IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

STATE OF WASHINGTON

Respondent,

v.

CLAYTON DANIEL GERLACH,

Appellant.

No. 71416-3-1

DIVISION ONE

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FILED: May 4, 2015

Trickey, J. — Clayton Gerlach appeals from the judgment and sentence

following a bench trial. He argues that the evidence was insufficientto sustain his

conviction of residential burglary and that he was prejudiced by the trial court's

entry of delayed findings of fact and conclusions of law. We disagree and affirm

the conviction.

FACTS

On October 27, 2011, Mark Conner was returning to his residence in

Arlington, Washington at approximately 10 a.m. after stopping at a nearby

restaurant. As he was approaching his house, he noticed a white sports utility

vehicle (SUV) pull into his driveway. The SUV was parked on Conner's property

about halfway between the house and the entrance to the driveway. Conner

parked his vehicle in the driveway and approached the driver sitting inside the

white SUV. Conner noticed that the driver had short black hair and was wearing

a black leather coat over a white T-shirt. Conner asked the driver if he needed

help. The driver told Conner that he was having engine problems, after which he

honked the horn to his vehicle. At that point, Conner became suspicious and said

he was going to call 911.
No. 71416-3-1/2

When Conner left his house that morning, he had turned the lights off,

locked the front door and the screen door. But when he entered the house to call

911, he observed that a light was on inside, the screen door was open, and the

front door was unlocked. Conner also discovered that many items had been

displaced and the house was in disarray. Conner had not given permission to

anyone to enter his home.

Conner ran outside. He planned to obstruct the SUV in the driveway, but

the SUV swiftly pulled out of the driveway once he emerged outside. Conner

noticed a pink trailer hitch attached to the vehicle.

The driver of the SUV honked the horn once again. As Conner was calling

911, he saw a man scurry across his front yard and into some bushes. The man

entered the SUV, which immediately sped off down the street.

Conner provided descriptions of the vehicle and the driver to the police.

Shortly thereafter, Snohomish County Police Officer Thomas Morris observed

Clayton Gerlach walking on the side of aroad located between one and two miles

from Conner's house. According to Officer Morris, it was dangerous to walk on

that road, and was very unusual to see pedestrians there. Officer Morris observed

that Gerlach's face was red, as if he had been exerting himself. Nevertheless,

Officer Morris did not stop Gerlach but continued to search for the vehicle Conner

had described—a white SUV with a pink trailer hitch. He soon found the vehicle

parked approximately 200 yards from where he had seen Gerlach walking. The

SUV was parked at an angle and there were skid marks on the grass, as if the

vehicle had skidded to a stop. The SUV was still warm, indicating that the vehicle
No. 71416-3-1/3

had been recently driven. Based on these observations, it appeared to Officer

Morris that the vehicle had been abruptly stopped or "ditched" by the driver who

wanted to flee the vehicle.1 As soon as he saw the vehicle, Officer Morris alerted

other responding officers of the vehicle and the suspect and requested that they

stop and detain Gerlach.

Officer Kenneth Thomas stopped Gerlach on the side of the road. Officer

Thomas noticed Gerlach was walking at a heightened pace and was not wearing

a jacket despite the cold weather. Gerlach was perspiring and breathing heavily.

When Officer Thomas asked Gerlach where he was coming from, Gerlach was

unable to answer. Gerlach said he was from Everett, but could not explain why he

was in the area that day.

Conner subsequently identified the SUV by its color and style, from an item

hanging from the rearview mirror, and from the distinctive pink trailer hitch on the

rear of the vehicle. Conner then identified Gerlach as the man he encountered in

the driveway.

A K-9 officer arrived to the scene. The dog followed a scent trail from

Gerlach's vehicle to the location where Gerlach was detained, about one half mile

from the SUV. However, the K-9 officer was unable to locate the second suspect.

The State charged Gerlach with one count of residential burglary and one

count of bail jumping. Gerlach stipulated to a bench trial on agreed documentary

evidence on the bail jumping charge. He waived his right to a jury trial on the

residential burglary charge.

Report ofProceedings (RP) (11/18/2013) at 70.

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No. 71416-3-1/4

A bench trial took place in November 2013. The State called Conner as a

witness, along with several of the investigating officers. Gerlach testified that he

was in Arlington on the day in question to apply for a job. He said that he ended

up in Conner's neighborhood because he once had friends who lived in that

neighborhood. He testified that he took a wrong turn in that neighborhood.

According to Gerlach, he was experiencing car trouble that day so he pulled into

Conner's driveway. He left when Conner began appearing suspicious of him.

Afterwards, Gerlach testified that he got lost and pulled over on the road because

the engine failed.

At the conclusion of the trial, the trial court found Gerlach guilty on both

charges. The trial court entered findings of fact and conclusions of law as to the

residential burglary conviction on September 3, 2014, and supplemental findings

on October 7.2014.2

Gerlach appeals.

ANALYSIS

Sufficiency of the Evidence

Gerlach contendsthat insufficient evidence supported the trial court's guilty

verdict. This is so, he asserts, because theState did not establish that hewas the

principal or accomplice in the crime. Wedisagree.

The due process clauses of the federal and state constitutions require that

the State prove every element of a crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Apprendi v.

New Jersey. 530 U.S. 466, 476-77, 120 S. Ct. 2348, 147 L. Ed. 2d 435 (2000);

2The trial court entered separate findings of fact and conclusions of law with regard to the

bail jumping charge.

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No. 71416-3-1/5

U.S. Const, amend. XIV; Wash. Const, art. I, § 3. "[T]he critical inquiry on review

ofthe sufficiency of the evidence to support a criminal conviction must be ... to

determine whether the record evidence could reasonably support a finding of guilt

beyond a reasonable doubt." Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318, 99 S. Ct.

2781, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979). "[T]he relevant question is whether, after viewing

the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact

could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt."

Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319.

By challenging the sufficiency of the State's evidence, Gerlach admits the

truth of the State's evidence and all reasonable inferences from that evidence.

State v.Kintz, 169Wn.2d 537, 551, 238 P.3d 470 (2010). Circumstantial evidence

and direct evidence can be equally reliable. State v. Delmarter, 94 Wn.2d 634,

638, 618 P.2d 99 (1980). We defer to the fact finder on questions of conflicting

testimony, credibility of witnesses, and the persuasiveness of the evidence. State

v. Killinasworth. 166 Wn. App. 283, 287, 269 P.3d 1064 (2012).

The State charged Gerlach with residential burglary in violation of RCW

9A.52.025. To find Gerlach guilty of residential burglary, the State was required to

prove that, "with intent to commit a crime against a person or property therein,

[Gerlach or an accomplice] enter[ed] or remained] unlawfully in a dwelling other

than a vehicle." RCW 9A.52.025.

Under Washington's complicity statute, an individual is guilty of a crime

committed by another if he or she "is an accomplice of such other person in the

commission of the crime." RCW 9A.08.020(2)(c). Aperson is an accomplice if,
No. 71416-3-1/6

with knowledge that it will promote or facilitate the commission of the crime, he

encourages or aids another in committing it. RCW 9A.08.020(3)(a)(i) and (ii). "The

word 'aid' means all assistance whether given by words, acts, encouragement,

support, or presence." 11 Washington Practice: Washington Pattern Jury

Instructions: Criminal 10.51, at 217 (3d ed. 2008). Intent may be inferred where

the circumstances indicate such intent as a matter of logical probability. State v.

Johnson, 159Wn. App. 766, 774, 247 P.3d 11 (2011). Specific knowledge ofeach

element of the principal's crime need not be proved to convict a person as an

accomplice. State v. Roberts, 142 Wn.2d 471, 513, 14 P.3d 713 (2000); State v.

Rice, 102 Wn.2d 120, 125, 683 P.2d 199 (1984). General knowledge of the crime

issufficient to support a finding ofaccomplice liability. Roberts, 142 Wn.2d at 513.

Gerlach contends that insufficient evidence supported that he was an

accomplice in the burglary because, he asserts, there was no evidence that he

had the intent to commit the crime or that he had knowledge that his actions would

aid the commission of the crime. He maintains that the only evidence implicating

him was his presence at the scene of the crime. In support of this contention,

Gerlach cites to State v. Truong, where we noted:

Mere presence of thedefendant without aiding the principal—despite

knowledge of the ongoing criminal activity—is not sufficient to

establish accomplice liability. Rather, the State must prove that the

defendant was ready to assist the principal in the crime and that he

shared in the criminal intent of the principal, thus "demonstrating a

community ofunlawful purpose at the time the actwas committed."

168 Wn. App. 529, 540, 277 P.3d 74 (2012) (internal citations omitted).

The State proved that Gerlach had the intent to commit the burglary and

was ready to aid. Gerlach was not "merely present" at the scene of the crime.
No. 71416-3-1/7

The evidence shows that Gerlach honked the horn once Conner confronted him

on his driveway. Gerlach honked the horn a second time when Conner returned

outside after discovering his residence had been burglarized. From these facts,

one could reasonably infer that Gerlach was attempting to alert the suspect of

Conner's presence. Furthermore, Connertestified that the other suspect entered

Gerlach's vehicle and the two men immediately fled the scene.

A rational trier of fact could find beyond a reasonable doubt that Gerlach

committed the crime of residential burglary as an accomplice.

Belated Findings and Conclusions

Gerlach next contends that he was prejudiced by the trial court's belated

entry offindings offacts and conclusions oflaw. Wedisagree.

Gerlach filed his opening brief on July 7, 2014, challenging the sufficiency

of the evidence and asserting that thetrial court failed toenterfindings of facts and

conclusions of law. On September 3, 2014, the trial court entered findings of fact

and conclusions oflaw. The trial court found Gerlach guilty ofresidential burglary

and entered the following facts:

1. That on or about the 27th day of October 2011;

2. The Defendant, Clayton Gerlach;

3. Did enter or remain unlawfully in a dwelling with the intent to

commit a crime of theft;

4. That the defendant acted as an accomplice by assisting and

aiding another party in the commission of this crime; and

5. That the acts occurred in Snohomish County Washington.131

The trial court entered supplemental findings offact and conclusions oflaw

on October 7, 2014. In the trial court's supplemental findings, the court found that

3Clerk's Papers (CP) at 98.
No. 71416-3-1/8

Gerlach "knew that the unknown person had entered the residence without

permission to steal property inside the residence," and that Gerlach "intended to

aid and facilitate the unknown person's commission of the crime of residential

burglary."4 The trial court also found not credible Gerlach's "explanation for his

behavior, including his reason for being in the area and horn honking."5 The trial

court concluded that Gerlach was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt as an

accomplice of the crime.

On October 16, 2014, the State asked this court to grant permission

pursuant to RAP 7.2(e) for the trial court to formally enter its findings of fact and

conclusions oflaw and supplemental findings. On October 31, 2014, we granted

this request. Gerlach filed his appellant's reply brief and supplemental assignment

of error on December 5, 2014.

CrR 6.1(d) requires the trial court to enter written findings of fact and

conclusions of law at the conclusion of a bench trial. State v. Head, 136 Wn.2d

619, 621-22, 964 P.2d 1187 (1998). This enables an appellate court to review the

questions raised on appeal. Head, 136 Wn.2d at 622. The proper remedy for

failure to comply with CrR 6.1(d) is remand for entry of written findings of fact and

conclusions oflaw. Head, 136 Wn.2d at 624. Reversal is only appropriate where

the defendant has established actual prejudice. Head, 136 Wn.2d at 624.

Although the practice of submitting late findings of fact and conclusions of law is

disfavored, findings and conclusions may be submitted and entered even while an

4 CP at 96.

5 CP at 96.
No. 71416-3-1/9

appeal is pending ifthe defendant is not prejudiced by the belated entry of findings.

State v. McGarv, 37 Wn. App. 856, 861, 683 P.2d 1125 (1984),

"We will not infer prejudice . . . from delay in entry of written findings of fact

and conclusions of law." Head, 136 Wn.2d at 625. Rather, "a defendant might be

able to show prejudice resulting from the lack of written findings and conclusions

where there is strong indication that findings ultimately entered have been 'tailored'

to meet issues raised on appeal." Head, 136 Wn.2d at 624-25.

Gerlach argues that he was prejudiced bythe belated findings because the

findings were tailored to his argument on appeal. He points tothe trial court's oral

ruling in which the court did not recite any facts to support its conclusion that he

was guilty of residential burglary:

I have had a chance to review my notes as well as all the exhibits

that were admitted in this case, and I am ready to make my decision.

So, in this matter Ifind Mr. Gerlach guilty of the charge. I've

already found him guilty of the bail jumping charge, but Ifind him

guilty of the charge of residential burglary.[6]

Gerlach relies on the well settled principle in Washington that a defendant

is not prejudiced by a trial court's delayed findings if the findings track its oral

decision. State v. Cannon, 130 Wn.2d 313, 329-30, 922 P.2d 1293 (1996); State

v, Rjtter, 149 Wn. App. 105, 108-9, 201 P.3d 1086 (2009); Statev. Portomene, 79

Wn. App. 863, 905 P.2d 1234 (1995)). However, Gerlach has failed to identify any

legal authority establishing that belated written findings following a trial court's

incomplete oral decision results in prejudice.

6Report of Proceedings (11/26/2013) at 2.

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No. 71416-3-1/10

Indeed, the trial court's decision did not change when it entered the findings

of fact and conclusions of law. At trial, the State's theory of the case was that

Gerlach was an accomplice to the burglary by acting as a lookout and the get

away driver. Defense counsel argued that Gerlach was encountering car trouble

and therefore was merely present as an innocent bystander to the crime.7 Based

on these opposing theories, the trial court was required to make a credibility

determination. Its oralruling finding Gerlach guilty demonstrates that the trial court

did not believe Gerlach's testimony that he was innocently present in the

neighborhood; otherwise, the trial court would have acquitted Gerlach. In the trial

court's supplemental findings, it determined that "[t]he defendant's explanation for

his behavior, including his reason for being in the area and the horn honking was

not credible."8 The findings did not deviate from the court's original oral decision.

Acomparison of the trial court's findings of fact and Gerlach's briefing on appeal

reveals no strong indication that the findings were tailored to the issue raised by

Gerlach on appeal.

Affirmed.

WE CONCUR:

7 RP (11/18/2013) at 127.

8 CP at 96.

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