 

PL: 104-113 

(Ever since the establishment of the Committee, intellectual 

property rights had been an important issue. Through this 

legislation, these rights were spelled out in more detail 

under CRADA program.) 

Hydrogen Futures Act of 1996 PL: 104-271 

(This act was another attempt to create more interest and 

research in the uses of fuel cells and hydrogen.) 

Saving in Construction Act of 1996 PL: 104-289 
72 

(While the government had failed to convert completely to 

the metric system, this act was designed to help reduce the 

cost of federal projects.) 

105th Congress 

Commission on the Advancement of Women in Science, 

Engineering, and Technology Development Act PL: 105-255 

(Chairwoman Morella of the Technology subcommittee put 

forth this act in response to the low number of women in 

scientific fields. The leadership at NSF and NIST also 

supported this effort.) 

Commercial Space Act of 1998 PL: 105-303 

(Republican leadership in its efforts to shrink the role of 

government sought to expand the share private companies 

played in the operations at NASA and the construction of 

the space station.) 

Next Generation Internet Research Act of 1998 PL: 105-305 

(With the explosion in the development and use of the 

Internet, this legislation removed from NSF the 

responsibility of overseeing its operation and placed it 

under the control of the private organization, ICANN.) 

Technology Administration Act of 1998 PL: 105-309 

(In an effort to expand the granting of research funds to all 

areas of the country in a more equitable fashion, the act 

created EPSCOT to oversee the program to expand 

technology activities. The legislation also created awards 

in the fields of health care and education under the 

Malcolm Baldrige program.) 

106th Congress 

Methane Hydrate Research and Development 

Act of 2000 PL: 106-193 

(Congressman Doyle who had served on the Committee 

was interested in promoting an energy act that would 

benefit his state. The legislation was designed to find a 

method to efficiently extract methane, a major component 

of natural gas, from areas on the ocean floor.) 

107th Congress 

National Construction Safety Team Act PL: 107-231 

(In the aftermath of 9/11, the Committee established a new 

set of procedures under NIST, which created the National 

Construction Safety Teams. They would have five areas of 

authority: identify technical causes of building failure, 

review response and evacuation plans, develop a set of 

recommendations to improve building codes, provide 

research concerning structural safety, and be permitted to 

do onsite inspections.) 

Help America Vote Act of 2002 PL: 107-252 
73 

(As a result of the flawed Florida election process in 2000, 

NIST was charged with creating a standard set of rules and 

procedures for national elections.) 

 Inland Flood Forecasting and Warning System 

Act of 2002 PL: 107-253 

(North Carolina suffered several damaging floods that 

resulted from hurricanes and other tropical weather 

patterns, and this act required NOAA to improve its 

forecasting procedures, create a new type of warning 

system and improve the quality of local weather 

forecasters, train responders, and review weather trends 

and their future implications.) 

Enterprise Integration Act of 2002 PL: 107-277 

(This technical piece of legislation dealt with the Internet 

and the interfacing of different systems and the protection 

of proprietary resources. It called for the creation of 

software “dictionaries” that would protect each party 

while at the same time permit companies to interface their 

computer systems.) 

Homeland Security Act of 2002 PL: 107-296 

(In conjunction with a number of other congressional 

committees, the Committee developed legislation and 

guidelines that assisted in the creation of the Department of 

Homeland Security. The Committee’s main contribution to 

the act centered on establishing a set of science and 

technical standards.) 

Great Lakes Legacy Act of 2002 PL: 107-303 

(Chairman Vernon Ehlers of Michigan was the moving 

force behind this legislation, which dealt with EPA 

overseeing contaminated sediment in the Great Lakes.) 

Cyber Security Research and Development Act PL: 107-305 

(With the growing importance of the Internet and the need 

to provide quality security, the Committee charged NSF 

and NIST to allot funds to protect the network from 

unlawful intrusions.) 

108th Congress 

Malcolm Baldrige Awards PL: 108-320 

(This legislation extended the awards category to include 

nonprofit organizations and the government.) 

Department of Energy High-End Computing Revitalization 

Act of 2004 PL: 108-423 

(Another technical act involving high performance 

computers utilized in the sciences and technologies, the 

legislation also extended the Metric Conversion Act of 

1975 and the Savings Construction Act of 1996, which 

obligated all contractors dealing with the federal 

government to use the metric system.) 
74 

Norman Y. Mineta Research and Special Programs 

Reorganization Act PL: 108-426 

(This act created the Research and Innovative Technology 

Administration, which replaced the Research and Special 

Programs Administration in the Department of 

Transportation.) 

Commercial Space Launch Amendment Act of 2004 

PL: 108-492 

(The Department of Transportation was given the task of 

increasing the effectiveness of safety programs in the realm 

of private sector launch vehicles.) 

109th Congress 

Energy Policy Act of 2005 PL: 109-58 

(A product of several committees and the first major energy 

legislation in almost ten years, the act included new 

educational programs and the setting of standards for 

future lighting, fossil and nuclear energy programs, and 

alternative forms of power for buses.) 

Tsunami Warning and Education Act PL: 109-424 

(In the wake of the disastrous tsunamis in the Indian Ocean 

on December 26, 2004, NWS and NOAA were charged with 

creating an effective warning system in all the bodies of 

water around the U.S.) 

Nat. Integrated Drought Info. Systems Act PL: 109-430 

(This legislation created NIDIS, which was established to 

conduct research and do assessments in order to put into 

place an operational drought warning program.) 

110th Congress 

Energy Independence PL: 110-140 

(This energy act builds on previous legislation dealing with 

conservation, alternative energy sources and supplies 

including geothermal, solar, biofuels, and the elimination 

of carbon from the atmosphere.) 

America COMPETES Act PL: 110-69 

(Chairman Gordon sponsored this legislation, which 

increased funding of NSF and restructured NIST’s 

Advanced Technology Program into the Technological 

Innovation Program. The thrust of the act was to increase 

educational programs that will keep America competitive 

around the world in the fields of science and technology.) 

 Methamphetamine Remediation Research Act of 2007 

PL: 110-143 

(Under Chairman Gordon’s leadership, the Committee 

developed directives for EPA and NIST to create guidelines 

concerning all aspects of the methamphetamine crisis at the 

federal, state, and local levels of government.) 
75 

Full and Joint Hearings, 

Committee on Science and Technology 

85th-110th Congresses 

Note: The full and joint Committee hearing titles are listed below for 

each Congress. The tab numbers listed at the end of the title for each 

hearing are provided as a reference tool and refer to the Committee’s 

bound hearing volumes. (See the note for the 105th Congress 

concerning its organization.) The information provided in brackets 

after each Congress denotes the total number of Committee and 

subcommittee hearings followed by the number of full and joint 

Committee hearings. 

85th Congress [Select Committee] (1 Hearing-1 Full or Joint)

Astronautics and Space Exploration 

86th Congress, 1st session (29 Hearings-28 Full or Joint)

Leasing of Buildings in the Dist. of Columbia by the NASA (No. 1) 

 Authorizing Appropriations to the NASA (No. 2) 

 International Control of Outer Space (No. 7) 

 The Ground-Cushion Phenomenon (No. 8) 

 Satellites for World Communication (No. 9) 

 Missile Development and Space Sciences (No. 11) 

 Nuclear Explosions in Space (No. 15) 

 Space Propulsion (No. 16) 

 1960 NASA Authorization (No. 17)

 Scientific Manpower and Education (No. 18 and 19) 

 Basic Research in Agriculture (No. 20) 

 Century 21 Exposition (No. 21) 

 Chemical, Biological and Radiological Warfare Agents (No. 22) 

 Dissemination of Scientific Information (No. 24) 

 Briefing by National Bureau of Standards (No. 25) 

 Programs of Atlas and Polaris Missiles (No. 34) 

 Jupiter Missile Shot- Biomedical Experiments (No. 35) 

 Weather Modification (No. 36) 

 Meeting with the Astronauts (No. 37) 

 National Defense Plan Briefing (No. 38) 

 Boron High Energy Fuels (No. 40) 

 To Amend the NSF Act of 1950 (No. 41) 

 Miscellaneous Reports (No. 42) 

 National Medal of Science (No. 44) 

 Basic Scientific and Astronautic Research in DOD (No. 45) 

 Soviet Space Technology (No. 46) 

 Property Rights in Inventions Made under Federal Space 

Research Contracts (No. 47) 
76 

86th Congress, 2nd session (15 Hearings-10 Full or Joint)

The Production of Documents by NASA for Committee on Science 

and Astronautics (No. 1) 

Transfer of the Development Operations Division of the Army 

Ballistic Missile Agency to NASA (No. 2) 

Review of Space Program (No. 3) 

1961 NASA Authorization (No. 4) 

To Amend NASA Act of 1958 (No. 5) 

A Bill to Make American Nationals Eligible for Scholarships and 

Fellowships by NSF Act of 1950 (No. 6) 

Frontiers in Oceanic Research (No. 7) 

Lunar Mapping and Construction in Support of Space Programs 

(No. 8) 

Establishment under the NSF of a National Science Academy 

(No. 14) 

Miscellaneous Committee Business (No. 15) 

87th Congress, 1st session (22 Hearings-18 Full or Joint)

Discussion of U.S. Satellite Tracking System (No. 1) 

Research and Development for Defense (No. 2) 

Project Rover (No.3) 

Space Propulsion Technology (No. 4) 

To Amend the NASA Act of 1958 (No. 5) 

Discussion of Soviet Man-in-Space Shot (No. 6) 

1962 NASA Authorization: Part 1-3 (No. 7) 

Defense Space Interests (No. 8) 

The NBS and the Space Program (No. 9) 

Equatorial Launch Sites-Mobile Sea Launch Capability (No. 10) 

Annual Review of the NSF (No. 11) 

Inflatable Structures in Space (No. 12) 

Orbital Rendezvous in Space (No. 13) 

To Amend the NASA Act of 1958 (No. 15) 

Awards of Fellowships and Scholarships under NSF Act (No. 16) 

National Meteorological Satellite Program (No. 17) 

Contemporary and Future Aeronautical Research (No. 18) 

Communications Satellites (No. 19) 

87th Congress, 2nd session (18 Hearings-8 Full or Joint)

1963 NASA Authorization: Part 1 and 2 (No. 2) 

Panel on Science and Technology, Fourth Meeting (No. 3) 

NASA Lunar Orbit Rendezvous Decision (No. 6) 

NSF Briefing (No. 7) 

Limitation on Indirect Costs in Research Grants (No. 8) 

Amending the Organic Act of NBS (No. 11) 

Research on New Transportation Methods (No. 12) 
77 

Ways and Means of Effecting Economics in the National Space 

Program (No. 17) 

88th Congress, 1st session (7 Hearings-3 Full or Joint)

 Panel on Science and Technology, Fifth Meeting (No. 1) 

Space Posture (No. 2) 

1964 NASA Authorization: Part 1 (No. 3) 

88th Congress, 2nd session (14 Hearings-5 Full or Joint)

Amending the Act to Redefine the Units of Electrical and 

Photometric Measurements on S. 1064 (No. 4) 

Amending the Organic Act of the NBS (No. 5) 

Amending the Standard Container Act of 1928 (No. 7) 

Memorial to Dr. Robert H. Goddard (No. 9) 

1965 NASA Authorization: Part 1 (No. 10) 

89th Congress, 1st session (10 Hearings-5 Full or Joint)

 Panel on Science and Technology, Sixth Meeting (No. 1) 

 NASA Authorization: Part 1 (No. 2) 

 NAS Panel on Basic Research and National Goals (No. 3) 

The Metric System (No. 4) 

Memorial on Dr. Robert Goddard (No. 5) 

89th Congress, 2nd session (13 Hearings-4 Full or Joint)

The Metric Study Bill (No. 1) 

Consideration of Subcommittee Reports. Master Planning of NASA 

Installations (No. 2) 

Panel on Science and Technology, Seventh Meeting (No. 3) 

NASA Authorization: Part 1 (No. 4) 

90th Congress, 1st session(14 Hearings-3 Full or Joint)

Panel on Science and Technology, Eight Meeting (No. 1) 

1968 NASA Authorization: Part 1 (No. 2) 

Presentation of Report by Special Panel on Applied Science and 

Technological Progress of NAS (No. 5) 

90th Congress, 2nd session (6 Hearings-2 Full or Joint)

Panel on Science and Technology, Ninth Meeting (No. 1) 

1969 NASA Authorization: Part 1 (No. 3) 

91st Congress (23 Hearings-6 Full or Joint)

Panel on Science and Technology, Tenth Meeting (No. 1) 

 1970 NASA Authorization Part I and 1970 NASA Authorization 

Index (Vol. II) (No. 3) 

 Metric System Study Authorization (No. 7) 

 Panel on Science and Technology, Eleventh Meeting (No. 15) 
78 

 1971 NASA Authorization Vol. I and II (No. 16) 

 The Apollo 13 Accident (No. 19) 

92nd Congress (26 Hearings-9 Full or Joint)

Panel on Science and Technology (No. 1) 

 1972 NASA Authorization (No. 2) 

 1972 NSF Authorization (No.3) 

 Apollo 15 Mission Report (No. 9) 

 Panel on Science and Technology (No. 13) 

 1973 NASA Authorization ((No. 15) 

 1973 NSF Authorization (No. 16) 

 Apollo 16 Mission Report (No. 18) 

 Fourth Annual Report of the National Science Board (No.21) 

93rd Congress (52 Hearings-15 Full or Joint)

 1974 NASA Authorization: Part, 1 and 5 (No. 1) 

 Testimony from Skylab Astronauts (No. 4) 

 Federal Policy, Plans, and Organization of Science and Technology 

(No. 8) 

 Conservation and Efficient Use of Energy (No. 14, 18-20) 

 Skylab 3: Parts 1-4 (No. 17-20) 

 1975 NASA Authorization, Index for Hearings and Part I (No. 25) 

Briefing by Skylab IV Astronauts (No. 34) 

Briefing on Brussels Conference on Satellite Transmissions (No. 35) 

Federal Policy, Plans, and Organization for Science and Technology: 

Part II (No. 50) 

94th Congress (109 Hearings-13 Full or Joint)

 1976 NASA Authorization Vol.1 (No. 1) 

 NSF 1976 Posture Hearing (No. 8) 

 ERDA Authorization 1976 and Transition Period Overview (No.9) 

 National Science Policy and Organization Act of 1975 (No. 15) 

 NSF Briefing to the Committee on Science and Technology (No. 20) 

 Comprehensive Plan for Energy Research, Development and 

Demonstration (No. 28) 

 Loan Guarantee Provision (No. 40) 

 Synthetic Fuel Loan Guarantees, Vol. I and II (No. 56) 

 1977 NASA Authorization (No. 66) 

 ERDA Authorization FY 1977-Overview (No. 92) 

 Review of GAO Report on Commercialization of Emerging Energy 

Technologies (No.99) 

 Research Programs to Aid the Handicapped (No. 104) 

 The Conduct of EPA’s “Community Health and Environmental 

Surveillance System” (CHESS) Studies (No. 109) 

95th Congress, 1st session (52 Hearings-3 Full or Joint)

1978 ERDA Authorization Vol. I (No. 2) 

1978 NASA Authorization Vol. III ( No. 8) 
79 

 Joint Hearings

 Federal Role in Criminal Justice and Crime Research 

95th Congress, 2nd session (67 Hearings-7 Full or Joint)

DOE Authorization Vol. I (No. 53) 

Future Space Programs (No. 63) 

 Oversight – Review of the Magnetic Fusion 

Program of DOE (No. 86) 

Oversight – Nuclear Waste Management and 

Ionizing Radiation (No. 109) 

 Joint Hearings 

Research into Crimes against the Elderly – Part I and II 

Oversight of Science and Technology Policy 

96th Congress (183 Hearings-34 Full or Joint)

1980 DOE Authorization, Vol. I (No. 1) 

Oversight – President’s Civilian Space Policy (No. 10) 

 1980 NASA Authorization,-Vol. I, Part 2 (No. 11) 

Panel Concerning the Long-Range Energy Needs of This and Other 

Nations (No. 12) 

 Joint Seminars on the U.N. Conference on Science and Technology 

for Development (UNCSTD) (No. 13) 

Oversight – Appropriate Technology, Vol. I (No. 20) 

 Research and Development in the Federal Budget (No. 23) 

U.S. Policies and Initiatives for the U.N. Conference on Science and 

Technology for Development (No. 28) 

Oversight–Cost Estimation Techniques for Emerging Synthetic Fuels 

Technology (No. 34) 

Productivity and Technical Innovation (No. 36) 

Applications of Space Technology for the Elderly and 

Handicapped (No. 38) 

1980 NASA Authorization Index (No. 42) 

Oversight – Synthetic Fuels, Vol. XI (No. 56) 

Oversight – Waste-to-Energy, Vol. VIII (No. 61) 

Oversight – National Solar Energy Policy, Vol. VI (No. 68) 

Industrial Innovation (No. 69) 

Risk/Benefit Analysis in the Legislature Process (No. 71) 

Helsinki Forum and East-West Scientific Exchange (No. 89) 

Innovation–Startup, Growth, and Survival of Small New Technology 

Firms (No. 93) 

Agricultural Productivity and Environmental Quality (No. 96) 

1981 DOE Authorization, Vol. I (No. 108) 

Posture Hearings (NASA and FAA) (No. 112) 

NAS Report: Energy in Transition, 1985-2010 (No. 119) 

Research and Development Authorization Estimates Act (No.124) 

Seminar on Research, Productivity and the Nat. Economy (No.127) 

Information Technology in Education ( No. 134) 

Posture Hearings: NSF, NBS, FEMA, EPA, NOAA (No. 138 & 143) 
80 

Technology Trade (No. 149) 

Energy Management Partnership Act, Vol. I (No. 151) 

1981 NASA Authorization Index (No. 158) 

International Energy Development Assistance Programs (No. 169) 

Alcohol Fuels (No. 176) 

Outlooks from Nobel Prize Winners (No.177) 

97th Congress (180 Hearings-31 Full or Joint)

Fiscal Year 1982 DOE Authorization, Vol. I (No. 2) 

 Flight of STS-1 with Astronauts Young et al (No.19) 

1982 NASA Authorization Vol. I-V (No 20) 

 Implementation Plan for a National Nutrition Status 

 Monitoring System (No. 23) 

 Closeout Costs-Clinch River Breeder Reactor Project (No. 30) 

 Civil Land Remote Sensing Systems (No. 40) 

 Societal Risks of Energy Systems (No. 41) 

 Future of General and Commuter Aviation Tech. and Trade (No.42) 

National Materials and Minerals Policy, Research and Development 

Act of 1980 (No. 44) 

 Engineering Manpower Concerns (No.49) 

Federal Patent Policy (Part 2) (No. 57) 

 Impact of Air Pollutants in Agriculture Productivity (No. 59) 

 National Cancer Institute’s Therapy Program (No.60) 

Flight of STS-2 with Joe Engle and Richard Truly (No.70) 

 Reauthorization of National Earthquake Hazards Reduction 

Act of 1977 (No. 76) 

Flight of STS-3 with J. Robert and C. Fullerton (No. 82) 

 Oversight – National Institute of Handicapped Research (No. 87) 

 Views on Science Policy of Am. Nobel Laureates for 1981 (No. 94) 

 Fiscal Year 1983 DOE Budget, Review-Vol. I (No. 100) 

 Oversight Telecommunications Act of 1982 (No. 103) 

 Flight of STS-4 with Mattingly and Hartsfield (No. 109) 

 Federal Commitment to Human Nutrition Research (No. 116) 

 U.S. Science and Technology under Budget Stress (No. 118) 

 Small Business Innovation Development Act (No. 135) 

 Ocean Dumping (No. 141) 

 In Honor of Elmer B. Staats (No. 159) 

 Deforestation: Environmental Impact and Research Needs (No. 161) 

 Technology and Handicapped People (No. 163) 

Flight of STS-5 with Brand, et. al. (No. 167) 

 EPA Oversight: One-Year Review (No. 168) 

 Fusion Energy Workshop (No. 176) 

98th Congress (150 Hearings-20 Full or Joint)

Systems and Storage Programs (No. 4) 

 1984 DOE Authorization, Vol. I (No. 12) 

 Flight of STS-7 with Crippen, et. al. (No. 13) 
81 

 Science and Technology Posture Hearing with the Director of the 

Office of Science and Technology Policy (No. 31) 

Views on Science Policy of the Nobel Laureates for 1982 (No. 34) 

Flight of STS-8 with Truly, et. al. (No. 39) 

Technology and Employment (No. 41) 

Supercomputers (No. 47) 

EPA’s Office of Research and Development and Related Issues 

(No. 80) 

Results of Space Shuttle Flight 41-C (No. 83) 

Improving the Research Infrastructure at U.S. Universities and 

Colleges (No. 94) 

Guayule Research (No. 97) 

Emergency Mathematics and Science Education Act (No. 99) 

Results of Space Shuttle Flight 41-D (No. 115) 

Proceedings of the Tri-Committee Business Advisory Panel on 

Uranium Enrichment (No. 121) 

National Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research Act of 1984 

(No. 124) 

Lessons Learned in Utility Management and the Status of the R&D 

Oversight Review of Five-Year Outlook Report on Science and 

Technology (No.129) 

Views on Science Policy 1983 Nobel Laureates in Science (No. 133) 

Science and Technology Posture Hearing with the Director of the 

Office of Science and Technology Policy (No. 134) 

Agricultural Weather Services (No. 149) 

99th Congress (165 Hearings-41 Full or Joint)

1985 Science and Technology Posture Hearing with the Director of 

the Office of Science and Technology Policy (No. 1) 

Results of Space Shuttle Flight 51-A (No. 7) 

Nuclear Winter (No. 37) 

Science Policy Study Vol. 1 (No. 46) 

Science Policy Study Vol. 8 (No. 47) 

Science Policy Study Vol. 4 (No. 49) 

Science Policy Study Vol. 7 (No. 50) 

Assured Access to Space during the 1990s (No. 51) 

National Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research Act of 1985 

(No. 52) 

Science Policy Study Vol. 2 (No. 56) 

Science Policy Study Vol. 13 (No. 59) 

Results of Space Shuttle Flight 51-I (No, 69) 

Science Policy Study Vol. 3 (No. 99) 

Science Policy Study Vol. 5 (No. 100) 

Science Policy Study Vol. 6 (No. 101) 

Science Policy Study Vol. 9 (No. 102) 

Science Policy Study Vol. 10 (No. 103) 

Science Policy Study Vol. 11 (No. 104) 

Science Policy Study Vol. 14 (No. 106) 
82 

Science Policy Study Vol. 23 (No. 107) 

Overview of International Science and Tech. Policy (No. 110) 

Science Policy Study Vol. 15 (No. 111) 

Science Policy Study Vol. 16 (No. 112) 

Science Policy Study Vol. 18 (No. 113) 

Science Policy Study Vol. 21 (No. 114) 

USDA Licensing of a Genetically Altered Veterinary 

Vaccine (No. 115 

Hunger Relief Act of 1986 (No.118) 

Warm Water Aquaculture (No.119) 

Views on Science Policy of Nobel Laureates 1984-5 

(No. 123 and 124) 

Science Policy Study Vol. 17 (No. 134) 

Investigation of Challenger Accident, Vol. I-II (No. 137 and 139) 

Science Policy Study Vol. 24 (No. 140) 

Science Policy Study Vol. 20 (No. 145) 

Results of Space Shuttle Flight 61-C (No. 149) 

Science and Technology Posture Hearing with the Director of the 

Office of Science and Technology Policy (No.151) 

Science Policy Study Vol. 19 (No. 158) 

Technology Transfer (No. 161) 

Science Policy Study Vol. 12 (No. 162) 

Science Policy Study Vol. 22 (No. 165) 

100th Congress (154 Hearings-15 Full or Joint)

Posture Hearing with Science Advisor to the President (No. 1) 

Flight of the Voyager (No. 2) 

NASA’s Response to the Committee’s Investigation of the 

Challenger Accident (No. 7) 

NAS Report on International Technology Transfer (No. 12) 

National Aero-Space Plan Program (No. 25) 

The Continental Scientific Drilling and Exploration Act (No. 45) 

The University Facilities Revitalization Act of 1987 (No. 55) 

Superconductivity (No. 69) 

Groundwater Resources on Long Island (No. 71) 

Review of Results of the Antarctic Ozone Expedition (No. 77) 

Superconducting Super Collider (No. 80) 

1988 Science and Technology Posture Hearing with the Director of 

the Office of Science and Technology Policy (No. 81) 

FY 1989 NASA Aero-Space Plane Authorization (No. 88) 

The Administration’s Decision to License the Chinese Long March 

Launch Vehicle (No. 145) 

Superconducting Super Collider (No. 154) 

101st Congress (169 Hearings-24 Full or Joint) 

Review of Major Space Program Studies and Recommendations 

Made to the Bush Transition Team (No.1) 
83 

Creating the New Wealth: National Research and Development 

Funding in the 1990s (No. 2) 

Overview of the Global Food and Population Situation (No.3) 

The Adequacy, Direction and Priorities for the American Science and 

Technology Effort (No.7) 

High Definition Television (No. 12) 

Superconducting Super Collider Project (No.13) 

Review of the Site Selection Process for the Superconducting Super 

Collider (No. 15) 

Europe 1992 and Its Effects on U.S. Science, Technology and 

Competitiveness (No. 22) 

Implementation of the Federal Technology Transfer Act (No.25) 

Examination of Federal and State Science and Technology Programs 

as Viewed from a Midwestern Perspective (No.27) 

Stimulating Investment in research and Development (No.29) 

Science and Mathematics Education (No. 39) 

Recent Developments in Fusion Energy (No. 46) 

The National Aero-Space Plane (No. 53) 

Nutrition Monitoring (No. 75) 

Proposed Space Station “Freedom” Program Revision (No. 82) 

National Aerospace Plane (No. 97) 

The National Ground Water Research Act of 1989 (No. 105) 

The Space Station International Partners (No. 111) 

Science and Technology Posture Hearing with the Director of the 

Office of Science and Technology Policy (No. 124) 

Extravehicular Activities on the Space Station (No. 133) 

Hubble Space Telescope Flaw (No. 156) 

The Effect of Changing Export Controls on Cooperation in Science 

and Technology (No. 167) 

The Uranium Enrichment Reorganization Act (No. 168) 

102nd Congress (174 Hearings-27 Full or Joint)

1991 Science and Technology Posture Hearing with the Director of 

the Office of Science and Technology Policy (No. 1) 

National Energy Strategy, Part I & II (No. 3) 

National Aerospace Plane (NASP) (No. 6) 

Posture of NSF (No. 9) 

Review and Implementation of the Report of the Advisory 

Committee on the Future of the U.S. Space Program (No. 12) 

The Impact of the Space Station Cancellation (No. 24) 

Joint Hearing: Scientific, Military, and Commercial 

Applications of the Landsat Program (No. 61) 

The Future of the DOE Laboratories (No. 73) 

Technologies and Strategies for Addressing Global 

Warming (No. 80) 

The Power of Video Teleconferencing: Changing the Way We Do 

Business (No. 81) 

The Landsat Program: Management, Funding, and Policy (No. 91) 
84 

Science and Technology Cooperation with the Russian FederationVideoconference with Moscow (No. 95) 

Renewable Energy Technologies (No. 107) 

New Opportunities in Higher Technology Industry for Southern 

California (No. 116) 

Science, Mathematics, and Engineering Education (No. 118) 

Coral Reef Ecosystems Research and Protection (No. 123) 

The Role of Science at EPA and FY 1993 Budget (No. 129) 

Latin American Scientific Cooperation (No. 132) 

Videoteleconference: Exploring the U.S./Russian Relationship in the 

Post Cold War Era. (No. 133) 

The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural 

Organization (No. 152) 

Technical Amendments to the American Technology Preeminence 

Act (No. 154) 

NASP Program Authorization (No. 158) 

The Role of Science in Adjudicating Trade Disputes under the 

NAFTA (No. 159) 

Fundamental Competitiveness Act of 1992 (No. 162) 

New Directions for the DOE Multiprogram Laboratories – 

Implications for the Federal Laboratory System (No. 169) 

Videoconference-Reaching Out to Improve U.S. Competitiveness in 

Manufacturing Assistance and Industrial Extension (No. 171) 

High Technology in Small Business (No. 172) 

103rd Congress (174 Hearings-21 Full or Joint)

Technology Policy: President’s Science Advisor (No. 16) 

 The Superconducting Super Collider Project (No. 42) 

Partnerships and Collaboration as Competitiveness Tools (No. 48) 

Markup Sessions-NASA Management Reorganization Act (No. 53) 

DOE Lab Tech Act of 1993 (No. 54) 

Export Control Reform in High Technology (No. 57) 

Global Change Research: Science and Policy (No. 60) 

U.S./European Community Videoconference (No. 64) 

Videoconference: Defense Conversion (No. 82) 

Video Conference with Members of the Parliament of Japan (No. 99) 

Academic Earmarks, Parts I &II (No. 100) 

Review of the Hubble Space Telescope Mission (No. 106) 

Lessons Learned from Northridge Earthquake (No. 107) 

NSF Authorization Act (No. 109) 

DOE Laboratory Technology Act of 1993 (No. 110) 

Climate Change Action Plan and Assessment (No. 111) 

Commercial Remote Sensing In the Post-Cold War Era (No. 124) 

Federal Environmental Research: Promises and Problems (No. 126) 

Meeting: To Consider Issuance of Subpoena To Officials and 

Current and Former Employees of DOD (No. 131) 

Gene Therapy: Status, Prospects for the Future, and Government 

Policy Implications (No. 168) 
85 

Academic Earmarks-Part III (No. 174) 

104th Congress (78 Hearings-22 Full or Joint)

Is Today’s Science Policy Preparing Us for the Future (No. 1) 

The Hydrogen Future Act of 1995 (No. 2) 

Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis (No. 3) 

Alternative Futures for DOE National Laboratories (No. 11) 

Federal Technology Transfer Policies and Our Federal Laboratories 

(No. 13) 

Restructuring the Federal Science Establishment (No. 14) 

Cyber porn: Protecting Our Children from the Back Alleys of the 

Internet (No. 16) 

U.S.-Japanese Cooperation in Human Spaceflight (No. 22) 

Educational Technology in the 21st Century (No. 23) 

Restructuring the Federal Science Establishment: Dismantling of the 

Department of Commerce (No. 24) 

Joint Hearing: Restructuring the Fed. Science Establishment (No. 30) 

NASA Procurement in the Earth-Space Economy (No. 33) 

Department of Commerce Dismantling Act (No. 40) 

The Antarctic Environmental Protection Act of 1996 (No. 42) 

Allocating Federal Funds for Science and Technology (No. 44) 

U.S. Global Change Research Programs (No. 49) 

Environmental Regulation: A Barrier to the Use of Environmental 

Technology (No. 63) 

Solving the Year 2000 Computer Problem (No. 67) 

Leveraging National Oceanographic Capabilities (No. 69) 

Civilian Science Agencies’ Implementation of the Government 

Performance and Results Act (No. 73) 

The Effects of a Six-Year Balanced Budget on Civilian Research and 

Development, Parts I & II) (No. 74) 

Technology Solutions to Improve Aviation Safety (No. 78) 

105th Congress (98 Hearings-59 Full or Joint)

Note: Each bound edition for the 105th Congress reviewed for 

this work had its own set of tab numbers. 

Secure Communications (Vol. 8, Tab 1) 

The Status of Russian Participation in the International Space Station 

(Vol. 8, Tab 2) 

Biotechnology and the Ethics of Cloning (Vol. 8, Tab 3) 

The U.S. and Antarctica in the 21st Century (Vol. 8, Tab 4) 

Year 2000 Risks: What are the Consequences of Information 

Technology Failure? (Vol. 8, Tab 5) 

FAA Research, Engineering, and Development Authorization 

(Vol. 8, Tab 6) 

FY 1998 NASA Authorization, Parts I-VI (Vol. 8, Tab 7) 

Markups of H.R. 363, 437, 1271, 1272, 1273, 1277, 1275, 1274, 

1276, and 1278 (Vol. 8, Tab 8) 
86 

Surface Transportation Research Needs for the Next Century, Parts I 

& II (Vol. 9, Tab 1) 

Fiscal Year 1998 Budget Authorization for the NSF (Vol. 9, Tab 2) 

Demanding Results: Implementing the Government Performance and 

Results Act (Vol. 9, Tab 3) 

Funding Needs for NIST, Parts I & II (Vol. 9, Tab 4) 

Technology in the Classroom: Panacea or Pandora’s Box (Vol. 9, 

Tab 5) 

The Commercial Space Act of 1997, Parts I & II (Vol. 10, Tab 3) 

Review of the President’s. Commission’s Recommendations on 

Cloning (Vol. 11, Tab 1) 

The Computer Security Enhancement Act of 1997 (Vol. 11, Tab 2) 

The Role of Research and Development in Improving Civilian Air 

Traffic Management (Vol. 11, Tab 4) 

Do You Know Who You Are Doing Business With? (Vol. 12, Tab 3) 

Meeting the Needs of People with Disabilities through Federal 

Technology Transfer (Vol. 12, Tab 4) 

Promoting Technology Transfer by Facilitating Licenses to Federally 

Owned Inventions (Vol. 12, Tab 5) 

Next Generation Internet (Vol. 13, Tab 3) 

Prohibition of Federal Government Funding of Human Cloning 

Research (Vol. 13, Tab 4) 

Role of Computer Security in Protecting U.S. Infrastructures 

(Vol. 13, Tab 5) 

The Global Dimensions of the Millennium Bug (Vol. 13, Tab 6) 

Will Federal Government Computers Be Ready for the Year 2000? 

(Vol. 14, Tab 1) 

Technology to Reduce Aircraft Noise ( Vol. 14, Tab 4) 

Reauthorization of the Small Business Technology Transfer Program 

(Vol. 14, Tab 5) 

The State of Science, Math, Engineering, and Technology Education 

in America, Parts I-IV (Vol. 14, Tab 6) 

DOE Posture (Vol. 14, Tab 7) 

Facilitating Licenses to Federally-Owned Inventions (Vol. 14, Tab 8) 

Review of the Fiscal Year 1999 Administration Request for the 

Technology Administration and NIST (Vol. 16, Tab 1) 

Review of the FAA Fiscal Year 1999 R&D Budget (Vol. 17, Tab 2) 

FAA at Risk: Year 2000 Impact on Air Traffic Control System 

(Vol. 19, Tab 2) 

Educating Our Children with Tech. Skills to Compete 

(Vol. 20, Tab 1) 

A Review of H.R. 3007, the Advancement of Women in Science, 

Engineering, and Technology Development Act (Vol. 23, Tab 1) 

FY 1999 Budget Authorization Request: NSF (Vol. 23, Tab 2) 

Oversight of Fed. Government’s Year 2000 Efforts (Vol. 23, Tab 3) 

Aviation Manufacturing and Fastener Quality Act (Vol. 23, Tab 5) 

International Standards, Parts I & II (Vol. 23, Tab 6) 

International Domain Names, Parts I & II (Vol. 24, Tab 1) 
87 

National Science Policy Study, Parts I-VII (Vol. 24, Tab 2) 

NSF’s Statewide Systemic Initiatives (Vol. 26, Tab 1) 

External Regulations of DOE Labs (Vol. 26, Tab 2) 

Developing Partnerships for Assistive and Universally Designed 

Technologies for Person with Disabilities (Vol. 27, Tab 3) 

Industrial Biotechnology: A Solution for the Future? (Vol. 27, Tab 4) 

Technology Development at the FAA (Vol. 27, Tab 5) 

Road from Kyoto ( Vol. 29, Tab 1 and 2, Vol. 30, Tab 1 and 2) 

The Domain Name System, Parts I & II (Vol. 31, Tab 2) 

Millennium Short Circuit: The Year 2000 Effect on Energy Utilities 

(Vol. 32, Tab 2) 

China: Dual Use Technology (Vol. 32, Tab 3) 

Community Colleges in the 21st Century (Vol. 32, Tab 4) 

Y2K: What Every Consumer Should Know (Vol. 33, Tab 2) 

Remote Sensing Applications as a Research and Management Tool 

(Vol. 33, Tab 3) 

Space Power for the 21st Century (Vol. 34, Tab 1) 

Y2K: Will We Get There in Time? (Vol. 34, Tab 2) 

The District of Columbia’s Year 2000 Compliance Challenge 

(Vol. 34, Tab 5) 

High-Performance Computing (Vol. 34, Tab 6) 

The Fastener Quality Act: Needed or Outdated (Vol. 34, Tab 7) 

106th Congress (105 Hearings-34 Full or Joint)

The Impact of Litigation on Fixing Y2K (No. 3) 

The Melissa Virus (No. 5) 

Y2K in Orbit (No. 6) 

Security at DOE (No. 9) 

Range Modernization, Parts I & II (No. 10) 

Why and How You Should Learn Math and Science (No. 21) 

Iran Nonproliferation Act of 1999 (No. 22) 

Computer Security Impact of Y2K (No. 23) 

Federal Research and Small Business (No. 26) 

The Rudman Report on Security Problems at DOE (No. 31) 

Restructuring the DOE (No. 33) 

K-12 Math and Science Education (No. 34) 

Y2K Technology Challenge (No. 35) 

Space Transportation, Parts I-IV (No. 41) 

Will Transportation and FAA be Ready for the Year 2000? (No. 46) 

Oversight of the Year 2000 Problem at the DOD (No. 47) 

FAA and Y2K (Tab 51) 

The Year 2000 Computer Problems: Implications for International 

Travel (No. 52) 

Are Fed. Gov.’s Critical Programs Ready for Jan. 1, 2000? (No. 53) 

Y2K and Contingency and Day 1 Plans (No. 54) 

Y2K and Nuclear Power (No. 55) 

State of the States (No. 56) 

Y2K Myth and Realities (No. 61) 
88 

K-12 Math and Science Education: Find Training, and Keeping Good 

Teachers (No. 63) 

K-12 Math and Science Education: Testing and Licensing of 

Teachers (No. 64) 

Is CO2 a Pollutant and Does EPA Have the Power to Regulate It? 

(No. 66) 

National Science Education Enhancement Act (No. 82) 

Year 2000 Computer Problem (No. 84) 

Markups of H.R. 356, 1883, 2607, and 2797 (No. 93) 

EPA’s Sludge Rule: Closed Minds or Open Debate (No. 95) 

The Young Reports, Parts I & II (No. 96) 

Computer Security Lapses (No. 101) 

Intolerance at EPA-Harming People, Harming Science (No. 103) 

U.S. Bilateral Space Launch Trade Agreements (No. 105) 

107th Congress (90 Hearings-35 Full or Joint)

K-12 Grade Math and Science Ed: View from Blackboard (No. 3) 

Acid Rain: The State of Science and Research (No. 5) 

Space Station Cost Overruns (No. 8) 

Climate Change: The State of the Science (No. 13) 

Proposed R&D Budget for Fiscal Year 2002 (No. 14) 

Improving Voting Technology: The Role of Standards (No. 20) 

The Nation’s Energy Future: Role of Renewable Energy and Energy 

Efficiency (No. 24) 

Ocean Exploration and Coastal and Observing Systems (No. 26) 

Develop. of Anti-Terrorism Tools for Water Infrastructure (No. 29) 

Decontamination of Anthrax and Other Biological Agents (No. 39) 

Cyber Terrorism: A View from the Gilmore Commission (No. 40) 

Cyber Security-How Can We Protect American Computer Networks 

from Attack? (No. 41) 

National Energy Policy-Report of the National Energy Policy 

Development Group (No. 42 and 44) 

Vol. I, Learning From 9/11-Understanding the Collapse of the World 

Trade Center (No. 46 and 46a) 

The Space Station Task Force Report (No. 49) 

Science of Bioterrorism: Is the Fed. Gov. Prepared? (No. 51) 

The 2001 Presidential Awardees for Excellence in Mathematics and 

Science Teaching: Views from the Blackboard (No. 55) 

New Directions for Climate Research and Tech. Initiatives (No. 56) 

The R&D Budget for Fiscal Year 2003: An Evaluation (No. 57) 

NASA’s Fiscal Year 2003 Budget Request (No. 58) 

Health Effects of Particulate Air Pollution: What Does the Science 

Say? (No. 60) 

The Investigation of the World Trade Center Collapse: Findings, 

Recommendations, and Next Steps (No. 61) 

Markups of H.R. 2051, 2486, 2733, 3130, 3178, etc. (No. 66) 

Science and Technology to Combat Terrorism (No. 68) 

Homeland Security: The Federal and N.Y. Response (No. 71) 
89 

Creating a Department of Homeland Security (No. 73) 

The Administration’s Climate Change Initiative (No. 75) 

Drought Prediction, Preparation, and Response (No. 77) 

H.R. 5395, Aquatic Invasive Species Research Act (No. 81) 

The Future of DOE’s Automotive Research Programs (No. 82) 

The State of the Nation’s Ecosystems, The Heinz Center Report and 

Its Implications (No. 87) 

Meeting the Needs of the Fire Services (No. 88) 

Conducting Research during the War on Terrorism: Balancing 

Openness and Security (No. 90) 

108th Congress (69 Hearings-35 Full or Joint)

Overview of the Fiscal R&D Budget for FY 2004 (No. 1) 

NASA’s Fiscal Year 2004 Budget Request (No. 3) 

The Path to a Hydrogen Economy (No. 4) 

Nanotechnology Research and Development Act of 2003 (No. 6) 

Aerospace Commission Report and NASA Workforce (No. 7) 

Dealing with Foreign Students and Scholars in the Age of Terrorism: 

Visa Backlogs and Tracking Systems (No. 9) 

The Societal Implications of Nanotechnology (No. 13) 

Staffing for Adequate Fire and Emergency Response Firefighters Act 

of 2003 (No. 15) 

Cyber Security Research and Development (No. 17) 

Supercomputing: Is the U.S. on the Right Path? (No. 21) 

Commercial Human Space Flight (No. 26) 

The Columbia Accident Investigation Board Report (No. 27) 

NASA’s Response to the Columbia Report (No. 28) 

The Future of Human Space Flight (No. 29) 

NASA’s Organizational and Management Challenges in the Wake of 

the Columbia Disaster (No. 30) 

Nanotechnology Research and Development: The Biggest Little 

Thing in Texas (No. 37) 

Fueling the High Technology Workforce with Math and Science 

Education (No. 38) 

Tools for Enhancing Small Business Competitiveness in the Dallas 

Area: A Review of Federal Programs (No. 39) 

Strengthening Windstorm Hazard Mitigation: An Examination of 

Public and Private Efforts (No. 40) 

Overview of Federal R&D Budget for FY 2005 (No. 41) 

U.S. Vision for Space Exploration (No. 42) 

Conflict between Science and Security in Visa Policy: Status and 

Next Steps (No. 43) 

Reviewing the Hydrogen Fuel and Freedom CAR Initiative (No. 44) 

Perspectives on the President’s Vision for Space Exploration (No. 45) 

Green Chemistry Research and Development Act of 2004 (No. 47) 

2003 Presidential Awardees for Excellence in Math and Science 

Teaching: A Lesson Plan for Success (No. 48) 

National Windstorm Impact Reduction Act of 2004 (No. 51) 
90 

High-Performance Computing Revitalization Act of 2004 (No. 55) 

Bioterrorism Preparedness: People, Tools, and Systems for Detecting 

and Responding to a Bioterrorist Attack (No. 56) 

U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy Preliminary Report (No. 57) 

Assistance to Firefighters Grant Reauthorization Act of 2004 

(No. 58) 

Field Hearings: Transportation Research and Development: 

Applications and Opportunities in the Denver Region (No. 62) 

Field Hearings: The Assistance to Firefighters Grant Program: A 

View from Upstate New York (No. 63) 

Cyber Security Education: Meeting the Needs of Technology 

Workers and Employers (No. 68) 

H.R. Con. Res. 276, H.R. 395, 766, 1081, 1085, etc. (No. 69) 

109th Congress (68 Hearings-35 Full or Joint)

Tsunamis: Is the U.S. Prepared? (No. 1) 

Options for Hubble Science ( No. 2) 

Improving the Nation’s Energy Security: Can Cars and Trucks Be 

Made More Fuel Efficient? (No. 3) 

An Overview of the Federal R&D for FY 2006 (No. 4) 

NASA’s FY 2006 Budget Proposal (No. 5) 

Methamphetamine Remediation Research Act of 2005 (No. 6) 

The 2004 Presidential Awardees for Excellence in Mathematics and 

Science Teaching (No. 9) 

NASA Earth Science (No. 12) 

The Future of Computer Science Research in U.S. (No. 14) 

Business Actions Regarding Greenhouse Gas Emissions. (No. 16) 

The Future of NASA (No. 19) 

U.S. Competitiveness: The Innovation Challenge (No. 24) 

Cyber Security: U.S. Vulnerability and Preparedness (No. 25) 

NOAA Hurricane Forecasting (No. 26) 

Science, Tech. and Global Economic Competitiveness (No. 27) 

The Investigation of the World Trade Center Collapse: Findings, 

Recommendations, and Next Steps (No. 28) 

Status of NASA’s Programs (No. 31) 

Ongoing Problems and Future Plans for NOAA’s Weather 

Satellites (No. 33) 

Environmental and Safety Impacts of Nanotechnology: What 

Research is Needed? (No. 34) 

An Overview of the Federal R&D Budget for FY 2007 (No. 35) 

NASA’s FY 2007 Budget Proposal (No. 36) 

NASA Science Mission Directorate: Impacts of the Fiscal Year 2007 

Budget Proposal (No. 38) 

Should Congress Establish “ARPA-E”? (No. 39) 

K-12 Science and Math Education across the Federal Agencies 

(No. 43) 

The H-Prize Act of 2006 (No. 45) 

The Role of the NSF in K-12 Science and Math Education (No. 46) 
91 

Innovation and Information Technology: The Government, 

University, and Industry Roles in Information Technology Research 

and Commercialization (No. 48) 

Inspector General Report on NOAA Weather Satellites (No. 49) 

The Future of NPOESS: Results of the Nunn-McCurdy Review of 

NOAA’s Weather Satellite Program (No. 53) 

Voting Machines: Will the New Standards and Guidelines Help 

Prevent Future Problems? (No. 56) 

Science and Technical Advice for the U.S. Congress (No. 57) 

How Can Technologies Help Secure Our Borders? (No. 60) 

Research on Environmental and Safety Impacts of Nanotechnology: 

What Are the Federal Agencies Doing? (No. 63) 

Implementing the Vision for Space Exploration: Development of the 

Crew Exploration Vehicle (No. 65) 

GAO Report on NOAA’s Weather Satellite Program (No. 66) 

110th Congress, 1st session (73 Hearings-15 Full or Joint) 

The State of Climate Change Science 2007: The Findings of the 

Fourth Assessment Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on 

Climate Change (IPCC), Working Group I Report (No. 2) 

National Imperatives for Earth and Climate Science Research and 

Applications Investments over the Next Decade ( No. 3) 

The Administration’s FY 2008 Research and Development Budget 

Proposal (No. 5) 

Science and Technology Leadership in a 21st Century Global 

Economy (No. 10) 

NASA’s FY 2008 Budget Request (No. 12) 

The State of Climate Change Science 2007: The Findings of the 

Fourth Assessment Report by (IPCC), Working Group II: Climate 

Change Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability (No. 20) 

The State of Climate Change Science 2007: The Findings of the 

Fourth Assessment Report by the (IPCC), Working Group III: 

Mitigation of Climate Change (No. 30) 

The Role of Technology in Reducing Illegal File Sharing: A 

University Perspective (No. 34) 

Oversight Review of the Investigation of the NASA Inspector 

General (No. 37) 

The Globalization of R&D and Innovation. Part I (No. 39) 

Tracking the Storm at the National Hurricane Center (No. 47) 

The Globalization of R&D and Innovation. Part II: The University 

Response (No. 49) 

Bridge Safety: Next Steps to Protect Critical Infrastructure (No. 53) 

Meeting the Need for Inter-operability and Information Security in 

Health IT (No. 57) 

Aviation Safety: Can NASA Do More to Protect the Public? 

(No. 70) 
92 

Mike Waszkiewicz holds the ice coring drill while Dr. Karl Kreutz removes an 

ice core from the Clark Glacier in the McMurdo Dry Valleys. Dr. Kreutz's 

research team drilled a 160-meter core to study the regional climate from the 

past 2,000 years. The data will help scientists predict future climate change in 

the area. (Photo courtesy of National Science Foundation) 
93 

Biographies of the Chairmen of the 

Select Committee and the 

Committee on Science and 

Technology 

Ranking Members of the Committee 

(1958-2008) 
94 

John McCormack 

Select Committee, 

Chairman 

John McCormack was born in 

Boston on December 21, 1891, and 

became an attorney in 1913. After 

serving in the U.S. Army during 

World War I, the people of 

Massachusetts elected him to the 

state house and senate. Through a 

special election, McCormack became a Member of the House on 

November 6, 1928, and rose to be the Democratic Majority 

Leader during the 76th Congress in 1939. After serving under 

Speaker Sam Rayburn since September 16, 1940, the House 

elected McCormack Speaker on January 10, 1962. As Majority 

Leader, McCormack exhibited leadership abilities that enabled 

him to work with Members from both parties. On March 5, 

1958, McCormack introduced a resolution to create a Select 

Committee of 13 Members of the House to review America’s 

science and space programs in light of Russia’s launch of 

Sputnik. McCormack proved to be an ideal leader of the Select 

Committee and was personally involved in choosing Members 

and in the equally important task of hiring a professional staff 

who could work together in a bipartisan fashion. McCormack 

also was directly engaged in developing lists of witnesses that 

would give testimony before the Select Committee. His interests 

in the field extended well beyond America’s space program and 

the hysteria generated by Sputnik and included a desire to have 

the President create a cabinet level department of science. 

McCormack’s generation had seen America take the lead in 

science during the 1930s and 1940s, and he wanted to ensure it 

maintained that status. Chairman McCormack also established 

liaisons with a reluctant President Eisenhower to ensure support 

for the passage of the bill to create the National Aeronautics and 

Space Administration (NASA). Once McCormack was assured 

that the Committee was firmly established, he stepped back from 

an active leadership role in 1959 and turned over the daily 

operations of the Committee to Overton Brooks. 
95 

Joseph W. Martin

Select Committee, 

Ranking Member 

Best known in history as the Speaker 

of the House in the late 1940s and 

during President Eisenhower’s first 

term in office, Martin, (1884-1968) 

provided an important service to the 

nation in the wake of the Sputnik

hysteria raised in 1957-1958. A 

native son of Massachusetts, Martin was born on November 3, 

1884, and worked as a newspaper reporter and publisher before 

moving into the world of politics. He was a lifelong Republican 

and held several state level offices prior to his election to 

Congress. From the time Martin first entered the House in 1925 

through the end of the Truman administration, he was a staunch 

conservative, however, during the first part of the Eisenhower 

Administration, Martin joined the centrists in the party. He 

approved of the president’s international policies and supported 

funds being spent on education. In the late 1950s, Democrats 

considered Martin to be a bipartisan leader and someone with the 

political temperament that would allow the two parties to 

successfully work together. In the wake of Russia’s launch of 

Sputnik on October 4, 1957, Speaker Sam Rayburn and Majority 

Leader McCormack asked Martin to select several Republican 

committee leaders to serve on the new Select Committee on 

Astronautics and Space Exploration. Martin chose some of the 

most influential individuals on the Armed Services, Foreign 

Affairs, Judiciary, Appropriations, and Banking and Currency 

Committees. His knowledge of the experts needed to staff the 

new Committee proved critical to its ultimate success. Martin 

remained the Committee’s Ranking Member through the 89th

Congress, which ended in 1966. However, after losing his 

position as the House’s Minority Leader on January 6, 1959, 

Martin became an infrequent participant in Committee activities. 

He encouraged James G. Fulton of Pennsylvania to act as the de 

facto Committee Ranking Member during Martin’s remaining 

years on the Committee.
96 

Overton Brooks 

Chairman, 1959-1961 

While on a trip to Paris in October 

1957, Brooks (1897-1961) read 

about the Soviet Union’s space 

coup, Sputnik. Brooks immediately 

cut his trip short and returned to the 

States. Elected to the House in 

1936 and having an uncle who had 

served in the House and Senate, 

Brooks knew the House and had 

risen to be the second ranking member on the Armed Services 

Committee during the 85th Congress. Majority Leader 

McCormack chose Brooks to join the Select Committee because 

of his expertise. Brooks had introduced his own resolution to 

create a new committee weeks before McCormack’s, but 

Brooks’ proposal never came out of committee. Brooks worked 

on the Select Committee that created NASA and gained the 

support of McCormack to become the chairman of the new 

Committee on Science and Astronautics. When the 86th

Congress convened in 1959, Brooks and the Committee were 

faced with the Soviet launch of Lunik, a satellite launched to pass 

by the moon. Brooks proved to be an energetic and dedicated 

leader who worked long hours and on weekends. As the 

chairman, he initially followed the methods of Carl Vinson on 

the Armed Forces Committee and sought to personally manage 

everything that came before the Committee. Brooks resisted 

establishing subcommittees until other Members forced him to 

relent. However, he only allowed the establishment of 

temporary subcommittees that held hearings on the space 

program, manpower, education, weather, and agriculture and 

were then disbanded. To help the Committee in its work, Brooks 

created a staff of authorities in several fields and even sought 

military advice. Since the Committee was new, Brooks tested 

the limits of its jurisdiction, which created testy exchanges with 

other leaders including Vinson. Even with all the controversies, 

Chairman Brooks enjoyed the unwavering support of his friend 

and ally, Speaker John McCormack. 
97 

George F. Miller

Chairman, 1961-1973 

George Miller (1891-1982) graduated 

from St. Mary’s College in 1912 in 

civil engineering. During World War 

I, he served as a U.S. Army lieutenant 

in the artillery, and in the late 1930s, 

he entered politics. Miller was elected 

to the House in 1944, representing 

Oakland, California. Miller became 

the third ranking member of the 

Committee on Science and Astronautics in 1959 and was one of 

the few Members to have an engineering background. Like 

Brooks, Miller had served on the Armed Forces Committee and 

disliked Carl Vinson’s management style. When Miller became 

chairman, he preferred to work in a more inclusive manner. His 

operating philosophy was to get things done in a professional 

manner and not in a flurry of activity just to make newspaper 

headlines or improve his political position on the Hill. Chairman 

Miller saw the need to create subcommittees that would allow 

Members with particular interests and expertise to focus on 

specialized areas of science and space. In the 88th Congress, 

Miller named Emilio Daddario the chairman of the new Science, 

Research and Development Subcommittee, which would become 

the most influential subcommittee during the early years of the 

Committee. Miller’s use of more personal dialogue when 

dealing with NASA officials, which included lunches and 

informal meetings instead of impromptu, high-pressure hearings, 

contributed enormously to the success of the agency’s programs. 

Chairman Miller also favored the adoption of the metric system 

and continued to support the workings of the Panel on Science 

and Technology created in 1959, which sought expert input from 

NASA, NBS, and NSF. Miller looked for opportunities to create 

a better understanding between scientists and Congress and 

improve educational standards in mathematics and science. 

Chairman Miller led the Committee until he was defeated in his 

1972 reelection campaign. 
98 

Olin E. (Tiger) Teague

Chairman, 1973-1979 

One of the more popular members 

of the House, “Tiger” Teague 

(1910-1981) came to the Hill in 

1946. Teague, who fought in 

Europe commanding an infantry 

battalion, spent two years in a U.S. 

Army hospital recovering from 

wounds. He received the Silver 

and Bronze Stars, and the Purple Heart, all with clusters for his 

distinguished service. With his military background, Teague 

was eminently qualified to be chairman of the Veterans Affairs 

Committee from 1963-1972. Teague joined the Committee on 

Science and Astronautics at its inception in 1959 and chaired the 

Manned Space Flight Subcommittee, which investigated the 

Apollo 1 fire. Because of his political temperament, Teague was 

able to conduct a thorough and fair investigation that helped 

NASA move ahead with its lunar landing program. Upon being 

elected chairman of the Committee in 1973, Teague hired Jack 

Swigert, Command Module pilot of Apollo 13, as the 

Committee’s executive director. Teague wanted to improve the 

Committee’s relationship with the agency and better understand 

NASA’s programs in the post-Apollo era. The chairman 

successfully led a bipartisan group of shuttle supporters against 

strong opposition on the Committee. Teague also pushed the 

space agency to establish more outreach programs, build a 

visitor’s center at Cape Canaveral, and educate the people 

concerning the values of space exploration. After President 

Nixon eliminated the office of science advisor, Chairman Teague 

and Ranking Member Charles Mosher worked together and 

persuaded President Gerald Ford to reinstate the office in 1975. 

During his final years in office, Teague confronted another 

divisive issue with the Clinch River Breeder Reactor. Teague 

fought hard to build a consensus both in the Committee and 

House on the controversial reactor program that raised serious 

and ongoing questions concerning the nation’s energy policy, 

nuclear security, and the environment. 
99 

Don Fuqua

Chairman, 1979-1987 

Don Fuqua was elected in 1962 from a 

Democratic stronghold in northern 

Florida, and he enthusiastically 

supported President John Kennedy’s 

vision for the space program. Fuqua 

served in the Medical Corp during the 

Korean War and after graduating from 

the University of Florida, he managed 

a farm. Fuqua joined the Committee his first year and became a 

member of the Manned Space Flight Subcommittee. While on 

that subcommittee, he participated in numerous hearings on 

NASA’s Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo manned space programs. 

One of the more difficult hearings dealt with the 1967 fire on 

Apollo 1 that killed three astronauts. Fuqua had interviewed a 

number of astronauts just prior to the fire and they assured him 

that they understood the inherent risks in the space program. 

Fuqua concurred with the Committee’s final report that 

identified a number of major flaws, which had to be corrected 

before NASA could return to space. In 1973 Fuqua became the 

chairman of the Manned Space Flight Subcommittee and 

provided important leadership of the shuttle program. He also 

oversaw the joint American and Soviet space effort that helped 

reduce Cold War tensions with the successful Apollo-Soyuz 

program in 1975. By the late 1970s, Fuqua worked closely with 

Chairman Teague concerning the shuttle and the Clinch River 

Breeder Reactor. As chairman of the Committee, Fuqua dealt 

with the 1979 energy crisis and worked to improve education in 

the sciences. He launched a two-year review of the country’s 

science policy in order to develop strategies for the future. In his 

last term as Chairman, Fuqua unhappily faced a second oversight 

investigation of NASA in the aftermath of the destruction of the 

space shuttle Challenger during launch on January 28, 1986. He 

called for a full set of hearings that would investigate the 

problems at NASA leading up to the disaster and ensured that 

NASA would institute measures to guarantee the continuation of 

a safe and successful shuttle program. 
100 

Robert A. Roe

Chairman, 1987-1991 

Robert Roe, born in 1924, served in 

the U.S. Army during World War II 

and entered New Jersey state politics 

in 1956. He became a prominent 

leader in the state and the fight for the 

passage of important water projects. 

Educated as an engineer and 

considered a tireless worker, Roe won 

a special election to the House in 

1969. He joined the Committee on Science and Astronautics 

during the 92nd Congress in 1971. Initially, Roe did not take a 

strong interest in the Committee until the space shuttle 

Challenger disaster in January 1986. The following year the 

House leadership selected Roe to be chairman, at which time he 

became much more engaged in Committee activities. Roe 

strongly supported the shuttle program. He also pressed NASA 

to expand its satellite programs to study the planets. As 

Chairman, Roe led the Committee in its oversight investigations 

concerning the Hubble Space Telescope’s flawed lens. Roe also 

sought the active involvement of private industry in space 

technology as part of the Reagan era effort to reduce the size of 

government. He wanted companies to research and develop their 

own programs and explore what advances space-based projects 

might offer. Roe expanded the Committee’s efforts to protect 

the environment and worked to establish a National Toxic Waste 

Center under the auspices of the Environmental Protection 

Agency. He fought to stop the dumping of sludge into the ocean, 

and Roe led the Committee to promote bills dealing with 

monitoring the quality of indoor air, radon gas, and child 

nutritional studies. With Albert Gore’s departure from the 

Committee in 1986, Roe enthusiastically continued Gore’s work 

to study the implications of the ozone hole over the Antarctic. In 

the field of energy and with his background in engineering, Roe 

supervised the Committee’s oversight duties and worked to pass 

the Superconducting Super Collider Project Authorization Act in 

1990 during his last term as chairman in the 102nd Congress. 
101 

George E. Brown, Jr. 

Chairman, 1991-1995 

Born into a Quaker family, George 

Brown (1920-1999) served in the 

U.S. Army during World War II 

and graduated from the University 

of California in 1946 with a degree 

in industrial physics. Brown also 

worked for the city of Los Angeles 

during the 1940s and 1950s before 

entering into politics. Elected as a 

Democrat to the House in 1962, he served four terms before 

making an unsuccessful run for the Senate. Brown returned to 

the House on January 3, 1973, and served until his death on July 

15, 1999. Although an opponent of many military projects, he 

was a strong supporter of the space program, protection of the 

environment, and promotion of alternative energy sources. After 

he first joined the Committee at the beginning of his second term 

in 1965, in the 94th Congress, Brown became chairman of the 

Environment and the Atmosphere Subcommittee. During his 

first term as chairman, Brown led his subcommittee in 15 

hearings dealing with NOAA and EPA, renewable energy 

programs, water quality, dumping waste in the ocean, solid waste 

management, national climate change issues, and atmospheric 

and ozone studies. Chairman Brown supported non-petroleum 

fuels for cars and trucks and the research and development of 

electric and hybrid technology for vehicles. With his interest in 

engineering, Brown also strongly promoted technological 

advancements in aviation and the exploration of space. As 

chairman, he wanted to develop partnerships between the 

government and the private sector to create new scientific and 

technological projects that would benefit the lives of average 

citizens. After the Republicans gained control of the House in 

1994, Brown became the ranking member. He took on the role 

of the loyal opposition, but Brown still supported NASA’s 

unmanned satellite projects and rose in opposition to the costly 

space station. 
102 

Robert S. Walker 

Chairman, 1995-1997 

Born in northwestern Pennsylvania 

in 1942, Robert Walker taught in a 

public school upon graduating 

from the University of Delaware. 

After serving six years in the 

National Guard, he entered the 

world of politics. In 1976, the 

people in the district east of 

Harrisburg, PA, elected him to the 

House as a Republican. Walker joined the Committee on 

Science and Technology and used his early years to become an 

expert in the rules and operations of the House. Walker had 

risen to the position of ranking member on the Committee during 

the 102nd and 103rd Congresses (1991-1995) and led fellow 

Republicans in frustrating many of the legislative efforts of 

Chairman George Brown. During this same period, Walker 

joined Newt Gingrich and formed a coalition that succeeded in 

gaining a majority in the House during the 1994 elections. When 

the 104th Congress convened, Walker became chairman of the 

Committee and renamed it the Committee on Science. The 

Republican leadership wanted to improve efficiency in the 

House and mandated that each Committee have a maximum of 

four subcommittees. Walker also reduced the number of 

hearings from 174 in the preceding Congress to just 78 while 

increasing the number of bills passing through the Committee. 

Walker focused his efforts on six areas: promote noncommercial federal research and development; oversee the 

relevance of programs; order government laboratories to work on 

projects only they could manage; cut funds to programs in the 

private sector; carefully control groundbreaking projects; and 

ensure all research and development projects be technically 

within the realm of the possible. Walker’s interest in hydrogen 

energy, climate change, and earthquake studies were major 

issues that held center stage during the 104th Congress. In 1996, 

NASA awarded Walker the Distinguished Service Medal, which 

was the first time this award was given to a sitting Member. 
103 

F. James Sensenbrenner, Jr. 

Chairman, 1997-2001 

F. James Sensenbrenner, Jr., was born in 

Chicago, Illinois, in 1943. He graduated 

in 1965 from Stanford University and 

received a Jurist Doctorate from the 

University of Wisconsin Law School in 

1968. In the 1970s, Sensenbrenner 

served in the state legislature until 

elected to the House in 1978 as a 

Republican. After his party gained 

control of the House in 1994, Sensenbrenner pressed his 

colleagues to adopt the policy that they would live by the laws 

and regulations they required the rest of the nation to follow. In 

1997, he became chairman of the Committee on Science and 

continued the Committee’s history of bipartisanship while 

expanding its oversight duties. He followed his Republican 

predecessors’ overall philosophy as to the guidelines the 

Committee would follow and carefully oversaw the use of public 

funds. He wanted government laboratories to focus on projects 

that only the government could accomplish and let private 

laboratories work on commercial endeavors. Sensenbrenner 

increased the amount of legislation passed out of the Committee 

and strongly supported NASA’s space programs. However, he 

questioned the executive branch concerning the joint AmericanRussian space station and the expenditure of taxpayer money 

when America’s partner appeared not to be fulfilling its 

obligations. Sensenbrenner also sought to provide opportunities 

to the private sector in the space program and supported the 

launching of satellites with the capability to aid mining, timber, 

and agricultural interests. During his first Chairmanship and 

having jurisdiction over climate change and environmental 

issues, Speaker Gingrich selected Sensenbrenner to lead the 

House delegation to the Kyoto conference in 1997. Upon his 

return, Sensenbrenner held hearings on the proposed standards 

and used the forum to raise questions concerning the impact of 

implementing the accords on the American economy and the 

lack of international cooperation. 
104 

Sherwood L. Boehlert 

Chairman, 2001-2007 

In 1982, the people in upstate New 

York elected Sherwood Boehlert as a 

Republican to the House. Born in 

Utica in 1936, Boehlert served in the 

U.S. Army for two years before 

graduating from Utica College with a 

BA in 1961. Boehlert joined the 

Committee as a first-term Member 

and supported environmental issues and efforts to curb acid rain. 

During his work on the Committee, other Members considered 

him to be bipartisan and a consensus builder. His first 

assignment was with the Science, Research, and Technology 

subcommittee, and he worked with them on genetic engineering, 

earthquake studies, education, and fire prevention issues. During 

the 100th-102nd Congresses as ranking member on the Science 

Subcommittee, Boehlert strongly opposed the Superconducting 

Super Collider program because of cost issues. Boehlert rose in 

seniority in the Committee, and after Sensenbrenner left at the 

end of the 106th Congress, Boehlert became the chairman in 

2001. The Committee faced several major issues in the wake of 

September 11, 2001, and Boehlert wanted to make science and 

technology important tools in the war against terror. As 

chairman, he held extensive hearings into the collapse of the 

World Trade Center in New York City and the part fire played in 

the ultimate failure of the structural elements and fasteners used 

in the building. He guided the Committee in its crucial role in 

the creation of the Department of Homeland Security and 

supported their science and technology programs. Shortly after 

the beginning of the 108th Congress, Chairman Boehlert faced 

the sad and complex duty of reviewing NASA’s operations and 

investigating the space shuttle Columbia disaster. Before 

retiring from the House at the end of the 109th Congress, 

Boehlert also worked with NASA on whether to extend the 

Hubble Space Telescope project and lent his support to President 

Bush’s proposed mission to return to the moon and eventually 

send a manned craft to Mars. 
105 

Bart Gordon 

Chairman, 2007-Present 

In 1984, Bart Gordon was elected to 

succeed Albert Gore, Jr., in the House 

of Representatives. Gordon was born 

in 1949, and after graduating from 

Middle Tennessee State University 

with honors and from law school at 

the University of Tennessee, he 

opened a private law practice in 1974. 

In the late 1970s and 1980s, he served the Democratic Party at 

the state level. Gordon joined the Committee as a freshman in 

the 99th Congress and sat on the Transportation, Aviation, and 

Materials and the Space, Science, and Applications 

Subcommittees. His interests on these committees included 

working with NASA’s shuttle program and Russia’s 

participation in joint space projects. Gordon also focused on 

mine safety, air traffic control, and high-speed rail transport. In 

1987, Gordon left the Committee upon appointment to the 

exclusive Rules Committee but returned in 1995 for the 104th

Congress. In the next three Congresses, he served as ranking 

member on the Space and Aeronautics Subcommittee, which 

conducted hearings into solar power, the shuttle program, 

asteroid threats, and NASA’s future goals. Gordon became the 

Committee’s ranking member during the 108th Congress and in 

the 109th Congress focused on scientific integrity issues, the offshoring of U.S. jobs and establishing health-based guidelines at 

NIST and EPA for the clean up of illegal methamphetamine labs. 

Gordon assumed chairmanship of the Committee in 2007 and 

spearheaded passage of the America COMPETES Act, which 

creates thousands of highly qualified K-12 science teachers; 

expands support for graduate students and early-career 

researchers; authorizes a doubling of key agencies’ basic 

research budgets; and establishes an Advanced Research Projects 

Agency for Energy to mobilize the scientific enterprise to help 

solve the nation’s energy security problem. The Committee also 

made significant contributions to the 2007 Energy Bill with nine 

bills included in the comprehensive legislation. 
106 

Ranking Members on the 

Committee on Science and Technology 

 

 Joseph Martin (R-MA) James Fulton (R-PA) 

 1959-1967 1967-1973 

 

Charles Mosher (R-OH) John Wydler (R-NY) 

 1973-1977 1977-1981 
107 

Ranking Members on the 

Committee on Science and Technology 

 

 Larry Winn (R-KS) Manuel Luján (R-NM) 

1981-1985 1985-1989 

 

 Robert Walker (R-PA) George Brown (D-CA) 

 1989-1995 1995-1999 
108 

Ranking Members on the 

Committee on Science and Technology 

 

 Ralph Hall (D/R-TX) Bart Gordon (D-TN) 

1999-2003 & 2007-Present 2003-2007 
109 

Membership 

of the Select Committee, 

Committee on Science and Technology 

and Subcommittees 

85th – 110th Congresses 

 Members are listed by order of seniority, with the majority party in 

the left column and the minority party on the right. Seniority is accrued 

according to the internal rules of each party. 
110 

85th Congress 

Select Committee 

JOHN W. MCCORMACK, MA, Chair 

OVERTON BROOKS, LA JOSEPH W. MARTIN, JR., MA 

BROOKS HAYS, AR LESLIE C. ARENDS, IL 

LEO W. O’BRIEN, NY GORDON L. MCDONOUGH, CA 

LEE METCALF, MT JAMES G. FULTON, PA 

WILLIAM H. NATCHER, KY KENNETH B. KEATING, NY 

B. F. SISK, CA GERALD R. FORD, JR., MI 

86th Congress 

Committee on Science and Astronautics 

OVERTON BROOKS, LA, Chair

JOHN W. MCCORMACK, MA JOSEPH W. MARTIN, JR., MA 

GEORGE P. MILLER, CA JAMES G. FULTON, PA 

OLIN E. TEAGUE, TX GORDON L. MCDONOUGH, CA 

VICTOR L. ANFUSO, NY J. EDGAR CHENOWETH, CO 

B. F. SISK, CA FRANK C. OSMERS, JR., NJ 

ERWIN MITCHELL, GA WILLIAM K. VAN PELT, WI 

JAMES M. QUIGLEY, PA A. D. BAUMHART, JR., OH 

DAVID M. HALL, NC PERKINS BASS, NH 

LEONARD G. WOLF, IA R. WALTER RIEHLMAN, NY 

JOSEPH E. KARTH, MN 

KEN HECHLER, WV 

EMILIO Q. DADDARIO, CT 

WALTER H. MOELLER, OH 

DAVID S. KING, UT 

J. EDWARD ROUSH, IN 
111 

87th Congress 

Committee on Science and Astronautics 

 

GEORGE P. MILLER, CA, Chair

OLIN E. TEAGUE, TX JOSEPH W. MARTIN, JR., MA 

VICTOR L. ANFUSO, NY JAMES G. FULTON, PA 

JOSEPH E. KARTH, MN J. EDGAR CHENOWETH, CO 

KEN HECHLER, WV WILLIAM K. VAN PELT, WI 

EMILIO Q. DADDARIO, CT PERKINS BASS, NH 

WALTER H. MOELLER, OH R. WALTER RIEHLMAN, NY 

DAVID S. KING, UT JESSICA M. WEIS, NY 

J. EDWARD ROUSH, IN CHARLES A. MOSHER, OH 

THOMAS G. MORRIS, NM RICHARD L. ROUDEBUSH, IN 

BOB CASEY, TX ALPHONZO BELL, CA 

WILLIAM J. RANDALL, MO THOMAS M. PELLY, WA 

JOHN W. DAVIS, GA 

WILLIAM F. RYAN, NY 

JAMES C. CORMAN, CA 

THOMAS N. DOWNING, VA 

JOE D. WAGGONNER, JR., LA 

CORINNE B. RILEY, SC 

Subcommittees 

Manned Space Flight 

DEM: TEAGUE, Chair, DADDARIO, MORRIS, RYAN

REP: FULTON, RIEHLMAN, ROUDEBUSH 

Advanced Research and Technology 

DEM: ANFUSO, Chair, MOELLER, KING, CORMAN

REP: CHENOWETH, MOSHER, BELL 

Space Sciences 

DEM: KARTH, Chair, CASEY, RANDALL, DOWNING 

REP: VAN PELT, BASS 

Applications and Tracking and Data Acquisition 

DEM: HECHLER, Chair, ROUSH, DAVIS, WAGGONNER, JR.

REP: WEIS 

Patents and Scientific Inventions 

DEM: DADDARIO, Chair, KING, CASEY, RANDALL, RYAN

REP: FULTON, CHENOWETH, BASS, BELL 

Women as Astronauts 

DEM: ANFUSO, Chair, KARTH, ROUSH, RYAN, CORMAN, WAGGONNER, JR., 

RILEY 

REP: FULTON, RIEHLMAN, WEIS, BELL 
112 

88th Congress 

Committee on Science and Astronautics 

 

GEORGE P. MILLER, CA, Chair

OLIN E. TEAGUE, TX JOSEPH W. MARTIN, JR., MA 

JOSEPH E. KARTH, MN JAMES G. FULTON, PA 

KEN HECHLER, WV J. EDGAR CHENOWETH, CO 

EMILIO Q. DADDARIO, CT WILLIAM K. VAN PELT, WI 

J. EDWARD ROUSH, IN R. WALTER RIEHLMAN, NY 

THOMAS G. MORRIS, NM CHARLES A. MOSHER, OH 

BOB CASEY, TX RICHARD L. ROUDEBUSH, IN 

WILLIAM J. RANDALL, MO ALPHONZO BELL, CA 

JOHN W. DAVIS, GA THOMAS M. PELLY, WA 

WILLIAM F. RYAN, NY DONALD RUMSFELD, IL 

THOMAS N. DOWNING, VA JAMES D. WEAVER, PA 

JOE D. WAGGONNER, JR., LA EDWARD J. GURNEY, FL 

EDWARD J. PATTEN, NJ JOHN W. WYDLER, NY 

RICHARD H. FULTON, TN 

DON FUQUA, FL 

NEIL STAEBLER, MI 

CARL ALBERT, OK 

Subcommittees 

Manned Space Flight 

DEM: TEAGUE, Chair, DADDARIO, CASEY, WAGGONNER, JR., PATTEN, 

FUQUA 

REP: FULTON, RIEHLMAN, ROUDEBUSH, BELL, GURNEY

Space, Science, and Applications 

DEM: KARTH, Chair, MORRIS, RANDALL, DOWNING, STAEBLER 

REP: CHENOWETH, VAN PELT, MOSHER, WEAVER 

Advanced Research and Technology 

DEM: HECHLER, Chair, ROUSH, DAVIS, RYAN, FULTON 

REP: PELLY, RUMSFELD, WYDLER 

Science, Research, and Development 

DEM: DADDARIO, Chair, ROUSH, MORRIS, DAVIS, WAGGONNER, JR., 

PATTEN 

REP: RIEHLMAN, MOSHER, BELL, WEAVER 

NASA Oversight 

DEM: TEAGUE, Chair, KARTH, HECHLER, DADDARIO, CASEY, DOWNING, 

WAGGONNER, JR., PATTEN, FUQUA 

REP: FULTON, RIEHLMAN, ROUDEBUSH, BELL, GURNEY 
113 

89th Congress 

Committee on Science and Astronautics 

 

GEORGE P. MILLER, CA, Chair

OLIN E. TEAGUE, TX JOSEPH W. MARTIN, JR., MA 

JOSEPH E. KARTH, MN JAMES G. FULTON, PA 

KEN HECHLER, WV CHARLES A. MOSHER, OH 

EMILIO Q. DADDARIO, CT RICHARD L. ROUDEBUSH, IN 

J. EDWARD ROUSH, IN ALPHONZO BELL, CA 

JOHN W. DAVIS, GA THOMAS M. PELLY, WA 

WILLIAM F. RYAN, NY DONALD RUMSFELD, IL 

THOMAS N. DOWNING, VA EDWARD J. GURNEY, FL 

JOE D. WAGGONNER, JR., LA JOHN W. WYDLER, NY 

DON FUQUA, FL BARBER B. CONABLE, JR., NY 

CARL ALBERT, OK 

ROY A. TAYLOR, NC 

GEORGE E. BROWN, JR., CA 

WALTER H. MOELLER, OH 

LESTER L. WOLFF, NY 

WESTON E. VIVIAN, MI 

GALE SCHISLER, IL 

WILLIAM J. GREEN, PA 

EARLE CABELL, TX 

Subcommittees 

Manned Space Flight 

DEM: TEAGUE, Chair, DADDARIO, WAGGONNER, JR., FUQUA, SCHISLER, 

GREEN, CABELL 

REP: FULTON, ROUDEBUSH, BELL, GURNEY, RUMSFELD 

Space, Science, and Applications 

DEM: KARTH, Chair, DOWNING, TAYLOR, MOELLER, VIVIAN 

REP: CONABLE, JR., MOSHER 

Advanced Research and Technology 

DEM: HECHLER, Chair, ROUSH, DAVIS, RYAN, BROWN, JR., WOLFF 

REP: PELLY, WYDLER 

Science, Research, and Development 

DEM: DADDARIO, Chair, ROUSH, DAVIS, WAGGONNER, JR., BROWN, JR., 

VIVIAN 

REP: MOSHER, BELL, CONABLE, JR. 

NASA Oversight 

DEM: TEAGUE, Chair, KARTH, HECHLER, DADDARIO, DOWNING, 

WAGGONNER, JR., FUQUA 

REP: FULTON, ROUDEBUSH, BELL, GURNEY, WYDLER 
114 

90th Congress 

Committee on Science and Astronautics 

 

GEORGE P. MILLER, CA, Chair

OLIN E. TEAGUE, TX JAMES G. FULTON, PA 

JOSEPH E. KARTH, MN CHARLES A. MOSHER, OH 

KEN HECHLER, WV RICHARD L. ROUDEBUSH, IN 

EMILIO Q. DADDARIO, CT ALPHONZO BELL, CA 

J. EDWARD ROUSH, IN THOMAS M. PELLY, WA 

JOHN W. DAVIS, GA DONALD RUMSFELD, IL 

THOMAS N. DOWNING, VA EDWARD J. GURNEY, FL 

JOE D. WAGGONNER, JR., LA JOHN W. WYDLER, NY 

DON FUQUA, FL GUY VANDER JAGT, MI 

GEORGE E. BROWN, JR., CA LARRY WINN, JR., KS 

EARLE CABELL, TX JERRY L. PETTIS, CA 

JACK BRINKLEY, GA D. E. (BUZ) LUKENS, OH 

BOB ECKHARDT, TX JOHN E. HUNT, NJ 

ROBERT O. TIERNAN, RI 

BERTRAM L. PODELL, NY 

Subcommittees 

Manned Space Flight 

DEM: TEAGUE, Chair, DADDARIO, WAGGONNER, JR., FUQUA, CABELL, 

TIERNAN 

REP: FULTON, ROUDEBUSH, BELL, GURNEY, RUMSFELD 

Space, Science, and Applications 

DEM: KARTH, Chair, DOWNING, BRINKLEY, ECKHARDT 

REP: MOSHER, VANDER JAGT, WINN, JR., PETTIS 

Advanced Research and Technology 

DEM: HECHLER, Chair. ROUSH, DAVIS, BROWN, JR. 

REP: PELLY, WYDLER, HUNT, LUKENS 

Science, Research, and Development 

DEM: DADDARIO, Chair, ROUSH, DAVIS, WAGGONNER, JR., 

BROWN, JR. 

REP: BELL, MOSHER, RUMSFELD, LUKENS 

NASA Oversight 

DEM: TEAGUE, Chair, KARTH, HECHLER, DADDARIO, DOWNING, 

WAGGONNER, JR., FUQUA 

REP: ROUDEBUSH, FULTON, GURNEY, WYDLER, VANDER JAGT 

Bureau of Standards ET AL

DEM: ROUSH, Chair, DAVIS, BRINKLEY 

REP: ROUDEBUSH, WINN, JR. 
115 

91st Congress 

Committee on Science and Astronautics 

GEORGE P. MILLER, CA, Chair 

OLIN E. TEAGUE, TX JAMES G. FULTON, PA 

JOSEPH E. KARTH, MN CHARLES A. MOSHER, OH 

KEN HECHLER, WV RICHARD L. ROUDEBUSH, IN 

EMILIO Q. DADDARIO, CT ALPHONZO BELL, CA 

JOHN W. DAVIS, GA THOMAS M. PELLY, WA 

THOMAS N. DOWNING, VA DONALD RUMSFELD, IL (1) 

JOE D. WAGGONNER, JR., LA JOHN W. WYDLER, NY 

DON FUQUA, FL GUY VANDER JAGT, MI 

GEORGE E. BROWN, JR., CA LARRY WINN, JR., KS 

EARLE CABELL, TX JERRY L. PETTIS, CA (3) 

BERTRAM L. PODELL, NY (4) DONALD E. LUKENS, OH 

WAYNE N. ASPINALL, CO ROBERT PRICE, TX 

ROY A. TAYLOR, NC LOWELL P. WEICKER, JR., CT 

HENRY HELSTOSKI, NJ LOUIS FREY, JR., FL 

MARIO BIAGGI, NY B. M. GOLDWATER, JR., CA (2) 

JAMES W. SYMINGTON, MO 

EDWARD I. KOCH, NY 

(1) Resigned from the House of Representatives May 26, 1969. 

(2) Elected to the Committee June 3, 1969. 

(3) Resigned from the Committee April 30, 1970. 

(4) Resigned from the Committee December 8, 1970. 

Subcommittees 

Manned Space Flight 

DEM: TEAGUE, Chair, DADDARIO, WAGGONNER, JR., FUQUA, CABELL, 

ASPINALL 

REP: FULTON, ROUDEBUSH, BELL, WINN, JR., PRICE, FREY, JR. 

Space, Science, and Applications 

DEM: KARTH, Chair, DOWNING, TAYLOR, SYMINGTON, KOCH 

REP: MOSHER, VANDER JAGT, WEICKER, JR.

Advanced Research and Technology 

DEM: HECHLER, Chair, DAVIS, BROWN, JR., HELSTOSKI, BIAGGI 

REP: PELLY, WYDLER, LUKENS, GOLDWATER, JR. 

Science, Research, and Development 

DEM: DADDARIO, Chair, DAVIS, WAGGONNER, JR., BROWN, JR., CABELL, 

SYMINGTON 

REP: BELL, MOSHER, LUKENS, WINN, JR. 

NASA Oversight 

DEM: TEAGUE, Chair, KARTH, HECHLER, DADDARIO, DOWNING, 

WAGGONNER, JR., FUQUA 

REP: ROUDEBUSH, WYDLER, VANDER JAGT, PRICE, WEICKER, JR., FREY, JR. 

The National Bureau of Standards 

DEM: DAVIS, Chair, FUQUA, BROWN, JR. 

REP: LUKENS, GOLDWATER, JR.

Ad Hoc Subcommittee to Consider H.R. 10771 

DEM: TEAGUE, Chair, KARTH

REP: FULTON 
116 

92nd Congress 

Committee on Science and Astronautics 

GEORGE P. MILLER, CA, Chair

OLIN E. TEAGUE, TX JAMES G. FULTON, PA (2) 

JOSEPH E. KARTH, MN (3) CHARLES A. MOSHER, OH 

KEN HECHLER, WV ALPHONZO BELL, CA 

JOHN W. DAVIS, GA THOMAS M. PELLY, WA 

THOMAS N. DOWNING, VA JOHN W. WYDLER, NY 

DON FUQUA, FL LARRY WINN, JR., KS 

EARLE CABELL, TX ROBERT PRICE, TX 

JAMES W. SYMINGTON, MO LOUIS FREY, JR., FL 

RICHARD T. HANNA, CA BARRY M. GOLDWATER, JR., CA 

WALTER FLOWERS, AL MARVIN L. ESCH, MI 

ROBERT A. ROE, NJ R. LAWRENCE COUGHLIN, PA 

JOHN F. SEIBERLING, JR., OH JOHN N. “HAPPY” CAMP, OK 

WILLIAM R. COTTER, CT 

CHARLES B. RANGEL, NY 

MORGAN F. MURPHY, IL 

MIKE MCCORMACK, WA 

MENDEL J. DAVIS, SC (1) 

BOB BERGLAND, MN (4) 

(1) Elected to the Committee June 3, 1971. 

(2) Died October 6, 1971. 

(3) Resigned from the Committee October 6, 1971. 

(4) Elected to the Committee October 1971. 

Subcommittees 

Manned Space Flight 

DEM: TEAGUE, Chair, FUQUA, CABELL, HANNA, FLOWERS, ROE 

REP: WINN, JR., BELL, WYDLER, PRICE, FREY, JR. 

Aeronautics and Space Technology 

DEM: HECHLER, Chair, DAVIS, COTTER, RANGEL, MCCORMACK 

REP: PELLY, WYDLER, GOLDWATER, JR., ESCH 

Science, Research, and Development 

DEM: DOWNING, Chair, SYMINGTON, SEIBERLING, JR., MURPHY, DAVIS, 

BERGLAND 

REP: PRICE, WINN, JR., GOLDWATER, JR., COUGHLIN, CAMP 

NASA Oversight 

DEM: FUQUA, Chair, TEAGUE, HECHLER, DOWNING, FLOWERS, RANGEL 

REP: WYDLER, FREY, JR., CAMP 

International Cooperation in Science and Space 

DEM: SYMINGTON, Chair, J. DAVIS, ROE, COTTER, MURPHY, M. DAVIS 

REP: FREY, JR., BELL, WINN, JR., PRICE, GOLDWATER, JR. 
117 

93rd Congress 

Committee on Science and Technology 

OLIN E. TEAGUE, TX, Chair

KEN HECHLER, WV CHARLES A. MOSHER, OH 

JOHN W. DAVIS, GA ALPHONZO BELL, CA 

THOMAS N. DOWNING, VA JOHN W. WYDLER, NY 

DON FUQUA, FL LARRY WINN, JR., KS 

JAMES W. SYMINGTON, MO LOUIS FREY, JR., FL 

RICHARD T. HANNA, CA BARRY M. GOLDWATER, JR., CA 

WALTER FLOWERS, AL MARVIN L. ESCH, MI 

ROBERT A. ROE, NJ LAWRENCE COUGHLIN, PA (1) 

WILLIAM R. COTTER, CT JOHN N. "HAPPY" CAMP, OK 

MIKE MCCORMACK, WA JOHN B. CONLAN, AZ 

BOB BERGLAND, MN STANFORD F. PARRIS, VA 

J. J. PICKLE, TX PAUL W. CRONIN, MA 

GEORGE E. BROWN, JR., CA JAMES G. MARTIN, NC 

DALE MILFORD, TX WILLIAM M. KETCHUM, CA (2) 

RAY THORNTON, JR., AR 

BILL GUNTER, JR., FL 

(1) Resigned from the Committee March 7, 1973. 

(2) Elected to the Committee November 15, 1973. 

Subcommittees 

Aeronautics and Space Technology 

DEM: HECHLER, Chair, DAVIS, COTTER, PICKLE, THORNTON, JR. 

REP: WYDLER, CONLAN, GOLDWATER, JR., PARRIS 

Science, Research, and Development 

DEM: DAVIS, Chair, SYMINGTON, HANNA, MCCORMACK, FUQUA, FLOWERS, 

COTTER, PICKLE, BROWN, JR., THORNTON, JR. 

REP: BELL, ESCH, CONLAN, PARRIS, CRONIN, MARTIN 

Manned Space Flight 

DEM: FUQUA, Chair, FLOWERS, ROE, COTTER, BERGLAND, GUNTER, JR. 

REP: WINN, JR., BELL, WYDLER, FREY, JR., CAMP 

Space, Science and Applications 

DEM: SYMINGTON, Chair, DOWNING, BERGLAND, BROWN, JR., MILFORD 

REP: ESCH, WINN, JR., GOLDWATER, JR., CAMP 

International Cooperation in Science and Space 

DEM: HANNA, Chair, SYMINGTON, DAVIS, ROE, MCCORMACK, MILFORD 

REP: FREY, JR., BELL, WINN, JR., CAMP, KETCHUM

Energy 

DEM: MCCORMACK, Chair, FUQUA, SYMINGTON, HANNA, ROE, BERGLAND, 

PICKLE, BROWN, JR., MILFORD, THORNTON, JR., GUNTER, JR. 

REP: GOLDWATER, JR., WYDLER, ESCH, CONLAN, PARRIS, CRONIN, 

MARTIN, KETCHUM
118 

94th Congress 

Committee on Science and Technology 

OLIN E. TEAGUE, TX, Chair

KEN HECHLER, WV CHARLES A. MOSHER, OH 

THOMAS N. DOWNING, VA ALPHONZO BELL, CA 

DON FUQUA, FL JOHN JARMAN, OK 

JAMES W. SYMINGTON, MO JOHN W. WYDLER, NY 

WALTER FLOWERS, AL LARRY WINN, JR., KS 

ROBERT A. ROE, NJ LOUIS FREY, JR., FL 

MIKE MCCORMACK, WA BARRY M. GOLDWATER, JR., CA 

BOB BERGLAND, MN (2) MARVIN L. ESCH, MI 

GEORGE E. BROWN, JR., CA JOHN B. CONLAN, AZ 

DALE MILFORD, TX WILLIAM M. KETCHUM, CA (3) 

RAY THORNTON, JR., AR GARY A. MYERS, PA 

JAMES H. SCHEUER, NY DAVID F. EMERY, ME 

RICHARD L. OTTINGER, NY LARRY PRESSLER, SD (4) 

HENRY A. WAXMAN, CA 

PHILIP H. HAYES, IN 

TOM HARKIN, IA 

JIM LLOYD, CA 

JEROME A. AMBRO, JR., NY 

CHRISTOPHER J. DODD, CT 

MICHAEL T. BLOUIN, IA 

TIM L. HALL, IL 

ROBERT (BOB) KRUEGER, TX 

MARILYN LLOYD, TN 

JAMES J. BLANCHARD, MI 

TIMOTHY E. WIRTH, CO (1) 

(1) Resigned from the February 19, 1975. 

(2) Elected to the Committee February 19, 1975. 

(3) Resigned from the Committee March 24, 1975. 

(4) Elected to the Committee May 15, 1975. 
119 

94th Congress 

Committee on Science and Technology 

Subcommittees 

Energy Research, Development, and Demonstration 

(Fossil Fuels) 

DEM: HECHLER, Chair, DOWNING, FLOWERS, MCCORMACK, THORNTON, 

JR., WAXMAN, HAYES, BLOUIN, KRUEGER, M. LLOYD, WIRTH 

REP: BELL, MYERS, EMERY, PRESSLER 

Space Science and Applications 

DEM: FUQUA, Chair, DOWNING, SYMINGTON, FLOWERS, ROE, J. LLOYD, 

DODD, HALL, KRUEGER, M. LLOYD, WIRTH 

REP: WINN, JR., WYDLER, FREY, JR., EMERY 

Energy Research, Development, and Demonstration 

DEM: MCCORMACK, Chair, HECHLER, FUQUA, SYMINGTON, BROWN, JR., 

THORNTON, JR., OTTINGER, WAXMAN, HAYES, HARKIN, AMBRO, JR., DODD, 

KRUEGER, M. LLOYD, BLANCHARD, WIRTH 

REP: GOLDWATER, JR., BELL, WYDLER, WINN, JR., FREY, JR., ESCH, 

CONLAN 

Environment and the Atmosphere 

DEM: BROWN, JR., Chair, MCCORMACK, MILFORD, OTTINGER, HAYES, 

AMBRO, JR., BLANCHARD, SCHEUER 

REP: ESCH, WINN, JR., MYERS, EMERY 

Aviation and Transportation Research and Development 

DEM: MILFORD, Chair, ROE, SCHEUER, HARKIN, J. LLOYD, HALL, OTTINGER 

REP: WYDLER, GOLDWATER, JR., CONLAN 

Domestic and International Scientific Planning and Analysis 

DEM: THORNTON, JR., Chair, ROE, MILFORD, SCHEUER, WAXMAN, AMBRO, 

JR., BLANCHARD 

REP: CONLAN, JARMAN, MYERS 
120 

95th Congress 

Committee on Science and Technology 

OLIN E. TEAGUE, TX, Chair

DON FUQUA, FL JOHN W. WYDLER, NY 

WALTER FLOWERS, AL LARRY WINN, JR., KS 

ROBERT A. ROE, NJ LOUIS FREY, JR., FL 

MIKE MCCORMACK, WA BARRY M. GOLDWATER, JR., CA 

GEORGE E. BROWN, JR., CA GARY A. MYERS, PA 

DALE MILFORD, TX HAMILTON FISH, JR., NY 

RAY THORNTON, JR., AR MANUEL LUJÁN, JR., NM 

JAMES H. SCHEUER, NY CARL D. PURSELL, MI 

RICHARD L. OTTINGER, NY HAROLD C. HOLLENBECK, NJ 

TOM HARKIN, IA ELDON RUDD, AZ 

JIM LLOYD, CA ROBERT K. DORNAN, CA 

JEROME A. AMBRO, JR., NY ROBERT S. WALKER, PA 

ROBERT "BOB" KRUEGER, TX EDWIN B. FORSYTHE, NJ (1) 

MARILYN LLOYD, TN 

JAMES J. BLANCHARD, MI 

TIMOTHY E. WIRTH, CO 

STEPHEN L. NEAL, NC 

THOMAS J. DOWNEY, NY 

DOUG WALGREN, PA 

RONNIE G. FLIPPO, AL 

DAN GLICKMAN, KS 

BOB GAMMAGE, TX 

ANTHONY C. BEILENSON, CA 

ALBERT GORE, JR., TN 

WES WATKINS, OK 

RICHARD A. TONRY, LA (2) 

ROBERT A. YOUNG, III, MO (3) 

(1) Elected to the Committee March 3, 1977. 

(2) Resigned from the Committee May 4, 1977. 

(3) Elected to the Committee July 20, 1977. 
121 

95th Congress 

Committee on Science and Technology 

Subcommittees 

Space, Science, and Applications 

DEM: FUQUA, Chair, ROE, J. LLOYD, DOWNEY, FLIPPO, GAMMAGE, GORE, 

JR., WIRTH, WATKINS 

REP: WINN, JR., FREY, JR., HOLLENBECK, RUDD 

Fossil and Nuclear Energy Research, Development, 

and Demonstration

DEM: FLOWERS, Chair, M. LLOYD, DOWNEY, WALGREN, GAMMAGE, 

WATKINS, MILFORD, THORNTON, JR., OTTINGER, KRUEGER, ROE, BROWN, 

JR., J. LLOYD, YOUNG, III, FLIPPO 

REP: MYERS, FISH, JR., GOLDWATER, JR., LUJÁN, JR., HOLLENBECK, 

DORNAN, FORSYTHE, FREY, JR. 

Advanced Energy Technology and Energy Conservation Research, 

Development, and Demonstration 

DEM: MCCORMACK, Chair, OTTINGER, HARKIN, AMBRO, JR., KRUEGER, 

BLANCHARD, NEAL, FLIPPO, GLICKMAN, BEILENSON, GORE, JR., FLOWERS, 

BROWN, JR., M. LLOYD, WIRTH, WATKINS, THORNTON, JR., YOUNG, III 

REP: GOLDWATER, JR., DORNAN, WINN, JR., MYERS, FISH, JR., PURSELL, 

RUDD, WALKER 

Environment and the Atmosphere 

DEM: BROWN, JR., Chair, WIRTH, AMBRO, JR., WALGREN, BEILENSON, 

HARKIN, WATKINS 

REP: WALKER, WINN, JR., FORSYTHE 

Transportation, Aviation, and Weather 

DEM: MILFORD, Chair, J. LLOYD, ROE, GLICKMAN, AMBRO, JR., FUQUA, 

YOUNG, III 

REP: WYDLER, RUDD, GOLDWATER, JR. 

Science, Research, and Technology 

DEM: THORNTON, JR., Chair, FUQUA, HARKIN, KRUEGER, FLIPPO, 

MCCORMACK, BROWN, JR. 

REP: HOLLENBECK, DORNAN, LUJÁN, JR. 

Domestic and International Scientific Planning, 

Analysis, and Cooperation 

DEM: SCHEUER, Chair, BLANCHARD, NEAL, BEILENSON, GLICKMAN, GORE, 

JR., MILFORD 

REP: PURSELL, WALKER, FORSYTHE 
122 

96th Congress 

Committee on Science and Technology 

DON FUQUA, FL, Chair 

ROBERT A. ROE, NJ JOHN W. WYDLER, NY 

MIKE MCCORMACK, WA LARRY WINN, JR., KS 

GEORGE E. BROWN, JR., CA BARRY M. GOLDWATER, JR., CA 

JAMES H. SCHEUER, NY HAMILTON FISH, JR., NY 

RICHARD L. OTTINGER, NY MANUEL LUJÁN, JR., NM 

TOM HARKIN, IA HAROLD C. HOLLENBECK, NJ 

JIM LLOYD, CA ROBERT K. DORNAN, CA 

JEROME A. AMBRO, JR., NY ROBERT S. WALKER, PA 

MARILYN L. BOUQUARD, TN EDWIN B. FORSYTHE, NJ 

JAMES J. BLANCHARD, MI KEN KRAMER, CO 

STEPHEN L. NEAL, NC (2) WILLIAM CARNEY, NY 

DOUG WALGREN, PA ROBERT W. DAVIS, MI 

RONNIE G. FLIPPO, AL TOBY ROTH, WI 

DAN GLICKMAN, KS DONALD L. RITTER, PA 

ALBERT GORE, JR., TN BILL ROYER, CA (3) 

WES WATKINS, OK 

ROBERT A. YOUNG, III, MO 

RICHARD C. WHITE, TX 

HAROLD L. VOLKMER, MO 

DONALD J. PEASE, OH 

HOWARD WOLPE, III, MI 

NICHOLAS MAVROULES, MA 

BILL NELSON, FL 

BERYL ANTHONY, JR., AR 

STANLEY N. LUNDINE, NY (1) 

ALLEN E. ERTEL, PA (1) 

KENT HANCE, TX (1) 

(1) Elected to the Committee January 31, 1979. 

(2) Resigned from the Committee January 31, 1979. 

(3) Elected to the Committee June 27, 1979. 
123 

96th Congress 

Committee on Science and Technology 

Subcommittees 

Space Science and Applications 

DEM: FUQUA, Chair, FLIPPO, WATKINS, BOUQUARD, NELSON, BROWN, JR. 

REP: WINN, JR., DORNAN, KRAMER

Energy Research and Production 

DEM: MCCORMACK, Chair, BOUQUARD, ROE, LUNDINE,

YOUNG, III, WHITE, WOLPE, III, FLIPPO, MAVROULES, OTTINGER, 

ANTHONY, JR. 

REP: FORSYTHE, ROTH, GOLDWATER, JR., LUJÁN, JR., HOLLENBECK 

Science, Research, and Technology 

DEM: BROWN, JR., Chair, SCHEUER, PEASE, HARKIN, ERTEL, HANCE, 

WATKINS 

REP: HOLLENBECK, DAVIS, RITTER 

Energy Development and Applications 

DEM: OTTINGER, Chair, BLANCHARD, WALGREN, GLICKMAN, GORE, JR., 

YOUNG, III, WHITE, VOLKMER, WOLPE, III, MAVROULES, NELSON, 

ANTHONY, JR., ERTEL, HANCE, ROE, MCCORMACK 

REP: FISH, JR., KRAMER, CARNEY, RITTER, DAVIS, DORNAN, WALKER, 

ROYER 

Transportation, Aviation, and Communication 

DEM: HARKIN, Chair, LLOYD, WALGREN, GLICKMAN, MAVROULES, 

VOLKMER 

REP: GOLDWATER, JR., DORNAN, ROYER

Investigations and Oversight 

DEM: LLOYD, Chair, AMBRO, JR., FLIPPO, GORE, JR., NELSON 

REP: LUJÁN, JR., CARNEY, ROTH 

Natural Resources and Environment 

DEM: AMBRO, JR., Chair, BROWN, JR., BLANCHARD, WATKINS, LUNDINE, 

REP: WALKER, RITTER, FORSYTHE 
124 

97th Congress 

Committee on Science and Technology 

DON FUQUA, FL, Chair

ROBERT A. ROE, NJ LARRY WINN, JR., KS 

GEORGE E. BROWN, JR., CA BARRY M. GOLDWATER, JR., CA 

JAMES H. SCHEUER, NY HAMILTON FISH, JR., NY 

RICHARD L. OTTINGER, NY MANUEL LUJÁN, JR., NM 

TOM HARKIN, IA HAROLD C. HOLLENBECK, NJ 

MARILYN L. BOUQUARD, TN ROBERT S. WALKER, PA 

JAMES J. BLANCHARD, MI EDWIN B. FORSYTHE, NJ 

DOUG WALGREN, PA WILLIAM CARNEY, NY 

RONNIE G. FLIPPO, AL MARGARET M. HECKLER, MA 

DAN GLICKMAN, KS F. J. SENSENBRENNER, JR., WI 

ALBERT GORE, JR., TN VIN WEBER, MN 

ROBERT A. YOUNG, III, MO JUDD GREGG, NH 

RICHARD C. WHITE, TX RAYMOND J. MCGRATH, NY 

HAROLD L. VOLKMER, MO JOE SKEEN, NM 

HOWARD WOLPE, III, MI CLAUDINE SCHNEIDER, RI 

BILL NELSON, FL JIM DUNN, MI 

STANLEY N. LUNDINE, NY BILL LOWERY, CA 

ALLEN E. ERTEL, PA 

BOB SHAMANSKY, OH 

RALPH M. HALL, TX 

DAVE MCCURDY, OK 

MERVYN M. DYMALLY, CA 
125 

97th Congress 

Committee on Science and Technology 

Subcommittees 

Energy Development and Applications 

DEM: FUQUA, Chair, HARKIN, BLANCHARD, WHITE, VOLKMER, WOLPE, III, 

NELSON, ERTEL, MCCURDY, ROE, SCHEUER, OTTINGER, BOUQUARD, 

YOUNG, III 

REP: FISH, JR., SENSENBRENNER, JR., WEBER, GREGG, SKEEN, SCHNEIDER, 

MCGRATH, DUNN, WALKER 

Natural Resources, Agriculture Research, and Environment 

DEM: SCHEUER, Chair, BROWN, JR., BLANCHARD, WALGREN, WHITE 

REP: CARNEY, SENSENBRENNER, JR., SCHNEIDER 

Energy Research and Production 

DEM: BOUQUARD, Chair, ROE, OTTINGER, YOUNG, III, LUNDINE, FLIPPO, 

VOLKMER, WOLPE, III 

REP: LUJÁN, JR., FORSYTHE, LOWERY, GOLDWATER, JR., HOLLENBECK 

Science, Research, and Technology 

DEM: WALGREN, Chair, BROWN, JR., SHAMANSKY, DYMALLY, LUNDINE, 

ERTEL, HALL, MCCURDY 

REP: HECKLER, WEBER, GREGG, SKEEN, FORSYTHE 

Space, Science, and Applications 

DEM: FLIPPO, Chair, NELSON, BROWN, JR., BOUQUARD, HALL 

REP: HOLLENBECK, MCGRATH, LOWERY 

Transportation, Aviation, and Materials 

DEM: GLICKMAN, Chair, HALL, HARKIN, SHAMANSKY, DYMALLY, FLIPPO 

REP: GOLDWATER, JR., DUNN, HOLLENBECK, CARNEY

Investigations and Oversight 

DEM: GORE, JR., Chair, SHAMANSKY, VOLKMER 

REP: WALKER, LUJÁN, JR. 
126 

98th Congress 

Committee on Science and Technology 

DON FUQUA, FL, Chair

ROBERT A. ROE, NJ LARRY WINN, JR., KS 

GEORGE E. BROWN, JR., CA MANUEL LUJÁN, JR., NM 

JAMES H. SCHEUER, NY ROBERT S. WALKER, PA 

RICHARD L. OTTINGER, NY WILLIAM CARNEY, NY 

TOM HARKIN, IA F. J. SENSENBRENNER, JR., WI 

MARILYN L. BOUQUARD, TN JUDD GREGG, NH 

DOUG WALGREN, PA RAYMOND J. MCGRATH, NY 

DAN GLICKMAN, KS JOE SKEEN, NM 

ALBERT GORE, JR., TN CLAUDINE SCHNEIDER, RI 

ROBERT A. YOUNG, III, MO BILL LOWERY, CA 

HAROLD L. VOLKMER, MO ROD CHANDLER, WA 

BILL NELSON, FL HERBERT H. BATEMAN, VA 

STAN LUNDINE, NY SHERWOOD L. BOEHLERT, NY 

RALPH M. HALL, TX ALFRED A. MCCANDLESS, CA 

DAVE MCCURDY, OK TOM LEWIS, FL 

MERVYN M. DYMALLY, CA 

PAUL SIMON, IL 

NORMAN Y. MINETA, CA 

RICHARD J. DURBIN, IL 

MICHAEL A. ANDREWS, TX 

BUDDY MACKAY, FL 

TIM VALENTINE, JR., NC 

HARRY M. REID, NV 

ROBERT G. TORRICELLI, NJ 

FREDERICK C. BOUCHER, VA 
127 

98th Congress 

Committee on Science and Technology 

Subcommittees 

Energy Development and Applications 

DEM: FUQUA, Chair, OTTINGER, HARKIN, HALL, SIMON, DURBIN, BOUCHER, 

ROE, SCHEUER, BOUQUARD, YOUNG, III, NELSON, MCCURDY, MINETA 

REP: SENSENBRENNER, JR., SCHNEIDER, LOWERY, BATEMAN, LEWIS, 

CARNEY, GREGG 

Natural Resources, Agriculture Research, and Environment 

DEM: SCHEUER, Chair, VALENTINE, JR., HARKIN, ANDREWS, MACKAY, 

TORRICELLI, BROWN, JR. 

REP: MCGRATH, SCHNEIDER, CHANDLER, LEWIS 

Energy Research and Production 

DEM: BOUQUARD, Chair, ROE, YOUNG, III, LUNDINE, OTTINGER, HALL, 

VALENTINE, JR. 

REP: WALKER, CHANDLER, LUJÁN, JR., LOWERY 

Science, Research, and Technology 

DEM: WALGREN, Chair, BROWN, JR., MCCURDY, DYMALLY, MINETA, 

MACKAY, TORRICELLI, LUNDINE, SIMON, DURBIN, VALENTINE, JR., REID, 

BOUCHER 

REP: GREGG, BOEHLERT, SENSENBRENNER, JR., MCGRATH, SKEEN, 

BATEMAN 

Transportation, Aviation, and Materials 

DEM: GLICKMAN, Chair, GORE, JR., DYMALLY, OTTINGER, HARKIN, 

ANDREWS 

REP: CARNEY, BOEHLERT, MCCANDLESS 

Investigations and Oversight 

DEM: GORE, JR., Chair, REID, VOLKMER, ROE, DURBIN, SCHEUER 

REP: SKEEN, MCCANDLESS, SCHNEIDER 

Space Science and Applications 

DEM: VOLKMER, Chair, NELSON, ANDREWS, BROWN, JR., HALL, DYMALLY, 

MINETA, MACKAY, TORRICELLI 

REP: LUJÁN, JR., LOWERY, CHANDLER, BATEMAN, WALKER 
128 

99th Congress 

Committee on Science and Technology 

DON FUQUA, FL, Chair

ROBERT A. ROE, NJ MANUEL LUJÁN, JR., NM 

GEORGE E. BROWN, JR., CA ROBERT S. WALKER, PA 

JAMES H. SCHEUER, NY F. J. SENSENBRENNER, JR., WI 

MARILYN LLOYD, TN CLAUDINE SCHNEIDER, RI 

TIMOTHY E. WIRTH, CO SHERWOOD L. BOEHLERT, NY 

DOUG WALGREN, PA TOM LEWIS, FL 

DAN GLICKMAN, KS DON RITTER, PA 

ROBERT A. YOUNG, III, MO SID W. MORRISON, WA 

HAROLD L. VOLKMER, MO RON PACKARD, CA 

BILL NELSON, FL JAN MEYERS, KS 

STAN LUNDINE, NY ROBERT C. SMITH, NH 

RALPH M. HALL, TX PAUL B. HENRY, MI 

DAVE MCCURDY, OK HARRIS W. FAWELL, IL 

NORMAN Y. MINETA, CA WILLIAM W. COBEY, JR., NC 

MICHAEL A. ANDREWS, TX (2) JOE BARTON, TX 

TIM VALENTINE, JR., NC D. FRENCH SLAUGHTER, JR., VA 

HARRY M. REID, NV DAVID S. MONSON, UT 

ROBERT G. TORRICELLI, NJ 

RICK BOUCHER, VA 

TERRY BRUCE, IL 

RICHARD H. STALLINGS, ID 

BART GORDON, TN 

JAMES A. TRAFICANT, JR., OH 

JIM CHAPMAN, TX (1) 

(1) Elected to the Committee July 29, 1986. 

(2) Resigned from the Committee July 29, 1986. 
129 

99th Congress 

Committee on Science and Technology 

Subcommittees 

Energy Development and Applications 

DEM: FUQUA, Chair, ROE, HALL, BOUCHER, BRUCE, TRAFICANT, JR., 

WALGREN, YOUNG, III, MCCURDY, STALLINGS 

REP: SENSENBRENNER, JR., SCHNEIDER, PACKARD, FAWELL, COBEY, JR., 

BARTON, SLAUGHTER, JR. 

Transportation, Aviation, and Materials 

DEM: BROWN, JR., Chair, GLICKMAN, REID, NELSON, GORDON 

REP: LEWIS, BOEHLERT, PACKARD 

Natural Resources, Agriculture Research, and Environment 

DEM: SCHEUER, Chair, WIRTH, VALENTINE, JR., MCCURDY, REID, 

TORRICELLI, ANDREWS, CHAPMAN 

REP: SCHNEIDER, RITTER, MEYERS, SMITH, HENRY 

Energy Research and Production 

DEM: LLOYD, Chair, YOUNG, III, STALLINGS, ROE, LUNDINE, VALENTINE, 

JR. 

REP: MORRISON, FAWELL, BARTON, MONSON 

Science, Research, and Technology 

DEM: WALGREN, Chair, LUNDINE, MINETA, BROWN, JR., WIRTH, BRUCE, 

VALENTINE, JR. 

REP: BOEHLERT, RITTER, HENRY, COBEY, JR. 

Investigation and Oversight 

DEM: VOLKMER, Chair, ANDREWS, TRAFICANT, JR., REID, BROWN, JR., 

CHAPMAN 

REP: PACKARD, SENSENBRENNER, JR., MORRISON 

Space Science and Applications 

DEM: NELSON, Chair, BROWN, JR., ANDREWS, TORRICELLI, GORDON, 

SCHEUER, VOLKMER, MINETA, HALL, CHAPMAN 

REP: WALKER, MEYERS, SMITH, BARTON, SLAUGHTER, JR., MONSON 

Science Policy Task Force 

DEM: FUQUA, Chair, ROE, BROWN, JR., WIRTH, WALGREN, VOLKMER, 

LUNDINE, MINETA, REID, BOUCHER, STALLINGS 

REP: LUJÁN, JR., WALKER, LEWIS, RITTER, MORRISON, PACKARD, MEYERS, 

FAWELL, SLAUGHTER, JR. 
130 

100th Congress 

Committee on Science, Space, and Technology

ROBERT A. ROE, NJ, Chair 

GEORGE E. BROWN, JR., CA MANUEL LUJÁN, JR., NM 

JAMES H. SCHEUER, NY ROBERT S. WALKER, PA 

MARILYN LLOYD, TN F. J. SENSENBRENNER, JR., WI 

DOUG WALGREN, PA CLAUDINE SCHNEIDER, RI 

DAN GLICKMAN, KS SHERWOOD L. BOEHLERT, NY 

HAROLD L. VOLKMER, MO TOM LEWIS, FL 

BILL NELSON, FL DON RITTER, PA 

RALPH M. HALL, TX SID MORRISON, WA 

DAVE MCCURDY, OK RON PACKARD, CA 

NORMAN Y. MINETA, CA ROBERT C. SMITH, NH 

BUDDY MACKAY, FL PAUL B. HENRY, MI 

TIM VALENTINE, JR., NC HARRIS W. FAWELL, IL 

ROBERT G. TORRICELLI, NJ D. FRENCH SLAUGHTER, JR., VA 

RICK BOUCHER, VA LAMAR SMITH, TX 

TERRY L. BRUCE, IL ERNEST L. KONNYU, CA 

RICHARD H. STALLINGS, ID JACK BUECHNER, MO 

BART GORDON, TN (1) JOEL HEFLEY, CO 

JAMES A. TRAFICANT, JR., OH CONSTANCE A. MORELLA, MD 

JIM CHAPMAN, TX CHRISTOPHER SHAYS, CT (3) 

LEE H. HAMILTON, IN 

HENRY J. NOWAK, NY 

CARL C. PERKINS, KY 

C. THOMAS MCMILLEN, MD 

DAVID E. PRICE, NC 

DAVID R. NAGLE, IA 

JIMMY HAYES, LA 

DAVID E. SKAGGS, CO (2) 

PAUL E. KANJORSKI, PA (4) 

GEORGE J. HOCHBRUECKNER, NY (4) 

(1) Resigned from the Committee February 19, 1987. 

(2) Elected to the Committee March 30, 1987. 

(3) Elected to the Committee November 4, 1987. 

(4) Elected to the Committee December 15, 1987. 
131 

100th Congress 

Committee on Science, Space, and Technology

Subcommittees 

Investigations and Oversight 

DEM: ROE, Chair, VOLKMER, PRICE, BROWN, JR., TRAFICANT, JR., 

REP: RITTER, SENSENBRENNER, JR., PACKARD, KONNYU 

Natural Resources, Agriculture Research, and Environment 

DEM: SCHEUER, Chair, VALENTINE, JR., MCCURDY, NOWAK, MCMILLEN, 

BROWN, JR. 

REP: SCHNEIDER, SMITH, HENRY, HEFLEY 

Subcommittee on Energy Research and Development 

DEM: LLOYD, Chair, BOUCHER, BRUCE, STALLINGS, WALGREN, 

VALENTINE, JR., TRAFICANT, JR. 

REP: MORRISON, FAWELL, SMITH, KONNYU, HEFLEY 

Science, Research, and Technology 

DEM: WALGREN, Chair, MACKAY, HAMILTON, NOWAK, PRICE, BROWN, JR., 

MINETA, BRUCE, PERKINS, NAGLE, HAYES, VALENTINE, JR., CHAPMAN, 

SKAGGS 

REP: BOEHLERT, HENRY, SCHNEIDER, RITTER, MORRISON, SLAUGHTER, 

JR., SMITH, BUECHNER, MORELLA 

Space Science and Applications 

DEM: NELSON, Chair, BROWN, JR., VOLKMER, MINETA, TORRICELLI, 

TRAFICANT, JR., CHAPMAN, PERKINS, MCMILLEN, NAGLE, HAYES, 

SCHEUER, HALL, MACKAY, SKAGGS 

REP: WALKER, PACKARD, SMITH, SLAUGHTER, JR., KONNYU, 

BUECHNER, PERKINS, HEFLEY, MORELLA, LEWIS 

International Scientific Cooperation 

DEM: HALL, Chair, LLOYD, MACKAY, TORRICELLI, STALLINGS, SCHEUER 

REP: SENSENBRENNER, JR., BOEHLERT, PACKARD, FAWELL 

Transportation, Aviation, and Materials 

DEM: MCCURDY, Chair, GLICKMAN, NELSON, MCMILLEN, HAYES 

REP: LEWIS, WALKER, SENSENBRENNER, JR. 

Technology Policy Task Force 

DEM: MACKAY, Chair, BROWN, JR., WALGREN, VALENTINE, JR., MCMILLEN, 

PRICE, NAGLE, HAYES, SKAGGS, MINETA 

REP: PACKARD, SCHNEIDER, LEWIS, HENRY, FAWELL, MORELLA 
132 

101st Congress 

Committee on Science, Space, and Technology

ROBERT A. ROE, NJ, Chair 

GEORGE E. BROWN, JR., CA ROBERT S. WALKER, PA 

JAMES H. SCHEUER, NY F. J. SENSENBRENNER, JR., WI 

MARILYN LLOYD, TN CLAUDINE SCHNEIDER, RI 

DOUG WALGREN, PA SHERWOOD L. BOEHLERT, NY 

DAN GLICKMAN, KS TOM LEWIS, FL 

HAROLD L. VOLKMER, MO DON RITTER, PA 

HOWARD WOLPE, III, MI SID MORRISON, WA 

BILL NELSON, FL RON PACKARD, CA 

RALPH M. HALL, TX ROBERT C. SMITH, NH (2) 

DAVE MCCURDY, OK PAUL B. HENRY, MI 

NORMAN Y. MINETA, CA HARRIS W. FAWELL, IL 

TIM VALENTINE, JR., NC D. FRENCH SLAUGHTER, JR., VA 

ROBERT G. TORRICELLI, NJ LAMAR SMITH, TX 

RICK BOUCHER, VA JACK BUECHNER, MO 

TERRY L. BRUCE, IL CONSTANCE A. MORELLA, MD 

RICHARD H. STALLINGS, ID CHRISTOPHER SHAYS, CT 

JAMES A. TRAFICANT, JR., OH DANA ROHRABACHER, CA 

LEE H. HAMILTON, IN STEVEN H. SCHIFF, NM 

HENRY J. NOWAK, NY TOM CAMPBELL, CA 

CARL C. PERKINS, KY JOHN J. RHODES, III, AZ (3) 

TOM MCMILLEN, MD 

DAVID E. PRICE, NC 

DAVID R. NAGLE, IA 

JIMMY HAYES, LA 

DAVID E. SKAGGS, CO 

JERRY F. COSTELLO, IL 

HARRY JOHNSTON, II, FL 

JOHN TANNER, TN 

GLEN BROWDER, AL (1) 

(1) Elected to the Committee April 27, 1989. 

(2) Resigned from the Committee March 7, 1990. 

(3) Elected to the Committee March 7, 1990. 
133 

101st Congress 

Committee on Science, Space, and Technology

Subcommittees 

Investigations and Oversight 

DEM: ROE, Chair, TANNER, HAYES, BRUCE, JOHNSON 

REP: RITTER, BOEHLERT 

Natural Resources, Agriculture Research, and Environment 

DEM: SCHEUER, Chair, NOWAK, TANNER, BROWN, JR., WOLPE, III, 

MCCURDY, VALENTINE, JR., MCMILLEN, PRICE, SKAGGS 

REP: SCHNEIDER, MORRISON, SHAYS, R. SMITH, HENRY, L. SMITH, 

MORELLA 

Energy Research and Development 

DEM: LLOYD, Chair, BOUCHER, BRUCE, COSTELLO, WALGREN, STALLINGS, 

TRAFICANT, JR., WOLPE, III, VALENTINE, JR. 

REP: MORRISON, FAWELL, SCHIFF, L. SMITH, BUECHNER 

Space Science and Applications 

DEM: NELSON, Chair, VOLKMER, MINETA, TORRICELLI, STALLINGS, 

TRAFICANT, JR., PERKINS, MCMILLEN, NAGLE, HAYES, SKAGGS, 

JOHNSTON, II, SCHEUER, LLOYD, HALL, BROWDER 

REP: SENSENBRENNER, JR., LEWIS, PACKARD, R. SMITH, SLAUGHTER, JR., 

L. SMITH, BUECHNER, ROHRABACHER, MORELLA, SCHIFF, HENRY, 

RHODES, III 

International Scientific Cooperation 

DEM: HALL, Chair, TORRICELLI, HAMILTON, BROWN, JR., SCHEUER

REP: PACKARD, SENSENBRENNER, JR., FAWELL 

Science, Research, and Technology 

DEM: VALENTINE, JR., WALGREN Chairs, BROWN, JR., WOLPE, III, 

HAMILTON, PRICE, MINETA, BRUCE, NAGLE, SKAGGS, COSTELLO, 

JOHNSTON, II, HAYES, BROWDER 

REP: BOEHLERT, SCHNEIDER, RITTER, HENRY, MORELLA, CAMPBELL, 

SLAUGHTER, JR., BUECHNER, RHODES, III 

Transportation, Aviation, and Materials 

DEM: TORRICELLI, VALENTINE, JR., Chairs, GLICKMAN, MCCURDY, 

NELSON, MCMILLEN, BROWN, JR. 

REP: LEWIS, SHAYS, ROHRABACHER, CAMPBELL 
134 

102nd Congress 

Committee on Science, Space, and Technology

GEORGE E. BROWN, JR., CA, Chair 

JAMES H. SCHEUER, NY ROBERT S. WALKER, PA 

MARILYN LLOYD, TN F. J. SENSENBRENNER, JR., WI 

DAN GLICKMAN, KS SHERWOOD L. BOEHLERT, NY 

HAROLD L. VOLKMER, MO TOM LEWIS, FL 

HOWARD WOLPE, III, MI DON RITTER, PA 

RALPH M. HALL, TX SID MORRISON, WA 

DAVE MCCURDY, OK RON PACKARD, CA 

NORMAN Y. MINETA, CA PAUL B. HENRY, MI 

TIM VALENTINE, JR., NC HARRIS W. FAWELL, IL 

ROBERT G. TORRICELLI, NJ D. F. SLAUGHTER, JR., VA (4) 

RICK BOUCHER, VA LAMAR SMITH, TX 

TERRY L. BRUCE, IL CONSTANCE A. MORELLA, MD 

RICHARD H. STALLINGS, ID DANA ROHRABACHER, CA 

JAMES A. TRAFICANT, JR., OH STEVEN H. SCHIFF, NM 

HENRY J. NOWAK, NY TOM CAMPBELL, CA 

CARL C. PERKINS, KY JOHN J. RHODES, III, AZ 

TOM MCMILLEN, MD JOE BARTON, TX 

DAVID R. NAGLE, IA DICK ZIMMER, NJ 

JIMMY HAYES, LA WAYNE T. GILCHREST, MD 

JERRY F. COSTELLO, IL SAM JOHNSON, TX (3) 

JOHN TANNER, TN GEORGE ALLEN, VA (5) 

GLEN BROWDER, AL 

PETE GEREN, TX 

RAY THORNTON, JR., AR 

JIM BACCHUS, FL 

TIM ROEMER, IN 

ROBERT E. "BUD" CRAMER, JR., AL 

DICK SWETT, NH 

MICHAEL J. KOPETSKI, OR 

JOAN KELLY HORN, MO 

BARBARA-ROSE COLLINS, MI (1) 

ELIOT L. ENGEL, NY (2) 

JOHN W. OLVER, MA (2) 

(1) Resigned from the Committee May 10, 1991. 

(2) Elected to the Committee June 27, 1991. 

(3) Elected to the Committee September 19, 1991. 

(4) Resigned from the Committee November 5, 1991. 

(5) Elected to the Committee November 12, 1991. 
135 

102nd Congress 

Committee on Science, Space, and Technology

Subcommittees 

Environment 

DEM: SCHEUER, Chair, NOWAK, SWETT, WOLPE, III, KOPETSKI, HORN, 

HALL, MCMILLEN, OLVER 

REP: RITTER, MORRISON, MORELLA, ZIMMER 

Energy 

DEM: LLOYD, Chair, COSTELLO, HALL, BRUCE, STALLINGS, TRAFICANT, JR., 

CRAMER, JR., WOLPE, III, ROEMER 

REP: MORRISON, FAWELL, SMITH, SCHIFF, BARTON 

Investigations and Oversight 

DEM: WOLPE, III, Chair, GEREN, NAGLE, TANNER, THORNTON, JR. 

REP: BOEHLERT, SENSENBRENNER, JR. 

Space 

DEM: HALL, Chair, VOLKMER, STALLINGS, TRAFICANT, JR., PERKINS, 

MCMILLEN, NAGLE, HAYES, TANNER, BROWDER, GEREN, BACCHUS, 

CRAMER, JR., SCHEUER, MINETA, TORRICELLI, ENGEL 

REP: SENSENBRENNER, JR., LEWIS, PACKARD, RHODES, III, HENRY, 

SLAUGHTER, JR., SMITH, ROHRABACHER, ZIMMER, JOHNSON 

Technology and Competitiveness 

DEM: VALENTINE, JR., Chair, GLICKMAN, MINETA, TORRICELLI, 

THORNTON, JR., ROEMER, HORN, COLLINS, BOUCHER, TANNER, BACCHUS, 

SWETT, ENGEL, OLVER 

REP: LEWIS, RITTER, HENRY, ROHRABACHER, CAMPBELL, GILCHREST, 

MORELLA 

Science 

DEM: BOUCHER, Chair, BRUCE, KOPETSKI, VALENTINE, JR., PERKINS, 

NAGLE, HAYES, COSTELLO, BROWDER, THORNTON, JR., ROEMER, COLLINS, 

BACCHUS 

REP: PACKARD, BOEHLERT, SLAUGHTER, JR., FAWELL, SCHIFF, CAMPBELL, 

GILCHREST, ALLEN 
136 

103rd Congress 

Committee on Science, Space, and Technology

GEORGE E. BROWN, JR., CA, Chair

MARILYN LLOYD, TN ROBERT S. WALKER, PA 

DAN GLICKMAN, KS F. J. SENSENBRENNER, JR., WI 

HAROLD L. VOLKMER, MO SHERWOOD L. BOEHLERT, NY 

RALPH M. HALL, TX TOM LEWIS, FL 

DAVE MCCURDY, OK PAUL HENRY, MI (3) 

TIM VALENTINE, JR., NC HARRIS W. FAWELL, IL 

ROBERT G. TORRICELLI, NJ CONSTANCE A. MORELLA, MD 

RICK BOUCHER, VA DANA ROHRABACHER, CA 

JAMES A. TRAFICANT, JR., OH STEVEN H. SCHIFF, NM 

JAMES A. HAYES, LA JOE BARTON, TX 

JOHN S. TANNER, TN DICK ZIMMER, NJ 

GLEN BROWDER, AL (1) SAM JOHNSON, TX 

PETE GEREN, TX KEN CALVERT, CA 

JIM BACCHUS, FL MARTIN R. HOKE, OH 

TIM ROEMER, IN NICK SMITH, MI 

ROBERT "BUD" CRAMER, JR., AL EDWARD R. ROYCE, CA 

DICK SWETT, NH ROD GRAMS, MN 

JAMES A. BARCIA, MI JOHN LINDER, GA 

HERBERT C. KLEIN, NJ PETER BLUTE, MA 

ERIC FINGERHUT, OH JENNIFER DUNN, WA 

PAUL MCHALE, JR., PA BILL BAKER, CA 

JANE HARMAN, CA ROSCOE G. BARTLETT, MD 

DON JOHNSON, JR., GA VERNON J. EHLERS, MI (5) 

SAM COPPERSMITH, AZ 

ANNA G. ESHOO, CA 

JAY INSLEE, WA 

EDDIE BERNICE JOHNSON, TX 

DAVID MINGE, MN 

LYNN C. WOOLSEY, CA (1) 

NATHAN DEAL, GA 

ROBERT C. SCOTT, VA 

XAVIER BECERRA, CA 

PETER W. BARCA, WI (2) 

BOBBY L. RUSH, IL (4) 

(1) Leave of absence from the Committee to serve on the Committee on the Budget March 3, 1993. 

(2) Appointed to the Committee June 23, 1993. 

(3) Died July 31, 1993. 

(4) Appointed to the Committee November 10, 1993. 

(5) Appointed to the Committee February 2, 1994. 
137 

103rd Congress 

Committee on Science, Space, and Technology

Subcommittees 

Energy

DEM: LLOYD, Chair, SCOTT, CRAMER, JR., SWETT, KLEIN, MCHALE, JR., 

COPPERSMITH, INSLEE, ROEMER, MCCURDY 

REP: FAWELL, SCHIFF, BAKER, GRAMS, BARTLETT 

Space 

DEM: HALL, Chair, VOLKMER, TORRICELLI, TRAFICANT, JR., BACCHUS, 

CRAMER, JR., BARCIA, FINGERHUT, HAYES, TANNER, GEREN, ROEMER, 

HARMAN, ESHOO, MCCURDY, 

REP: SENSENBRENNER, JR., ROHRABACHER, ZIMMER, JOHNSON, HOKE, 

ROYCE, DUNN, SCHIFF, CALVERT 

Technology, Environment, and Aviation 

DEM: VALENTINE, JR., Chair, GLICKMAN, GEREN, ROEMER, SWETT, KLEIN, 

MCHALE, JR., HARMAN, D. JOHNSON, JR., COPPERSMITH, ESHOO, INSLEE, E. 

B. JOHNSON, MINGE, DEAL, BECERRA, TORRICELLI, BACCHUS, BARCA 

REP: LEWIS, MORELLA, CALVERT, SMITH, GRAMS, LINDER, BLUTE, 

BARTLETT, ROHRABACHER, ZIMMER, HOKE, ROYCE 

Science 

DEM: BOUCHER, Chair, HALL, VALENTINE, JR., BARCIA, ESHOO, E. B. 

JOHNSON, MINGE, BARCA 

REP: BOEHLERT, BARTON, JOHNSON, SMITH, BLUTE 

Investigations and Oversight 

DEM: HAYES, Chair, TANNER, LLOYD, D. JOHNSON, JR., COPPERSMITH, 

REP: MORELLA, BARTON 
138 

104th Congress 

Committee on Science

ROBERT S. WALKER, PA, Chair 

F. J. SENSENBRENNER, JR., WI GEORGE E. BROWN, JR., CA

SHERWOOD L. BOEHLERT, NY HAROLD L. VOLKMER, MO (3) 

HARRIS W. FAWELL, IL RALPH M. HALL, TX 

CONSTANCE A. MORELLA, MD BART GORDON, TN (3) 

CURT WELDON, PA JAMES A. TRAFICANT, JR., OH 

DANA ROHRABACHER, CA JAMES A. HAYES, LA (2) 

STEVEN H. SCHIFF, NM JOHN S. TANNER, TN 

JOE BARTON, TX PETE GEREN, TX (1) 

KEN CALVERT, CA TIM ROEMER, IN 

BILL BAKER, CA ROBERT (BUD) CRAMER, JR., AL 

ROSCOE G. BARTLETT, MD JAMES A. BARCIA, MI 

VERNON J. EHLERS, MI PAUL MCHALE, JR., PA 

ZACH WAMP, TN JANE HARMAN, CA 

DAVE WELDON, FL EDDIE BERNICE JOHNSON, TX 

LINDSEY O. GRAHAM, SC DAVID MINGE, MN 

MATT SALMON, AZ JOHN W. OLVER, MA 

THOMAS M. DAVIS, III, VA ALCEE L. HASTINGS, FL 

STEVE STOCKMAN, TX LYNN N. RIVERS, MI 

GIL GUTKNECHT, MN KAREN MCCARTHY, MO 

ANDREA SEASTRAND, CA MIKE WARD, KY 

TODD TIAHRT, KS ZOE LOFGREN, CA 

STEVE LARGENT, OK LLOYD DOGGETT, II, TX 

VAN HILLEARY, TN MICHAEL F. DOYLE, PA 

BARBARA CUBIN, WY SHEILA JACKSON-LEE, TX 

MARK ADAM FOLEY, FL WILLIAM P. LUTHER, MN 

SUE MYRICK, NC 

(1) Resigned from the Committee November 20, 1995. 

(2) Resigned from the Committee December 12, 1995. 

(3) Designate to the Committee and seniority ranking February 28, 1996. 
139 

104th Congress 

Committee on Science

Subcommittees 

Basic Research 

REP: SCHIFF, Chair, BOEHLERT, BARTON, BAKER, EHLERS, GUTKNECHT, 

MORELLA, C. WELDON, BARTLETT, D. WELDON, GRAHAM, HILLEARY, 

MYRICK 

DEM: CRAMER, JR., HASTINGS, RIVERS, DOGGETT, II, LUTHER, OLVER, 

LOFGREN, DOYLE, JACKSON-LEE, VOLKMER, GORDON 

Energy and Environment 

REP: ROHRABACHER, Chair, FAWELL, C. WELDON, BARTLETT, GRAHAM, 

SALMON, DAVIS, III, LARGENT, CUBIN, FOLEY, SCHIFF, BAKER, STOCKMAN

DEM: ROEMER, MINGE, OLVER, DOYLE, BARCIA, MCHALE, JR., JOHNSON, 

RIVERS, MCCARTHY, VOLKMER, JACKSON-LEE 

Space and Aeronautics 

REP: SENSENBRENNER, JR., Chair, CALVERT, D. WELDON, STOCKMAN, 

SEASTRAND, TIAHRT, HILLEARY, ROHRABACHER, SALMON, DAVIS, III, 

LARGENT, FOLEY 

DEM: HALL, TRAFICANT, JR., ROEMER, CRAMER, JR., BARCIA, HARMAN, 

JACKSON-LEE, HASTINGS, LUTHER 

Technology 

REP: MORELLA, Chair, MYRICK, CALVERT, GUTKNECHT, SEASTRAND, 

TIAHRT, CUBIN 

DEM: TANNER, MCHALE, JR., JOHNSON, MCCARTHY, LOFGREN 
140 

105th Congress 

Committee on Science

F. JAMES SENSENBRENNER, JR., WI, Chair

SHERWOOD L. BOEHLERT, NY GEORGE E. BROWN, JR., CA 

HARRIS W. FAWELL, IL RALPH M. HALL, TX 

CONSTANCE A. MORELLA, MD BART GORDON, TN 

CURT WELDON, PA JAMES A. TRAFICANT, JR., OH 

DANA ROHRABACHER, CA TIM ROEMER, IN 

STEVEN SCHIFF, NM (6) ROBERT CRAMER, JR., AL (5) 

JOE BARTON, TX JAMES A. BARCIA, MI 

KEN CALVERT, CA PAUL MCHALE, JR., PA (9) 

ROSCOE G. BARTLETT, MD EDDIE BERNICE JOHNSON, TX 

VERNON J. EHLERS, MI ALCEE L. HASTINGS, FL 

DAVE WELDON, FL LYNN N. RIVERS, MI 

MATT SALMON, AZ ZOE LOFGREN, CA 

THOMAS M. DAVIS, III, VA LLOYD DOGGETT, II, TX (2) 

GIL GUTKNECHT, MN MICHAEL F. DOYLE, PA 

MARK FOLEY, FL SHEILA JACKSON-LEE, TX 

THOMAS W. EWING, IL BILL LUTHER, MN 

CHARLES PICKERING, JR., MS WALTER H. CAPPS, CA (4) 

CHRIS CANNON, UT DEBBIE STABENOW, MI 

KEVIN BRADY, TX BOB ETHERIDGE, NC 

MERRILL COOK, UT NICK LAMPSON, TX 

PHIL ENGLISH, PA (1) DARLENE HOOLEY, OR 

G. NETHERCUTT, JR., WA (1) ELLEN O. TAUSCHER, CA (3) (10) 

TOM A. COBURN, OK (1) LOIS CAPPS, CA (7) 

PETE SESSIONS, TX (1) BARBARA LEE, CA (8) 

 BRAD SHERMAN, CA (11) 

(1) Elected to the Committee March 5, 1997. 

(2) Resigned from the Committee April 17, 1997. 

(3) Appointed to the Committee April 17, 1997. 

(4) Died October 28, 1997. 

(5) Resigned from the Committee November 7, 1997. 

(6) Died March 25, 1998. 

(7) Elected to the Committee March 27, 1998. 

(8) Elected to the Committee April 29, 1998. 

(9) Resigned from the Committee May 5, 1988. 

(10) Resigned from the Committee June 24, 1998. 

(11) Elected to the Committee September 16, 1998. 
141 

105th Congress 

Committee on Science

Subcommittees 

Basic Research 

REP: PICKERING, JR., Acting Chair, BOEHLERT, MORELLA, BARTON, 

GUTKNECHT, EWING, SESSIONS

DEM: JOHNSON, BARCIA, ETHERIDGE, RIVERS, JACKSON-LEE, LUTHER 

Energy and Environment

REP: CALVERT, Chair, FAWELL, C. WELDON, ROHRABACHER, EHLERS, 

SALMON, FOLEY, ENGLISH, COBURN 

DEM: ROEMER, DOYLE, HOOLEY, JACKSON-LEE, HALL, HASTINGS, 

LAMPSON 

Space and Aeronautics 

REP: ROHRABACHER, Chair, BARTON, CALVERT, BARTLETT, D. WELDON, 

SALMON, DAVIS, III, FOLEY, PICKERING, JR., CANNON, BRADY, COOK, 

NETHERCUTT, JR. 

DEM: GORDON, HALL, TRAFICANT, JR., HASTINGS, LOFGREN, JACKSONLEE, LUTHER, LAMPSON, CAPPS, ROEMER 

Technology 

REP: MORELLA, Chair, C. WELDON, BARTLETT, EHLERS, DAVIS, III, 

GUTKNECHT, EWING, CANNON, BRADY, COOK 

DEM: BARCIA, GORDON, JOHNSON, RIVERS, STABENOW, DOYLE, 

ETHERIDGE 
142 

106th Congress 

Committee on Science 

F. JAMES SENSENBRENNER, JR., WI, Chair 

SHERWOOD L. BOEHLERT, NY GEORGE E. BROWN, JR. (8) 

LAMAR S. SMITH, TX RALPH M. HALL, TX 

CONSTANCE A. MORELLA, MD BART GORDON, TN 

CURT WELDON, PA JAMES. A. TRAFICANT, JR., OH (4) 

DANA ROHRABACHER, CA JERRY F. COSTELLO, IL 

JOE BARTON, TX TIM ROEMER, IN (5) 

KEN CALVERT, CA JAMES A. BARCIA, MI 

NICK SMITH, MI EDDIE BERNICE JOHNSON, TX 

ROSCOE G. BARTLETT, MD LYNN C. WOOLSEY, CA 

VERNON J. EHLERS, MI ALCEE L. HASTINGS, FL (6) 

DAVE WELDON, FL LYNN N. RIVERS, MI 

GIL GUTKNECHT, MN ZOE LOFGREN, CA 

THOMAS W. EWING, IL MICHAEL F. DOYLE, PA 

CHRIS CANNON, UT SHEILA JACKSON-LEE, TX 

KEVIN BRADY, TX DEBBIE STABENOW, MI 

MERRILL COOK, UT BOB ETHERIDGE, NC 

GEORGE NETHERCUTT, JR., WA NICK LAMPSON, TX 

FRANK D. LUCAS, OK BARBARA LEE, CA (3) 

MARK GREEN, WI JOHN B. LARSON, CT 

STEVEN T. KUYKENDALL, CA MARK UDALL, CO 

GARY G. MILLER, CA DAVID WU, OR 

JUDY BIGGERT, IL ANTHONY D. WEINER, NY (1) 

MARSHALL SANFORD, JR., SC (2) MICHAEL E. CAPUANO, MA (1) 

JACK METCALF, WA (2) BRIAN BAIRD, WA (7) 

 JOSEPH M. HOEFFEL, PA (7) 

 DENNIS MOORE, KS (7) 

 JOE BACA, CA (9) 

(1) Elected to the Committee January 19, 1999. 

(2) Elected to the Committee February 2, 1999. 

(3) Resigned from the Committee February 3, 1999. 

(4) Resigned from the Committee February 24, 1999. 

(5) Resigned from the Committee March 2, 1999. 

(6) Resigned from the Committee May 27, 1999. 

(7) Elected to the Committee June 9, 1999. 

(8) Died July 15, 1999. 

(9) Elected to the Committee November 18, 1999. 
143 

106th Congress 

Committee on Science 

Subcommittees 

Basic Research 

REP: N. SMITH, Chair, BOEHLERT, L. SMITH, MORELLA, GUTKNECHT, 

EWING, LUCAS, BIGGERT 

DEM: JOHNSON, ETHERIDGE, WOOLSEY, LARSON, RIVERS, DOYLE 

Energy and Environment

REP: CALVERT, Chair, WELDON, BARTON, ROHRABACHER, EHLERS, 

MILLER, BIGGERT, METCALF 

DEM: COSTELLO, DOYLE, BARCIA, JOHNSON, LOFGREN, HOEFFEL, BACA 

Space and Aeronautics 

REP: ROHRABACHER, Chair, L. SMITH, BARTON, CALVERT, BARTLETT, 

EHLERS, WELDON, CANNON, BRADY, COOK, NETHERCUTT, JR., LUCAS, 

GREEN, KUYKENDALL, SANFORD, JR. 

DEM: GORDON, LOFGREN, JACKSON-LEE, LAMPSON, ETHERIDGE, LARSON, 

UDALL, WU, WEINER, MOORE, CAPUANO, BAIRD, BACA 

Technology

REP: MORELLA, Chair, WELDON, BARTLETT, GUTKNECHT, EWING, 

CANNON, BRADY, COOK, GREEN, KUYKENDALL, MILLER 

DEM: BARCIA, RIVERS, STABENOW, UDALL, WU, WEINER, CAPUANO, 

GORDON, BAIRD 
144 

107th Congress 

Committee on Science

SHERWOOD L. BOEHLERT, NY, Chair 

F. J. SENSENBRENNER, JR., WI (1) RALPH M. HALL, TX 

LAMAR S. SMITH, TX BART GORDON, TN 

CONSTANCE A. MORELLA, MD JERRY F. COSTELLO, IL 

CHRISTOPHER SHAYS, CT (2) JAMES A. BARCIA, MI 

CURT WELDON, PA EDDIE BERNICE JOHNSON, TX 

DANA ROHRABACHER, CA LYNN C. WOOLSEY, CA 

JOE BARTON, TX LYNN N. RIVERS, MI 

KEN CALVERT, CA ZOE LOFGREN, CA 

NICK SMITH, MI MICHAEL F. DOYLE, PA (1) 

ROSCOE G. BARTLETT, MD SHEILA JACKSON-LEE, TX 

VERNON J. EHLERS, MI BOB ETHERIDGE, NC 

DAVE WELDON, FL NICK LAMPSON, TX 

GIL GUTKNECHT, MN JOHN B. LARSON, CT 

CHRIS CANNON, UT MARK UDALL, CO 

GEORGE NETHERCUTT, JR., WA DAVID WU, OR 

FRANK D. LUCAS, OK ANTHONY D. WEINER, NY 

GARY G. MILLER, CA MICHAEL E. CAPUANO, MA (1) 

JUDY BIGGERT, IL BRIAN BAIRD, WA 

WAYNE T. GILCHREST, MD (6) JOSEPH M. HOEFFEL, PA 

JOHN ABNEY CULBERSON, TX (5) DENNIS MOORE, KS 

W. TODD AKIN, MO JOE BACA, CA 

TIMOTHY V. JOHNSON, IL JIM MATHESON, UT (3) 

MIKE PENCE, IN (8) STEVEN ISRAEL, NY (3) 

FELIX J. GRUCCI, JR., NY MICHAEL M. HONDA, CA (4) 

MELISSA A. HART, PA 

JOHN SULLIVAN, OK (9) 

J. RANDY FORBES, VA (7) (8) (10) 

(1) Resigned from the Committee February 8, 2001. 

(2) Appointed to the Committee February 8, 2001. 

(3) Appointed to the Committee February 8, 2001. 

(4) Appointed to the Committee May 2, 2001. 

(5) Resigned from the Committee June 7, 2001. 

(6) Elected to the Committee June 7, 2001. 

(7) Elected to the Committee June 28, 2001. 

(8) Resigned from the Committee May 16, 2002. 

(9) Elected to the Committee May 16, 2002. 

(10) Elected to the Committee July 10, 2002. 
145 

107th Congress 

Committee on Science

Subcommittees 

Energy 

REP: BARTLETT, Chair, ROHRABACHER, CALVERT, EHLERS, NETHERCUTT, 

JR., BIGGERT, AKIN, HART, SULLIVAN 

DEM: WOOLSEY, COSTELLO, JACKSON-LEE, WU, MATHESON, LAMPSON, 

UDALL 

Environment, Technology, and Standards 

REP: EHLERS, Chair, MORELLA, SHAYS, WELDON, N. SMITH, GUTKNECHT, 

CANNON, GRUCCI, JR., HART, GILCHREST 

DEM: BARCIA, RIVERS, LOFGREN, UDALL, WEINER, BAIRD, HOEFFEL, 

BACA, MATHESON 

Research 

REP: N. SMITH, Chair, L. SMITH, WELDON, GUTKNECHT, LUCAS, MILLER, 

BIGGERT, AKIN, JOHNSON, GRUCCI, JR., HART 

DEM: JOHNSON, ETHERIDGE, ISRAEL, RIVERS, LARSON, BAIRD, BACA, 

MOORE, HONDA 

Space and Aeronautics 

REP: ROHRABACHER, Chair, L. SMITH, BARTON, CALVERT, BARTLETT, 

WELDON, CANNON, NETHERCUTT, JR., LUCAS, MILLER, SULLIVAN, FORBES 

DEM: GORDON, LAMPSON, LARSON, MOORE, LOFGREN, JACKSON-LEE, 

ETHERIDGE, UDALL, WU, WEINER 
146 

108th Congress 

Committee on Science 

SHERWOOD L. BOEHLERT, NY, Chair

RALPH M. HALL, TX (11) BART GORDON, TN (11) 

LAMAR S. SMITH, TX JERRY F. COSTELLO, IL 

CHRISTOPHER SHAYS, CT (4) EDDIE BERNICE JOHNSON, TX 

CURT WELDON, PA LYNN C. WOOLSEY, CA 

DANA ROHRABACHER, CA ZOE LOFGREN, CA (6) (9) 

JOE BARTON, TX (13) SHEILA JACKSON-LEE, TX (7) (9) 

KEN CALVERT, CA BOB ETHERIDGE, NC (6) 

NICK SMITH, MI NICK LAMPSON, TX 

ROSCOE G. BARTLETT, MD JOHN B. LARSON, CT 

VERNON J. EHLERS, MI MARK UDALL, CO 

GIL GUTKNECHT, MN DAVID WU, OR 

GEORGE NETHERCUTT, JR., WA BRIAN BAIRD, WA (1) 

FRANK D. LUCAS, OK STEVE ISRAEL, NY (2) 

JUDY BIGGERT, IL MICHAEL M. HONDA, CA 

WAYNE T. GILCHREST, MD (5) JIM MATHESON, UT 

W. TODD AKIN, MO DENNIS A. CARDOZA, CA (9) 

TIMOTHY V. JOHNSON, IL CHRIS BELL, TX (3) 

MELISSA A. HART, PA TIMOTHY H. BISHOP, NY (3) (8) 

JOHN SULLIVAN, OK (12) BRAD MILLER, NC (3) 

J. RANDY FORBES, VA LINCOLN DAVIS, TN (3) 

PHIL GINGREY, GA 

ROB BISHOP, UT 

MICHAEL C. BURGESS, TX 

JO BONNER, JR., AL 

TOM FEENEY, FL (5) 

RANDY NEUGEBAUER, TX (10) 

(1) Leave of absence from to the Committee February 5, 2003. 

(2) Resigned from to the Committee February 5, 2003. 

(3) Elected to the Committee February 5, 2003. 

(4) Leave of absence from the Committee February 11, 2003. 

(5) Elected to the Committee February 11, 2003. 

(6) Resigned from the Committee February 12, 2003. 

(7) Resigned from the Committee February 13, 2003. 

(8) Resigned from the Committee March 4, 2003. 

(9) Elected to the Committee March 5, 2003. Jackson-Lee and Lofgren to rank after Davis 

(10) Elected to the Committee June 19, 2003. 

(11) Hall’s position as ranking member vacated and filled by Gordon January 5, 2004, 

 and Hall assigned as ranking member after chairman January 28, 2004. 

(12) Resigned from the Committee January 28, 2004. 

(13) Resigned from the Committee February 25, 2004. 
147 

108th Congress 

Committee on Science 

Subcommittees 

Energy 

REP: BIGGERT, Chair, HALL, WELDON, BARTLETT, EHLERS, NETHERCUTT, 

JR., AKIN, HART, GINGREY, BONNER, JR. 

DEM: LARSON, LAMPSON, COSTELLO, WOOLSEY, WU, HONDA, MILLER, 

DAVIS 

Environment, Technology, and Standards 

REP: EHLERS, Chair, N. SMITH, GUTKNECHT, BIGGERT, GILCHREST, 

JOHNSON, BURGESS

DEM: UDALL, MILLER, DAVIS, BAIRD, MATHESON, LOFGREN 

Research 

REP: N. SMITH, Chair, L. SMITH, ROHRABACHER, GUTKNECHT, LUCAS, 

AKIN, JOHNSON, HART, GINGREY, NEUGEBAUER

DEM: JOHNSON, HONDA, LOFGREN, CARDOZA, SHERMAN, MOORE, 

MATHESON, JACKSON-LEE 

Space and Aeronautics

REP: ROHRABACHER, Chair, HALL, L. SMITH, WELDON, CALVERT, 

BARTLETT, NETHERCUTT, JR., LUCAS, FORBES, BISHOP, BURGESS, BONNER, 

JR., FEENEY 

DEM: LAMPSON, LARSON, UDALL, WU, JOHNSON, JACKSON-LEE, 

SHERMAN, MOORE, WEINER 
148 

109th Congress 

Committee on Science 

SHERWOOD L. BOEHLERT, NY, Chair

RALPH M. HALL, TX BART GORDON, TN 

LAMAR S. SMITH, TX JERRY F. COSTELLO, IL 

CURT WELDON, PA EDDIE BERNICE JOHNSON, TX 

DANA ROHRABACHER, CA LYNN C. WOOLSEY, CA 

KEN CALVERT, CA DARLENE HOOLEY, OR (1) 

ROSCOE G. BARTLETT, MD MARK UDALL, CO 

VERNON J. EHLERS, MI DAVID WU, OR 

GIL GUTKNECHT, MN MICHAEL M. HONDA, CA 

FRANK D. LUCAS, OK BRAD MILLER, NC 

JUDY BIGGERT, IL LINCOLN DAVIS, TN 

WAYNE T. GILCHREST, MD RUSS CARNAHAN, MO (4) 

W. TODD AKIN, MO DANIEL LIPINSKI, IL 

TIMOTHY V. JOHNSON, IL SHEILA JACKSON-LEE, TX (1) 

J. RANDY FORBES, VA ZOE LOFGREN, CA (1) (2) 

JO BONNER, JR., AL BRAD SHERMAN, CA (1) 

TOM FEENEY, FL BRIAN BAIRD, WA (1) 

RANDY NEUGEBAUER, TX (5) JIM MATHESON, UT (1) 

BOB INGLIS, SC JIM COSTA, CA (1) 

DAVID G. REICHERT, WA AL GREEN, TX (1) 

MICHAEL E. SODREL, IN CHARLIE MELANCON, LA (1) 

JOHN J. H. “JOE” SCHWARZ, MI DENNIS MOORE, KS (3) 

MICHAEL T. MCCAUL, TX DORIS MATSUI, CA (6) 

MARIO DIAZ-BALART, FL 

(1) Elected to the Committee February 2, 2005. 

(2) Resigned from the Committee February 16 2005. 

(3) Elected to the Committee June 8, 2005. 

(4) Resigned from the Committee February 16, 2006. 

(5) Elected to the Committee April 4, 2006. 

(6) Elected to the Committee May 4, 2006. 
149 

109th Congress 

Committee on Science 

Subcommittees 

Energy 

REP: BIGGERT, Chair, HALL, WELDON, BARTLETT, EHLERS, AKIN, BONNER, 

JR., NEUGEBAUER, INGLIS, REICHERT, SODREL, SCHWARZ 

DEM: HONDA, WOOLSEY, DAVIS, COSTELLO, JOHNSON, LIPINSKI, 

MATHESON, JACKSON-LEE, SHERMAN, GREEN 

Environment, Technology, and Standards 

REP: EHLERS, Chair, GUTKNECHT, BIGGERT, GILCHREST, JOHNSON, 

REICHERT, SCHWARZ, DIAZ-BALART 

DEM: WU, MILLER, UDALL, DAVIS, BAIRD, MATHESON 

Research

REP: INGLIS, Chair, SMITH, WELDON, ROHRABACHER, GUTKNECHT, LUCAS, 

AKIN, JOHNSON, REICHERT, SODREL, MCCAUL 

DEM: HOOLEY, LIPINSKI, BAIRD, MELACON, JOHNSON, MILLER, MOORE, 

MATSUI 

Space and Aeronautics 

REP: CALVERT, Chair, HALL, SMITH, ROHRABACHER, BARTLETT, LUCAS, 

FORBES, BONNER, JR., FEENEY, MCCAUL, MELANCON, DIAZ-BALART 

DEM: UDALL, WU, HONDA, MILLER, JACKSON-LEE, SHERMAN, COSTA, 

GREEN 
150 

110th Congress 

Committee on Science and Technology

BART GORDON, TN, Chairman (1) 

JERRY F. COSTELLO, IL RALPH M. HALL, TX (2)

EDDIE BERNICE JOHNSON, TX F. J. SENSENBRENNER, JR., WI 

LYNN C. WOOLSEY, CA LAMAR SMITH, TX 

MARK UDALL, CO DANA ROHRABACHER, CA 

DAVID WU, OR ROSCOE G. BARTLETT, MD 

BRIAN BAIRD, WA VERNON J. EHLERS, MI 

BRAD MILLER, NC FRANK D. LUCAS, OK 

DANIEL LIPINSKI, IL JUDY BIGGERT, IL 

NICK LAMPSON, TX W. TODD AKIN, MO 

GABRIELLE GIFFORDS, AZ TOM FEENEY, FL 

JERRY MCNERNEY, CA RANDY NEUGEBAUER, TX 

LAURA RICHARDSON, CA (5) BOB INGLIS, SC 

DONNA F. EDWARDS, MD (7) DAVID REICHERT, WA (3) 

STEVEN R. ROTHMAN, NJ MICHAEL T. MCCAUL, TX 

JIM MATHESON, UT MARIO DIAZ-BALART, FL 

MIKE ROSS, AR PHIL GINGREY, GA 

BEN CHANDLER, KY BRIAN P. BILBRAY, CA 

RUSS CARNAHAN, MO ADRIAN SMITH, NE 

CHARLIE MELANCON, LA PAUL C. BROUN, GA (4) 

BARON P. HILL, IN VACANCY 

HARRY E. MITCHELL, AZ 

CHARLES A. WILSON, OH 

ANDRÉ CARSON, IN (6)

(1) Mr. Gordon named Chairman (H.Res. 7), January 4, 2007 

(2) Mr. Hall named Ranking Republican Member (H.Res. 8), January 4, 2007 

Republican Members assigned (H.Res. 45), January 10, 2007 

Democratic Members assigned (H.Res. 75), January 18, 2007 

(3) Mr. Reichert appointed (H.Res. 236), March 12, 2007 

(4) Mr. Broun appointed (H.Res. 566), July 25, 2007 

(5) Ms. Richardson appointed (H.Res. 667), September 26, 2007 

(6) Mr. Carson appointed (H.Res. 1256), June 10, 2008 

(7) Ms. Edwards appointed (H.Res. 1342), July 15, 2008 

Representative Ken Calvert is on leave from the Committee as of 5/10/07. 

Representative Michael Honda resigned from the Committee as of 9/19/07. 

Representative Jo Bonner resigned from the Committee as of 2/25/08. 

Representative Darlene Hooley resigned from the Committee as of 6/10/08. 

Representative Paul Kanjorski resigned from the Committee as of 7/15/08. 
151 

110th Congress 

Committee on Science and Technology

Subcommittees 

Energy and Environment 

DEM: LAMPSON, Chair, COSTELLO, WOOLSEY, LIPINSKI, GIFFORDS, 

MCNERNEY, UDALL, BAIRD 

REP: INGLIS, BARTLETT, BIGGERT, AKIN, NEUGEBAUER, MCCAUL, DIAZBALART 

Technology and Innovation

DEM: WU, Chair, MATHESON, MITCHELL, WILSON, CHANDLER, ROSS 

REP: GINGREY, EHLERS, BIGGERT, A. SMITH, BROUN 

Research and Science Education

DEM: BAIRD, Chair, JOHNSON, LIPINSKI, MCNERNEY, CARNAHAN, HILL, 

CARSON 

REP: EHLERS, BARTLETT, NEUGEBAUER, REICHERT, BILBRAY 

Space and Aeronautics 

DEM: UDALL, Chair, WU, LAMPSON, ROTHMAN, ROSS, CHANDLER, 

MELANCON 

REP: FEENEY, ROHRABACHER, LUCAS, MCCAUL 

Investigations and Oversight 

DEM: MILLER, Chair, COSTELLO, JOHNSON, ROTHMAN, BAIRD, CARSON 

REP: SENSENBRENNER, JR., ROHRABACHER, REICHERT, BROUN 
152 

Committee Members Who Served in 

Other Offices, 1958-2008 

(This list is inclusive of the period 

from the 85th -110th Congresses) 

Albert, Carl, (D-OK) House Majority Whip, 85th-88th (first session); 

House Majority Leader 88th (second session)-91st; Speaker of the House 

92nd-94th. 

Allen, George, (R-VA) Governor of Virginia 1994-1998; Senate January 

3, 2001-January 3, 2007. 

Arends, Leslie, C., (R-IL) House Minority Whip 85-93. 

Bergland, Bob, (D-MN) Secretary of Agriculture 1977-1981. 

Blanchard, James J., (D- MI) Governor of Michigan 1983-1991; 

Ambassador to Canada 1993-1996. 

Dodd, Christopher J., (D-CT) Senate January 3, 1981-Present. 

Durbin, Richard J., (D-IL) Senate January 3, 1997-Present. 

Ford, Gerald, R., (R-MI) House Minority Leader 89th-93rd; President of 

the United States August 9, 1974-January 20, 1977. 

Glickman, Dan, (D-KS) Secretary of Agriculture 1995-2001. 

Gore, Albert, Jr., (D-TN) Senate January 3, 1985-January 2, 1993; 

Vice President of the United States 1993-2001; Nobel Peace Prize 2007. 

Graham, Lindsey O., (R-SC) Senate January 3, 2003-Present. 

Grams, Rod, (R-MN) Senate January 4, 1995-January 3, 2001. 

Gregg, Judd, (R-NH) Senate January 3, 1993-Present; Governor of New 

Hampshire 1989-1992. 

Gurney, Edward J., (R-FL) Senate January 3, 1969-December 31, 1974. 

Harkin Tom, (D-IA) Senate January 3, 1985-Present. 

Heckler, Margaret M., (R-MA) Secretary of Health and Human Services 

1983-1985; U.S. Ambassador to Ireland 1985-1989. 

Keating, Kenneth B., (R-NY) Senate January 3, 1959-January 2, 1965; 

U.S. Ambassador to India 1969-1972; U.S. Ambassador to Israel August 

1973-May 5, 1975. 

King, David S., (D-UT) U.S. Ambassador to the Malagasy Republic 

1967-1969; U.S. Ambassador to Mauritius 1968-1969. 

Koch, Edward I, (D-NY) Mayor of New York 1978-1989 
153 

Krueger, Robert (Bob), (D-TX) Senate January 23, 1993-June 14, 1993; 

U.S. Ambassador to Burundi 1994-1996; U.S. Ambassador to Botswana 

1996-2000. 

Luján, Manuel, Jr., (R-NM) Secretary of the Interior 1989-1993. 

MacKay, Buddy, (D-FL) Governor of Florida December 13, 1998-

January 5, 1999. 

Martin, James G., (R-NC) Governor of North Carolina 1985-1989. 

Martin, Joseph W., Jr., (R-MA) Minority Leader 85th-89th; Speaker of 

the House 80th and 83rd. 

McCormack, John W., (D-MA) House Majority Leader 85th-87th (first 

session); Speaker of the House 87th (second session)-91. 

McHale, Paul, (D-PA) Assistant Secretary of Defense, Homeland 

Security 2003-Present. 

Metcalf, Lee, (D-MT) Senate January 3, 1961-January 12, 1978. 

Mineta, Norman Y., (D-CA) Secretary of Commerce 2000-2001; 

Secretary of Transportation 2001-2006. 

Morella, Constance A. (Connie), (R-MD) Ambassador to Organisation 

for Economic Cooperation and Development July 11, 2003- 

November 2007 

Nelson, Bill, (D-FL) Senate January 3, 2001-Present. 

Pressler, Larry, (R-SD) Senate January 3, 1979-January 3, 1997. 

Reid, Harry M., (D-NV) Senate January 3, 1987-Present; Senate 

Minority Leader 2005-2007, Majority Leader 2007-Present. 

Rhodes, John J., III, (R-AZ) House Minority Leader 94th-96th. 

Rumsfeld, Donald, (R-IL) Secretary of Defense 1975-1977 and 2001-

2006. 

Sanford, Marshall, Jr. (Mark), (R-SC) Governor of South Carolina 

2003-Present 

Simon, Paul, (D-IL) Senate January 3, 1985-January 3, 1997. 

Smith, Robert C., (R-NH) Senate December 7, 1990-January 3, 2003. 

Stabenow, Debbie, (D-MI) Senate January 3, 2001-Present. 

Swett, Dick, (D-NH) U.S. Ambassador to Denmark 1998-2001. 

Torricelli, Robert G., (D-NJ) Senate January 3, 1997-January 3, 2003. 

Weicker, Lowell P., Jr., (R-CT) Senate January 3, 1971-January 3, 1989. 

Wirth, Timothy E., (D-CO) Senate January 3, 1987-January 3, 1993. 
154 

Bibliography 

Government Publications: 

U. S. House of Representatives Legislative Calendar 

(By Congress and Committee) 

Library of Congress and Federal Depository Libraries 

 Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 

U. S. House of Representatives: Index to House 

Hearings, Reports, and Committee Prints 

(By Congress and tab numbers) 

Library of Congress and Federal Depository Libraries 

 Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 

U.S. Congress: Hearings 

(By Congress and House Science and Technology Committee) 

Library of Congress and Federal Depository Libraries 

Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 

Reports 

(By Congress and House Science and Technology Committee) 

Library of Congress and Federal Depository Libraries 

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Compilation of Public Law 

Reported by the Committee on Science and Technology

(Committee Print) 

Library of Congress and Federal Depository Libraries 

Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 

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(By Congress) 

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Congressional Information Service/Annual and Index (CIS) 

(By Year) 

Library of Congress and Federal Depository Libraries 

Congressional Information Service, Inc., Washington, D.C. 
155 

Websites: 

Committee on Science and Technology 

http://science.house.gov/ 

Searchable file: hearings, legislation, and publications 

National Academy of Sciences 

http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer

Archives include the PNAS publication back to 1910 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

http://www.nasa.gov

 Files on the history of NASA and its many programs 

National Institute of Standards and Technology 

http://www.nist.gov/ 

Searchable fields, lists of programs, products, and services 

National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration 

http://www.noaa.gov

 Files on eight areas of interest and news releases 

National Science Foundation 

http://www.nsf.gov/

Searchable fields, a list of publications, and activities 

Oral Histories: 

Office of Historian, U.S. House of Representatives 

The Office holds a collection of oral histories from several 

current and former Members as well as staff members 

Secondary Materials: 

Hechler, Ken, Toward the Endless Frontier: History of the 

Committee on Science and Technology, 1959-79. Committee Print, U.S. House of Representatives, 1980, U.S. 

Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 

National Academy of Sciences: Rising Above the Gathering 

 Storm. National Academies Press, 2007, Washington, D.C.
156 

View from a window on the International Space Station. (Photo courtesy of 

NASA) 

 In a NIST lab test, flames from a simulated house with combustible exterior 

 walls ignite a similar "house" six feet away. The numbers in the corner are 

 the time (in minutes) since the start of the test. (Photo courtesy of National 

 Institute of Standards and Technology)